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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Herries | William Herries | ["1 Biography","2 Footnotes","3 References"] | New Zealand politician (1859–1923)
Sir William HerriesKCMGWilliam Herries in 1921BornWilliam Herbert Herries(1859-04-19)19 April 1859London, EnglandDied22 February 1923(1923-02-22) (aged 63)Wellington, New ZealandOccupationpolitician
Sir William Herbert Herries KCMG (19 April 1859 – 22 February 1923) was an English-born New Zealand politician.
Biography
Herries was born in London, the son of Herbert Crompton Herries, a barrister, and his wife, Leonora Emma Wickham. His grandfather was Henry Lewis Wickham, a Receiver General of Gibraltar. The English MP William Wickham was his uncle. From a wealthy middle-class family, he was educated at Eton College and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he studied natural sciences.
At the age of 22 he emigrated to New Zealand and became a farmer near Te Aroha, with a passion for racing and breeding horses. On 4 December 1889, he married his neighbour Catherine Louisa Roche; they remained without children.
New Zealand Parliament
Years
Term
Electorate
Party
1896–1899
13th
Bay of Plenty
Independent
1899–1902
14th
Bay of Plenty
Independent
1902–1905
15th
Bay of Plenty
Independent
1905–1908
16th
Bay of Plenty
Independent
1908–1909
17th
Tauranga
Independent
1909–1911
Changed allegiance to:
Reform
1911–1914
18th
Tauranga
Reform
1914–1919
19th
Tauranga
Reform
1919–1922
20th
Tauranga
Reform
1922–1923
21st
Tauranga
Reform
Herries was elected to the House of Representatives for the Bay of Plenty electorate in 1896, holding the seat until 1908, when he was elected for Tauranga, which he held until his death. He became a member of the Reform Party, which formed in 1909.
The Herries travelled to England in 1912; they left on 21 March on the Iconic. The journey was a disaster, though. Just before they left, his mother died in New Zealand. His wife, who had been in indifferent health, died on the journey to England.
He was the Minister of Native Affairs from 1912 to February 1921, Minister of Railways from 1912 to 1919, Minister of Marine and Minister of Customs from 1919 to February 1921, and Minister of Labour from 1920 to February 1921 in the Reform Government.
Herries was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) in the 1920 New Year Honours. He died in Wellington on 22 February 1923.
Footnotes
^ a b c Belgrave, Michael. "Herries, William Herbert". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 4 April 2011.
^ "Herries, William Herbert (HRS877WH)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
^ "Personal Items". The Dominion. Vol. 5, no. 1378. 2 March 1912. p. 4. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
^ "Obituary". The Press. Vol. LXVIII, no. 14344. 2 May 1912. p. 7. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
^ "Personal Notes from London". Auckland Star. Vol. XLIII, no. 144. 17 June 1912. p. 11. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
^ "No. 31712". The London Gazette (4th supplement). 1 January 1920. p. 4.
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to William Herries.
Herries, Robert Stansfield (1925), Memoir of Sir William Herries, K.C.M.G., London, : Privately printed by Spottiswoode, Ballantyne & Co.
Wilson, James Oakley (1985) . New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984 (4th ed.). Wellington: V.R. Ward, Govt. Printer. OCLC 154283103.
Political offices
Preceded byArthur Myers
Minister of Railways 1912–1919
Succeeded byWilliam Massey
New Zealand Parliament
Preceded byWilliam Kelly
Member of Parliament for Bay of Plenty 1896–1908
Succeeded byWilliam MacDonald
In abeyanceTitle last held byWilliam Kelly
Member of Parliament for Tauranga 1908–1923
Succeeded byCharles Macmillan
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
Other
Te Papa (New Zealand) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KCMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Most_Distinguished_Order_of_Saint_Michael_and_Saint_George"}],"text":"Sir William Herbert Herries KCMG (19 April 1859 – 22 February 1923) was an English-born New Zealand politician.","title":"William Herries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"barrister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrister"},{"link_name":"Henry Lewis Wickham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Lewis_Wickham"},{"link_name":"Receiver General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receiver_general"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"William Wickham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wickham_(Conservative_politician)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNZB_Herries-1"},{"link_name":"Eton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_College"},{"link_name":"Trinity College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Te Aroha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Aroha"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNZB_Herries-1"},{"link_name":"House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Bay of Plenty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Plenty_(New_Zealand_electorate)"},{"link_name":"1896","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1896_New_Zealand_general_election"},{"link_name":"1908","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908_New_Zealand_general_election"},{"link_name":"Tauranga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauranga_(New_Zealand_electorate)"},{"link_name":"Reform Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Party_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Minister of Native Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_M%C4%81ori_Affairs"},{"link_name":"Minister of Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Railways_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"Minister of Marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Marine_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"Minister of Customs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Customs_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"Minister of Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Labour_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"Reform Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Government_of_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"1920 New Year Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_New_Year_Honours_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNZB_Herries-1"}],"text":"Herries was born in London, the son of Herbert Crompton Herries, a barrister, and his wife, Leonora Emma Wickham. 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Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 4 April 2011.\n\n^ \"Herries, William Herbert (HRS877WH)\". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.\n\n^ \"Personal Items\". The Dominion. Vol. 5, no. 1378. 2 March 1912. p. 4. Retrieved 16 July 2015.\n\n^ \"Obituary\". The Press. Vol. LXVIII, no. 14344. 2 May 1912. p. 7. Retrieved 16 July 2015.\n\n^ \"Personal Notes from London\". Auckland Star. Vol. XLIII, no. 144. 17 June 1912. p. 11. Retrieved 16 July 2015.\n\n^ \"No. 31712\". The London Gazette (4th supplement). 1 January 1920. p. 4.","title":"Footnotes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Belgrave, Michael. \"Herries, William Herbert\". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENEOS_Corporation | Eneos | ["1 History","2 Worldwide operations","2.1 2011 earthquake and tsunami","3 Environmental record","4 Sponsorship","5 References","6 External links"] | Oil companies of Japan
Eneos CorporationHeadquarters in Ōtemachi, Chiyoda, TokyoFormerly
Nippon Oil Corporation (1888–2010)
JXTG Nippon Oil & Energy Corporation (2010–2020)
Company typeSubsidiaryIndustryOil and gasolineFoundedMay 10, 1888; 136 years ago (1888-05-10)HeadquartersTokyo, JapanKey peopleFumiaki Watari, CEOShinji Nishio, PresidentProductsPetroleumPetrochemicalFuelRevenue ¥ 7,523.990 billion JPY (FY 2008)Net income ¥ 148.306 billion JPY (FY 2008)Number of employees13,290 (2007)ParentENEOS HoldingsWebsitewww.eneos.co.jp
Eneos Corporation (ENEOS株式会社, ENEOSU kabushiki gaisha), formerly JXTG Nippon Oil & Energy Corporation (JXTGエネルギー株式会社, JXTG Enerugī Kabushiki-gaisha), or NOC or Shin-Nisseki (新日石) is a Japanese petroleum company. Its businesses include exploration, importation, and refining of crude oil; the manufacture and sale of petroleum products, including fuels and lubricants; and other energy-related activities. It is the largest oil company in Japan, and in recent years it has been expanding its operations in other countries.
Its products are sold under the ENEOS brand, which is also used for service stations. It also previously operated service stations under the Esso and Mobil brands under license from ExxonMobil. In 2019, as a result of JX Holdings' merger with TonenGeneral Group in 2017 to form JXTG Holdings, both brands were phased out in favour of ENEOS EneJet.
History
The company was established 1888 as the "Nippon Oil" (日本石油, Nihon Sekiyu), or "Nisseki" (日石) for short. In 1999, the company merged with and absorbed the former "Mitsubishi Oil" (三菱石油, Mitsubishi Sekiyu). The merged company was called "Nippon Mitsubishi Oil" (日石三菱, Nisseki Mitsubishi) until 2002, when it was renamed back to Nippon Oil Corporation. In 2010, NOC merged with Nippon Mining to form JX Holdings, and Nippon Oil was renamed JX Nippon Oil & Energy. In 2017, JX and TonenGeneral were merged into JXTG Holdings. The company's name was slightly modified to JXTG Nippon Oil & Energy. In 2020, JXTG Nippon Oil & Energy adopted its current name.
Worldwide operations
An ENEOS service station in Japan
An ENEOS filling station near Mount Fuji in Japan
An Eneos EneJet petrol station.
The company has worldwide locations including JX Nippon Oil & Energy USA Inc. in Schaumburg, Illinois, Torrance, California, and Nippon Oil Lubricants (America), LLC, in Childersburg, Alabama. They have brought their premium brand motor oil ENEOS and SUSTINA into the United States recently. The product line includes the extremely difficult to formulate 0W-50 viscosity oil. New line of premium full synthetic motor oil SUSTINA is now available in the United States.
NOC employs over 5,500 people, with additional employees from oversea divisions, and operates the following refineries throughout Japan:
Muroran Refinery (Nippon Petroleum Refining Co., Ltd.)
Sendai Refinery (NPRC)
Yokohama Refinery (NPRC)
Negishi Refinery (NPRC)
Mizushima Refinery (NPRC)
Osaka Refinery (NPRC)
Marifu Refinery (NPRC)
Nippon Oil Exploration owns a 5% share of Syncrude, a Canadian oil sands mining company, through its fully owned subsidiary Mocal Energy.
The company also has technical collaboration with Tide Water Oil Co., an Indian petroleum products manufacturer. Superior quality lubricants under the brand name ENEOS are manufactured and marketed in India by Tide Water Oil Co.
2011 earthquake and tsunami
On 11 March 2011, a 145,000-barrel-per-day refinery in Sendai was set ablaze by the Tōhoku earthquake. Workers were evacuated, but tsunami warnings hindered efforts to extinguish the fire until 14 March, when officials planned to do so.
Environmental record
While developing the Rang Don Oil Field and Helang Gas Field NOEX, part of the Nippon Oil Corporation, conducted environmental impact assessments. These assessments helped them implement management plans based on the results of the assessments, specifically, how to reduce the impact of the fields on surrounding sea areas.
In 2005, Nippon Oil and Ebara-Ballard announced they were going to start field testing a 1 kW household proton-exchange membrane fuel cell system that uses coal oil as fuel. It was the world's first household test with the system. The system achieves a greater power-generation efficiency than normal heating. The system can operate in temperatures as low as -10 deg C.
In 2007, Nippon Oil was the recipient of the Nippon Keidanren Chairman's Prize in recognition of its achievements in a number of areas. They were the first in the Japanese petroleum industry to achieve a zero emission status at their refineries. They are also developing fuel cell systems as well as producing and selling sulfur-free fuel. The Rang Dong Oil Field is also one of the biggest CO2 reduction projects in the world. The project utilizes associated gas produced along with crude oil for additional energy production.
Sponsorship
2013 Sakura Matsuri Festival (Washington, D.C.)
Nippon Oil is a current sponsor of the F.C. Tokyo football club.
It has also sponsored several motor sports teams, such as Team Lexus LeMans ENEOS SC430 in the Japanese Super GT series in the GT500 class. In the late 1980s and early 1990s JSPC, it sponsored the Trust Racing Team Porsche. From 2005 to 2008, ENEOS sponsored the Formula One program of Honda, with British American Racing in 2005, Honda Racing F1 from 2006 to 2008, and Super Aguri from 2006 to 2007. Since 2014, the Eneos brand has been featured on Kyle Larson's #42 Chevrolet Camaro in the NASCAR Xfinity Series in select races. They also sponsor Akinori Ogata in the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series when he drives the 63 for MB Motorsports. He drove the 63 truck in 2015 and 2016. ENEOS is currently a sponsor of Monster Energy Yamaha MotoGP team as a fuel and lubricants supplier since 2012 season and also supplying fuel and lubricants for Pata Yamaha with Brixx WorldSBK World Superbike team since 2016 season.
The company also currently sponsors the 1000km of Palanga endurance race in Lithuania.
References
^ "Gas station merger will end Esso and Mobil's long run in Japan". Nikkei Asian Review. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
^ "Activities in Canada". Nippon Oil Exploration. Archived from the original on 2009-02-26. Retrieved 2009-02-17.
^ "Activities in India with Tide Water Oil Co". Archived from the original on 2010-01-03.
^ a b Fernandez, Clarence (14 March 2011). "Japan's shipping, energy sectors begin march back from quake". Reuters. Archived from the original on 16 March 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
^ Tsukimori, Osamu; Negishi, Mayumi (11 March 2011). "JX refinery fire seen originated from shipping facility". Reuters. Archived from the original on 15 March 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
^ "Nippon Oil Measures to Protect the Environment Archived 2008-04-19 at the Wayback Machine"
^ "Nippon Announces Fuel Cell Archived 2007-10-09 at the Wayback Machine"
^ "Nippon Oil Award"
^ "FC東京オフィシャルホームページｌF.C.TOKYO". www.fctokyo.co.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved 2020-03-25.
^ The YouTube account associated with this video has been terminated due to multiple third-party notifications of copyright infringement. youtube.com. Archived from the original on July 7, 2015.
External links
Media related to JXTG Nippon Oil & Energy at Wikimedia Commons
Eneos Japanese-language website
Eneos English-language website
Eneos India - English-language website
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Japan | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"petroleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum"},{"link_name":"Esso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esso"},{"link_name":"Mobil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobil"},{"link_name":"ExxonMobil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExxonMobil"},{"link_name":"JXTG Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eneos_Holdings"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Eneos Corporation (ENEOS株式会社, ENEOSU kabushiki gaisha), formerly JXTG Nippon Oil & Energy Corporation (JXTGエネルギー株式会社, JXTG Enerugī Kabushiki-gaisha), or NOC or Shin-Nisseki (新日石) is a Japanese petroleum company. Its businesses include exploration, importation, and refining of crude oil; the manufacture and sale of petroleum products, including fuels and lubricants; and other energy-related activities. It is the largest oil company in Japan, and in recent years it has been expanding its operations in other countries.Its products are sold under the ENEOS brand, which is also used for service stations. It also previously operated service stations under the Esso and Mobil brands under license from ExxonMobil. In 2019, as a result of JX Holdings' merger with TonenGeneral Group in 2017 to form JXTG Holdings, both brands were phased out in favour of ENEOS EneJet.[1]","title":"Eneos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nippon Mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_Mining"},{"link_name":"JX Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JX_Holdings"}],"text":"The company was established 1888 as the \"Nippon Oil\" (日本石油, Nihon Sekiyu), or \"Nisseki\" (日石) for short. In 1999, the company merged with and absorbed the former \"Mitsubishi Oil\" (三菱石油, Mitsubishi Sekiyu). The merged company was called \"Nippon Mitsubishi Oil\" (日石三菱, Nisseki Mitsubishi) until 2002, when it was renamed back to Nippon Oil Corporation. In 2010, NOC merged with Nippon Mining to form JX Holdings, and Nippon Oil was renamed JX Nippon Oil & Energy. In 2017, JX and TonenGeneral were merged into JXTG Holdings. The company's name was slightly modified to JXTG Nippon Oil & Energy. In 2020, JXTG Nippon Oil & Energy adopted its current name.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ENEOS.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EneosGasStation.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ENEOS_EneJet_Imafuku-Tsurumi_SS.jpg"},{"link_name":"Schaumburg, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schaumburg,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Torrance, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrance,_California"},{"link_name":"LLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_liability_company"},{"link_name":"Childersburg, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childersburg,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"viscosity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosity"},{"link_name":"Muroran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muroran"},{"link_name":"Refinery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_refinery"},{"link_name":"Sendai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sendai"},{"link_name":"Yokohama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokohama"},{"link_name":"Negishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isogo-ku,_Yokohama"},{"link_name":"Mizushima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurashiki,_Okayama"},{"link_name":"Osaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka"},{"link_name":"Syncrude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncrude"},{"link_name":"oil sands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athabasca_oil_sands"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"An ENEOS service station in JapanAn ENEOS filling station near Mount Fuji in JapanAn Eneos EneJet petrol station.The company has worldwide locations including JX Nippon Oil & Energy USA Inc. in Schaumburg, Illinois, Torrance, California, and Nippon Oil Lubricants (America), LLC, in Childersburg, Alabama. They have brought their premium brand motor oil ENEOS and SUSTINA into the United States recently. The product line includes the extremely difficult to formulate 0W-50 viscosity oil. New line of premium full synthetic motor oil SUSTINA is now available in the United States.NOC employs over 5,500 people, with additional employees from oversea divisions, and operates the following refineries throughout Japan:Muroran Refinery (Nippon Petroleum Refining Co., Ltd.)\nSendai Refinery (NPRC)\nYokohama Refinery (NPRC)\nNegishi Refinery (NPRC)\nMizushima Refinery (NPRC)\nOsaka Refinery (NPRC)\nMarifu Refinery (NPRC)Nippon Oil Exploration owns a 5% share of Syncrude, a Canadian oil sands mining company, through its fully owned subsidiary Mocal Energy.[2]The company also has technical collaboration with Tide Water Oil Co., an Indian petroleum products manufacturer. Superior quality lubricants under the brand name ENEOS are manufactured and marketed in India by Tide Water Oil Co.[3]","title":"Worldwide operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sendai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sendai"},{"link_name":"Tōhoku earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fernandez-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fernandez-4"}],"sub_title":"2011 earthquake and tsunami","text":"On 11 March 2011, a 145,000-barrel-per-day refinery in Sendai was set ablaze by the Tōhoku earthquake.[4] Workers were evacuated,[5] but tsunami warnings hindered efforts to extinguish the fire until 14 March, when officials planned to do so.[4]","title":"Worldwide operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"coal oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_oil"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"While developing the Rang Don Oil Field and Helang Gas Field NOEX, part of the Nippon Oil Corporation, conducted environmental impact assessments. These assessments helped them implement management plans based on the results of the assessments, specifically, how to reduce the impact of the fields on surrounding sea areas.[6]In 2005, Nippon Oil and Ebara-Ballard announced they were going to start field testing a 1 kW household proton-exchange membrane fuel cell system that uses coal oil as fuel. It was the world's first household test with the system. The system achieves a greater power-generation efficiency than normal heating. The system can operate in temperatures as low as -10 deg C.[7]In 2007, Nippon Oil was the recipient of the Nippon Keidanren Chairman's Prize in recognition of its achievements in a number of areas. They were the first in the Japanese petroleum industry to achieve a zero emission status at their refineries. They are also developing fuel cell systems as well as producing and selling sulfur-free fuel. The Rang Dong Oil Field is also one of the biggest CO2 reduction projects in the world. The project utilizes associated gas produced along with crude oil for additional energy production.[8]","title":"Environmental record"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sakura_Masturi_Japanese_Festival_DC_2013_(8649735807).jpg"},{"link_name":"2013 Sakura Matsuri Festival (Washington, D.C.)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Cherry_Blossom_Festival"},{"link_name":"F.C. Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.C._Tokyo"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"JSPC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Japan_Sports_Prototype_Championship"},{"link_name":"Trust Racing Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GReddy"},{"link_name":"Porsche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porsche"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Formula One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One"},{"link_name":"Honda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_in_Formula_One"},{"link_name":"British American Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_American_Racing"},{"link_name":"Honda Racing F1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Racing_F1"},{"link_name":"Super Aguri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Aguri"},{"link_name":"Kyle Larson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Larson"},{"link_name":"Chevrolet Camaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Camaro"},{"link_name":"NASCAR Xfinity Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR_Xfinity_Series"},{"link_name":"Akinori Ogata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akinori_Ogata"},{"link_name":"NASCAR Camping World Truck Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR_Camping_World_Truck_Series"},{"link_name":"MB Motorsports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MB_Motorsports"},{"link_name":"Monster Energy Yamaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamaha_Motor_Racing"},{"link_name":"MotoGP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MotoGP"},{"link_name":"Pata Yamaha with Brixx WorldSBK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamaha_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"World Superbike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superbike_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"1000km of Palanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1000_kilometr%C5%B3_lenktyn%C4%97s"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"}],"text":"2013 Sakura Matsuri Festival (Washington, D.C.)Nippon Oil is a current sponsor of the F.C. Tokyo football club.[9]It has also sponsored several motor sports teams, such as Team Lexus LeMans ENEOS SC430 in the Japanese Super GT series in the GT500 class. In the late 1980s and early 1990s JSPC, it sponsored the Trust Racing Team Porsche.[10] From 2005 to 2008, ENEOS sponsored the Formula One program of Honda, with British American Racing in 2005, Honda Racing F1 from 2006 to 2008, and Super Aguri from 2006 to 2007. Since 2014, the Eneos brand has been featured on Kyle Larson's #42 Chevrolet Camaro in the NASCAR Xfinity Series in select races. They also sponsor Akinori Ogata in the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series when he drives the 63 for MB Motorsports. He drove the 63 truck in 2015 and 2016. ENEOS is currently a sponsor of Monster Energy Yamaha MotoGP team as a fuel and lubricants supplier since 2012 season and also supplying fuel and lubricants for Pata Yamaha with Brixx WorldSBK World Superbike team since 2016 season.The company also currently sponsors the 1000km of Palanga endurance race in Lithuania.","title":"Sponsorship"}] | [{"image_text":"An ENEOS service station in Japan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/ENEOS.jpg/220px-ENEOS.jpg"},{"image_text":"An ENEOS filling station near Mount Fuji in Japan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/EneosGasStation.JPG/220px-EneosGasStation.JPG"},{"image_text":"An Eneos EneJet petrol station.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/ENEOS_EneJet_Imafuku-Tsurumi_SS.jpg/220px-ENEOS_EneJet_Imafuku-Tsurumi_SS.jpg"},{"image_text":"2013 Sakura Matsuri Festival (Washington, D.C.)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Sakura_Masturi_Japanese_Festival_DC_2013_%288649735807%29.jpg/220px-Sakura_Masturi_Japanese_Festival_DC_2013_%288649735807%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Gas station merger will end Esso and Mobil's long run in Japan\". Nikkei Asian Review. Retrieved 2018-12-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Gas-station-merger-will-end-Esso-and-Mobil-s-long-run-in-Japan","url_text":"\"Gas station merger will end Esso and Mobil's long run in Japan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Activities in Canada\". Nippon Oil Exploration. Archived from the original on 2009-02-26. Retrieved 2009-02-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090226212349/http://www.noex.co.jp/english/activity/others/canada/index.html","url_text":"\"Activities in Canada\""},{"url":"http://www.noex.co.jp/english/activity/others/canada/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Activities in India with Tide Water Oil Co\". 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Retrieved 14 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/refinery-operations-jx-fire-idUSTKG00706520110312","url_text":"\"JX refinery fire seen originated from shipping facility\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110315222529/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/12/refinery-operations-jx-fire-idUSTKG00706520110312","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"FC東京オフィシャルホームページｌF.C.TOKYO\". www.fctokyo.co.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved 2020-03-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fctokyo.co.jp/","url_text":"\"FC東京オフィシャルホームページｌF.C.TOKYO\""}]},{"reference":"The YouTube account associated with this video has been terminated due to multiple third-party notifications of copyright infringement. youtube.com. Archived from the original on July 7, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150707102003/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vXS6TXIuc7w","url_text":"The YouTube account associated with this video has been terminated due to multiple third-party notifications of copyright infringement"},{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vXS6TXIuc7w","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.eneos.co.jp/english/","external_links_name":"www.eneos.co.jp"},{"Link":"https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Gas-station-merger-will-end-Esso-and-Mobil-s-long-run-in-Japan","external_links_name":"\"Gas station merger will end Esso and Mobil's long run in Japan\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090226212349/http://www.noex.co.jp/english/activity/others/canada/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Activities in Canada\""},{"Link":"http://www.noex.co.jp/english/activity/others/canada/index.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100103122036/http://www.tidewaterindia.com/profile.html","external_links_name":"\"Activities in India with Tide Water Oil Co\""},{"Link":"http://www.tidewaterindia.com/profile.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-commodities-idUSTRE72D1X320110314","external_links_name":"\"Japan's shipping, energy sectors begin march back from quake\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110316002818/http://www.reuters.com/assets/print?aid=USTRE72D1X320110314","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/refinery-operations-jx-fire-idUSTKG00706520110312","external_links_name":"\"JX refinery fire seen originated from shipping facility\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110315222529/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/12/refinery-operations-jx-fire-idUSTKG00706520110312","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.noex.co.jp/english/environment/approach/index.html","external_links_name":"Nippon Oil Measures to Protect the Environment"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080419083204/http://www.noex.co.jp/english/environment/approach/index.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.japancorp.net/article.asp?Art_ID=10690","external_links_name":"Nippon Announces Fuel Cell"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071009031010/http://www.japancorp.net/Article.Asp?Art_ID=10690","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.mitsubishi.com/mpac/e/monitor/back/0706/green.html","external_links_name":"Nippon Oil Award"},{"Link":"https://www.fctokyo.co.jp/","external_links_name":"\"FC東京オフィシャルホームページｌF.C.TOKYO\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150707102003/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vXS6TXIuc7w","external_links_name":"The YouTube account associated with this video has been terminated due to multiple third-party notifications of copyright infringement"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vXS6TXIuc7w","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.eneos.co.jp/","external_links_name":"Eneos Japanese-language website"},{"Link":"https://www.eneos.co.jp/english/","external_links_name":"Eneos English-language website"},{"Link":"https://eneos.co.in/","external_links_name":"Eneos India - English-language website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/23145971389632331074","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nb2017016902","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001227423","external_links_name":"Japan"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Hancock | Justin Hancock | ["1 Career","1.1 Amateur career","1.2 San Diego Padres","1.3 Chicago Cubs","1.4 Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters","1.5 Coaching career","2 Personal life","3 References","4 External links"] | American baseball player and coach (born 1990)
Baseball player
Justin HancockHancock with the Hokkaido Nippon-Ham FightersPitcherBorn: (1990-10-28) October 28, 1990 (age 33)Defiance, Ohio, U.S.Bats: RightThrows: RightProfessional debutMLB: May 9, 2018, for the Chicago CubsNPB: March 30, 2019, for the Hokkaido Nippon-Ham FightersMLB statisticsWin–loss record0–0Earned run average1.46Strikeouts11NPB statisticsWin–loss record0–1Earned run average9.00Strikeouts8
Teams
Chicago Cubs (2018)
Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters (2019)
Justin David Hancock (born October 28, 1990) is an American baseball coach and former pitcher, who is the current pitching coach of the Indiana State Syacamores. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Chicago Cubs and in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) for the Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters.
Career
Amateur career
Before playing professionally, Hancock attended Defiance High School in Defiance, Ohio. He then attended Lincoln Trail College, where he was named All-Great Rivers Athletic Conference in 2011. His fastball has been clocked at 100 miles per hour (160 km/h).
San Diego Padres
The San Diego Padres selected Hancock in the ninth round of the 2011 Major League Baseball draft, and he signed for a bonus of $100,000. After going 0–3 with a 7.09 earned run average (ERA) to begin his career, Hancock posted a 3.30 ERA in 28 games (16 starts) between the Eugene Emeralds and Fort Wayne TinCaps in 2012.
In 2013, he was 8–8 with a 3.38 mark in 26 starts between Fort Wayne and the Lake Elsinore Storm. While with Fort Wayne, he went 5–1 with a 1.73.
In 2014, he went 3–2 with a 3.92 ERA in 15 games (14 starts) for the AZL Padres and San Antonio Missions. He was sent to pitch in the Arizona Fall League following the 2014 campaign.
Chicago Cubs
In 2017, the Padres traded Hancock to the Chicago Cubs for Matt Szczur.
The Cubs promoted him to the major leagues and he made his debut on May 9, 2018. He was non-tendered and became a free agent on November 30, 2018.
Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters
On December 5, 2018, Hancock signed a one-year contract with the Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) for an estimated ¥70 million.
On October 11, 2019, Fighters announced that team had not signed with Hancock for next season. On October 18, 2019, he become free agent.
Coaching career
In July 2021, Hancock joined the Indiana State baseball program as an assistant coach; in his role, he will work primarily with Sycamore pitchers.
Personal life
Hancock is married to Tessa, a former college women's basketball player.
References
^ "MiLB.com". Retrieved November 19, 2014.
^ Craig Pearson (July 8, 2017). "Former South sharpshooter hoping to root husband to the big leagues | Sports". tribstar.com. Retrieved April 8, 2019.
^ "San Diego Padres MLB Baseball Front Page". scout.com. Retrieved February 11, 2015.
^ "BR Minors page". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved November 19, 2014.
^ "Padres Sending Seven Prospects to the Arizona Fall League". Surf Turf and Murph. August 26, 2014. Retrieved November 19, 2014.
^ "www.utsandiego.com/news/2014/oct/18/padres-arizona-fall-league-prospects-update/". U-T San Diego. Retrieved November 19, 2014.
^ "Cubs trade Matt Szczur to Padres in exchange for minor league pitcher Justin Hancock". csnchicago.com. May 8, 2017. Retrieved June 2, 2017.
^ "Former Lincoln Trail College standout Justin Hancock gets called up by Cubs | Sports | tribstar.com".
^ "ジャスティン・ハンコック投手と契約合意". 北海道日本ハムファイターズ 公式サイト (in Japanese). December 5, 2018. Retrieved April 4, 2019.
^ "Fighters acquire former Cubs pitcher Justin Hancock". The Japan Times. December 5, 2018. Retrieved December 6, 2018.
^ "ハンコック、バーベイト投手退団のお知らせ". 北海道日本ハムファイターズ オフィシャルサイト (in Japanese). October 11, 2019. Retrieved January 12, 2020.
^ "2019年度 自由契約選手". NPB.jp 日本野球機構 (in Japanese). Retrieved January 12, 2020.
^ "Justin Hancock - Baseball Coach".
^ "Switch to relief pitching paves way for Cubs' Justin Hancock to reach major leagues". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved April 8, 2019.
External links
Career statistics and player information from MLB, or ESPN, or Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball"},{"link_name":"pitcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcher"},{"link_name":"Indiana State Syacamores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_State_Sycamores_baseball"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Chicago Cubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Cubs"},{"link_name":"Nippon Professional Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_Professional_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkaido_Nippon-Ham_Fighters"}],"text":"Baseball playerJustin David Hancock (born October 28, 1990) is an American baseball coach and former pitcher, who is the current pitching coach of the Indiana State Syacamores. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Chicago Cubs and in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) for the Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters.","title":"Justin Hancock"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Defiance High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defiance_High_School"},{"link_name":"Defiance, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defiance,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Trail College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Trail_College"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"fastball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastball"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Amateur career","text":"Before playing professionally, Hancock attended Defiance High School in Defiance, Ohio. He then attended Lincoln Trail College, where he was named All-Great Rivers Athletic Conference in 2011.[1] His fastball has been clocked at 100 miles per hour (160 km/h).[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Diego Padres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Padres"},{"link_name":"2011 Major League Baseball draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Major_League_Baseball_draft"},{"link_name":"earned run average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earned_run_average"},{"link_name":"Eugene Emeralds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Emeralds"},{"link_name":"Fort Wayne TinCaps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Wayne_TinCaps"},{"link_name":"Lake Elsinore Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Elsinore_Storm"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"AZL Padres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AZL_Padres"},{"link_name":"San Antonio Missions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio_Missions"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Arizona Fall League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Fall_League"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"San Diego Padres","text":"The San Diego Padres selected Hancock in the ninth round of the 2011 Major League Baseball draft, and he signed for a bonus of $100,000. After going 0–3 with a 7.09 earned run average (ERA) to begin his career, Hancock posted a 3.30 ERA in 28 games (16 starts) between the Eugene Emeralds and Fort Wayne TinCaps in 2012.In 2013, he was 8–8 with a 3.38 mark in 26 starts between Fort Wayne and the Lake Elsinore Storm. While with Fort Wayne, he went 5–1 with a 1.73.[3]In 2014, he went 3–2 with a 3.92 ERA in 15 games (14 starts) for the AZL Padres and San Antonio Missions.[4] He was sent to pitch in the Arizona Fall League following the 2014 campaign.[5][6]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicago Cubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Cubs"},{"link_name":"Matt Szczur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Szczur"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Chicago Cubs","text":"In 2017, the Padres traded Hancock to the Chicago Cubs for Matt Szczur.[7]The Cubs promoted him to the major leagues and he made his debut on May 9, 2018.[8] He was non-tendered and became a free agent on November 30, 2018.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkaido_Nippon-Ham_Fighters"},{"link_name":"Nippon Professional Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_Professional_Baseball"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters","text":"On December 5, 2018, Hancock signed a one-year contract with the Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB)[9] for an estimated ¥70 million.[10]On October 11, 2019, Fighters announced that team had not signed with Hancock for next season.[11] On October 18, 2019, he become free agent.[12]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Coaching career","text":"In July 2021, Hancock joined the Indiana State baseball program as an assistant coach; in his role, he will work primarily with Sycamore pitchers.[13]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Hancock is married to Tessa, a former college women's basketball player.[14]","title":"Personal life"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"MiLB.com\". Retrieved November 19, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.milb.com/player/index.jsp?player_id=606995#/career/R/pitching/2014/ALL","url_text":"\"MiLB.com\""}]},{"reference":"Craig Pearson (July 8, 2017). \"Former South sharpshooter hoping to root husband to the big leagues | Sports\". tribstar.com. Retrieved April 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tribstar.com/sports/former-south-sharpshooter-hoping-to-root-husband-to-the-big/article_0c55902a-309a-5129-a3df-0ff9f5c7e953.html","url_text":"\"Former South sharpshooter hoping to root husband to the big leagues | Sports\""}]},{"reference":"\"San Diego Padres MLB Baseball Front Page\". scout.com. Retrieved February 11, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://padres.scout.com/story/1366639-madfriars-interview-justin-hancock","url_text":"\"San Diego Padres MLB Baseball Front Page\""}]},{"reference":"\"BR Minors page\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved November 19, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=hancoc002jus","url_text":"\"BR Minors page\""}]},{"reference":"\"Padres Sending Seven Prospects to the Arizona Fall League\". Surf Turf and Murph. August 26, 2014. Retrieved November 19, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://surfturfandmurph.com/2014/08/26/padres-sending-seven-prospects-arizona-fall-league/","url_text":"\"Padres Sending Seven Prospects to the Arizona Fall League\""}]},{"reference":"\"www.utsandiego.com/news/2014/oct/18/padres-arizona-fall-league-prospects-update/\". U-T San Diego. Retrieved November 19, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2014/oct/18/padres-arizona-fall-league-prospects-update/","url_text":"\"www.utsandiego.com/news/2014/oct/18/padres-arizona-fall-league-prospects-update/\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cubs trade Matt Szczur to Padres in exchange for minor league pitcher Justin Hancock\". csnchicago.com. May 8, 2017. Retrieved June 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.csnchicago.com/chicago-cubs/cubs-trade-matt-szczur-padres-exchange-minor-league-pitcher-justin-hancock","url_text":"\"Cubs trade Matt Szczur to Padres in exchange for minor league pitcher Justin Hancock\""}]},{"reference":"\"Former Lincoln Trail College standout Justin Hancock gets called up by Cubs | Sports | tribstar.com\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tribstar.com/sports/former-lincoln-trail-college-standout-justin-hancock-gets-called-up/article_f04d0922-53bd-11e8-860d-0be27a6d6b26.html","url_text":"\"Former Lincoln Trail College standout Justin Hancock gets called up by Cubs | Sports | tribstar.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"ジャスティン・ハンコック投手と契約合意\". 北海道日本ハムファイターズ 公式サイト (in Japanese). December 5, 2018. Retrieved April 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fighters.co.jp/news/detail/00001525.html","url_text":"\"ジャスティン・ハンコック投手と契約合意\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fighters acquire former Cubs pitcher Justin Hancock\". The Japan Times. December 5, 2018. Retrieved December 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.japantimes.co.jp/?post_type=sports&p=1620224#823524","url_text":"\"Fighters acquire former Cubs pitcher Justin Hancock\""}]},{"reference":"\"ハンコック、バーベイト投手退団のお知らせ\". 北海道日本ハムファイターズ オフィシャルサイト (in Japanese). October 11, 2019. Retrieved January 12, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fighters.co.jp/news/detail/00002236.html","url_text":"\"ハンコック、バーベイト投手退団のお知らせ\""}]},{"reference":"\"2019年度 自由契約選手\". NPB.jp 日本野球機構 (in Japanese). Retrieved January 12, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://npb.jp/announcement/2019/pn_released.html","url_text":"\"2019年度 自由契約選手\""}]},{"reference":"\"Justin Hancock - Baseball Coach\".","urls":[{"url":"https://gosycamores.com/sports/baseball/roster/coaches/justin-hancock/903","url_text":"\"Justin Hancock - Baseball Coach\""}]},{"reference":"\"Switch to relief pitching paves way for Cubs' Justin Hancock to reach major leagues\". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved April 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/sports/baseball/cubs/ct-spt-cubs-justin-hancock-20180524-story.html","url_text":"\"Switch to relief pitching paves way for Cubs' Justin Hancock to reach major leagues\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.milb.com/player/index.jsp?player_id=606995#/career/R/pitching/2014/ALL","external_links_name":"\"MiLB.com\""},{"Link":"https://www.tribstar.com/sports/former-south-sharpshooter-hoping-to-root-husband-to-the-big/article_0c55902a-309a-5129-a3df-0ff9f5c7e953.html","external_links_name":"\"Former South sharpshooter hoping to root husband to the big leagues | Sports\""},{"Link":"http://padres.scout.com/story/1366639-madfriars-interview-justin-hancock","external_links_name":"\"San Diego Padres MLB Baseball Front Page\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=hancoc002jus","external_links_name":"\"BR Minors page\""},{"Link":"http://surfturfandmurph.com/2014/08/26/padres-sending-seven-prospects-arizona-fall-league/","external_links_name":"\"Padres Sending Seven Prospects to the Arizona Fall League\""},{"Link":"http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2014/oct/18/padres-arizona-fall-league-prospects-update/","external_links_name":"\"www.utsandiego.com/news/2014/oct/18/padres-arizona-fall-league-prospects-update/\""},{"Link":"http://www.csnchicago.com/chicago-cubs/cubs-trade-matt-szczur-padres-exchange-minor-league-pitcher-justin-hancock","external_links_name":"\"Cubs trade Matt Szczur to Padres in exchange for minor league pitcher Justin Hancock\""},{"Link":"https://www.tribstar.com/sports/former-lincoln-trail-college-standout-justin-hancock-gets-called-up/article_f04d0922-53bd-11e8-860d-0be27a6d6b26.html","external_links_name":"\"Former Lincoln Trail College standout Justin Hancock gets called up by Cubs | Sports | tribstar.com\""},{"Link":"https://www.fighters.co.jp/news/detail/00001525.html","external_links_name":"\"ジャスティン・ハンコック投手と契約合意\""},{"Link":"https://www.japantimes.co.jp/?post_type=sports&p=1620224#823524","external_links_name":"\"Fighters acquire former Cubs pitcher Justin Hancock\""},{"Link":"https://www.fighters.co.jp/news/detail/00002236.html","external_links_name":"\"ハンコック、バーベイト投手退団のお知らせ\""},{"Link":"http://npb.jp/announcement/2019/pn_released.html","external_links_name":"\"2019年度 自由契約選手\""},{"Link":"https://gosycamores.com/sports/baseball/roster/coaches/justin-hancock/903","external_links_name":"\"Justin Hancock - Baseball Coach\""},{"Link":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/sports/baseball/cubs/ct-spt-cubs-justin-hancock-20180524-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Switch to relief pitching paves way for Cubs' Justin Hancock to reach major leagues\""},{"Link":"https://www.mlb.com/player/606995","external_links_name":"MLB"},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/mlb/player/stats/_/id/33702","external_links_name":"ESPN"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/h/hancoju01.shtml","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference"},{"Link":"https://www.fangraphs.com/statss.aspx?playerid=12316","external_links_name":"Fangraphs"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=hancoc002jus","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference (Minors)"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bade_District | Bade District | ["1 History","2 Geography","3 Administrative divisions","4 Demographics","5 Education","6 Tourist attractions","7 Transportation","8 Notable natives","9 References","10 External links"] | Coordinates: 24°57′27.43″N 121°17′55.62″E / 24.9576194°N 121.2987833°E / 24.9576194; 121.2987833This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (December 2014)
24°57′27.43″N 121°17′55.62″E / 24.9576194°N 121.2987833°E / 24.9576194; 121.2987833
District in Taoyuan City, TaiwanBade
八德區DistrictBade DistrictBade District in Taoyuan CityCountry TaiwanMunicipalityTaoyuan CityGovernment • TypeDistrict • MayorHo Cheng-senArea • Total33.71 km2 (13.02 sq mi)Population (February 2023) • Total210,639Websitewww.bade.tycg.gov.tw (in Chinese)
Bade District office (then Bade City Hall)
Bade District (Chinese: 八德區; pinyin: Bādé Qū) is a district in the central part of Taoyuan City, Taiwan (Republic of China.) It is the smallest district by area in Taoyuan City.
History
Bade City was originally established as Bakuaicuo (八塊厝) during Qing Dynasty rule. During the period of Japanese rule, it was called Hachitoku Village (八塊庄), and was governed under the Tōen District (桃園郡) of Shinchiku Prefecture.
After the handover of Taiwan from Japan to the Republic of China, the area was established as a rural township named Bade Township in 1946. In 1995, it was upgraded as a county-administered city named Bade City (Chinese: 八德市; pinyin: Bādé Shì). On 25 December 2014, it became Bade District.
Geography
Area: 33.71 square kilometres (13.02 sq mi)
Population: 210,639 (February 2023)
Administrative divisions
The district comprises 48 villages: Bailu, Daai, Daan, Dachang, Dacheng, Dafa, Dafu, Dahan, Dahe, Dahong, Dahua, Dajiang, Daming, Danan, Daqian, Daqing, Daren, Darong, Dashun, Datong, Daxin, Daxing, Dayi, Dayong, Dazheng, Dazhi, Dazhong, Dazhu, Fuxing, Gaocheng, Gaoming, Guangde, Guanglong, Guangxing, Jiadong, Jiaming, Liuguang, Longyou, Ruide, Ruifa, Ruifeng, Ruitai, Ruixiang, Ruixing, Xiaoli, Xingren, Yongfeng and Zhuyuan.
Demographics
By 2021, there was a group of people who originated from the Matsu Islands.
Education
National Defense University
Yung-Feng High School
Ba-de Junior High School
Da-Cheng Junior High School
Cha-Dong Elementary School
Da-Yun Elementary School
Bade Elementary School
Tourist attractions
Bade Pond Ecological Park
Arts Square
Bade Pond Ecological Park
Fengshujiao Leisure Park
Guangfong First Park
Republic of Chocolate
Sunshine Life Park
Transportation
Bade is served by National Freeway 2.
Notable natives
Chao Cheng-yu, member of Legislative Yuan
Cheng Wen-tsan, Mayor of Taoyuan City
Eric Chu, Mayor of New Taipei City (2016–2018)
References
^ "桃園縣八德市公所-英文版-A Note from the Mayor". Pader.gov.tw. 2012-12-20. Archived from the original on 2014-04-13. Retrieved 2014-05-05.
^ a b c "Taoyuan County Government - Bade City". Tycg.gov.tw. 2014-01-04. Archived from the original on 2014-04-21. Retrieved 2014-05-05.
^ 人口統計 . tycg.gov.tw (in Chinese). Department of Civil Affairs, Taoyuan. Archived from the original on 2017-02-22. Retrieved 2017-02-15.
^ Lin, Sheng-Chang (2021-09-13). "At the Edge of State Control: The Creation of the "Matsu Islands"". Taiwan Insight. University of Nottingham Taiwan Studies Programme. Retrieved 2023-05-21.
External links
Media related to Bade District, Taoyuan at Wikimedia Commons
Official website (in Chinese)
vteDistricts in TaiwanList of townships/cities and districts in TaiwanSpecialmunicipalitiesTaipei (Capital city)
Wanhua
Zhongshan
Xinyi
Zhongzheng
Datong
Daan
Nangang
Neihu
Shilin
Wenshan
Songshan
Beitou
Taoyuan
Bade
Daxi
Dayuan
Fuxing¹
Guanyin
Guishan
Longtan
Luzhu
Pingzhen
Taoyuan
Xinwu
Yangmei
Zhongli
New Taipei
Bali
Banqiao
Gongliao
Jinshan
Linkou
Luzhou
Pinglin
Pingxi
Ruifang
Sanchong
Sanxia
Sanzhi
Shenkeng
Shiding
Shimen
Shuangxi
Shulin
Taishan
Tamsui
Tucheng
Wanli
Wugu
Wulai¹
Xindian
Xinzhuang
Xizhi
Yingge
Yonghe
Zhonghe
Taichung
Beitun
Central
Daan
Dadu
Dajia
Dali
Daya
Dongshi
East
Fengyuan
Heping¹
Houli
Longjing
Nantun
North
Qingshui
Shalu
Shengang
Shigang
South
Taiping
Tanzi
Waipu
West
Wufeng
Wuqi
Wuri
Xinshe
Xitun
Tainan
Anding
Annan
Anping
Baihe
Beimen
Cigu
Danei
Dongshan
East
Guanmiao
Guantian
Gueiren
Houbi
Jiali
Jiangjyun
Lioujia
Liouying
Longci
Madou
Nanhua
Nansi
North
Rende
Shanhua
Shanshang
Sigang
Sinhua
Sinshih
South
Syuejia
West Central
Siaying
Sinying
Yanshuei
Yongkang
Yujing
Zuojhen
Kaohsiung
Alian
Cianjhen
Cianjin
Ciaotou
Cijin
Cishan
Daliao
Dashu
Dashe
Fongshan
Gangshan
Gushan
Hunei
Jiasian
Lingya
Linyuan
Liouguei
Lujhu
Meinong
Maolin¹
Mituo
Namasia¹
Nanzih
Neimen
Niaosong
Cieding
Renwu
Sanmin
Shanlin
Siaogang
Sinsing
Taoyuan¹
Tianliao
Yancheng
Yanchao
Yongan
Zihguan
Zuoying
CitiesKeelung
Anle
Nuannuan
Qidu
Ren-ai
Xinyi
Zhongshan
Zhongzheng
Hsinchu
East
North
Xiangshan
Chiayi
East
West
¹ — Mountain indigenous district
Authority control databases: Geographic
MusicBrainz area
This article about a location in Taiwan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"24°57′27.43″N 121°17′55.62″E / 24.9576194°N 121.2987833°E / 24.9576194; 121.2987833","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bade_District¶ms=24_57_27.43_N_121_17_55.62_E_source:zhwiki_region:TW-TAO_type:city(175000)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bade_City_Office,_Taoyuan_County_20080502.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_(Taiwan)"},{"link_name":"Taoyuan City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoyuan_City"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bade_city-2"}],"text":"24°57′27.43″N 121°17′55.62″E / 24.9576194°N 121.2987833°E / 24.9576194; 121.2987833District in Taoyuan City, TaiwanBade District office (then Bade City Hall)Bade District (Chinese: 八德區; pinyin: Bādé Qū) is a district in the central part of Taoyuan City, Taiwan (Republic of China.) It is the smallest district by area in Taoyuan City.[2]","title":"Bade District"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Qing Dynasty rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_under_Qing_rule"},{"link_name":"period of Japanese rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule"},{"link_name":"Shinchiku Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinchiku_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"handover of Taiwan from Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Taiwan_since_1945"},{"link_name":"Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"rural township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township_(Taiwan)"},{"link_name":"county-administered city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County-administered_city"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bade_city-2"}],"text":"Bade City was originally established as Bakuaicuo (八塊厝) during Qing Dynasty rule. During the period of Japanese rule, it was called Hachitoku Village (八塊庄), and was governed under the Tōen District (桃園郡) of Shinchiku Prefecture.After the handover of Taiwan from Japan to the Republic of China, the area was established as a rural township named Bade Township in 1946. In 1995, it was upgraded as a county-administered city named Bade City (Chinese: 八德市; pinyin: Bādé Shì). On 25 December 2014, it became Bade District.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bade_city-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pop_stats-3"}],"text":"Area: 33.71 square kilometres (13.02 sq mi)[2]\nPopulation: 210,639 (February 2023)[3]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The district comprises 48 villages: Bailu, Daai, Daan, Dachang, Dacheng, Dafa, Dafu, Dahan, Dahe, Dahong, Dahua, Dajiang, Daming, Danan, Daqian, Daqing, Daren, Darong, Dashun, Datong, Daxin, Daxing, Dayi, Dayong, Dazheng, Dazhi, Dazhong, Dazhu, Fuxing, Gaocheng, Gaoming, Guangde, Guanglong, Guangxing, Jiadong, Jiaming, Liuguang, Longyou, Ruide, Ruifa, Ruifeng, Ruitai, Ruixiang, Ruixing, Xiaoli, Xingren, Yongfeng and Zhuyuan.","title":"Administrative divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matsu Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsu_Islands"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TaiwanInsightedge-4"}],"text":"By 2021, there was a group of people who originated from the Matsu Islands.[4]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Defense University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_University_(Republic_of_China)"},{"link_name":"Yung-Feng High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yung-Feng_High_School"},{"link_name":"Ba-de Junior High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba-de_Junior_High_School"},{"link_name":"Da-Cheng Junior High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da-Cheng_Junior_High_School"}],"text":"National Defense University\nYung-Feng High School\nBa-de Junior High School\nDa-Cheng Junior High School\nCha-Dong Elementary School\nDa-Yun Elementary School\nBade Elementary School","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bade_Pond_Eco_Park_%E5%85%AB%E5%BE%B7%E5%9F%A4%E5%A1%98%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%9C%92%E5%8D%80_-_panoramio_(4).jpg"},{"link_name":"Fengshujiao Leisure Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fengshujiao_Leisure_Park&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Guangfong First Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guangfong_First_Park&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Republic of Chocolate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Chocolate"},{"link_name":"Sunshine Life Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunshine_Life_Park&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Bade Pond Ecological ParkArts Square\nBade Pond Ecological Park\nFengshujiao Leisure Park\nGuangfong First Park\nRepublic of Chocolate\nSunshine Life Park","title":"Tourist attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Freeway 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Freeway_2"}],"text":"Bade is served by National Freeway 2.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chao Cheng-yu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chao_Cheng-yu"},{"link_name":"Legislative Yuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Yuan"},{"link_name":"Cheng Wen-tsan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheng_Wen-tsan"},{"link_name":"Taoyuan City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoyuan_City"},{"link_name":"Eric Chu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Chu"},{"link_name":"New Taipei City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Taipei_City"}],"text":"Chao Cheng-yu, member of Legislative Yuan\nCheng Wen-tsan, Mayor of Taoyuan City\nEric Chu, Mayor of New Taipei City (2016–2018)","title":"Notable natives"}] | [{"image_text":"Bade District office (then Bade City Hall)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Bade_City_Office%2C_Taoyuan_County_20080502.jpg/220px-Bade_City_Office%2C_Taoyuan_County_20080502.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bade Pond Ecological Park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Bade_Pond_Eco_Park_%E5%85%AB%E5%BE%B7%E5%9F%A4%E5%A1%98%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%9C%92%E5%8D%80_-_panoramio_%284%29.jpg/220px-Bade_Pond_Eco_Park_%E5%85%AB%E5%BE%B7%E5%9F%A4%E5%A1%98%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%9C%92%E5%8D%80_-_panoramio_%284%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"桃園縣八德市公所-英文版-A Note from the Mayor\". Pader.gov.tw. 2012-12-20. Archived from the original on 2014-04-13. Retrieved 2014-05-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140413150310/http://www.pader.gov.tw/content_edit.php?menu=2395&typeid=2395","url_text":"\"桃園縣八德市公所-英文版-A Note from the Mayor\""},{"url":"http://www.pader.gov.tw/content_edit.php?menu=2395&typeid=2395","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Taoyuan County Government - Bade City\". Tycg.gov.tw. 2014-01-04. Archived from the original on 2014-04-21. Retrieved 2014-05-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140421050716/http://www.tycg.gov.tw/site/index.aspx?site_id=123&site_content_sn=555","url_text":"\"Taoyuan County Government - Bade City\""},{"url":"http://www.tycg.gov.tw/site/index.aspx?site_id=123&site_content_sn=555","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"人口統計 [Population statistics]. tycg.gov.tw (in Chinese). Department of Civil Affairs, Taoyuan. Archived from the original on 2017-02-22. Retrieved 2017-02-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170222153152/http://www.tycg.gov.tw/cab/home.jsp?id=175&parentpath=0,24","url_text":"人口統計"},{"url":"http://www.tycg.gov.tw/cab/home.jsp?id=175&parentpath=0,24","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lin, Sheng-Chang (2021-09-13). \"At the Edge of State Control: The Creation of the \"Matsu Islands\"\". Taiwan Insight. University of Nottingham Taiwan Studies Programme. Retrieved 2023-05-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://taiwaninsight.org/2021/09/13/at-the-edge-of-state-control-the-creation-of-the-matsu-islands/","url_text":"\"At the Edge of State Control: The Creation of the \"Matsu Islands\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nottingham","url_text":"University of Nottingham"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bade_District¶ms=24_57_27.43_N_121_17_55.62_E_source:zhwiki_region:TW-TAO_type:city(175000)","external_links_name":"24°57′27.43″N 121°17′55.62″E / 24.9576194°N 121.2987833°E / 24.9576194; 121.2987833"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bade_District¶ms=24_57_27.43_N_121_17_55.62_E_source:zhwiki_region:TW-TAO_type:city(175000)","external_links_name":"24°57′27.43″N 121°17′55.62″E / 24.9576194°N 121.2987833°E / 24.9576194; 121.2987833"},{"Link":"http://www.bade.tycg.gov.tw/","external_links_name":"www.bade.tycg.gov.tw"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140413150310/http://www.pader.gov.tw/content_edit.php?menu=2395&typeid=2395","external_links_name":"\"桃園縣八德市公所-英文版-A Note from the Mayor\""},{"Link":"http://www.pader.gov.tw/content_edit.php?menu=2395&typeid=2395","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140421050716/http://www.tycg.gov.tw/site/index.aspx?site_id=123&site_content_sn=555","external_links_name":"\"Taoyuan County Government - Bade City\""},{"Link":"http://www.tycg.gov.tw/site/index.aspx?site_id=123&site_content_sn=555","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170222153152/http://www.tycg.gov.tw/cab/home.jsp?id=175&parentpath=0,24","external_links_name":"人口統計"},{"Link":"http://www.tycg.gov.tw/cab/home.jsp?id=175&parentpath=0,24","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://taiwaninsight.org/2021/09/13/at-the-edge-of-state-control-the-creation-of-the-matsu-islands/","external_links_name":"\"At the Edge of State Control: The Creation of the \"Matsu Islands\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.bade.tycg.gov.tw/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/b36312ec-3eb7-4f57-b2c2-3880018ded1c","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bade_District&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joran_Van_der_Sloot | Joran van der Sloot | ["1 Background","2 Disappearance of Natalee Holloway","2.1 Media coverage","2.2 2007 search and arrest","2.3 2008 Dutch television sting operations","2.4 Father's involvement in the case","2.5 2010 charges in the United States","2.6 2023 extradition to the United States, and confession","3 Murder of Stephany Flores","3.1 2010 arrest","3.2 Forensic investigation","3.3 Confession and retraction","3.4 Criminal proceedings","3.5 Guilty plea and conviction","3.6 Public reaction","3.7 Media coverage at Miguel Castro prison","4 Drug trafficking in Peru","5 Personal life","6 Footnotes","7 References","8 External links"] | Dutch murderer (born 1987)
In this Dutch name, the surname is van der Sloot.
Joran van der Sloot Shelby County Jail 2023 mug shot of Joran van der SlootBornJoran Andreas Petrus van der Sloot (1987-08-06) 6 August 1987 (age 36)Arnhem, NetherlandsOther namesMurphy JenkinsCriminal statusIncarcerated at Challapalca prisonSpouse
Leidy Figueroa (m. 2014) (div. 2023)Children1Conviction(s)Qualified murder, simple robbery, drug trafficking (Peru);
extortion, wire fraud (United States)Criminal penalty35-years imprisonment (Peru);
20 years imprisonment (United States)
Joran Andreas Petrus van der Sloot (Dutch pronunciation: ; born 6 August 1987) is a Dutch murderer who was convicted in the 2010 killing of Stephany Flores Ramírez in Lima, Peru. He first came to public attention as the prime suspect in the disappearance of Natalee Holloway in 2005.
After Flores' murder on 30 May 2010, five years to the day after Holloway's disappearance, Van der Sloot fled to Chile, where he was arrested and extradited back to Peru for questioning regarding the murder.
On 7 June 2010, Van der Sloot confessed to bludgeoning Flores. He later tried to formally retract his confession, claiming that he had been intimidated by the Peruvian Police and framed by the FBI. A Peruvian judge ruled on 25 June 2010 that the confession was valid, and on 13 January 2012, Van der Sloot was sentenced to 28 years' imprisonment for Flores's murder. In January 2023, an additional 18 years were added to his sentence for trafficking cocaine while in prison.
On 8 June 2023, Van der Sloot was extradited to the United States to face trial for extortion and wire fraud, with both charges being linked to Holloway's disappearance. On 18 October 2023, he admitted to killing Holloway in a proffer letter, which was released after he pleaded guilty to other associated charges in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama.
The Holloway and Flores cases both attracted widespread media attention; Time magazine declared Van der Sloot's arrest the top crime story of 2010. He was the subject of international news coverage from prison, leading to controversies that resulted in the investigation and suspension of several Peruvian officials.
Background
Van der Sloot attended the HAN University of Applied Sciences in the Netherlands.
Joran van der Sloot was born in the Dutch city of Arnhem, one of three sons to Paulus van der Sloot (1952–2010), a lawyer, and Anita van der Sloot-Hugen, an art teacher. In 1990, his family moved from Arnhem to Aruba, where he was an honor student at the International School of Aruba.
Van der Sloot was a star football (soccer) and tennis athlete at the school, competing in doubles tennis with his father at the Moët & Chandon Anniversary Cup in 2005 and hoped to play for Saint Leo University. Van der Sloot's mother said he was a habitual liar and had a tendency to sneak out of the house at night to go to casinos.
Disappearance of Natalee Holloway
Main article: Disappearance of Natalee Holloway
Carlos'n Charlie's in Oranjestad, Aruba, where Natalee Holloway was last seen with Van der Sloot
On 29 May 2005, Van der Sloot met Natalee Holloway at Carlos'n Charlie's bar in downtown Oranjestad, Aruba. Holloway was an 18-year-old American, vacationing in Aruba to celebrate her graduation from high school. Holloway and Van der Sloot drank and danced together at the bar. When the bar closed at 1:00 a.m., Holloway was last seen leaving in a car with Van der Sloot and two brothers, 21-year-old Deepak Kalpoe and 18-year-old Satish Kalpoe.
On 9 June 2005, Van der Sloot and both Kalpoe brothers were arrested in regards to the disappearance of Natalee Holloway. The Kalpoe brothers were released from custody on 4 July, while Van der Sloot remained in custody. The brothers were re-arrested on 26 August on suspicion of rape and murder. All three suspects were released on 3 September due to lack of evidence.
After his release, Van der Sloot was required to stay within Dutch territory pending the results of the investigation. On 5 September 2005, he returned to the Netherlands to study international business management at the HAN University of Applied Sciences. On 14 September, a higher court removed the travel restrictions. Gerold G. Dompig, former deputy commissioner of the Aruba Police Force, stated that the initial arrests were made prematurely under pressure from Holloway's family. Dompig charged that the family sidetracked the investigation by making it difficult for the police to collect evidence to solve the case.
Media coverage
On 26 September 2005, Van der Sloot told the American television show A Current Affair that neither he nor the Kalpoe brothers had sex with Holloway, but he admitted that they initially agreed to lie to the authorities. He said that they first told police that Holloway was dropped off alone at her hotel, while he later said that he was dropped off with her at the beach. Van der Sloot stated that he left Holloway alone at the beach at her request and that he regretted it.
On 6 February 2006, on ABC's Good Morning America, Van der Sloot's parents stated that their son was unfairly singled out and that the investigation left them devastated. Later that month, while Van der Sloot and his father were in New York City for an interview with ABC's Primetime, they were served with a lawsuit filed by Natalee's parents, Beth and Dave Holloway, alleging personal injury; the case was dismissed on jurisdictional grounds that August.
In April 2007 Van der Sloot and a reporter published a book describing the case. Van der Sloot began writing the book while attending business classes in Arnhem. He stated in the introduction, "I see this book as my opportunity to be open and honest about everything that happened, for anyone who wants to read it."
Dutch Marines searching for Holloway near Aruba's California Lighthouse
2007 search and arrest
On 27 April 2007, a new search involving some 20 investigators was launched at Van der Sloot's parents' home in Aruba. Dutch authorities searched the yard and surrounding area, using shovels and thin metal rods to probe the ground. A spokesman for the prosecutor's office, Vivian van der Biezen, stated: "The investigation has never stopped and the Dutch authorities are completely reviewing the case for new indications." A statement released directly from the prosecutor's office stated: "The team has indications that justify a more thorough search." Investigators did not comment on what prompted the new search, except that it was not related to Van der Sloot's book.
On 21 November 2007, Van der Sloot and the Kalpoe brothers were re-arrested in Arnhem and Aruba, respectively, for "suspicion of involvement in voluntary manslaughter and causing serious bodily harm that resulted in the death of Natalee Holloway" because of what the Aruba prosecutor's office stated was "new incriminating evidence" related to Holloway's disappearance. Van der Sloot returned to Aruba on 23 November, and a court hearing on 26 November ruled to continue his detention for eight days. The Kalpoe brothers were released on 1 December. Van der Sloot was ordered released on 7 December; he was released without charge the same day.
2008 Dutch television sting operations
Dutch journalist Peter R. de Vries pursued Van der Sloot via undercover reports.
On 11 January 2008, after being challenged on the Dutch late-night talk show Pauw & Witteman by crime reporter Peter de Vries, Van der Sloot threw a glass of red wine into De Vries's face. On 3 February, an undercover video made by De Vries aired on Dutch television, purporting to show Van der Sloot smoking marijuana and admitting to being present during Holloway's death. The show was watched by 7 million viewers in the Netherlands and was the most popular non-sports program in Dutch television history.
Patrick van der Eem, working undercover for De Vries, had befriended Van der Sloot, who was unaware that he was being taped when he said that Holloway had suffered some kind of seizure while having sex with him on the beach. After failing to revive her, Van der Sloot said that he summoned a friend named "Daury". The two men neither phoned for medical help nor checked Holloway to determine if she might still be alive. "Daury", according to Van der Sloot, volunteered to load her onto a boat; he then dumped Holloway's body into the sea. The prosecutor in Aruba determined the video was admissible, but the evidence was deemed "insufficient" to warrant any arrests. Although the taped confession appeared damning, Van der Sloot maintained that he had been lying to Van der Eem in order to impress him, believing his new acquaintance to be a drug dealer.
On 22 September 2008, in New York City, De Vries, accompanied by Beth Holloway, accepted an International Emmy Award in Current Affairs for his coverage of Natalee Holloway's disappearance. Under pressure generated by the Pauw & Witteman program, Van der Sloot voluntarily checked into a psychiatric clinic, before departing the Netherlands for Thailand. He moved to Muang Ake, a suburb of Bangkok, intending to study business at Rangsit University, but dropped out and bought Sawadee Cup, a restaurant next to the campus that served sandwiches and pizza.
In November 2008, De Vries aired undercover footage of Van der Sloot making preparations for the apparent sex trafficking of Thai women in Bangkok into Europe. De Vries claimed that Van der Sloot was making $13,000 for every woman sold into prostitution in the Netherlands. Van der Sloot had been using the alias "Murphy Jenkins" in order to avoid Thai authorities. Peruvian Minister of Justice Aurelio Pastor later was to state that Thailand was pursuing criminal charges against Van der Sloot. According to National Enquirer, he was being investigated by Thai authorities for his involvement in the disappearance of young women he may have recruited for a Thai sex slave gang while posing as a production consultant for a modeling agency that, ostensibly, would send them to Europe to work as models.
Van der Sloot was portrayed by actor Jacques Strydom in the Lifetime television film Natalee Holloway (2009), based on Beth Holloway's book about her daughter's disappearance. The film brought in the highest television ratings in Lifetime's then-eleven-year history. Van der Sloot himself watched the film one evening in 2010, according to his friend, John Ludwick, and said that some parts were true while others were not. The film was followed by a sequel, Justice for Natalee Holloway (2011), in which Van der Sloot was played by actor Stephen Amell.
In August 2009, Van der Sloot was spotted in Macau at the Asia Pacific Poker Tour. He won over US$12,000 that year in an online poker tournament. Van der Sloot described himself on his YouTube page as "a professional poker player" and cited Barry Greenstein's 2005 poker strategy guide as his favorite book.
In early 2010, following the death of his father, Paulus, he sold his Bangkok restaurant business and returned to Aruba.
Father's involvement in the case
Paulus van der Sloot was arrested on 22 June 2005, for questioning in Holloway's disappearance. He was ordered released on 26 June after three days of questioning. According to Aruba's chief prosecutor, one of the Kalpoe brothers told investigators that Paulus, who at the time was training to be a judge, advised his son that, without a body, the police would have no case. Beth Holloway pursued Van der Sloot's parents in the media circus on Aruba which ensued after Natalee's disappearance. She stated that Paulus acknowledged that they could not control their son and had sent him to a psychiatrist.
On 10 November 2005, Paulus won an unjust detention action against the Aruban government, clearing him as a suspect and allowing him to retain his government contract. Paulus van der Sloot then brought a second action, seeking monetary damages for himself and his family because of his false arrest. The action was initially successful, but the award of 40,000 Aruban florins (US$22,300) was reversed on appeal. The family's finances had become depleted by their legal expenses. In January 2007, Paulus found work as a managing partner at the law firm that had represented him.
On 24 November 2008, Fox News's On the Record aired an interview with Joran van der Sloot in which he said that he sold Holloway into sexual slavery, receiving money both when Holloway was taken and, later, to keep quiet. He also alleged that he paid the Kalpoe brothers for their assistance, and that his father Paulus paid off two police officers who had learned that Holloway was taken to Venezuela. Van der Sloot later retracted the statements he had made in the interview. The show aired part of an audio recording provided by Van der Sloot, which he alleged was a phone conversation between himself and Paulus, in which Paulus displayed knowledge of his son's purported involvement in human trafficking. According to prosecutor Hans Mos, the other voice heard on the recording was not that of Paulus. The Dutch newspaper De Telegraaf reported that the "father's" voice was almost certainly that of Joran, trying to speak in a lower tone.
On 8 January 2010, Paulus ended his partnership at the law firm where he had been working. On 10 February 2010, while playing tennis in Aruba, he died of a heart attack at age 57. Joran van der Sloot returned to Aruba soon afterward and took up gambling. His mother, Anita, later remarked that Van der Sloot had severe mental problems and had blamed himself for his father's death. He had left for Aruba before she could have him involuntarily committed, leaving a note: "I'm gone, do not worry."
2010 charges in the United States
Around 29 March 2010, Van der Sloot allegedly contacted John Q. Kelly, Beth Holloway's legal representative, with an offer to reveal the location of Natalee's body and the circumstances surrounding her death for an advance of $25,000 against a total of $250,000. Kelly said that he secretly went to Aruba in April to meet with Van der Sloot, who was desperate for money, and gave him $100. Kelly notified the FBI, which set up a sting operation with the Aruban authorities.
On 10 May, Van der Sloot allegedly accepted the sum of $15,000 by wire transfer to his account in the Netherlands, following a cash payment of $10,000 that was videotaped by undercover investigators in Aruba. In exchange, Van der Sloot told Kelly that his father buried Holloway's remains in the foundation of a house. Authorities determined that this information was false, because the house had not yet been built at the time of Holloway's disappearance. Van der Sloot later e‑mailed Kelly that he lied about the house. Beth Holloway was shocked that the FBI did not promptly file extortion charges against Van der Sloot, allowing him to leave freely with the money to Bogotá on his way to Lima. The FBI and the office of the U.S. Attorney contended that the case had not yet been sufficiently developed to enable filing the charges.
On 3 June 2010, the U.S. District Court of Northern Alabama charged Van der Sloot with extortion and wire fraud. U.S. Attorney Joyce White Vance issued an arrest warrant through Interpol to have him prosecuted in the United States. On 4 June, at the request of the U.S. Justice Department, Dutch authorities raided and confiscated items from two homes in the Netherlands, one of them belonging to reporter Jaap Amesz, who had previously interviewed Van der Sloot, and who claimed knowledge of his criminal activities.
Aruban investigators used information gathered from the extortion case to perform a new search at a beach, but no new evidence was found. Aruba's Solicitor-General's office stated they would not seek Van der Sloot's extradition to Aruba. On 30 June, a U.S. federal grand jury formally indicted Van der Sloot on the two charges. The indictment, filed with the U.S. District Court, sought the forfeiture of the $25,100 that had been paid to Van der Sloot.
In an interview published by De Telegraaf on 6 September 2010, Van der Sloot admitted to the extortion plot, stating: "I wanted to get back at Natalee's family. Her parents have been making my life tough for five years." His attorney said that his client was not paid for the interview, and suggested instead that "maybe there were some mistakes in the translation."
On 9 March 2014, the Peruvian government announced that Van der Sloot would face extradition to the U.S. in the year 2038 to face charges of extortion and wire fraud, after completion of his 28-year sentence in Peru for the murder of Stephany Tatiana Flores Ramírez (see below).
In February 2016, an undercover reporter filmed Van der Sloot confessing to Natalee Holloway's murder. The movie shows Van der Sloot, in Dutch, laughing over how he never told the truth about the whole event and that he did in fact kill Holloway. His Peruvian wife is also present during this conversation.
2023 extradition to the United States, and confession
On 8 June 2023, Van der Sloot was extradited from Peru to the United States, landing at Birmingham Airport in Birmingham, Alabama just before 2:30 p.m. After arriving in Birmingham, he was taken into U.S. custody and transferred to the Hoover City Jail. On 9 June, he was arraigned in the federal court in Birmingham on one count of extortion and one count of wire fraud against Beth Holloway, Natalee Holloway's mother. He pleaded not guilty to each charge.
On 18 October 2023, in a proffer letter as part of a plea deal, Van der Sloot admitted to beating Holloway to death on an Aruba beach. According to an interview transcript, Van der Sloot bludgeoned her head with a cinder block and disposed of her body in the ocean. Judge Anna Manasco sentenced van der Sloot to 20 years on the extortion charges, which will run concurrently with his existing Peru sentence.
Murder of Stephany Flores
Stephany Tatiana Flores Ramírez was found dead in Van der Sloot's room at Hotel TAC, S.A.C. in Lima.
On 30 May 2010 — the fifth anniversary of Holloway's disappearance — Stephany Tatiana Flores Ramírez, 21, died at the Hotel TAC, in the Miraflores District of Lima, Peru. On 2 June, a hotel employee found her beaten body in room 309, which had been registered in Van der Sloot's name. He had departed from the hotel without returning the room key and left the television turned on. A tennis racquet, identified by the coroner as a possible homicide weapon, was recovered from the room.
A hotel guest and an employee came forward to say they saw Van der Sloot and the victim entering the hotel room together, and the police obtained video of the two playing cards at the same table the night before at the Atlantic City Casino in Lima. Van der Sloot had entered Peru via Colombia on 14 May 2010 to attend the Latin American Poker Tour.
Flores was a business student who was less than a year from graduation at the University of Lima. She was the daughter of Ricardo Flores, a former president of the Peruvian Automobile Club and winner of the "Caminos del Inca" rally in 1991. A prominent businessman and entertainment organizer, he ran for vice president in 2001 and for president five years later on fringe tickets.
Ricardo Flores said that police found date rape drugs in his daughter's car, parked about 50 blocks from the hotel where she died. Her jewelry, money, identification, and credit cards were missing, including about $1,000 her father had given her to purchase a laptop computer, and over $10,000 she had won earlier at the casino. Flores reportedly kept this money in her car, but a police search found no money in it.
After Flores's family reported her missing, police retrieved the hotel security surveillance tape and obtained Van der Sloot's name and national identification number. Her brother's wife discovered Van der Sloot's background in a Google search about an hour before her body was found.
2010 arrest
ArubaBogotáLimaAricaCuracavíclass=notpageimage| Map of Van der Sloot's travel sites in South America
Peruvian officials named Van der Sloot as the lone suspect in the homicide investigation. An Interpol notice was issued regarding Van der Sloot and it was believed that he had fled to Chile, possibly intending to return to Aruba through Argentina. Van der Sloot was sighted entering Chile via the Chacalluta border crossing, north of Arica, on 31 May 2010. His ex-girlfriend, Melody Granadillo, said that Van der Sloot sent her a text message asking for money to buy a ticket back to Aruba.
On 3 June, Van der Sloot was arrested near Curacaví by the Investigations Police of Chile while traveling in a rented taxi on highway 68 between the coastal city of Viña del Mar and the capital of Santiago. He was found with a laptop, foreign currency, a business card case, detailed charts of ocean currents around Lima, and bloody clothes. His phone's SIM card was missing, which made mobile phone tracking of his location impossible.
He told Chilean police that unidentified armed robbers hid in the hotel room and killed Flores when she disobeyed their order to be quiet. Van der Sloot's Dutch attorney claimed that his client was on his way to Santiago to turn himself in. He was subsequently expelled and transported by Chilean police in a Cessna 310 back to Arica to be handed over to Peruvian authorities at the Chacalluta border crossing on 4 June.
Van der Sloot arrived at Lima police headquarters on 5 June, where he was interrogated about the Flores murder while represented by attorney Luz Maria Romero Chinchay. The Dutch embassy provided a translator for his defense. He was held in a seventh-floor cell and permitted to contact his mother. Van der Sloot was placed on suicide watch by guards after it was reported that he deliberately hit his head against a wall. On 10 June, he was moved to a cell at the prosecutor's office in central Lima.
Forensic investigation
The Atlantic City Casino in Lima, where Van der Sloot and Flores were recorded on surveillance video
Surveillance video from the Atlantic City Casino recorded Flores winning $10,000 at a baccarat table area on 25 May 2010, while accompanied by a male friend who was not van der Sloot. According to casino spokesperson Luis Laos, she also won $237 playing poker on 29 May and it was common for people to know the identities of big winners. Laos stated that van der Sloot did not win any money that night. At 3:00 a.m. on 30 May, Flores was recorded entering the casino alone and walking to a poker table where Van der Sloot was sitting. Van der Sloot had not registered for the Latin American Poker Tour. The deadline to pay the $2,700 entry fee for the 2 June event at the casino was 30 May.
Police released hotel security video showing van der Sloot and Flores entering the Hotel TAC together at about 5:00 a.m. on 30 May. At about 8:10 a.m., he is shown walking across the street to a supermarket and returning with bread and two cups of coffee. Around 8:45 a.m., he is seen leaving the hotel alone with his bags.
An autopsy ruled that Flores did not have sexual intercourse before her death, and that she was not under the influence of enough alcohol to prevent her from resisting an attack. She suffered blunt-force trauma to her head, which caused a brain hemorrhage, cranial fracture, and broken neck. She also suffered significant injuries to her face and showed signs of asphyxiation, according to court documents. Flores tested positive for the presence of amphetamines. The lab report does not indicate whether the victim took the drugs willingly or unknowingly.
The stains on van der Sloot's clothes matched Flores's blood type. Blood was also found on the floor, hallway, and mattress in the hotel room. Police stated that DNA tests would be conducted on the clothes, skin found under the victim's fingernails, and the previously recovered tennis racquet. Ricardo Flores stated in interviews that his daughter's body needed to be exhumed to gather the fingernail DNA evidence, and that her body had not been cremated for this reason.
On 14 March 2011, the National Police of Peru provided a copy of the hard disk drive from van der Sloot's laptop computer to the FBI. Colonel Oscar González, of the technical division of the Peruvian police, stated that the U.S. federal investigation was interested in information related to Holloway's disappearance and the alleged extortion of her family. Peruvian detectives determined that the laptop accessed information about the Holloway case before Flores arrived in van der Sloot's hotel room; it was then used to visit two poker Web sites at around the time Flores was present in the room. According to a police dossier, the laptop was later used to search Google for the subjects "Relationship between the Peruvian and Chilean police", "Chilean border pass", "buses in Chile", and "countries that do not extradite in Latin America".
Confession and retraction
On 7 June 2010, Van der Sloot reportedly confessed to killing Flores, following hours of interrogation. He had initially proclaimed his innocence. According to an expert in Peruvian law, the confession fit a defense strategy of trying to get the charge reduced to manslaughter, which is punishable by six to twenty years in prison, while a conviction for murder could result in up to 35 years' imprisonment. The prosecution was seeking a sentence of 30 years.
Peru does not issue life sentences in standard cases of murder and has abolished capital punishment in all but exceptional circumstances, such as crimes committed under military law. A life sentence can be issued for a murder committed during the commission of a robbery. Peruvian president Alan García Pérez used the case to seek the reinstatement of the death penalty for murder.
In his written confession released by Peruvian police, Van der Sloot recounted that he briefly left the hotel to get some coffee and bread and returned to find Flores using his laptop computer without his permission. A police source stated that she might have found information linking him to the disappearance of Holloway. An altercation allegedly began, and she attempted to escape. According to the aforementioned written confession released by Peruvian authorities, Van der Sloot stated,
"I did not want to do it. The girl intruded into my private life ... she didn't have any right. I went to her and I hit her. She was scared, we argued, and she tried to escape. I grabbed her by the neck and hit her."
Van der Sloot reportedly stated that he was high on marijuana at the time. A detective linked to the case said that Van der Sloot considered getting rid of the body in a suitcase, but decided against it because he would have been stopped at the front desk. He then reportedly drank espresso and took amphetamines to counter fatigue before fleeing the hotel.
Criminal police chief Cesar Guardia said Van der Sloot "let slip that he knew the place" where Holloway's body is buried. Guardia stated that the interrogation was limited to their case in Peru, which he considered "practically closed", and that questions about Holloway's disappearance were avoided. Guardia said that the confession contains lies because Van der Sloot's "toxicological report shows no signs that he had ingested any kind of drug." Felonies committed under the influence of drugs can gain leniency in Peruvian courts.
Guardia said that the motive for the crime was robbery. Van der Sloot reportedly offered a different motive for killing Flores, stating that he "feared that she would go to the police". On 14 June, Peruvian authorities released written transcripts of Van der Sloot's alleged confession. His mother Anita expressed concern that her son's confession might have been coerced. According to Van der Sloot's former attorney, his mother advised him not to make any statements or sign anything, but it was too late.
Van der Sloot later retracted this confession in a prison cell interview with De Telegraaf, claiming that he had been coerced and "tricked" by police with a promise to be transferred to the Netherlands. He stated that at the time he signed the confession documents, he did not understand the content as it was in Spanish. He was quoted: "In my blind panic, I signed everything, but didn't even know what it said." Van der Sloot said that he was lured to Peru and framed by another gambler, named Elton Garcia, who he claimed was working undercover for the FBI.
Van der Sloot's attorney, Maximo Alonso Altez Navarro, stated his intention to resign from the case because representing Van der Sloot "created many problems" for him. He had been threatened and harassed for taking the case, and Van der Sloot's family was unable to afford his legal fees. Navarro stayed on to file a motion to void the confession, on the grounds that his client was not properly represented during his interrogation. On 25 June, Superior Court Judge Wilder Casique Alvizuri rejected the motion, noting that Van der Sloot had been represented by a state-appointed lawyer and provided a translator by the Dutch embassy prior to his confession. Navarro commented that Van der Sloot was as "depressed" as anyone in prison would be.
Criminal proceedings
The Palace of Justice in Lima, where Van der Sloot was charged with murder
On 11 June 2010, Lima Superior Court Judge Juan Buendia ordered Van der Sloot held on charges of first-degree murder and robbery, determining that he acted with "ferocity and great cruelty". Under Peruvian law, Van der Sloot was not eligible to be released on bail, and would be tried by a panel of three judges rather than a jury. A simple majority of the three was required for conviction. Police transported Van der Sloot on the same day from Lima's Palace of Justice in an armored truck, while angry onlookers yelled and threw rotten lettuce. He was taken to the Miguel Castro Castro maximum security prison and placed in a cell near the prison director's office for his own safety.
He was registered as inmate 326390 and separated from the general prison population, under 24-hour guard, in a high-security cell block housing only one other inmate. Van der Sloot reportedly offered to disclose the location of Holloway's body in exchange for transfer to an Aruban prison, because he feared for his life. Peruvian president Garcia Pérez declared that Van der Sloot would have to stand trial for the homicide before any extradition request would be considered. He stated that Van der Sloot would serve his prison sentence in Peru. No treaty exists for the transfer of prisoners between Peru and the Netherlands.
On 15 June, Aruban and Peruvian authorities announced that they would cooperate in their respective cases involving Van der Sloot. Aruban investigators expected to be able to interview Van der Sloot in Peru in August, once Peruvian authorities had completed their investigation. At his first formal hearing within the on-site courtroom of Miguel Castro Castro prison on 21 June, Van der Sloot refused to discuss the case with Judge Carlos Morales Cordova, claiming that his right to due process had been violated. Van der Sloot filed a complaint with the National Police of Peru, accusing chief detective Miguel Angel Canlla Ore of misconduct. He also claimed that his laptop had been improperly searched.
Van der Sloot's defense counsel filed a motion of habeas corpus, disputing the legality of his detention, and to nullify statements he gave to police. The motion was declared baseless by Superior Court Judge Wilder Casique Alvizuri on 25 June. Casique Alvizuri upheld all three depositions given by Van der Sloot to police, and stated that the defendant's laptop was sealed by the court. Navarro vowed to appeal all the way to the Supreme Court of Peru and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, with a legal strategy to "paralyze the process". The Peruvian court replied that this approach would not succeed in delaying the case against Van der Sloot.
Navarro stated that he filed suit against Chinchay, who initially represented Van der Sloot during his interrogation, charging her with abuse of authority, conspiracy to commit a crime, and misrepresentation, as he did not find her name on the list of public defenders from Peru's Ministry of Justice. Navarro also filed a complaint against Van der Sloot's translator, insisting that he misrepresented himself as an official translator of the Dutch embassy.
Chinchay rejected the claims against her, stating that Van der Sloot had selected her as a private attorney after declining another defense attorney, appointed by the state. She contradicted his claims that Van der Sloot did not understand what he was signing, stating that she was able to speak with him in perfect Spanish. She said that Van der Sloot expressed interest in talking about the Holloway case, thinking that it might get him extradited to Aruba. Chinchay also said that, when she told Van der Sloot that she noticed he was signing various documents with very different signatures, he signaled for her to be quiet.
Navarro stated, on 21 August 2010, that the case was stagnating, because an official interpreter was unable to be found for the case in Peru. The Peruvian association of translators and interpreters and the Dutch embassy both separately stated at the time that they had been unable to locate anyone to officially translate Spanish into Dutch. Unlike Aruba and the United States, Peru does not guarantee the right to a speedy trial. On 6 September, a Peruvian appeals court voted 2 to 1 to reject Van der Sloot's motion that he was being unlawfully held. Peruvian statutes permit a suspect to be detained for up to 18 months for interrogation, though Navarro expressed skepticism that law enforcement officers would do so with his client.
In February 2011, Navarro filed a "violent emotion" defense with the court, arguing that Van der Sloot had entered into a state of temporary insanity because Flores found out about his connection to Holloway from his laptop computer. Under Peruvian law, if the judge accepts this crime of passion argument, the sentence for such a plea could be reduced to only 3 to 5 years; Navarro noted that this could allow Van der Sloot to be eligible for parole in as soon as 20 months. Oscar González of the Peruvian police stated that an examination of Van der Sloot's laptop determined that Flores could not have accessed any such information while she was staying in the hotel room with him.
During the trial, the prosecution prepared a psychological investigation of Van der Sloot, saying that he "presents traits of an antisocial personality" and is "indifferent toward others' well-being".
Guilty plea and conviction
On 11 January 2012, Van der Sloot pleaded guilty to the "qualified murder" and simple robbery of Flores. He was convicted and sentenced to 28 years' imprisonment for the murder on 13 January and he must pay $75,000 to the Flores family. Hours after learning of the sentence, Van der Sloot was transferred to a maximum security prison, Piedras Gordas, located north of Lima. He was expected to be released on 10 June 2038, until drug trafficking conviction which earned him additional time in prison.
In August 2014, Van der Sloot was transferred to Challapalca prison, in the mountainous South of Peru, where conditions are harsh due to the location's altitude. Two months later, a Dutch online news service claimed that Van der Sloot was stabbed and critically injured by fellow prisoners in Peru. Van der Sloot's wife's claim of a stabbing is contested by Peruvian authorities.
Public reaction
Public outcry in Peru has been fueled by local media, which labeled Van der Sloot a "monster", "serial killer", and "psychopath". The coverage of this controversy highlighted cases of other women dying at the hands of foreigners. Peruvian and Colombian newspapers published articles about the investigation of the disappearance of two young women who frequented casinos during Van der Sloot's stay in at least two Bogotá hotels from 6 to 14 May 2010, prior to entering Peru.
The Administrative Department of Security of Colombia does not consider Van der Sloot a suspect, as they believe his presence in Bogotá was merely in transit to Peru. Dutch daily newspaper Trouw warned that the overwhelming pressure on authorities of Van der Sloot's presumed guilt risked turning the case into a show trial. The Dutch consulate told Peruvian authorities that it was concerned how Van der Sloot was being treated and presented to the media.
In December 2010, Time magazine named Van der Sloot's arrest the most notable criminal event of the year, ahead of the Belgian love triangle skydiving-murder case, the Chinese school attacks and the Elizabeth Smart kidnapping trial. ABC News listed the coverage of Van der Sloot's murder confession by Good Morning America among the most read stories from its website in 2010. The CBS affiliate near Holloway's hometown named the criminal charges filed against Van der Sloot in 2010 among the top ten stories of the year. Radio Netherlands Worldwide identified him as one of the most talked about Dutch people of the year.
Media coverage at Miguel Castro prison
Van der Sloot's cell became the target of a media circus, with reporters vying to gain exclusive access and report about his prison surroundings. Since his incarceration, he has consented to interviews only with De Telegraaf, in which he admitted to extorting the Holloway family and said that he received a number of marriage proposals in his cell, including one from a woman who wanted to have his child. Van der Sloot reportedly receives fan mail from around the world, though mostly from women residing in the United States and the Netherlands. According to sources within the prison, Van der Sloot sought $1 million in exchange for an on-camera interview.
The Office of Internal Affairs of the National Penitentiary Institute of Peru began administrative and disciplinary action on 23 August 2010, when Peruvian network América Televisión aired a picture of Van der Sloot with three other inmates that had been taken with official photographic equipment at Miguel Castro Castro prison. The photo included Van der Sloot casually posing with Colombian hitman Hugo Trujillo Ospina, and American murderer William Trickett Smith II. Van der Sloot and Smith have been referred to by local media as "the foreigners accused of the most talked-about assassinations in our country".
On 11 September 2010, Beth Holloway and De Vries traveled to Peru with a Dutch television crew to visit the prison. According to Navarro, his client was taken to meet them "practically by force". Navarro stated that the meeting with Holloway took "less than one minute". Holloway said that she told Van der Sloot that she had "no hate in her soul" for him and asked about her daughter's disappearance, to which Van der Sloot responded he could not speak to her without his lawyer present and handed her Navarro's business card. However, Holloway also stated in interviews about the encounter,
"I've hated him for five years. I wanted to peel his skin off."
According to Navarro, Holloway was sneaked into the prison without identifying to the Dutch television crew who she was. A prison spokesperson stated that Holloway's name was not found in the visitor registry. Holloway and the crew were removed from the prison, reportedly after a hidden camera was discovered by the guards. Representatives for Holloway and De Vries denied that a hidden camera was involved, or that anything was seized. Miguel Castro Castro prison warden, Alex Samamé Peña, was suspended after video segments of the confrontation between Holloway's mother and Van der Sloot later began airing on the Dutch network SBS6.
In October 2010, América Televisión broadcast video of a transaction for marijuana within the prison that was conducted by a shirtless man addressed as "gringo Van der Sloot". Navarro said that the situation was "staged" and asked the National Penitentiary Institute to investigate how it was leaked. Prison spokesperson Bruno Guzman said that Van der Sloot had been painting his cell "to improve his conditions" and the incident was being investigated.
Van der Sloot's mother, Anita, stated in a Dutch interview that her son could have killed Flores, and that she will not visit him at the prison. She said in another interview that she hopes to talk to the family of the victim and apologize to them.
"I believe in karma, I believe that very strongly. I believe that if you do things that you shouldn't do, that a lot of shit happens to you," she said. "He didn't want to listen to his parents. He didn't listen to me, this last time. I tried to do my best. I don't think I could have done more. He's considered an adult right now. He has to do whatever he needs to do, and that is tell the truth (about) what happened." — Anita v.d. Sloot-Hugen (2010 Dutch TV interview)
In February 2011, Navarro protested a decision by prison officials to deny Radio Netherlands Worldwide permission for a subsequent interview with Van der Sloot. Navarro claimed that the ruling was influenced by upcoming general elections.
Drug trafficking in Peru
In February 2021, Van der Sloot was convicted of drug trafficking while serving his sentence in Challapalca Prison in Juliaca. He had set up a cocaine trafficking operation inside the prison, where a family member of a fellow detainee used sugar beets to smuggle cocaine into the prison in August 2020. Van der Sloot proceeded to deal the cocaine inside the prison, as well as setting up a trafficking network by forwarding packages of cocaine from the prison to other destinations abroad. He was eventually found out by prison officials.
Van der Sloot had an additional 18 years added to his original sentence. He is scheduled for release in 2045, because of a Peruvian law prohibiting prison sentences from exceeding a maximum of 35 years when the prisoner has not been sentenced to life imprisonment.
Personal life
On 4 July 2014, Van der Sloot married a Peruvian woman named Leidy Figueroa, whom he met while she was selling goods inside the prison. She was seven months pregnant with his child at the time. On 28 September 2014, Figueroa gave birth to a daughter in Peru. The two divorced at some point in 2023, and Figueroa stated later in the year that she intends to change her daughter's last name to avoid any association with her former husband.
Footnotes
^ 2 to 1 is a rejection, because 3 votes are required for a decision, if a fourth judge voted in Van der Sloot's favor, a fifth judge would be required to break the tie.
^ WIAT, in Birmingham, Alabama, is a CBS affiliate television station near Holloway's hometown. It has published several of the news reports, both on the air and on its website CBS 42, cited in this article.
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External links
Wikinews has related news:
Joran van der Sloot charged with murder of Peruvian woman Natalee Holloway's mother prepares civil lawsuit against Joran van der SlootVan der Sloot not re-arrested in Holloway casePolice in Aruba make an arrest in Natalee Holloway caseUS teen missing in Aruba feared dead
Media related to Joran van der Sloot at Wikimedia Commons
"United States of America v. Joran van der Sloot" (PDF). WHNT-TV. Case #MAG10-117. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 June 2010.
"Affidavit in support of criminal complaint". The Smoking Gun. Van der Sloot. 12 June 2014. Case #MAG10-117, Attachment A.
"United States of America v. Joran Andreas Petrus van der Sloot" (PDF). Justice.gov (indictment). United States Department of Justice. 30 June 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 March 2011.
"Joran van der Sloot charged with fraud and extortion in Birmingham". birmingham.fbi.gov (Press release). Birmingham, AL: Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from the original on 8 June 2010.
"Federal grand jury indicts Joran van der Sloot for wire fraud and extortion". birmingham.fbi.gov (Press release). Birmingham, AL: Federal Bureau of Investigation.
"Wanted: Joran Andreas Petrus van der Sloot". Interpol (arrest warrant). Archived from the original on 21 June 2010.
"Joran van der Sloot". blogspot.com (blog). July 2005 – March 2006.
Joran van der Sloot at IMDb
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National
United States
Netherlands | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dutch name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"[ˈjoːrɑɱ vɑn dər ˈsloːt]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch"},{"link_name":"Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima"},{"link_name":"prime suspect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_suspect"},{"link_name":"disappearance of Natalee Holloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disappearance_of_Natalee_Holloway"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PeruPolice-2010-06-06-declaration-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-2011-01-11-guilty-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USA-Today-2010-06-11-charge-8"},{"link_name":"extradited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extradition"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-2010-06-04-Peru-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-2011-01-11-guilty-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USA-Today-2010-06-11-charge-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LivinginPeru-2010-06-11-jail-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WIAT-2011-02-28-sentence-11"},{"link_name":"Peruvian Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Police_of_Peru"},{"link_name":"FBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBS-2010-06-21-tricked-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KABC-2010-06-22-FBI-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fox-2010-06-25-valid-14"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USA-Today-2012-01-13-28years-3"},{"link_name":"cocaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraaf-2023-15"},{"link_name":"extortion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extortion"},{"link_name":"wire fraud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail_and_wire_fraud#Wire_fraud"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usextradited-16"},{"link_name":"proffer letter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proffer_agreement"},{"link_name":"United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_Alabama"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABC-2010-06-13-5years-18"},{"link_name":"Time magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Time-2010-12-09-top-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RNW-2010-12-14-top-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-2010-08-24-picture-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WIAT-2010-11-08-suspended-22"}],"text":"Dutch murderer (born 1987)In this Dutch name, the surname is van der Sloot.Joran Andreas Petrus van der Sloot (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈjoːrɑɱ vɑn dər ˈsloːt]; born 6 August 1987) is a Dutch murderer who was convicted in the 2010 killing of Stephany Flores Ramírez in Lima, Peru. He first came to public attention as the prime suspect in the disappearance of Natalee Holloway in 2005.[4][1][8]After Flores' murder on 30 May 2010, five years to the day after Holloway's disappearance, Van der Sloot fled to Chile, where he was arrested and extradited back to Peru for questioning regarding the murder.[9]On 7 June 2010, Van der Sloot confessed to bludgeoning Flores.[1][8][10][11] He later tried to formally retract his confession, claiming that he had been intimidated by the Peruvian Police and framed by the FBI.[12][13] A Peruvian judge ruled on 25 June 2010 that the confession was valid,[14] and on 13 January 2012, Van der Sloot was sentenced to 28 years' imprisonment for Flores's murder.[3] In January 2023, an additional 18 years were added to his sentence for trafficking cocaine while in prison.[15]On 8 June 2023, Van der Sloot was extradited to the United States to face trial for extortion and wire fraud, with both charges being linked to Holloway's disappearance.[16] On 18 October 2023, he admitted to killing Holloway in a proffer letter, which was released after he pleaded guilty to other associated charges in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama.[17]The Holloway and Flores cases both attracted widespread media attention;[18] Time magazine declared Van der Sloot's arrest the top crime story of 2010.[19][20] He was the subject of international news coverage from prison,[21] leading to controversies that resulted in the investigation and suspension of several Peruvian officials.[22]","title":"Joran van der Sloot"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arnhem_Business_School.jpg"},{"link_name":"HAN University of Applied Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HAN_University_of_Applied_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PeruPolice-2010-06-06-declaration-4"},{"link_name":"Arnhem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnhem"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McClatchy-2010-06-03-apprehended-24"},{"link_name":"Aruba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aruba"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anita-vd-Sloot-c2008-biography-25"},{"link_name":"honor student","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honors_student"},{"link_name":"International School of Aruba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_School_of_Aruba"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anita-vd-Sloot-c2008-biography-25"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McClatchy-2010-06-03-apprehended-24"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABC-2010-06-13-5years-18"},{"link_name":"Moët & Chandon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C3%ABt_%26_Chandon"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McClatchy-2010-06-03-apprehended-24"},{"link_name":"Saint Leo University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Leo_University"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VanityFair-2006-01-26"},{"link_name":"liar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathological_lying"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GMA-2010-06-24-sneaky-27"}],"text":"Van der Sloot attended the HAN University of Applied Sciences in the Netherlands.[4]Joran van der Sloot was born in the Dutch city of Arnhem, one of three sons to Paulus van der Sloot (1952–2010),[23] a lawyer, and Anita van der Sloot-Hugen, an art teacher.[24] In 1990, his family moved from Arnhem to Aruba,[25] where he was an honor student at the International School of Aruba.[25][24]Van der Sloot was a star football (soccer) and tennis athlete at the school,[18] competing in doubles tennis with his father at the Moët & Chandon Anniversary Cup in 2005[24] and hoped to play for Saint Leo University.[26] Van der Sloot's mother said he was a habitual liar and had a tendency to sneak out of the house at night to go to casinos.[27]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CarlosnCharliesAruba.jpg"},{"link_name":"Carlos'n Charlie's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos%27n_Charlie%27s"},{"link_name":"Oranjestad, Aruba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oranjestad,_Aruba"},{"link_name":"Oranjestad, Aruba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oranjestad,_Aruba"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"disappearance of Natalee Holloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disappearance_of_Natalee_Holloway"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-2012-01-12-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NBC-2008-10-20-freed-30"},{"link_name":"rape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMW-2008-10-20-freed-31"},{"link_name":"Dutch territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"HAN University of Applied Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HAN_University_of_Applied_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USA-Today-2005-09-05-leaves-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RNW-2010-06-03-psychiatrists-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBS-2005-06-08-timeline-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fox-2006-03-06-on-record-35"},{"link_name":"commissioner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_commissioner"},{"link_name":"Aruba Police Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aruba_Police_Force"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KPA-c2010-retirees-36"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VanityFair-2006-01-26"}],"text":"Carlos'n Charlie's in Oranjestad, Aruba, where Natalee Holloway was last seen with Van der SlootOn 29 May 2005, Van der Sloot met Natalee Holloway at Carlos'n Charlie's bar in downtown Oranjestad, Aruba. Holloway was an 18-year-old American, vacationing in Aruba to celebrate her graduation from high school. Holloway and Van der Sloot drank and danced together at the bar. When the bar closed at 1:00 a.m., Holloway was last seen leaving in a car with Van der Sloot and two brothers, 21-year-old Deepak Kalpoe and 18-year-old Satish Kalpoe.[28]On 9 June 2005, Van der Sloot and both Kalpoe brothers were arrested in regards to the disappearance of Natalee Holloway.[29] The Kalpoe brothers were released from custody on 4 July, while Van der Sloot remained in custody.[30] The brothers were re-arrested on 26 August on suspicion of rape and murder. All three suspects were released on 3 September due to lack of evidence.[31]After his release, Van der Sloot was required to stay within Dutch territory pending the results of the investigation. On 5 September 2005, he returned to the Netherlands to study international business management at the HAN University of Applied Sciences.[32] On 14 September, a higher court removed the travel restrictions.[33][34][35] Gerold G. Dompig, former deputy commissioner of the Aruba Police Force,[36] stated that the initial arrests were made prematurely under pressure from Holloway's family. Dompig charged that the family sidetracked the investigation by making it difficult for the police to collect evidence to solve the case.[26]","title":"Disappearance of Natalee Holloway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A Current Affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Current_Affair_(American_TV_program)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-2005-09-28-night-out-37"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Good Morning America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Morning_America"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GMA-2006-02-07-enough-38"},{"link_name":"Primetime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_(American_TV_program)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GMA-2006-02-22-night-out-39"},{"link_name":"jurisdictional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdiction"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBS-2006-08-05-legal-setback-40"},{"link_name":"a book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_zaak_Natalee_Holloway"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vd-Sloot-Vukojevic-2007-zaak-Natalee-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABC-2007-11-28-book-42"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NataleeHollowaySearch.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dutch Marines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"California Lighthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Lighthouse"}],"sub_title":"Media coverage","text":"On 26 September 2005, Van der Sloot told the American television show A Current Affair that neither he nor the Kalpoe brothers had sex with Holloway, but he admitted that they initially agreed to lie to the authorities. He said that they first told police that Holloway was dropped off alone at her hotel, while he later said that he was dropped off with her at the beach. Van der Sloot stated that he left Holloway alone at the beach at her request and that he regretted it.[37]On 6 February 2006, on ABC's Good Morning America, Van der Sloot's parents stated that their son was unfairly singled out and that the investigation left them devastated.[38] Later that month, while Van der Sloot and his father were in New York City for an interview with ABC's Primetime, they were served with a lawsuit filed by Natalee's parents, Beth and Dave Holloway, alleging personal injury;[39] the case was dismissed on jurisdictional grounds that August.[40]In April 2007 Van der Sloot and a reporter published a book[41] describing the case. Van der Sloot began writing the book while attending business classes in Arnhem. He stated in the introduction, \"I see this book as my opportunity to be open and honest about everything that happened, for anyone who wants to read it.\"[42]Dutch Marines searching for Holloway near Aruba's California Lighthouse","title":"Disappearance of Natalee Holloway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Montaldo-about-com-2007-04-27-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MercuryNews-2007-04-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KPA-2007-04-28-45"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vd-Sloot-Vukojevic-2007-zaak-Natalee-41"},{"link_name":"voluntary manslaughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_manslaughter"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-2007-11-27-arrest-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-2007-12-07-released-47"}],"sub_title":"2007 search and arrest","text":"On 27 April 2007, a new search involving some 20 investigators was launched at Van der Sloot's parents' home in Aruba.[43] Dutch authorities searched the yard and surrounding area, using shovels and thin metal rods to probe the ground. A spokesman for the prosecutor's office, Vivian van der Biezen, stated: \"The investigation has never stopped and the Dutch authorities are completely reviewing the case for new indications.\" A statement released directly from the prosecutor's office stated: \"The team has indications that justify a more thorough search.\"[44] Investigators did not comment on what prompted the new search, except that it was not related[45] to Van der Sloot's book.[41]On 21 November 2007, Van der Sloot and the Kalpoe brothers were re-arrested in Arnhem and Aruba, respectively, for \"suspicion of involvement in voluntary manslaughter and causing serious bodily harm that resulted in the death of Natalee Holloway\" because of what the Aruba prosecutor's office stated was \"new incriminating evidence\" related to Holloway's disappearance. Van der Sloot returned to Aruba on 23 November, and a court hearing on 26 November ruled to continue his detention for eight days.[46] The Kalpoe brothers were released on 1 December. Van der Sloot was ordered released on 7 December; he was released without charge the same day.[47]","title":"Disappearance of Natalee Holloway"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peter_R._de_Vries.jpg"},{"link_name":"Peter R. de Vries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_R._de_Vries"},{"link_name":"Pauw & Witteman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauw_%26_Witteman"},{"link_name":"Peter de Vries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_R._de_Vries"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fox-2008-01-12-wine-48"},{"link_name":"marijuana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RNW-2008-04-02-at-liberty-49"},{"link_name":"Patrick van der Eem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_van_der_Eem"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-People-2008-02-18-dutch-tv-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USA-Today-2008-02-04-tape-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DutchNews-2008-02-15-rearrest-52"},{"link_name":"International Emmy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Emmy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Endemol-2008-09-25-Emmy-53"},{"link_name":"Pauw & Witteman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauw_%26_Witteman"},{"link_name":"psychiatric clinic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatric_hospital"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RNW-2010-06-03-psychiatrists-33"},{"link_name":"Muang Ake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muang_Ake&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bangkok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok"},{"link_name":"Rangsit University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangsit_University"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph-UK-2010-06-14-54"},{"link_name":"sex trafficking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_trafficking"},{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_people"},{"link_name":"prostitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fox-trafficking-55"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RNW-20081110-thai-5"},{"link_name":"Minister of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_and_Human_Rights_(Peru)"},{"link_name":"Aurelio Pastor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurelio_Pastor"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"National Enquirer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Enquirer"},{"link_name":"sex slave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_slavery"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBS-2010-07-16-Thailand-57"},{"link_name":"Lifetime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifetime_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"television film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_film"},{"link_name":"Natalee Holloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalee_Holloway_(film)"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMDb-tt1307456-Natalee-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holloway-2007-Loving-59"},{"link_name":"television ratings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_Media_Research#Nielsen_TV_ratings"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Variety-2009-04-20-movie-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-2010-06-16-friend-silence-61"},{"link_name":"Justice for Natalee Holloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalee_Holloway_(film)#Sequel"},{"link_name":"Stephen Amell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Amell"},{"link_name":"Macau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau"},{"link_name":"Asia Pacific Poker Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Pacific_Poker_Tour"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McClatchy-2010-06-03-apprehended-24"},{"link_name":"US$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"online poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_poker"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gambling-2010-06-09-62"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"Barry Greenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Greenstein"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greenstein-2005-Ace-63"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABC-2010-06-13-5years-18"}],"sub_title":"2008 Dutch television sting operations","text":"Dutch journalist Peter R. de Vries pursued Van der Sloot via undercover reports.On 11 January 2008, after being challenged on the Dutch late-night talk show Pauw & Witteman by crime reporter Peter de Vries, Van der Sloot threw a glass of red wine into De Vries's face.[48] On 3 February, an undercover video made by De Vries aired on Dutch television, purporting to show Van der Sloot smoking marijuana and admitting to being present during Holloway's death. The show was watched by 7 million viewers in the Netherlands and was the most popular non-sports program in Dutch television history.[49]Patrick van der Eem, working undercover for De Vries, had befriended Van der Sloot, who was unaware that he was being taped when he said that Holloway had suffered some kind of seizure while having sex with him on the beach. After failing to revive her, Van der Sloot said that he summoned a friend named \"Daury\". The two men neither phoned for medical help nor checked Holloway to determine if she might still be alive. \"Daury\", according to Van der Sloot, volunteered to load her onto a boat; he then dumped Holloway's body into the sea.[50] The prosecutor in Aruba determined the video was admissible,[51] but the evidence was deemed \"insufficient\" to warrant any arrests. Although the taped confession appeared damning, Van der Sloot maintained that he had been lying to Van der Eem in order to impress him, believing his new acquaintance to be a drug dealer.[52]On 22 September 2008, in New York City, De Vries, accompanied by Beth Holloway, accepted an International Emmy Award in Current Affairs for his coverage of Natalee Holloway's disappearance.[53] Under pressure generated by the Pauw & Witteman program, Van der Sloot voluntarily checked into a psychiatric clinic, before departing the Netherlands for Thailand.[33] He moved to Muang Ake, a suburb of Bangkok, intending to study business at Rangsit University, but dropped out and bought Sawadee Cup, a restaurant next to the campus that served sandwiches and pizza.[54]In November 2008, De Vries aired undercover footage of Van der Sloot making preparations for the apparent sex trafficking of Thai women in Bangkok into Europe. De Vries claimed that Van der Sloot was making $13,000 for every woman sold into prostitution in the Netherlands.[55] Van der Sloot had been using the alias \"Murphy Jenkins\" in order to avoid Thai authorities.[5] Peruvian Minister of Justice Aurelio Pastor later was to state that Thailand was pursuing criminal charges against Van der Sloot.[56] According to National Enquirer, he was being investigated by Thai authorities for his involvement in the disappearance of young women he may have recruited for a Thai sex slave gang while posing as a production consultant for a modeling agency that, ostensibly, would send them to Europe to work as models.[57]Van der Sloot was portrayed by actor Jacques Strydom in the Lifetime television film Natalee Holloway (2009),[58] based on Beth Holloway's book about her daughter's disappearance.[59] The film brought in the highest television ratings in Lifetime's then-eleven-year history.[60] Van der Sloot himself watched the film one evening in 2010, according to his friend, John Ludwick, and said that some parts were true while others were not.[61] The film was followed by a sequel, Justice for Natalee Holloway (2011), in which Van der Sloot was played by actor Stephen Amell.In August 2009, Van der Sloot was spotted in Macau at the Asia Pacific Poker Tour.[24] He won over US$12,000 that year in an online poker tournament.[62] Van der Sloot described himself on his YouTube page as \"a professional poker player\" and cited Barry Greenstein's 2005 poker strategy guide[63] as his favorite book.In early 2010, following the death of his father, Paulus, he sold his Bangkok restaurant business and returned to Aruba.[18]","title":"Disappearance of Natalee Holloway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-2005-06-25-released-64"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VanityFair-2006-01-26"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-2005-07-01-missing-65"},{"link_name":"media circus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_circus"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VanityFair-2006-01-26"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBS-2005-06-08-timeline-34"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carib-net-2006-08-04-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fox-2008-03-08-damg-appeal-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Expatica-2007-02-15-68"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABC-2010-06-13-5years-18"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACC-2007-01-18-registry-69"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fox-2008-03-08-damg-appeal-67"},{"link_name":"Fox News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News"},{"link_name":"On the Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Record_(American_TV_program)"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fox-2008-11-24-on-record-70"},{"link_name":"human trafficking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_trafficking"},{"link_name":"De Telegraaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Telegraaf"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraaf-NL-2008-11-27-71"},{"link_name":"dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACC-2007-01-18-registry-69"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fox-2010-02-12-dad-death-72"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABC-2010-06-13-5years-18"},{"link_name":"involuntarily committed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Involuntary_commitment"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NBC-2010-06-19-73"}],"sub_title":"Father's involvement in the case","text":"Paulus van der Sloot was arrested on 22 June 2005, for questioning in Holloway's disappearance. He was ordered released on 26 June after three days of questioning.[64] According to Aruba's chief prosecutor, one of the Kalpoe brothers told investigators that Paulus, who at the time was training to be a judge,[26] advised his son that, without a body, the police would have no case.[65] Beth Holloway pursued Van der Sloot's parents in the media circus on Aruba which ensued after Natalee's disappearance. She stated that Paulus acknowledged that they could not control their son and had sent him to a psychiatrist.[26]On 10 November 2005, Paulus won an unjust detention action against the Aruban government, clearing him as a suspect and allowing him to retain his government contract.[34] Paulus van der Sloot then brought a second action, seeking monetary damages for himself and his family because of his false arrest.[66][67] The action was initially successful, but the award of 40,000 Aruban florins (US$22,300) was reversed on appeal.[68] The family's finances had become depleted by their legal expenses.[18] In January 2007, Paulus found work as a managing partner at the law firm that had represented him.[69][67]On 24 November 2008, Fox News's On the Record aired an interview with Joran van der Sloot in which he said that he sold Holloway into sexual slavery, receiving money both when Holloway was taken and, later, to keep quiet. He also alleged that he paid the Kalpoe brothers for their assistance, and that his father Paulus paid off two police officers who had learned that Holloway was taken to Venezuela. Van der Sloot later retracted the statements he had made in the interview.[70] The show aired part of an audio recording provided by Van der Sloot, which he alleged was a phone conversation between himself and Paulus, in which Paulus displayed knowledge of his son's purported involvement in human trafficking. According to prosecutor Hans Mos, the other voice heard on the recording was not that of Paulus. The Dutch newspaper De Telegraaf reported that the \"father's\" voice was almost certainly that of Joran, trying to speak in a lower tone.[71][dead link]On 8 January 2010, Paulus ended his partnership at the law firm where he had been working.[69] On 10 February 2010, while playing tennis in Aruba, he died of a heart attack at age 57.[72] Joran van der Sloot returned to Aruba soon afterward and took up gambling.[18] His mother, Anita, later remarked that Van der Sloot had severe mental problems and had blamed himself for his father's death. He had left for Aruba before she could have him involuntarily committed, leaving a note: \"I'm gone, do not worry.\"[73]","title":"Disappearance of Natalee Holloway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-2010-06-08-interpol-extortion-74"},{"link_name":"FBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"sting operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sting_operation"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Today-NBC-2010-06-11-kelly-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBI-2010-06-09-pr-76"},{"link_name":"wire transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire_transfer"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WSFA-2010-06-03-extortion-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fox-2010-06-06-extortion-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-2010-06-09-sting-79"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Today-NBC-2010-06-11-kelly-75"},{"link_name":"extortion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extortion"},{"link_name":"Bogotá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-2010-06-09-sting-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYPost-2010-06-09-FBI-funded-80"},{"link_name":"U.S. Attorney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBI-2010-06-09-pr-76"},{"link_name":"U.S. District Court of Northern Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_Alabama"},{"link_name":"wire fraud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail_and_wire_fraud#Wire_fraud"},{"link_name":"Joyce White Vance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce_Vance"},{"link_name":"arrest warrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrest_warrant"},{"link_name":"Interpol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpol"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-2010-06-03-Alabama-2"},{"link_name":"U.S. Justice Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"Jaap Amesz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaap_Amesz"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AOL-2010-06-04-holloways-mom-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GMA-2010-06-11-rotten-82"},{"link_name":"federal grand jury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_jury#Federal_level"},{"link_name":"indicted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indictment"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHNT-2010-06-30-indict-83"},{"link_name":"De Telegraaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Telegraaf"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-2010-09-06-admits-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP-2014-03-09-extradtn-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-radar-confession-video-86"}],"sub_title":"2010 charges in the United States","text":"Around 29 March 2010, Van der Sloot allegedly contacted John Q. Kelly, Beth Holloway's legal representative, with an offer to reveal the location of Natalee's body and the circumstances surrounding her death for an advance of $25,000 against a total of $250,000.[74] Kelly said that he secretly went to Aruba in April to meet with Van der Sloot, who was desperate for money, and gave him $100. Kelly notified the FBI, which set up a sting operation with the Aruban authorities.[75][76]On 10 May, Van der Sloot allegedly accepted the sum of $15,000 by wire transfer to his account in the Netherlands, following a cash payment of $10,000 that was videotaped by undercover investigators in Aruba.[77][78] In exchange, Van der Sloot told Kelly that his father buried Holloway's remains in the foundation of a house. Authorities determined that this information was false, because the house had not yet been built at the time of Holloway's disappearance.[79] Van der Sloot later e‑mailed Kelly that he lied about the house.[75] Beth Holloway was shocked that the FBI did not promptly file extortion charges against Van der Sloot, allowing him to leave freely with the money to Bogotá on his way to Lima.[79][80] The FBI and the office of the U.S. Attorney contended that the case had not yet been sufficiently developed to enable filing the charges.[76]On 3 June 2010, the U.S. District Court of Northern Alabama charged Van der Sloot with extortion and wire fraud. U.S. Attorney Joyce White Vance issued an arrest warrant through Interpol to have him prosecuted in the United States.[2] On 4 June, at the request of the U.S. Justice Department, Dutch authorities raided and confiscated items from two homes in the Netherlands, one of them belonging to reporter Jaap Amesz, who had previously interviewed Van der Sloot, and who claimed knowledge of his criminal activities.[81]Aruban investigators used information gathered from the extortion case to perform a new search at a beach, but no new evidence was found.[82] Aruba's Solicitor-General's office stated they would not seek Van der Sloot's extradition to Aruba. On 30 June, a U.S. federal grand jury formally indicted Van der Sloot on the two charges. The indictment, filed with the U.S. District Court, sought the forfeiture of the $25,100 that had been paid to Van der Sloot.[83]In an interview published by De Telegraaf on 6 September 2010, Van der Sloot admitted to the extortion plot, stating: \"I wanted to get back at Natalee's family. Her parents have been making my life tough for five years.\" His attorney said that his client was not paid for the interview, and suggested instead that \"maybe there were some mistakes in the translation.\"[84]On 9 March 2014, the Peruvian government announced that Van der Sloot would face extradition to the U.S. in the year 2038 to face charges of extortion and wire fraud, after completion of his 28-year sentence in Peru for the murder of Stephany Tatiana Flores Ramírez (see below).[85]In February 2016, an undercover reporter filmed Van der Sloot confessing to Natalee Holloway's murder. The movie shows Van der Sloot, in Dutch, laughing over how he never told the truth about the whole event and that he did in fact kill Holloway. His Peruvian wife is also present during this conversation.[86]","title":"Disappearance of Natalee Holloway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Birmingham Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham%E2%80%93Shuttlesworth_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Birmingham, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usextradited-16"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arraignment-88"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usextradited-16"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arraignment-88"},{"link_name":"proffer letter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proffer_agreement"},{"link_name":"cinder block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_block"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"}],"sub_title":"2023 extradition to the United States, and confession","text":"On 8 June 2023, Van der Sloot was extradited from Peru to the United States, landing at Birmingham Airport in Birmingham, Alabama just before 2:30 p.m.[16] After arriving in Birmingham, he was taken into U.S. custody and transferred to the Hoover City Jail.[87] On 9 June, he was arraigned in the federal court in Birmingham on one count of extortion and one count of wire fraud against Beth Holloway, Natalee Holloway's mother.[88][16][89] He pleaded not guilty to each charge.[88]On 18 October 2023, in a proffer letter as part of a plea deal, Van der Sloot admitted to beating Holloway to death on an Aruba beach. According to an interview transcript, Van der Sloot bludgeoned her head with a cinder block and disposed of her body in the ocean. Judge Anna Manasco sentenced van der Sloot to 20 years on the extortion charges, which will run concurrently with his existing Peru sentence.[90]","title":"Disappearance of Natalee Holloway"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hotel_TAC_Lima,_Peru_cropped.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima"},{"link_name":"Miraflores District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miraflores_District,_Lima"},{"link_name":"Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABC-2010-06-03-arrested-91"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-2010-06-04-Peru-9"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBS-2010-06-24-witness-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-2010-06-05-Lima-headqtr-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-2010-06-07-police-report-94"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYPost-2010-06-09-FBI-funded-80"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-2010-06-05-Lima-headqtr-93"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABC-2010-06-02-95"},{"link_name":"Latin American Poker Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_American_Poker_Tour"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Radio-CoOp-2010-06-02-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFGate-2010-06-04-97"},{"link_name":"University of Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Lima"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seattle-Times-2010-06-04-98"},{"link_name":"vice president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_Peru"},{"link_name":"president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Peru"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SeattleTimes-2010-06-02-hunt-99"},{"link_name":"date rape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_rape"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-2010-06-02-murder-100"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GMA-2010-06-11-rotten-82"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LivinginPeru-2010-06-06-detention-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fox-2010-06-11-holloway-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBS-2010-07-13-missing-103"},{"link_name":"national identification number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_identification_number#Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Google","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-2010-06-06-Google-104"}],"text":"Stephany Tatiana Flores Ramírez was found dead in Van der Sloot's room at Hotel TAC, S.A.C. in Lima.On 30 May 2010 — the fifth anniversary of Holloway's disappearance — Stephany Tatiana Flores Ramírez, 21, died at the Hotel TAC, in the Miraflores District of Lima, Peru.[91] On 2 June, a hotel employee found her beaten body in room 309,[9][92] which had been registered in Van der Sloot's name.[93] He had departed from the hotel without returning the room key and left the television turned on.[94] A tennis racquet, identified by the coroner as a possible homicide weapon, was recovered from the room.[80]A hotel guest and an employee came forward to say they saw Van der Sloot and the victim entering the hotel room together, and the police obtained video of the two playing cards at the same table the night before at the Atlantic City Casino in Lima.[93][95] Van der Sloot had entered Peru via Colombia on 14 May 2010 to attend the Latin American Poker Tour.[96][97]Flores was a business student who was less than a year from graduation at the University of Lima.[98] She was the daughter of Ricardo Flores, a former president of the Peruvian Automobile Club and winner of the \"Caminos del Inca\" rally in 1991. A prominent businessman and entertainment organizer, he ran for vice president in 2001 and for president five years later on fringe tickets.[99]Ricardo Flores said that police found date rape drugs in his daughter's car, parked about 50 blocks from the hotel where she died.[100] Her jewelry, money, identification, and credit cards were missing, including about $1,000 her father had given her to purchase a laptop computer, and over $10,000 she had won earlier at the casino.[82][101][102] Flores reportedly kept this money in her car, but a police search found no money in it.[103]After Flores's family reported her missing, police retrieved the hotel security surveillance tape and obtained Van der Sloot's name and national identification number. Her brother's wife discovered Van der Sloot's background in a Google search about an hour before her body was found.[104]","title":"Murder of Stephany Flores"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_America_laea_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_America_laea_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-2010-06-05-Lima-headqtr-93"},{"link_name":"Interpol notice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpol_notice"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-News-2010-06-03-105"},{"link_name":"Arica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arica"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Radio-CoOp-2010-06-02-96"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Merinews-2010-06-03-Arica-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABC-2010-06-18-mom-107"},{"link_name":"Curacaví","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curacav%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Investigations Police of Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investigations_Police_of_Chile"},{"link_name":"Viña del Mar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C3%B1a_del_Mar"},{"link_name":"Santiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Radio-CoOp-2010-06-03-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reuters-2010-06-03-arrest-109"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-2010-06-05-Lima-headqtr-93"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USA-Today-2010-06-09-coffee-110"},{"link_name":"SIM card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIM_card"},{"link_name":"mobile phone tracking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone_tracking"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBS-2010-07-02-phone-111"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABC-2010-06-13-thief-112"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBS-2010-06-07-turn-self-in-113"},{"link_name":"Cessna 310","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessna_310"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-2010-06-04-Peru-9"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYDailyNews-2010-06-05-serial-114"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-2010-07-19-former-115"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-2010-07-19-former-115"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBS-2010-06-11-charged-116"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-2010-06-07-lawyer-117"},{"link_name":"suicide watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_watch"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LivinginPeru-2010-06-07-autopsy-118"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UPI-2010-06-07-suicide-119"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABC-2010-06-10-hands-120"}],"sub_title":"2010 arrest","text":"ArubaBogotáLimaAricaCuracavíclass=notpageimage| Map of Van der Sloot's travel sites in South AmericaPeruvian officials named Van der Sloot as the lone suspect in the homicide investigation.[93] An Interpol notice was issued regarding Van der Sloot and it was believed that he had fled to Chile, possibly intending to return to Aruba through Argentina.[105] Van der Sloot was sighted entering Chile via the Chacalluta border crossing, north of Arica, on 31 May 2010.[96][106] His ex-girlfriend, Melody Granadillo, said that Van der Sloot sent her a text message asking for money to buy a ticket back to Aruba.[107]On 3 June, Van der Sloot was arrested near Curacaví by the Investigations Police of Chile while traveling in a rented taxi on highway 68 between the coastal city of Viña del Mar and the capital of Santiago.[108][109] He was found with a laptop, foreign currency, a business card case, detailed charts of ocean currents around Lima, and bloody clothes.[93][110] His phone's SIM card was missing, which made mobile phone tracking of his location impossible.[111]He told Chilean police that unidentified armed robbers hid in the hotel room and killed Flores when she disobeyed their order to be quiet.[112] Van der Sloot's Dutch attorney claimed that his client was on his way to Santiago to turn himself in.[113] He was subsequently expelled and transported by Chilean police in a Cessna 310 back to Arica to be handed over to Peruvian authorities at the Chacalluta border crossing on 4 June.[9][114][115]Van der Sloot arrived at Lima police headquarters on 5 June, where he was interrogated about the Flores murder while represented by attorney Luz Maria Romero Chinchay.[115] The Dutch embassy provided a translator for his defense.[116] He was held in a seventh-floor cell and permitted to contact his mother.[117] Van der Sloot was placed on suicide watch by guards after it was reported that he deliberately hit his head against a wall.[118][119] On 10 June, he was moved to a cell at the prosecutor's office in central Lima.[120]","title":"Murder of Stephany Flores"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Atlantic_City_casino_Peru_exterior.jpg"},{"link_name":"baccarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baccarat"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-2010-07-06-won-121"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CSM-2010-06-08-confession-122"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fox-2010-06-08-confesses-123"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-2010-06-05-Lima-headqtr-93"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LivinginPeru-2010-06-07-autopsy-118"},{"link_name":"blunt-force trauma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blunt_trauma"},{"link_name":"brain hemorrhage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracerebral_hemorrhage"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-2010-06-04-Peru-9"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fox-2010-06-06-extortion-78"},{"link_name":"asphyxiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphyxia"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-2010-06-24-complaint-124"},{"link_name":"amphetamines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphetamine"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABC-2010-06-11-lied-125"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UPI-2010-06-22-watch-126"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBS-2010-06-24-amphetamines-127"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-2010-06-11-charged-128"},{"link_name":"DNA tests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_profiling"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-2010-06-25-DNA-129"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBS-2010-06-25-DNA-130"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-2010-06-05-Lima-headqtr-93"},{"link_name":"exhumed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burial#Exhumation"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYDailyNews-2010-06-05-fought-131"},{"link_name":"National Police of Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Police_of_Peru"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ElComercio-2011-03-14-FBI-132"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WIAT-2011-03-15-laptop-133"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RNW-2011-03-25-gambling-134"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RNW-2010-12-21-escape-135"},{"link_name":"border pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_control"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WIAT-2010-12-20-escape-136"}],"sub_title":"Forensic investigation","text":"The Atlantic City Casino in Lima, where Van der Sloot and Flores were recorded on surveillance videoSurveillance video from the Atlantic City Casino recorded Flores winning $10,000 at a baccarat table area on 25 May 2010, while accompanied by a male friend who was not van der Sloot. According to casino spokesperson Luis Laos, she also won $237 playing poker on 29 May and it was common for people to know the identities of big winners. Laos stated that van der Sloot did not win any money that night. At 3:00 a.m. on 30 May, Flores was recorded entering the casino alone and walking to a poker table where Van der Sloot was sitting. Van der Sloot had not registered for the Latin American Poker Tour. The deadline to pay the $2,700 entry fee for the 2 June event at the casino was 30 May.[121]Police released hotel security video showing van der Sloot and Flores entering the Hotel TAC together at about 5:00 a.m. on 30 May.[122] At about 8:10 a.m., he is shown walking across the street to a supermarket and returning with bread and two cups of coffee.[123] Around 8:45 a.m., he is seen leaving the hotel alone with his bags.[93]An autopsy ruled that Flores did not have sexual intercourse before her death, and that she was not under the influence of enough alcohol to prevent her from resisting an attack.[118] She suffered blunt-force trauma to her head, which caused a brain hemorrhage, cranial fracture, and broken neck.[9][78] She also suffered significant injuries to her face and showed signs of asphyxiation, according to court documents.[124] Flores tested positive for the presence of amphetamines.[125][126] The lab report does not indicate whether the victim took the drugs willingly or unknowingly.[127]The stains on van der Sloot's clothes matched Flores's blood type.[128] Blood was also found on the floor, hallway, and mattress in the hotel room. Police stated that DNA tests would be conducted on the clothes, skin found under the victim's fingernails,[129][130] and the previously recovered tennis racquet.[93] Ricardo Flores stated in interviews that his daughter's body needed to be exhumed to gather the fingernail DNA evidence, and that her body had not been cremated for this reason.[131]On 14 March 2011, the National Police of Peru provided a copy of the hard disk drive from van der Sloot's laptop computer to the FBI. Colonel Oscar González, of the technical division of the Peruvian police, stated that the U.S. federal investigation was interested in information related to Holloway's disappearance and the alleged extortion of her family.[132][133] Peruvian detectives determined that the laptop accessed information about the Holloway case before Flores arrived in van der Sloot's hotel room; it was then used to visit two poker Web sites at around the time Flores was present in the room.[134] According to a police dossier,[135] the laptop was later used to search Google for the subjects \"Relationship between the Peruvian and Chilean police\", \"Chilean border pass\", \"buses in Chile\", and \"countries that do not extradite in Latin America\".[136]","title":"Murder of Stephany Flores"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NBC-2010-06-08-confession-137"},{"link_name":"manslaughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manslaughter"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraaf-NL-2010-06-08-138"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WIAT-2011-02-28-sentence-11"},{"link_name":"capital punishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-2010-06-08-Holloway-link-139"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amnesty-International-140"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CSM-2010-06-08-psychopath-141"},{"link_name":"Alan García Pérez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Garc%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"death penalty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_penalty"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WIAT-2010-08-18-psychopath-142"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-2010-06-08-Holloway-link-139"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NBC-2010-06-08-confession-137"},{"link_name":"marijuana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marijuana"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-2010-06-08-Holloway-link-139"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fox-2010-06-11-transfer-143"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USA-Today-2010-06-09-coffee-110"},{"link_name":"amphetamines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphetamines"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WJBK-2010-06-09-cool-144"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fox-2010-06-11-transfer-143"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABC-2010-06-10-hands-120"},{"link_name":"toxicological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicology"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABC-2010-06-11-lied-125"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GMA-2010-06-11-rotten-82"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-2010-06-14-attorney-145"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CSM-2010-06-09-reenactment-146"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-2010-07-19-former-115"},{"link_name":"De Telegraaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Telegraaf"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBS-2010-06-21-tricked-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KABC-2010-06-22-FBI-13"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-2010-06-14-attorney-145"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AOL-2010-06-14-lawyer-147"},{"link_name":"state-appointed lawyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_defender"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fox-2010-06-25-valid-14"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-2010-06-28-court-148"}],"sub_title":"Confession and retraction","text":"On 7 June 2010, Van der Sloot reportedly confessed to killing Flores, following hours of interrogation. He had initially proclaimed his innocence.[137] According to an expert in Peruvian law, the confession fit a defense strategy of trying to get the charge reduced to manslaughter, which is punishable by six to twenty years in prison, while a conviction for murder could result in up to 35 years' imprisonment.[138] The prosecution was seeking a sentence of 30 years.[11]Peru does not issue life sentences in standard cases of murder and has abolished capital punishment in all but exceptional circumstances, such as crimes committed under military law.[139][140] A life sentence can be issued for a murder committed during the commission of a robbery.[141] Peruvian president Alan García Pérez used the case to seek the reinstatement of the death penalty for murder.[142]In his written confession released by Peruvian police, Van der Sloot recounted that he briefly left the hotel to get some coffee and bread and returned to find Flores using his laptop computer without his permission. A police source stated that she might have found information linking him to the disappearance of Holloway. An altercation allegedly began, and she attempted to escape.[139] According to the aforementioned written confession released by Peruvian authorities, Van der Sloot stated,\"I did not want to do it. The girl intruded into my private life ... she didn't have any right. I went to her and I hit her. She was scared, we argued, and she tried to escape. I grabbed her by the neck and hit her.\"[137]Van der Sloot reportedly stated that he was high on marijuana at the time.[139] A detective linked to the case said that Van der Sloot considered getting rid of the body in a suitcase,[143] but decided against it because he would have been stopped at the front desk.[110] He then reportedly drank espresso and took amphetamines to counter fatigue before fleeing the hotel.[144]Criminal police chief Cesar Guardia said Van der Sloot \"let slip that he knew the place\" where Holloway's body is buried.[143] Guardia stated that the interrogation was limited to their case in Peru, which he considered \"practically closed\", and that questions about Holloway's disappearance were avoided.[120] Guardia said that the confession contains lies because Van der Sloot's \"toxicological report shows no signs that he had ingested any kind of drug.\" Felonies committed under the influence of drugs can gain leniency in Peruvian courts.[125]Guardia said that the motive for the crime was robbery.[82] Van der Sloot reportedly offered a different motive for killing Flores, stating that he \"feared that she would go to the police\". On 14 June, Peruvian authorities released written transcripts of Van der Sloot's alleged confession.[145] His mother Anita expressed concern that her son's confession might have been coerced.[146] According to Van der Sloot's former attorney, his mother advised him not to make any statements or sign anything, but it was too late.[115]Van der Sloot later retracted this confession in a prison cell interview with De Telegraaf, claiming that he had been coerced and \"tricked\" by police with a promise to be transferred to the Netherlands. He stated that at the time he signed the confession documents, he did not understand the content as it was in Spanish. He was quoted: \"In my blind panic, I signed everything, but didn't even know what it said.\"[12] Van der Sloot said that he was lured to Peru and framed by another gambler, named Elton Garcia, who he claimed was working undercover for the FBI.[13]Van der Sloot's attorney, Maximo Alonso Altez Navarro, stated his intention to resign from the case because representing Van der Sloot \"created many problems\" for him.[145] He had been threatened and harassed for taking the case, and Van der Sloot's family was unable to afford his legal fees.[147] Navarro stayed on to file a motion to void the confession, on the grounds that his client was not properly represented during his interrogation. On 25 June, Superior Court Judge Wilder Casique Alvizuri rejected the motion, noting that Van der Sloot had been represented by a state-appointed lawyer and provided a translator by the Dutch embassy prior to his confession.[14] Navarro commented that Van der Sloot was as \"depressed\" as anyone in prison would be.[148]","title":"Murder of Stephany Flores"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palaciojusticiaperu.jpg"},{"link_name":"Palace of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Justice,_Lima"},{"link_name":"first-degree murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder#Degrees_of_murder"},{"link_name":"robbery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbery"},{"link_name":"bail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bail"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LivinginPeru-2010-06-11-jail-10"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-2010-06-26-courtroom-149"},{"link_name":"Palace of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Justice,_Lima"},{"link_name":"Miguel Castro Castro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Penitentiary_Institute_(Peru)#Miguel_Castro_Castro_prison"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USA-Today-2010-06-11-charge-8"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-2010-06-14-attorney-145"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fox-2010-06-11-transfer-143"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-2010-06-07-lawyer-117"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fox-2010-06-11-transfer-143"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-2010-06-16-questioning-150"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-2010-06-26-courtroom-149"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NBC-2010-06-21-judge-151"},{"link_name":"due process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Due_process"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-2010-06-24-complaint-124"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBS-2010-06-23-complaint-152"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-2010-06-27-rejects-153"},{"link_name":"habeas corpus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habeas_corpus"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-2010-06-21-psych-154"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-2010-06-27-rejects-153"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Peru"},{"link_name":"Inter-American Court of Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-American_Court_of_Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-2010-06-28-court-148"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-2010-06-21-psych-154"},{"link_name":"public defenders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_defender"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USA-Today-2010-07-03-suit-155"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WVTM-2010-07-18-complaint-156"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-2010-07-19-former-115"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DutchNews-2010-08-23-stagnates-157"},{"link_name":"speedy trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speedy_trial"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WIAT-2010-07-11-system-158"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WIAT-2011-01-14-pending-160"},{"link_name":"temporary insanity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insanity_defense"},{"link_name":"crime of passion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_of_passion"},{"link_name":"parole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parole"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AOL-2011-03-07-161"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBS-2011-03-25-laptop-162"},{"link_name":"antisocial personality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisocial_personality_disorder"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-2010-06-21-psych-154"}],"sub_title":"Criminal proceedings","text":"The Palace of Justice in Lima, where Van der Sloot was charged with murderOn 11 June 2010, Lima Superior Court Judge Juan Buendia ordered Van der Sloot held on charges of first-degree murder and robbery, determining that he acted with \"ferocity and great cruelty\". Under Peruvian law, Van der Sloot was not eligible to be released on bail,[10] and would be tried by a panel of three judges rather than a jury. A simple majority of the three was required for conviction.[149] Police transported Van der Sloot on the same day from Lima's Palace of Justice in an armored truck, while angry onlookers yelled and threw rotten lettuce. He was taken to the Miguel Castro Castro maximum security prison and placed in a cell near the prison director's office for his own safety.[8]He was registered as inmate 326390 and separated from the general prison population, under 24-hour guard, in a high-security cell block housing only one other inmate.[145] Van der Sloot reportedly offered to disclose the location of Holloway's body in exchange for transfer to an Aruban prison, because he feared for his life.[143] Peruvian president Garcia Pérez declared that Van der Sloot would have to stand trial for the homicide before any extradition request would be considered.[117] He stated that Van der Sloot would serve his prison sentence in Peru. No treaty exists for the transfer of prisoners between Peru and the Netherlands.[143]On 15 June, Aruban and Peruvian authorities announced that they would cooperate in their respective cases involving Van der Sloot. Aruban investigators expected to be able to interview Van der Sloot in Peru in August, once Peruvian authorities had completed their investigation.[150] At his first formal hearing within the on-site courtroom of Miguel Castro Castro prison on 21 June,[149] Van der Sloot refused to discuss the case with Judge Carlos Morales Cordova,[151] claiming that his right to due process had been violated. Van der Sloot filed a complaint with the National Police of Peru,[124] accusing chief detective Miguel Angel Canlla Ore of misconduct.[152] He also claimed that his laptop had been improperly searched.[153]Van der Sloot's defense counsel filed a motion of habeas corpus, disputing the legality of his detention, and to nullify statements he gave to police.[154] The motion was declared baseless by Superior Court Judge Wilder Casique Alvizuri on 25 June. Casique Alvizuri upheld all three depositions given by Van der Sloot to police, and stated that the defendant's laptop was sealed by the court.[153] Navarro vowed to appeal all the way to the Supreme Court of Peru and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, with a legal strategy to \"paralyze the process\".[148] The Peruvian court replied that this approach would not succeed in delaying the case against Van der Sloot.[154]Navarro stated that he filed suit against Chinchay, who initially represented Van der Sloot during his interrogation, charging her with abuse of authority, conspiracy to commit a crime, and misrepresentation, as he did not find her name on the list of public defenders from Peru's Ministry of Justice.[155] Navarro also filed a complaint against Van der Sloot's translator, insisting that he misrepresented himself as an official translator of the Dutch embassy.[156]Chinchay rejected the claims against her, stating that Van der Sloot had selected her as a private attorney after declining another defense attorney, appointed by the state. She contradicted his claims that Van der Sloot did not understand what he was signing, stating that she was able to speak with him in perfect Spanish. She said that Van der Sloot expressed interest in talking about the Holloway case, thinking that it might get him extradited to Aruba. Chinchay also said that, when she told Van der Sloot that she noticed he was signing various documents with very different signatures, he signaled for her to be quiet.[115]Navarro stated, on 21 August 2010, that the case was stagnating, because an official interpreter was unable to be found for the case in Peru. The Peruvian association of translators and interpreters and the Dutch embassy both separately stated at the time that they had been unable to locate anyone to officially translate Spanish into Dutch.[157] Unlike Aruba and the United States, Peru does not guarantee the right to a speedy trial.[158] On 6 September, a Peruvian appeals court voted 2 to 1 to reject Van der Sloot's motion that he was being unlawfully held.[a] Peruvian statutes permit a suspect to be detained for up to 18 months for interrogation, though Navarro expressed skepticism that law enforcement officers would do so with his client.[159]In February 2011, Navarro filed a \"violent emotion\" defense with the court, arguing that Van der Sloot had entered into a state of temporary insanity because Flores found out about his connection to Holloway from his laptop computer. Under Peruvian law, if the judge accepts this crime of passion argument, the sentence for such a plea could be reduced to only 3 to 5 years; Navarro noted that this could allow Van der Sloot to be eligible for parole in as soon as 20 months.[160] Oscar González of the Peruvian police stated that an examination of Van der Sloot's laptop determined that Flores could not have accessed any such information while she was staying in the hotel room with him.[161]During the trial, the prosecution prepared a psychological investigation of Van der Sloot, saying that he \"presents traits of an antisocial personality\" and is \"indifferent toward others' well-being\".[154]","title":"Murder of Stephany Flores"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-2011-01-11-guilty-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USA-Today-2012-01-13-28years-3"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fox-2014-11-03-stabbing-163"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-2014-11-04-stabbing-164"}],"sub_title":"Guilty plea and conviction","text":"On 11 January 2012, Van der Sloot pleaded guilty to the \"qualified murder\" and simple robbery of Flores.[1] He was convicted and sentenced to 28 years' imprisonment for the murder on 13 January and he must pay $75,000 to the Flores family. Hours after learning of the sentence, Van der Sloot was transferred to a maximum security prison, Piedras Gordas, located north of Lima. He was expected to be released on 10 June 2038, until drug trafficking conviction which earned him additional time in prison.[3]In August 2014, Van der Sloot was transferred to Challapalca prison, in the mountainous South of Peru, where conditions are harsh due to the location's altitude. Two months later, a Dutch online news service claimed that Van der Sloot was stabbed and critically injured by fellow prisoners in Peru.[162] Van der Sloot's wife's claim of a stabbing is contested by Peruvian authorities.[163]","title":"Murder of Stephany Flores"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Public outcry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_panic"},{"link_name":"serial killer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_killer"},{"link_name":"psychopath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychopathy"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CSM-2010-06-08-psychopath-141"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RNW-2010-06-09-Colombia-165"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moderate-Voice-2010-06-09-Colombia-166"},{"link_name":"Administrative Department of Security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_Department_of_Security"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CR-2010-06-09-bogota-167"},{"link_name":"Trouw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trouw"},{"link_name":"show trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show_trial"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-2010-06-08-show-trial-168"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LivinginPeru-2010-06-06-detention-101"},{"link_name":"Time magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Time-2010-12-09-top-19"},{"link_name":"Belgian love triangle skydiving-murder case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parachute_Murder"},{"link_name":"Chinese school attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_attacks_in_China"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Smart kidnapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidnapping_of_Elizabeth_Smart"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RNW-2010-12-14-top-20"},{"link_name":"ABC News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News"},{"link_name":"Good Morning America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Morning_America"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABC-2010-12-30-most-169"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WIAT-Birmingham-desc-170"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WIAT-2011-01-01-top-171"},{"link_name":"Radio Netherlands Worldwide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Netherlands_Worldwide"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RNW-2010-12-23-most-172"}],"sub_title":"Public reaction","text":"Public outcry in Peru has been fueled by local media, which labeled Van der Sloot a \"monster\", \"serial killer\", and \"psychopath\". The coverage of this controversy highlighted cases of other women dying at the hands of foreigners.[141] Peruvian and Colombian newspapers published articles about the investigation of the disappearance of two young women who frequented casinos during Van der Sloot's stay in at least two Bogotá hotels from 6 to 14 May 2010, prior to entering Peru.[164][165]The Administrative Department of Security of Colombia does not consider Van der Sloot a suspect, as they believe his presence in Bogotá was merely in transit to Peru.[166] Dutch daily newspaper Trouw warned that the overwhelming pressure on authorities of Van der Sloot's presumed guilt risked turning the case into a show trial.[167] The Dutch consulate told Peruvian authorities that it was concerned how Van der Sloot was being treated and presented to the media.[101]In December 2010, Time magazine named Van der Sloot's arrest the most notable criminal event of the year,[19] ahead of the Belgian love triangle skydiving-murder case, the Chinese school attacks and the Elizabeth Smart kidnapping trial.[20] ABC News listed the coverage of Van der Sloot's murder confession by Good Morning America among the most read stories from its website in 2010.[168] The CBS affiliate near Holloway's hometown[b] named the criminal charges filed against Van der Sloot in 2010 among the top ten stories of the year.[169] Radio Netherlands Worldwide identified him as one of the most talked about Dutch people of the year.[170]","title":"Murder of Stephany Flores"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"media circus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_circus"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBS-2010-06-23-prison-173"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-2010-06-21-cell-174"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-2010-09-06-admits-84"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fox-2010-06-22-marriage-175"},{"link_name":"fan mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_mail"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WIAT-2011-01-22-mail-176"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GMA-2010-07-01-million-177"},{"link_name":"National Penitentiary Institute of Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Penitentiary_Institute_(Peru)"},{"link_name":"América Televisión","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9rica_Televisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"hitman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_killing"},{"link_name":"William Trickett Smith II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Trickett_Smith_II"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-2010-08-24-picture-21"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Patriot-News-2010-08-26-notoriety-178"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABC-2010-09-17-confronted-179"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-2010-09-17-mother-180"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YouTube-3j6JVZvbIgI-181"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NBC-2010-09-17-jail-182"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABC-2010-09-17-confronted-179"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RNW-2010-09-17-fails-183"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WIAT-2010-09-20-leaves-184"},{"link_name":"SBS6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SBS6"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WIAT-2010-11-08-suspended-22"},{"link_name":"gringo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gringo"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBS-2010-10-07-drug-185"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KABC-2010-06-22-FBI-13"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GMA-2010-07-01-million-177"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GMA-2010-07-01-million-177"},{"link_name":"Radio Netherlands Worldwide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Netherlands_Worldwide"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WIAT-2011-02-02-186"}],"sub_title":"Media coverage at Miguel Castro prison","text":"Van der Sloot's cell became the target of a media circus, with reporters vying to gain exclusive access and report about his prison surroundings.[171][172] Since his incarceration, he has consented to interviews only with De Telegraaf, in which he admitted to extorting the Holloway family and said that he received a number of marriage proposals in his cell, including one from a woman who wanted to have his child.[84][173] Van der Sloot reportedly receives fan mail from around the world, though mostly from women residing in the United States and the Netherlands.[174] According to sources within the prison, Van der Sloot sought $1 million in exchange for an on-camera interview.[175]The Office of Internal Affairs of the National Penitentiary Institute of Peru began administrative and disciplinary action on 23 August 2010, when Peruvian network América Televisión aired a picture of Van der Sloot with three other inmates that had been taken with official photographic equipment at Miguel Castro Castro prison. The photo included Van der Sloot casually posing with Colombian hitman Hugo Trujillo Ospina, and American murderer William Trickett Smith II.[21] Van der Sloot and Smith have been referred to by local media as \"the foreigners accused of the most talked-about assassinations in our country\".[176]On 11 September 2010, Beth Holloway and De Vries traveled to Peru with a Dutch television crew to visit the prison.[177] According to Navarro, his client was taken to meet them \"practically by force\".[178] Navarro stated that the meeting with Holloway took \"less than one minute\". Holloway said that she told Van der Sloot that she had \"no hate in her soul\" for him and asked about her daughter's disappearance, to which Van der Sloot responded he could not speak to her without his lawyer present and handed her Navarro's business card. However, Holloway also stated in interviews about the encounter,\"I've hated him for five years. I wanted to peel his skin off.\"[179]According to Navarro, Holloway was sneaked into the prison without identifying to the Dutch television crew who she was.[180] A prison spokesperson stated that Holloway's name was not found in the visitor registry.[177] Holloway and the crew were removed from the prison, reportedly after a hidden camera was discovered by the guards.[181] Representatives for Holloway and De Vries denied that a hidden camera was involved, or that anything was seized.[182] Miguel Castro Castro prison warden, Alex Samamé Peña, was suspended after video segments of the confrontation between Holloway's mother and Van der Sloot later began airing on the Dutch network SBS6.[22]In October 2010, América Televisión broadcast video of a transaction for marijuana within the prison that was conducted by a shirtless man addressed as \"gringo Van der Sloot\". Navarro said that the situation was \"staged\" and asked the National Penitentiary Institute to investigate how it was leaked. Prison spokesperson Bruno Guzman said that Van der Sloot had been painting his cell \"to improve his conditions\" and the incident was being investigated.[183]Van der Sloot's mother, Anita, stated in a Dutch interview that her son could have killed Flores, and that she will not visit him at the prison.[13] She said in another interview that she hopes to talk to the family of the victim and apologize to them.[175]\"I believe in karma, I believe that very strongly. I believe that if you do things that you shouldn't do, that a lot of shit happens to you,\" she said. \"He didn't want to listen to his parents. He didn't listen to me, this last time. I tried to do my best. I don't think I could have done more. He's considered an adult right now. He has to do whatever he needs to do, and that is tell the truth (about) what happened.\" — Anita v.d. Sloot-Hugen (2010 Dutch TV interview)[175]In February 2011, Navarro protested a decision by prison officials to deny Radio Netherlands Worldwide permission for a subsequent interview with Van der Sloot. Navarro claimed that the ruling was influenced by upcoming general elections.[184]","title":"Murder of Stephany Flores"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"drug trafficking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade"},{"link_name":"Juliaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliaca"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLTimes-2021-187"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraaf-2023-15"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLTimes-2021-187"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraaf-2023-15"}],"text":"In February 2021, Van der Sloot was convicted of drug trafficking while serving his sentence in Challapalca Prison in Juliaca. He had set up a cocaine trafficking operation inside the prison, where a family member of a fellow detainee used sugar beets to smuggle cocaine into the prison in August 2020. Van der Sloot proceeded to deal the cocaine inside the prison, as well as setting up a trafficking network by forwarding packages of cocaine from the prison to other destinations abroad. He was eventually found out by prison officials.[185][15]Van der Sloot had an additional 18 years added to his original sentence. He is scheduled for release in 2045, because of a Peruvian law prohibiting prison sentences from exceeding a maximum of 35 years when the prisoner has not been sentenced to life imprisonment.[185][15]","title":"Drug trafficking in Peru"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HuffP-2014-07-04-6"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Messenger-188"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CrimeOnline-7"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Messenger-188"}],"text":"On 4 July 2014, Van der Sloot married a Peruvian woman named Leidy Figueroa, whom he met while she was selling goods inside the prison. She was seven months pregnant with his child at the time.[6] On 28 September 2014, Figueroa gave birth to a daughter[186] in Peru. The two divorced at some point in 2023,[7] and Figueroa stated later in the year that she intends to change her daughter's last name to avoid any association with her former husband.[186]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-159"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-2010-09-06-admits-84"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WIAT-Birmingham-desc_170-0"},{"link_name":"WIAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIAT"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"}],"text":"^ 2 to 1 is a rejection, because 3 votes are required for a decision, if a fourth judge voted in Van der Sloot's favor, a fifth judge would be required to break the tie.[84]\n\n^ WIAT, in Birmingham, Alabama, is a CBS affiliate television station near Holloway's hometown. It has published several of the news reports, both on the air and on its website CBS 42, cited in this article.","title":"Footnotes"}] | [{"image_text":"Van der Sloot attended the HAN University of Applied Sciences in the Netherlands.[4]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Arnhem_Business_School.jpg/170px-Arnhem_Business_School.jpg"},{"image_text":"Carlos'n Charlie's in Oranjestad, Aruba, where Natalee Holloway was last seen with Van der Sloot","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/CarlosnCharliesAruba.jpg/220px-CarlosnCharliesAruba.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dutch Marines searching for Holloway near Aruba's California Lighthouse","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/NataleeHollowaySearch.jpg/220px-NataleeHollowaySearch.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dutch journalist Peter R. de Vries pursued Van der Sloot via undercover reports.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Peter_R._de_Vries.jpg/220px-Peter_R._de_Vries.jpg"},{"image_text":"Stephany Tatiana Flores Ramírez was found dead in Van der Sloot's room at Hotel TAC, S.A.C. in Lima.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Hotel_TAC_Lima%2C_Peru_cropped.jpg/170px-Hotel_TAC_Lima%2C_Peru_cropped.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Atlantic City Casino in Lima, where Van der Sloot and Flores were recorded on surveillance video","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Atlantic_City_casino_Peru_exterior.jpg/220px-Atlantic_City_casino_Peru_exterior.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Palace of Justice in Lima, where Van der Sloot was charged with murder","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Palaciojusticiaperu.jpg/220px-Palaciojusticiaperu.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Romo, Rafael; Casarez, Jean; Cuevas, Mayra (11 January 2011). \"Van der Sloot pleads guilty to Peruvian woman's murder\". CNN. Archived from the original on 24 June 2022. Retrieved 11 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cnn.com/2012/01/11/world/americas/peru-van-der-sloot/","url_text":"\"Van der Sloot pleads guilty to Peruvian woman's murder\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220624212749/https://www.cnn.com/2012/01/11/world/americas/peru-van-der-sloot/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Alabama authorities: Van der Sloot tried to sell Holloway details\". CNN. 3 June 2010. Archived from the original on 8 June 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cnn.com/2010/US/06/03/alabama.van.der.sloot/","url_text":"\"Alabama authorities: Van der Sloot tried to sell Holloway details\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100608100149/http://www.cnn.com/2010/US/06/03/alabama.van.der.sloot/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Stanglin, Douglas (13 January 2012). \"Joran van der Sloot gets 28-year sentence for Peru killing\". USA Today. Archived from the original on 24 June 2022. Retrieved 13 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2012/01/joran-van-der-sloot-gets-xx-year-sentence-for-peru-killing/1","url_text":"\"Joran van der Sloot gets 28-year sentence for Peru killing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220624214244/http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2012/01/joran-van-der-sloot-gets-xx-year-sentence-for-peru-killing/1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Manifestación de Joran Andreaus Petrus van der Sloot\" (PDF) (in Spanish). National Police of Peru. 6 June 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 July 2010. Retrieved 8 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100704195734/http://images2-telegraaf.nl/multimedia/archive/00730/Jorans_bekentenis_730395a.pdf","url_text":"\"Manifestación de Joran Andreaus Petrus van der Sloot\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Police_of_Peru","url_text":"National Police of Peru"},{"url":"http://images2-telegraaf.nl/multimedia/archive/00730/Jorans_bekentenis_730395a.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Holloway suspect involved in Thai sex trade\". Radio Netherlands Worldwide. 10 November 2008. Archived from the original on 13 February 2010. Retrieved 10 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100213181738/http://www.rnw.nl/english/article/holloway-suspect-involved-thai-sex-trade","url_text":"\"Holloway suspect involved in Thai sex trade\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Netherlands_Worldwide","url_text":"Radio Netherlands Worldwide"},{"url":"http://www.rnw.nl/english/article/holloway-suspect-involved-thai-sex-trade","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Joran van der Sloot gets married in Peru prison\". The Huffington Post. 4 July 2014. Archived from the original on 5 July 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140705083218/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/07/04/joran-van-der-sloot-married_n_5558542.html","url_text":"\"Joran van der Sloot gets married in Peru prison\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HuffPost","url_text":"The Huffington Post"},{"url":"https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/07/04/joran-van-der-sloot-married_n_5558542.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Egan, Leigh (17 May 2023). \"Mug shot of Joran van der Sloot side by side with photo of Natalee HollowayNatalee Holloway Suspect to Divorce Wife for 'Younger, prettier' Girlfriend Who Allegedly Smuggled Drugs to Him: Report\". CrimeOnline. Archived from the original on 10 June 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crimeonline.com/2023/05/17/natalee-holloway-suspect-to-divorce-wife-for-younger-prettier-girl-who-allegedly-smuggled-drugs-to-him-report/","url_text":"\"Mug shot of Joran van der Sloot side by side with photo of Natalee HollowayNatalee Holloway Suspect to Divorce Wife for 'Younger, prettier' Girlfriend Who Allegedly Smuggled Drugs to Him: Report\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230610000717/https://www.crimeonline.com/2023/05/17/natalee-holloway-suspect-to-divorce-wife-for-younger-prettier-girl-who-allegedly-smuggled-drugs-to-him-report/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Van der Sloot taken to prison on murder charge\". USA Today. 11 June 2010. Archived from the original on 21 September 2010. Retrieved 23 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2010-06-11-vandersloot-holloway_N.htm","url_text":"\"Van der Sloot taken to prison on murder charge\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100921000208/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2010-06-11-vandersloot-holloway_N.htm?","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cuevas, Mayra (4 June 2010). \"Murder suspect returns to Peru to face charges\". CNN. Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cnn.com/2010/CRIME/06/04/peru.murder.case/","url_text":"\"Murder suspect returns to Peru to face charges\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121020192119/http://www.cnn.com/2010/CRIME/06/04/peru.murder.case/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Guerra, Isabel (11 June 2010). \"Joran van der Sloot to await trial and sentence in Peruvian jail\". Living in Peru. Archived from the original on 14 June 2010. 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Retrieved 1 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110708124733/http://www.cbs42.com/content/localnews/story/Prosecutor-wants-30-year-sentence-for-van-der/ltLeFuo5SES8BkgKSYg3IA.cspx","url_text":"\"Prosecutor wants 30 year sentence for Van der Sloot\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIAT","url_text":"WIAT"},{"url":"http://www.cbs42.com/content/localnews/story/Prosecutor-wants-30-year-sentence-for-van-der/ltLeFuo5SES8BkgKSYg3IA.cspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Martinez, Edecio (21 June 2010). \"Joran van der Sloot on Stephany Flores' confession: \"I was tricked\"\". CBS News. Archived from the original on 7 November 2013. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/221st_Mixed_Brigade_(Spain) | 221st Mixed Brigade (Spain) | ["1 History","1.1 First phase","1.2 Unknown end of the brigade","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | This article is about the Spanish Republican military unit. For the Scottish formation, see 221st Mixed Brigade.
221st Mixed Brigade221.ª Brigada MixtaMilitary flag of the Popular ArmyActive1937–1939Country SpainBranchSpanish Republican ArmyTypeMixed BrigadeRoleHome DefenceSizeFour battalions: The 881, 882, 883 and 884Part of68th Division (1937)71st Division (1937 - 1938)49th Division (1938 - 1939)15th Division (1939)Garrison/HQCiudad RealEngagementsSpanish Civil WarCommandersNotablecommandersJosé Torralba OrdóñezJesús Rubio CerónMilitary unit
Artana and its surroundings, where the 221st MB was reported to be located before it disappeared.
The 221st Mixed Brigade (Spanish: 221.ª Brigada Mixta), was a Mixed Brigade of the Spanish Republican Army in the Spanish Civil War. It was formed in the summer of 1937 in Ciudad Real with four battalions, the 881, 882, 883 and 884.
Data are lacking regarding the final fate of this mixed brigade in the mountainous Artana sector of the Eastern Iberian System. The families of the deceased soldiers speculate that the bodies of the disappeared members of this unit may have ended up in mass graves.
History
The 221st Mixed Brigade was established in the summer 1937 in Ciudad Real with conscripts of the following call-up years: 1930, 1937 and 1938. The first commander of the unit was Infantry Commander José Torralba Ordóñez, a former retired Captain. The commissar was Antonio Romero Cebriá who belonged to the Izquierda Republicana party.
First phase
Although it was placed under the 68th Division of the XX Army Corps the 221st Mixed Brigade could not be formed until November.
Already in December 1937 the 221st Mixed Brigade was transferred to the 71st Division of the XXIII Army Corps of the Levantine Army (Ejército de Levante) and moved to Albuñol.
In the new location the command of the 221st Mixed Brigade went to Militia Major Jesús Rubio Cerón.
By 11 June 1938, as the situation in the Eastern Front grew critical, the 221st Mixed Brigade was placed under the 49th Division of the XX Army Corps and went to the combat line by the Mijares (Millars) river.
Unknown end of the brigade
On 4 July 1938 the 221st Mixed Brigade was defending the area of La Vall d'Uixó and Alfondeguilla, from where it slowly withdrew until reaching the protection afforded by the XYZ Line. Between the 7 and 10 November it took part in an unsuccessful attack against the rebel lines in Nules and Castellón.
On 4 February 1939 it joined the 15th Division of the XX Army Corps, substituting the 75th Mixed Brigade in the road from Artana to the Aigualit Creek. The final fate of this mixed brigade is still a mystery.
See also
Desaparecidos del franquismo
Mixed Brigades
White Terror (Spain)§Death toll
XYZ Line
References
^ a b c d e f g SBHAC - Brigadas Mixtas del Ejército Popular, 221ª Brigada Mixta
^ a b Carlos Engel, Historia de las Brigadas Mixtas del E. P. de la República, 1999
^ "Elche - Memoria Digital, 221 Brigada Mixta". Archived from the original on 2023-01-10. Retrieved 2015-03-12.
^ "Re: Necesito ayuda datos de la brigada mixta 221 y 222 en Castellon y Valencia". Archived from the original on 2016-05-12. Retrieved 2015-03-22.
External links
Condecorados con la Medalla del Valor - Combatientes
Jumillanos desaparecidos y fallecidos en el año 1938
vteMixed brigades of the Spanish Republican Armed Forces
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CXXIX
130th
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International Brigades (in Roman numerals)
Fifth Regiment
Central Region Army Group
Eastern Region Army Group
List of Spanish Republican divisions | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"221st Mixed Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/221st_Mixed_Brigade"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Artana_nevada.jpg"},{"link_name":"Artana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artana,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SBHAC-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CE-2"},{"link_name":"Mixed Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_brigade"},{"link_name":"Spanish Republican Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Republican_Army"},{"link_name":"Spanish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Ciudad Real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_Real"},{"link_name":"battalions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battalion"},{"link_name":"mountainous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountainous"},{"link_name":"Artana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artana,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Eastern Iberian System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_System"},{"link_name":"mass graves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_grave"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"This article is about the Spanish Republican military unit. For the Scottish formation, see 221st Mixed Brigade.Military unitArtana and its surroundings, where the 221st MB was reported to be located before it disappeared.The 221st Mixed Brigade (Spanish: 221.ª Brigada Mixta),[1][2] was a Mixed Brigade of the Spanish Republican Army in the Spanish Civil War. It was formed in the summer of 1937 in Ciudad Real with four battalions, the 881, 882, 883 and 884.Data are lacking regarding the final fate of this mixed brigade in the mountainous Artana sector of the Eastern Iberian System. The families of the deceased soldiers speculate that the bodies of the disappeared members of this unit may have ended up in mass graves.[3][4]","title":"221st Mixed Brigade (Spain)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ciudad Real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_Real"},{"link_name":"José Torralba Ordóñez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Torralba_Ord%C3%B3%C3%B1ez&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"commissar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissar"},{"link_name":"Antonio Romero Cebriá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Romero_Cebri%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Izquierda Republicana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izquierda_Republicana"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SBHAC-1"}],"text":"The 221st Mixed Brigade was established in the summer 1937 in Ciudad Real with conscripts of the following call-up years: 1930, 1937 and 1938. The first commander of the unit was Infantry Commander José Torralba Ordóñez, a former retired Captain. The commissar was Antonio Romero Cebriá who belonged to the Izquierda Republicana party.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"68th Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=68th_Division_(Spain)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"XX Army Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twentieth_Corps_of_the_People%27s_Republican_Army&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SBHAC-1"},{"link_name":"71st Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/71st_Division_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"XXIII Army Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=23rd_Corps_of_the_People%27s_Republican_Army&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Levantine Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levantine_Army_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Albuñol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albu%C3%B1ol"},{"link_name":"Jesús Rubio Cerón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jes%C3%BAs_Rubio_Cer%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SBHAC-1"},{"link_name":"49th Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=49th_Division_(Spain)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mijares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mijares_(river)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SBHAC-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CE-2"}],"sub_title":"First phase","text":"Although it was placed under the 68th Division of the XX Army Corps the 221st Mixed Brigade could not be formed until November.[1]Already in December 1937 the 221st Mixed Brigade was transferred to the 71st Division of the XXIII Army Corps of the Levantine Army (Ejército de Levante) and moved to Albuñol.\nIn the new location the command of the 221st Mixed Brigade went to Militia Major Jesús Rubio Cerón.[1]By 11 June 1938, as the situation in the Eastern Front grew critical, the 221st Mixed Brigade was placed under the 49th Division of the XX Army Corps and went to the combat line by the Mijares (Millars) river.[1][2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"La Vall d'Uixó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Vall_d%27Uix%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"Alfondeguilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfondeguilla"},{"link_name":"XYZ Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XYZ_Line"},{"link_name":"Nules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nules"},{"link_name":"Castellón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castell%C3%B3n_de_la_Plana"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SBHAC-1"},{"link_name":"15th Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=15th_Division_(Spain)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"75th Mixed Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=75th_Mixed_Brigade&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Artana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artana,_Spain"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SBHAC-1"}],"sub_title":"Unknown end of the brigade","text":"On 4 July 1938 the 221st Mixed Brigade was defending the area of La Vall d'Uixó and Alfondeguilla, from where it slowly withdrew until reaching the protection afforded by the XYZ Line. Between the 7 and 10 November it took part in an unsuccessful attack against the rebel lines in Nules and Castellón.[1]On 4 February 1939 it joined the 15th Division of the XX Army Corps, substituting the 75th Mixed Brigade in the road from Artana to the Aigualit Creek.[1] The final fate of this mixed brigade is still a mystery.","title":"History"}] | [{"image_text":"Artana and its surroundings, where the 221st MB was reported to be located before it disappeared.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Artana_nevada.jpg/300px-Artana_nevada.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Desaparecidos del franquismo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desaparecidos_del_franquismo"},{"title":"Mixed Brigades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_Brigades"},{"title":"White Terror (Spain)§Death toll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Terror_(Spain)#Death_toll"},{"title":"XYZ Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XYZ_Line"}] | [{"reference":"\"Elche - Memoria Digital, 221 Brigada Mixta\". Archived from the original on 2023-01-10. Retrieved 2015-03-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230110111003/https://www.elche.me/taxonomy/term/3194/all?type=All","url_text":"\"Elche - Memoria Digital, 221 Brigada Mixta\""},{"url":"http://www.elche.me/taxonomy/term/3194/all?type=All","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Re: Necesito ayuda datos de la brigada mixta 221 y 222 en Castellon y Valencia\". Archived from the original on 2016-05-12. Retrieved 2015-03-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160512231018/http://boards5.melodysoft.com/armhc/re-necesito-ayuda-datos-de-la-brigada-2782.html","url_text":"\"Re: Necesito ayuda datos de la brigada mixta 221 y 222 en Castellon y Valencia\""},{"url":"http://boards5.melodysoft.com/armhc/re-necesito-ayuda-datos-de-la-brigada-2782.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.sbhac.net/Republica/Fuerzas/EPR/EprL/BM221.htm","external_links_name":"SBHAC - Brigadas Mixtas del Ejército Popular, 221ª Brigada Mixta"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230110111003/https://www.elche.me/taxonomy/term/3194/all?type=All","external_links_name":"\"Elche - Memoria Digital, 221 Brigada Mixta\""},{"Link":"http://www.elche.me/taxonomy/term/3194/all?type=All","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160512231018/http://boards5.melodysoft.com/armhc/re-necesito-ayuda-datos-de-la-brigada-2782.html","external_links_name":"\"Re: Necesito ayuda datos de la brigada mixta 221 y 222 en Castellon y Valencia\""},{"Link":"http://boards5.melodysoft.com/armhc/re-necesito-ayuda-datos-de-la-brigada-2782.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.combatientes.es/MedalladelValor.htm","external_links_name":"Condecorados con la Medalla del Valor - Combatientes"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232542/http://www.elpeliciego.es/documentos/Jumillanos_desaparecidos_fallecidos_ano_1938.pdf","external_links_name":"Jumillanos desaparecidos y fallecidos en el año 1938"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Peace_with_Italy | Treaty of Paris between Italy and the Allied Powers | ["1 Territorial changes","2 Reparations","3 Military clauses","4 Political clauses","5 Annexes","6 Greece–Turkey relations","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"] | 1947 treaty between Italy and the Allies
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Treaty of Paris (Italy)Changes to the Italian eastern border from 1920 to 1975.
The Austrian Littoral, later renamed Julian March, which was assigned to Italy in 1920 with the Treaty of Rapallo (with adjustments of its border in 1924 after the Treaty of Rome) and which was then ceded to Yugoslavia in 1947 with the Treaty of Paris
Areas annexed to Italy in 1920 and remained Italian even after 1947
Areas annexed to Italy in 1920, passed to the Free Territory of Trieste in 1947 with the Paris treaties and definitively assigned to Italy in 1975 with the Treaty of Osimo
Areas annexed to Italy in 1920, passed to the Free Territory of Trieste in 1947 with the Paris treaties and definitively assigned to Yugoslavia in 1975 with the Osimo treatySigned10 February 1947LocationParis, FranceSignatories Italy France Greece Yugoslavia Albania United States United Kingdom Soviet Union
Other Allied Powers
Australia
Belgium
Brazil
Canada
China
Czechoslovakia
Ethiopia
Netherlands
New Zealand
Poland
South Africa
DepositaryFrench GovernmentLanguagesFrench (primary), English, Italian
The Treaty of Paris between Italy and the Allied Powers was signed on 10 February 1947, formally ending hostilities between both parties. It came into general effect on 15 September 1947.
Territorial changes
France-Italy Boundary after the Treaty of Peace
Transfer of the Adriatic islands of Cres, Lošinj, Lastovo and Palagruža; of Istria south of the river Mirna; of the exclave territory of Zadar in Dalmatia; of the city of Rijeka and the region known as the Julian March to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia;
Transfer of the Italian Islands of the Aegean to the Kingdom of Greece;
Transfer to France of Briga and Tenda, and minor revisions of the Franco-Italian border;
Recognition of the independence of the People's Republic of Albania and transfer to Albania of the island of Sazan;
Renunciation of claims to Ethiopia and restoration of the Ethiopian Empire;
Renunciation of claims to colonies (including Libya, Eritrea and Somaliland) and dissolution of the Italian Empire;
Cancellation of favourable commercial treaties with the Republic of China (including cessation of the Concession in Tianjin held by Italy since 7 September 1901)
Trieste and the surrounding area were incorporated into a new independent state called the Free Territory of Trieste. In 1954, the administration of the Free Territory was handed over to the Italian Government, while the mandate of the Yugoslav Army was ceded to the Yugoslav Government with the Memorandum of Understanding of London regarding the Free Territory of Trieste. This was formalised by the 1975 Treaty of Osimo.
As provided by Annex XI of the Treaty, upon the recommendation of the United Nations General Assembly in Resolution 390 (V) of 2 December 1950, Eritrea was federated with Ethiopia on 11 September 1952. Eritrea gained its independence from Ethiopia de facto on 24 May 1991 and de jure on 24 May 1993.
Italian Somaliland was under British administration until 1949 when it became a United Nations Trust Territory under Italian administration. Italian Somaliland combined with British Somaliland on 1 July 1960 and together they became the Somali Republic.
Reparations
Italy was obliged to pay the following war reparations (article 74):
$125,000,000 US to Yugoslavia
$105,000,000 US to Greece
$100,000,000 US to the Soviet Union
$25,000,000 US to Ethiopia
$5,000,000 US to Albania
The amounts were valued in the US dollar at its gold parity on 1 July 1946 ($35 for one ounce of gold). The reparations were to be paid in goods and services over a seven-year period.
Military clauses
Articles 47 and 48 called for the demolition of all permanent fortifications along the Franco-Italian and Yugoslav-Italian frontier. Italy was banned from possessing, building or experimenting with atomic weapons, guided missiles, guns with a range of over 30 km, non-contact naval mines and torpedoes as well as manned torpedoes (article 51).
The military of Italy was limited in size. Italy was allowed a maximum of 200 heavy and medium tanks (article 54). Former officers and non-commissioned officers of the Blackshirts and the National Republican Army were barred from becoming officers or non-commissioned officers in the Italian military (except those exonerated by the Italian courts, article 55).
The Italian navy was reduced. Some warships were awarded to the governments of the Soviet Union, the United States, the United Kingdom and France (articles 56 and 57). Italy was ordered to scuttle all its submarines (article 58) and was banned from acquiring new battleships, submarines and aircraft carriers (article 59). The navy was limited to a maximum force of 25,000 personnel (article 60). The Italian army was limited to a size of 185,000 personnel plus 65,000 Carabinieri for a maximum total of 250,000 personnel (article 61). The Italian air force was limited to 200 fighters and reconnaissance aircraft plus 150 transport, air-rescue, training and liaison aircraft and was banned from owning and operating bomber aircraft (article 64). The number of air force personnel was limited to 25,000 (article 65). Most of the military restrictions were lifted upon Italy becoming a founding member of NATO in 1949.
Political clauses
Article 17 of the treaty banned fascist organisations ("whether political, military, or semi-military") in Italy.
Annexes
A subsequent annex to the treaty provided for the cultural autonomy of the German minority in South Tyrol.
Greece–Turkey relations
Article 14 of the treaty ceded the Italian islands in the Aegean to Greece and further stipulated that they "shall be and shall remain demilitarized".
Turkey is the intended third party beneficiary of the demilitarization treaty by law (Vienna Convention of Treaties, art. 36(2)). Turkey had no title in signing any treaty ceding Rhodes to Greece, as the whole Dodecanese had been ceded by Turkey to Italy with the First Treaty of Lausanne (Often referred as "Treaty of Ouchy" to prevent confusion with Treaty of Lausanne) of 1912, but demanded demilitarization of those islands at the peace talks held in Lausanne in 1923. This was eventually inserted in the Paris Peace Treaty of 1947, to which Turkey is not a signatory party.
See also
Paris Peace Treaties, 1947
Armistice of Cassibile
References
^ Grant, John P.; J. Craig Barker, eds. (2006). International Criminal Law Deskbook. Routledge: Cavendish Publishing. p. 130. ISBN 9781859419793.
^ United Nations Treaty Series 1956; No. 3297.
External links
Full text of the treaty (French, English and Russian texts are authentic) - archive link. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Treaty of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1947)"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Allied Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-criminal_law-1"}],"text":"The Treaty of Paris between Italy and the Allied Powers was signed on 10 February 1947, formally ending hostilities between both parties. It came into general effect on 15 September 1947.[1]","title":"Treaty of Paris between Italy and the Allied Powers"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:France-Italy_Boundary_-_1947.jpg"},{"link_name":"Adriatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic_Sea"},{"link_name":"Cres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cres"},{"link_name":"Lošinj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C5%A1inj"},{"link_name":"Lastovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lastovo"},{"link_name":"Palagruža","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palagru%C5%BEa"},{"link_name":"Istria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istria"},{"link_name":"Mirna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirna_(Adriatic_Sea)"},{"link_name":"exclave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclave"},{"link_name":"Zadar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zadar"},{"link_name":"Dalmatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatia"},{"link_name":"Rijeka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijeka"},{"link_name":"Julian March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_March"},{"link_name":"Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Italian Islands of the Aegean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodecanese"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic"},{"link_name":"Briga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Brigue"},{"link_name":"Tenda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tende"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Albania"},{"link_name":"Sazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sazan_Island"},{"link_name":"Ethiopian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Libya"},{"link_name":"Eritrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Eritrea"},{"link_name":"Somaliland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Somaliland"},{"link_name":"Italian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)"},{"link_name":"Concession in Tianjin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_concession_of_Tianjin"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Trieste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trieste"},{"link_name":"Free Territory of Trieste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Territory_of_Trieste"},{"link_name":"Italian Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Yugoslav Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-see_article_2-2"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Osimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Osimo"},{"link_name":"de facto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto"},{"link_name":"de jure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_jure"},{"link_name":"United Nations Trust Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Trust_Territory"},{"link_name":"Italian administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland"},{"link_name":"British Somaliland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Somaliland"},{"link_name":"Somali Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia"}],"text":"France-Italy Boundary after the Treaty of PeaceTransfer of the Adriatic islands of Cres, Lošinj, Lastovo and Palagruža; of Istria south of the river Mirna; of the exclave territory of Zadar in Dalmatia; of the city of Rijeka and the region known as the Julian March to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia;\nTransfer of the Italian Islands of the Aegean to the Kingdom of Greece;\nTransfer to France of Briga and Tenda, and minor revisions of the Franco-Italian border;\nRecognition of the independence of the People's Republic of Albania and transfer to Albania of the island of Sazan;\nRenunciation of claims to Ethiopia and restoration of the Ethiopian Empire;\nRenunciation of claims to colonies (including Libya, Eritrea and Somaliland) and dissolution of the Italian Empire;\nCancellation of favourable commercial treaties with the Republic of China (including cessation of the Concession in Tianjin held by Italy since 7 September 1901)\nTrieste and the surrounding area were incorporated into a new independent state called the Free Territory of Trieste. In 1954, the administration of the Free Territory was handed over to the Italian Government, while the mandate of the Yugoslav Army was ceded to the Yugoslav Government with the Memorandum of Understanding of London regarding the Free Territory of Trieste.[2] This was formalised by the 1975 Treaty of Osimo.\nAs provided by Annex XI of the Treaty, upon the recommendation of the United Nations General Assembly in Resolution 390 (V) of 2 December 1950, Eritrea was federated with Ethiopia on 11 September 1952. Eritrea gained its independence from Ethiopia de facto on 24 May 1991 and de jure on 24 May 1993.Italian Somaliland was under British administration until 1949 when it became a United Nations Trust Territory under Italian administration. Italian Somaliland combined with British Somaliland on 1 July 1960 and together they became the Somali Republic.","title":"Territorial changes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"war reparations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_reparations"}],"text":"Italy was obliged to pay the following war reparations (article 74):$125,000,000 US to Yugoslavia\n$105,000,000 US to Greece\n$100,000,000 US to the Soviet Union\n$25,000,000 US to Ethiopia\n$5,000,000 US to AlbaniaThe amounts were valued in the US dollar at its gold parity on 1 July 1946 ($35 for one ounce of gold). The reparations were to be paid in goods and services over a seven-year period.","title":"Reparations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"atomic weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_weapons"},{"link_name":"guided missiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guided_missile"},{"link_name":"manned torpedoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manned_torpedo"},{"link_name":"heavy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_tank"},{"link_name":"medium tanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_tank"},{"link_name":"non-commissioned officers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-commissioned_officer"},{"link_name":"Blackshirts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackshirts"},{"link_name":"National Republican Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Republican_Army_(Italian_Socialist_Republic)"},{"link_name":"Carabinieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carabinieri"},{"link_name":"fighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter_aircraft"},{"link_name":"liaison aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaison_aircraft"},{"link_name":"bomber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomber"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"}],"text":"Articles 47 and 48 called for the demolition of all permanent fortifications along the Franco-Italian and Yugoslav-Italian frontier. Italy was banned from possessing, building or experimenting with atomic weapons, guided missiles, guns with a range of over 30 km, non-contact naval mines and torpedoes as well as manned torpedoes (article 51).The military of Italy was limited in size. Italy was allowed a maximum of 200 heavy and medium tanks (article 54). Former officers and non-commissioned officers of the Blackshirts and the National Republican Army were barred from becoming officers or non-commissioned officers in the Italian military (except those exonerated by the Italian courts, article 55).The Italian navy was reduced. Some warships were awarded to the governments of the Soviet Union, the United States, the United Kingdom and France (articles 56 and 57). Italy was ordered to scuttle all its submarines (article 58) and was banned from acquiring new battleships, submarines and aircraft carriers (article 59). The navy was limited to a maximum force of 25,000 personnel (article 60). The Italian army was limited to a size of 185,000 personnel plus 65,000 Carabinieri for a maximum total of 250,000 personnel (article 61). The Italian air force was limited to 200 fighters and reconnaissance aircraft plus 150 transport, air-rescue, training and liaison aircraft and was banned from owning and operating bomber aircraft (article 64). The number of air force personnel was limited to 25,000 (article 65). Most of the military restrictions were lifted upon Italy becoming a founding member of NATO in 1949.","title":"Military clauses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fascist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism"}],"text":"Article 17 of the treaty banned fascist organisations (\"whether political, military, or semi-military\") in Italy.","title":"Political clauses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"subsequent annex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruber-De_Gasperi_Agreement"},{"link_name":"South Tyrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Tyrol"}],"text":"A subsequent annex to the treaty provided for the cultural autonomy of the German minority in South Tyrol.","title":"Annexes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Treaty of Lausanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne"}],"text":"Article 14 of the treaty ceded the Italian islands in the Aegean to Greece and further stipulated that they \"shall be and shall remain demilitarized\".Turkey is the intended third party beneficiary of the demilitarization treaty by law (Vienna Convention of Treaties, art. 36(2)). Turkey had no title in signing any treaty ceding Rhodes to Greece, as the whole Dodecanese had been ceded by Turkey to Italy with the First Treaty of Lausanne (Often referred as \"Treaty of Ouchy\" to prevent confusion with Treaty of Lausanne) of 1912, but demanded demilitarization of those islands at the peace talks held in Lausanne in 1923. This was eventually inserted in the Paris Peace Treaty of 1947, to which Turkey is not a signatory party.","title":"Greece–Turkey relations"}] | [{"image_text":"France-Italy Boundary after the Treaty of Peace","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/France-Italy_Boundary_-_1947.jpg/340px-France-Italy_Boundary_-_1947.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Paris Peace Treaties, 1947","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Treaties,_1947"},{"title":"Armistice of Cassibile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile"}] | [{"reference":"Grant, John P.; J. Craig Barker, eds. (2006). International Criminal Law Deskbook. Routledge: Cavendish Publishing. p. 130. ISBN 9781859419793.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SzwrG74gwzUC&q=treaty+of+peace+with+italy+1947&pg=PA130","url_text":"International Criminal Law Deskbook"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781859419793","url_text":"9781859419793"}]},{"reference":"United Nations Treaty Series 1956; No. 3297.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Treaty+of+Paris+between+Italy+and+the+Allied+Powers%22","external_links_name":"\"Treaty of Paris between Italy and the Allied Powers\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Treaty+of+Paris+between+Italy+and+the+Allied+Powers%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Treaty+of+Paris+between+Italy+and+the+Allied+Powers%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Treaty+of+Paris+between+Italy+and+the+Allied+Powers%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Treaty+of+Paris+between+Italy+and+the+Allied+Powers%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Treaty+of+Paris+between+Italy+and+the+Allied+Powers%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fit.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTrattato_di_Parigi_fra_l%27Italia_e_le_potenze_alleate&sl=it&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en","external_links_name":"View"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SzwrG74gwzUC&q=treaty+of+peace+with+italy+1947&pg=PA130","external_links_name":"International Criminal Law Deskbook"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210507200222/https://www.loc.gov/law/help/us-treaties/bevans/m-ust000004-0311.pdf","external_links_name":"Full text of the treaty (French, English and Russian texts are authentic) - archive link"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_boxing_in_the_Philippines | History of boxing in the Philippines | ["1 Golden ages of Philippine boxing","1.1 First golden age of Philippine boxing","1.2 Second golden age of Philippine boxing","1.3 Third golden age of Philippine boxing (present)","2 Philippines' contribution to boxing","3 Philippines' popular ring officials","4 List of men's professional boxing world champions","4.1 List of WBA secondary champions","5 List of women's professional boxing world champions","6 Current titleholders in world boxing sanctioning bodies","7 Current titleholders in Philippine boxing sanctioning bodies","7.1 Philippines Games & Amusement Board","7.2 Philippines Boxing Federation","8 See also","8.1 Lists","9 References","9.1 Footnotes","9.2 Bibliography","10 External links"] | Boxing history in the Philippines
Pancho Villa: The first Asian world champion; June 18, 1923.
The history of boxing in the Philippines is the history of boxing and the evolution and progress of the sport in the Philippines. In the Philippines, boxing is one of its most popular sports, together with basketball, due to the many accolades it has brought to the country, having produced 45 major world champions (including those of Filipino heritage), one of the most in the world. Despite not having won a gold medal in boxing, the Philippines has had multiple Olympic standouts, with 8 out of its 12 total Olympic medals coming from boxing, along with some of the greatest fighters in the history of the sport. Filipino greats like Pancho Villa and Flash Elorde are members of the two highly respected boxing hall of fames – International Boxing Hall of Fame (IBHOF) and World Boxing Hall of Fame (WBHF) thus, giving the Philippines the most number of boxing hall of fame members out of Asia.
Golden ages of Philippine boxing
Local folk narrative says that before the Spaniards and Americans came to the Philippines, Filipinos had their own kind of boxing known as suntukan,"bare-hand fighting" in Tagalog, (and similarly in other Philippine languages with the same meaning) generally believed to have evolved from a Filipino knife fighting technique called "kali". During the Spanish colonization martial arts and fight sports were banned, so it was driven underground where the lack of knives and rattan sticks lead to fist fighting. Despite this claim, centuries old documents still need to be uncovered and translated for verification on whether or not the Philippine natives had a codified system of unarmed combat before boxing since there are no surviving reports and records of any kind of unarmed fighting in Luzon and Visayas practicing a system of empty-hand combat, apart only from local wrestling, as fighting only becomes a martial art if trainings are systematic and orderly, thus, "codified".
First golden age of Philippine boxing
A boxing match in Olongapo in 1909.
The evolution of Philippine boxing began after when Spain ceded its colonial territories, namely Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to the United States as agreed in the Treaty of Paris on 1898 which led to the Philippine–American War on 1899. Some reports state U.S. soldiers brought modern boxing to the Philippines, evidenced by a pair boxing gloves made by Sol Levinson of San Francisco. Another story tells of a renegade soldier brought some boxing gloves to Filipino prisoners and taught them how to use them. However, it was generally believed that three Americans were responsible for the evolution of boxing in the country namely: Frank Churchill and the Tait brothers (Eddie and Stewart) Eddie and Stewart Tait, also dubbed as "Barnums of Borneo", were amusement park entrepreneurs who established carnivals and horse racing tracks in Manila, who arrived in the country in 1902. Eddie, believed to be a boxing enthusiast, wanted to attract crowds by teaching Filipino locals some western boxing lessons for free to create American-style Filipino boxers.
Ceferino Garcia: Middleweight world champion on 1939. Was credited to as the first well known user of the bolo punch.
In 1921, boxing was legalized in the Philippines and began to flourish. Frank Churchill joined by the Tait brothers, established the Olympic Boxing Club in Manila. During this time, the country saw the first batch of great Filipino fighters such as Dencio Cabanela, Speedy Dado, the Flores brothers (Francisco, Elino, Macario and Ireneo), Pete Sarmiento, Sylvino Jamito, Macario Villon and the legendary Pancho Villa. The first golden age of Philippine boxing emerge as Pancho Villa won the universal world flyweight championship from Welshman Jimmy Wilde to become the first ever Asian and Filipino world champion. Villa defended his title three times including a fight in the Philippines with fellow Filipino Clever Sencio where he won by fifteen-round decision, which at the time, nobody thought it would be the last victory of his young career. The glorious era was short-lived following the ring deaths of popular fighters Dencio Cabanela and Clever Sencio along with the death of Pancho Villa from Ludwig's angina and their influential promoter Frank Churchill.
There was also the Filipino-Spanish boxer, Luis Logan, who at one time or another held the title Oriental welterweight and heavyweight champion. Logan's boxing career spanned 1925–1940; and spent half his boxing career in Spain, Argentina, outside of the Philippines.
On October 2, 1939, a sudden uplift came when Ceferino Garcia won the NYSAC world middleweight championship from American Fred Apostoli at the Madison Square Garden, New York, United States. On December 23, 1939, Garcia successfully defended his title for the first time against American Glen Lee in front of his countrymen inside the Rizal Memorial Sports Complex which was the first world title bout ever recorded in the Philippine islands. Garcia also competed with some of the best boxers ever like Barney Ross and Henry Armstrong, to whom he denied his fourth title in four weight divisions through a draw. However, he then lost at the hands of Ken Overlin, unable to land his famous bolo punch and losing the title.
Second golden age of Philippine boxing
On July 20, 1955, Filipino boxing fans saw the birth of Philippine boxing's second golden era as a Cebuano boxer named Gabriel "Flash" Elorde beat the then reigning world featherweight champion and later Hall of Famer Sandy Saddler in a non-title bout at the Rizal Memorial Sports Complex. Elorde went on to win the world super featherweight championship from Harold Gomes by a seventh-round knockout on March 16, 1960. Elorde kept his world title inside a division record of 7 years and 2 months with 10 successful defenses, including a one-round knockout of Gomes in a rematch. Flash Elorde, during his time, was one of the busiest fighters who traveled to fight very often. A great and fearless fighter, Elorde was one of the most beloved Filipino athletes since Pancho Villa. In this Elorde inspired period, twenty world champions were created spanning from Roberto Cruz to Gerry Peñalosa along with the formation of the "Big Four of Professional Boxing" or the major sanctioning bodies, namely the WBA, WBC, IBF, and WBO. However, as time goes by, boxing was becoming less popular in the country because of many alternative sports including basketball until Manny Pacquiao came.
Third golden age of Philippine boxing (present)
Manny Pacquiao: World's first and only octuple champion. Also only boxer to hold world titles in four different decades, in the 1990s, 2000s, 2010s, and 2020s
A Filipino boxer named Manny Pacquiao was an entertaining star in the local boxing television show called "Blow-by-Blow" by the famed Filipino manager and promoter Rod Nazario. Viewers became accustomed to Pacquiao's name not only because of his aggressive style but also due to his unique looks and catchy surname. Pacquiao's ascendancy heralded a new wave of Filipino boxers and marks the third great era of Philippine boxing.
On December 4, 1998, Pacquiao upset Thai Champion Chatchai Sasakul in Thailand to win the Lineal and WBC flyweight championship (his first world title). On his title defense, Pacquiao lost his title on the scale and was knocked out in the fight by Medgoen Singsurat of Thailand. Pacquiao lost his WBC title on the scales as he was unable to make the flyweight limit. Pacquiao gained weight and skipped the super flyweight and bantamweight divisions to fight at super bantamweight division. Pacquiao, for the second time in his career, was the heavy underdog against South African Lehlohonolo Ledwaba, the reigning IBF super bantamweight champion. On June 23, 2001, Pacquiao dethroned Ledwaba to win his second world title in two different weight divisions. In 2003, Pacquiao's career rose to its peak as he stopped the then reigning Lineal and The Ring featherweight champion Marco Antonio Barrera of Mexico via 11th-round technical knockout. Since that time, Pacquiao has acquired three lineal titles and four major (WBC & IBF) world titles along six different divisions—flyweight (112 lbs.), super bantamweight (122 lbs.), featherweight (126 lbs.), super featherweight (130 lbs.), lightweight (135 lbs.) and light welterweight (140 lbs.).
Nonito Donaire: World champion in across three consecutive decades: the 2000s, 2010s and 2020s
On November 14, 2009, Pacquiao surpassed Oscar De La Hoya's record of six-division titles by stopping WBO welterweight champion Miguel Angel Cotto to win his seventh title across seven divisions. One year later, he made history by being the first boxer ever to win eight world titles in eight weight divisions as he dominated Mexican slugger Antonio Margarito to win the vacant WBC light middleweight title in a catchweight bout. Since 2003, Pacquiao amassed a record of 21 wins, 3 defeats and 1 draw in his last 25 fights. The Filipino fighter defeated some of the best opposition available on the way to superstardom (earning the nickname "the Mexicutioner") including Mexicans Marco Antonio Barrera, Erik Morales, Juan Manuel Márquez and Antonio Margarito, British Ricky Hatton, Puerto Rican Miguel Cotto, and Americans Oscar De La Hoya, Shane Mosley, Timothy Bradley and Keith Thurman.
The "Pacquiao Wave" regenerated boxing in the Philippines, inspiring a new generation of boxers to aim ever higher. Nonito Donaire, one of the Pacquiao-wave fighters, became the second Asian to win four world titles in four weight divisions by defeating South African Simpiwe Vetyeka to claim the WBA featherweight title on May 31, 2014. In 2017, Donnie Nietes became the third Filipino boxer to win world titles in three different weight divisions when he defeated Thailand's Komgrich Nantapech in May 2017. In Dec. 31 2018, Donnie Nietes became the third Filipino boxer and third Asian to win world titles in Four different weight divisions when he defeated Japanese Kazuto Ioka via split decision on New Year's Eve, winning the vacant World Boxing Organization belt at the Wynn Palace in Macau. Another famous or rather infamous Filipino boxer John Riel Casimero became the fourth Filipino boxer to win world titles in three different weight divisions when he defeated Zolani Tete via TKO on November 30, 2019 in England. His boxing persona pave the way to building-up his fights, this makes him a rarity in amongst Filipino boxing fans in present times.
Philippines' contribution to boxing
A left bolo punch in attack
The Philippines is one of the founding member nations of the World Boxing Council (WBC) and Oriental and Pacific Boxing Federation (OPBF). Filipino boxers also contributed to the history of boxing from rules and techniques to records and achievements. Pancho Villa is not only the first Asian and Filipino world champion but is also described as one of the cleanest boxers before the proper rules were established. Ceferino Garcia is credited as the inventor of the "bolo punch". However, according to Tahoma News-Tribune, a fellow Filipino boxer named Macario Flores was reportedly using it. Gabriel "Flash" Elorde still holds the record for longest reign in the super featherweight or junior lightweight (130 lbs.) division – 7 years, 2 months and 29 days with 10 title defenses. His success was due to his innovative footwork and maneuvers which he learned from training Balintawak Eskrima with his father "Tatang" Elorde who was the Eskrima champion of Cebu. Elorde's style from eskrima has been adopted by many boxers, including his friend Muhammad Ali, which influenced the out-boxer style of boxing.
While Donnie Nietes holds as the longest Filipino world champion in the light flyweight division. On November 13, 2010, Manny Pacquiao entered the Guinness Book of World Records for being the first ever boxer to win eight world titles in eight (8) different divisions (see also Octuple Champion) by defeating Mexican Antonio Margarito via 12-round unanimous decision to claim the vacant WBC light middleweight championship.
Philippines' popular ring officials
Rey Danseco is the only ring official from the Philippines and Asia to receive the highly regards award of world magnitude.
The Philippines has produced respected ring officials. Referee Carlos "Sonny" Padilla officiated the famous "Thrilla in Manila" match between Muhammad Ali and Joe Frazier in 1975. He worked as third man in the ring in many big matches for over 25 years.
In 2012, the World Boxing Council awarded Rey Danseco the Judge of the Year. He received the accolade in a rite held during the 50th Annual WBC Convention at the Grand Oasis Hotel in Cancún, Mexico. To date, Danseco is the only Asian boxing ring official to win an award of such magnitude. He is also a multiple Judge of the Year awardee in the Philippines until he moved to the US in 2012.
Danseco judged the world championship fights of some big names in boxing of his generation, such as Canelo Alvarez, Errol Spence Jr., Danny García, Robert Guerrero, Julio César Chávez, Bernard Hopkins, Austin Trout, Gerry Penalosa, Pongsaklek Wonjongkam, Badou Jack, Jorge Arce, Jhonny González, Adonis Stevenson, Tony Bellew, Josh Taylor, Toshiaki Nishioka, Shawn Porter, Edgar Sosa, Miguel Berchelt, Leo Santa Cruz, Abner Mares, Amir Khan, Daniel Dubois, Jamel Herring, Jessica McCaskill, Regis Prograis, and Khalid Yafai.
Padilla refereed or judged the fights of notable world champions, including Muhammad Ali, Joe Frazier, Alexis Argüello, Erbito Salavarria, Leon Spinks, Ken Norton, Larry Holmes, Sugar Ray Leonard, Lupe Pintor, Roberto Durán, Marvin Hagler, Roberto Durán, Bobby Chacon, Pipino Cuevas, Julio César Chávez, Michael Spinks, Mike Tyson, Michael Moorer, George Foreman, Azumah Nelson, Riddick Bowe, Terry Norris, Ray Mercer, Iran Barkley, Humberto González, Roger Mayweather, Kennedy McKinney, Johnny Tapia, Marco Antonio Barrera, Antonio Tarver, and Filipino greats Manny Pacquiao, Dodie Boy Peñalosa, Erbito Salavarria, Ben Villaflor, and Rolando Navarette in his career from 1967 until his retirement in year 2000.
List of men's professional boxing world champions
Donnie Nietes (Longest Light Flyweight champion and four division world champion): meets President Rodrigo Duterte.
The following is a list of Filipino boxing champions who have held titles from one or more of the "Big Four" organizations (WBA, WBC, IBF, WBO) and The Ring.
In December 2000, the WBA created an unprecedented situation of having a split championship in the same weight class by introducing a new title called Super world, commonly referred to simply as Super. The Super champion is highly regarded as the WBA's primary champion, while the World champion – commonly known as the Regular champion by boxing publications – is only considered the primary champion by the other three major sanctioning bodies (WBC, IBF, and WBO) if the Super title is vacant.
A Unified champion is a boxer that holds the Regular title and a world title from another major sanctioning body (WBC, IBF, WBO) simultaneously. An Undisputed champion as defined by the WBA, only needs to hold three of the four major titles but in some cases they may change a Super champion into an Undisputed champion after a failed title defense (e.g. Anselmo Moreno losing to Juan Payano and Chris John losing to Simpiwe Vetyeka). This is not to be confused by professional boxing's own definition of an undisputed champion, in which a boxer must hold all four major titles.
Other former international/national-world boxing commissions and organizations from the beginning of boxing are also included here:
New York State Athletic Commission (NYSAC)
National Boxing Association (NBA) – changed its name to World Boxing Association (WBA) in 1962
Current world champion
Inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame
World titles from world and The Ring
WBA Regular champion
H
denotes boxer of Filipino heritage due to parent's nationality, residence or other circumstances
No.
Name
Titles
Date
Opponent
Result
1
Pancho Villa
NYSAC Flyweight (112)
Jun 16, 1923
Jimmy Wilde
TKO 7/20
NBA Flyweight (112)
The Ring Flyweight (112)
2
Small Montana
NYSAC Flyweight (112)
Nov 5, 1935
Midget Wolgast
PTS 10/10
3
Little Dado
NBA Flyweight (112)
Dec 11, 1939
Awarded
4
Ceferino Garcia
NYSAC Middleweight (160)
Oct 2, 1939
Fred Apostoli
KO 7/15
5
Dado MarinoH
NBA Flyweight (112)
Jul 1, 1950
Terry Allen
UD 15/15
6
Flash Elorde
NBA Super featherweight (130), later changed to WBA.
Mar 16, 1960
Harold Gomes
KO 7/15
The Ring Super Featherweight (130)
1962
Awarded
WBC Super featherweight (130)
Feb 16, 1963
Johnny Bizzaro
UD 15/15
7
Roberto Cruz
WBA Light welterweight (140)
Mar 21, 1963
Battling Torres
KO 1/15
8
Pedro Adigue
WBC Light welterweight (140)
Dec 14, 1968
Adolph Pruitt
UD 15/15
9
Rene Barrientos
WBC Super featherweight (130)
Feb 15, 1969
Rubén Navarro
UD 15/15
10
Bernabe Villacampo
WBA Flyweight (112)
Oct 19, 1969
Hiroyuki Ebihara
KO 6/15
11
Erbito Salavarria
WBC Flyweight (112)
Dec 7, 1970
Chartchai Chionoi
TKO 2/15
The Ring Flyweight (112)
WBA Flyweight (112)
Apr 1, 1975
Susumu Hanagata
SD 15/15
12
Ben Villaflor
WBA Super featherweight (130)
Apr 25, 1972
Alfredo Marcano
UD 15/15
The Ring Super featherweight (130)
WBA Super featherweight (130) – (2)
Oct 17, 1973
Kuniaki Shibata
KO 1/15
The Ring Super featherweight (130) – (2)
13
Rolando Navarrete
WBC Super featherweight (130)
Aug 29, 1981
Cornelius Boza Edwards
KO 5/15
14
Frank Cedeno
WBC Flyweight (112)
Aug 27, 1983
Charlie Magri
KO 6/12
The Ring Flyweight (112)
15
Bobby Berna
IBF Super bantamweight (122)
Dec 4, 1983
Suh Sung-in
TKO 10/15
16
Dodie Boy Peñalosa
IBF Light flyweight (108)
Dec 10, 1983
Satoshi Shingaki
TKO 13/15
IBF Flyweight (112)
Feb 22, 1987
Shin Hi-sup
TKO 5/15
17
Rolando Bohol
IBF Flyweight (112)
Jan 16, 1988
Choi Chang-ho
KO 15/15
18
Tacy Macalos
IBF Light flyweight (108)
Nov 4, 1988
Choi Jum-hwan
KO 5/12
19
Eric Chavez
IBF Mini flyweight (105)
Sep 21, 1989
Nico Thomas
KO 5/12
20
Luisito Espinosa
WBA Bantamweight (118)
Oct 18, 1989
Khaokor Galaxy
KO 5/12
WBC Featherweight (126)
Dec 11, 1995
Manuel Medina
UD 12/12
21
Jesus SaludH
WBA Super bantamweight (122)
Dec 11, 1989
Juan Jose Estrada
UD 12/12
22
Rolando Pascua
WBC Light flyweight (108)
Dec 19, 1990
Humberto González
UD 12/12
23
Manny Melchor
IBF Mini flyweight (105)
Sep 6, 1992
Thongchai Utaida
SD 12/12
24
Morris East
WBA Light welterweight (140)
Sep 9, 1992
Akinobu Hiranaka
TKO 11/12
25
Gerry Peñalosa
WBC Super flyweight (115)
Feb 20, 1997
Hiroshi Kawashima
SD 12/12
WBO Bantamweight (118)
Aug 11, 2007
Jhonny González
TKO 6/12
26
Eric Jamili
WBO Mini flyweight (105)
Dec 19, 1997
Mickey Cantwell
TKO 8/12
27
Manny Pacquiao
WBC Flyweight (112)
Dec 4, 1998
Chatchai Sasakul
KO 8/12
IBF Super bantamweight (122)
Jun 23, 2001
Lehlohonolo Ledwaba
TKO 6/12
The Ring Featherweight (126)
Nov 15, 2003
Marco Antonio Barrera
TKO 11/12
WBC Super featherweight (130)
Mar 15, 2008
Juan Manuel Márquez
SD 12/12
The Ring Super featherweight (130)
WBC Lightweight (135)
Jun 28, 2008
David Díaz
TKO 9/12
The Ring Light welterweight (140)
May 2, 2009
Ricky Hatton
KO 2/12
WBO Welterweight (147)
Nov 14, 2009
Miguel Ángel Cotto
TKO 12/12
WBC Light middleweight (154)
Nov 13, 2010
Antonio Margarito
UD 12/12
WBO Welterweight (147) – (2)
Apr 12, 2014
Timothy Bradley
UD 12/12
WBO Welterweight (147) – (3)
Nov 5, 2016
Jessie Vargas
UD 12/12
WBA (Super) Welterweight (147)
Jul 20, 2019
Keith Thurman
SD 12/12
28
Malcolm Tuñacao
WBC Flyweight (112)
May 19, 2000
Medgoen Singsurat
TKO 7/12
29
Joma Gamboa
WBA Mini flyweight (105)
Aug 20, 2000
Atsushi Sai
UD 12/12
30
Brian ViloriaH
WBC Light flyweight (108)
Sep 10, 2005
Eric Ortiz
KO 1/12
IBF Light flyweight (108)
April 19, 2009
Ulises Solís
UD 12/12
WBO Flyweight (112)
Jul 16, 2011
Julio César Miranda
UD 12/12
WBA (Unified) Flyweight (112)
Nov 17, 2012
Hernán Márquez
TKO 10/12
31
Florante Condes
IBF Mini flyweight (105)
Jul 7, 2007
Muhammad Rachman
SD 12/12
32
Nonito Donaire
IBF Flyweight (112)
Jul 7, 2007
Vic Darchinyan
TKO 5/12
WBC Bantamweight (118)
Feb 19, 2011
Fernando Montiel
KO 2/12
WBO Bantamweight (118)
WBO Super bantamweight (122)
Feb 4, 2012
Wilfredo Vázquez Jr.
SD 12/12
IBF Super bantamweight (122)
Jul 7, 2012
Jeffrey Mathebula
UD 12/12
The Ring Super bantamweight (122)
Dec 13, 2012
Toshiaki Nishioka
TKO 9/12
WBA (Undisputed) Featherweight (126)
May 31, 2014
Simpiwe Vetyeka
TD 5/12
WBO Super bantamweight (122) – (2)
Dec 11, 2015
Cesar Juarez
UD 12/12
WBA (Super) Bantamweight (118)
Nov 3, 2018
Ryan Burnett
RTD 4/12
WBC Bantamweight (118) – (2)
May 29, 2021
Nordine Oubaali
KO 4/12
33
Donnie Nietes
WBO Mini flyweight (105)
Sep 7, 2007
Pornsawan Porpramook
UD 12/12
WBO Light flyweight (108)
Oct 8, 2011
Ramón García Hirales
UD 12/12
The Ring Light flyweight (108)
May 10, 2014
Moisés Fuentes
TKO 9/12
IBF Flyweight (112)
Apr 29, 2017
Komgrich Nantapech
UD 12/12
WBO Super flyweight (115)
Dec 31, 2018
Kazuto Ioka
SD 12/12
34
Marvin Sonsona
WBO Super flyweight (115)
Sep 4, 2009
José López
UD 12/12
35
Rodel Mayol
WBC Light flyweight (108)
Nov 21, 2009
Edgar Sosa
TKO 2/12
36
Sonny Boy Jaro
WBC Flyweight (112)
Mar 2, 2012
Pongsaklek Wonjongkam
TKO 6/12
The Ring Flyweight (112)
37
John Riel Casimero
IBF Light flyweight (108)
Jul 20, 2012
Interim promoted
IBF Flyweight (112)
May 25, 2016
Amnat Ruenroeng
KO 4/12
WBO Bantamweight (118)
Nov 30, 2019
Zolani Tete
TKO 3/12
38
Merlito Sabillo
WBO Mini flyweight (105)
Jul 13, 2013
Jorle Estrada
TKO 9/12
39
Marlon Tapales
WBO Bantamweight (118)
Jul 27, 2016
Pungluang Sor Singyu
TKO 11/12
WBA (Super) Super bantamweight (122)
Apr 8, 2023
Murodjon Akhmadaliev
SD 12/12
IBF Super bantamweight (122)
40
Jerwin Ancajas
IBF Super flyweight (115)
Sep 3, 2016
McJoe Arroyo
UD 12/12
41
Milan Melindo
IBF Light flyweight (108)
May 25, 2017
Akira Yaegashi
TKO 1/12
42
Vic Saludar
WBO Mini flyweight (105)
Jul 13, 2018
Ryuya Yamanaka
UD 12/12
43
Pedro Taduran
IBF Mini flyweight (105)
Sep 7, 2019
Samuel Salva
RTD 4/12
44
Rene Mark Cuarto
IBF Mini flyweight (105)
Feb 27, 2021
Pedro Taduran
UD 12/12
45
Mark Magsayo
WBC Featherweight (126)
Jan 22, 2022
Gary Russell Jr.
MD 12/12
46
Melvin Jerusalem
WBO Mini flyweight (105)
Jan 6, 2023
Masataka Taniguchi
TKO 2/12
WBC Mini flyweight (105)
Mar 31, 2024
Yudai Shigeoka
SD 12/12
Note
Interim titles are not included unless they get promoted to the official champion.
For WBA champions, only champions in the WBA primary lineage are listed.
List of WBA secondary champions
No.
Name
Titles
Reign period
Opponent
Result
Primary champion/s during reign
1
Manny Pacquiao
WBA (Regular) Welterweight (147)
Jul 15, 2018 – Jul 20, 2019Won Super title against Super champion Keith Thurman
Lucas Matthysse
TKO 7/12
Keith ThurmanFeb 7, 2017 – Jul 20, 2019
2
Vic Saludar
WBA (Regular) Mini flyweight (105)
Feb 20, 2021 – Dec 21, 2021
Robert Paradero
SD 12/12
Thammanoon NiyomtrongMar 1, 2020 – Saludar lost the title to Erick Rosa while Niyomtrong was still the primary champion.
List of women's professional boxing world champions
The following is a list of filipina boxing champions who have held titles from one or more of the "Big Four" organizations (WBA, WBC, IBF, WBO) and The Ring.
Current world champion
Inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame
World titles from world and The Ring
H
denotes boxer of Filipino heritage due to parent's nationality, residence or other circumstances
No.
Name
Titles
Date
Opponent
Result
Defenses
1
Ana JulatonH
WBO Super bantamweight (122)
Dec 4, 2009
Donna Biggers
UD 10/10
0
WBO Super bantamweight (122)
Jun 30, 2010
Maria Elena Villalobos
SD 10/10
2
Current titleholders in world boxing sanctioning bodies
Name
Organization
Division
Date won
Melvin Jerusalem
WBC
Mini flyweight
March 31, 2024
Current titleholders in Philippine boxing sanctioning bodies
Philippines Games & Amusement Board
Weight class:
Champion:
Reign began:
Days
Strawweight
Pedro Taduran
January 27, 2018
2330
Strawweight
Melvin Oliva Jerusalem
January 6, 2023
525
Light Flyweight
Jesse Espinas
May 22, 2018
2215
Flyweight
Genisis Libranza
April 14, 2018
2253
Super Flyweight
Eranio Semillano
May 19, 2018
2218
Bantamweight
Glenn Suminguit
September 23, 2017
2456
Super bantamweight
Carl Jammes Martin
March 12, 2022
825
Featherweight
vacant
Super Featherweight
Allan Vallespin
September 30, 2017
2449
Lightweight
Roldan Aldea
February 11, 2018
2315
Light Welterweight
Jheritz Chavez
March 10, 2018
2287
Welterweight
Jayar Inson
March 25, 2018
2273
Philippines Boxing Federation
Weight class:
Champion:
Reign began:
Days
Strawweight
Clyde Azarcon
May 2, 2018
2235
Light Flyweight
vacant
Flyweight
Arnold Garde
June 29, 2018
2177
Super Flyweight
vacant
Bantamweight
Carlo Demecillo
May 23, 2018
2214
Super bantamweight
vacant
Featherweight
KJ Natuplag
November 27, 2017
2391
Super Featherweight
vacant
Lightweight
vacant
Light Welterweight
Rosekie Cristobal
November 25, 2017
2393
Welterweight
vacant
See also
Philippines portal
Philippines national amateur boxing athletes
Thrilla in Manila
Mano-A-Mano
Lists
List of current world boxing champions
List of boxing triple champions
List of boxing quadruple champions
List of boxing quintuple champions
List of boxing sextuple champions
List of boxing sextuple champions
Octuple champion
List of WBA world champions
List of WBC world champions
List of IBF world champions
List of WBO world champions
List of The Ring world champions
References
Footnotes
^ "Category:World Champions By Nationality". BoxRec.
^ "Pancho Villa – IBHOF". ibhof.com.
^ "Garbriel (Flash) Elorde – IBHOF". ibhof.com.
^ a b "Ceferino Garcia the first Filipino Champ of the World!". boxing360. 25 December 2013.
^ "A look at the history of boxing in the Philippines". ESPN. 25 June 2008.
^ "Cyber Boxing Zone -- Pancho Villa". www.cyberboxingzone.com.
^ "The road to fame and glory". asianjournal.
^ "Boxeo 1930s: Luis Logan.- "El rey del k.o."".
^ "Before Elorde and Pacquiao, There Was Luis Logan". Positively Filipino – Online Magazine for Filipinos in the Diaspora. 17 November 2014.
^ "Cyber Boxing Zone – Gabriel "Flash" Elorde". cyberboxingzone.
^ "Before Manny Pacquiao, There Was Flash Elorde". HBO.
^ "Flash Elorde Is Dead at 49;Held Boxing Title in the 60's". The New York Times. 3 January 1985.
^ "Ranking Manny Pacquiao's eight division titles". espn. 4 April 2016.
^ "Nonito Donaire aiming to become five-weight world champion". givemesport.
^ Stumberg, Patrick L. (May 1, 2017). "Nietes defeats Nantapech to become three-weight champion". Bad Left Hook.
^ "Nietes now a 4-division champion". Manila Standard. January 2019.
^ "John Riel Casinero beats Zolani Tete for WBO bantamweight world title". espn. 30 November 2019.
^ "'Mabait' ang Pinoy fighter: Does trash talking have a place in Philippine boxing". abscbn. 1 December 2020.
^ "Pancho Villa: The 1st Filipino world boxing champion remembered". manilastandard.
^ "Cucuy Elorde preserves father's boxing legacy". rappler. 25 April 2014.
^ a b Tovak Kali International. "Filipino Martial Arts – Filipino Kali – Kali Instructor – RBSD – Melbourne – Adelaide". Tovakkali.blogspot.com. Retrieved 28 January 2016.
^ "Sayoc and Pekiti- as they are now". Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
^ "Print Page – Filipino Martial Arts and Boxing". Dogbrothers.com. Retrieved 28 January 2016.
^ "Remembering 'Flash' Elorde". Philboxing.com. Retrieved 28 January 2016.
^ "Most boxing world titles in different weight divisions". Guinness World Records. 13 November 2010.
^ Whisler, John (April 21, 2013). "Alvarez makes statement in Trout rout". San Antonio Express-News.
^ "Filipino boxing judge gets high-profile assignment » Manila Bulletin Sports".
^ Henson, Joaquin M. "Pinoy judge in welter duel". philstar.com.
^ Henson, Joaquin M. "Danseco called it right". philstar.com.
^ "Philly's Danny Garcia Keeps Winning". January 26, 2016.
^ "PHILLY BOXING HISTORY - May 21, 2011 - Hopkins Does it Again - Sets Record". www.phillyboxinghistory.com.
^ Scavone, Jason (25 April 2015). "Badou Jack hands Anthony Dirrell his first loss in upset". PBC Boxing.
^ "Leo Santa Cruz defends belt by unanimous decision in rematch against Abner Mares". Los Angeles Times. June 10, 2018.
^ Boxing record for Pancho Villa from BoxRec (registration required)
^ Boxing record for Small Montana from BoxRec (registration required)
^ Boxing record for Little Dado from BoxRec (registration required)
^ "Little Dado Seen as Flyweight Champion". The San Bernardino County Sun. San Bernardino, California. Associated Press. 12 December 1939. Retrieved 6 November 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Boxing record for Ceferino Garcia from BoxRec (registration required)
^ Boxing record for Dado Marino from BoxRec (registration required)
^ Boxing record for Flash Elorde from BoxRec (registration required)
^ Boxing record for Roberto Cruz from BoxRec (registration required)
^ Boxing record for Pedro Adigue Jr. from BoxRec (registration required)
^ Boxing record for René Barrientos from BoxRec (registration required)
^ Boxing record for Bernabe Villacampo from BoxRec (registration required)
^ Boxing record for Erbito Salavarria from BoxRec (registration required)
^ Boxing record for Ben Villaflor from BoxRec (registration required)
^ Boxing record for Rolando Navarrete from BoxRec (registration required)
^ Boxing record for Frank Cedeno from BoxRec (registration required)
^ Boxing record for Bobby Berna from BoxRec (registration required)
^ Boxing record for Dodie Boy Peñalosa from BoxRec (registration required)
^ Boxing record for Rolando Bohol from BoxRec (registration required)
^ Boxing record for Tacy Macalos from BoxRec (registration required)
^ Boxing record for Eric Chavez from BoxRec (registration required)
^ Boxing record for Luisito Espinosa from BoxRec (registration required)
^ Boxing record for Jesus Salud from BoxRec (registration required)
^ Boxing record for Rolando Pascua from BoxRec (registration required)
^ Boxing record for Manny Melchor from BoxRec (registration required)
^ Boxing record for Morris East from BoxRec (registration required)
^ Boxing record for Gerry Peñalosa from BoxRec (registration required)
^ Boxing record for Eric Jamili from BoxRec (registration required)
^ a b Boxing record for Manny Pacquiao from BoxRec (registration required)
^ Boxing record for Malcolm Tunacao from BoxRec (registration required)
^ Boxing record for Joma Gamboa from BoxRec (registration required)
^ Boxing record for Brian Viloria from BoxRec (registration required)
^ Boxing record for Florante Condes from BoxRec (registration required)
^ Boxing record for Nonito Donaire Jr. from BoxRec (registration required)
^ Boxing record for Donnie Nietes from BoxRec (registration required)
^ Boxing record for Marvin Sonsona from BoxRec (registration required)
^ Boxing record for Rodel Mayol from BoxRec (registration required)
^ Boxing record for Sonny Boy Jaro from BoxRec (registration required)
^ Boxing record for Johnriel Casimero from BoxRec (registration required)
^ Rafael, Dan (20 July 2012). "Injured Solis stripped of IBF title". ESPN. Archived from the original on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
^ Boxing record for Merlito Sabillo from BoxRec (registration required)
^ Boxing record for Marlon Tapales from BoxRec (registration required)
^ Boxing record for Milan Melindo from BoxRec (registration required)
^ a b Boxing record for Vic Saludar from BoxRec (registration required)
^ Boxing record for Pedro Taduran from BoxRec (registration required)
^ Boxing record for Rene Mark Cuarto from BoxRec (registration required)
^ Boxing record for Mark Magsayo from BoxRec (registration required)
^ Boxing record for Melvin Jerusalem from BoxRec (registration required)
^ Boxing record for Ana Julaton from BoxRec (registration required)
^ "Clyde Azarcon". boxrec.com.
Bibliography
A look at the history of boxing in the Philippines - ESPN via Don Stradley, June 25, 2008
The heartbeat of an entire nation - History defines the long love affair with the sport of boxing in the Philippines - ESPN via Nigel Collins, April 10, 2013
The Origins of Philippine Boxing - Journal of Combative Sport via Joseph R. Svinth, July 2001
Filipino World Champions - Boxrec.com
World Champions by Nationality - Boxrec.com
Filipino American Boxers - Boxrec.com
Former World Champions - Philboxing.com
Current Champions - Philboxing.com
Boxing List of Results and World Champions - Pilipinas United
External links
Filipino World Champions - Boxrec.com
World Champions by Nationality - Boxrec.com
Filipino American Boxers - Boxrec.com
Former World Champions - Philboxing.com
Current Champions - PhilBoxing.com
Boxing and Manny Pacquiao - MSN Philippines
vteSports in the PhilippinesSport
Arnis
Baseball
Basketball
Bodybuilding
Boxing
Cricket
Cycling
Esports
Fencing
Association football
Golf
Horse racing
Ice hockey
Martial arts
Polo
Rugby union
Taekwondo
Volleyball
Multi-sport events
Philippine National Games
Palarong Pambansa
Batang Pinoy
vteHistory of boxing in the WorldArmeniaAustraliaPhilippinesUnited States | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pancho_Villa_BNF.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Pancho Villa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Guilledo"},{"link_name":"history of boxing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_boxing"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"boxing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Pancho Villa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Guilledo"},{"link_name":"Flash Elorde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_Elorde"},{"link_name":"International Boxing Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Boxing_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boxing360-4"}],"text":"Pancho Villa: The first Asian world champion; June 18, 1923.The history of boxing in the Philippines is the history of boxing and the evolution and progress of the sport in the Philippines. In the Philippines, boxing is one of its most popular sports, together with basketball, due to the many accolades it has brought to the country, having produced 45 major world champions (including those of Filipino heritage), one of the most in the world.[1] Despite not having won a gold medal in boxing, the Philippines has had multiple Olympic standouts, with 8 out of its 12 total Olympic medals coming from boxing, along with some of the greatest fighters in the history of the sport. Filipino greats like Pancho Villa and Flash Elorde are members of the two highly respected boxing hall of fames – International Boxing Hall of Fame (IBHOF)[2][3] and World Boxing Hall of Fame (WBHF)[4] thus, giving the Philippines the most number of boxing hall of fame members out of Asia.","title":"History of boxing in the Philippines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spaniards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaniards"},{"link_name":"suntukan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suntukan"},{"link_name":"kali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnis"},{"link_name":"martial arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_martial_arts"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"martial art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_arts"}],"text":"Local folk narrative says that before the Spaniards and Americans came to the Philippines, Filipinos had their own kind of boxing known as suntukan,\"bare-hand fighting\" in Tagalog, (and similarly in other Philippine languages with the same meaning) generally believed to have evolved from a Filipino knife fighting technique called \"kali\". During the Spanish colonization martial arts and fight sports were banned[citation needed], so it was driven underground where the lack of knives and rattan sticks lead to fist fighting[citation needed]. Despite this claim, centuries old documents still need to be uncovered and translated for verification on whether or not the Philippine natives had a codified system of unarmed combat before boxing since there are no surviving reports and records of any kind of unarmed fighting in Luzon and Visayas practicing a system of empty-hand combat, apart only from local wrestling, as fighting only becomes a martial art if trainings are systematic and orderly, thus, \"codified\".","title":"Golden ages of Philippine boxing"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boxing_Match,_Olongapo,_Philippines,_25_December_1909.jpg"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Guam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)"},{"link_name":"Philippine–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"Frank Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Churchill"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ceferino_Garcia_1942.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ceferino Garcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceferino_Garcia"},{"link_name":"Speedy Dado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speedy_Dado"},{"link_name":"Pancho Villa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Guilledo"},{"link_name":"flyweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flyweight"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Wilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Wilde"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Ludwig's angina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig%27s_angina"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"welterweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welterweight"},{"link_name":"heavyweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavyweight"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Ceferino Garcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceferino_Garcia"},{"link_name":"NYSAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NYSAC_World_Middleweight_Champion"},{"link_name":"middleweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middleweight"},{"link_name":"Fred Apostoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Apostoli"},{"link_name":"Madison Square Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Rizal Memorial Sports Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizal_Memorial_Sports_Complex"},{"link_name":"Barney Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney_Ross"},{"link_name":"Henry Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Armstrong"},{"link_name":"Ken Overlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Overlin"},{"link_name":"bolo punch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolo_punch"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boxing360-4"}],"sub_title":"First golden age of Philippine boxing","text":"A boxing match in Olongapo in 1909.The evolution of Philippine boxing began after when Spain ceded its colonial territories, namely Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to the United States as agreed in the Treaty of Paris on 1898 which led to the Philippine–American War on 1899. Some reports state U.S. soldiers brought modern boxing to the Philippines, evidenced by a pair boxing gloves made by Sol Levinson of San Francisco. Another story tells of a renegade soldier brought some boxing gloves to Filipino prisoners and taught them how to use them. However, it was generally believed that three Americans were responsible for the evolution of boxing in the country namely: Frank Churchill and the Tait brothers (Eddie and Stewart)[5] Eddie and Stewart Tait, also dubbed as \"Barnums of Borneo\", were amusement park entrepreneurs who established carnivals and horse racing tracks in Manila, who arrived in the country in 1902. Eddie, believed to be a boxing enthusiast, wanted to attract crowds by teaching Filipino locals some western boxing lessons for free to create American-style Filipino boxers.Ceferino Garcia: Middleweight world champion on 1939. Was credited to as the first well known user of the bolo punch.In 1921, boxing was legalized in the Philippines and began to flourish. Frank Churchill joined by the Tait brothers, established the Olympic Boxing Club in Manila. During this time, the country saw the first batch of great Filipino fighters such as Dencio Cabanela, Speedy Dado, the Flores brothers (Francisco, Elino, Macario and Ireneo), Pete Sarmiento, Sylvino Jamito, Macario Villon and the legendary Pancho Villa. The first golden age of Philippine boxing emerge as Pancho Villa won the universal world flyweight championship from Welshman Jimmy Wilde to become the first ever Asian and Filipino world champion.[6] Villa defended his title three times including a fight in the Philippines with fellow Filipino Clever Sencio where he won by fifteen-round decision, which at the time, nobody thought it would be the last victory of his young career. The glorious era was short-lived following the ring deaths of popular fighters Dencio Cabanela and Clever Sencio along with the death of Pancho Villa from Ludwig's angina and their influential promoter Frank Churchill.[7]There was also the Filipino-Spanish boxer, Luis Logan, who at one time or another held the title Oriental welterweight and heavyweight champion. Logan's boxing career spanned 1925–1940; and spent half his boxing career in Spain, Argentina, outside of the Philippines.[8][9]On October 2, 1939, a sudden uplift came when Ceferino Garcia won the NYSAC world middleweight championship from American Fred Apostoli at the Madison Square Garden, New York, United States. On December 23, 1939, Garcia successfully defended his title for the first time against American Glen Lee in front of his countrymen inside the Rizal Memorial Sports Complex which was the first world title bout ever recorded in the Philippine islands. Garcia also competed with some of the best boxers ever like Barney Ross and Henry Armstrong, to whom he denied his fourth title in four weight divisions through a draw. However, he then lost at the hands of Ken Overlin, unable to land his famous bolo punch and losing the title.[4]","title":"Golden ages of Philippine boxing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gabriel \"Flash\" Elorde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_%22Flash%22_Elorde"},{"link_name":"featherweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Featherweight"},{"link_name":"Sandy Saddler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Saddler"},{"link_name":"super featherweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_featherweight"},{"link_name":"Harold Gomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Gomes"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Roberto Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Cruz_(boxer)"},{"link_name":"Gerry Peñalosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerry_Pe%C3%B1alosa"},{"link_name":"WBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Boxing_Association"},{"link_name":"WBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Boxing_Council"},{"link_name":"IBF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Boxing_Federation"},{"link_name":"WBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Boxing_Organization"},{"link_name":"Manny Pacquiao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manny_Pacquiao"}],"sub_title":"Second golden age of Philippine boxing","text":"On July 20, 1955, Filipino boxing fans saw the birth of Philippine boxing's second golden era as a Cebuano boxer named Gabriel \"Flash\" Elorde beat the then reigning world featherweight champion and later Hall of Famer Sandy Saddler in a non-title bout at the Rizal Memorial Sports Complex. Elorde went on to win the world super featherweight championship from Harold Gomes by a seventh-round knockout on March 16, 1960.[10] Elorde kept his world title inside a division record of 7 years and 2 months with 10 successful defenses, including a one-round knockout of Gomes in a rematch.[11] Flash Elorde, during his time, was one of the busiest fighters who traveled to fight very often. A great and fearless fighter, Elorde was one of the most beloved Filipino athletes since Pancho Villa.[12] In this Elorde inspired period, twenty world champions were created spanning from Roberto Cruz to Gerry Peñalosa along with the formation of the \"Big Four of Professional Boxing\" or the major sanctioning bodies, namely the WBA, WBC, IBF, and WBO. However, as time goes by, boxing was becoming less popular in the country because of many alternative sports including basketball until Manny Pacquiao came.","title":"Golden ages of Philippine boxing"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manny_Pacquiao_weigh-in.jpg"},{"link_name":"octuple champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octuple_champion"},{"link_name":"\"Blow-by-Blow\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blow_by_Blow_(Philippine_TV_program)"},{"link_name":"Chatchai Sasakul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatchai_Sasakul"},{"link_name":"Lineal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lineal_championship"},{"link_name":"Medgoen Singsurat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medgoen_Singsurat"},{"link_name":"super flyweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_flyweight"},{"link_name":"bantamweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantamweight"},{"link_name":"super bantamweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_bantamweight"},{"link_name":"Lehlohonolo Ledwaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehlohonolo_Ledwaba"},{"link_name":"The Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ring_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"featherweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Featherweight"},{"link_name":"Marco Antonio Barrera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Antonio_Barrera"},{"link_name":"super featherweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_featherweight"},{"link_name":"lightweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightweight"},{"link_name":"light welterweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_welterweight"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NonitoDonaire.jpg"},{"link_name":"Oscar De La Hoya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_De_La_Hoya"},{"link_name":"six-division titles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_boxing_sextuple_champions"},{"link_name":"welterweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welterweight"},{"link_name":"Miguel Angel Cotto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Angel_Cotto"},{"link_name":"seventh title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_boxing_septuple_champions"},{"link_name":"eight world titles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octuple_champion"},{"link_name":"Antonio Margarito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Margarito"},{"link_name":"light middleweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_middleweight"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Marco Antonio Barrera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Antonio_Barrera"},{"link_name":"Erik Morales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Morales"},{"link_name":"Juan Manuel Márquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_M%C3%A1rquez"},{"link_name":"Antonio Margarito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Margarito"},{"link_name":"Ricky Hatton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Hatton"},{"link_name":"Miguel Cotto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Cotto"},{"link_name":"Shane Mosley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_Mosley"},{"link_name":"Timothy Bradley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Bradley"},{"link_name":"Keith Thurman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Thurman"},{"link_name":"Nonito Donaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonito_Donaire"},{"link_name":"Simpiwe Vetyeka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpiwe_Vetyeka"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Donnie Nietes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donnie_Nietes"},{"link_name":"Komgrich Nantapech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaktwan_BTU_Ruaviking"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Donnie Nietes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donnie_Nietes"},{"link_name":"Kazuto Ioka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazuto_Ioka"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"John Riel Casimero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Riel_Casimero"},{"link_name":"Zolani Tete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zolani_Tete"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Third golden age of Philippine boxing (present)","text":"Manny Pacquiao: World's first and only octuple champion. Also only boxer to hold world titles in four different decades, in the 1990s, 2000s, 2010s, and 2020sA Filipino boxer named Manny Pacquiao was an entertaining star in the local boxing television show called \"Blow-by-Blow\" by the famed Filipino manager and promoter Rod Nazario. Viewers became accustomed to Pacquiao's name not only because of his aggressive style but also due to his unique looks and catchy surname. Pacquiao's ascendancy heralded a new wave of Filipino boxers and marks the third great era of Philippine boxing.On December 4, 1998, Pacquiao upset Thai Champion Chatchai Sasakul in Thailand to win the Lineal and WBC flyweight championship (his first world title). On his title defense, Pacquiao lost his title on the scale and was knocked out in the fight by Medgoen Singsurat of Thailand. Pacquiao lost his WBC title on the scales as he was unable to make the flyweight limit. Pacquiao gained weight and skipped the super flyweight and bantamweight divisions to fight at super bantamweight division. Pacquiao, for the second time in his career, was the heavy underdog against South African Lehlohonolo Ledwaba, the reigning IBF super bantamweight champion. On June 23, 2001, Pacquiao dethroned Ledwaba to win his second world title in two different weight divisions. In 2003, Pacquiao's career rose to its peak as he stopped the then reigning Lineal and The Ring featherweight champion Marco Antonio Barrera of Mexico via 11th-round technical knockout. Since that time, Pacquiao has acquired three lineal titles and four major (WBC & IBF) world titles along six different divisions—flyweight (112 lbs.), super bantamweight (122 lbs.), featherweight (126 lbs.), super featherweight (130 lbs.), lightweight (135 lbs.) and light welterweight (140 lbs.).Nonito Donaire: World champion in across three consecutive decades: the 2000s, 2010s and 2020sOn November 14, 2009, Pacquiao surpassed Oscar De La Hoya's record of six-division titles by stopping WBO welterweight champion Miguel Angel Cotto to win his seventh title across seven divisions. One year later, he made history by being the first boxer ever to win eight world titles in eight weight divisions as he dominated Mexican slugger Antonio Margarito to win the vacant WBC light middleweight title in a catchweight bout. Since 2003, Pacquiao amassed a record of 21 wins, 3 defeats and 1 draw in his last 25 fights.[13] The Filipino fighter defeated some of the best opposition available on the way to superstardom (earning the nickname \"the Mexicutioner\") including Mexicans Marco Antonio Barrera, Erik Morales, Juan Manuel Márquez and Antonio Margarito, British Ricky Hatton, Puerto Rican Miguel Cotto, and Americans Oscar De La Hoya, Shane Mosley, Timothy Bradley and Keith Thurman.The \"Pacquiao Wave\" regenerated boxing in the Philippines, inspiring a new generation of boxers to aim ever higher. Nonito Donaire, one of the Pacquiao-wave fighters, became the second Asian to win four world titles in four weight divisions by defeating South African Simpiwe Vetyeka to claim the WBA featherweight title on May 31, 2014.[14] In 2017, Donnie Nietes became the third Filipino boxer to win world titles in three different weight divisions when he defeated Thailand's Komgrich Nantapech in May 2017.[15] In Dec. 31 2018, Donnie Nietes became the third Filipino boxer and third Asian to win world titles in Four different weight divisions when he defeated Japanese Kazuto Ioka via split decision on New Year's Eve, winning the vacant World Boxing Organization belt at the Wynn Palace in Macau.[16] Another famous or rather infamous Filipino boxer John Riel Casimero became the fourth Filipino boxer to win world titles in three different weight divisions when he defeated Zolani Tete via TKO on November 30, 2019 in England.[17] His boxing persona pave the way to building-up his fights, this makes him a rarity in amongst Filipino boxing fans in present times.[18]","title":"Golden ages of Philippine boxing"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Semi-crochet2.jpg"},{"link_name":"bolo punch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolo_punch"},{"link_name":"World Boxing Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Boxing_Council"},{"link_name":"Oriental and Pacific Boxing Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_and_Pacific_Boxing_Federation"},{"link_name":"Pancho Villa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Guilledo"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Ceferino Garcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceferino_Garcia"},{"link_name":"bolo punch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolo_punch"},{"link_name":"Gabriel \"Flash\" Elorde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_%22Flash%22_Elorde"},{"link_name":"super featherweight or junior lightweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Featherweight"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Balintawak Eskrima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balintawak_Eskrima"},{"link_name":"Cebu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebu"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LiliaHoweBoxing-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kayanan2-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DogBrothers1-23"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali"},{"link_name":"out-boxer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_styles_and_technique#Out-boxer"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LiliaHoweBoxing-21"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RememberingFlash-24"},{"link_name":"Donnie Nietes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donnie_Nietes"},{"link_name":"light flyweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_flyweight"},{"link_name":"Guinness Book of World Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_Book_of_World_Records"},{"link_name":"Octuple Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octuple_champion"},{"link_name":"Antonio Margarito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Margarito"},{"link_name":"WBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Boxing_Council"},{"link_name":"light middleweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_middleweight"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"A left bolo punch in attackThe Philippines is one of the founding member nations of the World Boxing Council (WBC) and Oriental and Pacific Boxing Federation (OPBF). Filipino boxers also contributed to the history of boxing from rules and techniques to records and achievements. Pancho Villa is not only the first Asian and Filipino world champion but is also described as one of the cleanest boxers before the proper rules were established.[19] Ceferino Garcia is credited as the inventor of the \"bolo punch\". However, according to Tahoma News-Tribune, a fellow Filipino boxer named Macario Flores was reportedly using it. Gabriel \"Flash\" Elorde still holds the record for longest reign in the super featherweight or junior lightweight (130 lbs.) division – 7 years, 2 months and 29 days with 10 title defenses.[20] His success was due to his innovative footwork and maneuvers which he learned from training Balintawak Eskrima with his father \"Tatang\" Elorde who was the Eskrima champion of Cebu.[21][22][23] Elorde's style from eskrima has been adopted by many boxers, including his friend Muhammad Ali, which influenced the out-boxer style of boxing.[21][24]While Donnie Nietes holds as the longest Filipino world champion in the light flyweight division. On November 13, 2010, Manny Pacquiao entered the Guinness Book of World Records for being the first ever boxer to win eight world titles in eight (8) different divisions (see also Octuple Champion) by defeating Mexican Antonio Margarito via 12-round unanimous decision to claim the vacant WBC light middleweight championship.[25]","title":"Philippines' contribution to boxing"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rey_Danseco_2012_WBC_Judge_of_the_Year.jpg"},{"link_name":"Carlos \"Sonny\" Padilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Padilla_Jr."},{"link_name":"Thrilla in Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrilla_in_Manila"},{"link_name":"World Boxing Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Boxing_Council"},{"link_name":"Rey Danseco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rey_Danseco"},{"link_name":"Canelo Alvarez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canelo_Alvarez"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Errol Spence Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errol_Spence_Jr."},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Danny García","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Garcia_(boxer)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Robert Guerrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Guerrero"},{"link_name":"Julio César Chávez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio_C%C3%A9sar_Ch%C3%A1vez"},{"link_name":"Bernard Hopkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Hopkins"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Austin Trout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Trout"},{"link_name":"Gerry Penalosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerry_Penalosa"},{"link_name":"Pongsaklek Wonjongkam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pongsaklek_Wonjongkam"},{"link_name":"Badou Jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badou_Jack"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Jorge Arce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Arce"},{"link_name":"Jhonny González","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhonny_Gonz%C3%A1lez"},{"link_name":"Adonis Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adonis_Stevenson"},{"link_name":"Tony Bellew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Bellew"},{"link_name":"Josh Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Taylor_(boxer)"},{"link_name":"Toshiaki Nishioka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiaki_Nishioka"},{"link_name":"Shawn Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawn_Porter"},{"link_name":"Edgar Sosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Sosa_(boxer)"},{"link_name":"Miguel Berchelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Berchelt"},{"link_name":"Leo Santa Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Santa_Cruz"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Abner Mares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abner_Mares"},{"link_name":"Amir Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_Khan_(boxer)"},{"link_name":"Daniel Dubois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Dubois_(boxer)"},{"link_name":"Jamel Herring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamel_Herring"},{"link_name":"Jessica McCaskill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_McCaskill"},{"link_name":"Regis Prograis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regis_Prograis"},{"link_name":"Khalid Yafai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid_Yafai"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali"},{"link_name":"Joe Frazier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Frazier"},{"link_name":"Alexis Argüello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Arg%C3%BCello"},{"link_name":"Erbito Salavarria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbito_Salavarria"},{"link_name":"Leon Spinks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Spinks"},{"link_name":"Ken Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Norton"},{"link_name":"Larry Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Holmes"},{"link_name":"Sugar Ray Leonard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_Ray_Leonard"},{"link_name":"Lupe Pintor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupe_Pintor"},{"link_name":"Roberto Durán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Dur%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Marvin Hagler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_Hagler"},{"link_name":"Roberto Durán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Dur%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Bobby Chacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Chacon"},{"link_name":"Pipino Cuevas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipino_Cuevas"},{"link_name":"Julio César Chávez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio_C%C3%A9sar_Ch%C3%A1vez"},{"link_name":"Michael Spinks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Spinks"},{"link_name":"Mike Tyson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Tyson"},{"link_name":"Michael Moorer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Moorer"},{"link_name":"George Foreman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Foreman"},{"link_name":"Azumah Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azumah_Nelson"},{"link_name":"Riddick Bowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riddick_Bowe"},{"link_name":"Terry Norris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Norris_(boxer)"},{"link_name":"Ray Mercer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Mercer"},{"link_name":"Iran Barkley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Barkley"},{"link_name":"Humberto González","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humberto_Gonz%C3%A1lez"},{"link_name":"Roger Mayweather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Mayweather"},{"link_name":"Kennedy McKinney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_McKinney"},{"link_name":"Johnny Tapia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Tapia"},{"link_name":"Marco Antonio Barrera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Antonio_Barrera"},{"link_name":"Antonio Tarver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Tarver"},{"link_name":"Manny Pacquiao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manny_Pacquiao"},{"link_name":"Dodie Boy Peñalosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodie_Boy_Pe%C3%B1alosa"},{"link_name":"Erbito Salavarria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbito_Salavarria"},{"link_name":"Ben Villaflor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Villaflor"},{"link_name":"Rolando Navarette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolando_Navarette"}],"text":"Rey Danseco is the only ring official from the Philippines and Asia to receive the highly regards award of world magnitude.The Philippines has produced respected ring officials. Referee Carlos \"Sonny\" Padilla officiated the famous \"Thrilla in Manila\" match between Muhammad Ali and Joe Frazier in 1975. He worked as third man in the ring in many big matches for over 25 years.In 2012, the World Boxing Council awarded Rey Danseco the Judge of the Year. He received the accolade in a rite held during the 50th Annual WBC Convention at the Grand Oasis Hotel in Cancún, Mexico. To date, Danseco is the only Asian boxing ring official to win an award of such magnitude. He is also a multiple Judge of the Year awardee in the Philippines until he moved to the US in 2012.Danseco judged the world championship fights of some big names in boxing of his generation, such as Canelo Alvarez,[26] Errol Spence Jr.,[27][28][29] Danny García,[30] Robert Guerrero, Julio César Chávez, Bernard Hopkins,[31] Austin Trout, Gerry Penalosa, Pongsaklek Wonjongkam, Badou Jack,[32] Jorge Arce, Jhonny González, Adonis Stevenson, Tony Bellew, Josh Taylor, Toshiaki Nishioka, Shawn Porter, Edgar Sosa, Miguel Berchelt, Leo Santa Cruz,[33] Abner Mares, Amir Khan, Daniel Dubois, Jamel Herring, Jessica McCaskill, Regis Prograis, and Khalid Yafai.Padilla refereed or judged the fights of notable world champions, including Muhammad Ali, Joe Frazier, Alexis Argüello, Erbito Salavarria, Leon Spinks, Ken Norton, Larry Holmes, Sugar Ray Leonard, Lupe Pintor, Roberto Durán, Marvin Hagler, Roberto Durán, Bobby Chacon, Pipino Cuevas, Julio César Chávez, Michael Spinks, Mike Tyson, Michael Moorer, George Foreman, Azumah Nelson, Riddick Bowe, Terry Norris, Ray Mercer, Iran Barkley, Humberto González, Roger Mayweather, Kennedy McKinney, Johnny Tapia, Marco Antonio Barrera, Antonio Tarver, and Filipino greats Manny Pacquiao, Dodie Boy Peñalosa, Erbito Salavarria, Ben Villaflor, and Rolando Navarette in his career from 1967 until his retirement in year 2000.","title":"Philippines' popular ring officials"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nietes_meets_Duterte.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rodrigo Duterte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte"},{"link_name":"WBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Boxing_Council"},{"link_name":"IBF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Boxing_Federation"},{"link_name":"WBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Boxing_Organization"},{"link_name":"Anselmo Moreno losing to Juan Payano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_WBA_world_champions#Bantamweight"},{"link_name":"Chris John losing to Simpiwe Vetyeka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_WBA_world_champions#Featherweight"},{"link_name":"undisputed champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undisputed_championship_(boxing)"},{"link_name":"New York State Athletic Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Athletic_Commission"},{"link_name":"NYSAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Athletic_Commission"},{"link_name":"champions in the WBA primary lineage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_WBA_world_champions"}],"text":"Donnie Nietes (Longest Light Flyweight champion and four division world champion): meets President Rodrigo Duterte.The following is a list of Filipino boxing champions who have held titles from one or more of the \"Big Four\" organizations (WBA, WBC, IBF, WBO) and The Ring.In December 2000, the WBA created an unprecedented situation of having a split championship in the same weight class by introducing a new title called Super world, commonly referred to simply as Super. The Super champion is highly regarded as the WBA's primary champion, while the World champion – commonly known as the Regular champion by boxing publications – is only considered the primary champion by the other three major sanctioning bodies (WBC, IBF, and WBO) if the Super title is vacant.A Unified champion is a boxer that holds the Regular title and a world title from another major sanctioning body (WBC, IBF, WBO) simultaneously. An Undisputed champion as defined by the WBA, only needs to hold three of the four major titles but in some cases they may change a Super champion into an Undisputed champion after a failed title defense (e.g. Anselmo Moreno losing to Juan Payano and Chris John losing to Simpiwe Vetyeka). This is not to be confused by professional boxing's own definition of an undisputed champion, in which a boxer must hold all four major titles.Other former international/national-world boxing commissions and organizations from the beginning of boxing are also included here:New York State Athletic Commission (NYSAC)\nNational Boxing Association (NBA) – changed its name to World Boxing Association (WBA) in 1962NoteInterim titles are not included unless they get promoted to the official champion.\nFor WBA champions, only champions in the WBA primary lineage are listed.","title":"List of men's professional boxing world champions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"List of WBA secondary champions","title":"List of men's professional boxing world champions"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The following is a list of filipina boxing champions who have held titles from one or more of the \"Big Four\" organizations (WBA, WBC, IBF, WBO) and The Ring.","title":"List of women's professional boxing world champions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Current titleholders in world boxing sanctioning bodies"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Current titleholders in Philippine boxing sanctioning bodies"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Philippines Games & Amusement Board","title":"Current titleholders in Philippine boxing sanctioning bodies"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Philippines Boxing Federation","title":"Current titleholders in Philippine boxing sanctioning bodies"}] | [{"image_text":"Pancho Villa: The first Asian world champion; June 18, 1923.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Pancho_Villa_BNF.jpeg/200px-Pancho_Villa_BNF.jpeg"},{"image_text":"A boxing match in Olongapo in 1909.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Boxing_Match%2C_Olongapo%2C_Philippines%2C_25_December_1909.jpg/220px-Boxing_Match%2C_Olongapo%2C_Philippines%2C_25_December_1909.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ceferino Garcia: Middleweight world champion on 1939. Was credited to as the first well known user of the bolo punch.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ceferino_Garcia_1942.jpg/200px-Ceferino_Garcia_1942.jpg"},{"image_text":"Manny Pacquiao: World's first and only octuple champion. Also only boxer to hold world titles in four different decades, in the 1990s, 2000s, 2010s, and 2020s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Manny_Pacquiao_weigh-in.jpg/200px-Manny_Pacquiao_weigh-in.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nonito Donaire: World champion in across three consecutive decades: the 2000s, 2010s and 2020s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/NonitoDonaire.jpg"},{"image_text":"A left bolo punch in attack","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Semi-crochet2.jpg/100px-Semi-crochet2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rey Danseco is the only ring official from the Philippines and Asia to receive the highly regards award of world magnitude.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Rey_Danseco_2012_WBC_Judge_of_the_Year.jpg/220px-Rey_Danseco_2012_WBC_Judge_of_the_Year.jpg"},{"image_text":"Donnie Nietes (Longest Light Flyweight champion and four division world champion): meets President Rodrigo Duterte.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nietes_meets_Duterte.jpg/200px-Nietes_meets_Duterte.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Philippines portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Philippines"},{"title":"Philippines national amateur boxing athletes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_national_amateur_boxing_athletes"},{"title":"Thrilla in Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrilla_in_Manila"},{"title":"Mano-A-Mano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manny_Pacquiao_vs._%C3%93scar_Larios"}] | [{"reference":"\"Category:World Champions By Nationality\". BoxRec.","urls":[{"url":"http://boxrec.com/media/index.php/Category:World_Champions_By_Nationality","url_text":"\"Category:World Champions By Nationality\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pancho Villa – IBHOF\". ibhof.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ibhof.com/pages/about/inductees/oldtimer/villa.html","url_text":"\"Pancho Villa – IBHOF\""}]},{"reference":"\"Garbriel (Flash) Elorde – IBHOF\". ibhof.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ibhof.com/pages/about/inductees/modern/elorde.html","url_text":"\"Garbriel (Flash) Elorde – IBHOF\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ceferino Garcia the first Filipino Champ of the World!\". boxing360. 25 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boxing360.com/ceferino-garcia-the-first-filipino-champ-of-the-world/","url_text":"\"Ceferino Garcia the first Filipino Champ of the World!\""}]},{"reference":"\"A look at the history of boxing in the Philippines\". ESPN. 25 June 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/boxing/news/story?id=3458707","url_text":"\"A look at the history of boxing in the Philippines\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cyber Boxing Zone -- Pancho Villa\". www.cyberboxingzone.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cyberboxingzone.com/boxing/villa-p.htm","url_text":"\"Cyber Boxing Zone -- Pancho Villa\""}]},{"reference":"\"The road to fame and glory\". asianjournal.","urls":[{"url":"https://asianjournal.wordpress.com/tag/filipino-boxers/","url_text":"\"The road to fame and glory\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boxeo 1930s: Luis Logan.- \"El rey del k.o.\"\".","urls":[{"url":"http://boxeo1930s.blogspot.com/2011/11/luis-logan-el-rey-del-ko.html","url_text":"\"Boxeo 1930s: Luis Logan.- \"El rey del k.o.\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Before Elorde and Pacquiao, There Was Luis Logan\". Positively Filipino – Online Magazine for Filipinos in the Diaspora. 17 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.positivelyfilipino.com/magazine/before-elorde-and-pacquiao-there-was-luis-logan","url_text":"\"Before Elorde and Pacquiao, There Was Luis Logan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cyber Boxing Zone – Gabriel \"Flash\" Elorde\". cyberboxingzone.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cyberboxingzone.com/boxing/elorde.htm","url_text":"\"Cyber Boxing Zone – Gabriel \"Flash\" Elorde\""}]},{"reference":"\"Before Manny Pacquiao, There Was Flash Elorde\". HBO.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hbo.com/boxing/inside/features/article/before-manny-pacquiao-there-was-flash-elorde-.html","url_text":"\"Before Manny Pacquiao, There Was Flash Elorde\""}]},{"reference":"\"Flash Elorde Is Dead at 49;Held Boxing Title in the 60's\". The New York Times. 3 January 1985.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1985/01/03/sports/flash-elorde-is-dead-at-49-held-boxing-title-in-the-60-s.html","url_text":"\"Flash Elorde Is Dead at 49;Held Boxing Title in the 60's\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ranking Manny Pacquiao's eight division titles\". espn. 4 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espn.com/boxing/story/_/id/15132011/ranking-manny-pacquiao-eight-division-titles","url_text":"\"Ranking Manny Pacquiao's eight division titles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nonito Donaire aiming to become five-weight world champion\". givemesport.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.givemesport.com/470991-nonito-donaire-aiming-to-become-fiveweight-world-champion","url_text":"\"Nonito Donaire aiming to become five-weight world champion\""}]},{"reference":"Stumberg, Patrick L. (May 1, 2017). \"Nietes defeats Nantapech to become three-weight champion\". Bad Left Hook.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.badlefthook.com/2017/5/1/15507208/donnie-nietes-claims-world-title-in-third-weight-class-with-decision-over-komgrich-nantapech","url_text":"\"Nietes defeats Nantapech to become three-weight champion\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nietes now a 4-division champion\". Manila Standard. January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://manilastandard.net/sports/fightsports/284292/nietes-now-a-4-division-champion.html","url_text":"\"Nietes now a 4-division champion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_Standard","url_text":"Manila Standard"}]},{"reference":"\"John Riel Casinero beats Zolani Tete for WBO bantamweight world title\". espn. 30 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/boxing/story/_/id/28196284/john-riel-casimero-beats-zolani-tete-wbo-bantamweight-world-title","url_text":"\"John Riel Casinero beats Zolani Tete for WBO bantamweight world title\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Mabait' ang Pinoy fighter: Does trash talking have a place in Philippine boxing\". abscbn. 1 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.abs-cbn.com/sports/12/01/20/mabait-ang-pinoy-fighter-does-trash-talking-have-a-place-in-philippine-boxing","url_text":"\"'Mabait' ang Pinoy fighter: Does trash talking have a place in Philippine boxing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pancho Villa: The 1st Filipino world boxing champion remembered\". manilastandard.","urls":[{"url":"http://manilastandard.net/sports/149909/pancho-villa-the-1st-filipino-world-boxing-champion-remembered.html","url_text":"\"Pancho Villa: The 1st Filipino world boxing champion remembered\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cucuy Elorde preserves father's boxing legacy\". rappler. 25 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rappler.com/sports/by-sport/boxing-mma/56351-cucuy-elorde-father-boxing-legacy","url_text":"\"Cucuy Elorde preserves father's boxing legacy\""}]},{"reference":"Tovak Kali International. \"Filipino Martial Arts – Filipino Kali – Kali Instructor – RBSD – Melbourne – Adelaide\". Tovakkali.blogspot.com. Retrieved 28 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://tovakkali.blogspot.com/2009/08/did-filipino-martial-arts-revolutionize.html","url_text":"\"Filipino Martial Arts – Filipino Kali – Kali Instructor – RBSD – Melbourne – Adelaide\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sayoc and Pekiti- as they are now\". Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved February 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150518080454/http://www.fmatalk.com/archive/index.php/t-4050.html","url_text":"\"Sayoc and Pekiti- as they are now\""},{"url":"http://www.fmatalk.com/archive/index.php/t-4050.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Print Page – Filipino Martial Arts and Boxing\". Dogbrothers.com. Retrieved 28 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://dogbrothers.com/phpBB2/index.php?action=printpage;topic=206.0","url_text":"\"Print Page – Filipino Martial Arts and Boxing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Remembering 'Flash' Elorde\". Philboxing.com. Retrieved 28 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://philboxing.com/news/story-68037.html","url_text":"\"Remembering 'Flash' Elorde\""}]},{"reference":"\"Most boxing world titles in different weight divisions\". Guinness World Records. 13 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/most-boxing-world-titles-in-different-weight-divisions/","url_text":"\"Most boxing world titles in different weight divisions\""}]},{"reference":"Whisler, John (April 21, 2013). \"Alvarez makes statement in Trout rout\". San Antonio Express-News.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mysanantonio.com/sports/other-sports/boxing/article/Alvarez-makes-statement-in-Trout-rout-4450935.php","url_text":"\"Alvarez makes statement in Trout rout\""}]},{"reference":"\"Filipino boxing judge gets high-profile assignment » Manila Bulletin Sports\".","urls":[{"url":"https://sports.mb.com.ph/2019/09/27/filipino-boxing-judge-gets-high-profile-assignment/","url_text":"\"Filipino boxing judge gets high-profile assignment » Manila Bulletin Sports\""}]},{"reference":"Henson, Joaquin M. \"Pinoy judge in welter duel\". philstar.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.philstar.com/sports/2019/09/29/1955876/pinoy-judge-welter-duel","url_text":"\"Pinoy judge in welter duel\""}]},{"reference":"Henson, Joaquin M. \"Danseco called it right\". philstar.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.philstar.com/sports/2019/10/01/1956455/danseco-called-it-right","url_text":"\"Danseco called it right\""}]},{"reference":"\"Philly's Danny Garcia Keeps Winning\". January 26, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://philadelphia.cbslocal.com/2016/01/26/philly-danny-garcia/","url_text":"\"Philly's Danny Garcia Keeps Winning\""}]},{"reference":"\"PHILLY BOXING HISTORY - May 21, 2011 - Hopkins Does it Again - Sets Record\". www.phillyboxinghistory.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.phillyboxinghistory.com/fight_stories/stories/2011/20110521_hopkins_again_01.htm","url_text":"\"PHILLY BOXING HISTORY - May 21, 2011 - Hopkins Does it Again - Sets Record\""}]},{"reference":"Scavone, Jason (25 April 2015). \"Badou Jack hands Anthony Dirrell his first loss in upset\". PBC Boxing.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premierboxingchampions.com/news/badou-jack-hands-anthony-dirrell-his-first-loss-upset","url_text":"\"Badou Jack hands Anthony Dirrell his first loss in upset\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leo Santa Cruz defends belt by unanimous decision in rematch against Abner Mares\". Los Angeles Times. June 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/sports/boxing/la-sp-santa-cruz-mares-20180609-story.html","url_text":"\"Leo Santa Cruz defends belt by unanimous decision in rematch against Abner Mares\""}]},{"reference":"\"Little Dado Seen as Flyweight Champion\". The San Bernardino County Sun. San Bernardino, California. Associated Press. 12 December 1939. Retrieved 6 November 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/49148387/","url_text":"\"Little Dado Seen as Flyweight Champion\""}]},{"reference":"Rafael, Dan (20 July 2012). \"Injured Solis stripped of IBF title\". ESPN. Archived from the original on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/blog/dan-rafael/post/_/id/1498/injured-solis-stripped-of-108-pound-title","url_text":"\"Injured Solis stripped of IBF title\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210123004509/https://www.espn.com/blog/dan-rafael/post/_/id/1498/injured-solis-stripped-of-108-pound-title","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Clyde Azarcon\". boxrec.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://boxrec.com/en/proboxer/506289","url_text":"\"Clyde Azarcon\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://boxrec.com/media/index.php/Category:World_Champions_By_Nationality","external_links_name":"\"Category:World Champions By Nationality\""},{"Link":"http://www.ibhof.com/pages/about/inductees/oldtimer/villa.html","external_links_name":"\"Pancho Villa – IBHOF\""},{"Link":"http://www.ibhof.com/pages/about/inductees/modern/elorde.html","external_links_name":"\"Garbriel (Flash) Elorde – IBHOF\""},{"Link":"http://www.boxing360.com/ceferino-garcia-the-first-filipino-champ-of-the-world/","external_links_name":"\"Ceferino Garcia the first Filipino Champ of the World!\""},{"Link":"http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/boxing/news/story?id=3458707","external_links_name":"\"A look at the history of boxing in the Philippines\""},{"Link":"http://www.cyberboxingzone.com/boxing/villa-p.htm","external_links_name":"\"Cyber Boxing Zone -- Pancho Villa\""},{"Link":"https://asianjournal.wordpress.com/tag/filipino-boxers/","external_links_name":"\"The road to fame and glory\""},{"Link":"http://boxeo1930s.blogspot.com/2011/11/luis-logan-el-rey-del-ko.html","external_links_name":"\"Boxeo 1930s: Luis Logan.- \"El rey del k.o.\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.positivelyfilipino.com/magazine/before-elorde-and-pacquiao-there-was-luis-logan","external_links_name":"\"Before Elorde and Pacquiao, There Was Luis Logan\""},{"Link":"http://www.cyberboxingzone.com/boxing/elorde.htm","external_links_name":"\"Cyber Boxing Zone – Gabriel \"Flash\" Elorde\""},{"Link":"http://www.hbo.com/boxing/inside/features/article/before-manny-pacquiao-there-was-flash-elorde-.html","external_links_name":"\"Before Manny Pacquiao, There Was Flash Elorde\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1985/01/03/sports/flash-elorde-is-dead-at-49-held-boxing-title-in-the-60-s.html","external_links_name":"\"Flash Elorde Is Dead at 49;Held Boxing Title in the 60's\""},{"Link":"http://www.espn.com/boxing/story/_/id/15132011/ranking-manny-pacquiao-eight-division-titles","external_links_name":"\"Ranking Manny Pacquiao's eight division titles\""},{"Link":"http://www.givemesport.com/470991-nonito-donaire-aiming-to-become-fiveweight-world-champion","external_links_name":"\"Nonito Donaire aiming to become five-weight world champion\""},{"Link":"https://www.badlefthook.com/2017/5/1/15507208/donnie-nietes-claims-world-title-in-third-weight-class-with-decision-over-komgrich-nantapech","external_links_name":"\"Nietes defeats Nantapech to become three-weight champion\""},{"Link":"http://manilastandard.net/sports/fightsports/284292/nietes-now-a-4-division-champion.html","external_links_name":"\"Nietes now a 4-division champion\""},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/boxing/story/_/id/28196284/john-riel-casimero-beats-zolani-tete-wbo-bantamweight-world-title","external_links_name":"\"John Riel Casinero beats Zolani Tete for WBO bantamweight world title\""},{"Link":"https://news.abs-cbn.com/sports/12/01/20/mabait-ang-pinoy-fighter-does-trash-talking-have-a-place-in-philippine-boxing","external_links_name":"\"'Mabait' ang Pinoy fighter: Does trash talking have a place in Philippine boxing\""},{"Link":"http://manilastandard.net/sports/149909/pancho-villa-the-1st-filipino-world-boxing-champion-remembered.html","external_links_name":"\"Pancho Villa: The 1st Filipino world boxing champion remembered\""},{"Link":"http://www.rappler.com/sports/by-sport/boxing-mma/56351-cucuy-elorde-father-boxing-legacy","external_links_name":"\"Cucuy Elorde preserves father's boxing legacy\""},{"Link":"http://tovakkali.blogspot.com/2009/08/did-filipino-martial-arts-revolutionize.html","external_links_name":"\"Filipino Martial Arts – Filipino Kali – Kali Instructor – RBSD – Melbourne – Adelaide\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150518080454/http://www.fmatalk.com/archive/index.php/t-4050.html","external_links_name":"\"Sayoc and Pekiti- as they are now\""},{"Link":"http://www.fmatalk.com/archive/index.php/t-4050.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://dogbrothers.com/phpBB2/index.php?action=printpage;topic=206.0","external_links_name":"\"Print Page – Filipino Martial Arts and Boxing\""},{"Link":"http://philboxing.com/news/story-68037.html","external_links_name":"\"Remembering 'Flash' Elorde\""},{"Link":"http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/most-boxing-world-titles-in-different-weight-divisions/","external_links_name":"\"Most boxing world titles in different weight divisions\""},{"Link":"https://www.mysanantonio.com/sports/other-sports/boxing/article/Alvarez-makes-statement-in-Trout-rout-4450935.php","external_links_name":"\"Alvarez makes statement in Trout rout\""},{"Link":"https://sports.mb.com.ph/2019/09/27/filipino-boxing-judge-gets-high-profile-assignment/","external_links_name":"\"Filipino boxing judge gets high-profile assignment » Manila Bulletin Sports\""},{"Link":"https://www.philstar.com/sports/2019/09/29/1955876/pinoy-judge-welter-duel","external_links_name":"\"Pinoy judge in welter duel\""},{"Link":"https://www.philstar.com/sports/2019/10/01/1956455/danseco-called-it-right","external_links_name":"\"Danseco called it right\""},{"Link":"https://philadelphia.cbslocal.com/2016/01/26/philly-danny-garcia/","external_links_name":"\"Philly's Danny Garcia Keeps Winning\""},{"Link":"http://www.phillyboxinghistory.com/fight_stories/stories/2011/20110521_hopkins_again_01.htm","external_links_name":"\"PHILLY BOXING HISTORY - May 21, 2011 - Hopkins Does it Again - Sets Record\""},{"Link":"https://www.premierboxingchampions.com/news/badou-jack-hands-anthony-dirrell-his-first-loss-upset","external_links_name":"\"Badou Jack hands Anthony Dirrell his first loss in upset\""},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/sports/boxing/la-sp-santa-cruz-mares-20180609-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Leo Santa Cruz defends belt by unanimous decision in rematch against Abner Mares\""},{"Link":"https://boxrec.com/en/boxer/9433","external_links_name":"Boxing record for Pancho Villa"},{"Link":"https://boxrec.com/en/boxer/12","external_links_name":"Boxing record for Small Montana"},{"Link":"https://boxrec.com/en/boxer/22","external_links_name":"Boxing record for Little Dado"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/49148387/","external_links_name":"\"Little Dado Seen as Flyweight Champion\""},{"Link":"https://boxrec.com/en/boxer/9601","external_links_name":"Boxing record for Ceferino Garcia"},{"Link":"https://boxrec.com/en/boxer/62","external_links_name":"Boxing record for Dado Marino"},{"Link":"https://boxrec.com/en/boxer/12678","external_links_name":"Boxing record for Flash Elorde"},{"Link":"https://boxrec.com/en/boxer/20656","external_links_name":"Boxing record for Roberto Cruz"},{"Link":"https://boxrec.com/en/boxer/10289","external_links_name":"Boxing record for Pedro Adigue Jr."},{"Link":"https://boxrec.com/en/boxer/29303","external_links_name":"Boxing record for René Barrientos"},{"Link":"https://boxrec.com/en/boxer/49163","external_links_name":"Boxing record for Bernabe Villacampo"},{"Link":"https://boxrec.com/en/boxer/20555","external_links_name":"Boxing record for Erbito Salavarria"},{"Link":"https://boxrec.com/en/boxer/23639","external_links_name":"Boxing record for Ben Villaflor"},{"Link":"https://boxrec.com/en/boxer/9524","external_links_name":"Boxing record for Rolando Navarrete"},{"Link":"https://boxrec.com/en/boxer/49176","external_links_name":"Boxing record for Frank Cedeno"},{"Link":"https://boxrec.com/en/boxer/17950","external_links_name":"Boxing record for Bobby Berna"},{"Link":"https://boxrec.com/en/boxer/5498","external_links_name":"Boxing record for Dodie Boy Peñalosa"},{"Link":"https://boxrec.com/en/boxer/3735","external_links_name":"Boxing record for Rolando Bohol"},{"Link":"https://boxrec.com/en/boxer/5445","external_links_name":"Boxing record for Tacy Macalos"},{"Link":"https://boxrec.com/en/boxer/3238","external_links_name":"Boxing record for Eric Chavez"},{"Link":"https://boxrec.com/en/boxer/460","external_links_name":"Boxing record for Luisito Espinosa"},{"Link":"https://boxrec.com/en/boxer/493","external_links_name":"Boxing record for Jesus Salud"},{"Link":"https://boxrec.com/en/boxer/3727","external_links_name":"Boxing record for Rolando Pascua"},{"Link":"https://boxrec.com/en/boxer/1699","external_links_name":"Boxing record for Manny Melchor"},{"Link":"https://boxrec.com/en/boxer/8201","external_links_name":"Boxing record for Morris East"},{"Link":"https://boxrec.com/en/boxer/1782","external_links_name":"Boxing record for Gerry Peñalosa"},{"Link":"https://boxrec.com/en/boxer/7633","external_links_name":"Boxing record for Eric Jamili"},{"Link":"https://boxrec.com/en/boxer/6129","external_links_name":"Boxing record for Manny Pacquiao"},{"Link":"https://boxrec.com/en/boxer/15461","external_links_name":"Boxing record for Malcolm Tunacao"},{"Link":"https://boxrec.com/en/boxer/5059","external_links_name":"Boxing record for Joma Gamboa"},{"Link":"https://boxrec.com/en/boxer/43525","external_links_name":"Boxing record for Brian Viloria"},{"Link":"https://boxrec.com/en/boxer/140547","external_links_name":"Boxing record for Florante Condes"},{"Link":"https://boxrec.com/en/boxer/48243","external_links_name":"Boxing record for Nonito Donaire Jr."},{"Link":"https://boxrec.com/en/boxer/215599","external_links_name":"Boxing record for Donnie Nietes"},{"Link":"https://boxrec.com/en/boxer/425605","external_links_name":"Boxing record for Marvin Sonsona"},{"Link":"https://boxrec.com/en/boxer/49350","external_links_name":"Boxing record for Rodel Mayol"},{"Link":"https://boxrec.com/en/boxer/140456","external_links_name":"Boxing record for Sonny Boy Jaro"},{"Link":"https://boxrec.com/en/boxer/421916","external_links_name":"Boxing record for Johnriel Casimero"},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/blog/dan-rafael/post/_/id/1498/injured-solis-stripped-of-108-pound-title","external_links_name":"\"Injured Solis stripped of IBF 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Jerusalem"},{"Link":"https://boxrec.com/en/boxer/428906","external_links_name":"Boxing record for Ana Julaton"},{"Link":"https://boxrec.com/en/proboxer/506289","external_links_name":"\"Clyde Azarcon\""},{"Link":"http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/boxing/news/story?id=3458707","external_links_name":"A look at the history of boxing in the Philippines - ESPN via Don Stradley, June 25, 2008"},{"Link":"http://espn.go.com/boxing/story/_/id/9155189/history-defines-love-affair-boxing-philippines","external_links_name":"The heartbeat of an entire nation - History defines the long love affair with the sport of boxing in the Philippines - ESPN via Nigel Collins, April 10, 2013"},{"Link":"http://ejmas.com/jcs/jcsart_svinth_0701.htm","external_links_name":"The Origins of Philippine Boxing - Journal of Combative Sport via Joseph R. Svinth, July 2001"},{"Link":"http://boxrec.com/media/index.php/Category:Filipino_World_Champions","external_links_name":"Filipino World Champions - Boxrec.com"},{"Link":"http://boxrec.com/media/index.php/Category:World_Champions_By_Nationality","external_links_name":"World Champions by Nationality - Boxrec.com"},{"Link":"http://boxrec.com/media/index.php/Category:Filipino_American_Boxers","external_links_name":"Filipino American Boxers - Boxrec.com"},{"Link":"http://philboxing.com/boxers/former.world.champions.php","external_links_name":"Former World Champions - Philboxing.com"},{"Link":"http://philboxing.com/boxers/champions.php","external_links_name":"Current Champions - Philboxing.com"},{"Link":"http://pilipinasunited.blogspot.com/p/boxing.html","external_links_name":"Boxing List of Results and World Champions - Pilipinas United"},{"Link":"http://boxrec.com/media/index.php/Category:Filipino_World_Champions","external_links_name":"Filipino World Champions - Boxrec.com"},{"Link":"http://boxrec.com/media/index.php/Category:World_Champions_By_Nationality","external_links_name":"World Champions by Nationality - Boxrec.com"},{"Link":"http://boxrec.com/media/index.php/Category:Filipino_American_Boxers","external_links_name":"Filipino American Boxers - Boxrec.com"},{"Link":"http://philboxing.com/boxers/former.world.champions.php","external_links_name":"Former World Champions - Philboxing.com"},{"Link":"http://philboxing.com/boxers/champions.php","external_links_name":"Current Champions - PhilBoxing.com"},{"Link":"https://www.msn.com/en-ph/sports/boxing","external_links_name":"Boxing and Manny Pacquiao - MSN Philippines"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_gastro-omental_vein | Right gastroepiploic vein | ["1 References"] | Right gastroepiploic veinDetailsDrains fromStomachDrains toSuperior mesenteric veinArteryRight gastroepiploic arteryIdentifiersLatinvena gastroomentalis dextra, vena gastroepiploica dextraTA98A12.3.12.021TA25116FMA15397Anatomical terminology
The right gastroepiploic vein (right gastroomental vein) is a blood vessel that drains blood from the greater curvature and left part of the body of the stomach into the superior mesenteric vein. It runs from left to right along the greater curvature of the stomach between the two layers of the greater omentum, along with the right gastroepiploic artery.
As a tributary of the superior mesenteric vein, it is a part of the hepatic portal system.
References
This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 682 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)
vteVeins of the abdomen and pelvisTo azygos system
ascending lumbar
subcostal
IVC(Systemic)To IVC or left renal vein
inferior phrenic
hepatic
central veins of liver
liver sinusoid
suprarenal
renal
gonadal
ovarian ♀/testicular ♂
pampiniform plexus ♂
lumbar
common iliac
Common iliacUnpaired
median sacral vein
Internal iliacposterior:
iliolumbar
superior gluteal
lateral sacral
anterior:
inferior gluteal
obturator
uterine ♀
uterine plexus ♀
vesical
vesical plexus
prostatic plexus ♂
deep of penis ♂/clitoris ♀
posterior scrotal ♂/labial ♀
vaginal plexus/vein ♀
middle rectal
internal pudendal
inferior rectal
bulb of penis ♂/vestibule ♀
rectal plexus
External iliac
inferior epigastric
deep circumflex iliac vein
Portal vein(Portal)Splenic
short gastric
left gastroepiploic
pancreatic
inferior mesenteric
superior rectal
left colic
Superior mesenteric
right gastroepiploic
pancreaticoduodenal
jejunal
ileal
middle colic
right colic
ileocolic
appendicular
Direct
cystic
left gastric/esophageal
right gastric
paraumbilical
Portal: Anatomy
Authority control databases
Terminologia Anatomica
This cardiovascular system article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"blood vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_vessel"},{"link_name":"greater curvature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curvatures_of_the_stomach"},{"link_name":"stomach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomach"},{"link_name":"superior mesenteric vein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_mesenteric_vein"},{"link_name":"greater omentum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_omentum"},{"link_name":"right gastroepiploic artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_gastroepiploic_artery"},{"link_name":"hepatic portal system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatic_portal_system"}],"text":"The right gastroepiploic vein (right gastroomental vein) is a blood vessel that drains blood from the greater curvature and left part of the body of the stomach into the superior mesenteric vein. It runs from left to right along the greater curvature of the stomach between the two layers of the greater omentum, along with the right gastroepiploic artery.As a tributary of the superior mesenteric vein, it is a part of the hepatic portal system.","title":"Right gastroepiploic vein"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/12.3.12.021%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm","external_links_name":"A12.3.12.021"},{"Link":"https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=5116","external_links_name":"5116"},{"Link":"https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma15397","external_links_name":"15397"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/anatomyofhumanbo1918gray#page/682/mode/2up","external_links_name":"page 682"},{"Link":"http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikidata-externalid-url/?p=1323&url_prefix=https:%2F%2Fwww.unifr.ch%2Fifaa%2FPublic%2FEntryPage%2FTA98%20Tree%2FEntity%20TA98%20EN%2F&url_suffix=%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm&id=A12.3.12.021","external_links_name":"Terminologia Anatomica"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Right_gastroepiploic_vein&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics | Southern Rhodesia at the 1964 Summer Olympics | ["1 Athletics","2 Boxing","3 Diving","4 Field hockey","5 Sailing","6 Shooting","7 Swimming","8 References","9 External links"] | Sporting event delegationRhodesia at the1964 Summer OlympicsFlag of Southern RhodesiaIOC codeRHOin TokyoCompetitors29 (25 men, 4 women) in 7 sportsFlag bearer Lloyd KochMedals
Gold
0
Silver
0
Bronze
0
Total
0
Summer Olympics appearances (overview)19281932–1956196019641968–1976198019841988199219962000200420082012201620202024
Southern Rhodesia competed as Rhodesia at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. 29 competitors, 25 men and 4 women, took part in 15 events in 7 sports. It was the last of three appearances at the Summer Olympics by a Rhodesian representation; Zimbabwe would make its first appearance at the 1980 Summer Olympics.
Athletics
Main article: Athletics at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Boxing
Main article: Boxing at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Diving
Main article: Diving at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Field hockey
Main article: Field hockey at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Men's Roster
John McPhun
Sailing
Main article: Sailing at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Shooting
Main article: Shooting at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Two shooters represented Rhodesia in 1964.
Trap
Johannes Lamprecht
Jack Rickards
Swimming
Main article: Swimming at the 1964 Summer Olympics
References
^ "Zimbabwe at the 1964 Tokyo Summer Games". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
External links
Official Olympic Reports Archived 12 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine
vteNations at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, JapanAfrica
Algeria
Cameroon
Chad
Congo
Ethiopia
Ghana
Ivory Coast
Kenya
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Mali
Morocco
Niger
Nigeria
Northern Rhodesia
Rhodesia
Senegal
Tanganyika
Tunisia
Uganda
United Arab Republic
America
Argentina
Bahamas
Bermuda
Bolivia
Brazil
British Guiana
Canada
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominican Republic
Jamaica
Mexico
Netherlands Antilles
Panama
Peru
Puerto Rico
Trinidad-Tobago
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela
Asia
Afghanistan
Burma
Cambodia
Ceylon
Republic of China
Hong Kong
India
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Japan
South Korea
Lebanon
Malaysia
Mongolia
Nepal
Pakistan
Philippines
Thailand
Vietnam
Europe
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Czechoslovakia
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Great Britain
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Liechtenstein
Luxembourg
Monaco
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Soviet Union
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Yugoslavia
Oceania
Australia
New Zealand
This article about sports in Zimbabwe is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This 1964 Summer Olympics-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Southern Rhodesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia"},{"link_name":"Rhodesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia_(region)"},{"link_name":"1964 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SportsRef-1"},{"link_name":"Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"its first appearance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1980 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics"}],"text":"Sporting event delegationSouthern Rhodesia competed as Rhodesia at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. 29 competitors, 25 men and 4 women, took part in 15 events in 7 sports.[1] It was the last of three appearances at the Summer Olympics by a Rhodesian representation; Zimbabwe would make its first appearance at the 1980 Summer Olympics.","title":"Southern Rhodesia at the 1964 Summer Olympics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Boxing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Diving"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John McPhun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McPhun"}],"text":"Men's RosterJohn McPhun","title":"Field hockey"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sailing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_trap"},{"link_name":"Johannes Lamprecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Lamprecht"},{"link_name":"Jack Rickards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Rickards"}],"text":"Two shooters represented Rhodesia in 1964.TrapJohannes Lamprecht\nJack Rickards","title":"Shooting"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Swimming"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Zimbabwe at the 1964 Tokyo Summer Games\". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 15 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417093520/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/ZIM/summer/1964/","url_text":"\"Zimbabwe at the 1964 Tokyo Summer Games\""},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/ZIM/summer/1964/","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417093520/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/ZIM/summer/1964/","external_links_name":"\"Zimbabwe at the 1964 Tokyo Summer Games\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/ZIM/summer/1964/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.la84foundation.org/5va/reports_frmst.htm","external_links_name":"Official Olympic Reports"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070612020125/http://www.la84foundation.org/5va/reports_frmst.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southern_Rhodesia_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southern_Rhodesia_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Wilson%E2%80%99s_Cabinet_of_Wonder | Mr. Wilson's Cabinet of Wonder | ["1 Contents","2 Reception","3 References","4 Editions"] | 1995 book by Lawrence Weschler
Mr. Wilson's Cabinet Of Wonder: Pronged Ants, Horned Humans, Mice on Toast, and Other Marvels of Jurassic Technology First editionAuthorLawrence WeschlerPublisherPantheon BooksPublication date1995Media typePrint (paperback)Pages192 ppISBN978-0-679-76489-2
Mr. Wilson's Cabinet of Wonder: Pronged Ants, Horned Humans, Mice on Toast, and Other Marvels of Jurassic Technology is a 1995 book by Lawrence Weschler primarily about the Museum of Jurassic Technology in Los Angeles, California, and, more broadly, the history and role of museums.
Contents
The book is divided into two sections, called Inhaling the Spore and Cerebral Growth. Inhaling the Spore focuses on the Museum of Jurassic Technology itself. The author relates his experiences with the museum and its creator, the titular David Hildebrand Wilson.
In Cerebral Growth Weschler goes into greater depth about Wonder Cabinets. "Cerebral growth" is also a pun, as one of the objects of the museum is a human horn.
Reception
Mr. Wilson's Cabinet of Wonder was a finalist for the National Book Critics Circle Award for nonfiction and the Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction. In 2019, Dan Kois and Laura Miller of Slate ranked it one of the 50 best nonfiction works of the past quarter-century.
References
^ "Nonfiction Book Review: Mr. Wilson's Cabinet of Wonder". Publishers Weekly. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
^ Pulitzer Prize Finalists (1996)
^ Lavey, John. "Nonfiction: Mr. Wilson's Cabinet of Wonder". BookPage.com. Archived from the original on 11 August 2010. Retrieved 28 February 2011.
^ Miller, Dan Kois, Laura (2019-11-18). "The 50 Best Nonfiction Books of the Past 25 Years". Slate Magazine. Retrieved 2020-12-03.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Editions
ISBN 978-0-679-76489-2 (Paperback). Published by Random House.
This article about a non-fiction book is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lawrence Weschler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Weschler"},{"link_name":"Museum of Jurassic Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Jurassic_Technology"},{"link_name":"museums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum"}],"text":"Mr. Wilson's Cabinet of Wonder: Pronged Ants, Horned Humans, Mice on Toast, and Other Marvels of Jurassic Technology is a 1995 book by Lawrence Weschler primarily about the Museum of Jurassic Technology in Los Angeles, California, and, more broadly, the history and role of museums.","title":"Mr. Wilson's Cabinet of Wonder"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Hildebrand Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hildebrand_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Wonder Cabinets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_curiosities"},{"link_name":"human horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutaneous_horn"}],"text":"The book is divided into two sections, called Inhaling the Spore and Cerebral Growth. Inhaling the Spore focuses on the Museum of Jurassic Technology itself. The author relates his experiences with the museum and its creator, the titular David Hildebrand Wilson.In Cerebral Growth Weschler goes into greater depth about Wonder Cabinets. \"Cerebral growth\" is also a pun, as one of the objects of the museum is a human horn.","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Book Critics Circle Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Book_Critics_Circle_Award"},{"link_name":"nonfiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonfiction"},{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_General_Non-Fiction"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lavey-3"},{"link_name":"Slate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Mr. Wilson's Cabinet of Wonder was a finalist for the National Book Critics Circle Award for nonfiction and the Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction.[2][3] In 2019, Dan Kois and Laura Miller of Slate ranked it one of the 50 best nonfiction works of the past quarter-century.[4]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-679-76489-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-76489-2"},{"link_name":"Paperback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paperback"},{"link_name":"Random House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_House"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mr._Wilson%27s_Cabinet_of_Wonder&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Nonfiction-book-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Nonfiction-book-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nonfiction-book-stub"}],"text":"ISBN 978-0-679-76489-2 (Paperback). Published by Random House.This article about a non-fiction book is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Editions"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Nonfiction Book Review: Mr. Wilson's Cabinet of Wonder\". Publishers Weekly. Retrieved 3 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-679-76489-2","url_text":"\"Nonfiction Book Review: Mr. Wilson's Cabinet of Wonder\""}]},{"reference":"Lavey, John. \"Nonfiction: Mr. Wilson's Cabinet of Wonder\". BookPage.com. Archived from the original on 11 August 2010. Retrieved 28 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100811003719/http://www.bookpage.com/9703bp/nonfiction/mrwilsonscabinetofwonder.html","url_text":"\"Nonfiction: Mr. Wilson's Cabinet of Wonder\""},{"url":"http://www.bookpage.com/9703bp/nonfiction/mrwilsonscabinetofwonder.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Dan Kois, Laura (2019-11-18). \"The 50 Best Nonfiction Books of the Past 25 Years\". Slate Magazine. Retrieved 2020-12-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://slate.com/human-interest/2019/11/50-best-nonfiction-books.html","url_text":"\"The 50 Best Nonfiction Books of the Past 25 Years\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-679-76489-2","external_links_name":"\"Nonfiction Book Review: Mr. Wilson's Cabinet of Wonder\""},{"Link":"http://www.pulitzer.org/finalists/1996","external_links_name":"Pulitzer Prize Finalists (1996)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100811003719/http://www.bookpage.com/9703bp/nonfiction/mrwilsonscabinetofwonder.html","external_links_name":"\"Nonfiction: Mr. Wilson's Cabinet of Wonder\""},{"Link":"http://www.bookpage.com/9703bp/nonfiction/mrwilsonscabinetofwonder.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://slate.com/human-interest/2019/11/50-best-nonfiction-books.html","external_links_name":"\"The 50 Best Nonfiction Books of the Past 25 Years\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mr._Wilson%27s_Cabinet_of_Wonder&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Ministry | Lawrence ministry | ["1 Overview","2 First Ministry","3 Second Ministry","4 References"] | The Lawrence Ministry was the 31st Ministry of the Government of Western Australia, and was led by Labor Premier Dr Carmen Lawrence and her deputy Ian Taylor. It succeeded the Dowding Ministry on 18 February 1990, following the resignation of Peter Dowding six days earlier following an open letter signed by a majority of the 47-member Labor caucus. The ministry was in turn succeeded by the Court–Cowan Ministry on 16 February 1993 after the Labor Party lost government at the state election held on 6 February.
Overview
Of the former Dowding ministry, 15 of the 17 ministers retained office—Peter Dowding and Julian Grill were not reappointed, and backbenchers Pam Buchanan (Ashburton) and Dr Geoff Gallop (Victoria Park) took their place. Two months later, former Deputy Premier David Parker resigned from both the Ministry and from Parliament.
At a caucus meeting held on 29 January 1991, a spill motion was carried which created three vacancies in the Ministry. On 5 February, Jeff Carr, Gavan Troy and Pam Buchanan were removed as Ministers, whilst Eric Ripper, Dr Judyth Watson and Jim McGinty were sworn in. A major crisis was precipitated when Carr resigned from Parliament, with his seat of Geraldton being won by a Liberal at a by-election, whilst Troy ceased to attend caucus meetings and Buchanan resigned from the party, sitting as an Independent. With the resignation of left-wing MLA Dr Ian Alexander a month later, the Government was forced to depend on independents in the Legislative Assembly to maintain supply—the first time Western Australia had had minority government since 1905.
First Ministry
On 16 February 1990, the Lieutenant-Governor and Administrator, Sir Francis Burt, constituted the Ministry. He designated 17 principal executive offices of the Government and appointed the following ministers to their positions, and served until the reconstitution of the Ministry on 5 February 1991. The list below is ordered by decreasing seniority within the Cabinet, as indicated by the Government Gazette and the Hansard index.
The members of the Ministry were:
Office
Minister
Premier and Treasurer
Minister for Public Sector Management
Minister for the Family
Minister for Aboriginal Affairs
Minister for Multicultural and Ethnic Affairs
Minister for Women's Interests
Dr Carmen Lawrence, BPsych, PhD, MLA
Deputy Premier
Minister for Finance and Economic Development (until 20 December 1990)
Minister for Trade (30 April-20 December 1990)
Minister for State Development (from 20 December 1990)
Minister for the Goldfields (until 26 November 1992)
Minister for the Mid-West (7 September – 26 November 1992)
Ian Taylor, B.Econ (Hons), JP, MLA
Attorney-General
Minister for Resources (30 April-20 December 1990)
Minister for Corrective Services
Leader of the Government in the Legislative Council
Joe Berinson, LL.B., QC, MLC
Minister for Planning
Minister for Lands
Minister for Heritage
Minister for the Arts (from 30 April 1990)
Minister assisting the Minister for Women's Interests (until 30 April 1990)
Deputy Leader of the Government in the Legislative Council
Kay Hallahan, BSW, JP, MLC
Minister for Mines
Minister for Fuel and Energy
Minister for the Mid-West
Minister for Small Business (until 20 December 1990)
Jeff Carr, BA, JP, MLA
Minister for Resources and Trade
Minister for the Arts
David Parker, BA, JP, MLA(until 30 April 1990)
Minister for the Environment
Minister for Conservation and Land Management
Minister for Waterways
Leader of the House in the Legislative Assembly
Bob Pearce, BA, DipEd, JP, MLA
Minister for Health
Rev Keith Wilson, MLA
Minister for Productivity and Labour Relations
Minister assisting the Minister for Education with TAFE
Minister assisting the Minister for Public Sector Management
Gavan Troy, B Bus, FAIM, JP, MLA
Minister for Transport
Minister for Racing and Gaming
Minister for Tourism
Pam Beggs, JP, MLA
Minister for Agriculture
Minister for Water Resources
Minister for the North-West
Ernie Bridge, JP, MLA
Minister for Local Government
Minister for Fisheries
Minister for Sport and Recreation
Minister for Youth
Gordon Hill, JP, MLA
Minister for Police
Minister for Emergency Services
Minister for the Aged
Graham Edwards, MLC
Minister for Housing
Minister for Consumer Affairs
Yvonne Henderson, BA, DipEd, JP, MLA
Minister for Community Services
Minister for Justice
Minister for the South-West
David Smith, LL.B., JP, MLA
Minister for Works and Services
Minister for Regional Development (until 20 December 1990)
Minister assisting the Minister for Aboriginal Affairs
Pam Buchanan, JP, MLA
Minister for Education
Minister for Parliamentary and Electoral Reform
Minister assisting the Treasurer (from 20 December 1990)
Dr Geoff Gallop, BEc, MA, MPhil, D.Phil. (Oxon), MLA
1 On 5 April 1990, former Deputy Premier and Treasurer David Parker announced his imminent resignation from the Ministry and from Parliament. His former responsibilities were shared across three other ministers.
Second Ministry
On 5 February 1991, the Governor, Sir Francis Burt, reconstituted the Ministry. He designated 16 principal executive offices of the Government and appointed the ministers to their positions. The appointed members remained Ministers until the end of the Lawrence Ministry on 16 February 1993.
Office
Minister
Premier and Treasurer
(until 7 September 1992:)
Minister for the Family
Minister for Women's Interests
(from 7 September 1992:)
Minister for Employment
Minister for Trade and Investment
Dr Carmen Lawrence, BPsych, PhD, MLA
Deputy Premier
Minister for Health (from 26 November 1992)
Minister for State Development
Minister for the Goldfields (until 26 November 1992)
Minister for the Mid-West (7 September – 26 November 1992)
Ian Taylor, B.Econ (Hons), JP, MLA
Attorney-General
Minister for Corrective Services
Leader of the Government in the Legislative Council
Joe Berinson, LL.B., QC, MLC
Minister for Education
Minister for Employment and Training (until 7 September 1992)
Minister for Training (from 7 September 1992)
Minister for the Arts
Deputy Leader of the Government in the Legislative Council
Kay Hallahan, BSW, JP, MLC
Minister for the Environment
Leader of the House in the Legislative Assembly
Bob Pearce, BA, DipEd, JP, MLA(until 21 October 1992)
Minister for Health
Rev Keith Wilson, MLA(until 13 November 1992)
Minister for Transport
Minister for Racing and Gaming
Minister for Tourism
Pam Beggs, JP, MLA
Minister for Agriculture
Minister for Water Resources
Minister for the North-West
Ernie Bridge, JP, MLA
Minister for Mines
Minister for Small Business (from 7 September 1992)
Minister for Fisheries
Minister for Sport and Recreation (until 27 February 1991)
Minister for the Mid-West (until 7 September 1992)
Minister assisting the Minister for State Development (until 7 September 1992)
Minister assisting the Minister for Trade and Investment (from 7 September 1992)
Gordon Hill, JP, MLA
Minister for Police
Minister for Emergency Services
Minister for the Aged (until 27 February 1991)
Minister for Sport and Recreation (from 27 February 1991)
Graham Edwards, MLC
Minister for Productivity and Labour Relations
Minister for Consumer Affairs
Yvonne Henderson, BA, DipEd, JP, MLA
Minister for Lands
Minister for Planning
Minister for Justice
Minister for Local Government
Minister for the South-West
David Smith, LL.B., JP, MLA
Minister for Fuel and Energy
Minister for Microeconomic Reform
Minister for Parliamentary and Electoral Reform
Minister assisting the Treasurer
Dr Geoff Gallop, BEc, MA, MPhil, D.Phil. (Oxon), MLA
Minister for Aboriginal Affairs
Minister for Multicultural and Ethnic Affairs
Minister for Seniors (from 27 February 1991)
Minister assisting the Minister for Women's Interests (until 7 September 1992)
Minister for Women's Interests (from 7 September 1992)
Dr Judyth Watson, Cert.Nurs.Ed., BSc (Hons), PhD, JP, MLA
Minister for Community Services (until 7 September 1992)
Minister for Disability Services (from 20 August 1991)
(from 7 September 1992:)
Minister for the Family
Minister for Community Development
Minister for Youth Justice
Leader of the House in the Legislative Assembly (from 26 October 1992)
Eric Ripper, BA, DipEd, MLA
Minister for the Environment (from 26 October 1992)
Minister for Housing
Minister for Construction
Minister for Services (until 26 November 1992)
Minister for Heritage
Jim McGinty, BA, BJuris, JP, MLA
Minister for Services
Minister for the Goldfields
Minister for the Mid-West
Tom Stephens, BA, MLC(from 26 November 1992)
Parliamentary Secretaries
(from 19 March 1991:)
John Halden, MLC
Mark Nevill, BSc (Hons), MLC
Tom Stephens, BA, MLC
2 On 20 October 1992, the six-volume Part One of the WA Inc Royal Commission was tabled in Parliament. A confidential appendix to the Director of Public Prosecutions concerned matters which may lead to prosecution. The following day, the Premier announced that Environment Minister Bob Pearce would stand down from the Ministry and vacate his seat at the next election. The ministry reduced to 15 members, with Jim McGinty assuming the Environment portfolio.
3 On 13 November 1992, Keith Wilson, the Minister for Health, resigned from the Ministry over a range of objections to the Government. Factional disputes over who should replace him resulted in a non-factional MLC, Tom Stephens, being selected ahead of the factions' preferred candidates, Nick Catania and Judy Edwards.
References
Hansard Indexes for 1990–1992, "Legislature of Western Australia"
"No.17 (Special)". Western Australia Government Gazette. 19 February 1990. p. 1990:1137-1138.
"Premier and Cabinet (per PR402)". Western Australia Government Gazette. 8 February 1991. p. 1991:648-650.
"No.128 (Special)". Western Australia Government Gazette. 7 September 1992. p. 1992:4547-4548.
"No.166 (Special)". Western Australia Government Gazette. 27 November 1992. p. 1992:5817-5818.
"Australian Political Chronicle: January–June 1990". Australian Journal of Politics and History. 36 (3): 447–448. 1990. ISSN 0004-9522.
"Australian Political Chronicle: January–June 1991". Australian Journal of Politics and History. 37 (3): 498. 1991. ISSN 0004-9522.
"Australian Political Chronicle: July–December 1992". Australian Journal of Politics and History. 39 (2): 257. 1993. ISSN 0004-9522.
Preceded byDowding Ministry
Lawrence Ministry 1990-1993
Succeeded byCourt–Cowan Ministry
vte Ministries of Western Australia
Forrest
Throssell
Leake 1
Morgans
Leake 2
James
Daglish
Rason
Moore
Wilson 1
Scaddan
Wilson 2
Lefroy
Colebatch
Mitchell 1
Collier 1
Mitchell 2
Collier 2
Willcock
Wise
McLarty–Watts
Hawke
Brand–Watts
Brand–Nalder
Tonkin
Court–McPharlin
Court
O'Connor
Burke
Dowding
Lawrence
Court–Cowan
Gallop
Carpenter
Barnett
McGowan 1
McGowan 2
Cook
vteWestern Australian Labor PartyLeaders
Robert Hastie
Henry Daglish
William Johnson
Thomas Bath
John Scaddan
Philip Collier
John Willcock
Frank Wise
Bert Hawke
John Tonkin
Colin Jamieson
Ron Davies
Brian Burke
Peter Dowding
Carmen Lawrence
Ian Taylor
Jim McGinty
Geoff Gallop
Alan Carpenter
Eric Ripper
Mark McGowan
Roger Cook
Deputy leaders
John Tonkin
Herb Graham
Don Taylor
Colin Jamieson
David Evans
Mal Bryce
David Evans
Mal Bryce
David Parker
Ian Taylor
Kay Hallahan
Geoff Gallop
Jim McGinty
Eric Ripper
Roger Cook
Rita Saffioti
Ministries
Daglish
Scaddan
Collier 1
Collier 2
Willcock
Wise
Hawke
Tonkin
Burke
Dowding
Lawrence
Gallop
Carpenter
McGowan I
McGowan II
Cook
Shadow ministries
Tonkin
Jamieson
Davies
Burke
Lawrence
Taylor
McGinty
Gallop
Ripper
McGowan
Leadership votes
1981
1990
2023 | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Lawrence ministry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Dowding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Dowding"},{"link_name":"Julian Grill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Grill"},{"link_name":"Pam Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pam_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Ashburton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Ashburton"},{"link_name":"Geoff Gallop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff_Gallop"},{"link_name":"Victoria Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Victoria_Park"},{"link_name":"David Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Parker_(Australian_politician)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Jeff Carr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Carr_(Australian_politician)"},{"link_name":"Gavan Troy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavan_Troy"},{"link_name":"Pam Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pam_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Eric Ripper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Ripper"},{"link_name":"Judyth Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judyth_Watson"},{"link_name":"Jim McGinty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_McGinty"},{"link_name":"Geraldton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Geraldton"},{"link_name":"Liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia_(Western_Australian_Division)"},{"link_name":"Ian Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Alexander_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australian_Legislative_Assembly"}],"text":"Of the former Dowding ministry, 15 of the 17 ministers retained office—Peter Dowding and Julian Grill were not reappointed, and backbenchers Pam Buchanan (Ashburton) and Dr Geoff Gallop (Victoria Park) took their place. Two months later, former Deputy Premier David Parker resigned from both the Ministry and from Parliament.[citation needed]At a caucus meeting held on 29 January 1991, a spill motion was carried which created three vacancies in the Ministry. On 5 February, Jeff Carr, Gavan Troy and Pam Buchanan were removed as Ministers, whilst Eric Ripper, Dr Judyth Watson and Jim McGinty were sworn in. A major crisis was precipitated when Carr resigned from Parliament, with his seat of Geraldton being won by a Liberal at a by-election, whilst Troy ceased to attend caucus meetings and Buchanan resigned from the party, sitting as an Independent. With the resignation of left-wing MLA Dr Ian Alexander a month later, the Government was forced to depend on independents in the Legislative Assembly to maintain supply—the first time Western Australia had had minority government since 1905.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Francis Burt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Burt"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_11"},{"link_name":"David Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Parker_(Australian_politician)"}],"text":"On 16 February 1990, the Lieutenant-Governor and Administrator, Sir Francis Burt, constituted the Ministry. He designated 17 principal executive offices of the Government and appointed the following ministers to their positions, and served until the reconstitution of the Ministry on 5 February 1991. The list below is ordered by decreasing seniority within the Cabinet, as indicated by the Government Gazette and the Hansard index.The members of the Ministry were:1 On 5 April 1990, former Deputy Premier and Treasurer David Parker announced his imminent resignation from the Ministry and from Parliament. His former responsibilities were shared across three other ministers.","title":"First Ministry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Francis Burt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Burt"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_22"},{"link_name":"WA Inc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WA_Inc"},{"link_name":"Bob Pearce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Pearce"},{"link_name":"Jim McGinty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_McGinty"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_33"},{"link_name":"Keith Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Wilson_(Western_Australian_politician)"},{"link_name":"Tom Stephens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Stephens"},{"link_name":"Nick Catania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Catania"},{"link_name":"Judy Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Edwards"}],"text":"On 5 February 1991, the Governor, Sir Francis Burt, reconstituted the Ministry. He designated 16 principal executive offices of the Government and appointed the ministers to their positions. The appointed members remained Ministers until the end of the Lawrence Ministry on 16 February 1993.2 On 20 October 1992, the six-volume Part One of the WA Inc Royal Commission was tabled in Parliament. A confidential appendix to the Director of Public Prosecutions concerned matters which may lead to prosecution. The following day, the Premier announced that Environment Minister Bob Pearce would stand down from the Ministry and vacate his seat at the next election. The ministry reduced to 15 members, with Jim McGinty assuming the Environment portfolio.\n3 On 13 November 1992, Keith Wilson, the Minister for Health, resigned from the Ministry over a range of objections to the Government. Factional disputes over who should replace him resulted in a non-factional MLC, Tom Stephens, being selected ahead of the factions' preferred candidates, Nick Catania and Judy Edwards.","title":"Second Ministry"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"No.17 (Special)\". Western Australia Government Gazette. 19 February 1990. p. 1990:1137-1138.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Premier and Cabinet (per PR402)\". Western Australia Government Gazette. 8 February 1991. p. 1991:648-650.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"No.128 (Special)\". Western Australia Government Gazette. 7 September 1992. p. 1992:4547-4548.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"No.166 (Special)\". Western Australia Government Gazette. 27 November 1992. p. 1992:5817-5818.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Australian Political Chronicle: January–June 1990\". Australian Journal of Politics and History. 36 (3): 447–448. 1990. 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ISSN 0004-9522.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0004-9522","url_text":"0004-9522"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0004-9522","external_links_name":"0004-9522"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0004-9522","external_links_name":"0004-9522"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0004-9522","external_links_name":"0004-9522"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycosubtilin | Mycosubtilin | ["1 Definition","2 Structure","3 Biological activities","4 References"] | Mycosubtilin
Names
IUPAC name
3- nonaazacyclooctacosin-25-yl]propanamide
Identifiers
CAS Number
1392-60-5 N
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive image
ChemSpider
2340866
PubChem CID
3083700
InChI
InChI=1S/C55H86N14O16/c1-3-30(2)13-10-8-6-4-5-7-9-11-14-32-24-47(77)62-36(25-43(57)73)50(80)63-34(20-21-42(56)72)55(85)69-22-12-15-41(69)54(84)67-35(23-31-16-18-33(71)19-17-31)49(79)64-38(27-45(59)75)51(81)65-39(28-46(60)76)52(82)68-40(29-70)53(83)66-37(26-44(58)74)48(78)61-32/h16-19,30,32,34-41,70-71H,3-15,20-29H2,1-2H3,(H2,56,72)(H2,57,73)(H2,58,74)(H2,59,75)(H2,60,76)(H,61,78)(H,62,77)(H,63,80)(H,64,79)(H,65,81)(H,66,83)(H,67,84)(H,68,82)/t30?,32?,34-,35+,36-,37-,38+,39+,40+,41-/m0/s1Key: RCIPRGNHNAEGHR-ZLHAWHIKSA-NInChI=1/C55H86N14O16/c1-3-30(2)13-10-8-6-4-5-7-9-11-14-32-24-47(77)62-36(25-43(57)73)50(80)63-34(20-21-42(56)72)55(85)69-22-12-15-41(69)54(84)67-35(23-31-16-18-33(71)19-17-31)49(79)64-38(27-45(59)75)51(81)65-39(28-46(60)76)52(82)68-40(29-70)53(83)66-37(26-44(58)74)48(78)61-32/h16-19,30,32,34-41,70-71H,3-15,20-29H2,1-2H3,(H2,56,72)(H2,57,73)(H2,58,74)(H2,59,75)(H2,60,76)(H,61,78)(H,62,77)(H,63,80)(H,64,79)(H,65,81)(H,66,83)(H,67,84)(H,68,82)/t30?,32?,34-,35+,36-,37-,38+,39+,40+,41-/m0/s1Key: RCIPRGNHNAEGHR-ZLHAWHIKBU
SMILES
CCC(C)CCCCCCCCCCC1CC(=O)N(C(=O)N(C(=O)N2CCC2C(=O)N(C(=O)N(C(=O)N(C(=O)N(C(=O)N(C(=O)N1)CC(=O)N)CO)CC(=O)N)CC(=O)N)Cc3ccc(cc3)O)CCC(=O)N)CC(=O)N
Properties
Chemical formula
C55H86N14O16
Molar mass
1199.375 g·mol−1
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
Infobox references
Chemical compound
Mycosubtilin is a natural lipopeptide with antifungal and hemolytic activities and isolated from Bacillus species. It belongs to the iturin lipopeptide family.
Definition
Mycosubtilin is a natural lipopeptide. It is produced by the strains of Bacillus spp mainly by Bacillus subtilis. It was discovered due to its antifungal activities. It belongs to the family of iturin lipopeptides
Structure
Mycosubtilin is a heptapeptide, cyclized in a ring with a β-amino fatty acid. The peptide sequence is composed of L-Asn-D-Tyr-D-Asn-L-Gln-L-Pro-D-Ser-L-Asn.
Biological activities
Mycosubtilin has strong antifungal and hemolytic activities. It is active against fungi and yeasts such as Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Penicillium notatum, and Fusarium oxysporum.
Its antibacterial activity is quite limited to bacteria such as Micrococcus luteus.
References
^ Walton R.B. & Woodruff H.B., 1949. A crystalline antifungal agent, mycosubtilin, isolated from subtilin broth. J. Clin. Invest., 28, 924-926.
^ Mehmet Nail Nasir, Françoise Besson & Magali Deleu, «Interactions des antibiotiques ituriniques avec la membrane plasmique. Apport des systèmes biomimétiques des membranes (synthèse bibliographique)», Base , numéro 3, Volume 17 (2013), 505-516 URL : http://popups.ulg.ac.be/1780-4507/index.php?id=10280.
^ Nasir M.N. & Besson F., 2011. Specific interactions of mycosubtilin with cholesterol-containing artificial membranes. Langmuir, 27, 10785-10792.
^ Peypoux F. et al., 1986. Revised structure of mycosubtilin, a peptidolipid antibiotic from Bacillus subtilis. J. Antibiot., 39, 636-641.
^ Besson F., Peypoux F., Michel G. & Delcambe L., 1979. Antifungal activity upon Saccharomyces cerevisiae of iturin A, mycosubtilin, bacillomycin L and of their derivatives; inhibition of this antifungal activity by lipid antagonists. J. Antibiot., 32, 828-833.
^ Thimon L. et al., 1992. Interactions of bioactive lipopeptides, iturin A and surfactin from Bacillus subtilis. Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem., 16, 144-151.
^ Hourdou M.L. & Besson F., 1994. Surfactine et antibiotiques ituriniques : structure, propriétés et biosynthèse des lipopeptides de Bacillus subtilis. Regard Biochim., 1, 35-42.
^ Besson F., Peypoux F., Michel G. & Delcambe L., 1979a Antifungal activity upon Saccharomyces cerevisiae of iturin A, mycosubtilin, bacillomycin L and of their derivatives; inhibition of this antifungal activity by lipid antagonists. J. Antibiot., 32, 828-833
^ Besson F. & Michel G., 1989. Action of mycosubtilin, an antifungal antibiotic of Bacillus subtilis, on the cell membrane of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microbios, 59, 113-121.
^ Besson F., Peypoux F. & Michel G., 1978b. Action of mycosubtilin and of bacillomycin L on Micrococcus luteus cells and protoplasts: influence of the polarity of the antibiotics upon their action on the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane. FEBS Lett., 90, 36-40. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lipopeptide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipopeptide"},{"link_name":"Bacillus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus"},{"link_name":"iturin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iturin&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Chemical compoundMycosubtilin is a natural lipopeptide with antifungal and hemolytic activities and isolated from Bacillus species. It belongs to the iturin lipopeptide family.","title":"Mycosubtilin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bacillus spp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus"},{"link_name":"Bacillus subtilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_subtilis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Mycosubtilin is a natural lipopeptide. It is produced by the strains of Bacillus spp mainly by Bacillus subtilis. It was discovered due to its antifungal activities.[1] It belongs to the family of iturin lipopeptides[2]","title":"Definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Mycosubtilin is a heptapeptide, cyclized in a ring with a β-amino fatty acid.[3] The peptide sequence is composed of L-Asn-D-Tyr-D-Asn-L-Gln-L-Pro-D-Ser-L-Asn.[4]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Candida albicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_albicans"},{"link_name":"Candida tropicalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_tropicalis"},{"link_name":"Saccharomyces cerevisiae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae"},{"link_name":"Penicillium notatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillium_notatum"},{"link_name":"Fusarium oxysporum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusarium_oxysporum"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Micrococcus luteus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrococcus_luteus"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Mycosubtilin has strong antifungal and hemolytic activities.[5][6] It is active against fungi and yeasts such as Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Penicillium notatum, and Fusarium oxysporum.[7][8][9]Its antibacterial activity is quite limited to bacteria such as Micrococcus luteus.[10]","title":"Biological activities"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=1392-60-5","external_links_name":"1392-60-5"},{"Link":"https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=CCC%28C%29CCCCCCCCCCC1CC%28%3DO%29N%5BC%40H%5D%28C%28%3DO%29N%5BC%40H%5D%28C%28%3DO%29N2CCC%5BC%40H%5D2C%28%3DO%29N%5BC%40%40H%5D%28C%28%3DO%29N%5BC%40%40H%5D%28C%28%3DO%29N%5BC%40%40H%5D%28C%28%3DO%29N%5BC%40%40H%5D%28C%28%3DO%29N%5BC%40H%5D%28C%28%3DO%29N1%29CC%28%3DO%29N%29CO%29CC%28%3DO%29N%29CC%28%3DO%29N%29Cc3ccc%28cc3%29O%29CCC%28%3DO%29N%29CC%28%3DO%29N","external_links_name":"Interactive image"},{"Link":"https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.2340866.html","external_links_name":"2340866"},{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/3083700","external_links_name":"3083700"},{"Link":"http://popups.ulg.ac.be/1780-4507/index.php?id=10280","external_links_name":"http://popups.ulg.ac.be/1780-4507/index.php?id=10280"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_Request_Broker | Object request broker | ["1 Overview","2 Implementations","3 See also","4 References"] | In distributed computing, an object request broker (ORB) is a concept of a middleware, which allows program calls to be made from one computer to another via a computer network, providing location transparency through remote procedure calls. ORBs promote interoperability of distributed object systems, enabling such systems to be built by piecing together objects from different vendors, while different parts communicate with each other via the ORB. Common Object Request Broker Architecture (by Object Management Group) standardizes the way ORB may be implemented.
Overview
ORBs assumed to handle the transformation of in-process data structures to and from the raw byte sequence, which is transmitted over the network. This is called marshalling or serialization. In addition to marshalling data, ORBs often expose many more features, such as distributed transactions, directory services or real-time scheduling. Some ORBs, such as CORBA-compliant systems, use an interface description language to describe the data that is to be transmitted on remote calls.
In object-oriented languages (.e.g. java), an ORB actually provides a framework which enables remote objects to be used over the network, in the same way as if they were local and part of the same process. On the client side, so-called stub objects are created and invoked, serving as the only part visible and used inside the client application. After the stub's methods are invoked, the client-side ORB performs the marshalling of invocation data, and forwards the request to the server-side ORB. On the server side, ORB locates the targeted object, executes the requested operation, and returns the results. Having the results available, the client's ORB performs the demarshalling and passes the results back into the invoked stub, making them available to the client application. The whole process is transparent, resulting in remote objects appearing as if they were local.
Implementations
CORBA - Common Object Request Broker Architecture.
ICE - the Internet Communications Engine
.NET Remoting - object remoting library within Microsoft's .NET Framework
Windows Communication Foundation (WCF)
ORBexpress - Real-time and Enterprise ORBs by Objective Interface Systems
Orbix - An Enterprise-level CORBA ORB from IONA Technologies
DCOM - the Distributed Component Object Model from Microsoft
RMI - the Remote Method Invocation Protocol from Sun Microsystems
ORBit - an open-source CORBA ORB used as middleware for GNOME
The ACE ORB - a CORBA implementation from the Distributed Object Computing (DOC) Group
omniORB - Free CORBA ORB
See also
Message broker – Computer program module
Distributed object communication
Distributed object
D-Bus – Linux middleware
References
^ a b "Object Request Brokers". IBM. 2013-11-05. Retrieved 2013-12-22.
^ "Overview of CORBA". wustl.edu. 2006-09-28. Retrieved 2013-12-22.
This article related to a type of software is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This network-related software article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Object request broker"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"marshalling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshalling_(computer_science)"},{"link_name":"serialization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serialization"},{"link_name":"distributed transactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_transactions"},{"link_name":"directory services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directory_services"},{"link_name":"CORBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CORBA"},{"link_name":"interface description language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interface_description_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ibm-orb-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"object-oriented languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_language"},{"link_name":"framework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_framework"},{"link_name":"process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_(computing)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ibm-orb-1"}],"text":"ORBs assumed to handle the transformation of in-process data structures to and from the raw byte sequence, which is transmitted over the network. This is called marshalling or serialization. In addition to marshalling data, ORBs often expose many more features, such as distributed transactions, directory services or real-time scheduling. Some ORBs, such as CORBA-compliant systems, use an interface description language to describe the data that is to be transmitted on remote calls.[1][2]In object-oriented languages (.e.g. java), an ORB actually provides a framework which enables remote objects to be used over the network, in the same way as if they were local and part of the same process. On the client side, so-called stub objects are created and invoked, serving as the only part visible and used inside the client application. After the stub's methods are invoked, the client-side ORB performs the marshalling of invocation data, and forwards the request to the server-side ORB. On the server side, ORB locates the targeted object, executes the requested operation, and returns the results. Having the results available, the client's ORB performs the demarshalling and passes the results back into the invoked stub, making them available to the client application. The whole process is transparent, resulting in remote objects appearing as if they were local.[1]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CORBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CORBA"},{"link_name":"ICE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Communications_Engine"},{"link_name":"Internet Communications Engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Communications_Engine"},{"link_name":".NET Remoting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.NET_Remoting"},{"link_name":".NET Framework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.NET_Framework"},{"link_name":"Windows Communication Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Communication_Foundation"},{"link_name":"ORBexpress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ORBexpress"},{"link_name":"Objective Interface Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objective_Interface_Systems"},{"link_name":"Orbix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbix_(software)"},{"link_name":"IONA Technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IONA_Technologies"},{"link_name":"DCOM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_Component_Object_Model"},{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"RMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_remote_method_invocation"},{"link_name":"Sun Microsystems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystems"},{"link_name":"ORBit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ORBit"},{"link_name":"GNOME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME"},{"link_name":"The ACE ORB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_ACE_ORB"},{"link_name":"Distributed Object Computing (DOC) Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dre.vanderbilt.edu/"},{"link_name":"omniORB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OmniORB&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.omniorb.net"}],"text":"CORBA - Common Object Request Broker Architecture.\nICE - the Internet Communications Engine\n.NET Remoting - object remoting library within Microsoft's .NET Framework\nWindows Communication Foundation (WCF)\nORBexpress - Real-time and Enterprise ORBs by Objective Interface Systems\nOrbix - An Enterprise-level CORBA ORB from IONA Technologies\nDCOM - the Distributed Component Object Model from Microsoft\nRMI - the Remote Method Invocation Protocol from Sun Microsystems\nORBit - an open-source CORBA ORB used as middleware for GNOME\nThe ACE ORB - a CORBA implementation from the Distributed Object Computing (DOC) Group\nomniORB - Free CORBA ORB [1]","title":"Implementations"}] | [] | [{"title":"Message broker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message_broker"},{"title":"Distributed object communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_object_communication"},{"title":"Distributed object","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_object"},{"title":"D-Bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-Bus"}] | [{"reference":"\"Object Request Brokers\". 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Retrieved 2013-12-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cs.wustl.edu/~schmidt/corba-overview.html","url_text":"\"Overview of CORBA\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.dre.vanderbilt.edu/","external_links_name":"Distributed Object Computing (DOC) Group"},{"Link":"http://www.omniorb.net/","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://pic.dhe.ibm.com/infocenter/wasinfo/v8r5/index.jsp?topic=%2Fcom.ibm.websphere.express.doc%2Fae%2Ftorb_ep2.html","external_links_name":"\"Object Request Brokers\""},{"Link":"http://www.cs.wustl.edu/~schmidt/corba-overview.html","external_links_name":"\"Overview of CORBA\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Object_request_broker&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Object_request_broker&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belleh_District | Belleh District | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 7°51′14″N 9°59′28″W / 7.854°N 9.991°W / 7.854; -9.991District of Liberia
Location of Belleh District in Gbarpolu County
Belleh District is one of five districts located in Gbarpolu County, Liberia, and a second-level administrative division. It was one of five districts that were moved from Lofa County to create Gbarpolu County in 2001. Situated in the northeast corner, it forms part of the county's border with Lofa County.
References
^ Description of Gbarpolu County
vte Districts of Liberia by countyBomi County
Dewoin
Klay
Seuhn Mecca
Senjeh
Bong County
Fuamah
Jorquelleh
Kokoyah
Panta-Kpa
Salala
Sanayea
Suakoko
Zota
Gbarpolu County
Belleh
Bopolu
Bokomu
Kongba
Gbarma
Grand Bassa County
District 1
District 2
District 3
District 4
Owensgrove
St. John River
Grand Cape Mount County
Commonwealth
Garwula
Gola Konneh
Porkpa
Tewor
Grand Gedeh County
Gbarzon
Konobo
Tchien
Grand Kru County
Buah
Lower Kru Coast
Sasstown
Upper Kru Coast
Lofa County
Foya
Kolahun
Quardu Gboni
Salayea
Vahun
Voinjama
Zorzor
Margibi County
Firestone
Gibi
Kakata
Mambah-Kaba
Maryland County
Barrobo
Pleebo/Sodeken
Montserrado County
Careysburg
Commonwealth
Greater Monrovia
St. Paul River
Todee
Nimba County
Boe & Quilla
Buu-Yao
Doe
Garr Bain
Gbehlageh
Gbi & Doru
Gbor
Kparblee
Leewehpea-Mahn
Meinpea-Mahn
Sanniqquellie-Mahn
Twan River
Wee-Gbehy-Mahn
Yarmein
Yarpea Mahn
Yarwein Mehnsonnoh
Zoe-Gbao
River Gee County
Chedepo
Gbeapo
Glaro
Karforh
Nanee
Nyenawliken
Nyenebo
Potupo
Sarbo
Tuobo
Rivercess County
Bearwor
Central RiverCess
Doedain
Fen River
Jo River
Norwein
Sam Gbalor
Zartlahn
Sinoe County
Bodae
Bokon
Butaw
Dugbe River
Greenville
Jaedae District
Jaedepo District
Juarzon
Kpayan
Kulu Shaw Boe District
Plahn Nyarn District
Pynes Town District
Sanquin District 1
Sanquin District 2
Sanquin District 3
Seekon District
Wedjah District
7°51′14″N 9°59′28″W / 7.854°N 9.991°W / 7.854; -9.991
This Liberia location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gbarpolu-Belleh.png"},{"link_name":"districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Liberia"},{"link_name":"Gbarpolu County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gbarpolu_County"},{"link_name":"Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia"},{"link_name":"Lofa County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lofa_County"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Lofa County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lofa_County"}],"text":"District of LiberiaLocation of Belleh District in Gbarpolu CountyBelleh District is one of five districts located in Gbarpolu County, Liberia, and a second-level administrative division. It was one of five districts that were moved from Lofa County to create Gbarpolu County in 2001.[1] Situated in the northeast corner, it forms part of the county's border with Lofa County.","title":"Belleh District"}] | [{"image_text":"Location of Belleh District in Gbarpolu County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Gbarpolu-Belleh.png/200px-Gbarpolu-Belleh.png"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Belleh_District¶ms=7.854_N_9.991_W_type:adm2nd_source:itwiki","external_links_name":"7°51′14″N 9°59′28″W / 7.854°N 9.991°W / 7.854; -9.991"},{"Link":"http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/lr-gp.html","external_links_name":"Description of Gbarpolu County"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Belleh_District¶ms=7.854_N_9.991_W_type:adm2nd_source:itwiki","external_links_name":"7°51′14″N 9°59′28″W / 7.854°N 9.991°W / 7.854; -9.991"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belleh_District&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilga | Chilga | ["1 Overview","2 Demographics","3 Economy","4 Notable people","5 Notes"] | Coordinates: 12°45′N 36°40′E / 12.750°N 36.667°E / 12.750; 36.667District in Amhara Region, Ethiopia
Woreda in Amhara, Maekelawi GondarChilga
ጭልጋWoreda
FlagZoneMaekelawi GondarRegionAmharaArea • Total3,071.65 km2 (1,185.97 sq mi)Population (2012 est.) • Total241,627
Chilga (Amharic: ጭልጋ č̣ilgā) also Chelga, Ch'ilga is a woreda in Amhara Region, Ethiopia. It is named after its chief town Chilga (also known as Ayikel), an important stopping point on the historic Gondar-Sudan trade route. Part of the Maekelawi Gondar Zone, Chilga is bordered on the south by Takusa, on the west by Metemma, on the north by Tach Armachiho, on the northeast by Lay Armachiho, and on the east by Dembiya. Other towns in Chilga include Seraba and Wohni.
Overview
Elevations in this woreda range between 1000 and 1500 meters above sea level. Rivers include the Atbarah. A survey of the land in this woreda shows that 21.7% is arable or cultivable, 1.9% pasture, 22.3% forest or shrubland, and the remaining 54.1% is considered degraded or other. This survey covered more of the woreda than the sample enumeration performed by the Central Statistical Agency (CSA) in 2001.
One notable landmark in this woreda is the archeological site at Chilga Kernet, which was investigated in 2002 as part of the Blue Nile Basin Survey Project. The surface of the site was reported to be "littered with several thousand hand axes and other heavily weathered basalt implements". A preliminary survey led the investigators to speculate that much of the hill is underlain by a layer of Acheulean artifacts of about 2 hectares in size. A program was announced in 2008, which would spend three million Birr on construction of new health stations, at which time there were 45 health posts and two health stations in Chilga, providing health coverage for 88% of the woreda.
Demographics
Based on the 2007 national census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA), this woreda has a total population of 221,462, an increase of 33.34% over the 1994 census, of whom 112,054 are men and 109,408 women; 20,745 or 9.37% are urban inhabitants. With an area of 3,071.65 square kilometers, Chilga has a population density of 72.10, which is greater than the Zone average of 63.76 persons per square kilometer. A total of 47,336 households were counted in this woreda, resulting in an average of 4.68 persons to a household, and 45,352 housing units. The majority of the inhabitants practiced Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, with 96.7% reporting that as their religion, while 3.1% of the population said they were Muslim. Although the Amhara people are the predominant ethnic group in this woreda, the Qemant, one of the Agaw people, are an important minority who are concentrated around the town of Aykel. Although the priestly head of the Chilga Qement is the spiritual leader of the Qement south of the Gwang River, the other head priest, who lives at Tekle Dingay, has more prestige. For this reason, the head priest of Chilga on occasion travels to Tekle Dingay to participate in holiday festivities, while the head priest in the latter town does not return the visit.
The 1994 national census reported a total population for this woreda of 166,086 in 29,955 households, of whom 84,798 were men and 81,288 women; 9,618 or 5.79% of its population were urban dwellers at the time. The two largest ethnic groups reported in Chilga were the Amhara (68.65%), and the Qemant (30.77%); all other ethnic groups made up 0.51% of the population. Amharic was spoken as a first language by 99%, and Qemant by 0.83%; the remaining 0.17% spoke all other primary languages reported. The majority of the inhabitants practiced Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, with 96.21% embracing that faith, while 3.7% of the population said they were Muslim.
Economy
The economy of Chilga is predominantly agricultural. According to the Atlas of the Ethiopian Rural Economy published by the CSA, there are no agricultural cooperatives in this woreda. Estimated all-weather road density is reported to be between 10.1 and 20 kilometers per 1000 square kilometers. Coal-bearing clay seams near Chilga, north-west of Lake Tana and 35 km from Gondar, were explored in 1937, 1952, and 1960.
A sample enumeration performed by the CSA in 2001 interviewed 33,624 farmers in this woreda, who held an average of 0.61 hectares of land. The earlier survey found that of the land under cultivation in Chilga, 64.53% was planted in cereals like teff, maize and finger millet, 2.81% in pulses like horse beans, 8.3% in oilseeds like neug, 0.72% in perennial crops like coffee, 0.62% in root crops, 0.45% in vegetables, and 12.57% all other crops. Permanent crops included 47.13 hectares planted in coffee, 337.01 in gesho or hops, and 8.02 in fruit trees. 88.76% of the farmers both raise crops and livestock, while 8.57% only grow crops and 2.68% only raise livestock.
Notable people
Tamagn Beyene
Notes
^ Geohive: Ethiopia Archived 2012-08-05 at the Wayback Machine
^ "GeoHive - Ethiopia population statistics". Archived from the original on 2012-08-05.
^ Ethiopia-Sudan Power Systems Interconnection Project, ESIA Final Report Archived October 11, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, p. 55 (Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation website) This was based on information provided by the woreda in 2003 and 2005
^ Lawrence Todd, Michelle Glantz, John Kappelman, "Chilga Kernet: An Acheulean landscape on Ethiopia's western plateau", Antiquity, 76 (2002), pp. 611-2
^ "Woreda constructing 3 mln birr health stations", Ethiopian News Agency website (accessed 20 January 2010)
^ Census 2007 Tables: Amhara Region Archived November 14, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, Tables 2.1, 2.4, 2.5, 3.1, 3.2 and 3.4.
^ a b "Local History of Ethiopia" The Nordic Africa Institute website (accessed 22 April 2022)
^ 1994 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia: Results for Amhara Region, Vol. 1, part 1 Archived November 15, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, Tables 2.1, 2.7, 2.10, 2.13, 2.17, Annex II.2 (accessed 9 April 2009)
^ Atlas of the Ethiopian Rural Economy Archived July 1, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, pp. 30f
^ "Central Statistical Authority of Ethiopia. Agricultural Sample Survey (AgSE2001). Report on Area and Production - Amhara Region. Version 1.1 - December 2007" (accessed 26 January 2009)
12°45′N 36°40′E / 12.750°N 36.667°E / 12.750; 36.667
vteZones and Woredas of the Amhara Region List of districts in the Amhara regionAgew Awi Zone
Ankasha Guagusa
Banja Shekudad
Dangila
Faggeta Lekoma
Guagusa Shekudad
Guangua
Jawi
East Gojjam Zone
Aneded
Awabel
Baso Liben
Bibugn
Debay Telatgen
Debre Elias
Debre Markos Town
Dejen
Enarj Enawga
Enbise Sar Midir
Enemay
Goncha
Goncha Siso Enese
Gozamin
Hulet Ej Enese
Machakel
Shebel Berenta
Sinan
North Gondar Zone
Addi Arkay
Alefa
Beyeda
Chilga
Dabat
Debarq
Dembiya
Gondar Town
Gondar Zuria
Jan Amora
Lay Armachiho
Metemma
Mirab Armachiho
Mirab Belessa
Misraq Belessa
Qwara
Tach Armachiho
Takusa
Tegeda
Tselemt
Wegera
North Shewa Zone
Angolalla Tera
Ankober
Antsokiyana Gemza
Asagirt
Basona Werana
Berehet
Debre Birhan Town
Efratana Gidim
Ensaro
Gishe
Hagere Mariamna Kesem
Kewet
Minjarna Shenkora
Menz Gera Midir
Menz Keya Gebreal
Menz Lalo Midir
Menz Mam Midir
Merhabete
Mida Woremo
Mojana Wadera
Moretna Jiru
Siyadebrina Wayu
Termaber
North Wollo Zone
Bugna
Dawunt
Delanta
Gidan
Guba Lafto
Habru
Kobo
Lasta
Meket
Wadla
Weldiya Town
Oromia Zone
Artuma Fursi
Baati
Dawa Chaffa
Dawa Harewa
Jilee Dhummuugaa
Kemise Town
South Gondar Zone
Debre Tabor Town
Dera
Ebenat
Farta
Fogera
Lay Gayint
Libo Kemekem
Mirab Este
Misraq Este
Simada
Tach Gayint
South Wollo Zone
Abuko
Amba Sel
Debre Sina
Dessie Town
Dessie Zuria
Jama
Kalu
Kelela
Kombolcha Town
Kutaber
Legahida
Legambo
Mekdela
Mehal Sayint
Sayint
Tehuledere
Tenta
Wegde
Were Babu
Were Ilu
Wag Hemra Zone
Abergele
Dehana
Gazbibla
Sehala
Soqota
Soqota Town
Zikuala
West Gojjam Zone
Bahir Dar Zuria
Bure
Dega Damot
Debub Achefer
Dembecha
Jabi Tehnan
Finote Selam Town
Kuarit
Mecha
Sekela
Semien Achefer
Wemberma
Yilmana Densa
Special zones
Bahir Dar
Special woredas
Argobba | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amharic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amharic_language"},{"link_name":"woreda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Amhara Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amhara_Region"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Ayikel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayikel"},{"link_name":"Gondar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondar"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan"},{"link_name":"Maekelawi Gondar Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maekelawi_Gondar_Zone&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Takusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takusa"},{"link_name":"Metemma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metemma_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Tach Armachiho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tach_Armachiho"},{"link_name":"Lay Armachiho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lay_Armachiho"},{"link_name":"Dembiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dembiya_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Seraba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seraba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wohni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wohni&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"District in Amhara Region, EthiopiaWoreda in Amhara, Maekelawi GondarChilga (Amharic: ጭልጋ č̣ilgā) also Chelga, Ch'ilga is a woreda in Amhara Region, Ethiopia. It is named after its chief town Chilga (also known as Ayikel), an important stopping point on the historic Gondar-Sudan trade route. Part of the Maekelawi Gondar Zone, Chilga is bordered on the south by Takusa, on the west by Metemma, on the north by Tach Armachiho, on the northeast by Lay Armachiho, and on the east by Dembiya. Other towns in Chilga include Seraba and Wohni.","title":"Chilga"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atbarah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atbarah_River"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Central Statistical Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Statistical_Agency_(Ethiopia)"},{"link_name":"Chilga Kernet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chilga_Kernet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Acheulean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acheulean"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Birr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_birr"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Elevations in this woreda range between 1000 and 1500 meters above sea level. Rivers include the Atbarah. A survey of the land in this woreda shows that 21.7% is arable or cultivable, 1.9% pasture, 22.3% forest or shrubland, and the remaining 54.1% is considered degraded or other.[3] This survey covered more of the woreda than the sample enumeration performed by the Central Statistical Agency (CSA) in 2001.One notable landmark in this woreda is the archeological site at Chilga Kernet, which was investigated in 2002 as part of the Blue Nile Basin Survey Project. The surface of the site was reported to be \"littered with several thousand hand axes and other heavily weathered basalt implements\". A preliminary survey led the investigators to speculate that much of the hill is underlain by a layer of Acheulean artifacts of about 2 hectares in size.[4] A program was announced in 2008, which would spend three million Birr on construction of new health stations, at which time there were 45 health posts and two health stations in Chilga, providing health coverage for 88% of the woreda.[5]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Central Statistical Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Statistical_Agency_(Ethiopia)"},{"link_name":"Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Amhara people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amhara_people"},{"link_name":"Qemant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qemant"},{"link_name":"Agaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agaw"},{"link_name":"Tekle Dingay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tekle_Dingay&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NAI-web-7"},{"link_name":"Amhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amhara_people"},{"link_name":"Amharic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amharic_language"},{"link_name":"Qemant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qimant_language"},{"link_name":"Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Based on the 2007 national census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA), this woreda has a total population of 221,462, an increase of 33.34% over the 1994 census, of whom 112,054 are men and 109,408 women; 20,745 or 9.37% are urban inhabitants. With an area of 3,071.65 square kilometers, Chilga has a population density of 72.10, which is greater than the Zone average of 63.76 persons per square kilometer. A total of 47,336 households were counted in this woreda, resulting in an average of 4.68 persons to a household, and 45,352 housing units. The majority of the inhabitants practiced Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, with 96.7% reporting that as their religion, while 3.1% of the population said they were Muslim.[6] Although the Amhara people are the predominant ethnic group in this woreda, the Qemant, one of the Agaw people, are an important minority who are concentrated around the town of Aykel. Although the priestly head of the Chilga Qement is the spiritual leader of the Qement south of the Gwang River, the other head priest, who lives at Tekle Dingay, has more prestige. For this reason, the head priest of Chilga on occasion travels to Tekle Dingay to participate in holiday festivities, while the head priest in the latter town does not return the visit.[7]The 1994 national census reported a total population for this woreda of 166,086 in 29,955 households, of whom 84,798 were men and 81,288 women; 9,618 or 5.79% of its population were urban dwellers at the time. The two largest ethnic groups reported in Chilga were the Amhara (68.65%), and the Qemant (30.77%); all other ethnic groups made up 0.51% of the population. Amharic was spoken as a first language by 99%, and Qemant by 0.83%; the remaining 0.17% spoke all other primary languages reported. The majority of the inhabitants practiced Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, with 96.21% embracing that faith, while 3.7% of the population said they were Muslim.[8]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Lake Tana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Tana"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NAI-web-7"},{"link_name":"teff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teff"},{"link_name":"maize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize"},{"link_name":"finger millet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finger_millet"},{"link_name":"horse beans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_bean"},{"link_name":"neug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guizotia_abyssinica"},{"link_name":"coffee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee"},{"link_name":"gesho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesho"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The economy of Chilga is predominantly agricultural. According to the Atlas of the Ethiopian Rural Economy published by the CSA, there are no agricultural cooperatives in this woreda. Estimated all-weather road density is reported to be between 10.1 and 20 kilometers per 1000 square kilometers.[9] Coal-bearing clay seams near Chilga, north-west of Lake Tana and 35 km from Gondar, were explored in 1937, 1952, and 1960.[7]A sample enumeration performed by the CSA in 2001 interviewed 33,624 farmers in this woreda, who held an average of 0.61 hectares of land. The earlier survey found that of the land under cultivation in Chilga, 64.53% was planted in cereals like teff, maize and finger millet, 2.81% in pulses like horse beans, 8.3% in oilseeds like neug, 0.72% in perennial crops like coffee, 0.62% in root crops, 0.45% in vegetables, and 12.57% all other crops. Permanent crops included 47.13 hectares planted in coffee, 337.01 in gesho or hops, and 8.02 in fruit trees. 88.76% of the farmers both raise crops and livestock, while 8.57% only grow crops and 2.68% only raise livestock.[10]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tamagn Beyene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamagn_Beyene"}],"text":"Tamagn Beyene","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-geohive_1-0"},{"link_name":"Geohive: Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.geohive.com/cntry/ethiopia.aspx"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120805184429/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/ethiopia.aspx"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"GeoHive - Ethiopia population statistics\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120805184429/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/ethiopia.aspx"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.geohive.com/cntry/ethiopia.aspx"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia-Sudan Power Systems Interconnection Project, ESIA Final Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.eepco.gov.et/ESIA%20Final%202006/ESIA%20Final%202006.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071011174504/http://www.eepco.gov.et/ESIA%20Final%202006/ESIA%20Final%202006.pdf"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Electric_Power_Corporation"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Woreda constructing 3 mln birr health stations\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ena.gov.et/EnglishNews/2008/Nov/27Nov08/74207.htm"},{"link_name":"permanent dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"Ethiopian News Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_News_Agency"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Census 2007 Tables: Amhara Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=266&format=raw&Itemid=521"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20101114004005/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=266&format=raw&Itemid=521"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NAI-web_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NAI-web_7-1"},{"link_name":"\"Local History of Ethiopia\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nai.uu.se/library/resources/thematic-resources/local-history-of-ethiopia.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"1994 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia: Results for Amhara Region, Vol. 1, part 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.csa.gov.et/surveys/Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%201994/survey0/data/docs%5Creport%5CStatistical_Report%5Ck03%5Ck03_partI.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20101115052151/http://www.csa.gov.et/surveys/Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%201994/survey0/data/docs%5Creport%5CStatistical_Report%5Ck03%5Ck03_partI.pdf"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Atlas of the Ethiopian Rural Economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.csa.gov.et/text_files/Atlas%20of%20the%20Ethiopian%20Rural%20Economy.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070701060845/http://www.csa.gov.et/text_files/Atlas%20of%20the%20Ethiopian%20Rural%20Economy.pdf"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Central Statistical Authority of Ethiopia. Agricultural Sample Survey (AgSE2001). Report on Area and Production - Amhara Region. Version 1.1 - December 2007\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.csa.gov.et/surveys/Agricultural_Sample_Enumeration_2001/Agricultural_Sample_Enumeration_2001"},{"link_name":"permanent dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"12°45′N 36°40′E / 12.750°N 36.667°E / 12.750; 36.667","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chilga¶ms=12_45_N_36_40_E_type:adm3rd_region:ET"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Districts_of_the_Amhara_Region"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Districts_of_the_Amhara_Region"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Districts_of_the_Amhara_Region"},{"link_name":"Zones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_zones_of_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Woredas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woredas_of_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Amhara Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amhara_Region"},{"link_name":"List of districts in the Amhara region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_districts_in_the_Amhara_region"},{"link_name":"Agew Awi Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agew_Awi_Zone"},{"link_name":"Ankasha Guagusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankasha_Guagusa"},{"link_name":"Banja Shekudad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banja_Shekudad"},{"link_name":"Dangila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangila_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Faggeta Lekoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faggeta_Lekoma"},{"link_name":"Guagusa Shekudad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guagusa_Shekudad"},{"link_name":"Guangua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangua"},{"link_name":"Jawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawi_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"East Gojjam Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Gojjam_Zone"},{"link_name":"Aneded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneded"},{"link_name":"Awabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awabel"},{"link_name":"Baso Liben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baso_Liben"},{"link_name":"Bibugn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibugn"},{"link_name":"Debay Telatgen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debay_Telatgen"},{"link_name":"Debre Elias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debre_Elias"},{"link_name":"Debre Markos Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debre_Markos"},{"link_name":"Dejen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dejen_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Enarj Enawga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enarj_Enawga"},{"link_name":"Enbise Sar Midir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enbise_Sar_Midir"},{"link_name":"Enemay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enemay"},{"link_name":"Goncha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goncha"},{"link_name":"Goncha Siso Enese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goncha_Siso_Enese"},{"link_name":"Gozamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gozamin"},{"link_name":"Hulet Ej Enese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulet_Ej_Enese"},{"link_name":"Machakel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machakel"},{"link_name":"Shebel Berenta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebel_Berenta"},{"link_name":"Sinan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinan_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"North Gondar Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Gondar_Zone"},{"link_name":"Addi Arkay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addi_Arkay_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Alefa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alefa"},{"link_name":"Beyeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyeda"},{"link_name":"Chilga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Dabat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabat_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Debarq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debarq_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Dembiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dembiya_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Gondar Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondar"},{"link_name":"Gondar Zuria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondar_Zuria"},{"link_name":"Jan Amora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Amora"},{"link_name":"Lay Armachiho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lay_Armachiho"},{"link_name":"Metemma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metemma_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Mirab Armachiho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirab_Armachiho"},{"link_name":"Mirab Belessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirab_Belessa"},{"link_name":"Misraq Belessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misraq_Belessa"},{"link_name":"Qwara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qwara_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Tach Armachiho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tach_Armachiho"},{"link_name":"Takusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takusa"},{"link_name":"Tegeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegeda"},{"link_name":"Tselemt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tselemt"},{"link_name":"Wegera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wegera_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"North Shewa Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Shewa_Zone_(Amhara)"},{"link_name":"Angolalla Tera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angolalla_Tera"},{"link_name":"Ankober","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankober_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Antsokiyana Gemza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antsokiyana_Gemza"},{"link_name":"Asagirt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asagirt"},{"link_name":"Basona Werana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basona_Werana"},{"link_name":"Berehet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berehet"},{"link_name":"Debre Birhan Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debre_Birhan"},{"link_name":"Efratana Gidim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efratana_Gidim"},{"link_name":"Ensaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensaro"},{"link_name":"Gishe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gishe"},{"link_name":"Hagere Mariamna Kesem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagere_Mariamna_Kesem"},{"link_name":"Kewet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kewet_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Minjarna Shenkora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minjarna_Shenkora"},{"link_name":"Menz Gera Midir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menz_Gera_Midir"},{"link_name":"Menz Keya Gebreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menz_Keya_Gebreal"},{"link_name":"Menz Lalo Midir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menz_Lalo_Midir"},{"link_name":"Menz Mam Midir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menz_Mam_Midir"},{"link_name":"Merhabete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merhabete"},{"link_name":"Mida Woremo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mida_Woremo"},{"link_name":"Mojana Wadera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojana_Wadera"},{"link_name":"Moretna Jiru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moretna_Jiru"},{"link_name":"Siyadebrina Wayu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyadebrina_Wayu"},{"link_name":"Termaber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termaber"},{"link_name":"North Wollo Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Wollo_Zone"},{"link_name":"Bugna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugna"},{"link_name":"Dawunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawunt"},{"link_name":"Delanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delanta"},{"link_name":"Gidan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gidan"},{"link_name":"Guba Lafto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guba_Lafto"},{"link_name":"Habru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habru"},{"link_name":"Kobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobo_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Lasta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasta_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Meket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meket"},{"link_name":"Wadla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadla"},{"link_name":"Weldiya Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weldiya"},{"link_name":"Oromia Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromia_Zone"},{"link_name":"Artuma Fursi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artuma_Fursi"},{"link_name":"Baati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bati_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Dawa Chaffa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawa_Chaffa"},{"link_name":"Dawa Harewa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawa_Harewa"},{"link_name":"Jilee Dhummuugaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jilee_Dhummuugaa"},{"link_name":"Kemise Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemise"},{"link_name":"South Gondar Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Gondar_Zone"},{"link_name":"Debre Tabor Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debre_Tabor"},{"link_name":"Dera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dera,_Amhara_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Ebenat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebenat_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Farta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farta"},{"link_name":"Fogera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fogera"},{"link_name":"Lay Gayint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lay_Gayint"},{"link_name":"Libo Kemekem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemekem"},{"link_name":"Mirab Este","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirab_Este"},{"link_name":"Misraq Este","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misraq_Este"},{"link_name":"Simada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simada"},{"link_name":"Tach Gayint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tach_Gayint"},{"link_name":"South Wollo Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Wollo_Zone"},{"link_name":"Abuko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuko_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Amba Sel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambassel"},{"link_name":"Debre Sina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debre_Sina_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Dessie Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dessie"},{"link_name":"Dessie Zuria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dessie_Zuria"},{"link_name":"Jama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jama_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Kalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalu_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Kelela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelela_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Kombolcha Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kombolcha"},{"link_name":"Kutaber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutaber_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Legahida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legahida"},{"link_name":"Legambo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legambo"},{"link_name":"Mekdela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekdela"},{"link_name":"Mehal Sayint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehal_Sayint"},{"link_name":"Sayint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayint"},{"link_name":"Tehuledere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehuledere"},{"link_name":"Tenta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenta_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Wegde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wegde"},{"link_name":"Were Babu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Were_Babu"},{"link_name":"Were Ilu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Were_Ilu_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Wag Hemra Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wag_Hemra_Zone"},{"link_name":"Abergele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abergele,_Amhara"},{"link_name":"Dehana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehana"},{"link_name":"Gazbibla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazbibla"},{"link_name":"Sehala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sehala"},{"link_name":"Soqota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soqota_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Soqota Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soqota"},{"link_name":"Zikuala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zikuala"},{"link_name":"West Gojjam Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Gojjam_Zone"},{"link_name":"Bahir Dar Zuria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahir_Dar_Zuria"},{"link_name":"Bure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bure,_Gojjam_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Dega Damot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dega_Damot"},{"link_name":"Debub Achefer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debub_Achefer"},{"link_name":"Dembecha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dembecha_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Jabi Tehnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabi_Tehnan"},{"link_name":"Finote Selam Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finote_Selam"},{"link_name":"Kuarit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuarit"},{"link_name":"Mecha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecha_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Sekela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekela_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Semien Achefer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semien_Achefer"},{"link_name":"Wemberma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wemberma"},{"link_name":"Yilmana Densa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yilmana_Densa"},{"link_name":"Bahir Dar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahir_Dar"},{"link_name":"Argobba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argobba_special_woreda_(Amhara)"}],"text":"^ Geohive: Ethiopia Archived 2012-08-05 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ \"GeoHive - Ethiopia population statistics\". Archived from the original on 2012-08-05.\n\n^ Ethiopia-Sudan Power Systems Interconnection Project, ESIA Final Report Archived October 11, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, p. 55 (Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation website) This was based on information provided by the woreda in 2003 and 2005\n\n^ Lawrence Todd, Michelle Glantz, John Kappelman, \"Chilga Kernet: An Acheulean landscape on Ethiopia's western plateau\", Antiquity, 76 (2002), pp. 611-2\n\n^ \"Woreda constructing 3 mln birr health stations\"[permanent dead link], Ethiopian News Agency website (accessed 20 January 2010)\n\n^ Census 2007 Tables: Amhara Region Archived November 14, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, Tables 2.1, 2.4, 2.5, 3.1, 3.2 and 3.4.\n\n^ a b \"Local History of Ethiopia\" The Nordic Africa Institute website (accessed 22 April 2022)\n\n^ 1994 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia: Results for Amhara Region, Vol. 1, part 1 Archived November 15, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, Tables 2.1, 2.7, 2.10, 2.13, 2.17, Annex II.2 (accessed 9 April 2009)\n\n^ Atlas of the Ethiopian Rural Economy Archived July 1, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, pp. 30f\n\n^ \"Central Statistical Authority of Ethiopia. Agricultural Sample Survey (AgSE2001). Report on Area and Production - Amhara Region. Version 1.1 - December 2007\"[permanent dead link] (accessed 26 January 2009)12°45′N 36°40′E / 12.750°N 36.667°E / 12.750; 36.667vteZones and Woredas of the Amhara Region List of districts in the Amhara regionAgew Awi Zone\nAnkasha Guagusa\nBanja Shekudad\nDangila\nFaggeta Lekoma\nGuagusa Shekudad\nGuangua\nJawi\nEast Gojjam Zone\nAneded\nAwabel\nBaso Liben\nBibugn\nDebay Telatgen\nDebre Elias\nDebre Markos Town\nDejen\nEnarj Enawga\nEnbise Sar Midir\nEnemay\nGoncha\nGoncha Siso Enese\nGozamin\nHulet Ej Enese\nMachakel\nShebel Berenta\nSinan\nNorth Gondar Zone\nAddi Arkay\nAlefa\nBeyeda\nChilga\nDabat\nDebarq\nDembiya\nGondar Town\nGondar Zuria\nJan Amora\nLay Armachiho\nMetemma\nMirab Armachiho\nMirab Belessa\nMisraq Belessa\nQwara\nTach Armachiho\nTakusa\nTegeda\nTselemt\nWegera\nNorth Shewa Zone\nAngolalla Tera\nAnkober\nAntsokiyana Gemza\nAsagirt\nBasona Werana\nBerehet\nDebre Birhan Town\nEfratana Gidim\nEnsaro\nGishe\nHagere Mariamna Kesem\nKewet\nMinjarna Shenkora\nMenz Gera Midir\nMenz Keya Gebreal\nMenz Lalo Midir\nMenz Mam Midir\nMerhabete\nMida Woremo\nMojana Wadera\nMoretna Jiru\nSiyadebrina Wayu\nTermaber\nNorth Wollo Zone\nBugna\nDawunt\nDelanta\nGidan\nGuba Lafto\nHabru\nKobo\nLasta\nMeket\nWadla\nWeldiya Town\nOromia Zone\nArtuma Fursi\nBaati\nDawa Chaffa\nDawa Harewa\nJilee Dhummuugaa\nKemise Town\nSouth Gondar Zone\nDebre Tabor Town\nDera\nEbenat\nFarta\nFogera\nLay Gayint\nLibo Kemekem\nMirab Este\nMisraq Este\nSimada\nTach Gayint\nSouth Wollo Zone\nAbuko\nAmba Sel\nDebre Sina\nDessie Town\nDessie Zuria\nJama\nKalu\nKelela\nKombolcha Town\nKutaber\nLegahida\nLegambo\nMekdela\nMehal Sayint\nSayint\nTehuledere\nTenta\nWegde\nWere Babu\nWere Ilu\nWag Hemra Zone\nAbergele\nDehana\nGazbibla\nSehala\nSoqota\nSoqota Town\nZikuala\nWest Gojjam Zone\nBahir Dar Zuria\nBure\nDega Damot\nDebub Achefer\nDembecha\nJabi Tehnan\nFinote Selam Town\nKuarit\nMecha\nSekela\nSemien Achefer\nWemberma\nYilmana Densa\nSpecial zones\nBahir Dar\nSpecial woredas\nArgobba","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"GeoHive - Ethiopia population statistics\". Archived from the original on 2012-08-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120805184429/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/ethiopia.aspx","url_text":"\"GeoHive - Ethiopia population statistics\""},{"url":"http://www.geohive.com/cntry/ethiopia.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chilga¶ms=12_45_N_36_40_E_type:adm3rd_region:ET","external_links_name":"12°45′N 36°40′E / 12.750°N 36.667°E / 12.750; 36.667"},{"Link":"http://www.geohive.com/cntry/ethiopia.aspx","external_links_name":"Geohive: Ethiopia"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120805184429/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/ethiopia.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120805184429/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/ethiopia.aspx","external_links_name":"\"GeoHive - Ethiopia population statistics\""},{"Link":"http://www.geohive.com/cntry/ethiopia.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.eepco.gov.et/ESIA%20Final%202006/ESIA%20Final%202006.pdf","external_links_name":"Ethiopia-Sudan Power Systems Interconnection Project, ESIA Final Report"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071011174504/http://www.eepco.gov.et/ESIA%20Final%202006/ESIA%20Final%202006.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ena.gov.et/EnglishNews/2008/Nov/27Nov08/74207.htm","external_links_name":"\"Woreda constructing 3 mln birr health stations\""},{"Link":"http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=266&format=raw&Itemid=521","external_links_name":"Census 2007 Tables: Amhara Region"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101114004005/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=266&format=raw&Itemid=521","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://nai.uu.se/library/resources/thematic-resources/local-history-of-ethiopia.html","external_links_name":"\"Local History of Ethiopia\""},{"Link":"http://www.csa.gov.et/surveys/Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%201994/survey0/data/docs%5Creport%5CStatistical_Report%5Ck03%5Ck03_partI.pdf","external_links_name":"1994 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia: Results for Amhara Region, Vol. 1, part 1"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101115052151/http://www.csa.gov.et/surveys/Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%201994/survey0/data/docs%5Creport%5CStatistical_Report%5Ck03%5Ck03_partI.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.csa.gov.et/text_files/Atlas%20of%20the%20Ethiopian%20Rural%20Economy.pdf","external_links_name":"Atlas of the Ethiopian Rural Economy"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070701060845/http://www.csa.gov.et/text_files/Atlas%20of%20the%20Ethiopian%20Rural%20Economy.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.csa.gov.et/surveys/Agricultural_Sample_Enumeration_2001/Agricultural_Sample_Enumeration_2001","external_links_name":"\"Central Statistical Authority of Ethiopia. Agricultural Sample Survey (AgSE2001). Report on Area and Production - Amhara Region. Version 1.1 - December 2007\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chilga¶ms=12_45_N_36_40_E_type:adm3rd_region:ET","external_links_name":"12°45′N 36°40′E / 12.750°N 36.667°E / 12.750; 36.667"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Grinstead_Constituency | East Grinstead (UK Parliament constituency) | ["1 Boundaries","2 Members of Parliament","2.1 MPs 1307–1660","2.2 MPs 1660–1832","2.3 MPs 1885–1983","3 Elections","3.1 Elections in the 1880s","3.2 Elections in the 1890s","3.3 Elections in the 1900s","3.4 Elections in the 1910s","3.5 Elections in the 1920s","3.6 Elections in the 1930s","3.7 Elections in the 1940s","3.8 Elections in the 1950s","3.9 Elections in the 1960s","3.10 Elections in the 1970s","4 References","5 Further reading"] | East GrinsteadFormer County constituencyfor the House of CommonsCountyEast SussexMajor settlementsEast Grinstead1885–1983SeatsOneCreated fromEast SussexReplaced byMid Sussex and Wealden1307–1832SeatsTwoType of constituencyBorough constituency
East Grinstead was a parliamentary constituency in the Kingdom of England, the Kingdom of Great Britain, and the United Kingdom. It first existed as a Parliamentary borough from 1307, returning two Members of Parliament to the House of Commons elected by the bloc vote system. The borough was disfranchised under the Reform Act 1832, but the name was revived at the 1885 election when the Redistribution of Seats Act created a new single-member county division of the same name.
Upon its abolition for the 1983 election, its territory was divided between Mid Sussex and Wealden.
Boundaries
1885–1918: The Sessional Divisions of Cuckfield (except the parish of Crawley), East Grinstead, and Uckfield (except the parishes of East Heathley and Waldron).
1918–1950: The Urban Districts of Burgess Hill, Cuckfield, East Grinstead, Hayward's Heath, and Uckfield, and the Rural Districts of Cuckfield, East Grinstead, and Uckfield.
1950–1955: The Urban Districts of Cuckfield and East Grinstead, the Rural District of Uckfield, in the Rural District of Cuckfield the parishes of Ardingly, Balcombe, Bolney, Cuckfield Rural, Horsted Keynes, Lindfield Rural, Slaugham, West Hoathly, and Worth, and in the Rural District of Battle the parishes of Burwash, Etchingham, and Ticehurst.
1955–1974: As 1950 less the Battle RD parishes.
1974–1983: The Urban District of East Grinstead, and the Rural District of Uckfield.
Members of Parliament
MPs 1307–1660
Year
First member
Second member
1388 (Feb)
John Dyne
John Heldele
1388 (Sep)
William Nelond
Richard Woghere
1390 (Jan)
1390 (Nov)
1391
John Alfray I
John Dyne
1393
Thomas Alleyn
Thomas Rasse
1394
1395
Thomas Farlegh
William atte Hull
1397 (Jan)
John Dyne
John Punget
1397 (Sep)
John Dyne
John Punget
1399
John Dyne
Richard Woghere
1401
1402
John Dyne
Richard Woghere
1404 (Jan)
1404 (Oct)
1406
1407
John Dyne
Richard Woghere
1410
1411
1413 (Feb)
1413 (May)
Thomas Alleyn
John Hoke
1414 (Apr)
1414 (Nov)
John Dyne
John Woghere
1415
1416 (Mar)
John Ermyte
John Mason
1416 (Oct)
1417
1419
William Fenningham
John Hamme
1420
1421 (May)
Richard Fowell
John Woghere
1421 (Dec)
John Alfray II
John Woghere
1433
Thomas Russell
1447 John Alfray
1457
Ralph Legh
1459 John Alfray
1510-1523
No names known
1529
William Rutter
Edward Goodwin
1536
?
1539
?
1542
?
John Sackville
1545
?
1547
Jasper Culpeper
John Sackville II, died and replaced by Jan 1552 by George Darrell
1553 (Mar)
Sir Robert Oxenbridge
George Darrell
1553 (Oct)
Sir Thomas Stradling
John Story
1554 (Apr)
Richard Whalley
Anthony Stapleton
1554 (Nov)
Thomas Duffield
1555
?William Barnes
John Wiseman
1558
Thomas Farnham
Thomas Parker
1559
Thomas Sackville
Humphrey Llwyd
1562–3
John Sackville
Lawrence Banester
1571
John Jeffrey
Henry Berkeley
1572
Thomas Cure
Michael Heneage
1584
Thomas Cure
Francis Alford
1586
John Covert
Drew Pickesse
1589
Francis Alford
Thomas Frere
1593
Reade Stafford
John Shurley
1597
George Rivers
Richard Baker
1601
Sir Henry Compton
George Rivers
1604
Sir Henry Compton
Sir John Swynnerton
1614
Sir Henry Compton
George Rivers
1621
Sir Henry Compton
Thomas Pelham
1624
Robert Heath
Thomas Caldicot
1625
Robert Heath
Sir Henry Compton
1626
Robert Goodwin
Sir Henry Compton
1628-1629
Robert Goodwin
Sir Henry Compton
1629–1640
No Parliaments summoned
1640 (Apr)
Sir Henry Compton
Robert Goodwin
1640 (Nov)
Lord Buckhurst, disabled 1644
Robert Goodwin
1648
Robert Goodwin
John Baker
1653
Not represented in Barebones Parliament
1654
John Goodwin
(one seat only)
1656
John Goodwin
(one seat only)
1659
Robert Goodwin
George Courthope
MPs 1660–1832
Year
First member
Second member
1660
Marmaduke Gresham
George Courthope
1661
Lord Buckhurst
1675
Edward Sackville
1678
Thomas Pelham
12 February 1679
Edward Sackville
7 April 1679
Henry Powle
19 April 1679
Sir Thomas Littleton, Bt
19 August 1679
Goodwin Wharton
William Jephson
1681
Sir Cyril Wyche
Henry Powle
1685
Simon Smith
Thomas Jones
1689
Sir Thomas Dyke
Thomas Sackville
1693
Simon Smith
February 1695
The Earl of Orrery
November 1695
John Conyers
1698
The Earl of Orrery
January 1701
Matthew Prior
November 1701
The Earl of Orrery
1702
John Toke
1708
Viscount Lumley
Henry Campion
1710
John Conyers
Leonard Gale
1713
Hon. Spencer Compton
1715
The Viscount Shannon
March 1722
Hon. Sir Spencer Compton
November 1722
The Viscount Shannon
1725
Edward Conyers
1727
The Viscount Palmerston
1734
The Earl of Middlesex
Edward Conyers
1741
Sir Whistler Webster
1742
John Butler
1747
Sydney Smythe
1751
Hon. Joseph Yorke
March 1761
The Earl of Middlesex
Lord George Sackville
December 1761
Sir Thomas Hales, Bt
1762
John Irwin
1765
Sir Charles Farnaby
1767
Lord George Sackville
1782
Henry Arthur Herbert
1783
George Medley
1786
James Cuninghame
1788
Robert Cuninghame
1789
Richard Ford
1790
Nathaniel Dance
William Hamilton Nisbet
1796
James Strange
1802
Sir Henry Strachey
Daniel Giles
1807
Sir Nathaniel Dance-Holland, Bt.
Charles Ellis
January 1812
Richard Wellesley
March 1812
George Gunning
June 1812
Nicholas Vansittart
October 1812
George Gunning
James Stephen
1815
Sir George Johnstone Hope
May 1818
Lord Strathavon
June 1818
The Hon. Charles Jenkinson
1829
Viscount Holmesdale
1830
Frederick Richard West
Constituency abolished (1832)
MPs 1885–1983
Constituency revived (1885)
Election
Name
Party
Notes
1885
George Gregory
Conservative
MP for East Sussex 1868–1885
1886
Alfred Gathorne-Hardy
Conservative
MP for Canterbury 1878–1880. Son of 1st Earl of Cranbrook
1895
George Goschen
Conservative
Governor of Madras 1924–1929; 2nd Viscount Goschen 1907–1952
1906
Charles Corbett
Liberal
1910 (Jan)
Henry Cautley
Conservative
ennobled in 1936 as Baron Cautley, triggering a by-election
1936 by-election
Ralph Clarke
Conservative
1955
Evelyn Emmet
Conservative
Made a life peer in 1965 as Baroness Emmet of Amberley, triggering a by-election
1965 by-election
Geoffrey Johnson-Smith
Conservative
Former broadcaster. MP for Wealden 1983–2001
1983
Constituency abolished. See Wealden and Mid Sussex
Elections
Elections in the 1880s
General election 1885: East Grinstead
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
George Gregory
3,530
57.8
Liberal
Charles John Heald
2,579
42.2
Majority
951
15.6
Turnout
6,109
79.8
Registered electors
7,660
Conservative win (new seat)
General election 1886: East Grinstead
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Alfred Gathorne-Hardy
3,289
63.7
+5.9
Liberal
Charles John Heald
1,877
36.3
-5.9
Majority
1,412
27.4
+11.8
Turnout
5,166
67.4
−12.4
Registered electors
7,660
Conservative hold
Swing
+5.9
Elections in the 1890s
General election 1892: East Grinstead
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Alfred Gathorne-Hardy
3,987
62.9
−0.8
Liberal
Edward George Jenkinson
2,349
37.1
+0.8
Majority
1,638
25.8
−1.6
Turnout
6,336
72.4
+5.0
Registered electors
8,754
Conservative hold
Swing
−0.8
George Goschen
General election 1895: East Grinstead
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
George Goschen
3,731
56.5
-6.4
Liberal
Charles Corbett
2,874
43.5
+6.4
Majority
857
13.0
-12.8
Turnout
6,605
71.3
−1.1
Registered electors
9,262
Conservative hold
Swing
-6.4
Elections in the 1900s
Charles Corbett
General election 1900: East Grinstead
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
George Goschen
3,890
56.4
−0.1
Liberal
Charles Corbett
3,003
43.6
+0.1
Majority
887
12.8
−0.2
Turnout
6,893
71.8
+0.5
Registered electors
9,596
Conservative hold
Swing
−0.1
E.M. Crookshank
General election 1906: East Grinstead
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
Charles Corbett
4,793
51.4
+7.8
Conservative
Edgar Crookshank
4,531
48.6
-7.8
Majority
262
2.8
N/A
Turnout
9,324
86.9
+15.1
Registered electors
10,726
Liberal gain from Conservative
Swing
+7.8
Elections in the 1910s
General election January 1910: East Grinstead
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Henry Cautley
6,563
64.2
+15.6
Liberal
Charles Corbett
3,660
35.8
−15.6
Majority
2,903
28.4
N/A
Turnout
10,223
88.4
+1.5
Registered electors
11,562
Conservative gain from Liberal
Swing
+15.6
General election December 1910: East Grinstead
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Henry Cautley
5,926
62.7
-1.5
Liberal
Henry Norman Spalding
3,531
37.3
+1.5
Majority
2,395
25.4
-3.0
Turnout
9,457
81.8
-6.6
Registered electors
11,562
Conservative hold
Swing
-1.5
General Election 1914–15:
Another General Election was required to take place before the end of 1915. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place and by July 1914, the following candidates had been selected;
Unionist: Henry Cautley
Liberal: Richard Arthur Austen-Leigh
By-election, 1918: East Grinstead
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Unionist
Henry Cautley
Unopposed
Unionist hold
General election 1918: East Grinstead
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
C
Unionist
Henry Cautley
12,584
67.0
+4.3
Labour
David Pole
6,208
33.0
New
Majority
6,376
34.0
+8.6
Turnout
18,792
52.3
−29.5
Registered electors
35,955
Unionist hold
Swing
+4.3
C indicates candidate endorsed by the coalition government.
Elections in the 1920s
General election 1922: East Grinstead
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Unionist
Henry Cautley
15,981
71.0
+4.0
Labour
Thomas Crawford
6,527
29.0
−4.0
Majority
9,454
42.0
+8.0
Turnout
22,508
58.2
+5.9
Registered electors
38,664
Unionist hold
Swing
+4.0
General election 1923: East Grinstead
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Unionist
Henry Cautley
14,215
68.8
−2.2
Labour
Thomas Crawford
6,451
31.2
+2.2
Majority
7,764
37.6
−4.4
Turnout
20,666
52.4
−5.8
Registered electors
39,405
Unionist hold
Swing
−2.2
General election 1924: East Grinstead
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Unionist
Henry Cautley
18,365
64.6
−4.2
Liberal
Godfrey Frerichs Mowatt
5,604
19.7
New
Labour
John Morgan
4,479
15.7
−15.5
Majority
12,761
44.9
+7.3
Turnout
28,448
70.2
+17.8
Registered electors
40,500
Unionist hold
Swing
+5.7
General election 1929: East Grinstead
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Unionist
Henry Cautley
21,940
57.9
−6.7
Liberal
Barbara Bliss
9,718
25.6
+5.9
Labour
Thomas Crawford
6,265
16.5
+0.8
Majority
12,222
32.3
−12.6
Turnout
37,923
68.5
−1.7
Registered electors
55,352
Unionist hold
Swing
−6.3
Elections in the 1930s
Evan Durbin
General election 1931: East Grinstead
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Henry Cautley
34,826
87.2
+29.3
Labour
Evan Durbin
5,121
12.8
-3.7
Majority
29,705
74.4
+42.1
Turnout
39,947
69.2
+0.7
Conservative hold
Swing
Liberal candidate Lewis R. Jones withdrew at the last minute.
General election 1935: East Grinstead
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Henry Cautley
29,440
78.4
-8.8
Labour
Stanislaus Seuffert
8,097
21.6
+8.8
Majority
21,343
56.8
-17.6
Turnout
37,537
61.2
-8.0
Conservative hold
Swing
1936 East Grinstead by-election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Ralph Clarke
22,207
79.6
+1.2
Labour
Albert Edward Millett
5,708
20.4
-1.2
Majority
16,499
59.2
+2.4
Turnout
27,915
45.5
-15.7
Conservative hold
Swing
+1.2
General Election 1939–40:
Another General Election was required to take place before the end of 1940. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place and by the Autumn of 1939, the following candidates had been selected;
Conservative: Ralph Clarke
Liberal: William Cavendish Searle
Elections in the 1940s
General election 1945: East Grinstead
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Ralph Clarke
28,273
57.1
-21.3
Labour
David George Packham
12,519
25.3
+3.7
Liberal
John Charles McLaughlin
8,711
17.6
New
Majority
15,754
31.8
-25.0
Turnout
49,503
70.9
+9.7
Conservative hold
Swing
Elections in the 1950s
General election 1950: East Grinstead
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Ralph Clarke
29,786
55.1
-2.0
Labour
Catherine Williamson
12,983
24.0
-1.3
Liberal
John Charles McLaughlin
11,329
20.9
+3.3
Majority
16,803
31.1
-0.7
Turnout
54,098
81.7
+11.8
Conservative hold
Swing
General election 1951: East Grinstead
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Ralph Clarke
32,803
60.3
+5.2
Labour
Herbert Atkinson
14,271
26.2
+2.2
Liberal
John Charles McLaughlin
7,375
13.5
-7.4
Majority
18,532
34.1
+3.0
Turnout
54,449
80.3
-1.4
Conservative hold
Swing
General election 1955: East Grinstead
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Evelyn Emmet
28,450
61.5
+1.2
Labour
Martin Mason
11,750
25.4
-0.8
Liberal
Judith St John Thornton
6,034
13.1
-0.4
Majority
16,700
36.1
+2.0
Turnout
46,234
75.1
-5.2
Conservative hold
Swing
General election 1959: East Grinstead
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Evelyn Emmet
31,759
62.3
+0.8
Labour
Robert William G Humphreys
10,104
19.8
-5.6
Liberal
Patrick Furnell
9,100
17.9
+4.8
Majority
21,655
42.5
+6.4
Turnout
50,963
77.9
+2.8
Conservative hold
Swing
Elections in the 1960s
General election 1964: East Grinstead
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Evelyn Emmet
29,094
53.2
-10.1
Liberal
Richard Holme
14,753
26.7
+8.8
Labour
William H Hill
10,859
19.8
0.0
Majority
14,341
26.5
-16.0
Turnout
54,706
78.0
+0.1
Conservative hold
Swing
1965 East Grinstead by-election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Geoffrey Johnson-Smith
24,896
55.0
+1.8
Liberal
Richard Holme
14,279
31.5
+4.8
Labour
Jon Antony A Evans
6,101
13.5
-6.4
Majority
10,617
23.5
-3.0
Turnout
45,276
64.5
-13.5
Conservative hold
Swing
-1.4
General election 1966: East Grinstead
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Geoffrey Johnson-Smith
31,595
53.2
0.0
Liberal
James H Downie
13,611
27.0
+0.3
Labour
Arthur Harris Roberts
11,938
19.8
0.0
Majority
17,984
26.2
-0.3
Turnout
57,144
76.8
-1.2
Conservative hold
Swing
Elections in the 1970s
General election 1970: East Grinstead
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Geoffrey Johnson-Smith
38,359
61.2
+8.0
Liberal
David Carleton Bruce Smithers
12,343
19.7
-7.3
Labour
Tony Banks
12,014
19.2
-0.6
Majority
26,016
41.5
+15.3
Turnout
62,716
72.5
-4.3
Conservative hold
Swing
General election February 1974: East Grinstead
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Geoffrey Johnson-Smith
23,928
53.3
-7.9
Liberal
Peter Hasler Billenness
15,351
34.2
+14.5
Labour
William J Short
5,629
12.5
-6.7
Majority
8,577
19.1
-22.4
Turnout
44,908
81.5
+9.0
Conservative hold
Swing
General election October 1974: East Grinstead
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Geoffrey Johnson-Smith
22,035
53.2
-0.1
Liberal
Paul Hayden
12,755
30.8
-3.4
Labour
David William John Blake
6,648
16.0
+3.5
Majority
9,280
22.4
+3.3
Turnout
41,438
74.5
-7.0
Conservative hold
Swing
General election 1979: East Grinstead
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Geoffrey Johnson-Smith
28,279
62.0
+8.8
Liberal
Jeremy Nieboer
11,102
24.4
-6.4
Labour
RJ Taylor
6,196
13.6
-2.4
Majority
17,177
37.6
+15.2
Turnout
45,577
77.1
+2.6
Conservative hold
Swing
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "History of Parliament". History of Parliament Trust. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
^ "RUSSELL, Thomas II, of Chichester, Suss. | History of Parliament Online".
^ a b "ALFRAY, John II, of East Grinstead, Suss. | History of Parliament Online".
^ a b c d e f g h i "History of Parliament". History of Parliament Trust. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
^ a b c d e f g h i j "History of Parliament". History of Parliament Trust. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
^ a b c d e f g h i British parliamentary election results, 1885-1918 (Craig)
^ a b c d e f g h i British Parliamentary Election Results 1918-1949, FWS Craig
^ The Liberal Magazine, 1939
^ a b c d e f British parliamentary election results, 1950-1973 by FWS Craig
^ a b F W S Craig, British Parliamentary Election Results 1950-1973; Political Reference Publications, Glasgow 1973
^ a b c British parliamentary election results, 1974-1983 by FWS Craig
Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with "E" (part 1)
Election results, 1950 - 1979 Archived 5 May 2004 at the Wayback Machine
Craig, F. W. S. (1989) . British parliamentary election results 1885–1918 (2nd ed.). Chichester: Parliamentary Research Services. p. 404. ISBN 0-900178-27-2.
Craig, F. W. S. (1983) . British parliamentary election results 1918–1949 (3rd ed.). Chichester: Parliamentary Research Services. p. 481. ISBN 0-900178-06-X.
Further reading
Hills, Wallace Henry (c. 1906). "The Borough of East Grinstead and its Members of Parliament". The History of East Grinstead: The rise and progress of the town and the history of its institutions & People. Farncombe. Retrieved 29 October 2010. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"parliamentary constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_constituencies"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_England"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Parliamentary borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_borough"},{"link_name":"Members of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_England"},{"link_name":"bloc vote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plurality-at-large_voting"},{"link_name":"Reform Act 1832","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Act_1832"},{"link_name":"1885 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1885_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Redistribution of Seats Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redistribution_of_Seats_Act_1885"},{"link_name":"county division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_constituency"},{"link_name":"1983 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Mid Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_Sussex_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Wealden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealden_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"}],"text":"East Grinstead was a parliamentary constituency in the Kingdom of England, the Kingdom of Great Britain, and the United Kingdom. It first existed as a Parliamentary borough from 1307, returning two Members of Parliament to the House of Commons elected by the bloc vote system. The borough was disfranchised under the Reform Act 1832, but the name was revived at the 1885 election when the Redistribution of Seats Act created a new single-member county division of the same name.Upon its abolition for the 1983 election, its territory was divided between Mid Sussex and Wealden.","title":"East Grinstead (UK Parliament constituency)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"1885–1918: The Sessional Divisions of Cuckfield (except the parish of Crawley), East Grinstead, and Uckfield (except the parishes of East Heathley and Waldron).1918–1950: The Urban Districts of Burgess Hill, Cuckfield, East Grinstead, Hayward's Heath, and Uckfield, and the Rural Districts of Cuckfield, East Grinstead, and Uckfield.1950–1955: The Urban Districts of Cuckfield and East Grinstead, the Rural District of Uckfield, in the Rural District of Cuckfield the parishes of Ardingly, Balcombe, Bolney, Cuckfield Rural, Horsted Keynes, Lindfield Rural, Slaugham, West Hoathly, and Worth, and in the Rural District of Battle the parishes of Burwash, Etchingham, and Ticehurst.1955–1974: As 1950 less the Battle RD parishes.1974–1983: The Urban District of East Grinstead, and the Rural District of Uckfield.","title":"Boundaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Members of Parliament"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"MPs 1307–1660","title":"Members of Parliament"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"MPs 1660–1832","text":"Constituency abolished (1832)","title":"Members of Parliament"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"MPs 1885–1983","text":"Constituency revived (1885)","title":"Members of Parliament"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1880s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Goschen_the_younger.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1890s","text":"George Goschen","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_Corbett_MP.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edgar_March_Crookshank.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1900s","text":"Charles CorbettE.M. Crookshank","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Cautley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cautley,_1st_Baron_Cautley"}],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1910s","text":"General Election 1914–15:Another General Election was required to take place before the end of 1915. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place and by July 1914, the following candidates had been selected;Unionist: Henry Cautley\nLiberal: Richard Arthur Austen-Leigh","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1920s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Evan_Durbin.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ralph Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Clarke_(British_politician)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1930s","text":"Evan DurbinLiberal candidate Lewis R. Jones withdrew at the last minute.General Election 1939–40:\nAnother General Election was required to take place before the end of 1940. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place and by the Autumn of 1939, the following candidates had been selected;Conservative: Ralph Clarke\nLiberal: William Cavendish Searle[8]","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1940s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1950s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1960s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1970s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The History of East Grinstead: The rise and progress of the town and the history of its institutions & People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sussexhistory.co.uk/history-east-grinstead/east-grinstead-history%20-%200122.htm"}],"text":"Hills, Wallace Henry (c. 1906). \"The Borough of East Grinstead and its Members of Parliament\". The History of East Grinstead: The rise and progress of the town and the history of its institutions & People. Farncombe. Retrieved 29 October 2010.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"George Goschen","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ec/George_Goschen_the_younger.jpg/120px-George_Goschen_the_younger.jpg"},{"image_text":"Charles Corbett","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/17/Charles_Corbett_MP.jpg/120px-Charles_Corbett_MP.jpg"},{"image_text":"E.M. Crookshank","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Edgar_March_Crookshank.jpg/120px-Edgar_March_Crookshank.jpg"},{"image_text":"Evan Durbin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Evan_Durbin.jpg/120px-Evan_Durbin.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"History of Parliament\". History of Parliament Trust. Retrieved 20 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1386-1421/constituencies/east-grinstead","url_text":"\"History of Parliament\""}]},{"reference":"\"RUSSELL, Thomas II, of Chichester, Suss. | History of Parliament Online\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1386-1421/member/russell-thomas-ii","url_text":"\"RUSSELL, Thomas II, of Chichester, Suss. | History of Parliament Online\""}]},{"reference":"\"ALFRAY, John II, of East Grinstead, Suss. | History of Parliament Online\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1386-1421/member/alfray-john-ii","url_text":"\"ALFRAY, John II, of East Grinstead, Suss. | History of Parliament Online\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of Parliament\". History of Parliament Trust. Retrieved 20 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1509-1558/constituencies/east-grinstead","url_text":"\"History of Parliament\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of Parliament\". History of Parliament Trust. Retrieved 20 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1558-1603/constituencies/east-grinstead","url_text":"\"History of Parliament\""}]},{"reference":"Craig, F. W. S. (1989) [1974]. British parliamentary election results 1885–1918 (2nd ed.). Chichester: Parliamentary Research Services. p. 404. ISBN 0-900178-27-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._W._S._Craig","url_text":"Craig, F. W. S."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900178-27-2","url_text":"0-900178-27-2"}]},{"reference":"Craig, F. W. S. (1983) [1969]. British parliamentary election results 1918–1949 (3rd ed.). Chichester: Parliamentary Research Services. p. 481. ISBN 0-900178-06-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._W._S._Craig","url_text":"Craig, F. W. S."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900178-06-X","url_text":"0-900178-06-X"}]},{"reference":"Hills, Wallace Henry (c. 1906). \"The Borough of East Grinstead and its Members of Parliament\". The History of East Grinstead: The rise and progress of the town and the history of its institutions & People. Farncombe. Retrieved 29 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sussexhistory.co.uk/history-east-grinstead/east-grinstead-history%20-%200122.htm","url_text":"The History of East Grinstead: The rise and progress of the town and the history of its institutions & People"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1386-1421/constituencies/east-grinstead","external_links_name":"\"History of Parliament\""},{"Link":"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1386-1421/member/russell-thomas-ii","external_links_name":"\"RUSSELL, Thomas II, of Chichester, Suss. | History of Parliament Online\""},{"Link":"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1386-1421/member/alfray-john-ii","external_links_name":"\"ALFRAY, John II, of East Grinstead, Suss. | History of Parliament Online\""},{"Link":"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1509-1558/constituencies/east-grinstead","external_links_name":"\"History of Parliament\""},{"Link":"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1558-1603/constituencies/east-grinstead","external_links_name":"\"History of Parliament\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150215181722/http://www.leighrayment.com/commons/Ecommons1.htm","external_links_name":"Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with \"E\" (part 1)"},{"Link":"http://www.psr.keele.ac.uk/area/uk/edates.htm","external_links_name":"Election results, 1950 - 1979"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040505172753/http://www.psr.keele.ac.uk/area/uk/edates.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.sussexhistory.co.uk/history-east-grinstead/east-grinstead-history%20-%200122.htm","external_links_name":"The History of East Grinstead: The rise and progress of the town and the history of its institutions & People"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De-housing | Dehousing | ["1 Context","2 Production and Contents of Dehousing Paper","3 Contemporary debate and Butt and Singleton reports","4 Notes","5 References","6 Sources","7 Further reading"] | British strategic bombing campaign against Germany during WWII
For the general tactic, see House demolition.Dehousing was a strategy adopted by the British against the Germans during World War II. It sought to maximize the damage to civilian housing. The strategy was proposed via a memorandum on March 30, 1942, by Professor Frederick Lindemann, Baron Cherwell, the British government's chief scientific adviser. He believed that this strategy would allow them to avoid an invasion of Europe. After it was accepted by the Cabinet, became known as the dehousing paper.Typical bomb damage in the Eilbek district of Hamburg, 1944 or 1945
Context
The paper was delivered during a debate within the British government about the most effective use of the nation's resources in waging war on Germany: whether the Royal Air Force (RAF) should be reduced to allow more resources to go to the British Army and Royal Navy, or the strategic bombing option should be followed and expanded. The paper argued that from the analysis of the reaction of the British population to the Blitz, the demolition of people's houses was the most effective way to affect their morale, even more than killing relatives. The known limits of the RAF in locating targets in Germany and in providing the planned resources to be available to the RAF made destroying about 30% of the housing stock of Germany's 58 largest towns the most effective use of the aircraft of RAF Bomber Command by breaking the Germans' spirit. After a heated debate by the government's military and scientific advisers, the Cabinet chose the strategic bombing campaign over all other options.
Production and Contents of Dehousing Paper
The dehousing paper came while Bomber Command was in an enforced period of much reduced bombing. The Butt Report had shown that bombing results were poor, and with the attrition rate it had been suffering in operations, the effort that had been expended gave a poor return. Since November 1941, the RAF had been husbanding its resources and awaiting the introduction of large numbers of four-engined heavy bombers and the GEE radio-navigational device into frontline service.
The bombing policy had already moved away from attempts at precision bombing.
The paper was produced by Cherwell by using an analysis of recent raids on British cities that were being undertaken. The information was given by the researchers in response to questions posed by Cherwell.
The following seems a simple method of estimating what we could do by bombing Germany.
Careful analysis of the effects of raids on Birmingham, Hull and elsewhere have shown that, on the average, one ton of bombs dropped on a built-up area demolishes 20–40 dwellings and turns 100–200 people out of house and home.
We know from our experience that we can count on nearly fourteen operational sorties per bomber produced. The average lift of the bombers we are going to produce over the next fifteen months will be about 3 tons. It follows that each of these bombers will in its life-time drop about 40 tons of bombs. If these are dropped on built-up areas they will make 4000–8000 people homeless.
In 1938 over 22 million Germans lived in fifty-eight towns of over 100,000 inhabitants, which, with modern equipment, should be easy to find and hit. Our forecast output of heavy bombers (including Wellingtons) between now and the middle of 1943 is about 10,000. If even half the total load of 10,000 bombers were dropped on the built-up areas of these fifty-eight German towns the great majority of their inhabitants (about one-third of the German population) would be turned out of house and home.
Investigation seems to show that having one's home demolished is most damaging to morale. People seem to mind it more than having their friends or even relatives killed. At Hull signs of strain were evident, though only one-tenth of the houses were demolished. On the above figures we should be able to do ten times as much harm to each of the fifty-eight principal German towns. There seems little doubt that this would break the spirit of the people.
Our calculation assumes, of course, that we really get one-half of our bombs into built-up areas. On the other hand, no account is taken of the large promised American production (6,000 heavy bombers in the period in question). Nor has regard been paid to the inevitable damage to factories, communications, etc, in these towns and the damage by fire, probably accentuated by breakdown of public services.
Contemporary debate and Butt and Singleton reports
See also: Butt Report
The dehousing paper had been delivered to Churchill at a time of mounting criticism about the RAF Bomber offensive. Criticism was coming from other branches inside the War ministry and was becoming public.
It had started with a report initiated by Cherwell and delivered on 18 August 1941 by D. M. Bensusan-Butt, a member of the War Cabinet Secretariat. The report based on analysis of aerial photographs concluded that less than a third of sorties flown had gotten within 5 miles (8.0 km) of the target. As Bensusan-Butt did not include aircraft that did not bomb because of equipment failure, enemy action, weather or getting lost, the reality was that about 5% of bombers setting out bombed within five miles of their target.
Senior RAF commanders argued that the Butt report's statistics were faulty and commissioned another report, which was delivered by the Directorate of Bombing Operations on 22 September 1941. Working from a damage analysis inflicted on British cities, a bomber force of 4,000 aircraft was calculated to be able to destroy the 43 German towns with a population of more than 100,000. The Chief of the Air Staff, Sir Charles Portal argued that with such a force RAF Bomber Command could win the war in six months. Not all were convinced, and when Churchill expressed his doubts, the Air Staff said that even if Germany was not knocked out of the war, it would be weakened sufficiently to allow British armed forces back into Continental Europe. With that compromise between the armed services, Bomber Command was allowed to keep its planned allocation of war materiel. That did not stop those outside the Chiefs of Staff from questioning the strategic bombing policy.
A particularly-damning speech had been delivered in the British House of Commons by the Member of Parliament for the University of Cambridge, Professor A. V. Hill who pointed out, "The total casualties in air-raids – in killed – since the beginning of the war are only two-thirds of those we lost as prisoners of war at Singapore.... The loss of production in the worst month of the Blitz was about equal to that due to the Easter holidays.... The Air Ministry have been... too optimistic.... We know most of the bombs we drop hit nothing of importance". Thus, the Secretary of State for Air, Sir Archibald Sinclair and Sir Charles Portal were delighted by the dehousing paper, as it offered support to them in their battle to save the strategic bomber offensive, which had been under attack from others in the high command, who thought that the resources put into Bomber Command were damaging the other branches of the armed services with little to show for it. Portal and Sinclair still expressed their reservations that it could be met.
On reading the dehousing paper, Professor Patrick Blackett, the newly-appointed civilian Director of Naval Operational Research, wrote that the paper's estimate of what could be achieved was 600% too high. The principal advocate for the reduction of RAF Bomber Command in favour of other options was Sir Henry Tizard. He argued that the only benefit to strategic bombing was to tie up enemy resources defending Germany and that they could be tied up with a far smaller bombing offensive. He wrote to Cherwell on 15 April to query the facts in the paper and warned that the War Cabinet could reach the wrong decision if it based it on the paper. Tizard had several doubts: that the stated size bomber force could be achieved with only 7,000 bombers, not the 10,000 expected; that new navigational aids that would get the aircraft to the targets would not be ready before 1943; and that it was unlikely that more than 25% of the bombs would land on target. As such, the strategy would not work with the resources available, and a far larger effort would be required. In reply to Tizard, Cherwell stated the calculations were for the Prime Minister's benefit, not for statistical analysis, and that despite a difference between the numbers and what was really achieved, there would be catastrophic effects. In his Bomber Command, Max Hastings characterised the debate between the two sides as not being whether bombing could "raze to the ground" but whether it was the most effective allocation of resources.
Mr. Justice Singleton, a High Court judge, was asked by the Cabinet to look into the competing points of view. In his report, delivered on 20 May 1942 he concluded:
If Russia can hold Germany on land I doubt whether Germany will stand 12 or 18 months' continuous, intensified and increased bombing, affecting, as it must, her war production, her power of resistance, her industries and her will to resist (by which I mean morale).
In the end, thanks in part to the dehousing paper, it was this view which prevailed, but C. P. Snow (later Lord Snow) wrote that the debate became quite vitriolic, with Tizard being called a defeatist. It was while the debate about bombing was raging inside the British military establishment that the area bombing directive of 14 February 1942 was issued, and eight days later, Arthur "Bomber" Harris took up the post of Air Officer Commanding (AOC) of Bomber Command.
The study of the effects of bombing on Hull and Birmingham was published on 8 April by Professors Bernal and Zuckerman after Cherwell's paper had been presented. Their work, the "Hull and Birmingham Survey", had actually found that although there was anxiety as a result of the raids, there was no mass anti-social behaviour and "no measurable effect on the health of either town".
Notes
^ Also known as the "dehousing memorandum", the "Lindemann memorandum/paper", and the "Cherwell memorandum/paper" (he was ennobled in 1956)
^ The Short Stirling was the RAF's first "heavy" in early 1941, followed by the Handley Page Halifax later in 1941 and the Avro Lancaster entered service in mid-1942
^ Bensusan-Butt had been private secretary to Cherwell and part of an Admiralty statistical section under Churchill.
^ Hill had worked with Blackett and Tizard before the war.
^ Blackett had until January been carrying out Operational Research for RAF Coastal Command in its battle against German U-boats.
References
^ "Cherwell Memorandum on Bombing". www.worldfuturefund.org. Retrieved 2024-03-06.
^ Hastings 1999, p. 152.
^ Longmate 1983, p. 131 in "Sources" on page 393 he cites: Sir Charles Webster and Noble Frankland (1961). The Strategic Air Offensive against Germany, HMSO. vol. 1 p. 331)
^ Hastings 1999, p. 154.
^ Longmate 1983, pp. 123–130.
^ Longmate 1983, p. 120.
^ Hank Nelson A different war: Australians in Bomber Command Archived 2013-12-02 at the Wayback Machine a paper presented at the 2003 History Conference - Air War Europe
^ Longmate 1983, pp. 122–123.
^ a b Longmate 1983, p. 126.
^ Hastings 1999, p. 155.
^ Kirby 2003, pp. 139–140.
^ Longmate 1983, p. 132.
^ Hastings 1999, p. 157.
^ Hastings 1999, p. 131.
^ Longmate 1983, p. 133; Copp 1996
^ Longmate 1983, p. 130.
^ Longmate 1983, p. 126 Cites pp. 49–51 in either Snow Science and Government (1961) or Snow A Postscript to Science and Government (1962) (Longmate simply says Snow science on page 393 but lists both books in the sources (page 387))
^ Hastings 1999, p. 159.
Sources
Copp, Terry (September–October 1996). "The Bomber Command Offensive". Legion Magazine. Archived from the original on 2013-05-22. Retrieved 2008-03-23.
Longmate, Norman (1983). The Bombers: The RAF offensive against Germany 1939-1945. Hutchinson. ISBN 0-09-151580-7.
Hastings, Max (1999). Bomber Command. Pan Books. ISBN 978-0-330-39204-4.
Kirby, M. W. (2003). Operational research in war and peace: the British experience from the 1930s to 1970 (illustrated ed.). Imperial College Press. pp. 139, 140. ISBN 978-1-86094-366-9.
Further reading
Davis, Richard D. (April 2006). Bombing the European Axis Powers: A Historical Digest of the Combined Bomber Offensive 1930-1945 (PDF). Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Air University Press. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-05. Retrieved 2007-04-10.
Crook, Paul (2003). "Chapter 10: The case against Area Bombing". In Hore, Peter (ed.). Patrick Blackett: Sailor, Scientist, and Socialist. Routledge. pp. 167-186. ISBN 0-7146-5317-9.
"Issues : Singleton - World War Two". valourandhorror.com. Archived from the original on 27 December 2008.
vteRAF strategic bombing during the Second World WarOverviews
Butt Report (1941)
RAF strategic bombing 1942–1945
Area Bombing Directive (1942)
Dehousing paper (1942)
Casablanca directive (1943)
Leaders
Arthur "Bomber" Harris
Frederick "Prof" Lindemann
Sir Charles Portal
Sir Archibald Sinclair
Arthur Tedder
Campaigns
Oil targets (1940-45)
Area bombing of cities (1942–43)
U-boat pens (1943–44)
Battle of the Ruhr (1943)
Combined Bomber Offensive (1943–44)
Battle of Berlin (1943–44)
Transport (1944)
Hamburg
Heilbronn
Kassel
Pforzheim
Dresden
The Hague
Operations
Bellicose (Friedrichshafen)
Chastise ("Dambusters" raid)
Hurricane (1944)
Hydra (Peenemünde)
Aircraft
Blenheim
Boston (Douglas DB-7)
Halifax
Hampden
Lancaster
Manchester
Mosquito
Stirling
Ventura
Wellington
Whitley
Technology
Chaff
H2S radar
Gee
"Oboe"
Gee-H
"Monica" radar
Blockbuster bomb
Earthquake bomb
Tallboy
Grand Slam
Bouncing bomb
Target indicator
Tactics
Area bombardment
Bomber stream
Firebombing
Intruder operations
Master Bomber
Pathfinders
Shuttle bombing
Units
No. 1 Group RAF
No. 3 Group RAF
No. 4 Group RAF
No. 5 Group RAF
No. 6 Group RCAF
No. 8 Group RAF
No. 100 Group RAF
Light Night Strike Force
See also
Aerial defence of the United Kingdom
United States Army Air Forces (USAAF)
Air operations during the Battle of Europe
Defence of the Reich
Death by Moonlight: Bomber Command
Into the Storm
Target for Tonight | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"House demolition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_demolition"},{"link_name":"Professor Frederick Lindemann, Baron Cherwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Lindemann,_1st_Viscount_Cherwell"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_(government)"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command,_1942-1945._CL3400.jpg"},{"link_name":"Eilbek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eilbek"}],"text":"For the general tactic, see House demolition.Dehousing was a strategy adopted by the British against the Germans during World War II. It sought to maximize the damage to civilian housing. The strategy was proposed via a memorandum on March 30, 1942, by Professor Frederick Lindemann, Baron Cherwell, the British government's chief scientific adviser. He believed that this strategy would allow them to avoid an invasion of Europe.[1] After it was accepted by the Cabinet, became known as the dehousing paper.[a]Typical bomb damage in the Eilbek district of Hamburg, 1944 or 1945","title":"Dehousing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"strategic bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"the Blitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blitz"},{"link_name":"RAF Bomber Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Bomber_Command"}],"text":"The paper was delivered during a debate within the British government about the most effective use of the nation's resources in waging war on Germany: whether the Royal Air Force (RAF) should be reduced to allow more resources to go to the British Army and Royal Navy, or the strategic bombing option should be followed and expanded. The paper argued that from the analysis of the reaction of the British population to the Blitz, the demolition of people's houses was the most effective way to affect their morale, even more than killing relatives. The known limits of the RAF in locating targets in Germany and in providing the planned resources to be available to the RAF made destroying about 30% of the housing stock of Germany's 58 largest towns the most effective use of the aircraft of RAF Bomber Command by breaking the Germans' spirit. After a heated debate by the government's military and scientific advisers, the Cabinet chose the strategic bombing campaign over all other options.","title":"Context"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Butt Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butt_Report"},{"link_name":"heavy bombers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_bomber"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"GEE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GEE_(navigation)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHastings1999152-4"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull"},{"link_name":"Wellingtons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Wellington"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHastings1999154-6"}],"text":"The dehousing paper came while Bomber Command was in an enforced period of much reduced bombing. The Butt Report had shown that bombing results were poor, and with the attrition rate it had been suffering in operations, the effort that had been expended gave a poor return. Since November 1941, the RAF had been husbanding its resources and awaiting the introduction of large numbers of four-engined heavy bombers[b] and the GEE radio-navigational device into frontline service.[2]The bombing policy had already moved away from attempts at precision bombing.The paper was produced by Cherwell by using an analysis of recent raids on British cities that were being undertaken. The information was given by the researchers in response to questions posed by Cherwell.The following seems a simple method of estimating what we could do by bombing Germany.\nCareful analysis of the effects of raids on Birmingham, Hull and elsewhere have shown that, on the average, one ton of bombs dropped on a built-up area demolishes 20–40 dwellings and turns 100–200 people out of house and home.\nWe know from our experience that we can count on nearly fourteen operational sorties per bomber produced. The average lift of the bombers we are going to produce over the next fifteen months will be about 3 tons. It follows that each of these bombers will in its life-time drop about 40 tons of bombs. If these are dropped on built-up areas they will make 4000–8000 people homeless.\nIn 1938 over 22 million Germans lived in fifty-eight towns of over 100,000 inhabitants, which, with modern equipment, should be easy to find and hit. Our forecast output of heavy bombers (including Wellingtons) between now and the middle of 1943 is about 10,000. If even half the total load of 10,000 bombers were dropped on the built-up areas of these fifty-eight German towns the great majority of their inhabitants (about one-third of the German population) would be turned out of house and home.\nInvestigation seems to show that having one's home demolished is most damaging to morale. People seem to mind it more than having their friends or even relatives killed. At Hull signs of strain were evident, though only one-tenth of the houses were demolished. On the above figures we should be able to do ten times as much harm to each of the fifty-eight principal German towns. There seems little doubt that this would break the spirit of the people.\n\nOur calculation assumes, of course, that we really get one-half of our bombs into built-up areas. On the other hand, no account is taken of the large promised American production (6,000 heavy bombers in the period in question). Nor has regard been paid to the inevitable damage to factories, communications, etc, in these towns and the damage by fire, probably accentuated by breakdown of public services.[3][4]","title":"Production and Contents of Dehousing Paper"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Butt Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butt_Report"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongmate1983123%E2%80%93130-7"},{"link_name":"D. M. Bensusan-Butt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bensusan-Butt"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongmate1983120-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Directorate of Bombing Operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Directorate_of_Bombing_Operations&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chief of the Air Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_the_Air_Staff_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Charles Portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Portal,_1st_Viscount_Portal_of_Hungerford"},{"link_name":"RAF Bomber Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Bomber_Command"},{"link_name":"materiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materiel"},{"link_name":"Chiefs of Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongmate1983122%E2%80%93123-11"},{"link_name":"British House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_House_of_Commons"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament#United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"University of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"A. V. Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Hill"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongmate1983126-13"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State for Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Air"},{"link_name":"Archibald Sinclair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Sinclair"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongmate1983126-13"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHastings1999155-14"},{"link_name":"Patrick Blackett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Blackett,_Baron_Blackett"},{"link_name":"Operational Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_Research"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby2003139%E2%80%93140-15"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Henry Tizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Tizard"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongmate1983132-17"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHastings1999157-18"},{"link_name":"Max Hastings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Hastings"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHastings1999131-19"},{"link_name":"Mr. Justice Singleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Edward_Singleton"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongmate1983130-21"},{"link_name":"C. P. Snow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._P._Snow"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"area bombing directive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_bombing_directive"},{"link_name":"Arthur \"Bomber\" Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Harris"},{"link_name":"Air Officer Commanding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Officer_Commanding"},{"link_name":"Bernal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Desmond_Bernal"},{"link_name":"Zuckerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solly_Zuckerman,_Baron_Zuckerman"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHastings1999159-23"}],"text":"See also: Butt ReportThe dehousing paper had been delivered to Churchill at a time of mounting criticism about the RAF Bomber offensive. Criticism was coming from other branches inside the War ministry and was becoming public.[5]It had started with a report initiated by Cherwell and delivered on 18 August 1941 by D. M. Bensusan-Butt, a member of the War Cabinet Secretariat.[c][6] The report based on analysis of aerial photographs concluded that less than a third of sorties flown had gotten within 5 miles (8.0 km) of the target. As Bensusan-Butt did not include aircraft that did not bomb because of equipment failure, enemy action, weather or getting lost, the reality was that about 5% of bombers setting out bombed within five miles of their target.[7]Senior RAF commanders argued that the Butt report's statistics were faulty and commissioned another report, which was delivered by the Directorate of Bombing Operations on 22 September 1941. Working from a damage analysis inflicted on British cities, a bomber force of 4,000 aircraft was calculated to be able to destroy the 43 German towns with a population of more than 100,000. The Chief of the Air Staff, Sir Charles Portal argued that with such a force RAF Bomber Command could win the war in six months. Not all were convinced, and when Churchill expressed his doubts, the Air Staff said that even if Germany was not knocked out of the war, it would be weakened sufficiently to allow British armed forces back into Continental Europe. With that compromise between the armed services, Bomber Command was allowed to keep its planned allocation of war materiel. That did not stop those outside the Chiefs of Staff from questioning the strategic bombing policy.[8]A particularly-damning speech had been delivered in the British House of Commons by the Member of Parliament for the University of Cambridge, Professor A. V. Hill[d] who pointed out, \"The total [British] casualties in air-raids – in killed – since the beginning of the war are only two-thirds of those we lost as prisoners of war at Singapore.... The loss of production in the worst month of the Blitz was about equal to that due to the Easter holidays.... The Air Ministry have been... too optimistic.... We know most of the bombs we drop hit nothing of importance\".[9] Thus, the Secretary of State for Air, Sir Archibald Sinclair and Sir Charles Portal were delighted by the dehousing paper, as it offered support to them in their battle to save the strategic bomber offensive, which had been under attack from others in the high command, who thought that the resources put into Bomber Command were damaging the other branches of the armed services with little to show for it.[9] Portal and Sinclair still expressed their reservations that it could be met.[10]On reading the dehousing paper, Professor Patrick Blackett, the newly-appointed civilian Director of Naval Operational Research,[11][e] wrote that the paper's estimate of what could be achieved was 600% too high. The principal advocate for the reduction of RAF Bomber Command in favour of other options was Sir Henry Tizard. He argued that the only benefit to strategic bombing was to tie up enemy resources defending Germany and that they could be tied up with a far smaller bombing offensive. He wrote to Cherwell on 15 April to query the facts in the paper and warned that the War Cabinet could reach the wrong decision if it based it on the paper. Tizard had several doubts: that the stated size bomber force could be achieved with only 7,000 bombers, not the 10,000 expected; that new navigational aids that would get the aircraft to the targets would not be ready before 1943; and that it was unlikely that more than 25% of the bombs would land on target. As such, the strategy would not work with the resources available, and a far larger effort would be required.[12][13] In reply to Tizard, Cherwell stated the calculations were for the Prime Minister's benefit, not for statistical analysis, and that despite a difference between the numbers and what was really achieved, there would be catastrophic effects. In his Bomber Command, Max Hastings characterised the debate between the two sides as not being whether bombing could \"raze [Germany] to the ground\" but whether it was the most effective allocation of resources.[14]Mr. Justice Singleton, a High Court judge, was asked by the Cabinet to look into the competing points of view. In his report, delivered on 20 May 1942 he concluded:If Russia can hold Germany on land I doubt whether Germany will stand 12 or 18 months' continuous, intensified and increased bombing, affecting, as it must, her war production, her power of resistance, her industries and her will to resist (by which I mean morale).[15]In the end, thanks in part to the dehousing paper,[16] it was this view which prevailed, but C. P. Snow (later Lord Snow) wrote that the debate became quite vitriolic, with Tizard being called a defeatist.[17] It was while the debate about bombing was raging inside the British military establishment that the area bombing directive of 14 February 1942 was issued, and eight days later, Arthur \"Bomber\" Harris took up the post of Air Officer Commanding (AOC) of Bomber Command.The study of the effects of bombing on Hull and Birmingham was published on 8 April by Professors Bernal and Zuckerman after Cherwell's paper had been presented. Their work, the \"Hull and Birmingham Survey\", had actually found that although there was anxiety as a result of the raids, there was no mass anti-social behaviour and \"no measurable effect on the health of either town\".[18]","title":"Contemporary debate and Butt and Singleton reports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Short Stirling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Stirling"},{"link_name":"Handley Page Halifax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handley_Page_Halifax"},{"link_name":"Avro Lancaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avro_Lancaster"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"}],"text":"^ Also known as the \"dehousing memorandum\", the \"Lindemann memorandum/paper\", and the \"Cherwell memorandum/paper\" (he was ennobled in 1956)\n\n^ The Short Stirling was the RAF's first \"heavy\" in early 1941, followed by the Handley Page Halifax later in 1941 and the Avro Lancaster entered service in mid-1942\n\n^ Bensusan-Butt had been private secretary to Cherwell and part of an Admiralty statistical section under Churchill.\n\n^ Hill had worked with Blackett and Tizard before the war.\n\n^ Blackett had until January been carrying out Operational Research for RAF Coastal Command in its battle against German U-boats.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"The Bomber Command Offensive\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130522221325/http://legionmagazine.com/en/index.php/1996/09/the-bomber-command-offensive/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.legionmagazine.com/en/index.php/1996/09/the-bomber-command-offensive/"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-09-151580-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-151580-7"},{"link_name":"Hastings, Max","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Hastings"},{"link_name":"Bomber Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/bombercommand0000hast/page/130/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-330-39204-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-39204-4"},{"link_name":"139","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=DWITTpkFPEAC&pg=PA139"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-86094-366-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86094-366-9"}],"text":"Copp, Terry (September–October 1996). \"The Bomber Command Offensive\". Legion Magazine. Archived from the original on 2013-05-22. Retrieved 2008-03-23.\nLongmate, Norman (1983). The Bombers: The RAF offensive against Germany 1939-1945. Hutchinson. ISBN 0-09-151580-7.\nHastings, Max (1999). Bomber Command. Pan Books. ISBN 978-0-330-39204-4.\nKirby, M. W. (2003). Operational research in war and peace: the British experience from the 1930s to 1970 (illustrated ed.). Imperial College Press. pp. 139, 140. ISBN 978-1-86094-366-9.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bombing the European Axis Powers: A Historical Digest of the Combined Bomber Offensive 1930-1945","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090305023036/http://aupress.au.af.mil/Books/Davis/Davis_B99.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//aupress.au.af.mil/Books/Davis/Davis_B99.pdf"},{"link_name":"167","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=5jW14KVeYU0C&pg=RA1-PA167"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7146-5317-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-5317-9"},{"link_name":"\"Issues : Singleton - World War Two\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20081227151505/http://www.valourandhorror.com/BC/Issues/Singletn.php"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.valourandhorror.com/BC/Issues/Singletn.php"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:RAF_WWII_strategic_bombing"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:RAF_WWII_strategic_bombing"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:RAF_WWII_strategic_bombing"},{"link_name":"Butt Report (1941)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butt_Report"},{"link_name":"RAF strategic bombing 1942–1945","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Bomber_Command#Strategic_bombing_1942-1945"},{"link_name":"Area Bombing Directive (1942)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_bombing_directive"},{"link_name":"Dehousing paper (1942)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Casablanca directive (1943)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casablanca_directive"},{"link_name":"Arthur \"Bomber\" Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Harris"},{"link_name":"Frederick \"Prof\" Lindemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Lindemann,_1st_Viscount_Cherwell"},{"link_name":"Sir Charles Portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Portal,_1st_Viscount_Portal_of_Hungerford"},{"link_name":"Sir Archibald Sinclair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Sinclair,_1st_Viscount_Thurso"},{"link_name":"Arthur Tedder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Tedder,_1st_Baron_Tedder"},{"link_name":"Oil targets (1940-45)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_campaign_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Area bombing of cities (1942–43)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_bombing_directive"},{"link_name":"U-boat pens (1943–44)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_pen#The_Allied_bombing_offensive"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Ruhr (1943)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ruhr"},{"link_name":"Combined Bomber Offensive (1943–44)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Battle of Berlin (1943–44)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin_(RAF_campaign)"},{"link_name":"Transport (1944)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Plan"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Heilbronn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombings_of_Heilbronn_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Kassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Kassel_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Pforzheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Pforzheim_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Dresden_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"The Hague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_the_Bezuidenhout"},{"link_name":"Bellicose (Friedrichshafen)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Bellicose"},{"link_name":"Chastise (\"Dambusters\" raid)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Chastise"},{"link_name":"Hurricane (1944)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Hurricane_(1944)"},{"link_name":"Hydra (Peenemünde)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Peenem%C3%BCnde_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Blenheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Blenheim"},{"link_name":"Boston (Douglas DB-7)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_A-20_Havoc"},{"link_name":"Halifax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handley_Page_Halifax"},{"link_name":"Hampden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handley_Page_Hampden"},{"link_name":"Lancaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avro_Lancaster"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avro_Manchester"},{"link_name":"Mosquito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito"},{"link_name":"Stirling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Stirling"},{"link_name":"Ventura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Ventura"},{"link_name":"Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Wellington"},{"link_name":"Whitley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armstrong_Whitworth_Whitley"},{"link_name":"Chaff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaff_(countermeasure)"},{"link_name":"H2S radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H2S_(radar)"},{"link_name":"Gee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gee_(navigation)"},{"link_name":"\"Oboe\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oboe_(navigation)"},{"link_name":"Gee-H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gee-H_(navigation)"},{"link_name":"\"Monica\" radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monica_(radar)"},{"link_name":"Blockbuster bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockbuster_bomb"},{"link_name":"Earthquake bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake_bomb"},{"link_name":"Tallboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallboy_(bomb)"},{"link_name":"Grand Slam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Slam_(bomb)"},{"link_name":"Bouncing bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouncing_bomb"},{"link_name":"Target indicator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_indicator"},{"link_name":"Area bombardment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_bombardment"},{"link_name":"Bomber stream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomber_stream"},{"link_name":"Firebombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firebombing"},{"link_name":"Intruder operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Fighter_Command#Invasion_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"Master Bomber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathfinder_(RAF)#Master_bomber"},{"link_name":"Pathfinders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathfinder_(RAF)"},{"link_name":"Shuttle bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuttle_bombing"},{"link_name":"No. 1 Group RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._1_Group_RAF"},{"link_name":"No. 3 Group RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._3_Group_RAF"},{"link_name":"No. 4 Group RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._4_Group_RAF"},{"link_name":"No. 5 Group RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._5_Group_RAF"},{"link_name":"No. 6 Group RCAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._6_Group_RCAF"},{"link_name":"No. 8 Group RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._8_Group_RAF"},{"link_name":"No. 100 Group RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._100_Group_RAF"},{"link_name":"Light Night Strike Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathfinder_(RAF)"},{"link_name":"Aerial defence of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:WW2AirDefenceUK"},{"link_name":"United States Army Air Forces (USAAF)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"Air operations during the Battle of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"Defence of the Reich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_of_the_Reich"},{"link_name":"Death by Moonlight: Bomber Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_by_Moonlight:_Bomber_Command"},{"link_name":"Into the Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Storm_(2009_film)"},{"link_name":"Target for Tonight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_for_Tonight"}],"text":"Davis, Richard D. (April 2006). Bombing the European Axis Powers: A Historical Digest of the Combined Bomber Offensive 1930-1945 (PDF). Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Air University Press. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-05. Retrieved 2007-04-10.\nCrook, Paul (2003). \"Chapter 10: The case against Area Bombing\". In Hore, Peter (ed.). Patrick Blackett: Sailor, Scientist, and Socialist. Routledge. pp. 167-186. ISBN 0-7146-5317-9.\n\"Issues : Singleton - World War Two\". valourandhorror.com. Archived from the original on 27 December 2008.vteRAF strategic bombing during the Second World WarOverviews\nButt Report (1941)\nRAF strategic bombing 1942–1945\nArea Bombing Directive (1942)\nDehousing paper (1942)\nCasablanca directive (1943)\nLeaders\nArthur \"Bomber\" Harris\nFrederick \"Prof\" Lindemann\nSir Charles Portal\nSir Archibald Sinclair\nArthur Tedder\nCampaigns\nOil targets (1940-45)\nArea bombing of cities (1942–43)\nU-boat pens (1943–44)\nBattle of the Ruhr (1943)\nCombined Bomber Offensive (1943–44)\nBattle of Berlin (1943–44)\nTransport (1944)\nHamburg\nHeilbronn\nKassel\nPforzheim\nDresden\nThe Hague\nOperations\nBellicose (Friedrichshafen)\nChastise (\"Dambusters\" raid)\nHurricane (1944)\nHydra (Peenemünde)\nAircraft\nBlenheim\nBoston (Douglas DB-7)\nHalifax\nHampden\nLancaster\nManchester\nMosquito\nStirling\nVentura\nWellington\nWhitley\nTechnology\nChaff\nH2S radar\nGee\n\"Oboe\"\nGee-H\n\"Monica\" radar\nBlockbuster bomb\nEarthquake bomb\nTallboy\nGrand Slam\nBouncing bomb\nTarget indicator\nTactics\nArea bombardment\nBomber stream\nFirebombing\nIntruder operations\nMaster Bomber\nPathfinders\nShuttle bombing\nUnits\nNo. 1 Group RAF\nNo. 3 Group RAF\nNo. 4 Group RAF\nNo. 5 Group RAF\nNo. 6 Group RCAF\nNo. 8 Group RAF\nNo. 100 Group RAF\nLight Night Strike Force\nSee also\nAerial defence of the United Kingdom\nUnited States Army Air Forces (USAAF)\nAir operations during the Battle of Europe\nDefence of the Reich\nDeath by Moonlight: Bomber Command\nInto the Storm\nTarget for Tonight","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Typical bomb damage in the Eilbek district of Hamburg, 1944 or 1945","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command%2C_1942-1945._CL3400.jpg/300px-Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command%2C_1942-1945._CL3400.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Cherwell Memorandum on Bombing\". www.worldfuturefund.org. Retrieved 2024-03-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldfuturefund.org/wffmaster/reading/Bombing/cherwell.htm","url_text":"\"Cherwell Memorandum on Bombing\""}]},{"reference":"Copp, Terry (September–October 1996). \"The Bomber Command Offensive\". Legion Magazine. Archived from the original on 2013-05-22. Retrieved 2008-03-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130522221325/http://legionmagazine.com/en/index.php/1996/09/the-bomber-command-offensive/","url_text":"\"The Bomber Command Offensive\""},{"url":"http://www.legionmagazine.com/en/index.php/1996/09/the-bomber-command-offensive/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Longmate, Norman (1983). The Bombers: The RAF offensive against Germany 1939-1945. Hutchinson. ISBN 0-09-151580-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-151580-7","url_text":"0-09-151580-7"}]},{"reference":"Hastings, Max (1999). Bomber Command. Pan Books. ISBN 978-0-330-39204-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Hastings","url_text":"Hastings, Max"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bombercommand0000hast/page/130/mode/2up","url_text":"Bomber Command"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-39204-4","url_text":"978-0-330-39204-4"}]},{"reference":"Kirby, M. W. (2003). Operational research in war and peace: the British experience from the 1930s to 1970 (illustrated ed.). Imperial College Press. pp. 139, 140. ISBN 978-1-86094-366-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DWITTpkFPEAC&pg=PA139","url_text":"139"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86094-366-9","url_text":"978-1-86094-366-9"}]},{"reference":"Davis, Richard D. (April 2006). Bombing the European Axis Powers: A Historical Digest of the Combined Bomber Offensive 1930-1945 (PDF). Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Air University Press. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-05. Retrieved 2007-04-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090305023036/http://aupress.au.af.mil/Books/Davis/Davis_B99.pdf","url_text":"Bombing the European Axis Powers: A Historical Digest of the Combined Bomber Offensive 1930-1945"},{"url":"http://aupress.au.af.mil/Books/Davis/Davis_B99.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Crook, Paul (2003). \"Chapter 10: The case against Area Bombing\". In Hore, Peter (ed.). Patrick Blackett: Sailor, Scientist, and Socialist. Routledge. pp. 167-186. ISBN 0-7146-5317-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5jW14KVeYU0C&pg=RA1-PA167","url_text":"167"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-5317-9","url_text":"0-7146-5317-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Issues : Singleton - World War Two\". valourandhorror.com. Archived from the original on 27 December 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081227151505/http://www.valourandhorror.com/BC/Issues/Singletn.php","url_text":"\"Issues : Singleton - World War Two\""},{"url":"http://www.valourandhorror.com/BC/Issues/Singletn.php","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.worldfuturefund.org/wffmaster/reading/Bombing/cherwell.htm","external_links_name":"\"Cherwell Memorandum on Bombing\""},{"Link":"http://www.awm.gov.au/events/conference/2003/nelson.asp","external_links_name":"A different war: Australians in Bomber Command"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131202230153/http://www.awm.gov.au/events/conference/2003/nelson.asp","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130522221325/http://legionmagazine.com/en/index.php/1996/09/the-bomber-command-offensive/","external_links_name":"\"The Bomber Command Offensive\""},{"Link":"http://www.legionmagazine.com/en/index.php/1996/09/the-bomber-command-offensive/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bombercommand0000hast/page/130/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Bomber Command"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DWITTpkFPEAC&pg=PA139","external_links_name":"139"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090305023036/http://aupress.au.af.mil/Books/Davis/Davis_B99.pdf","external_links_name":"Bombing the European Axis Powers: A Historical Digest of the Combined Bomber Offensive 1930-1945"},{"Link":"http://aupress.au.af.mil/Books/Davis/Davis_B99.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5jW14KVeYU0C&pg=RA1-PA167","external_links_name":"167"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081227151505/http://www.valourandhorror.com/BC/Issues/Singletn.php","external_links_name":"\"Issues : Singleton - World War Two\""},{"Link":"http://www.valourandhorror.com/BC/Issues/Singletn.php","external_links_name":"the original"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Williams_(footballer_born_1984) | Robbie Williams (footballer, born 1984) | ["1 Career","1.1 Barnsley","1.2 Huddersfield Town","1.3 Stockport County","1.4 Rochdale","1.5 Plymouth Argyle","1.6 Limerick","1.7 Cork City","1.8 Galway United","1.9 Back to Limerick","2 Honours","3 References","4 External links"] | English footballer
Robbie WilliamsPersonal informationFull name
Robert Ian WilliamsDate of birth
(1984-10-02) 2 October 1984 (age 39)Place of birth
Pontefract, EnglandHeight
5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)Position(s)
Centre backTeam informationCurrent team
Take That (player-coach)Youth career0000–2002
BarnsleySenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)2002–2007
Barnsley
66
(4)2007
→ Blackpool (loan)
9
(4)2007–2010
Huddersfield Town
77
(4)2010–2011
Stockport County
22
(1)2011
Rochdale
9
(0)2011–2013
Plymouth Argyle
42
(4)2013–2017
Limerick
100
(11)2017
Cork City
6
(0)2018
Galway United
19
(1)2019
Limerick
26
(0)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 15 November 2019
Robert Ian Williams (born 2 October 1984) is an English footballer who plays as a left back for Pike Rovers. Born in Pontefract, he has made 225 Football League appearances for Barnsley, Blackpool, Huddersfield Town, Stockport County, Rochdale, Plymouth Argyle, Limerick, Cork City and Galway United.
Career
Barnsley
Williams came through the youth ranks with Barnsley, playing over fifty first-team games. He made his debut on 5 October 2002, against Brentford. On 22 March 2007, Williams joined Blackpool on loan until the end of the season. He scored on his debut for the Seasiders, in a 3–1 win at Bradford City two days later. Williams scored the first goal in the 2007 Football League One play-off final against Yeovil Town at Wembley Stadium. The goal was part of a 2–0 win for Blackpool and saw them promoted to the Championship.
Huddersfield Town
He was set to join Huddersfield Town in July 2007 before sustaining a hairline fracture to his shin. The transfer was completed the following month, with Williams signing a three-year contract for an undisclosed fee. He made his debut for the club in December at Leeds United, and scored his first goal against Brighton & Hove Albion in January 2008. He made 28 appearances during his first season with Huddersfield, and 39 in the 2008–09 campaign. The following season, he played in both legs of the League One play-off semi-final defeat to Millwall. Williams was released in the summer of 2010 when his contract expired and spent time on trial at Aberdeen.
Stockport County
Williams joined Stockport County in August 2010 on non-contract terms. He signed a full-time contract at the end of the month, and scored his first goal for the club against Barnet in October. Williams made 25 appearances for Stockport before leaving for Rochdale in January 2011.
Rochdale
Having joined Rochdale on a free transfer, Williams made his debut in March against Notts County. He was released at the end of the season after the club decided against offering him a new contract. He made nine appearances for Rochdale.
Plymouth Argyle
Williams signed a one-year contract with Plymouth Argyle in July 2011. He made his debut in a 1–1 draw at Shrewsbury Town in August, and scored his first goal for the club in a 2–0 win against Macclesfield Town in September. In his first season, Williams made 30 appearances in league and cup competition, scoring two goals. Williams signed a new one-year contract in June 2012, and began the new season with three goals in his first five appearances, against Oxford United, Burnley and Port Vale. A stomach injury he sustained in October kept him out of the team for two months. Williams left the club in January 2013 when his contract was cancelled by mutual consent. In his two seasons with the club, Williams played in 42 league games, made four appearances in cup competitions and scored five goals.
Limerick
In February 2013, Williams joined League of Ireland Premier Division club Limerick. "We are delighted to get a player of Robbie's talent and experience on board," said manager Stuart Taylor. Ahead of the new season, Williams said that "I'm not really familiar with the standard but the way people are talking it's looking positive."
Williams made more appearances for the Shannonsiders than for any other club.
Cork City
In July 2017, Williams signed for Cork City.
Galway United
In January 2018, Williams signed for Galway United in the League of Ireland First Division. Williams said, "It's a new challenge. I've been at Limerick for a good few years and Cork City last year. Shane Keegan rang me a few weeks back and I'm delighted to come down to help and hopefully we can fire the team up to where it belongs." He made his league debut for The Tribesmen in their 4–1 win over Athlone Town on Friday, 23 February.
Back to Limerick
Williams returned to Limerick FC, this time as a player coach and also a coach for the U19 squad.
Honours
Barnsley
Football League One play-offs winner: 2005–06
Blackpool
Football League One play-offs winner: 2006–07
Limerick
League of Ireland First Division winner: 2016
Awards
vte2016 PFAI First Division Team of the Year
GK: Hall
DF: Kouogum
DF: O'Connor
DF: Tracy
DF: Williams
MF: Duggan
MF: O'Neill
MF: Lynch
FW: Greene
FW: Shaw
FW: Mulhall
References
^ Hugman, Barry (2007). The PFA Footballers' Who's Who 2007–08. Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing. p. 438. ISBN 978-1-84596-246-3.
^ a b c "Robbie Williams". Barnsley F.C. Archived from the original on 10 February 2012. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
^ "Williams set for Blackpool switch". BBC Sport. BBC. 21 March 2007. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
^ "Bradford 1–3 Blackpool". BBC Sport. BBC. 24 March 2007. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
^ a b Hughes, Ian (27 May 2007). "Yeovil 0–2 Blackpool". BBC Sport. BBC. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
^ "Williams move to Terriers on hold". BBC Sport. BBC. 18 July 2007. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
^ "Williams completes Terriers move". BBC Sport. BBC. 24 August 2007. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
^ "Robbie Williams". Huddersfield Town F.C. Archived from the original on 14 February 2012. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
^ "Five more trialists out to impress Aberdeen". BBC Sport. BBC. 17 July 2010. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
^ "Hatters seal Williams deal". Sky Sports. BSkyB. 6 August 2010. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
^ a b "Stockport County hand Robbie Williams new deal". BBC Sport. BBC. 1 September 2010. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
^ "Three Out, One In". Stockport County F.C. 31 August 2010. Archived from the original on 19 March 2012. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
^ "Stockport 2–1 Barnet". BBC Sport. BBC. 16 October 2010. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
^ a b "Rochdale sign Stockport County defender Robbie Williams". BBC Sport. BBC. 31 January 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
^ a b "Flynn, Williams and Fon Williams released by Rochdale". BBC Sport. BBC. 10 May 2011. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
^ Cowdery, Rick (1 July 2011). "Four New Faces". Plymouth Argyle F.C. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
^ "Plymouth Argyle sign Robbie Williams and Durrell Berry". BBC Sport. BBC. 4 July 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
^ "Shrewsbury 1–1 Plymouth". BBC Sport. BBC. 6 August 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
^ "Plymouth Argyle 2 Macclesfield 0". The Herald. Plymouth. 24 September 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
^ a b c "Robbie Williams". Greens on Screen. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
^ "Robbie Williams agrees Plymouth Argyle contract extension". BBC Sport. BBC. 20 June 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
^ "Robbie Williams extends stay at Plymouth Argyle". The Herald. Plymouth. 21 June 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
^ a b Parsons, Chris (31 January 2013). "Cheerio, Robbie". Plymouth Argyle F.C. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
^ "Plymouth sign Crystal Palace winger Jason Banton on loan". BBC Sport. BBC. 31 January 2013. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
^ Errington, Chris (31 January 2013). "Robbie Williams leaves Plymouth Argyle". The Herald. Plymouth. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
^ a b "Robbie Williams signs". Limerick F.C. 15 February 2013. Retrieved 15 February 2013.
^ "Limerick make double capture from England". RTÉ Sport. RTÉ. 15 February 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
^ "Robbie Williams looking to make it in Limerick". Limerick Leader. Limerick. 6 March 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
^ "No regrets? Former Barnsley defender Robbie Williams joins Cork City". 28 July 2017.
^ a b "Robbie Williams signs for United". Galway United. 19 January 2018. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
^ "MATCH REPORT | Galway United 4-1 Athlone Town". Galway United. 23 February 2018. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
^ Limerick FC sign Karl O'Sullivan, Aaron Fitzgerald and Robbie Williams, limerickpost.ie, 12 December 2018
External links
Robbie Williams at Soccerbase | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"left back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)#Full-back"},{"link_name":"Pike Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pike_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Pontefract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontefract"},{"link_name":"Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League"},{"link_name":"Barnsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnsley_F.C."},{"link_name":"Blackpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackpool_F.C."},{"link_name":"Huddersfield Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huddersfield_Town_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Stockport County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockport_County_F.C."},{"link_name":"Rochdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochdale_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Plymouth Argyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_Argyle_F.C."},{"link_name":"Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick_F.C."},{"link_name":"Cork City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Galway United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galway_United_F.C."}],"text":"Robert Ian Williams (born 2 October 1984) is an English footballer who plays as a left back for Pike Rovers. Born in Pontefract, he has made 225 Football League appearances for Barnsley, Blackpool, Huddersfield Town, Stockport County, Rochdale, Plymouth Argyle, Limerick, Cork City and Galway United.","title":"Robbie Williams (footballer, born 1984)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barnsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnsley_F.C."},{"link_name":"Brentford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brentford_F.C."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barnsley_profile-2"},{"link_name":"Blackpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackpool_F.C."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barnsley_profile-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Bradford City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_City_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"2007 Football League One play-off final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Football_League_One_play-off_final"},{"link_name":"Yeovil Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeovil_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Wembley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2007_play-off_final-5"},{"link_name":"Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Championship"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2007_play-off_final-5"}],"sub_title":"Barnsley","text":"Williams came through the youth ranks with Barnsley, playing over fifty first-team games. He made his debut on 5 October 2002, against Brentford.[2] On 22 March 2007, Williams joined Blackpool on loan until the end of the season.[2][3] He scored on his debut for the Seasiders, in a 3–1 win at Bradford City two days later.[4] Williams scored the first goal in the 2007 Football League One play-off final against Yeovil Town at Wembley Stadium.[5] The goal was part of a 2–0 win for Blackpool and saw them promoted to the Championship.[5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Huddersfield Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huddersfield_Town_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Leeds United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Brighton & Hove Albion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_%26_Hove_Albion_F.C."},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Millwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millwall_F.C."},{"link_name":"Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_F.C."},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Huddersfield Town","text":"He was set to join Huddersfield Town in July 2007 before sustaining a hairline fracture to his shin.[6] The transfer was completed the following month, with Williams signing a three-year contract for an undisclosed fee.[7] He made his debut for the club in December at Leeds United, and scored his first goal against Brighton & Hove Albion in January 2008. He made 28 appearances during his first season with Huddersfield,[8] and 39 in the 2008–09 campaign. The following season, he played in both legs of the League One play-off semi-final defeat to Millwall. Williams was released in the summer of 2010 when his contract expired and spent time on trial at Aberdeen.[9]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stockport County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockport_County_F.C."},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stockport-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stockport-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Barnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnet_F.C."},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Rochdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochdale_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rochdale-14"}],"sub_title":"Stockport County","text":"Williams joined Stockport County in August 2010 on non-contract terms.[10][11] He signed a full-time contract at the end of the month,[11][12] and scored his first goal for the club against Barnet in October.[13] Williams made 25 appearances for Stockport before leaving for Rochdale in January 2011.[14]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rochdale-14"},{"link_name":"Notts County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notts_County_F.C."},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rochdale_release-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rochdale_release-15"}],"sub_title":"Rochdale","text":"Having joined Rochdale on a free transfer,[14] Williams made his debut in March against Notts County. He was released at the end of the season after the club decided against offering him a new contract.[15] He made nine appearances for Rochdale.[15]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Plymouth Argyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_Argyle_F.C."},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Shrewsbury Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrewsbury_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Macclesfield Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macclesfield_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gos-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Oxford United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Burnley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnley_F.C."},{"link_name":"Port Vale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Vale_F.C."},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gos-20"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-released-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-released-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gos-20"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Plymouth Argyle","text":"Williams signed a one-year contract with Plymouth Argyle in July 2011.[16][17] He made his debut in a 1–1 draw at Shrewsbury Town in August,[18] and scored his first goal for the club in a 2–0 win against Macclesfield Town in September.[19] In his first season, Williams made 30 appearances in league and cup competition, scoring two goals.[20] Williams signed a new one-year contract in June 2012,[21][22] and began the new season with three goals in his first five appearances, against Oxford United, Burnley and Port Vale.[20] A stomach injury he sustained in October kept him out of the team for two months.[23] Williams left the club in January 2013 when his contract was cancelled by mutual consent.[23][24] In his two seasons with the club, Williams played in 42 league games, made four appearances in cup competitions and scored five goals.[20][25]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"League of Ireland Premier Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Ireland_Premier_Division"},{"link_name":"Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick_F.C."},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-limerick_signing-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Stuart Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Taylor_(footballer_born_1974)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-limerick_signing-26"},{"link_name":"new season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_League_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Limerick","text":"In February 2013, Williams joined League of Ireland Premier Division club Limerick.[26][27] \"We are delighted to get a player of Robbie's talent and experience on board,\" said manager Stuart Taylor.[26] Ahead of the new season, Williams said that \"I'm not really familiar with the standard but the way people are talking it's looking positive.\"[28]Williams made more appearances for the Shannonsiders than for any other club.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cork City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Cork City","text":"In July 2017, Williams signed for Cork City.[29]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Galway United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galway_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-30"},{"link_name":"Shane Keegan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_Keegan"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Galway United","text":"In January 2018, Williams signed for Galway United in the League of Ireland First Division.[30] Williams said, \"It's a new challenge. I've been at Limerick for a good few years and Cork City last year. Shane Keegan rang me a few weeks back and I'm delighted to come down to help and hopefully we can fire the team up to where it belongs.\"[30] He made his league debut for The Tribesmen in their 4–1 win over Athlone Town on Friday, 23 February.[31]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Limerick FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick_F.C."},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Back to Limerick","text":"Williams returned to Limerick FC, this time as a player coach and also a coach for the U19 squad.[32]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Football League One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_One"},{"link_name":"2005–06","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Football League One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_One"},{"link_name":"2006–07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Football_League"},{"link_name":"League of Ireland First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Ireland_First_Division"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_League_of_Ireland_First_Division"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:2016_PFAI_League_of_Ireland_First_Division_Team_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:2016_PFAI_League_of_Ireland_First_Division_Team_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2016_PFAI_League_of_Ireland_First_Division_Team_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"2016 PFAI First Division Team of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFAI_Team_of_the_Year_(2010s)#First_Division_7"},{"link_name":"Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddy_Hall"},{"link_name":"O'Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paudie_O%27Connor"},{"link_name":"Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Lynch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Lynch_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Greene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Greene"},{"link_name":"Mulhall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Mulhall"}],"text":"BarnsleyFootball League One play-offs winner: 2005–06BlackpoolFootball League One play-offs winner: 2006–07LimerickLeague of Ireland First Division winner: 2016Awards\nvte2016 PFAI First Division Team of the Year\nGK: Hall\nDF: Kouogum\nDF: O'Connor\nDF: Tracy\nDF: Williams\nMF: Duggan\nMF: O'Neill\nMF: Lynch\nFW: Greene\nFW: Shaw\nFW: Mulhall","title":"Honours"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Hugman, Barry (2007). The PFA Footballers' Who's Who 2007–08. Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing. p. 438. ISBN 978-1-84596-246-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84596-246-3","url_text":"978-1-84596-246-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Robbie Williams\". Barnsley F.C. Archived from the original on 10 February 2012. Retrieved 31 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120210035517/http://www.barnsleyfc.co.uk/page/ProfilesDetail/0%2C%2C10309~25440%2C00.html","url_text":"\"Robbie Williams\""},{"url":"http://www.barnsleyfc.co.uk/page/ProfilesDetail/0,,10309~25440,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Williams set for Blackpool switch\". BBC Sport. BBC. 21 March 2007. Retrieved 31 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/b/blackpool/6475919.stm","url_text":"\"Williams set for Blackpool switch\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bradford 1–3 Blackpool\". BBC Sport. BBC. 24 March 2007. Retrieved 31 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_div_2/6461523.stm","url_text":"\"Bradford 1–3 Blackpool\""}]},{"reference":"Hughes, Ian (27 May 2007). \"Yeovil 0–2 Blackpool\". BBC Sport. BBC. Retrieved 31 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_div_2/6686991.stm","url_text":"\"Yeovil 0–2 Blackpool\""}]},{"reference":"\"Williams move to Terriers on hold\". BBC Sport. BBC. 18 July 2007. Retrieved 31 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/h/huddersfield_town/6292600.stm","url_text":"\"Williams move to Terriers on hold\""}]},{"reference":"\"Williams completes Terriers move\". BBC Sport. BBC. 24 August 2007. Retrieved 31 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/h/huddersfield_town/6961829.stm","url_text":"\"Williams completes Terriers move\""}]},{"reference":"\"Robbie Williams\". Huddersfield Town F.C. Archived from the original on 14 February 2012. Retrieved 31 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120214194742/http://www.htafc.com/page/ProfilesDetail/0%2C%2C10312~25440%2C00.html","url_text":"\"Robbie Williams\""},{"url":"http://www.htafc.com/page/ProfilesDetail/0,,10312~25440,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Five more trialists out to impress Aberdeen\". BBC Sport. BBC. 17 July 2010. Retrieved 31 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/a/aberdeen/8831291.stm","url_text":"\"Five more trialists out to impress Aberdeen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hatters seal Williams deal\". Sky Sports. BSkyB. 6 August 2010. Retrieved 31 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12875_6297527,00.html","url_text":"\"Hatters seal Williams deal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stockport County hand Robbie Williams new deal\". BBC Sport. BBC. 1 September 2010. Retrieved 31 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/s/stockport/8959348.stm","url_text":"\"Stockport County hand Robbie Williams new deal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Three Out, One In\". Stockport County F.C. 31 August 2010. Archived from the original on 19 March 2012. Retrieved 31 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120319232259/http://www.stockportcounty.com/page/LatestNews/0%2C%2C10419~2141016%2C00.html","url_text":"\"Three Out, One In\""},{"url":"http://www.stockportcounty.com/page/LatestNews/0,,10419~2141016,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Stockport 2–1 Barnet\". BBC Sport. BBC. 16 October 2010. Retrieved 31 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_div_3/9075294.stm","url_text":"\"Stockport 2–1 Barnet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rochdale sign Stockport County defender Robbie Williams\". BBC Sport. BBC. 31 January 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/r/rochdale/9382966.stm","url_text":"\"Rochdale sign Stockport County defender Robbie Williams\""}]},{"reference":"\"Flynn, Williams and Fon Williams released by Rochdale\". BBC Sport. BBC. 10 May 2011. Retrieved 31 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/r/rochdale/9481984.stm","url_text":"\"Flynn, Williams and Fon Williams released by Rochdale\""}]},{"reference":"Cowdery, Rick (1 July 2011). \"Four New Faces\". Plymouth Argyle F.C. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110714190527/http://www.pafc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0%2C%2C10364~2385334%2C00.html","url_text":"\"Four New Faces\""},{"url":"http://www.pafc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10364~2385334,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Plymouth Argyle sign Robbie Williams and Durrell Berry\". BBC Sport. BBC. 4 July 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/14015907","url_text":"\"Plymouth Argyle sign Robbie Williams and Durrell Berry\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shrewsbury 1–1 Plymouth\". BBC Sport. BBC. 6 August 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_div_3/14351841.stm","url_text":"\"Shrewsbury 1–1 Plymouth\""}]},{"reference":"\"Plymouth Argyle 2 Macclesfield 0\". The Herald. Plymouth. 24 September 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thisisplymouth.co.uk/Plymouth-Argyle-2-Macclesfield-0/story-13396547-detail/story.html","url_text":"\"Plymouth Argyle 2 Macclesfield 0\""}]},{"reference":"\"Robbie Williams\". Greens on Screen. Retrieved 19 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.greensonscreen.co.uk/gosdb-players2.asp?pid=1015&scp=1,2,3,4,5,6,7","url_text":"\"Robbie Williams\""}]},{"reference":"\"Robbie Williams agrees Plymouth Argyle contract extension\". BBC Sport. BBC. 20 June 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/18519483","url_text":"\"Robbie Williams agrees Plymouth Argyle contract extension\""}]},{"reference":"\"Robbie Williams extends stay at Plymouth Argyle\". The Herald. Plymouth. 21 June 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thisisplymouth.co.uk/Robbie-Williams-extends-stay-Plymouth-Argyle/story-16424447-detail/story.html","url_text":"\"Robbie Williams extends stay at Plymouth Argyle\""}]},{"reference":"Parsons, Chris (31 January 2013). \"Cheerio, Robbie\". Plymouth Argyle F.C. Retrieved 31 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pafc.co.uk/news/article/cheerio-robbie-629595.aspx","url_text":"\"Cheerio, Robbie\""}]},{"reference":"\"Plymouth sign Crystal Palace winger Jason Banton on loan\". BBC Sport. BBC. 31 January 2013. Retrieved 31 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/21275219","url_text":"\"Plymouth sign Crystal Palace winger Jason Banton on loan\""}]},{"reference":"Errington, Chris (31 January 2013). \"Robbie Williams leaves Plymouth Argyle\". The Herald. Plymouth. Retrieved 31 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thisisplymouth.co.uk/Robbie-Williams-leaves-Plymouth-Argyle/story-18012428-detail/story.html","url_text":"\"Robbie Williams leaves Plymouth Argyle\""}]},{"reference":"\"Robbie Williams signs\". Limerick F.C. 15 February 2013. Retrieved 15 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.limerickfc.ie/new-signing","url_text":"\"Robbie Williams signs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Limerick make double capture from England\". RTÉ Sport. RTÉ. 15 February 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rte.ie/sport/soccer/irish/2013/0215/368006-limerick-make-double-capture-from-england/","url_text":"\"Limerick make double capture from England\""}]},{"reference":"\"Robbie Williams looking to make it in Limerick\". Limerick Leader. Limerick. 6 March 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.limerickleader.ie/sport/robbie-williams-looking-to-make-it-in-limerick-1-4853451","url_text":"\"Robbie Williams looking to make it in Limerick\""}]},{"reference":"\"No regrets? Former Barnsley defender Robbie Williams joins Cork City\". 28 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.the42.ie/robbie-williams-leaves-limerick-amid-cork-city-links-3519169-Jul2017/","url_text":"\"No regrets? Former Barnsley defender Robbie Williams joins Cork City\""}]},{"reference":"\"Robbie Williams signs for United\". Galway United. 19 January 2018. Retrieved 17 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://galwayunitedfc.ie/robbie-williams-signs/","url_text":"\"Robbie Williams signs for United\""}]},{"reference":"\"MATCH REPORT | Galway United 4-1 Athlone Town\". Galway United. 23 February 2018. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_Village_Gibraltar | Ocean Village, Gibraltar | ["1 Marina","2 Leisure Island Business Centre","3 World Trade Center Gibraltar","4 Residential apartments","5 Casino","6 Shops, restaurants and bars","7 See also","8 References"] | Coordinates: 36°08′50″N 5°21′14″W / 36.147262°N 5.353776°W / 36.147262; -5.353776Mixed-use development in Gibraltar
Ocean VillageOcean Village, GibraltarClick on the map for a fullscreen viewLocationCountryUnited KingdomLocationBay of GibraltarCoordinates36°08′50″N 5°21′14″W / 36.147262°N 5.353776°W / 36.147262; -5.353776DetailsOwned byOcean Village Investments LtdType of harbourArtificialNo. of berths255StatisticsWebsiteOceanVillage.gi
Ocean Village is a mixed-use marina, residential, business, and leisure development in Gibraltar, in the North end of the Iberian peninsula. The project features 316 residential apartments, over 250 marina berths and extensive business accommodation. Construction of the first phase of Ocean Village commenced in 2006, with the latest completed addition of the World Trade Center in 2017. The current recreational facilities within the overall complex include two casinos, numerous eateries, and bars and the Sunborn Yacht Hotel. Due for completion in 2019 are a further 244 apartments with future plans to incorporate additional superyacht berthing and a waterside villa complex. The marina is paved in a Portuguese pavement style.
Marina
Main article: Ocean Village Marina, Gibraltar
Sunset as seen from Ocean Village.
Ocean Village Marina is located on the west side of Gibraltar, 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) across the Strait of Gibraltar to the northern tip of Africa.
It has 255 berths starting from 8 metres (26 ft) in length with a draught of up to 4.5 metres (15 ft). Most of the Premier Berths are between 18 metres (59 ft) and 25 metres (82 ft) in length, although the largest Superyacht berths are up to 90 metres (300 ft). In June 2012, the Ocean Village Marina hosted the Gibraltar Diamond Jubilee Flotilla.
Leisure Island Business Centre
The land reclamation project was completed in October 2009. The Business Centre has been fully occupied since its launch with a mixture of international brands including KPMG. The first two levels of the building house Casino Admiral (formerly Gala Casino) with three levels of executive office facilities above.
World Trade Center Gibraltar
The seven-level, 17,000 square metre, world class resource, completed in 2017 is home to over sixty innovative, high tech companies. This new building was the latest to join the list of properties operating under the prestigious WTC brand in 90 countries across the globe. World Trade Center Gibraltar won the European Property Awards, Best Office Development Gibraltar in 2017.
Residential apartments
Upon launch in 2003, the first residential plaza became the fastest selling large scale development in Gibraltar’s history, selling out in four hours.
The four blue glass residential towers; Royal Ocean Plaza, Grand Ocean Plaza, Majestic Ocean Plaza and Imperial Ocean Plaza have seven swimming pools and six jacuzzis set in tropical gardens. The fifth 17 storey, elliptical Ocean Spa Plaza has its own pools and spas.
Aerial View of Ocean Village Mixed Use Marina Complex
They have won a number of awards including 2010 Bloomberg Television European Residential Property Awards and 2008 CNBC Europe & Africa Property Awards.
Casino
Casino Admiral operates two casinos within Ocean Village and was the first European facility to house a casino, bingo club and sports betting zone under one roof. The casinos offer a choice of 250 jackpot slots, 80-seat poker and roulette. The venues have six bars.
Shops, restaurants and bars
Suspended above the water's edge, the piers house international restaurants offering Italian, Asian and South American cuisine. Restaurants and bars include: wagamama, Las Iguanas, O'Reilly's Irish Bar, The Ivy Sportsbar, The Bridge Bar, Pizza Express, The Yard, Little Bay, Grand Shanghai, and Dusk Nightclub.
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ocean Village, Gibraltar.
Marina Bay, Gibraltar
Queensway Quay Marina, Gibraltar
References
^ a b c Premier Berths. "Category-1 Gibraltar". Premier Berths.
^ "Diamond Jubilee Flotilla". oceanvillage.gi. Ocean Village. Archived from the original on 30 August 2013. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
^ "Gibraltar Office". KPMG.
^ "Casino Admiral". GibraltarCasino.com Ocean Village. Archived from the original on 29 August 2015. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
^ "Gala Casino Sale". The Telegraph.
^ Gibraltar Chronicle. "OCEAN VILLAGE REACHES NEW HEIGHTS". OCEAN VILLAGE REACHES NEW HEIGHTS. Gibraltar Chronicle. Archived from the original on 12 March 2012.
^ Richardsons Properties. "Ocean Village". Richardsons Property.
^ Property World. "Grand Ocean Plaza". Grand Ocean Plaza. Property World.
^ 123 Property News. "A new project for Ocean Village Investments". 123 Property News. Archived from the original on 2 September 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ 2010 Residential Property Awards. "2010 Residential Property Awards". International Residential Property Awards.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ International Residential Property Awards. "Winners of 2008". Winners of 2008. International Residential Property Awards. Archived from the original on 22 July 2009.
^ Alcaidesa Live. "Gibraltar". Alcaidesa Live.
^ "Bars/Restaurants". Ocean Village.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhamaniya,_Bhopal | Dhamaniya, Bhopal | ["1 Demographics","2 References"] | Coordinates: 23°15′31″N 77°13′00″E / 23.2586513°N 77.2168036°E / 23.2586513; 77.2168036
Village in Madhya Pradesh, IndiaDhamaniyavillageDhamaniyaShow map of Madhya PradeshDhamaniyaShow map of IndiaCoordinates: 23°15′31″N 77°13′00″E / 23.2586513°N 77.2168036°E / 23.2586513; 77.2168036CountryIndiaStateMadhya PradeshDistrictBhopalTehsilHuzurElevation523 m (1,716 ft)Population (2011) • Total929Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)ISO 3166 codeMP-IN2011 census code482474
Dhamaniya is a village in the Bhopal district of Madhya Pradesh, India. It is located in the Huzur tehsil and the Phanda block.
Demographics
According to the 2011 census of India, Dhamaniya has 190 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 62.43%.
Demographics (2011 Census)
Total
Male
Female
Population
929
500
429
Children aged below 6 years
165
90
75
Scheduled caste
169
83
86
Scheduled tribe
53
31
22
Literates
477
310
167
Workers (all)
422
262
160
Main workers (total)
195
163
32
Main workers: Cultivators
81
74
7
Main workers: Agricultural labourers
93
70
23
Main workers: Household industry workers
9
8
1
Main workers: Other
12
11
1
Marginal workers (total)
227
99
128
Marginal workers: Cultivators
16
13
3
Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers
185
70
115
Marginal workers: Household industry workers
19
11
8
Marginal workers: Others
7
5
2
Non-workers
507
238
269
References
^ "RFP Document for Establishing Operating and Maintaining Lok Seva Kendra" (PDF). E-Governance Society Bhopal District. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
^ a b "District Census Handbook - Bhopal" (PDF). 2011 Census of India. Directorate of Census Operations, Madhya Pradesh. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
vteVillages in Huzur tehsil of Bhopal district
Acharpura
Agariya
Amarpura
Amjhira
Amoni
Amrabad Kalan
Anwala
Arhedi
Arwaliya
Babadiya Khurd
Badjhiri
Bagarauda
Bagli
Bagoniya
Bakaniya
Balampur
Bandori
Bangrasia
Bankhedi
Bansiya
Barkheda Bondar
Barkheda Nathu
Barkheda Salam
Barkhedi Abdulla
Barkhedi Hajjam
Barrai
Bavali Kheda
Beenapur
Berkhedi Bazyaft
Bhairopur
Bhanpur
Bhauri
Bherupura
Bhoj Nagar
Bilkhiriya Kalan
Bilkhiriya Khurd
Bishan Khedi
Borda
Borkhedi
Bundrkha Sadak
Chanched
Chanderi
Chandpur
Chandukhedi
Chhan (Chan)
Chhapri
Chhawani Adampur
Chhindwada
Chopda Kalan
Chor Sagoni
Dangroli
Daulatpur Thikriya
Deepdi
Dehriya Kalan
Deopur
Deval Khedi
Dhamaniya
Dob
Dobra
Dobra Jagir
Doobdi
Dupadiya
Fatehpur
Fatehpur Dobra
Ganyari
Garhmurra
Ghasipura
Ghat Khedi
Gol
Gol Khedi
Gudari Ghat
Guradiya
Hajjampura
Hatai Khedi
Hinotiya Jagir
Imliya
Int Khedichhap
Intkhedi Sadak
Islamnagar
Jamoniya Kalan
Jamoniyachhir
Jat Khedi
Jhagariya Khurd (census code 482441)
Jhagariya Khurd (census code 482501)
Jhapadiya
Jhhirniya
Jhiriya Kheda
Kachhi Barkheda
Kadhaiya
Kajlas
Kal Khedi
Kala Pipal
Kalan Khedi
Kalapani
Kalyanpur
Kalyanpur
Kalyanpura
Kanasaiya
Kanchbavli
Kanera
Kardai
Karhod Khurd
Katara
Khad Bamuliya
Khajoori Sadak
Khajuri
Kham Kheda
Khamla Khedi
Khandabad
Khar Khedi
Kharpa
Kharpi
Khejdadeo
Khetla Khedi
Khinchital
Khokariya
Khori
Khurchani
Kodi
Kodiya
Kolu Khedi
Kolua Khurd
Kotra
Kurana
Kushalpura
Kuthar
Lakhapur
Lalpura
Lamba Kheda
Mahawadiya
Mahua Kheda
Maksi
Mali Khedi
Manikhedi Kot
Meerpur
Mendora
Mendori
Mittu Khedi
Mohammad Nagar (Sattikheda)
Momanpur
Moondla
Mubarikpur
Mugaliya Hat
Mugaliyachhap
Mungalia Kot
Nandni
Narela
Narela Bazyafth
Narela Hanumant Singh
Neelbad (census code 482470)
Neelbad (census code 482510)
Nipaniya Jat
Nipaniya Sukha
Padariya Jat
Panchawa
Parewa Kheda
Parvaliya Sani
Parwaliya Sadak
Phanda Kala
Phanda Khurd
Pipalia Chhaparband
Pipaliya Berkhedi
Pipaliya Dhakad
Pipaliya Hatila
Pipaliya Jahirpeer
Pipaliya Kunjadgarh
Pipaliya Rani
Pipliya Bajkhan
Prempura
Prempura
Prithvipura
Puraman Bhawan
Raipur
Rapadiya
Rasla Khedi
Rasooliya Pathar
Rasuliya Ghat
Rasuliya Gusain
Ratanpur, Bhopal (census code 482467)
Ratanpur, Bhopal (census code 482555)
Ratatal
Ratibad (census code 482350)
Ratibad (census code 482517)
Rojibeg
Rolu Khedi
Rusalli Chunanagar
Sagoni Kalan
Sagoniya
Saista Khedi
Samarda
Samarda Kaliyasot
Samasgarh
Samaspura
Sankalpadariya
Sarvar
Semari Khurd
Semra Saiyad
Semri Bazyaft
Sewaniya
Sewaniya Onkar
Shahpur
Shobhapur Jahej
Shyampur
Sikandarabad
Sukhi Sewaniya
Sumer Khedi
Suraiya Nagar
Taraisewaniya
Teela Khedi
Thua Kheda
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th/9th_Battalion,_Royal_Australian_Regiment | 8th/9th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment | ["1 History","1.1 East Timor","1.2 Afghanistan","1.3 Iraq","1.4 Minor operations and individual deployments","2 Traditions","3 Current role & composition","4 Commanding Officers","5 Regimental Sergeant Majors","6 8th/9th Battalion Association","7 Alliances and Relationships","8 Notes","9 References","10 External links"] | Australian Army unit
8th/9th Battalion, Royal Australian RegimentActive31 October 1973– 30 June 199731 October 2007– presentCountryAustraliaBranchArmyTypeInfantryRoleMotorised infantryPart of7th BrigadeGarrison/HQUruzgan Lines, Enoggera Barracks, Brisbane, QueenslandMotto(s)Duty FirstMarchThe Brown and Grey Lanyard (Black Bear)Mascot(s)Merino Ram namedJohn MacArthur VIII (Stan the Ram)EngagementsEast Timor War in Afghanistan IraqDecorations Republic of Vietnam Cross of Gallantry with Palm Unit CitationCommandersCurrentcommanderLTCOL J EcclestonNotablecommandersPeter Leahy,
Gary McKay, MCInsigniaUnit colour patchMilitary unit
The 8th/9th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (8/9 RAR) is a motorised infantry battalion of the Australian Army. It was originally formed in 1973 by linking together both the 8th and 9th Battalions of the Royal Australian Regiment. Over the next twenty-four years the battalion would remain on the Australian Order of Battle based at Enoggera Barracks in Brisbane, Queensland, until it was disbanded in 1997 amid a number of Defence-wide cutbacks introduced by the Howard government. In 2006 it was announced that the battalion would be re-raised as part of a plan to expand the size of the Army and since then it established itself as a fully deployable motorised infantry battalion as part of 7th Brigade.
History
8/9 RAR was formed on 31 October 1973 by linking 8th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment and 9th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment as part of cutbacks to the army following the end of the Vietnam War. Upon formation the unit was based at Enoggera Barracks in Brisbane where it formed part of the 6th Brigade. The battalion's first major task came in the wake of the 1974 Brisbane flood, when it assisted with the subsequent disaster relief and cleanup efforts.
During the 1980s the battalion lost a large number of its personnel to the 1st and 2nd Battalions, Royal Australian Regiment as part of the Operational Deployment Force, but nevertheless undertook the task of maintaining the Army's amphibious and urban operations specialisations. In 1990, it took on a further role of training Papua New Guinea Defence Force personnel.
In January 1992, the battalion took on the role of a Ready Reserve unit. Under this scheme Ready Reserve soldiers were posted to the battalion for an initial 12-month full-time period, followed by a further period of four years part-time. On 10 October 1992, the battalion received the Right to the Freedom of Entry to the City of Brisbane. In 1996, the Ready Reserve scheme was abolished by the incoming Howard government, and shortly after this, as part of a restructuring of the Army, 8/9 RAR was disbanded on 30 June 1997.
On 24 August 2006, Prime Minister John Howard announced the Enhanced Land Force plan that the battalion would be re-raised under a new plan to increase the size of the Army. The battalion would continue to be called the 8/9th Battalion and would be based in South East Queensland.
On 2 October 2007, the Prime Minister announced that 8/9 RAR would be operationally deployable by 2010, be based in Brisbane at Enoggera Barracks and would be equipped with Bushmaster Protected Mobility Vehicles.
The battalion was officially re-raised on 31 October 2007 and was rapidly established as a motorised unit. Although originally it was intended that the battalion would consist of two motorised rifle companies, a support company and an administration company, this structure was deemed unworkable and the battalion was subsequently reorganised. By mid-2009, the battalion consisted of 620 personnel organised into one motorised rifle company, one light infantry company, a manoeuvre support company and a combat service support company. Meanwhile, 7th Brigade was transformed into a regular motorised formation, following the transfer of its reserve infantry battalions to 11th Brigade. By 2010, 8/9 RAR was established as a motorised infantry battalion, and with 6 RAR and 2/14 Light Horse (QMI) is one of three deployable Battle Groups in the brigade.
East Timor
In late-February 2010, 130 soldiers from the battalion's 'A' Company took over responsibility of the Timor Leste Task Group, replacing 2 RAR in East Timor. This force was rotated back to Australia in June 2010 after a four-month deployment, and was replaced by 'B' Company, 8/9RAR.
Afghanistan
Between January 2012 and June 2012, 8/9 RAR deployed to Uruzgan Province, Afghanistan as the core of MTF-4.
Iraq
In 2015–16, members of 8/9 RAR deployed on two consecutive rotations of Operation Okra in Iraq and Operation Highroad in Afghanistan.
Minor operations and individual deployments
The battalion has also contributed small numbers of personnel to Operations Slipper, Anode, and Pakistan Assist, and was heavily involved in search and rescue efforts during the 2010–11 Queensland floods, deploying to its emergency support force on short notice to Grantham in the Lockyer Valley. By mid-2011, 8/9 RAR had grown to comprise a battalion headquarters, three rifle companies and an operational support company.
Traditions
Soldiers from 8/9 RAR deployed to Iraq in 2016 commemorate 8 RAR's role in the battles of the Long Hai Hills during the Vietnam War
The battalion lanyard is coloured slate grey and beech brown and these colours are used elsewhere in sporting uniforms and the like. The official battalion march is The Brown and Grey Lanyard, but the unofficial march is Black Bear with a boisterous 'HOI' inserted in the appropriate places.
The 8/9 RAR mascot is a stud merino ram officially named John Macarthur (currently John Macarthur VIII), after the Australian wool pioneer, but known affectionately to the diggers as 'Stan the Ram'. Elizabeth 'Lizzie' Macarthur arrived in the Battalion in 2020 as Stan's companion.
Current role & composition
In 2017 the battalion commenced the transition to the motorised role with the adoption of the Bushmaster protected mobility vehicle.
The battalion currently consists of:
Battalion Headquarters
Three 3 Rifle Companies – Alpha, Charlie and Delta
Support Company, comprising Mortar, Direct Fire Support Weapons, Reconnaissance, Sniper, and Pipes and Drums Platoons
Combat Service Support Company
Commanding Officers
The following table lists the Commanding Officers of 8/9 RAR. Only those post-nominals held at the time of holding the appointment of CO 8/9 RAR are shown.
Former Commanding Officer 8/9 RAR LTCOL K.S. Fegan
Dates
Name
31 Oct 1973 – 27 Nov 1974
LTCOL Adrian Clunies-Ross, MBE
28 Nov 1974 – 16 Jan 1977
LTCOL E.A Chitham, MC
17 Jan 1977 – 13 Dec 1978
LTCOL T.H. Holland
14 Dec 1978 – 7 Aug 1980
LTCOL E.F. Pfitzner
8 Aug 1980 – 17 Dec 1982
LTCOL J.R. Brett
18 Dec 1982 – 20 Dec 1984
LTCOL R.E. Thornley
21 Dec 1984 – 9 Dec 1986
LTCOL G.W. Hurford
10 Dec 1986 – 15 Dec 1988
LTCOL M.J. Edwards
16 Dec 1988 – 14 Dec 1990
LTCOL Gary McKay, MC
15 Dec 1990 – 14 Dec 1992
LTCOL Peter Leahy
15 Dec 1992 – 31 Dec 1994
LTCOL D.S.M. Roche
1 Jan 1995 – 31 Dec 1996
LTCOL J.A. Robbs
1 Jan 1997 – 30 Jun 1997
LTCOL J.F. Edwards
31 Oct 2007 – 16 Jan 2011
LTCOL Simon Stuart
17 Jan 2011 – 31 Dec 2013
LTCOL Kahlil Fegan DSC
1 Jan 2014 – 15 Jan 2017
LTCOL J.A. Hammett
16 Jan 2017 – 10 Dec 2018
LTCOL A.R. Bennett, DSM
11 Dec 2018 – 09 Dec 2020
LTCOL S.R. Dickie
10 Dec 2020
LTCOL J. Eccleston
Regimental Sergeant Majors
The following table lists the Regimental Sergeant Majors of 8/9 RAR. Only those post-nominals held at the time of holding the appointment of RSM 8/9 RAR are shown.
Dates
Name
31 Oct 1973 – 13 Sep 1975
WO1 J.S. Allan
14 Sep 1975 – 17 May 1976
WO1 G.J. Sutherland
18 May 1976 – 28 Mar 1979
WO1 P. Cowan
29 Mar 1979 – 13 Apr 1980
WO1 J.P. Henderson
14 Apr 1980 – 18 Dec 1981
WO1 K.S. "Lofty" Wendt (later appointed RSM-A)
19 Dec 1981 – 21 Dec 1983
WO1 W.J. Burns
22 Dec 1983 – 12 Dec 1985
WO1 G. Willman
13 Dec 1985 – 16 Jan 1988
WO1 R. George
17 Jan 1988 – Jan 1990
WO1 R. Briais
Jan 1990 – 20 Jan 1992
WO1 R. Slater
21 Jan 1992 – 1 Dec 1994
WO1 S.F. Paulson
1 Dec 1994 – 4 Dec 1996
WO1 E.O. Hutchinson
4 Dec 1996 – 30 Jun 1997
WO1 M. Levine
31 Oct 2007 – 17 Jan 2010
WO1 W. Lampard
18 Jan 2010 – 20 Jan 2013
WO1 I.A. D'Arcy
21 Jan 2013 – 18 Jan 2015
WO1 D.S.S. Trill
19 Jan 2015 – 14 Jan 2018
WO1 M. Retallick, CSM
15 Jan 2018 – 14 Jan 2020
WO1 J.L. Watene, CSM
15 Jan 2020
WO1 M. Carroll, CSM
8th/9th Battalion Association
The Battalion Association was created to perpetuate the memory of the unit when it was initially disbanded in 1997. With resurrection in 2007, the association now serves as the conduit for past, present and future members.
Alliances and Relationships
United Kingdom – The Parachute Regiment
Fiji - Fiji Infantry Regiment, Republic of Fiji Military Forces
Notes
^ a b c d e "Annex L to Chapter 6: 8th/9th Battalion, The Royal Australian Regiment—A Brief History" (PDF). Royal Australian Regimental Standing Orders. Royal Australian Regiment. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 September 2009. Retrieved 19 April 2010.
^ a b c "8/9 RAR". Digger History. Archived from the original on 15 August 2010. Retrieved 22 September 2010.
^ Smith 2006, p. 35.
^ Griffin, Sgt Damian (7 September 2006). "Troop boost". Army: The Soldiers' Newspaper. No. 1151. Canberra: Department of Defence. ISSN 0729-5685. Archived from the original on 21 March 2011.
^ Howard, Prime Minister John (2 October 2007). "A Stronger Army for Australia". PM Transcripts (Press release). Retrieved 3 January 2020.
^ "Another Army battalion for Brisbane". ABC News. 2 October 2007. Retrieved 20 October 2007.
^ a b "Two Years On: The 8th/9th Battalion, The Royal Australian Regiment". Australian Infantry Magazine. October 2009 – April 2010: 64–65.
^ a b "The 8th/9th Battalion, The Royal Australian Regiment: Four Years On". Australian Infantry Magazine. April 2010 – October 2011: 60–62.
^ Belham & Dehnam 2009, p. 195.
^ "Force reduction". Army News. Australian Department of Defence. 4 February 2010. p. 21.
^ "Media Release: Brisbane troops home from East Timor". Department of Defence. 9 June 2010. Archived from the original on 13 June 2010. Retrieved 14 June 2010.
^ "Brisbane welcomes home troops returning from Afghanistan". Department of Defence. 21 July 2012. Archived from the original on 29 March 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
^ McLachlan 2017, p. 7.
^ Rawlins 2017, p. 8.
^ "Force Structure". Australian Army. 15 June 2017. Archived from the original on 5 February 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
^ Horner & Bou 2008, p. 444.
^ Horner & Bou 2008, p. 451.
^ "About the 8th/9th Battalion Association". 8th/9th Battalion Association. Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 22 September 2010.
^ Chant 2013, p. 246.
References
"8/9 RAR Combat Team Deployable in Late 2009". Australian & NZ Defender. Brisbane: Fullbore Magazines (63): 55. 2008. ISSN 1322-039X.
Belham, David; Denham, Peter (2009). The Blue Diamonds: The History of 7th Brigade, 1915–2008. Puckapunyal, Victoria: Department of Defence. OCLC 525034269.
Chant, Christopher (2013) . Handbook of British Regiments. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-64724-8.
Horner, David; Bou, Jean (2008). Duty First: A History of the Royal Australian Regiment (2nd ed.). Crows Nest: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-1-74175-374-5.
McLachlan, Angus (2017). "SITREP: from Commander Forces Command". Ironsides: The Journal of the Royal Australian Armoured Corps. p. 7. OCLC 808384287.
Rawlins, Anthony (2017). "7th Combat Brigade SITREP". Ironsides: The Journal of the Royal Australian Armoured Corps. p. 7. OCLC 808384287.
Smith, Hugh (Winter 2006). "High Time for the High Readiness Reserve". Defender: The National Journal of the Australia Defence Association. pp. 35–37. ISSN 0811-6407.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 8th/9th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment.
8/9 RAR Association
vte Battalions of the Royal Australian RegimentCurrent battalions
1 RAR
2 RAR
3 RAR
5 RAR
6 RAR
7 RAR
8/9 RAR
Former battalions
4 RAR
2/4 RAR
5/7 RAR
8 RAR
9 RAR
Other units
1 SAS Coy
10 IRC RAR
Depot Coy | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"motorised infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorised_infantry"},{"link_name":"battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battalion"},{"link_name":"Australian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Army"},{"link_name":"Royal Australian Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Australian_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Enoggera Barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoggera_Barracks"},{"link_name":"motorised infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorised_infantry"},{"link_name":"7th Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_7th_Brigade"}],"text":"Military unitThe 8th/9th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (8/9 RAR) is a motorised infantry battalion of the Australian Army. It was originally formed in 1973 by linking together both the 8th and 9th Battalions of the Royal Australian Regiment. Over the next twenty-four years the battalion would remain on the Australian Order of Battle based at Enoggera Barracks in Brisbane, Queensland, until it was disbanded in 1997 amid a number of Defence-wide cutbacks introduced by the Howard government. In 2006 it was announced that the battalion would be re-raised as part of a plan to expand the size of the Army and since then it established itself as a fully deployable motorised infantry battalion as part of 7th Brigade.","title":"8th/9th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"8th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Battalion,_Royal_Australian_Regiment"},{"link_name":"9th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Battalion,_Royal_Australian_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"Enoggera Barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoggera_Barracks"},{"link_name":"Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"6th Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Brigade_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-renamed_from_8_on_20110412135308-1"},{"link_name":"1974 Brisbane flood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_Brisbane_flood"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-digger-2"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Battalion,_Royal_Australian_Regiment"},{"link_name":"2nd Battalions, Royal Australian Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Battalion,_Royal_Australian_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Papua New Guinea Defence Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_Defence_Force"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-digger-2"},{"link_name":"Ready Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Army_Reserve"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-renamed_from_8_on_20110412135308-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-digger-2"},{"link_name":"Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Howard"},{"link_name":"government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Government"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-renamed_from_8_on_20110412135308-1"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"John Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Howard"},{"link_name":"Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Army"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArmyNews06-4"},{"link_name":"South East Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Bushmaster Protected Mobility Vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushmaster_Protected_Mobility_Vehicle"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABC-6"},{"link_name":"motorised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_warfare"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-austinf1-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-austinf2-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-austinf1-7"},{"link_name":"regular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_army"},{"link_name":"11th Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Brigade_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"6 RAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Battalion,_Royal_Australian_Regiment"},{"link_name":"2/14 Light Horse (QMI)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd/14th_Light_Horse_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"8/9 RAR was formed on 31 October 1973 by linking 8th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment and 9th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment as part of cutbacks to the army following the end of the Vietnam War. Upon formation the unit was based at Enoggera Barracks in Brisbane where it formed part of the 6th Brigade.[1] The battalion's first major task came in the wake of the 1974 Brisbane flood, when it assisted with the subsequent disaster relief and cleanup efforts.[2]During the 1980s the battalion lost a large number of its personnel to the 1st and 2nd Battalions, Royal Australian Regiment as part of the Operational Deployment Force, but nevertheless undertook the task of maintaining the Army's amphibious and urban operations specialisations. In 1990, it took on a further role of training Papua New Guinea Defence Force personnel.[2]In January 1992, the battalion took on the role of a Ready Reserve unit.[1] Under this scheme Ready Reserve soldiers were posted to the battalion for an initial 12-month full-time period, followed by a further period of four years part-time. On 10 October 1992, the battalion received the Right to the Freedom of Entry to the City of Brisbane.[2] In 1996, the Ready Reserve scheme was abolished by the incoming Howard government,[3] and shortly after this, as part of a restructuring of the Army, 8/9 RAR was disbanded on 30 June 1997.[1]On 24 August 2006, Prime Minister John Howard announced the Enhanced Land Force plan that the battalion would be re-raised under a new plan to increase the size of the Army.[4] The battalion would continue to be called the 8/9th Battalion and would be based in South East Queensland. \nOn 2 October 2007, the Prime Minister announced that 8/9 RAR would be operationally deployable by 2010, be based in Brisbane at Enoggera Barracks and would be equipped with Bushmaster Protected Mobility Vehicles.[5][6]The battalion was officially re-raised on 31 October 2007 and was rapidly established as a motorised unit.[7] Although originally it was intended that the battalion would consist of two motorised rifle companies, a support company and an administration company, this structure was deemed unworkable and the battalion was subsequently reorganised.[8] By mid-2009, the battalion consisted of 620 personnel organised into one motorised rifle company, one light infantry company, a manoeuvre support company and a combat service support company.[7] Meanwhile, 7th Brigade was transformed into a regular motorised formation, following the transfer of its reserve infantry battalions to 11th Brigade. By 2010, 8/9 RAR was established as a motorised infantry battalion, and with 6 RAR and 2/14 Light Horse (QMI) is one of three deployable Battle Groups in the brigade.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2 RAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Battalion,_Royal_Australian_Regiment"},{"link_name":"East Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timor"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"East Timor","text":"In late-February 2010, 130 soldiers from the battalion's 'A' Company took over responsibility of the Timor Leste Task Group, replacing 2 RAR in East Timor.[10] This force was rotated back to Australia in June 2010 after a four-month deployment, and was replaced by 'B' Company, 8/9RAR.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Afghanistan","text":"Between January 2012 and June 2012, 8/9 RAR deployed to Uruzgan Province, Afghanistan as the core of MTF-4.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Operation Okra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Okra"},{"link_name":"Operation Highroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_the_War_in_Afghanistan"}],"sub_title":"Iraq","text":"In 2015–16, members of 8/9 RAR deployed on two consecutive rotations of Operation Okra in Iraq and Operation Highroad in Afghanistan.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Operations Slipper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Slipper"},{"link_name":"Anode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Anode"},{"link_name":"Pakistan Assist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operation_Pakistan_Assist&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2010–11 Queensland floods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Queensland_floods"},{"link_name":"Lockyer Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockyer_Valley"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-austinf2-8"}],"sub_title":"Minor operations and individual deployments","text":"The battalion has also contributed small numbers of personnel to Operations Slipper, Anode, and Pakistan Assist, and was heavily involved in search and rescue efforts during the 2010–11 Queensland floods, deploying to its emergency support force on short notice to Grantham in the Lockyer Valley. By mid-2011, 8/9 RAR had grown to comprise a battalion headquarters, three rifle companies and an operational support company.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Australian_soldiers_commemorate_Long_Hai_Hills_battles_160228-A-KH215-158.jpg"},{"link_name":"lanyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanyard"},{"link_name":"march","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_(music)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-renamed_from_8_on_20110412135308-1"},{"link_name":"merino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merino"},{"link_name":"Australian wool pioneer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Macarthur_(wool_pioneer)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-renamed_from_8_on_20110412135308-1"}],"text":"Soldiers from 8/9 RAR deployed to Iraq in 2016 commemorate 8 RAR's role in the battles of the Long Hai Hills during the Vietnam WarThe battalion lanyard is coloured slate grey and beech brown and these colours are used elsewhere in sporting uniforms and the like. The official battalion march is The Brown and Grey Lanyard, but the unofficial march is Black Bear with a boisterous 'HOI' inserted in the appropriate places.[1]The 8/9 RAR mascot is a stud merino ram officially named John Macarthur (currently John Macarthur VIII), after the Australian wool pioneer, but known affectionately to the diggers as 'Stan the Ram'.[1] Elizabeth 'Lizzie' Macarthur arrived in the Battalion in 2020 as Stan's companion.","title":"Traditions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLachlan20177-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERawlins20178-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"In 2017 the battalion commenced the transition to the motorised role with the adoption of the Bushmaster protected mobility vehicle.[13][14][15]The battalion currently consists of:[citation needed]Battalion Headquarters\nThree 3 Rifle Companies – Alpha, Charlie and Delta\nSupport Company, comprising Mortar, Direct Fire Support Weapons, Reconnaissance, Sniper, and Pipes and Drums Platoons\nCombat Service Support Company","title":"Current role & composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Horner444-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LTCOL_Kahlil_Fegan_MTF-4.jpg"}],"text":"The following table lists the Commanding Officers of 8/9 RAR.[16] Only those post-nominals held at the time of holding the appointment of CO 8/9 RAR are shown.Former Commanding Officer 8/9 RAR LTCOL K.S. Fegan","title":"Commanding Officers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"The following table lists the Regimental Sergeant Majors of 8/9 RAR.[17] Only those post-nominals held at the time of holding the appointment of RSM 8/9 RAR are shown.","title":"Regimental Sergeant Majors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"The Battalion Association was created to perpetuate the memory of the unit when it was initially disbanded in 1997. With resurrection in 2007, the association now serves as the conduit for past, present and future members.[18]","title":"8th/9th Battalion Association"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Parachute Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parachute_Regiment_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChant2013246-19"},{"link_name":"Fiji Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji_Infantry_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Republic of Fiji Military Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Fiji_Military_Forces"}],"text":"United Kingdom – The Parachute Regiment[19]\nFiji - Fiji Infantry Regiment, Republic of Fiji Military Forces","title":"Alliances and Relationships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-renamed_from_8_on_20110412135308_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-renamed_from_8_on_20110412135308_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-renamed_from_8_on_20110412135308_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-renamed_from_8_on_20110412135308_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-renamed_from_8_on_20110412135308_1-4"},{"link_name":"\"Annex L to Chapter 6: 8th/9th Battalion, The Royal Australian Regiment—A Brief History\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090914185514/http://www.rar.org.au/documents/8-9RARHistoryComplete.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rar.org.au/documents/8-9RARHistoryComplete.pdf"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-digger_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-digger_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-digger_2-2"},{"link_name":"\"8/9 RAR\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.diggerhistory.info/pages-army-today/rar-sasr/8_9_rar.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100815030620/http://www.diggerhistory.info/pages-army-today/rar-sasr/8_9_rar.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ArmyNews06_4-0"},{"link_name":"\"Troop boost\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110321225109/http://www.defence.gov.au/news/armynews/editions/1151/topstories/story01.htm"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0729-5685","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0729-5685"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.defence.gov.au/news/armynews/editions/1151/topstories/story01.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"A Stronger Army for Australia\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pmtranscripts.pmc.gov.au/release/transcript-15368"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ABC_6-0"},{"link_name":"\"Another Army battalion for Brisbane\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/10/02/2049222.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-austinf1_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-austinf1_7-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-austinf2_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-austinf2_8-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Media Release: Brisbane troops home from East Timor\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100613181806/http://www.defence.gov.au/media/DepartmentalTpl.cfm?CurrentId=10414"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.defence.gov.au/media/DepartmentalTpl.cfm?CurrentId=10414"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"Brisbane welcomes home troops returning from Afghanistan\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140329100646/http://www.minister.defence.gov.au/2012/07/21/brisbane-welcomes-home-troops-returning-from-afghanistan/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.minister.defence.gov.au/2012/07/21/brisbane-welcomes-home-troops-returning-from-afghanistan/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLachlan20177_13-0"},{"link_name":"McLachlan 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcLachlan2017"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERawlins20178_14-0"},{"link_name":"Rawlins 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRawlins2017"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"\"Force Structure\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180205184525/https://www.army.gov.au/our-future/modernisation-projects/plan-beersheba/force-structure"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.army.gov.au/our-future/modernisation-projects/plan-beersheba/force-structure"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Horner444_16-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"\"About the 8th/9th Battalion Association\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20120718064930/http://www.89rarassociation.org.au/about.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.89rarassociation.org.au/about.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChant2013246_19-0"},{"link_name":"Chant 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFChant2013"}],"text":"^ a b c d e \"Annex L to Chapter 6: 8th/9th Battalion, The Royal Australian Regiment—A Brief History\" (PDF). Royal Australian Regimental Standing Orders. Royal Australian Regiment. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 September 2009. Retrieved 19 April 2010.\n\n^ a b c \"8/9 RAR\". Digger History. Archived from the original on 15 August 2010. Retrieved 22 September 2010.\n\n^ Smith 2006, p. 35.\n\n^ Griffin, Sgt Damian (7 September 2006). \"Troop boost\". Army: The Soldiers' Newspaper. No. 1151. Canberra: Department of Defence. ISSN 0729-5685. Archived from the original on 21 March 2011.\n\n^ Howard, Prime Minister John (2 October 2007). \"A Stronger Army for Australia\". PM Transcripts (Press release). Retrieved 3 January 2020.\n\n^ \"Another Army battalion for Brisbane\". ABC News. 2 October 2007. Retrieved 20 October 2007.\n\n^ a b \"Two Years On: The 8th/9th Battalion, The Royal Australian Regiment\". Australian Infantry Magazine. October 2009 – April 2010: 64–65.\n\n^ a b \"The 8th/9th Battalion, The Royal Australian Regiment: Four Years On\". Australian Infantry Magazine. April 2010 – October 2011: 60–62.\n\n^ Belham & Dehnam 2009, p. 195.\n\n^ \"Force reduction\". Army News. Australian Department of Defence. 4 February 2010. p. 21.\n\n^ \"Media Release: Brisbane troops home from East Timor\". Department of Defence. 9 June 2010. Archived from the original on 13 June 2010. Retrieved 14 June 2010.\n\n^ \"Brisbane welcomes home troops returning from Afghanistan\". Department of Defence. 21 July 2012. Archived from the original on 29 March 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2014.\n\n^ McLachlan 2017, p. 7.\n\n^ Rawlins 2017, p. 8.\n\n^ \"Force Structure\". Australian Army. 15 June 2017. Archived from the original on 5 February 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2018.\n\n^ Horner & Bou 2008, p. 444.\n\n^ Horner & Bou 2008, p. 451.\n\n^ \"About the 8th/9th Battalion Association\". 8th/9th Battalion Association. Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 22 September 2010.\n\n^ Chant 2013, p. 246.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Soldiers from 8/9 RAR deployed to Iraq in 2016 commemorate 8 RAR's role in the battles of the Long Hai Hills during the Vietnam War","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Australian_soldiers_commemorate_Long_Hai_Hills_battles_160228-A-KH215-158.jpg/220px-Australian_soldiers_commemorate_Long_Hai_Hills_battles_160228-A-KH215-158.jpg"},{"image_text":"Former Commanding Officer 8/9 RAR LTCOL K.S. Fegan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/LTCOL_Kahlil_Fegan_MTF-4.jpg/303px-LTCOL_Kahlil_Fegan_MTF-4.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Annex L to Chapter 6: 8th/9th Battalion, The Royal Australian Regiment—A Brief History\" (PDF). Royal Australian Regimental Standing Orders. Royal Australian Regiment. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 September 2009. Retrieved 19 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090914185514/http://www.rar.org.au/documents/8-9RARHistoryComplete.pdf","url_text":"\"Annex L to Chapter 6: 8th/9th Battalion, The Royal Australian Regiment—A Brief History\""},{"url":"http://www.rar.org.au/documents/8-9RARHistoryComplete.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"8/9 RAR\". Digger History. Archived from the original on 15 August 2010. Retrieved 22 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.diggerhistory.info/pages-army-today/rar-sasr/8_9_rar.htm","url_text":"\"8/9 RAR\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100815030620/http://www.diggerhistory.info/pages-army-today/rar-sasr/8_9_rar.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Griffin, Sgt Damian (7 September 2006). \"Troop boost\". Army: The Soldiers' Newspaper. No. 1151. Canberra: Department of Defence. ISSN 0729-5685. Archived from the original on 21 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110321225109/http://www.defence.gov.au/news/armynews/editions/1151/topstories/story01.htm","url_text":"\"Troop boost\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0729-5685","url_text":"0729-5685"},{"url":"http://www.defence.gov.au/news/armynews/editions/1151/topstories/story01.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Howard, Prime Minister John (2 October 2007). \"A Stronger Army for Australia\". PM Transcripts (Press release). Retrieved 3 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://pmtranscripts.pmc.gov.au/release/transcript-15368","url_text":"\"A Stronger Army for Australia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Another Army battalion for Brisbane\". ABC News. 2 October 2007. Retrieved 20 October 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/10/02/2049222.htm","url_text":"\"Another Army battalion for Brisbane\""}]},{"reference":"\"Two Years On: The 8th/9th Battalion, The Royal Australian Regiment\". Australian Infantry Magazine. October 2009 – April 2010: 64–65.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The 8th/9th Battalion, The Royal Australian Regiment: Four Years On\". Australian Infantry Magazine. April 2010 – October 2011: 60–62.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Force reduction\". Army News. Australian Department of Defence. 4 February 2010. p. 21.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Media Release: Brisbane troops home from East Timor\". Department of Defence. 9 June 2010. Archived from the original on 13 June 2010. Retrieved 14 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100613181806/http://www.defence.gov.au/media/DepartmentalTpl.cfm?CurrentId=10414","url_text":"\"Media Release: Brisbane troops home from East Timor\""},{"url":"http://www.defence.gov.au/media/DepartmentalTpl.cfm?CurrentId=10414","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Brisbane welcomes home troops returning from Afghanistan\". Department of Defence. 21 July 2012. Archived from the original on 29 March 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140329100646/http://www.minister.defence.gov.au/2012/07/21/brisbane-welcomes-home-troops-returning-from-afghanistan/","url_text":"\"Brisbane welcomes home troops returning from Afghanistan\""},{"url":"http://www.minister.defence.gov.au/2012/07/21/brisbane-welcomes-home-troops-returning-from-afghanistan/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Force Structure\". Australian Army. 15 June 2017. Archived from the original on 5 February 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180205184525/https://www.army.gov.au/our-future/modernisation-projects/plan-beersheba/force-structure","url_text":"\"Force Structure\""},{"url":"https://www.army.gov.au/our-future/modernisation-projects/plan-beersheba/force-structure","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"About the 8th/9th Battalion Association\". 8th/9th Battalion Association. Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 22 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120718064930/http://www.89rarassociation.org.au/about.html","url_text":"\"About the 8th/9th Battalion Association\""},{"url":"http://www.89rarassociation.org.au/about.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"8/9 RAR Combat Team Deployable in Late 2009\". Australian & NZ Defender. Brisbane: Fullbore Magazines (63): 55. 2008. ISSN 1322-039X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1322-039X","url_text":"1322-039X"}]},{"reference":"Belham, David; Denham, Peter (2009). The Blue Diamonds: The History of 7th Brigade, 1915–2008. Puckapunyal, Victoria: Department of Defence. OCLC 525034269.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/525034269","url_text":"525034269"}]},{"reference":"Chant, Christopher (2013) [1988]. Handbook of British Regiments. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-64724-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-64724-8","url_text":"978-1-134-64724-8"}]},{"reference":"Horner, David; Bou, Jean (2008). Duty First: A History of the Royal Australian Regiment (2nd ed.). Crows Nest: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-1-74175-374-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Horner","url_text":"Horner, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74175-374-5","url_text":"978-1-74175-374-5"}]},{"reference":"McLachlan, Angus (2017). \"SITREP: from Commander Forces Command\". Ironsides: The Journal of the Royal Australian Armoured Corps. p. 7. OCLC 808384287.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/808384287","url_text":"808384287"}]},{"reference":"Rawlins, Anthony (2017). \"7th Combat Brigade SITREP\". Ironsides: The Journal of the Royal Australian Armoured Corps. p. 7. OCLC 808384287.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/808384287","url_text":"808384287"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Hugh (Winter 2006). \"High Time for the High Readiness Reserve\". Defender: The National Journal of the Australia Defence Association. pp. 35–37. ISSN 0811-6407.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0811-6407","url_text":"0811-6407"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090914185514/http://www.rar.org.au/documents/8-9RARHistoryComplete.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Annex L to Chapter 6: 8th/9th Battalion, The Royal Australian Regiment—A Brief History\""},{"Link":"http://www.rar.org.au/documents/8-9RARHistoryComplete.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.diggerhistory.info/pages-army-today/rar-sasr/8_9_rar.htm","external_links_name":"\"8/9 RAR\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100815030620/http://www.diggerhistory.info/pages-army-today/rar-sasr/8_9_rar.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110321225109/http://www.defence.gov.au/news/armynews/editions/1151/topstories/story01.htm","external_links_name":"\"Troop boost\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0729-5685","external_links_name":"0729-5685"},{"Link":"http://www.defence.gov.au/news/armynews/editions/1151/topstories/story01.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://pmtranscripts.pmc.gov.au/release/transcript-15368","external_links_name":"\"A Stronger Army for Australia\""},{"Link":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/10/02/2049222.htm","external_links_name":"\"Another Army battalion for Brisbane\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100613181806/http://www.defence.gov.au/media/DepartmentalTpl.cfm?CurrentId=10414","external_links_name":"\"Media Release: Brisbane troops home from East Timor\""},{"Link":"http://www.defence.gov.au/media/DepartmentalTpl.cfm?CurrentId=10414","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140329100646/http://www.minister.defence.gov.au/2012/07/21/brisbane-welcomes-home-troops-returning-from-afghanistan/","external_links_name":"\"Brisbane welcomes home troops returning from Afghanistan\""},{"Link":"http://www.minister.defence.gov.au/2012/07/21/brisbane-welcomes-home-troops-returning-from-afghanistan/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180205184525/https://www.army.gov.au/our-future/modernisation-projects/plan-beersheba/force-structure","external_links_name":"\"Force Structure\""},{"Link":"https://www.army.gov.au/our-future/modernisation-projects/plan-beersheba/force-structure","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120718064930/http://www.89rarassociation.org.au/about.html","external_links_name":"\"About the 8th/9th Battalion Association\""},{"Link":"http://www.89rarassociation.org.au/about.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1322-039X","external_links_name":"1322-039X"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/525034269","external_links_name":"525034269"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/808384287","external_links_name":"808384287"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/808384287","external_links_name":"808384287"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0811-6407","external_links_name":"0811-6407"},{"Link":"http://www.89rarassociation.org.au/","external_links_name":"8/9 RAR Association"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence,_Ohio | Independence, Ohio | ["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","3.1 2010 census","3.2 2000 census","4 Education","5 Sports","6 Notable people","7 Surrounding communities","8 References","9 External links"] | Coordinates: 41°22′55″N 81°38′27″W / 41.38194°N 81.64083°W / 41.38194; -81.64083
This article is about the city. For the unincorporated community in Defiance County, Ohio, see Independence, Defiance County, Ohio.
City in Ohio, United StatesIndependence, OhioCityIndependence Presbyterian Church
SealLocation in Cuyahoga County and the state of OhioCoordinates: 41°22′55″N 81°38′27″W / 41.38194°N 81.64083°W / 41.38194; -81.64083CountryUnited StatesStateOhioCountyCuyahogaGovernment • TypeMayor-council • MayorGregory P. Kurtz (R)Area • Total9.63 sq mi (24.94 km2) • Land9.53 sq mi (24.67 km2) • Water0.10 sq mi (0.26 km2)Elevation860 ft (260 m)Population (2020) • Total7,584 • Density796.14/sq mi (307.39/km2) censusDemonymIndependencianTime zoneUTC-4 (EST) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)Zip code44131Area code216FIPS code39-37240GNIS feature ID1064885Websitehttp://www.independenceohio.org
Independence is a city in Cuyahoga County, Ohio. As of the 2020 census, the city population was 7,584. A suburb of Cleveland, it is a part of the Cleveland metropolitan area.
History
Independence was originally called Center and was renamed in 1830.
Geography
Independence is located at 41°22′55″N 81°38′27″W / 41.38194°N 81.64083°W / 41.38194; -81.64083.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 9.64 square miles (24.97 km2), of which 9.54 square miles (24.71 km2) is land and 0.10 square miles (0.26 km2) is water.
Much of the land area in Independence is used by the intersection of I-480 and I-77. The I-77/I-480 interchange is a four-level stack interchange, but locals often refer to as the cloverleaf, as it largely replaced a nearby interchange of that type. The larger interchange opened in 1940, but construction of the Willow Freeway, which became I-77, was stalled by World War II and was not completed until the 1950s. In the late 1970s, I-480 connected into I-77. The original 1939 cloverleaf is still in existence on Granger and Brecksville Roads. It is still in use today, generally for local traffic.
In the 1970s, many Cleveland businesses needed backup and extra office space from their downtown Cleveland offices. In the 1970s, the Rockside corridor was developed into offices and numerous hotels to help downtown Cleveland. In 1991, the Crown Center on Rockside Road was built, making it the tallest building between Downtown Cleveland and Akron. This area is referred as Cleveland's Silicon Valley.
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1880262—19201,074—19301,52542.0%19401,81519.0%19503,10571.1%19606,568111.5%19707,0347.1%19806,607−6.1%19906,500−1.6%20007,1099.4%20107,1330.3%20207,5846.3%2021 (est.)7,523−0.8%Sources:
2010 census
Largest ancestries (2010)
Percent
Polish
36.6%
Irish
19.7%
German
18.0%
Italian
17.1%
Czech
7.3%
Slovak
6.0%
As of the census of 2010, there were 7,133 people, 2,770 households, and 2,054 families living in the city. The population density was 747.7 inhabitants per square mile (288.7/km2). There were 2,868 housing units at an average density of 300.6 per square mile (116.1/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 96.6% White, 0.4% African American, 0.1% Native American, 1.9% Asian, 0.2% from other races, and 0.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 1.1% of the population.
There were 2,770 households, of which 30.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.8% were married couples living together, 8.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 25.8% were non-families. 23.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 3.05.
The median age in the city was 47 years. 22.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 17.9% were from 25 to 44; 33.5% were from 45 to 64; and 19.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.5% male and 51.5% female.
Of the city's population over the age of 25, 36.0% held a bachelor's degree or higher.
2000 census
Largest ancestries (2000)
Percent
Polish
32.3%
German
20.2%
Italian
16.7%
Irish
10.7%
English
7.3%
Slovak
7.0%
As of the census of 2000, there were 7,109 people, 2,673 households, and 2,020 families living in the city. The population density was 741.6 inhabitants per square mile (286.3/km2). There were 2,726 housing units at an average density of 284.4 per square mile (109.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.58% White, 0.58% African American, 1.29% Asian, 0.14% from other races, and 0.41% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 0.82% of the population.
There were 2,673 households, out of which 30.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.6% were married couples living together, 7.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.4% were non-families. 21.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.10.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 24.1% under the age of 18, 6.0% from 18 to 24, 23.1% from 25 to 44, 25.5% from 45 to 64, and 21.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.6 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $57,733, and the median income for a family was $65,059. Males had a median income of $49,741 versus $34,038 for females. The per capita income for the city was $26,447. About 2.4% of families and 3.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.5% of those under age 18 and 4.2% of those age 65 or over.
Education
The Independence Local School District operates Independence Primary School, Independence Middle School and Independence High School. There is also St. Michael's Catholic School, under the Diocese of Cleveland. Independence is also home to the Kent State University College of Podiatric Medicine.
Sports
Independence is the home of the Cleveland Cavaliers training facility.
Notable people
Kathrine Baumann, former actress and designer
Tom Boerwinkle, National Basketball Association player
Jessica Eye, mixed martial arts fighter
Joe Kovacs, puppeteer
Stipe Miocic, mixed martial arts fighter
Louis J. O'Marr, 13th Attorney General of Wyoming
Nadine Secunde, operatic soprano
Jim Trakas, former member of the Ohio House of Representatives
Surrounding communities
Places adjacent to Independence, Ohio
Brooklyn Heights
Cuyahoga Heights
Garfield Heights
Seven Hills
Independence
Valley View
North Royalton
Brecksville, Broadview Heights
Sagamore Hills
References
^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022.
^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Independence, Ohio
^ a b c "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ Overman, William Daniel (1958). Ohio Town Names. Akron, OH: Atlantic Press. p. 64.
^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
^ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 12, 2012. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
^ "Population: Ohio" (PDF). 1930 US Census. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved November 28, 2013.
^ "Number of Inhabitants: Ohio" (PDF). 18th Census of the United States. U.S. Census Bureau. 1960. Retrieved April 24, 2020.
^ "Ohio: Population and Housing Unit Counts" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved November 22, 2013.
^ "Independence city, Ohio". census.gov. Retrieved July 1, 2022.
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
^ "Independence (City) QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau". Archived from the original on December 2, 2013. Retrieved November 25, 2013.
^ CavsNews.com Archived January 1, 2007, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved December 29, 2006.
^ Sewell, Rhonda B. (September 16, 2004). "Shimmer for the stars: Ohio native's shiny creations have become hot accessories on Hollywood's red carpet". The Blade. Retrieved September 20, 2020.
^ "Ex-Bulls center Boerwinkle dies at 67". Journal Star. Peoria. March 28, 2013. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
^ Smith, Troy L. (June 7, 2019). "Ohio native Jessica Eye looks to shock the world at UFC 238". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
^ "Moosletoe: a New Moosical" (PDF). Gateway Playhouse Archives. The Gateway, Performing Arts Center of Suffolk County. 2016–2017. p. 8. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
^ Raimondi, Marc (August 13, 2019). "Inside a 24-hour firehouse shift with UFC heavyweight Stipe Miocic". ESPN. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
^ "Louis J. O'Marr". Billings Gazette. June 28, 1966. p. 11. Archived from the original on September 20, 2020. Retrieved September 20, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Nadine Secunde". Oxford Reference. Oxford University Press. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
^ Fine, Arlene (September 30, 2004). "Jim Trakas seeks fourth Ohio term". Cleveland Jewish News. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Independence, Ohio.
City of Independence, Ohio
Independence Local School District
vteMunicipalities and communities of Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United StatesCounty seat: ClevelandCities
Bay Village
Beachwood
Bedford
Bedford Heights
Berea
Brecksville
Broadview Heights
Brook Park
Brooklyn
Cleveland
Cleveland Heights
East Cleveland
Euclid
Fairview Park
Garfield Heights
Highland Heights
Independence
Lakewood
Lyndhurst
Maple Heights
Mayfield Heights
Middleburg Heights
North Olmsted
North Royalton
Olmsted Falls
Parma
Parma Heights
Pepper Pike
Richmond Heights
Rocky River
Seven Hills
Shaker Heights
Solon
South Euclid
Strongsville
University Heights
Warrensville Heights
Westlake
Map of Ohio highlighting Cuyahoga CountyVillages
Bentleyville
Bratenahl
Brooklyn Heights
Chagrin Falls
Cuyahoga Heights
Gates Mills
Glenwillow
Highland Hills
Hunting Valley‡
Linndale
Mayfield
Moreland Hills
Newburgh Heights
North Randall
Oakwood
Orange
Valley View
Walton Hills
Woodmere
Townships
Chagrin Falls
Olmsted
Paper townships
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Ohio portal
United States portal
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
Geographic
MusicBrainz area | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Independence, Defiance County, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence,_Defiance_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Cuyahoga County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuyahoga_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland"},{"link_name":"Cleveland metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Cleveland"}],"text":"This article is about the city. For the unincorporated community in Defiance County, Ohio, see Independence, Defiance County, Ohio.City in Ohio, United StatesIndependence is a city in Cuyahoga County, Ohio. As of the 2020 census, the city population was 7,584. 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The population density was 747.7 inhabitants per square mile (288.7/km2). There were 2,868 housing units at an average density of 300.6 per square mile (116.1/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 96.6% White, 0.4% African American, 0.1% Native American, 1.9% Asian, 0.2% from other races, and 0.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 1.1% of the population.There were 2,770 households, of which 30.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.8% were married couples living together, 8.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 25.8% were non-families. 23.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. 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The gender makeup of the city was 48.5% male and 51.5% female.Of the city's population over the age of 25, 36.0% held a bachelor's degree or higher.[12]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-3"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"As of the census[3] of 2000, there were 7,109 people, 2,673 households, and 2,020 families living in the city. The population density was 741.6 inhabitants per square mile (286.3/km2). There were 2,726 housing units at an average density of 284.4 per square mile (109.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.58% White, 0.58% African American, 1.29% Asian, 0.14% from other races, and 0.41% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 0.82% of the population.There were 2,673 households, out of which 30.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.6% were married couples living together, 7.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.4% were non-families. 21.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.10.In the city, the population was spread out, with 24.1% under the age of 18, 6.0% from 18 to 24, 23.1% from 25 to 44, 25.5% from 45 to 64, and 21.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.6 males.The median income for a household in the city was $57,733, and the median income for a family was $65,059. Males had a median income of $49,741 versus $34,038 for females. The per capita income for the city was $26,447. About 2.4% of families and 3.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.5% of those under age 18 and 4.2% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Independence Middle School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Middle_School_(Independence,_Ohio)"},{"link_name":"Independence High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_High_School_(Independence,_Ohio)"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Cleveland"},{"link_name":"Kent State University College of Podiatric Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_State_University_College_of_Podiatric_Medicine"}],"text":"The Independence Local School District operates Independence Primary School, Independence Middle School and Independence High School. There is also St. Michael's Catholic School, under the Diocese of Cleveland. Independence is also home to the Kent State University College of Podiatric Medicine.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cleveland Cavaliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Cavaliers"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Independence is the home of the Cleveland Cavaliers training facility.[13]","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kathrine Baumann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathrine_Baumann"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Tom Boerwinkle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Boerwinkle"},{"link_name":"National Basketball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Jessica Eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Eye"},{"link_name":"mixed martial arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Joe Kovacs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Kovacs_(puppeteer)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Stipe Miocic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stipe_Miocic"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Louis J. O'Marr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_J._O%27Marr"},{"link_name":"Attorney General of Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Nadine Secunde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadine_Secunde"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Jim Trakas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Trakas"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Kathrine Baumann, former actress and designer[14]\nTom Boerwinkle, National Basketball Association player[15]\nJessica Eye, mixed martial arts fighter[16]\nJoe Kovacs, puppeteer[17]\nStipe Miocic, mixed martial arts fighter[18]\nLouis J. O'Marr, 13th Attorney General of Wyoming[19]\nNadine Secunde, operatic soprano[20]\nJim Trakas, former member of the Ohio House of Representatives[21]","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brooklyn Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Heights,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Cuyahoga Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuyahoga_Heights,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Garfield Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garfield_Heights,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Seven Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Hills,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Valley View","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_View,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"North Royalton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Royalton,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Brecksville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brecksville,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Broadview Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadview_Heights,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Sagamore Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagamore_Hills,_Ohio"}],"text":"Places adjacent to Independence, Ohio\nBrooklyn Heights\nCuyahoga Heights\nGarfield Heights\n\n\n\n\n\nSeven Hills\n\nIndependence\n\nValley View\n\n\n\n\n\nNorth Royalton\nBrecksville, Broadview Heights\nSagamore Hills","title":"Surrounding communities"}] | [{"image_text":"Map of Ohio highlighting Cuyahoga County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Map_of_Ohio_highlighting_Cuyahoga_County.svg/80px-Map_of_Ohio_highlighting_Cuyahoga_County.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer","url_text":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"Overman, William Daniel (1958). Ohio Town Names. Akron, OH: Atlantic Press. p. 64.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015015361465;view=1up;seq=80","url_text":"Ohio Town Names"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 12, 2012. Retrieved January 6, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120112090031/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"},{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Population: Ohio\" (PDF). 1930 US Census. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved November 28, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/03815512v1ch08.pdf","url_text":"\"Population: Ohio\""}]},{"reference":"\"Number of Inhabitants: Ohio\" (PDF). 18th Census of the United States. U.S. Census Bureau. 1960. Retrieved April 24, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1960/population-volume-1/37749282v1p37_ch02.pdf","url_text":"\"Number of Inhabitants: Ohio\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ohio: Population and Housing Unit Counts\" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved November 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/prod/cen1990/cph2/cph-2-37.pdf","url_text":"\"Ohio: Population and Housing Unit Counts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Independence city, Ohio\". census.gov. Retrieved July 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/independencecityohio,US/PST045221","url_text":"\"Independence city, Ohio\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 6, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Independence (City) QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau\". Archived from the original on December 2, 2013. Retrieved November 25, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131202225335/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/39/3937240.html","url_text":"\"Independence (City) QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau\""},{"url":"http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/39/3937240.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sewell, Rhonda B. (September 16, 2004). \"Shimmer for the stars: Ohio native's shiny creations have become hot accessories on Hollywood's red carpet\". The Blade. Retrieved September 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.toledoblade.com/frontpage/2004/09/16/shimmer-for-the-stars-ohio-native-s-shiny-creations-have-become-hot-accessories-on-hollywood-s-red-carpet.html","url_text":"\"Shimmer for the stars: Ohio native's shiny creations have become hot accessories on Hollywood's red carpet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ex-Bulls center Boerwinkle dies at 67\". Journal Star. Peoria. March 28, 2013. Retrieved March 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pjstar.com/article/20130328/NEWS/303289916","url_text":"\"Ex-Bulls center Boerwinkle dies at 67\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Troy L. (June 7, 2019). \"Ohio native Jessica Eye looks to shock the world at UFC 238\". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved March 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cleveland.com/sports/2019/06/ohio-native-jessica-eye-looks-to-shock-the-world-at-ufc-238.html","url_text":"\"Ohio native Jessica Eye looks to shock the world at UFC 238\""}]},{"reference":"\"Moosletoe: a New Moosical\" (PDF). Gateway Playhouse Archives. The Gateway, Performing Arts Center of Suffolk County. 2016–2017. p. 8. Retrieved March 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gatewayproductionarchives.com/Archive/Playbill/2016/Mooseltoe.pdf","url_text":"\"Moosletoe: a New Moosical\""}]},{"reference":"Raimondi, Marc (August 13, 2019). \"Inside a 24-hour firehouse shift with UFC heavyweight Stipe Miocic\". ESPN. Retrieved March 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/mma/story/_/id/27381036/inside-24-hour-firehouse-shift-ufc-heavyweight-stipe-miocic","url_text":"\"Inside a 24-hour firehouse shift with UFC heavyweight Stipe Miocic\""}]},{"reference":"\"Louis J. O'Marr\". Billings Gazette. June 28, 1966. p. 11. Archived from the original on September 20, 2020. Retrieved September 20, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/59660570/the-billings-gazette/","url_text":"\"Louis J. 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Retrieved March 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/archives/jim-trakas-seeks-fourth-ohio-term/article_ff696995-49ea-57bd-a69b-e9d0f5896d46.html","url_text":"\"Jim Trakas seeks fourth Ohio term\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Independence,_Ohio¶ms=41_22_55_N_81_38_27_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"41°22′55″N 81°38′27″W / 41.38194°N 81.64083°W / 41.38194; -81.64083"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Independence,_Ohio¶ms=41_22_55_N_81_38_27_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"41°22′55″N 81°38′27″W / 41.38194°N 81.64083°W / 41.38194; -81.64083"},{"Link":"http://www.independenceohio.org/","external_links_name":"http://www.independenceohio.org"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Independence,_Ohio¶ms=41_22_55_N_81_38_27_W_type:city","external_links_name":"41°22′55″N 81°38′27″W / 41.38194°N 81.64083°W / 41.38194; -81.64083"},{"Link":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer","external_links_name":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1064885","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Independence, Ohio"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015015361465;view=1up;seq=80","external_links_name":"Ohio Town Names"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","external_links_name":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120112090031/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","external_links_name":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/03815512v1ch08.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Population: Ohio\""},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1960/population-volume-1/37749282v1p37_ch02.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Number of Inhabitants: Ohio\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/prod/cen1990/cph2/cph-2-37.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Ohio: Population and Housing Unit Counts\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/independencecityohio,US/PST045221","external_links_name":"\"Independence city, Ohio\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131202225335/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/39/3937240.html","external_links_name":"\"Independence (City) QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau\""},{"Link":"http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/39/3937240.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.cavsnews.com/2006/03/28/cavaliers-new-training-facility/","external_links_name":"CavsNews.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070101185255/http://www.cavsnews.com/2006/03/28/cavaliers-new-training-facility/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.toledoblade.com/frontpage/2004/09/16/shimmer-for-the-stars-ohio-native-s-shiny-creations-have-become-hot-accessories-on-hollywood-s-red-carpet.html","external_links_name":"\"Shimmer for the stars: Ohio native's shiny creations have become hot accessories on Hollywood's red carpet\""},{"Link":"https://www.pjstar.com/article/20130328/NEWS/303289916","external_links_name":"\"Ex-Bulls center Boerwinkle dies at 67\""},{"Link":"https://www.cleveland.com/sports/2019/06/ohio-native-jessica-eye-looks-to-shock-the-world-at-ufc-238.html","external_links_name":"\"Ohio native Jessica Eye looks to shock the world at UFC 238\""},{"Link":"http://www.gatewayproductionarchives.com/Archive/Playbill/2016/Mooseltoe.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Moosletoe: a New Moosical\""},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/mma/story/_/id/27381036/inside-24-hour-firehouse-shift-ufc-heavyweight-stipe-miocic","external_links_name":"\"Inside a 24-hour firehouse shift with UFC heavyweight Stipe Miocic\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/59660570/the-billings-gazette/","external_links_name":"\"Louis J. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_(footballer,_born_1947) | Miguel Ángel (footballer, born 1947) | ["1 Club career","2 International career","3 Personal life and death","4 Honours","5 References","6 External links"] | Spanish footballer (1947–2024)
For other people named Miguel Ángel González, see Miguel Ángel González (disambiguation).
In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is González and the second or maternal family name is Suárez.
Miguel ÁngelPersonal informationFull name
Miguel Ángel González SuárezDate of birth
(1947-12-24)24 December 1947Place of birth
Ourense, SpainDate of death
6 February 2024(2024-02-06) (aged 76)Place of death
Madrid, SpainHeight
1.74 m (5 ft 9 in)Position(s)
GoalkeeperYouth career
CoutoSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1966–1967
Atlético Orense
1967–1986
Real Madrid
247
(0)1967–1968
→ Castellón (loan)
26
(0)Total
273
(0)International career1975
Spain amateur
1
(0)1975–1978
Spain
18
(0)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Miguel Ángel González Suárez (Spanish pronunciation: ; 24 December 1947 – 6 February 2024), known as Miguel Ángel, was a Spanish professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.
He all but spent his career with Real Madrid, making 346 competitive appearances.
Club career
Miguel Ángel was born in Ourense, Galicia. During his career, after making his beginnings at handball, he played for AD Couto (later renamed Atlético Orense), CD Castellón and Real Madrid, having an 18-year spell with the latter club and being first choice from 1974 to 1978 and in two of his final three seasons; he conquered six La Liga championships, being an active part in four of those.
Miguel Ángel retired in June 1986, aged 38. Subsequently, he remained attached to Real in several capacities.
International career
Miguel Ángel earned 18 caps for the Spain national team. He made his debut on 12 October 1975 in a 2–0 win against Denmark for the UEFA Euro 1976 qualifiers, held in Barcelona.
Miguel Ángel was included in the squad for the 1978 FIFA World Cup, where he started. He was a last-minute addition to the 1982 edition on home soil, as manager José Santamaría preferred to select three goalkeepers; he did not play in the latter tournament.
Personal life and death
On 17 December 2022, Miguel Ángel was diagnosed with ALS; Real Madrid expressed support for his fight against the disease in an official statement. He died on 6 February 2024, at the age of 76.
Honours
Real Madrid
La Liga: 1971–72, 1974–75, 1975–76, 1977–78, 1978–79, 1979–80
Copa del Rey: 1969–70, 1973–74, 1974–75, 1979–80, 1981–82
Copa de la Liga: 1985
UEFA Cup: 1984–85
Individual
Ricardo Zamora Trophy: 1975–76
Don Balón Award: 1975–76
References
^ González, Pepe (6 February 2024). "Ourense llora la pérdida de Miguel Ángel" (in Spanish). Cadena SER. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
^ a b c Ramos, Jesús (30 July 2016). "Miguel Ángel, el felino de Orense" . Marca (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 February 2024.
^ Ron, Jorge (15 November 2017). "Luis Soria Montero: "Miguel Ángel era el mejor embajador de Ourense en Madrid"" . La Región (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 October 2018.
^ "Miguel Ángel González Suárez: "Creí que iba a firmar por el Celta, pero intervino el Madrid"" . Faro de Vigo (in Spanish). 15 August 2018. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
^ a b c d e "18 temporadas defendiendo la portería madridista" (in Spanish). Real Madrid CF. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
^ "Zoco nuevo delegado del equipo" . El País (in Spanish). 13 January 1994. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
^ "Una victoria de España sobre Dinamarca con menos juego y menos goles (2–0) de lo esperado" . ABC (in Spanish). 14 October 1975. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
^ "Murió Miguel Ángel González, leyenda del arco del Real Madrid y la selección de España: sus brillantes atajadas en el Mundial de Argentina 78" (in Spanish). Infobae. 6 February 2024. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
^ Bosch, Carlos (18 May 2016). "El Mundial que Santamaría le robó a Sempere" . Super Deporte (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 February 2024.
^ Williams, George (17 December 2022). "Real Madrid exporter Miguel Ángel suffers from ALS". Sports Finding. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
^ "Official announcement: Miguel Ángel". Real Madrid CF. 17 December 2022. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
^ "Comunicado oficial: fallecimiento de Miguel Ángel" (in Spanish). Real Madrid CF. 6 February 2024. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
^ "Todos los porteros que se quedaron con el Premio Zamora" (in Spanish). Goal. 20 May 2018. Retrieved 18 December 2022.
^ Pla Díaz, Emilio. "Spain – Footballer of the Year". RSSSF. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
External links
Miguel Ángel at BDFutbol
Miguel Ángel at National-Football-Teams.com
Miguel Ángel – FIFA competition record (archived)
Miguel Ángel at EU-Football.info
Spain squads
vteSpain squad – 1978 FIFA World Cup
1 Arconada
2 De la Cruz
3 Uría
4 Asensi
5 Migueli
6 Biosca
7 Dani
8 Juanito
9 Quini
10 Santillana
11 Cardeñosa
12 Guzmán
13 Miguel Ángel
14 Leal
15 Marañón
16 Olmo
17 Marcelino
18 Pirri (c)
19 Rexach
20 Cano
21 San José
22 Urruti
Coach: Kubala
vteSpain squad – 1982 FIFA World Cup
1 Arconada (c)
2 Camacho
3 Gordillo
4 Alonso
5 Tendillo
6 Alexanko
7 Juanito
8 Joaquín
9 Satrústegui
10 Zamora
11 López
12 Urquiaga
13 Jiménez
14 Maceda
15 Saura
16 Sánchez
17 Gallego
18 Uralde
19 Santillana
20 Quini
21 Urruti
22 Miguel Ángel
Coach: Santamaría
vteLa Liga Spanish Player of the Year – Don Balón Award
1976: Miguel Ángel
1977: Juanito
1978: Migueli
1979: Quini
1980: Gordillo
1981: Urruti
1982: Tendillo
1983: Señor
1984: Cervantes
1985: Migueli
1986: Míchel
1987: Zubizarreta
1988: Larrañaga
1989: Fernando
1990: Martín Vázquez
1991: Goikoetxea
1992: Elduayen
1993: Fran
1994: Guerrero
1995: Amavisca
1996: Caminero
1997: Raúl
1998: Alfonso
1999: Raúl
2000: Raúl
2001: Raúl
2002: Raúl
2003: Alonso
2004: Vicente
2005: Xavi
2006: Villa
2007: Cazorla
2008: Senna
2009: Iniesta
2010: Valero
vteLa Liga Zamora Trophy
1929: Zamora
1930: Blasco
1931: Zarraonaindia
1932: Zamora
1933: Zamora
1934: Blasco
1935: Urquiaga
1936: Blasco
1940: Tabales
1941: Echevarría
1942: Acuña
1943: Acuña
1944: Eizaguirre
1945: Eizaguirre
1946: Bañón
1947: Lezama
1948: Velasco
1949: Domingo
1950: Acuña
1951: Acuña
1952: Ramallets
1953: Domingo
1954: Otero
1955: Alonso
1956: Ramallets
1957: Ramallets
1958: Goyo
1959: Ramallets
1960: Ramallets
1961: Vicente
1962: Araquistáin
1963: Vicente
1964: Vicente
1965: Betancort
1966: Pesudo
1967: Betancort
1968: Junquera
1969: Sadurní
1970: Iribar
1971: Abelardo
1972: Deusto
1973: Reina & García
1974: Sadurní
1975: Sadurní & D'Alessandro
1976: Miguel Ángel
1977: Reina & D'Alessandro
1978: Artola
1979: Manzanedo
1980: Arconada
1981: Arconada
1982: Arconada
1983: Agustín
1984: Urruti
1985: Ablanedo
1986: Ablanedo
1987: Zubizarreta
1988: Buyo
1989: Ochotorena
1990: Ablanedo
1991: Abel
1992: Buyo
1993: Liaño & Cañizares
1994: Liaño
1995: Jaro
1996: Molina
1997: Songo'o
1998: Toni
1999: Roa
2000: Herrera
2001: Cañizares
2002: Cañizares
2003: Cavallero
2004: Cañizares
2005: Valdés
2006: Pinto
2007: Abbondanzieri
2008: Casillas
2009: Valdés
2010: Valdés
2011: Valdés
2012: Valdés
2013: Courtois
2014: Courtois
2015: Bravo
2016: Oblak
2017: Oblak
2018: Oblak
2019: Oblak
2020: Courtois
2021: Oblak
2022: Bounou
2023: Ter Stegen | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miguel Ángel González (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"[mi(ˈ)ɣel ˈaŋxel ɣonˈθaleθ ˈswaɾeθ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"goalkeeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Real Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid_CF"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For other people named Miguel Ángel González, see Miguel Ángel González (disambiguation).In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is González and the second or maternal family name is Suárez.Miguel Ángel González Suárez (Spanish pronunciation: [mi(ˈ)ɣel ˈaŋxel ɣonˈθaleθ ˈswaɾeθ]; 24 December 1947 – 6 February 2024), known as Miguel Ángel, was a Spanish professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.He all but spent his career with Real Madrid, making 346 competitive appearances.[1]","title":"Miguel Ángel (footballer, born 1947)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ourense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ourense"},{"link_name":"Galicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feline-2"},{"link_name":"handball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_handball"},{"link_name":"AD Couto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Ourense_B"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"CD Castellón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Castell%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Real Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid_CF"},{"link_name":"1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977%E2%80%9378_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"La Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Liga"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RM-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feline-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Miguel Ángel was born in Ourense, Galicia.[2] During his career, after making his beginnings at handball, he played for AD Couto (later renamed Atlético Orense),[3][4] CD Castellón and Real Madrid, having an 18-year spell with the latter club and being first choice from 1974 to 1978 and in two of his final three seasons; he conquered six La Liga championships, being an active part in four of those.[5]Miguel Ángel retired in June 1986, aged 38.[2] Subsequently, he remained attached to Real in several capacities.[6]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"caps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_(sport)"},{"link_name":"Spain national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feline-2"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"UEFA Euro 1976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_1976"},{"link_name":"qualifiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_1976_qualifying"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"1978 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"1982 edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"José Santamaría","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Santamar%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Miguel Ángel earned 18 caps for the Spain national team.[2] He made his debut on 12 October 1975 in a 2–0 win against Denmark for the UEFA Euro 1976 qualifiers, held in Barcelona.[7]Miguel Ángel was included in the squad for the 1978 FIFA World Cup, where he started.[8] He was a last-minute addition to the 1982 edition on home soil, as manager José Santamaría preferred to select three goalkeepers; he did not play in the latter tournament.[9]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ALS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALS"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"On 17 December 2022, Miguel Ángel was diagnosed with ALS;[10] Real Madrid expressed support for his fight against the disease in an official statement.[11] He died on 6 February 2024, at the age of 76.[12]","title":"Personal life and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"La Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Liga"},{"link_name":"1971–72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971%E2%80%9372_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"1974–75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"1975–76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975%E2%80%9376_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"1977–78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977%E2%80%9378_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"1978–79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978%E2%80%9379_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"1979–80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979%E2%80%9380_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RM-5"},{"link_name":"Copa del Rey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_del_Rey"},{"link_name":"1969–70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969%E2%80%9370_Copa_del_General%C3%ADsimo"},{"link_name":"1973–74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973%E2%80%9374_Copa_del_General%C3%ADsimo"},{"link_name":"1974–75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375_Copa_del_General%C3%ADsimo"},{"link_name":"1979–80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979%E2%80%9380_Copa_del_Rey"},{"link_name":"1981–82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981%E2%80%9382_Copa_del_Rey"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RM-5"},{"link_name":"Copa de la Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_de_la_Liga"},{"link_name":"1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_Copa_de_la_Liga"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RM-5"},{"link_name":"UEFA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League"},{"link_name":"1984–85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984%E2%80%9385_UEFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RM-5"},{"link_name":"Ricardo Zamora Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Zamora_Trophy"},{"link_name":"1975–76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975%E2%80%9376_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Don Balón Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Bal%C3%B3n_Award"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Real MadridLa Liga: 1971–72, 1974–75, 1975–76, 1977–78, 1978–79, 1979–80[5]\nCopa del Rey: 1969–70, 1973–74, 1974–75, 1979–80, 1981–82[5]\nCopa de la Liga: 1985[5]\nUEFA Cup: 1984–85[5]IndividualRicardo Zamora Trophy: 1975–76[13]\nDon Balón Award: 1975–76[14]","title":"Honours"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"González, Pepe (6 February 2024). \"Ourense llora la pérdida de Miguel Ángel\" [Ourense mourns loss of Miguel Ángel] (in Spanish). Cadena SER. Retrieved 8 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://cadenaser.com/galicia/2024/02/06/fallece-miguel-angel-portero-ourensano-del-real-madrid-radio-ourense/","url_text":"\"Ourense llora la pérdida de Miguel Ángel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadena_SER","url_text":"Cadena SER"}]},{"reference":"Ramos, Jesús (30 July 2016). \"Miguel Ángel, el felino de Orense\" [Miguel Ángel, feline from Orense]. Marca (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marca.com/blogs/ni-mas-ni-menos/2016/07/30/miguel-angel-el-felino-de-orense.html","url_text":"\"Miguel Ángel, el felino de Orense\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marca_(newspaper)","url_text":"Marca"}]},{"reference":"Ron, Jorge (15 November 2017). \"Luis Soria Montero: \"Miguel Ángel era el mejor embajador de Ourense en Madrid\"\" [Luis Soria Montero: \"Miguel Ángel was Ourense's best ambassador in Madrid\"]. La Región (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.laregion.es/articulo/deporte-local/luis-soria-montero-miguel-angel-era-mejor-embajador-ourense-madrid/20171114225039748378.html","url_text":"\"Luis Soria Montero: \"Miguel Ángel era el mejor embajador de Ourense en Madrid\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Regi%C3%B3n","url_text":"La Región"}]},{"reference":"\"Miguel Ángel González Suárez: \"Creí que iba a firmar por el Celta, pero intervino el Madrid\"\" [Miguel Ángel González Suárez: \"I thought I was going to sign for Celta, but Madrid intervened\"]. Faro de Vigo (in Spanish). 15 August 2018. Retrieved 3 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.farodevigo.es/sociedad/2018/08/15/miguel-angel-gonzalez-suarez-crei-15924451.html","url_text":"\"Miguel Ángel González Suárez: \"Creí que iba a firmar por el Celta, pero intervino el Madrid\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faro_de_Vigo","url_text":"Faro de Vigo"}]},{"reference":"\"18 temporadas defendiendo la portería madridista\" [18 seasons defending Madrid's goal] (in Spanish). Real Madrid CF. Retrieved 19 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.realmadrid.com/sobre-el-real-madrid/el-club/historia/jugadores-de-leyenda-futbol/miguel-angel-gonzalez-suarez","url_text":"\"18 temporadas defendiendo la portería madridista\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zoco nuevo delegado del equipo\" [Zoco new team delegate]. El País (in Spanish). 13 January 1994. Retrieved 2 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elpais.com/articulo/deportes/REAL_MADRID_CLUB_DE_FUTBOL/Zoco/nuevo/delegado/equipo/elpepidep/19940113elpepidep_2/Tes","url_text":"\"Zoco nuevo delegado del equipo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs","url_text":"El País"}]},{"reference":"\"Una victoria de España sobre Dinamarca con menos juego y menos goles (2–0) de lo esperado\" [Spanish win over Denmark with less play and fewer goals (2–0) than expected]. ABC (in Spanish). 14 October 1975. Retrieved 19 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1975/10/14/077.html","url_text":"\"Una victoria de España sobre Dinamarca con menos juego y menos goles (2–0) de lo esperado\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(newspaper)","url_text":"ABC"}]},{"reference":"\"Murió Miguel Ángel González, leyenda del arco del Real Madrid y la selección de España: sus brillantes atajadas en el Mundial de Argentina 78\" [Death of Miguel Ángel González, Real Madrid and Spain national team's goalkeeping legend: his brilliant saves in the Argentina 78 World Cup] (in Spanish). Infobae. 6 February 2024. Retrieved 8 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.infobae.com/deportes/2024/02/06/murio-miguel-angel-gonzalez-leyenda-del-arco-del-real-madrid-y-la-seleccion-de-espana-sus-brillantes-atajadas-en-el-mundial-de-argentina-78/","url_text":"\"Murió Miguel Ángel González, leyenda del arco del Real Madrid y la selección de España: sus brillantes atajadas en el Mundial de Argentina 78\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infobae","url_text":"Infobae"}]},{"reference":"Bosch, Carlos (18 May 2016). \"El Mundial que Santamaría le robó a Sempere\" [The World Cup that Santamaría took from Sempere]. Super Deporte (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.superdeporte.es/valencia-cf/2016/05/18/mundial-santamaria-le-robo-sempere-53484951.html","url_text":"\"El Mundial que Santamaría le robó a Sempere\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Deporte","url_text":"Super Deporte"}]},{"reference":"Williams, George (17 December 2022). \"Real Madrid exporter Miguel Ángel suffers from ALS\". Sports Finding. Retrieved 17 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://sportsfinding.com/real-madrid-exporter-miguel-angel-suffers-from-als/167464/","url_text":"\"Real Madrid exporter Miguel Ángel suffers from ALS\""}]},{"reference":"\"Official announcement: Miguel Ángel\". Real Madrid CF. 17 December 2022. Retrieved 17 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.realmadrid.com/en/news/2022/12/17/official-announcement-miguel-angel","url_text":"\"Official announcement: Miguel Ángel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Comunicado oficial: fallecimiento de Miguel Ángel\" [Official announcement: death of Miguel Ángel] (in Spanish). Real Madrid CF. 6 February 2024. Retrieved 6 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.realmadrid.com/es-ES/noticias/club/comunicados/comunicado-oficial-fallecimiento-de-miguel-angel-06-02-2024","url_text":"\"Comunicado oficial: fallecimiento de Miguel Ángel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Todos los porteros que se quedaron con el Premio Zamora\" [All the goalkeepers that got the Zamora Trophy] (in Spanish). Goal. 20 May 2018. Retrieved 18 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goal.com/es/noticias/todos-los-porteros-que-se-quedaron-con-el-premio-zamora/v2lf4bt2qd4n1kt69ixcb16rc","url_text":"\"Todos los porteros que se quedaron con el Premio Zamora\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goal_(website)","url_text":"Goal"}]},{"reference":"Pla Díaz, Emilio. \"Spain – Footballer of the Year\". RSSSF. Retrieved 19 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/spanpoy.html","url_text":"\"Spain – Footballer of the Year\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSSSF","url_text":"RSSSF"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://cadenaser.com/galicia/2024/02/06/fallece-miguel-angel-portero-ourensano-del-real-madrid-radio-ourense/","external_links_name":"\"Ourense llora la pérdida de Miguel Ángel\""},{"Link":"https://www.marca.com/blogs/ni-mas-ni-menos/2016/07/30/miguel-angel-el-felino-de-orense.html","external_links_name":"\"Miguel Ángel, el felino de Orense\""},{"Link":"http://www.laregion.es/articulo/deporte-local/luis-soria-montero-miguel-angel-era-mejor-embajador-ourense-madrid/20171114225039748378.html","external_links_name":"\"Luis Soria Montero: \"Miguel Ángel era el mejor embajador de Ourense en Madrid\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.farodevigo.es/sociedad/2018/08/15/miguel-angel-gonzalez-suarez-crei-15924451.html","external_links_name":"\"Miguel Ángel González Suárez: \"Creí que iba a firmar por el Celta, pero intervino el Madrid\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.realmadrid.com/sobre-el-real-madrid/el-club/historia/jugadores-de-leyenda-futbol/miguel-angel-gonzalez-suarez","external_links_name":"\"18 temporadas defendiendo la portería madridista\""},{"Link":"http://www.elpais.com/articulo/deportes/REAL_MADRID_CLUB_DE_FUTBOL/Zoco/nuevo/delegado/equipo/elpepidep/19940113elpepidep_2/Tes","external_links_name":"\"Zoco nuevo delegado del equipo\""},{"Link":"http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1975/10/14/077.html","external_links_name":"\"Una victoria de España sobre Dinamarca con menos juego y menos goles (2–0) de lo esperado\""},{"Link":"https://www.infobae.com/deportes/2024/02/06/murio-miguel-angel-gonzalez-leyenda-del-arco-del-real-madrid-y-la-seleccion-de-espana-sus-brillantes-atajadas-en-el-mundial-de-argentina-78/","external_links_name":"\"Murió Miguel Ángel González, leyenda del arco del Real Madrid y la selección de España: sus brillantes atajadas en el Mundial de Argentina 78\""},{"Link":"https://www.superdeporte.es/valencia-cf/2016/05/18/mundial-santamaria-le-robo-sempere-53484951.html","external_links_name":"\"El Mundial que Santamaría le robó a Sempere\""},{"Link":"https://sportsfinding.com/real-madrid-exporter-miguel-angel-suffers-from-als/167464/","external_links_name":"\"Real Madrid exporter Miguel Ángel suffers from ALS\""},{"Link":"https://www.realmadrid.com/en/news/2022/12/17/official-announcement-miguel-angel","external_links_name":"\"Official announcement: Miguel Ángel\""},{"Link":"https://www.realmadrid.com/es-ES/noticias/club/comunicados/comunicado-oficial-fallecimiento-de-miguel-angel-06-02-2024","external_links_name":"\"Comunicado oficial: fallecimiento de Miguel Ángel\""},{"Link":"https://www.goal.com/es/noticias/todos-los-porteros-que-se-quedaron-con-el-premio-zamora/v2lf4bt2qd4n1kt69ixcb16rc","external_links_name":"\"Todos los porteros que se quedaron con el Premio Zamora\""},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/spanpoy.html","external_links_name":"\"Spain – Footballer of the Year\""},{"Link":"https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/j/j3533.html","external_links_name":"Miguel Ángel"},{"Link":"https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/18340.html","external_links_name":"Miguel Ángel"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150905/http://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/players-coaches/people=50096/index.html","external_links_name":"Miguel Ángel"},{"Link":"https://eu-football.info/_player.php?id=13934","external_links_name":"Miguel Ángel"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clogher,_County_Tyrone | Clogher | ["1 History","2 Transport","3 Sport","4 Education","5 Demography","5.1 19th-century population","5.2 2021 census","5.3 2011 Census","6 People","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"] | Coordinates: 54°25′00″N 7°12′00″W / 54.416667°N 7.2°W / 54.416667; -7.2Village in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland
For other uses, see Clogher (disambiguation).
Human settlement in Northern IrelandClogherIrish: ClocharCathedral Church of Saint MacartanClogherLocation within Northern IrelandPopulation717 (2011 Census)Irish grid referenceH538517• Belfast59 milesDistrictMid UlsterCountyCounty TyroneCountryNorthern IrelandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townCLOGHERPostcode districtBT76Dialling code028UK ParliamentFermanagh and South TyroneNI AssemblyFermanagh and South Tyrone
List of places
UK
Northern Ireland
Tyrone
54°25′00″N 7°12′00″W / 54.416667°N 7.2°W / 54.416667; -7.2
Clogher (from Irish Clochar, meaning 'stony place') is a village and civil parish in the border area of south County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. It lies on the River Blackwater, 5.8 miles from the border crossing to County Monaghan. It stands on the townlands of Clogher Demesne and Clogher Tenements. The 2011 Census recorded a population of 717. The civil parish of Clogher covers areas of County Fermanagh as well as County Tyrone.
History
See also: Bishop of Clogher
Clogher is home to the provincial office in Northern Ireland for the congregation of the Sisters of Mercy (Roman Catholic order of nuns). From 1971-1991 The Mercy Order employed some of their nuns at St Macartan's Primary School following the leave of the order of saint louis as the school was actually founded by the Sisters of St Louis in the 1930s due to the high demand for primary Catholic education in the Clogher area. The Sisters of Mercy also had ownership of the St Macartan's nursing and dementia care home until recent years where they decided to hand the nursing home over to the NHS. The sisters of Saint Louis left Clogher in the 1970s and the Mercy Order continued their work. However, In the late 1980s the Sisters of Mercy were phased out of the school and retired from the job of teaching at St Macartan's School due to falling numbers of nuns and as a newer curriculum had been introduced in Northern Ireland it meant they needed more qualifications. They have since severed most ties with the St Macartan's Convent School but still live in the Convent of Mercy on the Ballagh Road, Clogher, next to the St Macartan's nursing home.
The name Clochar refers to something made of stone ('cloch' is the Irish word for 'stone' and can be anglicised as 'cloch', 'clogh' or 'clough'); probably on the site of the medieval monastery or a nearby ringfort. Archaeological remains from before the 5th century have been found in the vicinity. Clogher is said to have been the location of a gold-covered pagan oracle stone named Cermand Cestach. The story goes that "Cloch-Ór (Golden Stone), may have been a ceremonial or oracle stone (see Cenn Cruaich and Omphalos) originally covered in gold sacred to the druids...given to Mac Cairthinn by an old pagan noble (Cairpre, the father of St Tigernach of Clones), who had harassed him in every possible way until the saint's patient love won the local ruler to the faith." The stone is recorded as being "a curiosity in the porch of the Cathedral of Clogher" in the time of Annalist Cathal Maguire of Fermanagh in the late 15th century. Tighernach of Clones, later succeeded St. Mac Cairthinn as Bishop of Clogher.
Clogher has been a religious center since St. Patrick's time and likely before. St. Aedh Mac Cairthinn of Clogher (c. 430–505 AD) an early disciple and companion of Saint Patrick founded a monastery at the site, which later the Synod of Rathbreasail recognised as an episcopal see. The Cathedral Church of Saint Macartan in the village is now one of two cathedrals of the Church of Ireland diocese of Clogher; the other is at Enniskillen. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Clogher has its cathedral in Monaghan. The meetinghouse of Clogher Presbyterian church is outside the village in the townland of Carntall. The "City of Clogher" was a rotten borough in the Parliament of Ireland in the gift of the Protestant bishop. The village also gives its name to the Barony of Clogher, one of the original four baronies of County Tyrone.
Transport
Clogher railway station (on the narrow gauge Clogher Valley Railway) opened on 2 May 1887, but finally closed on 1 January 1942.
Clogher also has Ulsterbus services to Omagh and on the 261/X261 between Belfast and Enniskillen.
Sport
Clogher Cricket Club plays in the NCU Senior League. The local Gaelic Athletic Association club is An Clochar Éire Óg.
Education
The local primary schools include Carntall Primary School (which has a Protestant ethos) and St. Macartan's Convent Primary School (established by the Sisters of Saint Louis and has a Roman Catholic ethos). In 1932, the sisters of saint louis were invited to Clogher by request of the Bishop to open a catholic primary school and convent. In the following years, Saint Macartans convent school was established for the catholic children of Clogher and by 1935 the school was very successful. The sisters of saint louis continued to work in saint macartans up until 1972 when the sisters decided to leave Clogher and move to a bigger convent in County Monaghan.Not long after, the sisters of mercy continued the work of the Louis nuns up until 1991 when the sisters of mercy handed the ownership of saint macartans convent school over to the local catholic parish of Clogher. Since then, the sisters live in the convent of mercy on the Ballagh road, Clogher. ).
Demography
19th-century population
The population of the village decreased during the 19th century:
Year
1841
1851
1861
1871
1881
1891
Population
702
558
389
242
225
273
Houses
109
94
79
51
61
59
2021 census
On Census Day in 2021, the usual resident population of Clogher settlement was 781 accounting for 0.02% of the NI total. Of these:
96.42% were from the white (including Irish Traveller) ethnic group;
58% belong to or were brought up in the Catholic religion and 33% belong to or were brought up in a protestant and Other Christian (including Christian-related) religion; and
43% indicated that they had an Irish National Identity, 25% had a British identity, 21% identified as Northern Irish only and 5% accounted for 'other' identities.
Respondents could indicate more than one national identity
On Census Day 2021, in Clogher settlement, of the population aged 3 and over,
97% had English as their first language
32% had a high level or some ability in Irish
4% had some understanding in Ulster-Scots.
2011 Census
On Census Day (27 March 2011) the usually resident population of Clogher Settlement was 717 accounting for 0.04% of the NI total. Of these:
97.63% were from the white (including Irish Traveller) ethnic group;
54.67% belong to or were brought up in the Catholic religion and 42.96% belong to or were brought up in a 'Protestant and Other Christian (including Christian related)' religion; and
42.12% indicated that they had a British national identity, 28.87% had an Irish national identity and 27.62% had a Northern Irish national identity.
Respondents could indicate more than one national identity
On Census Day 27 March 2011, in Clogher Settlement, of the population aged 3 years old and over:
15.81% had some knowledge of Irish;
3.66% had some knowledge of Ulster-Scots; and
7.61% did not have English as their first language.
People
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
See also: Category:People from Clogher
The novelist William Carleton was born in the nearby townland of Prolusk (spelt Prillisk on his gravestone) in 1794.
James Graham Fair, one of the 'Bonanza Kings' and U.S. Senator from Nevada was born in the town in 1831.
Keith Farmer (1987–2022), motorcycle racer.
Percy Jocelyn, Anglican bishop of Clogher, was deposed in 1822 for homosexual practices.
Football player Dermot McCaffrey of Dungannon Swifts grew up in Clogher.
Joseph B. O'Hagan (1826–1878), Jesuit priest
Roisin Walsh, Dublin's first Chief Librarian, was born in Lisnamaghery, Clogher, in 1889.
See also
Abbeys and priories in Northern Ireland (County Tyrone)
List of civil parishes of County Tyrone
References
^ "Clogher". Place Names NI. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
^ a b "Census of Ireland 1891". Enhanced Parliamentary Papers on Ireland. Archived from the original on 13 October 2013. Retrieved 22 March 2013.
^ a b "Census 2011 Population Statistics for Clogher Settlement". Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA). Retrieved 2 May 2021. This article contains quotations from this source, which is available under the Open Government Licence v3.0. © Crown copyright.
^ "Parishes of Northern Ireland". Public Record Office of NI. Archived from the original on 13 October 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
^ a b "Congregation of the Sisters of Mercy".
^ stmacartanspsclogher.com
^ http://www.geograph.ie/photo1033506
^ a b "St Macartan's Primary School, Clogher, County Tyrone".
^ "Information From O'Donovan's Field Name Books : Clogh". Places.galwaylibrary.ie. Archived from the original on 9 January 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
^ a b "16. Stone in Place Names". Ulster Place Names. Ulster Place-Name Society. Archived from the original on 14 December 2010. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
^ "Cermand Cestach". En.vionto.com. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
^ a b
^ "Celtic and Old English Saints - 4 April". Celticsaints.org. 31 December 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
^ Cornwall, Royal Institution of (1906). "Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall - Royal Institution of Cornwall". p. 405. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
^ "Clogher". Infoplease.com. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
^ "Celtic and Old English Saints - 26 March". Celticsaints.org. 17 March 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
^ Cartin, Edward (13 August 2011). "Where did and do the Ui Mhic Carthainn live?". Archived from the original on 13 August 2011. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
^ "Clogher station" (PDF). Railscot – Irish Railways. Retrieved 16 September 2007.
^ "Census of Ireland 1851". Enhanced Parliamentary Papers on Ireland. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
^ https://explore.nisra.gov.uk/area-explorer-2021/N20003089/
^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Carleton, William" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 338.
^ "Inquest opens into death of four-time British motorcycling champion Keith Farmer". ITV News. ITV. 24 November 2022.
External links
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United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clogher (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clogher_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"civil parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parishes_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"County Tyrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Tyrone"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"River Blackwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Blackwater,_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"townlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townland"},{"link_name":"Clogher Demesne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clogher_Demesne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clogher Tenements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clogher_Tenements&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CI-2"},{"link_name":"2011 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2011-3"},{"link_name":"County Fermanagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Fermanagh"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Village in County Tyrone, Northern IrelandFor other uses, see Clogher (disambiguation).Human settlement in Northern IrelandClogher (from Irish Clochar, meaning 'stony place'[1]) is a village and civil parish in the border area of south County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. It lies on the River Blackwater, 5.8 miles from the border crossing to County Monaghan. It stands on the townlands of Clogher Demesne and Clogher Tenements.[2] The 2011 Census recorded a population of 717.[3] The civil parish of Clogher covers areas of County Fermanagh as well as County Tyrone.[4]","title":"Clogher"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bishop of Clogher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Clogher"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-consis-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smps-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"medieval monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_monasticism#Medieval_period"},{"link_name":"ringfort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringfort"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-upn-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-upn-10"},{"link_name":"pagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagan"},{"link_name":"oracle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle"},{"link_name":"Cermand Cestach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cermand_Cestach"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-catholicireland1-12"},{"link_name":"Cenn Cruaich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenn_Cruaich"},{"link_name":"Omphalos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omphalos"},{"link_name":"sacred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred"},{"link_name":"druids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druids"},{"link_name":"Mac Cairthinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_Cairthinn_of_Clogher"},{"link_name":"Tigernach of Clones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigernach_of_Clones"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-catholicireland1-12"},{"link_name":"Annalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Irish_literature#Irish_historical_literature"},{"link_name":"Cathal Maguire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathal_Maguire"},{"link_name":"Fermanagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermanagh"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"St. Patrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Patrick"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Mac Cairthinn of Clogher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_Cairthinn_of_Clogher"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Synod of Rathbreasail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synod_of_Rathbreasail"},{"link_name":"Cathedral Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Church of Ireland diocese of Clogher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Clogher_(Church_of_Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Enniskillen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enniskillen"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Clogher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Clogher"},{"link_name":"Monaghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaghan"},{"link_name":"Clogher Presbyterian church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20181108012544/http://clogherpci.btck.co.uk/"},{"link_name":"City of Clogher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clogher_(Parliament_of_Ireland_constituency)"},{"link_name":"rotten borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_borough"},{"link_name":"Parliament of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Barony of Clogher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barony_of_Clogher"},{"link_name":"baronies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barony_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"See also: Bishop of ClogherClogher is home to the provincial office in Northern Ireland for the congregation of the Sisters of Mercy[5] (Roman Catholic order of nuns). From 1971-1991 The Mercy Order employed some of their nuns at St Macartan's Primary School following the leave of the order of saint louis as the school was actually founded by the Sisters of St Louis in the 1930s[6] due to the high demand for primary Catholic education in the Clogher area. The Sisters of Mercy also had ownership of the St Macartan's nursing and dementia care home until recent years where they decided to hand the nursing home over to the NHS.[7] The sisters of Saint Louis left Clogher in the 1970s and the Mercy Order continued their work. However, In the late 1980s the Sisters of Mercy were phased out of the school and retired from the job of teaching at St Macartan's School due to falling numbers of nuns and as a newer curriculum had been introduced in Northern Ireland it meant they needed more qualifications. They have since severed most ties with the St Macartan's Convent School[8] but still live in the Convent of Mercy on the Ballagh Road, Clogher, next to the St Macartan's nursing home.The name Clochar refers to something made of stone ('cloch' is the Irish word for 'stone' and can be anglicised as 'cloch', 'clogh' or 'clough');[9] probably on the site of the medieval monastery or a nearby ringfort.[10] Archaeological remains from before the 5th century have been found in the vicinity.[10] Clogher is said to have been the location of a gold-covered pagan oracle stone named Cermand Cestach.[11][12] The story goes that \"Cloch-Ór (Golden Stone), may have been a ceremonial or oracle stone (see Cenn Cruaich and Omphalos) originally covered in gold sacred to the druids...given to Mac Cairthinn by an old pagan noble (Cairpre, the father of St Tigernach of Clones), who had harassed him in every possible way until the saint's patient love won the local ruler to the faith.\"[12] The stone is recorded as being \"a curiosity in the porch of the Cathedral of Clogher\" in the time of Annalist Cathal Maguire of Fermanagh in the late 15th century. Tighernach of Clones, later succeeded St. Mac Cairthinn as Bishop of Clogher.[13][14]Clogher has been a religious center since St. Patrick's time and likely before.[15] St. Aedh Mac Cairthinn of Clogher (c. 430–505 AD) an early disciple and companion of Saint Patrick[16] founded a monastery at the site, which later the Synod of Rathbreasail recognised as an episcopal see. The Cathedral Church of Saint Macartan in the village is now one of two cathedrals of the Church of Ireland diocese of Clogher; the other is at Enniskillen. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Clogher has its cathedral in Monaghan. The meetinghouse of Clogher Presbyterian church is outside the village in the townland of Carntall. The \"City of Clogher\" was a rotten borough in the Parliament of Ireland in the gift of the Protestant bishop. The village also gives its name to the Barony of Clogher, one of the original four baronies of County Tyrone.[17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clogher Valley Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clogher_Valley_Railway"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Ulsterbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulsterbus"},{"link_name":"Omagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omagh"},{"link_name":"Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast"},{"link_name":"Enniskillen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enniskillen"}],"text":"Clogher railway station (on the narrow gauge Clogher Valley Railway) opened on 2 May 1887, but finally closed on 1 January 1942.[18]Clogher also has Ulsterbus services to Omagh and on the 261/X261 between Belfast and Enniskillen.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NCU Senior League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCU_Senior_League"},{"link_name":"Gaelic Athletic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelic_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"An Clochar Éire Óg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=An_Clochar_%C3%89ire_%C3%93g&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Clogher Cricket Club plays in the NCU Senior League. The local Gaelic Athletic Association club is An Clochar Éire Óg.","title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-consis-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smps-8"}],"text":"The local primary schools include Carntall Primary School (which has a Protestant ethos) and St. Macartan's Convent Primary School (established by the Sisters of Saint Louis and has a Roman Catholic ethos). In 1932, the sisters of saint louis were invited to Clogher by request of the Bishop to open a catholic primary school and convent. In the following years, Saint Macartans convent school was established for the catholic children of Clogher and by 1935 the school was very successful. The sisters of saint louis continued to work in saint macartans up until 1972 when the sisters decided to leave Clogher and move to a bigger convent in County Monaghan.Not long after, the sisters of mercy continued the work of the Louis nuns up until 1991 when the sisters of mercy handed the ownership of saint macartans convent school over to the local catholic parish of Clogher. Since then, the sisters live in the convent of mercy on the Ballagh road, Clogher. ).[5][8]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CI-2"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"19th-century population","text":"The population of the village decreased during the 19th century:[2][19]","title":"Demography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"2021 census","text":"On Census Day in 2021, the usual resident population of Clogher settlement was 781 accounting for 0.02% of the NI total. Of these:96.42% were from the white (including Irish Traveller) ethnic group;\n58% belong to or were brought up in the Catholic religion and 33% belong to or were brought up in a protestant and Other Christian (including Christian-related) religion; and\n43% indicated that they had an Irish National Identity, 25% had a British identity, 21% identified as Northern Irish only and 5% accounted for 'other' identities.Respondents could indicate more than one national identity[20]On Census Day 2021, in Clogher settlement, of the population aged 3 and over,97% had English as their first language\n32% had a high level or some ability in Irish\n4% had some understanding in Ulster-Scots.","title":"Demography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2011-3"}],"sub_title":"2011 Census","text":"On Census Day (27 March 2011) the usually resident population of Clogher Settlement was 717 accounting for 0.04% of the NI total.[3] Of these:97.63% were from the white (including Irish Traveller) ethnic group;\n54.67% belong to or were brought up in the Catholic religion and 42.96% belong to or were brought up in a 'Protestant and Other Christian (including Christian related)' religion; and\n42.12% indicated that they had a British national identity, 28.87% had an Irish national identity and 27.62% had a Northern Irish national identity.Respondents could indicate more than one national identityOn Census Day 27 March 2011, in Clogher Settlement, of the population aged 3 years old and over:15.81% had some knowledge of Irish;\n3.66% had some knowledge of Ulster-Scots; and\n7.61% did not have English as their first language.","title":"Demography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:People from Clogher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_from_Clogher"},{"link_name":"William Carleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Carleton"},{"link_name":"townland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townland"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"James Graham Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Graham_Fair"},{"link_name":"Bonanza Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonanza_Kings"},{"link_name":"U.S. Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada"},{"link_name":"Keith Farmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Farmer"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Percy Jocelyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Jocelyn"},{"link_name":"Dermot McCaffrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermot_McCaffrey"},{"link_name":"Dungannon Swifts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungannon_Swifts_F.C."},{"link_name":"Joseph B. O'Hagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_B._O%27Hagan"},{"link_name":"Roisin Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3is%C3%ADn_Walsh"}],"text":"See also: Category:People from ClogherThe novelist William Carleton was born in the nearby townland of Prolusk (spelt Prillisk on his gravestone) in 1794.[21]\nJames Graham Fair, one of the 'Bonanza Kings' and U.S. Senator from Nevada was born in the town in 1831.\nKeith Farmer (1987–2022), motorcycle racer.[22]\nPercy Jocelyn, Anglican bishop of Clogher, was deposed in 1822 for homosexual practices.\nFootball player Dermot McCaffrey of Dungannon Swifts grew up in Clogher.Joseph B. O'Hagan (1826–1878), Jesuit priest\nRoisin Walsh, Dublin's first Chief Librarian, was born in Lisnamaghery, Clogher, in 1889.","title":"People"}] | [] | [{"title":"Abbeys and priories in Northern Ireland (County Tyrone)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monastic_houses_in_Ireland#County_Tyrone"},{"title":"List of civil parishes of County Tyrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_of_County_Tyrone"}] | [{"reference":"\"Clogher\". Place Names NI. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190107025045/http://www.placenamesni.org/historicforms.php?getPnameId=8976%20","url_text":"\"Clogher\""},{"url":"http://www.placenamesni.org/historicforms.php?getPnameId=8976","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Ireland 1891\". Enhanced Parliamentary Papers on Ireland. Archived from the original on 13 October 2013. Retrieved 22 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131013064648/http://eppi.dippam.ac.uk/documents/18814/eppi_pages/505453","url_text":"\"Census of Ireland 1891\""},{"url":"http://eppi.dippam.ac.uk/documents/18814/eppi_pages/505453","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census 2011 Population Statistics for Clogher Settlement\". Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA). Retrieved 2 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/public/AreaProfileReportViewer.aspx?FromAPAddressMulipleRecords=Clogher@Exact%20match%20of%20location%20name:%20@Exact%20Match%20Of%20Location%20Name:%20%20Clogher@23?","url_text":"\"Census 2011 Population Statistics for Clogher Settlement\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Statistics_and_Research_Agency","url_text":"Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency"}]},{"reference":"\"Parishes of Northern Ireland\". Public Record Office of NI. Archived from the original on 13 October 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131013132314/http://applications.proni.gov.uk/geogindx/","url_text":"\"Parishes of Northern Ireland\""},{"url":"http://applications.proni.gov.uk/geogindx/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Congregation of the Sisters of Mercy\".","urls":[{"url":"http://sistersofmercy.ie/","url_text":"\"Congregation of the Sisters of Mercy\""}]},{"reference":"\"St Macartan's Primary School, Clogher, County Tyrone\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stmacartanspsclogher.com/","url_text":"\"St Macartan's Primary School, Clogher, County Tyrone\""}]},{"reference":"\"Information From O'Donovan's Field Name Books : Clogh\". Places.galwaylibrary.ie. Archived from the original on 9 January 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160109064045/http://places.galwaylibrary.ie/asp/fullresult.asp?id=23666","url_text":"\"Information From O'Donovan's Field Name Books : Clogh\""},{"url":"http://places.galwaylibrary.ie/asp/fullresult.asp?id=23666","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"16. Stone in Place Names\". Ulster Place Names. Ulster Place-Name Society. Archived from the original on 14 December 2010. Retrieved 7 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101214214225/http://www.ulsterplacenames.org/stone_in_place_names.htm","url_text":"\"16. Stone in Place Names\""},{"url":"http://www.ulsterplacenames.org/stone_in_place_names.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cermand Cestach\". En.vionto.com. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. 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Retrieved 28 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/world/clogher.html","url_text":"\"Clogher\""}]},{"reference":"\"Celtic and Old English Saints - 26 March\". Celticsaints.org. 17 March 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://celticsaints.org/2007/0326a.html","url_text":"\"Celtic and Old English Saints - 26 March\""}]},{"reference":"Cartin, Edward (13 August 2011). \"Where did and do the Ui Mhic Carthainn live?\". Archived from the original on 13 August 2011. Retrieved 24 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110813051944/http://cartin.co.uk/main4/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=28","url_text":"\"Where did and do the Ui Mhic Carthainn live?\""},{"url":"http://cartin.co.uk/main4/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=28","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Clogher station\" (PDF). Railscot – Irish Railways. Retrieved 16 September 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.railscot.co.uk/Ireland/Irish_railways.pdf","url_text":"\"Clogher station\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Ireland 1851\". Enhanced Parliamentary Papers on Ireland. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130113234752/http://eppi.dippam.ac.uk/documents/13130/eppi_pages/336872","url_text":"\"Census of Ireland 1851\""},{"url":"http://eppi.dippam.ac.uk/documents/13130/eppi_pages/336872","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Carleton, William\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 338.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Carleton,_William","url_text":"\"Carleton, William\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"\"Inquest opens into death of four-time British motorcycling champion Keith Farmer\". ITV News. ITV. 24 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itv.com/news/border/2022-11-24/inquest-opens-into-death-of-four-time-national-motorcycling-champion","url_text":"\"Inquest opens into death of four-time British motorcycling champion Keith Farmer\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Clogher¶ms=54.416667_N_7.2_W_region:GB_type:city(717)","external_links_name":"54°25′00″N 7°12′00″W / 54.416667°N 7.2°W / 54.416667; -7.2"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Clogher¶ms=54.411052_N_7.172157_W_region:IE_scale:25000&title=Clogher","external_links_name":"H538517"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Clogher¶ms=54.416667_N_7.2_W_region:GB_type:city(717)","external_links_name":"54°25′00″N 7°12′00″W / 54.416667°N 7.2°W / 54.416667; -7.2"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181108012544/http://clogherpci.btck.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Clogher Presbyterian church"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clogher&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this section"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190107025045/http://www.placenamesni.org/historicforms.php?getPnameId=8976%20","external_links_name":"\"Clogher\""},{"Link":"http://www.placenamesni.org/historicforms.php?getPnameId=8976","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131013064648/http://eppi.dippam.ac.uk/documents/18814/eppi_pages/505453","external_links_name":"\"Census of Ireland 1891\""},{"Link":"http://eppi.dippam.ac.uk/documents/18814/eppi_pages/505453","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/public/AreaProfileReportViewer.aspx?FromAPAddressMulipleRecords=Clogher@Exact%20match%20of%20location%20name:%20@Exact%20Match%20Of%20Location%20Name:%20%20Clogher@23?","external_links_name":"\"Census 2011 Population Statistics for Clogher Settlement\""},{"Link":"http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/","external_links_name":"Open Government Licence v3.0"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131013132314/http://applications.proni.gov.uk/geogindx/","external_links_name":"\"Parishes of Northern Ireland\""},{"Link":"http://applications.proni.gov.uk/geogindx/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://sistersofmercy.ie/","external_links_name":"\"Congregation of the Sisters of Mercy\""},{"Link":"http://www.geograph.ie/photo1033506","external_links_name":"http://www.geograph.ie/photo1033506"},{"Link":"http://www.stmacartanspsclogher.com/","external_links_name":"\"St Macartan's Primary School, Clogher, County Tyrone\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160109064045/http://places.galwaylibrary.ie/asp/fullresult.asp?id=23666","external_links_name":"\"Information From O'Donovan's Field Name Books : Clogh\""},{"Link":"http://places.galwaylibrary.ie/asp/fullresult.asp?id=23666","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101214214225/http://www.ulsterplacenames.org/stone_in_place_names.htm","external_links_name":"\"16. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Crane,_New_York | Fenton, New York | ["1 History","2 Geography","2.1 Adjacent towns and areas","3 Demographics","4 Communities and other locations in Fenton","5 Notable person","6 References","7 External links"] | Coordinates: 42°11′1″N 75°49′29″W / 42.18361°N 75.82472°W / 42.18361; -75.82472
"Port Crane" redirects here. For the device, see container crane.
Town in New York, United StatesFenton, New YorkTownMap highlighting Fenton's location within Broome County.FentonLocation within the state of New YorkCoordinates: 42°11′1″N 75°49′29″W / 42.18361°N 75.82472°W / 42.18361; -75.82472CountryUnited StatesStateNew YorkCountyBroomeGovernment • TypeTown Council • Town SupervisorDavid C. Hamlin • Town Council
Members' List
• Michael Husar• Gary Holcomb• Jeffrey P. Kraham• Rick Pray
Area • Total33.37 sq mi (86.42 km2) • Land32.77 sq mi (84.89 km2) • Water0.59 sq mi (1.53 km2)Elevation1,371 ft (418 m)Population (2020) • Total6,441 • Estimate (2021)6,364 • Density196.68/sq mi (75.94/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP code13833Area code607FIPS code36-007-25604GNIS feature ID0978956Websitewww.townoffenton.com
Fenton is a town in Broome County, New York, United States. The population was 6,441 at the 2020 census. The town was named after Reuben Fenton, a governor of New York.
The town is in the northeastern part of the county and is northeast of Binghamton.
History
The area was first settled around 1788. The town of Port Crane was formed from the town of Chenango in 1855. The larger town of Fenton was established in 1867. Port Crane has remained as a hamlet within the town of Fenton.
The former Chenango Canal (1834–1876) passed through the west side of the town, following the Chenango River. The town developed and prospered with the advent of the canal. While the canal was supplanted by the railroads, the town was bypassed by the trains. When the canal was gone, the prosperity in Port Crane left with it.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 33.4 square miles (86.4 km2), of which 32.8 square miles (84.9 km2) is land and 0.58 square miles (1.5 km2), or 1.77%, is water.
The north town line is the border of Chenango County, and the west town line is marked by the Chenango River.
Interstate 88 crosses the southern part of the town, with access from Exits 2 and 3. New York State Route 7 parallels the interstate. New York State Route 369 is a north-south highway in the town and intersects New York State Route 79 at North Fenton.
Adjacent towns and areas
To the east is the town of Colesville, to the west is the town of Chenango, and to the northwest is the town of Barker. The towns of Kirkwood and Dickinson are on the south side. The town of Greene in Chenango County borders Fenton to the north.
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18701,499—18801,5553.7%18901,280−17.7%19001,171−8.5%19101,050−10.3%19201,1115.8%19302,00380.3%19402,73236.4%19504,16852.6%19605,92042.0%19706,71913.5%19807,40010.1%19907,236−2.2%20006,909−4.5%20106,674−3.4%20206,441−3.5%2021 (est.)6,364−1.2%U.S. Decennial Census
As of the census of 2000, there were 6,909 people, 2,763 households, and 1,947 families residing in the town. The population density was 210.1 inhabitants per square mile (81.1/km2). There were 2,941 housing units at an average density of 89.4 per square mile (34.5/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.52% White, 0.87% African American, 0.30% Native American, 0.25% Asian, 0.19% from other races, and 0.87% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.80% of the population.
There were 2,763 households, out of which 30.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.7% were married couples living together, 8.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.5% were non-families. 24.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 2.93.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 25.1% under the age of 18, 5.9% from 18 to 24, 26.5% from 25 to 44, 26.5% from 45 to 64, and 16.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.5 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $39,622, and the median income for a family was $45,869. Males had a median income of $37,800 versus $25,875 for females. The per capita income for the town was $19,780. About 4.6% of families and 6.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.9% of those under age 18 and 5.7% of those age 65 or over.
Communities and other locations in Fenton
Chenango Valley State Park – A state park adjacent to the Chenango River, known for its wooded golf course and scenic glacial topography.
Chenango Lake – The larger of two scenic wooded lakes in the Chenango Valley State Park, used for swimming and boating.
Fenton – A location on NY-369 near the state park.
Hillcrest – A suburban residential community east of the Chenango River neighboring Chenango Bridge and Port Dickinson.
Lily Lake – The smaller of two lakes, north of Chenango Lake, known for its scenic beauty and good fishing.
North Fenton – A hamlet at the junction of NY-79 and NY-369 by the north town line. It was originally called "Ketchums Corners."
Pleasant Hill – A hamlet in the southern part of the town on County Road 193.
Port Crane – A hamlet near the Chenango River and the southern town line, near the intersection of NY-369, NY-7, and I-88. It was formerly a port on the now-defunct Chenango Canal and was named after Jason Crane, a canal engineer. It remains as a hamlet within the larger town of Fenton.
Quinneville – A hamlet at the northern town line on NY-79.
Wyman Corner – A hamlet in the southeastern part of the town.
Notable person
Billy Martin, baseball legend, second baseman and New York Yankees manager; operated and lived on a farm in Port Crane after retiring. It was on that road where his fatal car accident occurred on Christmas Day in 1989.
References
New York (state) portal
^ "2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 4, 2017.
^ a b c d Bureau, US Census. "City and Town Population Totals: 2020—2021". Census.gov. US Census Bureau. Retrieved October 7, 2022.
^ "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Fenton town, Broome County, New York". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved January 30, 2014.
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
External links
Town of Fenton official website
Early history of Fenton, NY
vteMunicipalities and communities of Broome County, New York, United StatesCounty seat: BinghamtonCity
Binghamton
Towns
Barker
Binghamton
Chenango
Colesville
Conklin
Dickinson
Fenton
Kirkwood
Lisle
Maine
Nanticoke
Sanford
Triangle
Union
Vestal
Windsor
Villages
Deposit‡
Endicott
Johnson City
Lisle
Port Dickinson
Whitney Point
Windsor
CDPs
Binghamton University
Chenango Bridge
Endwell
Glen Aubrey
Otherhamlets
Castle Creek
Center Lisle
Chenango Forks
Hillcrest
Killawog
Nineveh
Tunnel
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
New York portal
United States portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"container crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_crane"},{"link_name":"town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_New_York#Town"},{"link_name":"Broome County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broome_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USCensusEst2020-2021-2"},{"link_name":"Reuben Fenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuben_Fenton"},{"link_name":"Binghamton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binghamton,_New_York"}],"text":"\"Port Crane\" redirects here. For the device, see container crane.Town in New York, United StatesFenton is a town in Broome County, New York, United States. The population was 6,441 at the 2020 census.[2] The town was named after Reuben Fenton, a governor of New York.The town is in the northeastern part of the county and is northeast of Binghamton.","title":"Fenton, New York"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chenango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenango,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Chenango Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenango_Canal"},{"link_name":"Chenango River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenango_River"}],"text":"The area was first settled around 1788. The town of Port Crane was formed from the town of Chenango in 1855. The larger town of Fenton was established in 1867. Port Crane has remained as a hamlet within the town of Fenton.The former Chenango Canal (1834–1876) passed through the west side of the town, following the Chenango River. The town developed and prospered with the advent of the canal. While the canal was supplanted by the railroads, the town was bypassed by the trains. When the canal was gone, the prosperity in Port Crane left with it.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-3"},{"link_name":"Chenango County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenango_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Chenango River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenango_River"},{"link_name":"Interstate 88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_88_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"New York State Route 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_7"},{"link_name":"New York State Route 369","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_369"},{"link_name":"New York State Route 79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_79"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 33.4 square miles (86.4 km2), of which 32.8 square miles (84.9 km2) is land and 0.58 square miles (1.5 km2), or 1.77%, is water.[3]The north town line is the border of Chenango County, and the west town line is marked by the Chenango River.Interstate 88 crosses the southern part of the town, with access from Exits 2 and 3. New York State Route 7 parallels the interstate. New York State Route 369 is a north-south highway in the town and intersects New York State Route 79 at North Fenton.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colesville,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Chenango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenango,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Barker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barker,_Broome_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Kirkwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkwood,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Dickinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dickinson,_Broome_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Greene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greene,_New_York"}],"sub_title":"Adjacent towns and areas","text":"To the east is the town of Colesville, to the west is the town of Chenango, and to the northwest is the town of Barker. The towns of Kirkwood and Dickinson are on the south side. The town of Greene in Chenango County borders Fenton to the north.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-5"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[5] of 2000, there were 6,909 people, 2,763 households, and 1,947 families residing in the town. The population density was 210.1 inhabitants per square mile (81.1/km2). There were 2,941 housing units at an average density of 89.4 per square mile (34.5/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.52% White, 0.87% African American, 0.30% Native American, 0.25% Asian, 0.19% from other races, and 0.87% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.80% of the population.There were 2,763 households, out of which 30.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.7% were married couples living together, 8.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.5% were non-families. 24.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 2.93.In the town, the population was spread out, with 25.1% under the age of 18, 5.9% from 18 to 24, 26.5% from 25 to 44, 26.5% from 45 to 64, and 16.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.5 males.The median income for a household in the town was $39,622, and the median income for a family was $45,869. Males had a median income of $37,800 versus $25,875 for females. The per capita income for the town was $19,780. About 4.6% of families and 6.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.9% of those under age 18 and 5.7% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chenango Valley State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenango_Valley_State_Park"},{"link_name":"state park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_park"},{"link_name":"Chenango River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenango_River"},{"link_name":"Hillcrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillcrest,_Broome_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Chenango Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenango_Bridge,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Port Dickinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Dickinson,_New_York"},{"link_name":"North Fenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Fenton,_New_York"},{"link_name":"hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_New_York#Hamlet"}],"text":"Chenango Valley State Park – A state park adjacent to the Chenango River, known for its wooded golf course and scenic glacial topography.\nChenango Lake – The larger of two scenic wooded lakes in the Chenango Valley State Park, used for swimming and boating.\nFenton – A location on NY-369 near the state park.\nHillcrest – A suburban residential community east of the Chenango River neighboring Chenango Bridge and Port Dickinson.\nLily Lake – The smaller of two lakes, north of Chenango Lake, known for its scenic beauty and good fishing.\nNorth Fenton – A hamlet at the junction of NY-79 and NY-369 by the north town line. It was originally called \"Ketchums Corners.\"\nPleasant Hill – A hamlet in the southern part of the town on County Road 193.\nPort Crane – A hamlet near the Chenango River and the southern town line, near the intersection of NY-369, NY-7, and I-88. It was formerly a port on the now-defunct Chenango Canal and was named after Jason Crane, a canal engineer. It remains as a hamlet within the larger town of Fenton.\nQuinneville – A hamlet at the northern town line on NY-79.\nWyman Corner – A hamlet in the southeastern part of the town.","title":"Communities and other locations in Fenton"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billy Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Martin"},{"link_name":"New York Yankees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yankees"}],"text":"Billy Martin, baseball legend, second baseman and New York Yankees manager; operated and lived on a farm in Port Crane after retiring. It was on that road where his fatal car accident occurred on Christmas Day in 1989.","title":"Notable person"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Map_of_New_York_highlighting_Broome_County.svg/180px-Map_of_New_York_highlighting_Broome_County.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2016_Gazetteer/2016_gaz_place_36.txt","url_text":"\"2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"Bureau, US Census. \"City and Town Population Totals: 2020—2021\". Census.gov. US Census Bureau. Retrieved October 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html","url_text":"\"City and Town Population Totals: 2020—2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Fenton town, Broome County, New York\". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved January 30, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200212164158/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/0600000US3600725604","url_text":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Fenton town, Broome County, New York\""},{"url":"http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/0600000US3600725604","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fenton,_New_York¶ms=42_11_1_N_75_49_29_W_region:US-NY_type:city","external_links_name":"42°11′1″N 75°49′29″W / 42.18361°N 75.82472°W / 42.18361; -75.82472"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fenton,_New_York¶ms=42_11_1_N_75_49_29_W_region:US-NY_type:city","external_links_name":"42°11′1″N 75°49′29″W / 42.18361°N 75.82472°W / 42.18361; -75.82472"},{"Link":"http://www.townoffenton.com/","external_links_name":"www.townoffenton.com"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2016_Gazetteer/2016_gaz_place_36.txt","external_links_name":"\"2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html","external_links_name":"\"City and Town Population Totals: 2020—2021\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20200212164158/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/0600000US3600725604","external_links_name":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Fenton town, Broome County, New York\""},{"Link":"http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/0600000US3600725604","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"http://www.townoffenton.com/","external_links_name":"Town of Fenton official website"},{"Link":"http://history.rays-place.com/ny/fenton-ny.htm","external_links_name":"Early history of Fenton, NY"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radisson_SAS_Royal_Hotel,_Copenhagen | Radisson Collection Royal Hotel, Copenhagen | ["1 History","2 Design","3 Structure","4 Location","5 Gallery","6 References","7 External links"] | Coordinates: 55°40′30″N 12°33′47″E / 55.67500°N 12.56306°E / 55.67500; 12.56306Hotel in Copenhagen
Radisson Collection Royal Hotel, CopenhagenRadisson Collection Royal Hotel, CopenhagenGeneral informationLocationHammerichsgade 1, Copenhagen, DenmarkCoordinates55°40′30″N 12°33′47″E / 55.67500°N 12.56306°E / 55.67500; 12.56306Opening1 July 1960; 63 years ago (1 July 1960)ManagementRadisson Hospitality AB (part of Radisson Hotel Group)Height69.6Design and constructionArchitect(s)Arne JacobsenWebsiteOfficial hotel website
The Radisson Collection Royal Hotel, Copenhagen is a historic hotel in Copenhagen, Denmark.
History
The hotel was designed by Danish architect and designer Arne Jacobsen for the airline Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS). It was opened on July 1, 1960 by King Frederik IX and Queen Ingrid as the Royal Hotel. It was also known as the SAS Royal Hotel. The hotel was renamed the Radisson SAS Royal Hotel in 1994, when SAS signed a joint marketing agreement with Radisson Hotels. When SAS and Radisson ceased the marketing agreement in February 2009, the hotel remained with Radisson and was renamed the Radisson Blu Royal Hotel. On March 6, 2018 it was renamed Radisson Collection Hotel, Royal Copenhagen. In 2019, the name was modified slightly, to Radisson Collection Royal Hotel, Copenhagen.
At its completion the hotel was the largest in Denmark. At 69.60 meters in height, it was the first skyscraper in Copenhagen, and until 1969, the tallest high-rise building in Denmark. In 2009, it was the country's seventh-highest tower.
Design
The entire hotel – from the exterior façade through to the stainless-steel cutlery used in the restaurant and the Swan and Egg chairs gracing the lobby – was designed by the Danish architect Arne Jacobsen. Since most of his work has been replaced by corporate standard fabrics and furniture, the hotel has been referred to as Jacobsens' Lost Gesamtkunstwerk. Only a single room has been kept in the original design. It has all of the original, green furniture and the wood panels on the wall. This room, with the number 606, is no longer available for booking but guests can request a tour.
Shades of green dominate the entire design. Jacobsen, who was also working as a landscape architect 1955-1960, pursued a "modern garden" theme. He implemented this theme using green textiles and furniture combined with "organic shapes" and rigid geometric forms.
Jacobsen has created several furniture, lighting and textile designs. Some models were later adopted into mass production and have become design classics, which are exhibited in museums worldwide. Others, however, remained unique pieces.
During the design phase sketches of the building were published in Danish newspapers. Critics feared a destruction of the traditional skyline of Copenhagen. The building was compared to a punch card. Jacobsen's response was, "it’s funny, for that is actually what it looks like when the windows are open on a hot summer’s day." Another term used was introduced by Jacobsen's former associate Erik Møller, who called it the "glass cigarbox". The promoter of the international style, Philip C. Johnson, said it was the worst copy of Lever House. Jacobsen responded: "At least, it came in first when they held a competition for the ugliest building in Copenhagen."
Structure
Structure of the hotel: (1) tower (2) lower building (3) roof of the winter garden (4) roof of the airline terminal
The structure is twenty stories high and a defining characteristic of Copenhagen's skyline. The structure was inspired by New York Park Avenue structures, namely Skidmore, Owings & Merrill's Lever House. The building's sense of lightness emanates from its Lever House-inspired form with a two-story base supporting its lofty "punch card" tower.
The reinforced concrete frame structure erected in the tower has a curtain wall of aluminum profiles and transparent green and gray anodized glass. The windows can be opened to the inside stories in all. The horizontal distance between the aluminum profiles is 60 cm. Vertical take turns green glass followed by 168 cm 120 cm window is installed. The curtain wall construction Jacobsen at the three-story City Hall was first used in 1955 Rødovre Denmark. The hotel façade differs only from the City Hall by the light-green colour of the intermediate elements and some slightly different proportions.
Location
It is located in the heart of the city, in the Vesterbro district, close to Tivoli and Copenhagen Central Station. On a road island outside the hotel is the "Freedom Statue", commemorating the abolition of serfdom in Denmark.
Gallery
The hotel in 2016
A view of the hotel on the left and to its right the Copenhagen Central Station
Radisson SAS Royal Hotel, Room 606, by Arne Jacobsen
Swan and egg chairs in the lobby, in front of a picture of the hotel
An exhibition with Jacobsen's furniture etc. at SAS Royal Hotel in Copenhagen 2000.
References
^ http://www.rezidor.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=205430&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1431739&highlight=
^ a b "Radisson SAS Royal Hotel". Emporis. Archived from the original on May 12, 2015. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
^ McDowell, Edwin (12 August 1994). "COMPANY NEWS; Radisson and SAS Form Hotel Pact". The New York Times.
^ https://globenewswire.com/news-release/2009/02/04/17716/0/en/RADISSON-SAS-HOTELS-AND-RESORTS-TO-CHANGE-THEIR-NAME-TO-RADISSON-BLU.htmlM
^ "Radisson Hotel Group Announces Radisson Collection Brand".
^ Koukalová, Eliška (2020-08-31). "SAS Royal Hotel: Arne Jacobsen's masterpiece". DesignVille. Retrieved 2023-03-04.
^ a b Michael Sheridan 2003: The SAS House: Jacobsen's Lost Gesamtkunstwerk, in: Louisiana Museum of Modern Art: Arne Jacobsen. Absolutely Modern p44–49
^ Jeff Chu: Happy Birthday, Arne Jacobsen in Time
^ Christian Datz, Christof Kullmann, Martin Nicholas Kunz 2005: Copenhagen Architecture & Design, teNeues, ISBN 3-8327-9077-2. S. 134
^ Jørgen Sestoft and Jørgen Hegner Christiansen. Guide to Danish Architecture: 1000 to 1960. Copenhagen: Arkitektens Forlag, 1991. 257
External links
Radisson Collection Royal Hotel, Copenhagen official website
Pictures from a reconstruction of one of the Royal Hotel rooms Archived 2008-07-04 at the Wayback Machine
55°40′30″N 12°33′47″E / 55.67500°N 12.56306°E / 55.67500; 12.56306
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Geographic
Structurae | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"}],"text":"Hotel in CopenhagenThe Radisson Collection Royal Hotel, Copenhagen is a historic hotel in Copenhagen, Denmark.","title":"Radisson Collection Royal Hotel, Copenhagen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arne Jacobsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arne_Jacobsen"},{"link_name":"Scandinavian Airlines System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavian_Airlines_System"},{"link_name":"King Frederik IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_IX_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Queen Ingrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrid_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Radisson Hotels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radisson_Hotels"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"first skyscraper in Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_in_Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"tallest high-rise building in Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Denmark"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Emporis-2"}],"text":"The hotel was designed by Danish architect and designer Arne Jacobsen for the airline Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS). It was opened on July 1, 1960 by King Frederik IX and Queen Ingrid as the Royal Hotel. It was also known as the SAS Royal Hotel. The hotel was renamed the Radisson SAS Royal Hotel in 1994, when SAS signed a joint marketing agreement with Radisson Hotels.[3] When SAS and Radisson ceased the marketing agreement in February 2009,[4] the hotel remained with Radisson and was renamed the Radisson Blu Royal Hotel. On March 6, 2018 it was renamed Radisson Collection Hotel, Royal Copenhagen.[5] In 2019, the name was modified slightly, to Radisson Collection Royal Hotel, Copenhagen.At its completion the hotel was the largest in Denmark. At 69.60 meters in height, it was the first skyscraper in Copenhagen, and until 1969, the tallest high-rise building in Denmark.[2] In 2009, it was the country's seventh-highest tower.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swan_(chair)"},{"link_name":"Egg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_(chair)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sheridan-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sheridan-7"},{"link_name":"Erik Møller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_M%C3%B8ller"},{"link_name":"international style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_style_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"Philip C. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Lever House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lever_House"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The entire hotel – from the exterior façade through to the stainless-steel cutlery used in the restaurant and the Swan and Egg chairs gracing the lobby – was designed by the Danish architect Arne Jacobsen. Since most of his work has been replaced by corporate standard fabrics and furniture, the hotel has been referred to as Jacobsens' Lost Gesamtkunstwerk. Only a single room has been kept in the original design. It has all of the original, green furniture and the wood panels on the wall. This room, with the number 606,[6] is no longer available for booking but guests can request a tour.[7]Shades of green dominate the entire design. Jacobsen, who was also working as a landscape architect 1955-1960, pursued a \"modern garden\" theme. He implemented this theme using green textiles and furniture combined with \"organic shapes\" and rigid geometric forms.[7]Jacobsen has created several furniture, lighting and textile designs. Some models were later adopted into mass production and have become design classics, which are exhibited in museums worldwide. Others, however, remained unique pieces.During the design phase sketches of the building were published in Danish newspapers. Critics feared a destruction of the traditional skyline of Copenhagen. The building was compared to a punch card. Jacobsen's response was, \"it’s funny, for that is actually what it looks like when the windows are open on a hot summer’s day.\" Another term used was introduced by Jacobsen's former associate Erik Møller, who called it the \"glass cigarbox\". The promoter of the international style, Philip C. Johnson, said it was the worst copy of Lever House. Jacobsen responded: \"At least, it came in first when they held a competition for the ugliest building in Copenhagen.\"[8]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SASRoyalKopenhagen%C3%9Cbersicht.svg"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Park Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Skidmore, Owings & Merrill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skidmore,_Owings_%26_Merrill"},{"link_name":"Lever House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lever_House"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cad-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Structure of the hotel: (1) tower (2) lower building (3) roof of the winter garden (4) roof of the airline terminalThe structure is twenty stories high and a defining characteristic of Copenhagen's skyline. The structure was inspired by New York Park Avenue structures, namely Skidmore, Owings & Merrill's Lever House. The building's sense of lightness emanates from its Lever House-inspired form with a two-story base supporting its lofty \"punch card\" tower.The reinforced concrete frame structure erected in the tower has a curtain wall of aluminum profiles and transparent green and gray anodized glass. The windows can be opened to the inside stories in all.[9] The horizontal distance between the aluminum profiles is 60 cm. Vertical take turns green glass followed by 168 cm 120 cm window is installed. The curtain wall construction Jacobsen at the three-story City Hall was first used in 1955 Rødovre Denmark. The hotel façade differs only from the City Hall by the light-green colour of the intermediate elements and some slightly different proportions.[10]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vesterbro district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesterbro,_Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"Tivoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tivoli_Gardens,_Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen Central Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen_Central_Station"}],"text":"It is located in the heart of the city, in the Vesterbro district, close to Tivoli and Copenhagen Central Station. On a road island outside the hotel is the \"Freedom Statue\", commemorating the abolition of serfdom in Denmark.","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:K%C3%B8benhavn_-_Radisson_Blu_Royal_Hotel_(25363613409).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panorama_Kopenhagen_around_central_station.jpg"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen Central Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen_Central_Station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Radisson_SAS_Royal_Hotel,_Room_606,_by_Arne_Jacobsen.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SAS_Royal_Hotel_furniture_in_Copenhagen.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arne_Jacobsen_-_SAS_-_K%C3%B6penhamn-2000.jpg"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"}],"text":"The hotel in 2016\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA view of the hotel on the left and to its right the Copenhagen Central Station\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRadisson SAS Royal Hotel, Room 606, by Arne Jacobsen\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSwan and egg chairs in the lobby, in front of a picture of the hotel\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAn exhibition with Jacobsen's furniture etc. at SAS Royal Hotel in Copenhagen 2000.","title":"Gallery"}] | [{"image_text":"Structure of the hotel: (1) tower (2) lower building (3) roof of the winter garden (4) roof of the airline terminal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/SASRoyalKopenhagen%C3%9Cbersicht.svg/220px-SASRoyalKopenhagen%C3%9Cbersicht.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Radisson SAS Royal Hotel\". Emporis. Archived from the original on May 12, 2015. Retrieved 2 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150512192657/http://www.emporis.com/buildings/109004/radisson-sas-royal-hotel-copenhagen-denmark","url_text":"\"Radisson SAS Royal Hotel\""},{"url":"https://www.emporis.com/buildings/109004/radisson-sas-royal-hotel-copenhagen-denmark","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McDowell, Edwin (12 August 1994). \"COMPANY NEWS; Radisson and SAS Form Hotel Pact\". 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Retrieved 2023-03-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.designville.eu/blog/sas-royal-hotel","url_text":"\"SAS Royal Hotel: Arne Jacobsen's masterpiece\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Radisson_Collection_Royal_Hotel,_Copenhagen¶ms=55_40_30_N_12_33_47_E_type:landmark_region:DK-101","external_links_name":"55°40′30″N 12°33′47″E / 55.67500°N 12.56306°E / 55.67500; 12.56306"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Radisson_Collection_Royal_Hotel,_Copenhagen¶ms=55_40_30_N_12_33_47_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"55°40′30″N 12°33′47″E / 55.67500°N 12.56306°E / 55.67500; 12.56306"},{"Link":"https://www.radissoncollection.com/en/royalhotel-copenhagen","external_links_name":"Official hotel website"},{"Link":"http://www.rezidor.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=205430&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1431739&highlight=","external_links_name":"http://www.rezidor.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=205430&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1431739&highlight="},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150512192657/http://www.emporis.com/buildings/109004/radisson-sas-royal-hotel-copenhagen-denmark","external_links_name":"\"Radisson SAS Royal Hotel\""},{"Link":"https://www.emporis.com/buildings/109004/radisson-sas-royal-hotel-copenhagen-denmark","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1994/08/12/business/company-news-radisson-and-sas-form-hotel-pact.html","external_links_name":"\"COMPANY NEWS; Radisson and SAS Form Hotel Pact\""},{"Link":"https://globenewswire.com/news-release/2009/02/04/17716/0/en/RADISSON-SAS-HOTELS-AND-RESORTS-TO-CHANGE-THEIR-NAME-TO-RADISSON-BLU.htmlM","external_links_name":"https://globenewswire.com/news-release/2009/02/04/17716/0/en/RADISSON-SAS-HOTELS-AND-RESORTS-TO-CHANGE-THEIR-NAME-TO-RADISSON-BLU.htmlM"},{"Link":"https://www.hotelnewsresource.com/article98765.html","external_links_name":"\"Radisson Hotel Group Announces Radisson Collection Brand\""},{"Link":"https://www.designville.eu/blog/sas-royal-hotel","external_links_name":"\"SAS Royal Hotel: Arne Jacobsen's masterpiece\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20021005015705/http://www.time.com/time/europe/summerculture/html/snf/jacobsen.html","external_links_name":"Happy Birthday, Arne Jacobsen"},{"Link":"https://www.radissonhotels.com/en-us/hotels/radisson-collection-copenhagen","external_links_name":"Radisson Collection Royal Hotel, Copenhagen official website"},{"Link":"http://www.danish-furniture.com/exhibitions/jacobsen-at-royal/","external_links_name":"Pictures from a reconstruction of one of the Royal Hotel rooms"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080704061830/http://www.danish-furniture.com/exhibitions/jacobsen-at-royal/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Radisson_Collection_Royal_Hotel,_Copenhagen¶ms=55_40_30_N_12_33_47_E_type:landmark_region:DK-101","external_links_name":"55°40′30″N 12°33′47″E / 55.67500°N 12.56306°E / 55.67500; 12.56306"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/213098597","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/7713778-4","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007453741705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2004002102","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://structurae.net/structures/20005489","external_links_name":"Structurae"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomoaki_Satoh_(baseball,_born_1978) | Tomoaki Satoh (baseball, born 1978) | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Japanese baseball player and coach
Baseball player
Tomoaki SatohHokkaido Nippon Ham Fighters – No. 87Outfielder / CoachBorn: (1978-06-13) June 13, 1978 (age 45)Batted: RightThrew: RightNPB debutMarch 24, 2001, for the Seibu LionsLast NPB appearanceApril 25, 2012, for the Saitama Seibu LionsNPB statistics (through 2012)Batting average.255Hits410Home runs9RBI123Stolen bases52
TeamsAs player
Seibu Lions/Saitama Seibu Lions (2001–2012)
As coach
Saitama Seibu Lions (2016–2022)
Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters (2023–)
Career highlights and awards
MVP of 2008 Asia Series
2× Japan Series champion (2004, 2008)
Tomoaki Satoh (佐藤 友亮, Satō Tomoaki, born in Fujisawa, Kanagawa) is a Japanese professional baseball player. He is currently with the Saitama Seibu Lions in Japan's Nippon Professional Baseball. In 2008, he was selected Most Valuable Player of the 2008 Asia Series.
References
^ "野球・ソフトボール│ミズノ".
External links
Nippon Professional Baseball career statistics from JapaneseBaseball.com
vteHokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters current rosterPitchers
12 Kota Yazawa
13 Tsubasa Nabatame
14 Takayuki Katoh
15 Naoyuki Uwasawa
16 Kōta Tatsu
17 Hiromi Itoh
18 Kosei Yoshida
19 Taishō Tamai
20 Kenta Uehara
22 Toshihiro Sugiura
24 Shōma Kanemura
25 Naoki Miyanishi
26 Seigi Tanaka
28 Ryusei Kawano
29 Kazutomo Iguchi
31 James Marvel
33 Kazuaki Tateno
34 Mizuki Hori
40 Suguru Fukuda
41 Bryan Rodriguez
45 Cody Ponce
46 Kyōsuke Kuroyanagi
47 Kenya Suzuki
48 Yukiya Saitoh
51 Naoya Ishikawa
52 Takahide Ikeda
53 Takehiro Hasegawa
54 Kanato Anzai
55 Keito Matsuura
57 Koki Kitayama
58 Masaki Tanigawa
59 Haruka Nemoto
62 Haruki Miyauchi
63 Ryuji Kitaura
67 Takumi Yamamoto
68 Kōki Matsuoka
93 Eito Tanaka
Catchers
2 Ariel Martínez
10 Yushi Shimizu
23 Torai Fushimi
27 Yūdai Furukawa
30 Yūya Gunji
60 Takuya Kohri
64 Yua Tamiya
65 Yūki Umebayashi
Infielders
3 Gosuke Katoh
4 Daigo Kamikawabata
5 Yuki Nomura
6 Arismendy Alcántara
9 Takuya Nakashima
21 Kōtarō Kiyomiya
32 Ryota Yachi
35 Kōki Fukuda
38 Kazunari Ishii
39 Naoki Arizono
43 Tatsuki Mizuno
44 Uta Sakaguchi
49 Haruka Yamada
56 Ryōhei Hosokawa
58 Taiki Narama
94 Alen Hanson
Outfielders
7 Go Matsumoto
8 Daiki Asama
37 Taiga Egoshi
50 Ryota Isobata
61 Yuma Imagawa
66 Chusei Mannami
99 Wang Po-jung
Development
114 Ryōdai Matsumoto (P)
115 Shinji Saitoh (P)
121 Ren Fukushima (P)
122 Takanari Hayamizu (C)
123 Taisei Yanagawa (P)
124 Kazuhiro Abe (OF)
125 Taisei Fujita (OF)
126 Terukazu Nakayama (P)
127 Ataru Yamaguchi (OF)
128 Kōdai Yamamoto (P)
137 Ren Kakigi (P)
161 Yūya Himeno (P)
196 Sun Yi-lei (P)
First squadcoaching
Manager: 1 Tsuyoshi Shinjo
Head coach: 77 Takaya Hayashi
Pitching coaches: 81 Yoshinori Tateyama, 82 Takeharu Kato
Hitting coach: 89 Hiroshi Yagi,
Battery coach: 72 Katsuhiko Yamada
Infield defense and baserunning coach: 71 Yuji Iiyama
Outfield defense and baserunning coach: 80 Hichori Morimoto
Data analysis and baserunning coach: 79 Takenori Daita
Second squadcoaching
Manager: 92 Masao Kida
Pitching coaches: 84 Takeshi Itoh, 83 Takeshi Shimazaki
Hitting coaches: 87 Tomoaki Satoh, 90 Hiroshi Watanabe
Battery coach: 75 Kiyoshi Yamanaka
Infield defense and baserunning coach: 78 Naoto Inada
Outfield defense and baserunning coach: 76 Toshimasa Konta
Special mission coach: 91 Chihiro Kaneko
This biographical article relating to a Japanese baseball outfielder is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fujisawa, Kanagawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujisawa,_Kanagawa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball"},{"link_name":"Saitama Seibu Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saitama_Seibu_Lions"},{"link_name":"Nippon Professional Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_Professional_Baseball"},{"link_name":"2008 Asia Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Asia_Series"}],"text":"Baseball playerTomoaki Satoh (佐藤 友亮, Satō Tomoaki, born in Fujisawa, Kanagawa[1]) is a Japanese professional baseball player. He is currently with the Saitama Seibu Lions in Japan's Nippon Professional Baseball. In 2008, he was selected Most Valuable Player of the 2008 Asia Series.","title":"Tomoaki Satoh (baseball, born 1978)"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"野球・ソフトボール│ミズノ\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mizunoballpark.com/adv/jpn/list/lions.html","url_text":"\"野球・ソフトボール│ミズノ\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.mizunoballpark.com/adv/jpn/list/lions.html","external_links_name":"\"野球・ソフトボール│ミズノ\""},{"Link":"http://japanesebaseball.com/players/player.jsp?PlayerID=1373","external_links_name":"JapaneseBaseball.com"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tomoaki_Satoh_(baseball,_born_1978)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montero,_Bolivia | Montero, Bolivia | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 17°20′32″S 63°15′21″W / 17.34222°S 63.25583°W / -17.34222; -63.25583This article is about the city. For the town, see Montero Hoyos.
City & Municipality in Santa Cruz Department, BoliviaMonteroCity & Municipality
FlagSealMonteroLocation in BoliviaCoordinates: 17°20′32″S 63°15′21″W / 17.34222°S 63.25583°W / -17.34222; -63.25583Country BoliviaDepartment Santa Cruz DepartmentProvinceObispo Santistevan ProvinceMunicipalityMontero MunicipalityNamedDecember 4, 1912Area • City & Municipality280 km2 (110 sq mi)Elevation357 m (1,171 ft)Population (2020 Census) • Urban137,931Time zoneUTC-4 (BOT)Postal code31001Area code+591 4WebsiteOfficial website
Montero is a city and a municipality in Santa Cruz, Bolivia, about 50 km north of Santa Cruz de la Sierra. Montero had a population of 137,931 as of 2020 and has experienced growth in recent decades, becoming an important city in the region.
Montero has an elevation of about 300 meters above sea level and an average temperature of 23 °C (73.4 °F). The city is predominantly agricultural, producing soybeans, cotton, corn, and rice.
References
^ "World Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2013-01-11.
Authority control databases
VIAF
This Santa Cruz Department location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Montero Hoyos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montero_Hoyos"},{"link_name":"Santa Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Department_(Bolivia)"},{"link_name":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia"},{"link_name":"Santa Cruz de la Sierra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_la_Sierra"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"°C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius"},{"link_name":"°F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheit"},{"link_name":"soybeans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soybean"},{"link_name":"cotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton"},{"link_name":"corn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize"},{"link_name":"rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice"}],"text":"This article is about the city. For the town, see Montero Hoyos.City & Municipality in Santa Cruz Department, BoliviaMontero is a city and a municipality in Santa Cruz, Bolivia, about 50 km north of Santa Cruz de la Sierra. Montero had a population of 137,931 as of 2020 and has experienced growth in recent decades, becoming an important city in the region.[1]Montero has an elevation of about 300 meters above sea level and an average temperature of 23 °C (73.4 °F). The city is predominantly agricultural, producing soybeans, cotton, corn, and rice.","title":"Montero, Bolivia"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"World Gazetteer\". Archived from the original on 2013-01-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130111125234/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=1&men=gcis&lng=en&des=gamelan&geo=-38&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&pt=c&va=&srt=pnao","url_text":"\"World Gazetteer\""},{"url":"http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=1&men=gcis&lng=en&des=gamelan&geo=-38&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&pt=c&va=&srt=pnao","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Montero,_Bolivia¶ms=17_20_32_S_63_15_21_W_region:BO_type:city","external_links_name":"17°20′32″S 63°15′21″W / 17.34222°S 63.25583°W / -17.34222; -63.25583"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Montero,_Bolivia¶ms=17_20_32_S_63_15_21_W_region:BO_type:city","external_links_name":"17°20′32″S 63°15′21″W / 17.34222°S 63.25583°W / -17.34222; -63.25583"},{"Link":"http://www.montero.gob.bo/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130111125234/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=1&men=gcis&lng=en&des=gamelan&geo=-38&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&pt=c&va=&srt=pnao","external_links_name":"\"World Gazetteer\""},{"Link":"http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=1&men=gcis&lng=en&des=gamelan&geo=-38&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&pt=c&va=&srt=pnao","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/1738154801936656310005","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Montero,_Bolivia&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Lake,_Minnesota | Forest Lake, Minnesota | ["1 History","2 Geography","3 Media","4 Demographics","4.1 2010 census","5 Politics","6 Public schools","6.1 Elementary schools (grades K–6)","6.2 Secondary schools (grades 6–12)","7 Notable people","7.1 Academics","7.2 Arts and entertainment, journalists, writers","7.3 Politics and public service","7.4 Newsmakers","7.5 Sports","8 References","9 External links"] | Coordinates: 45°15′13″N 92°57′30″W / 45.25361°N 92.95833°W / 45.25361; -92.95833City in Minnesota, United States
City in Minnesota, United StatesForest LakeCityDowntown Forest LakeNickname(s): FL, FlakeMotto: As Good As It SoundsLocation of the city of Forest Lakewithin Washington County, MinnesotaCoordinates: 45°15′13″N 92°57′30″W / 45.25361°N 92.95833°W / 45.25361; -92.95833CountryUnited StatesStateMinnesotaCountyWashingtonFoundedMarch 11, 1874Incorporated1896Government • TypeMayor–council government • MayorMara Bain (I)Area • Total35.53 sq mi (92.01 km2) • Land30.54 sq mi (79.10 km2) • Water4.99 sq mi (12.92 km2)Elevation935 ft (285 m)Population (2020) • Total20,611 • Estimate (2022)20,857 • Density674.91/sq mi (260.58/km2)Time zoneUTC–6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC–5 (CDT)ZIP code55025Area code651FIPS code27-21770GNIS feature ID2394789Sales tax8.375%Websiteci.forest-lake.mn.us
Forest Lake is a city in Washington County, Minnesota, United States, located 27 miles northeast of Saint Paul. The population was 20,611 at the 2020 census.
History
Forest Lake began as a stop on the St. Paul and Duluth Railroad. The first train reached Forest Lake on December 23, 1868. The lake was so named for the abundant timber that lines its shores. Forest Lake Township was organized on March 11, 1874. The first one-room school was built that year at the former location of city hall (220 N. Lake Street). The city of Forest Lake was incorporated on July 11, 1893 with 175 residents. In 2001, the city annexed the surrounding former Forest Lake Township.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 35.54 square miles (92.05 km2); 30.56 square miles (79.15 km2) is land and 4.98 square miles (12.90 km2) is water.
Media
The first newspaper, The Enterprise, was printed in 1903. It was changed in 1907 to The Forest Lake Advertiser and later to The Forest Lake Times, in 1916, as it remains to this day. The Forest Lake Lowdown is another local paper.
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
188046—1900241—1910540124.1%192080048.1%193091614.5%19401,12022.3%19501,76657.7%19602,34732.9%19703,20736.6%19804,59643.3%19905,83326.9%20006,85617.5%201018,375168.0%202020,61112.2%2022 (est.)20,8571.2%U.S. Decennial Census2020 Census
Median household income for 2017 was $76,904. Average household income was $93,296. Per capita income was $35,334.
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 18,375 people, 7,014 households, and 5,044 families residing in the city. The population density was 601.3 inhabitants per square mile (232.2/km2). There were 7,508 housing units at an average density of 245.7 per square mile (94.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 94.7% White, 1.1% African American, 0.4% Native American, 1.5% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.6% from other races, and 1.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.3% of the population.
There were 7,014 households, of which 36.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.2% were married couples living together, 10.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 28.1% were non-families. 21.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.04.
The median age in the city was 37.4 years. 26.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.1% were from 25 to 44; 27.7% were from 45 to 64; and 11.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.7% male and 50.3% female.
Politics
Forest Lake is located in Minnesota's 6th congressional district.
Mayor: Mara Bain
Council: Sam Husnik, Hanna Valento, Leif Erickson, Blake Roberts
City Administrator: Patrick Casey
State Senator: Karin Housley
State Representative: Bob Dettmer
Public schools
Forest Lake Area High School
The Forest Lake Area school system includes eight elementary sites, one middle school site, and one high school site. There are also two independent districts, North Lakes Academy and Lakes International Language Academy.
Elementary schools (grades K–6)
Columbus (K–6)
Forest Lake (4–6)
Forest View (K–3)
Lakes International Language Academy (K–5)
Lino Lakes (K–6 STEM)
Linwood (K–6)
North Lakes Academy (K–5)
St. Peter Catholic School (preschool–8)
Scandia (K–6)
Wyoming (preschool–6)
Secondary schools (grades 6–12)
North Lakes Academy (grades 6–12)
Lakes International Language Academy (grades 6–12)
St. Peter Catholic School (grades 7–8)
Forest Lake Area Middle School (grades 7–8)
Forest Lake Area High School (grades 9–12)
Notable people
Academics
Arts and entertainment, journalists, writers
Dan Andersson, Swedish author, poet and composer, lived in Forest Lake in 1902.
John Caddy, poet and naturalist is a resident of Forest Lake.
Douglas Harper, sociologist, author, photographer, is a resident of Forest Lake.
Rich Matteson, jazz artist, educator, was born in Forest Lake.
H. Keith Melton, author, is a resident of Forest Lake.
Carol Muske-Dukes, poet and novelist, grew up in Forest Lake.
Terry Redlin, popular American artist, lived in Forest Lake in the 1960s.
Anni Rossi, singer, violist and keyboardist and recording artist
Christopher Sieber, two-time Tony Award nominated actor
Jordis Unga, is a rock singer, songwriter and performer.
Politics and public service
Elmer L. Andersen, 30th governor of Minnesota, was a resident of Forest Lake.
James B. Bullard, chief executive officer and president of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Arne Carlson, former Governor of Minnesota, is a former resident of Forest Lake.
Pete Hegseth, Fox News Channel contributor, raised in Forest Lake
William Rush Merriam, served as Governor of Minnesota from 1889 to 1893
Walter Mondale, former vice president of the United States, was a former resident of Forest Lake.
Doug Swenson, Minnesota state representative, lawyer, and judge
Newsmakers
T. Eugene Thompson, attorney, summer resident who hired a hit man to kill his wife in St. Paul.
Bugs Moran, Chicago Prohibition-era gangster, lived in Forest Lake in the 1930s.
Sports
Rick Bayless, 1986 All-Big 10 and Minnesota Vikings running back
Brandon Girtz, mixed martial artist, born and raised in Forest Lake
Bud Grant, Hall of Fame football coach, lived in Forest Lake in the 1950s
Nora Greenwald (aka Molly Holly), former WWE world champion pro wrestler
Adam Haayer, graduate of Forest Lake Area High School
Hal Haskins, basketball player, lived in Forest Lake
Wilfred T. Houle, National Football League player
Dave Menne, former Ultimate Fighting Championship middleweight champion
Dick Nesbitt, National Football League running back
Leif Nordgren, two-time Winter Olympic Games biathlon competitor
Bud Nygren, professional football player and college coach
Arron Oberholser, professional golfer, was a former resident
Brian Raabe, former major league baseball player
Jack Trudeau, former quarterback, was born in Forest Lake in 1962
Matt Wallner, college baseball player with the Minnesota Twins
References
^ "MN Election Results". electionresults.sos.state.mn.us. Retrieved January 9, 2020.
^ "City Council | Forest Lake, MN". www.ci.forest-lake.mn.us. Retrieved January 9, 2020.
^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 24, 2022.
^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Forest Lake, Minnesota
^ a b c "Explore Census Data". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 11, 2024.
^ a b "City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2022". United States Census Bureau. January 11, 2024. Retrieved January 11, 2024.
^ "Forest Lake (MN) sales tax rate". Retrieved January 11, 2024.
^ Upham, Warren (1920). Minnesota Geographic Names: Their Origin and Historic Significance. Minnesota Historical Society. p. 569.
^ "Forest Lake - Washington County Historical Society". www.wchsmn.org. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
^ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 2, 2012. Retrieved November 13, 2012.
^ hometownsource.com. "Forest Lake Times". hometownsource.com. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
^ Publications, Press. "Forest Lake". Press Publications. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
^ United States Census Bureau. "Census of Population and Housing". Retrieved November 25, 2014.
^ "City Council - Forest Lake, MN". www.ci.forest-lake.mn.us. Retrieved April 6, 2019.
^ "Forest Lake Area Schools / Homepage". www.flaschools.org. Retrieved April 3, 2020.
External links
City of Forest Lake – Official Website
vteMunicipalities and communities of Washington County, Minnesota, United StatesCounty seat: StillwaterCities
Afton
Bayport
Birchwood Village
Cottage Grove
Dellwood
Forest Lake
Grant
Hastings‡
Hugo
Lake Elmo
Lake St. Croix Beach
Lakeland Shores
Lakeland
Landfall
Mahtomedi
Marine on St. Croix
Newport
Oak Park Heights
Oakdale
Pine Springs
Scandia
St. Marys Point
St. Paul Park
Stillwater
White Bear Lake‡
Willernie
Woodbury
Map of Minnesota highlighting Washington CountyTownships
Baytown
Denmark
Grey Cloud Island
May
Stillwater
West Lakeland
Unincorporatedcommunities
Arcola
Basswood Grove
Maple Island
Siegel
Ghost towns/Neighborhoods
Copas
Garen
Point Douglas
Withrow
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Minnesota portal
United States portal
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
Geographic
MusicBrainz area | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Washington County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Saint Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2020_Census_(City)-5"}],"text":"City in Minnesota, United StatesCity in Minnesota, United StatesForest Lake is a city in Washington County, Minnesota, United States, located 27 miles northeast of Saint Paul. The population was 20,611 at the 2020 census.[5]","title":"Forest Lake, Minnesota"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Forest Lake Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Lake_Township,_Washington_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wchsmn.org-9"}],"text":"Forest Lake began as a stop on the St. Paul and Duluth Railroad. The first train reached Forest Lake on December 23, 1868. The lake was so named for the abundant timber that lines its shores.[8] Forest Lake Township was organized on March 11, 1874. The first one-room school was built that year at the former location of city hall (220 N. Lake Street). The city of Forest Lake was incorporated on July 11, 1893 with 175 residents. In 2001, the city annexed the surrounding former Forest Lake Township.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazetteer_files-10"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 35.54 square miles (92.05 km2); 30.56 square miles (79.15 km2) is land and 4.98 square miles (12.90 km2) is water.[10]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The first newspaper, The Enterprise, was printed in 1903. It was changed in 1907 to The Forest Lake Advertiser and later to The Forest Lake Times,[11] in 1916, as it remains to this day. The Forest Lake Lowdown is another local paper.[12]","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Median household income for 2017 was $76,904. Average household income was $93,296. Per capita income was $35,334.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"}],"sub_title":"2010 census","text":"As of the census of 2010, there were 18,375 people, 7,014 households, and 5,044 families residing in the city. The population density was 601.3 inhabitants per square mile (232.2/km2). There were 7,508 housing units at an average density of 245.7 per square mile (94.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 94.7% White, 1.1% African American, 0.4% Native American, 1.5% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.6% from other races, and 1.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.3% of the population.There were 7,014 households, of which 36.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.2% were married couples living together, 10.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 28.1% were non-families. 21.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.04.The median age in the city was 37.4 years. 26.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.1% were from 25 to 44; 27.7% were from 45 to 64; and 11.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.7% male and 50.3% female.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minnesota's 6th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota%27s_6th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor"},{"link_name":"Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Council"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"City Administrator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Administrator"},{"link_name":"State Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Senator"},{"link_name":"Karin Housley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karin_Housley"},{"link_name":"State Representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Representative"},{"link_name":"Bob Dettmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dettmer"}],"text":"Forest Lake is located in Minnesota's 6th congressional district.Mayor: Mara Bain\nCouncil: Sam Husnik, Hanna Valento, Leif Erickson, Blake Roberts [14]\nCity Administrator: Patrick Casey\nState Senator: Karin Housley\nState Representative: Bob Dettmer","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Forest_Lake_High_School.jpg"},{"link_name":"Forest Lake Area school system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_School_District_831"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Forest Lake Area High SchoolThe Forest Lake Area school system includes eight elementary sites, one middle school site, and one high school site.[15] There are also two independent districts, North Lakes Academy and Lakes International Language Academy.","title":"Public schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lakes International Language Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakes_International_Language_Academy"},{"link_name":"North Lakes Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Lakes_Academy"}],"sub_title":"Elementary schools (grades K–6)","text":"Columbus (K–6)\nForest Lake (4–6)\nForest View (K–3)\nLakes International Language Academy (K–5)\nLino Lakes (K–6 STEM)\nLinwood (K–6)\nNorth Lakes Academy (K–5)\nSt. Peter Catholic School (preschool–8)\nScandia (K–6)\nWyoming (preschool–6)","title":"Public schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Lakes Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Lakes_Academy"},{"link_name":"Lakes International Language Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakes_International_Language_Academy"},{"link_name":"Forest Lake Area High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Lake_Area_High_School"}],"sub_title":"Secondary schools (grades 6–12)","text":"North Lakes Academy (grades 6–12)\nLakes International Language Academy (grades 6–12)\nSt. Peter Catholic School (grades 7–8)\nForest Lake Area Middle School (grades 7–8)\nForest Lake Area High School (grades 9–12)","title":"Public schools"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Academics","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dan Andersson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Andersson"},{"link_name":"John Caddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Caddy"},{"link_name":"Douglas Harper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Harper"},{"link_name":"Rich Matteson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Matteson"},{"link_name":"H. Keith Melton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._Keith_Melton"},{"link_name":"Carol Muske-Dukes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Muske-Dukes"},{"link_name":"Terry Redlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Redlin"},{"link_name":"Anni Rossi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anni_Rossi"},{"link_name":"Christopher Sieber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Sieber"},{"link_name":"Jordis Unga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordis_Unga"}],"sub_title":"Arts and entertainment, journalists, writers","text":"Dan Andersson, Swedish author, poet and composer, lived in Forest Lake in 1902.\nJohn Caddy, poet and naturalist is a resident of Forest Lake.\nDouglas Harper, sociologist, author, photographer, is a resident of Forest Lake.\nRich Matteson, jazz artist, educator, was born in Forest Lake.\nH. Keith Melton, author, is a resident of Forest Lake.\nCarol Muske-Dukes, poet and novelist, grew up in Forest Lake.\nTerry Redlin, popular American artist, lived in Forest Lake in the 1960s.\nAnni Rossi, singer, violist and keyboardist and recording artist\nChristopher Sieber, two-time Tony Award nominated actor\nJordis Unga, is a rock singer, songwriter and performer.","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elmer L. Andersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer_L._Andersen"},{"link_name":"James B. Bullard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_B._Bullard"},{"link_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Arne Carlson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arne_Carlson"},{"link_name":"Pete Hegseth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Hegseth"},{"link_name":"William Rush Merriam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Rush_Merriam"},{"link_name":"Walter Mondale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Mondale"},{"link_name":"Doug Swenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Swenson"}],"sub_title":"Politics and public service","text":"Elmer L. Andersen, 30th governor of Minnesota, was a resident of Forest Lake.\nJames B. Bullard, chief executive officer and president of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis\nArne Carlson, former Governor of Minnesota, is a former resident of Forest Lake.\nPete Hegseth, Fox News Channel contributor, raised in Forest Lake\nWilliam Rush Merriam, served as Governor of Minnesota from 1889 to 1893\nWalter Mondale, former vice president of the United States, was a former resident of Forest Lake.\nDoug Swenson, Minnesota state representative, lawyer, and judge","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"T. Eugene Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._Eugene_Thompson"},{"link_name":"Bugs Moran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugs_Moran"},{"link_name":"Prohibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition"}],"sub_title":"Newsmakers","text":"T. Eugene Thompson, attorney, summer resident who hired a hit man to kill his wife in St. Paul.\nBugs Moran, Chicago Prohibition-era gangster, lived in Forest Lake in the 1930s.","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rick Bayless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Bayless_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Vikings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Vikings"},{"link_name":"Brandon Girtz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_Girtz"},{"link_name":"mixed martial artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_martial_artist"},{"link_name":"Bud Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bud_Grant"},{"link_name":"Nora Greenwald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nora_Greenwald"},{"link_name":"Adam Haayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Haayer"},{"link_name":"Forest Lake Area High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Lake_Area_High_School"},{"link_name":"Hal Haskins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Haskins"},{"link_name":"Wilfred T. Houle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfred_T._Houle"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Dave Menne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Menne"},{"link_name":"Ultimate Fighting Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship"},{"link_name":"Dick Nesbitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Nesbitt"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Leif Nordgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leif_Nordgren"},{"link_name":"Winter Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"Bud Nygren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bud_Nygren"},{"link_name":"Arron Oberholser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arron_Oberholser"},{"link_name":"Brian Raabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Raabe"},{"link_name":"Jack Trudeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Trudeau"},{"link_name":"Matt Wallner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Wallner"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Twins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Twins"}],"sub_title":"Sports","text":"Rick Bayless, 1986 All-Big 10 and Minnesota Vikings running back\nBrandon Girtz, mixed martial artist, born and raised in Forest Lake\nBud Grant, Hall of Fame football coach, lived in Forest Lake in the 1950s\nNora Greenwald (aka Molly Holly), former WWE world champion pro wrestler\nAdam Haayer, graduate of Forest Lake Area High School\nHal Haskins, basketball player, lived in Forest Lake\nWilfred T. Houle, National Football League player\nDave Menne, former Ultimate Fighting Championship middleweight champion\nDick Nesbitt, National Football League running back\nLeif Nordgren, two-time Winter Olympic Games biathlon competitor\nBud Nygren, professional football player and college coach\nArron Oberholser, professional golfer, was a former resident\nBrian Raabe, former major league baseball player\nJack Trudeau, former quarterback, was born in Forest Lake in 1962\nMatt Wallner, college baseball player with the Minnesota Twins","title":"Notable people"}] | [{"image_text":"Forest Lake Area High School","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Forest_Lake_High_School.jpg/220px-Forest_Lake_High_School.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Minnesota highlighting Washington County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Map_of_Minnesota_highlighting_Washington_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Minnesota_highlighting_Washington_County.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"MN Election Results\". electionresults.sos.state.mn.us. Retrieved January 9, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://electionresults.sos.state.mn.us/Results/MunicipalRaces/115?districtid=21770","url_text":"\"MN Election Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"City Council | Forest Lake, MN\". www.ci.forest-lake.mn.us. Retrieved January 9, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ci.forest-lake.mn.us/27/City-Council","url_text":"\"City Council | Forest Lake, MN\""}]},{"reference":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_27.txt","url_text":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"Explore Census Data\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 11, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/profile/Forest_Lake_city,_Minnesota?g=160XX00US2721770","url_text":"\"Explore Census Data\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2022\". United States Census Bureau. January 11, 2024. Retrieved January 11, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html","url_text":"\"City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"Forest Lake (MN) sales tax rate\". Retrieved January 11, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.avalara.com/taxrates/en/state-rates/minnesota/cities/forest-lake.html","url_text":"\"Forest Lake (MN) sales tax rate\""}]},{"reference":"Upham, Warren (1920). Minnesota Geographic Names: Their Origin and Historic Significance. Minnesota Historical Society. p. 569.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/minnesotageogra00uphagoog","url_text":"Minnesota Geographic Names: Their Origin and Historic Significance"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/minnesotageogra00uphagoog/page/n586","url_text":"569"}]},{"reference":"\"Forest Lake - Washington County Historical Society\". www.wchsmn.org. Retrieved November 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wchsmn.org/forest-lake/","url_text":"\"Forest Lake - Washington County Historical Society\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 2, 2012. Retrieved November 13, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120702145235/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"},{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"hometownsource.com. \"Forest Lake Times\". hometownsource.com. Retrieved November 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://forestlaketimes.com/","url_text":"\"Forest Lake Times\""}]},{"reference":"Publications, Press. \"Forest Lake\". Press Publications. Retrieved November 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.presspubs.com/forest_lake/","url_text":"\"Forest Lake\""}]},{"reference":"United States Census Bureau. \"Census of Population and Housing\". Retrieved November 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"},{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"City Council - Forest Lake, MN\". www.ci.forest-lake.mn.us. Retrieved April 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ci.forest-lake.mn.us/27/City-Council","url_text":"\"City Council - Forest Lake, MN\""}]},{"reference":"\"Forest Lake Area Schools / Homepage\". www.flaschools.org. Retrieved April 3, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flaschools.org/domain/307","url_text":"\"Forest Lake Area Schools / Homepage\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Forest_Lake,_Minnesota¶ms=45_15_13_N_92_57_30_W_region:US-MN_type:city(20611)","external_links_name":"45°15′13″N 92°57′30″W / 45.25361°N 92.95833°W / 45.25361; -92.95833"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Forest_Lake,_Minnesota¶ms=45_15_13_N_92_57_30_W_region:US-MN_type:city(20611)","external_links_name":"45°15′13″N 92°57′30″W / 45.25361°N 92.95833°W / 45.25361; -92.95833"},{"Link":"http://www.ci.forest-lake.mn.us/","external_links_name":"ci.forest-lake.mn.us"},{"Link":"https://electionresults.sos.state.mn.us/Results/MunicipalRaces/115?districtid=21770","external_links_name":"\"MN Election Results\""},{"Link":"https://www.ci.forest-lake.mn.us/27/City-Council","external_links_name":"\"City Council | Forest Lake, MN\""},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_27.txt","external_links_name":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/2394789","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Forest Lake, Minnesota"},{"Link":"https://data.census.gov/profile/Forest_Lake_city,_Minnesota?g=160XX00US2721770","external_links_name":"\"Explore Census Data\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html","external_links_name":"\"City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2022\""},{"Link":"https://www.avalara.com/taxrates/en/state-rates/minnesota/cities/forest-lake.html","external_links_name":"\"Forest Lake (MN) sales tax rate\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/minnesotageogra00uphagoog","external_links_name":"Minnesota Geographic Names: Their Origin and Historic Significance"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/minnesotageogra00uphagoog/page/n586","external_links_name":"569"},{"Link":"http://www.wchsmn.org/forest-lake/","external_links_name":"\"Forest Lake - Washington County Historical Society\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120702145235/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","external_links_name":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://forestlaketimes.com/","external_links_name":"\"Forest Lake Times\""},{"Link":"http://www.presspubs.com/forest_lake/","external_links_name":"\"Forest Lake\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"http://www.ci.forest-lake.mn.us/27/City-Council","external_links_name":"\"City Council - Forest Lake, MN\""},{"Link":"https://www.flaschools.org/domain/307","external_links_name":"\"Forest Lake Area Schools / Homepage\""},{"Link":"http://www.ci.forest-lake.mn.us/","external_links_name":"City of Forest Lake – Official Website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/131370930","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007534119205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82074575","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/175e22a1-d6ce-4f4d-baf3-83dd6bd6143f","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath,_Michigan | Bath, Michigan | ["1 History","1.1 Bath School disaster","2 Geography","3 Demographics","4 See also","5 References","5.1 Sources","6 Further reading"] | Coordinates: 42°49′12″N 84°27′16″W / 42.82000°N 84.45444°W / 42.82000; -84.45444
Census-designated place & unincorporated community in Michigan, United StatesBath, MichiganCensus-designated place (CDP) & unincorporated communityLocation within Clinton CountyBathLocation within the state of MichiganShow map of MichiganBathLocation within the United StatesShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 42°49′12″N 84°27′16″W / 42.82000°N 84.45444°W / 42.82000; -84.45444CountryUnited StatesStateMichiganCountyClintonTownshipBathPlatted1864Area • Total6.06 sq mi (15.69 km2) • Land5.86 sq mi (15.18 km2) • Water0.20 sq mi (0.52 km2)Elevation824 ft (251 m)Population (2020) • Total2,841 • Density484.81/sq mi (187.17/km2)Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)ZIP code(s)48808Area code517FIPS code26-05880GNIS feature ID2583717
Bath is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Clinton County in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is located in Bath Charter Township. As of the 2010 census, the CDP had a population of 2,083.
History
Bath was platted in 1864.
The community of Bath was listed as a newly-organized census-designated place for the 2010 census, meaning it now has officially defined boundaries and population statistics for the first time.
American supercentenarian Irene Dunham was born in Bath.
Bath School disaster
Main article: Bath School disaster
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
On May 18, 1927, in what became known as the Bath School disaster, Andrew Kehoe, a farmer and local school board member angry over losing an election for town clerk and under notice for foreclosure, killed his wife, detonated bombs in his house and farm buildings, and at the same time set off a bomb in the consolidated school. He drove to the school in a truck rigged with more explosives, which he detonated next to the school superintendent. In all, Kehoe killed 44 people, 38 of them children, and himself, in the worst school mass murder in U.S. history. Only half of the 1,000 pounds (450 kg) of explosives set under the school went off, probably greatly lowering the death toll. Thirty-eight of the 314 students, three teachers, the superintendent, the postmaster, and a local farmer assisting at the scene were killed. Most of the deceased were students from second to sixth grade. Fifty-eight others were injured.
Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 5.94 square miles (15.38 km2), of which 5.74 square miles (14.87 km2) is land and 0.20 square miles (0.52 km2) (3.37%) is water.
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
20202,841—U.S. Decennial Census
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2021)
See also
Bath Community Schools, which serves Bath and surrounding areas
References
^ a b c U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Bath, Michigan
^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 21, 2022.
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ a b "Michigan: 2010 Population and Housing Unit Counts 2010 Census of Population and Housing" (PDF). 2010 United States Census. United States Census Bureau. September 2012. p. 19 Michigan. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
^ Romig 1986, p. 46.
^ "Michigan: 2010 Population and Housing Unit Counts 2010 Census of Population and Housing" (PDF). 2010 United States Census. United States Census Bureau. September 2012. p. III-5. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
Sources
Romig, Walter (October 1, 1986) . Michigan Place Names: The History of the Founding and the Naming of More Than Five Thousand Past and Present Michigan Communities (Paperback). Great Lakes Books Series. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. ISBN 978-0814318386.
Further reading
Wilkins, Gene H.; Ellsworth, Monty J. (2002). My Scrapbook on the Bath School Bombing of May 18th, 1927 with Many Never Before Published Photographs, Stories & Survivors' Quotes. Bath, MI: Timber Wolf. OCLC 50074882. Online transcription of the first edition.
vteMunicipalities and communities of Clinton County, Michigan, United StatesCounty seat: St. JohnsCities
DeWitt
East Lansing‡
Grand Ledge‡
Lansing‡
Ovid‡
St. Johns
Map of Michigan highlighting Clinton County.svgVillages
Eagle
Elsie
Fowler
Hubbardston‡
Maple Rapids
Westphalia
Charter townships
Bath
DeWitt
Watertown
Civil townships
Bengal
Bingham
Dallas
Duplain
Eagle
Essex
Greenbush
Lebanon
Olive
Ovid
Riley
Victor
Westphalia
CDPs
Bath
Eureka
Lake Victoria
Wacousta
Othercommunities
Gunnisonville
Matherton‡
Shepardsville
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Michigan portal
United States portal
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unincorporated community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"census-designated place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"Clinton County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton_County,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"Bath Charter Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath_Charter_Township,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"2010 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CENS-4"}],"text":"Census-designated place & unincorporated community in Michigan, United StatesBath is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Clinton County in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is located in Bath Charter Township. As of the 2010 census, the CDP had a population of 2,083.[4]","title":"Bath, Michigan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomig198646-5"},{"link_name":"census-designated place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"2010 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"supercentenarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercentenarian"}],"text":"Bath was platted in 1864.[5]The community of Bath was listed as a newly-organized census-designated place for the 2010 census, meaning it now has officially defined boundaries and population statistics for the first time.[6]American supercentenarian Irene Dunham was born in Bath.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andrew Kehoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Kehoe"},{"link_name":"town clerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_clerk"},{"link_name":"foreclosure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreclosure"},{"link_name":"school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath_Consolidated_School"}],"sub_title":"Bath School disaster","text":"On May 18, 1927, in what became known as the Bath School disaster, Andrew Kehoe, a farmer and local school board member angry over losing an election for town clerk and under notice for foreclosure, killed his wife, detonated bombs in his house and farm buildings, and at the same time set off a bomb in the consolidated school. He drove to the school in a truck rigged with more explosives, which he detonated next to the school superintendent. In all, Kehoe killed 44 people, 38 of them children, and himself, in the worst school mass murder in U.S. history. Only half of the 1,000 pounds (450 kg) of explosives set under the school went off, probably greatly lowering the death toll. Thirty-eight of the 314 students, three teachers, the superintendent, the postmaster, and a local farmer assisting at the scene were killed. Most of the deceased were students from second to sixth grade. Fifty-eight others were injured.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CENS-4"}],"text":"According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 5.94 square miles (15.38 km2), of which 5.74 square miles (14.87 km2) is land and 0.20 square miles (0.52 km2) (3.37%) is water.[4]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"50074882","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/50074882"},{"link_name":"Online transcription of the first edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180304141506/http://daggy.name/tbsd/tbsd-x.htm"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Clinton_County,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Clinton_County,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Clinton_County,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Clinton County, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton_County,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"County seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seat"},{"link_name":"St. Johns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Johns,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City"},{"link_name":"DeWitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeWitt,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"East Lansing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Lansing,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Grand Ledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Ledge,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Lansing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lansing,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Ovid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovid,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"St. Johns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Johns,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Villages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Elsie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsie,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Fowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fowler,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Hubbardston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubbardston,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Maple Rapids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple_Rapids,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Westphalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westphalia,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Charter townships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_township"},{"link_name":"Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath_Charter_Township,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"DeWitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeWitt_Charter_Township,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Watertown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watertown_Charter_Township,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Civil townships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_township"},{"link_name":"Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Township,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Bingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bingham_Township,_Clinton_County,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Township,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Duplain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplain_Township,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_Township,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex_Township,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Greenbush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenbush_Township,_Clinton_County,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon_Township,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Olive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_Township,_Clinton_County,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Ovid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovid_Township,_Clinton_County,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Riley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riley_Township,_Clinton_County,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Victor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Township,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Westphalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westphalia_Township,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"CDPs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Eureka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eureka,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Lake Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Victoria,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Wacousta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wacousta,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Gunnisonville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnisonville,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Matherton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matherton,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Shepardsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepardsville,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Michigan portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Michigan_(state)"},{"link_name":"United States portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q507197#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/125504066"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007564489905171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n81135919"}],"text":"Wilkins, Gene H.; Ellsworth, Monty J. (2002). My Scrapbook on the Bath School Bombing of May 18th, 1927 with Many Never Before Published Photographs, Stories & Survivors' Quotes. Bath, MI: Timber Wolf. OCLC 50074882. Online transcription of the first edition.vteMunicipalities and communities of Clinton County, Michigan, United StatesCounty seat: St. JohnsCities\nDeWitt\nEast Lansing‡\nGrand Ledge‡\nLansing‡\nOvid‡\nSt. Johns\nMap of Michigan highlighting Clinton County.svgVillages\nEagle\nElsie\nFowler\nHubbardston‡\nMaple Rapids\nWestphalia\nCharter townships\nBath\nDeWitt\nWatertown\nCivil townships\nBengal\nBingham\nDallas\nDuplain\nEagle\nEssex\nGreenbush\nLebanon\nOlive\nOvid\nRiley\nVictor\nWestphalia\nCDPs\nBath\nEureka\nLake Victoria\nWacousta\nOthercommunities\nGunnisonville\nMatherton‡\nShepardsville\nFootnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties\nMichigan portal\nUnited States portalAuthority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nIsrael\nUnited States","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Map of Michigan highlighting Clinton County.svg","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Map_of_Michigan_highlighting_Clinton_County.svg/85px-Map_of_Michigan_highlighting_Clinton_County.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Bath Community Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath_Community_Schools"}] | [{"reference":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_26.txt","url_text":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Michigan: 2010 Population and Housing Unit Counts 2010 Census of Population and Housing\" (PDF). 2010 United States Census. United States Census Bureau. September 2012. p. 19 Michigan. Retrieved January 9, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/cph-2-24.pdf","url_text":"\"Michigan: 2010 Population and Housing Unit Counts 2010 Census of Population and Housing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census","url_text":"2010 United States Census"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Michigan: 2010 Population and Housing Unit Counts 2010 Census of Population and Housing\" (PDF). 2010 United States Census. United States Census Bureau. September 2012. p. III-5. Retrieved January 8, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/cph-2-24.pdf","url_text":"\"Michigan: 2010 Population and Housing Unit Counts 2010 Census of Population and Housing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census","url_text":"2010 United States Census"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"Romig, Walter (October 1, 1986) [1973]. Michigan Place Names: The History of the Founding and the Naming of More Than Five Thousand Past and Present Michigan Communities (Paperback). Great Lakes Books Series. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. ISBN 978-0814318386.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_State_University_Press","url_text":"Wayne State University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814318386","url_text":"978-0814318386"}]},{"reference":"Wilkins, Gene H.; Ellsworth, Monty J. (2002). My Scrapbook on the Bath School Bombing of May 18th, 1927 with Many Never Before Published Photographs, Stories & Survivors' Quotes. Bath, MI: Timber Wolf. OCLC 50074882.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50074882","url_text":"50074882"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bath,_Michigan¶ms=42_49_12_N_84_27_16_W_region:US-MI_type:city_source:GNIS","external_links_name":"42°49′12″N 84°27′16″W / 42.82000°N 84.45444°W / 42.82000; -84.45444"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bath,_Michigan¶ms=42_49_12_N_84_27_16_W_region:US-MI_type:city_source:GNIS","external_links_name":"42°49′12″N 84°27′16″W / 42.82000°N 84.45444°W / 42.82000; -84.45444"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bath,_Michigan&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this section"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bath,_Michigan&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/2583717","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Bath, Michigan"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_26.txt","external_links_name":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/cph-2-24.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Michigan: 2010 Population and Housing Unit Counts 2010 Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/cph-2-24.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Michigan: 2010 Population and Housing Unit Counts 2010 Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50074882","external_links_name":"50074882"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180304141506/http://daggy.name/tbsd/tbsd-x.htm","external_links_name":"Online transcription of the first edition"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/125504066","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007564489905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81135919","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Smith_Region,_Northwest_Territories | Fort Smith Region, Northwest Territories | ["1 Communities","2 References"] | Coordinates: 62°27′N 114°24′W / 62.450°N 114.400°W / 62.450; -114.400Fort Smith Region was a former Statistics Canada census division, one of two in the Northwest Territories, Canada. It was abolished in the 2011 census, along with the other census division of Inuvik Region, and the land area of the Northwest Territories was divided into new census divisions named Region 1, Region 2, Region 3, Region 4, Region 5, Region 6.
Its former territory covered all of the modern-day Regions 3 through 6, as well as a part of Region 2. For example, its border with the old Inuvik Region ran through the middle of Great Bear Lake, which is now entirely within the modern-day Region 2.
It contained more than 77 percent of the population and more than 54 percent of the land area of the Northwest Territories. Its main economic centre was the territorial capital of Yellowknife; it also contained the town of Fort Smith. The 2006 census reported a population of 32,272 spread over a land area of 618,619.7 square kilometres (238,850.4 sq mi).
Communities
City
Yellowknife
Towns
Fort Smith
Hay River
Village
Fort Simpson
Hamlets
Fort Liard
Fort Providence
Behchokǫ̀
Whatì
Settlements
Dettah
Enterprise
Fort Resolution
Jean Marie River
Kakisa
Łutselk'e
Nahanni Butte
Gamèti
Fort Reliance
Trout Lake
Wekweeti
Wrigley
Indian reserves
Hay River Reserve (Hay River Dene)
Salt River First Nation
References
^ Map from Canada 2006 Census
^ Map: Region 2, Region (Census Division), Northwest Territories
^ "Fort Smith Region, Northwest Territories (Code 6106) Community Profiles". 2006 census. Government of Canada - Statistics Canada.
vteSubdivisions of the Northwest TerritoriesCensus divisions
Region 1 Unorganized
Region 2 Unorganized
Region 3 Unorganized
Region 4 Unorganized
Region 5 Unorganized
Region 6 Unorganized
Former census divisions
Fort Smith
Inuvik
Dehcho RegionMunicipalities
Fort Liard
Fort Simpson (regional office)
Other
Jean Marie River
Nahanni Butte
Sambaa K'e
Wrigley
Inuvik RegionMunicipalities
Aklavik
Fort McPherson
Inuvik (regional office)
Paulatuk
Sachs Harbour
Tsiigehtchic
Tuktoyaktuk
Ulukhaktok
North Slave RegionMunicipalities
Behchokǫ̀ (regional office)
Gamèti
Wekweètì
Whatì
Yellowknife (regional office and territorial capital) (N'Dilo)
Other
Dettah
Lutselk'e
Sahtu RegionMunicipalities
Deline
Fort Good Hope
Norman Wells (regional office)
Tulita
Other
Colville Lake
South Slave RegionMunicipalities
Enterprise
Fort Providence
Fort Resolution
Fort Smith (regional office)
Hay River (regional office)
Other
Hay River Reserve
Kakisa
Weather stations(outside of communities)
Cape Parry
Mould Bay
Sachs Harbour Climate
Tuktoyaktuk
Yellowknife Hydro
Mine sitesProposed
Gahcho Kue Diamond Mine Project
Thor Lake
Operating
Cantung Mine
Diavik Diamond Mine
Ekati Diamond Mine
Snap Lake Diamond Mine
Defunct
Beaulieu Mine
Burwash Mine
Camlaren Mine
Colomac Mine
Con Mine
Discovery Mine
Echo Bay Mines
Eldorado Mine
Giant Mine
Negus Mine
Outpost Island Mine
Pine Point Mine
Ptarmigan and Tom Mine
Rayrock Mine
Ruth Mine
Salmita Mine
Thompson-Lundmark Mine
Tundra Mine
DEW line and NWS sites
Atkinson Point (BAR-D)
Cape Parry (PIN-MAIN)
Clinton Point (PIN-1)
Horton River (Malloch Hills) (BAR-E)
Keats Point (PIN-1BD)
Liverpool Bay (BAR-DA1)
Nicholson Peninsula (BAR-4)
Pearce Point (PIN-A)
Storm Hills (BAR-BA3)
Tuktoyaktuk (BAR-3)
Tununuk Camp (BAR-C)
Hudson's Bay Companytrading posts
Aklavik
Fort Good Hope
Fort Collinson
Fort Liard
Fort Franklin
Fort McPherson
Fort Providence
Old Fort Providence
Fort Rae
Fort Reliance
Fort Resolution
Fort Simpson
Fort Smith
Hay River
Holman
Letty Harbour
Rymer Point (Fort Harmon)
Trout Lake
Tuktoyaktuk
Fort Norman
Walker Bay
Fort Wrigley
Former districts
Alberta (1882-1905)
Assiniboia (1882-1905)
Athabasca (1882-1905)
Franklin (1895-1999)
Keewatin (1905-1999)
Mackenzie (1895-1999)
Saskatchewan (1882-1905)
Ungava (1895-1920)
Yukon (1895-1898)
Category:Northwest Territories
Portal:canada
WikiProject:Canadian Territories
62°27′N 114°24′W / 62.450°N 114.400°W / 62.450; -114.400 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Statistics Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Canada"},{"link_name":"census division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_geographic_units_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Northwest Territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Territories"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"2011 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_2011_Census"},{"link_name":"Inuvik Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuvik_Region,_Northwest_Territories_(former_census_division)"},{"link_name":"Region 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Region_1,_Northwest_Territories"},{"link_name":"Region 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Region_2,_Northwest_Territories"},{"link_name":"Region 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Region_3,_Northwest_Territories"},{"link_name":"Region 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Region_4,_Northwest_Territories"},{"link_name":"Region 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Region_5,_Northwest_Territories"},{"link_name":"Region 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Region_6,_Northwest_Territories"},{"link_name":"Great Bear Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Bear_Lake"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Yellowknife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowknife"},{"link_name":"Fort Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Smith,_Northwest_Territories"},{"link_name":"2006 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_2006_Census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Fort Smith Region was a former Statistics Canada census division, one of two in the Northwest Territories, Canada. It was abolished in the 2011 census, along with the other census division of Inuvik Region, and the land area of the Northwest Territories was divided into new census divisions named Region 1, Region 2, Region 3, Region 4, Region 5, Region 6.Its former territory covered all of the modern-day Regions 3 through 6, as well as a part of Region 2. For example, its border with the old Inuvik Region ran through the middle of Great Bear Lake, which is now entirely within the modern-day Region 2.[1][2]It contained more than 77 percent of the population and more than 54 percent of the land area of the Northwest Territories. Its main economic centre was the territorial capital of Yellowknife; it also contained the town of Fort Smith. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_Park,_New_York | Kings Park, New York | ["1 Geography","2 Demographics","3 Landmarks","4 Notable people","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 40°53′19″N 73°14′33″W / 40.88861°N 73.24250°W / 40.88861; -73.24250
Hamlet and census-designated place in New York, United StatesKings Park, New YorkHamlet and census-designated placeRoute 25A in Downtown Kings Park on August 15, 2021.U.S. Census map of Kings Park.Kings ParkLocation within the state of New York.Coordinates: 40°53′19″N 73°14′33″W / 40.88861°N 73.24250°W / 40.88861; -73.24250Country United StatesState New YorkCountySuffolkTownSmithtownArea • Total7.05 sq mi (18.25 km2) • Land6.67 sq mi (17.28 km2) • Water0.38 sq mi (0.97 km2)Elevation174 ft (53 m)Population (2020) • Total17,085 • Density2,560.70/sq mi (988.74/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP code11754Area code(s)631, 934FIPS code36-39672GNIS feature ID0954667
Kings Park is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) in the Town of Smithtown, in Suffolk County, on Long Island, in New York, United States. The population was 17,282 as of the 2010 census.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 6.6 square miles (17.1 km2), of which 6.2 square miles (16.1 km2) is land and 0.39 square miles (1.0 km2), or 5.93%, is water.
Kings Park is bordered by Nissequogue to its east across the Nissequogue River, by Fort Salonga to its west, by Commack to its southwest, and by the hamlet of Smithtown to its southeast.
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
202017,085—U.S. Decennial Census
As of the census of 2010, there were 17,282 people and 6,212 households residing in the CDP. The population density was 2,787.4 inhabitants per square mile (1,076.2/km2). There were 6,469 housing units at an average density of 1,043.4 per square mile (402.9/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 80.1% White, 5.1% African American, 0.1% Native American, 8.4% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 4.9% some other race, and 1.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 16.3% of the population.
There were 6,212 households in 2010, out of which 34.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.2% were headed by married couples living together, 9.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.1% were non-families. 23.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.1% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.71, and the average family size was 3.24.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 23.3% under the age of 18, 6.6% from 18 to 24, 23.4% from 25 to 44, 29.4% from 45 to 64, and 17.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43.3 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.8 males.
Over the period 2007-2011, the median annual income for a household in the CDP was $92,921, and the median income for a family was $106,128. Males had a median income of $78,882 versus $55,872 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $37,980. About 1.6% of families and 3.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.6% of those under age 18 and 6.3% of those age 65 or over.
Kings Park is largely a Catholic community, with nearly 60% identifying as Catholic. The town parish, St. Joseph’s has the largest census population of all religious communities in the Town of Smithtown. The current pastor is Father Peter J. Dugandzic and has been in service since June 26, 2019.
Landmarks
Sunken Meadow State Park borders Long Island Sound and is accessible by the Sunken Meadow State Parkway. It is a part of the New York State Parks system. In addition to the water, the park has 6 miles (10 km) of public trails and 27 holes of golf. The park's facilities are used for different activities, among them various distance running competitions. "Cardiac Hill" is well known by local runners.
The Nissequogue River, 6 miles (10 km) in length, empties into Long Island Sound and is used for different types of water activities. The river flows through the Nissequogue River State Park.
Kings Park Bluff, sandwiched between Sunken Meadow State Park and Short Beach in Smithtown sits the Kings Park Bluff which empties into the Long Island Sound. Used as a boat launch and a popular fishing location for locals.
Kings Park is home to Leo P. Ostebo Kings Park Heritage Museum, the only school community managed town heritage museum in the United States, which is located in the first school building built in 1928.
Notable people
The Carlson Family - In the 1950s, the Carlson family revolutionized human waste disposal with a number of highly innovative inventions that were manufactured and sold in Kings Park and whose patented plans were used throughout the world. The two main inventions are the precast concrete cesspool and the precast concrete septic tank. There are several additional inventions for these two main products including their underground arrangement, metal manufacturing molds, and lifting apparatuses for loading and installation. These precast concrete cesspools and septic tanks are still manufactured and in use today worldwide.
Kings Park is the hometown of Houston Astros catcher/second baseman/outfielder Craig Biggio. Biggio was named one of the five greatest second basemen of all time by baseball statistician Bill James. He is also the modern-era record-holder for HBPs with 273, and the first player in history to be named an All-Star at both the catcher and second baseman positions. Biggio was elected into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 2015. Kings Park High School named their men's varsity baseball field after Craig Biggio.
Three original members of the progressive metal band Dream Theater were raised in Kings Park, including guitarist John Petrucci, bassist John Myung, and keyboardist Kevin Moore.
References
^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022.
^ a b "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Kings Park CDP, New York". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved January 2, 2013.
^ "Kings Park, New York - Kings Park". a-better-place.com. Retrieved November 12, 2019.
^ "Kings Park, N.Y.: A Slice of America, With Lots of Shoreline". thenewyorktimes.com. Retrieved March 20, 2019.
^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
^ a b c "Long Island Index: Interactive Map". www.longislandindexmaps.org. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
^ a b c "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): Kings Park CDP, New York". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved January 2, 2013.
^ "Selected Economic Characteristics: 2007-2011 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates (DP03): Kings Park CDP, New York". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved January 2, 2013.
^ Piacentino, Jr., Joseph. "Leo P. Ostebo Kings Park Heritage Museum - About". kpheritagemuseum.net. Retrieved May 19, 2017.
^ "Craig Biggio Stats". Baseball Almanac. Retrieved January 27, 2017.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kings Park, New York.
Kings Park Chamber of Commerce
Kings Park Central School District
Kings Park Heritage Museum
Kings Park Civic Association
Kings Park Psychiatric Center: A Journey Through History, by Jason Medina
Kings Park Psychiatric Center, by Chris Marshall, including a high-quality PDF map and a photo essay of the abandoned hospital
KPPC History, by Robert Saal: photo collection
vteTown of Smithtown, New YorkCounty
Suffolk
Villages
Head of the Harbor
Nissequogue
Village of the Branch
Village of the Landing (former)
CDPs
Commack
Fort Salonga
Hauppauge
Kings Park
Lake Ronkonkoma
Nesconset
Smithtown
St. James
Other areas
North Smithtown
San Remo
Smithtown Pines
Authority control databases International
FAST
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
Geographic
MusicBrainz area
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"census-designated place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"Town of Smithtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithtown,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Suffolk County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Long Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Hamlet and census-designated place in New York, United StatesKings Park is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) in the Town of Smithtown, in Suffolk County, on Long Island, in New York, United States. The population was 17,282 as of the 2010 census.[2][3][4]","title":"Kings Park, New York"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-5"},{"link_name":"Nissequogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissequogue,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Nissequogue River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissequogue_River"},{"link_name":"Fort Salonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Salonga,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Commack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commack,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Smithtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithtown_(CDP),_New_York"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 6.6 square miles (17.1 km2), of which 6.2 square miles (16.1 km2) is land and 0.39 square miles (1.0 km2), or 5.93%, is water.[2][5]Kings Park is bordered by Nissequogue to its east across the Nissequogue River, by Fort Salonga to its west, by Commack to its southwest, and by the hamlet of Smithtown to its southeast.[6]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010_DP-8"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010_DP-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010_DP-8"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"As of the census of 2010, there were 17,282 people and 6,212 households residing in the CDP. The population density was 2,787.4 inhabitants per square mile (1,076.2/km2). There were 6,469 housing units at an average density of 1,043.4 per square mile (402.9/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 80.1% White, 5.1% African American, 0.1% Native American, 8.4% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 4.9% some other race, and 1.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 16.3% of the population.[8]There were 6,212 households in 2010, out of which 34.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.2% were headed by married couples living together, 9.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.1% were non-families. 23.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.1% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.71, and the average family size was 3.24.[8]In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 23.3% under the age of 18, 6.6% from 18 to 24, 23.4% from 25 to 44, 29.4% from 45 to 64, and 17.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43.3 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.8 males.[8]Over the period 2007-2011, the median annual income for a household in the CDP was $92,921, and the median income for a family was $106,128. Males had a median income of $78,882 versus $55,872 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $37,980. About 1.6% of families and 3.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.6% of those under age 18 and 6.3% of those age 65 or over.[9]Kings Park is largely a Catholic community, with nearly 60% identifying as Catholic. The town parish, St. Joseph’s has the largest census population of all religious communities in the Town of Smithtown. The current pastor is Father Peter J. Dugandzic and has been in service since June 26, 2019.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sunken Meadow State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunken_Meadow_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Long Island Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Sound"},{"link_name":"Sunken Meadow State Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunken_Meadow_State_Parkway"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Nissequogue River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissequogue_River"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"Nissequogue River State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissequogue_River_State_Park"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"Sunken Meadow State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunken_Meadow_State_Park"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Sunken Meadow State Park borders Long Island Sound and is accessible by the Sunken Meadow State Parkway. It is a part of the New York State Parks system. In addition to the water, the park has 6 miles (10 km) of public trails and 27 holes of golf. The park's facilities are used for different activities, among them various distance running competitions. \"Cardiac Hill\" is well known by local runners.[citation needed]The Nissequogue River, 6 miles (10 km) in length, empties into Long Island Sound and is used for different types of water activities.[6] The river flows through the Nissequogue River State Park.[6]Kings Park Bluff, sandwiched between Sunken Meadow State Park and Short Beach in Smithtown sits the Kings Park Bluff which empties into the Long Island Sound. Used as a boat launch and a popular fishing location for locals.[citation needed]Kings Park is home to Leo P. Ostebo Kings Park Heritage Museum, the only school community managed town heritage museum in the United States, which is located in the first school building built in 1928.[10]","title":"Landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precast concrete cesspool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Vm4bAQAAMAAJ&dq=henry+carlson+kings+park+ny+patent&pg=PA252"},{"link_name":"precast concrete septic tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//patents.google.com/patent/US3898162"},{"link_name":"underground arrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=MoLNAAAAMAAJ&dq=karl+carlson+kings+Park+patent&pg=PA1559"},{"link_name":"metal manufacturing molds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//patents.google.com/patent/US2706841"},{"link_name":"Houston Astros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Astros"},{"link_name":"Craig Biggio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Biggio"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"second basemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_basemen"},{"link_name":"Bill James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_James"},{"link_name":"HBPs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_by_pitch"},{"link_name":"All-Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"National Baseball Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Kings Park High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_Park_High_School"},{"link_name":"Craig Biggio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Biggio"},{"link_name":"progressive metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_metal"},{"link_name":"Dream Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_Theater"},{"link_name":"John Petrucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Petrucci"},{"link_name":"John Myung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Myung"},{"link_name":"Kevin Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Moore"}],"text":"The Carlson Family - In the 1950s, the Carlson family revolutionized human waste disposal with a number of highly innovative inventions that were manufactured and sold in Kings Park and whose patented plans were used throughout the world. The two main inventions are the precast concrete cesspool and the precast concrete septic tank. There are several additional inventions for these two main products including their underground arrangement, metal manufacturing molds, and lifting apparatuses for loading and installation. These precast concrete cesspools and septic tanks are still manufactured and in use today worldwide.Kings Park is the hometown of Houston Astros catcher/second baseman/outfielder Craig Biggio.[citation needed] Biggio was named one of the five greatest second basemen of all time by baseball statistician Bill James. He is also the modern-era record-holder for HBPs with 273, and the first player in history to be named an All-Star at both the catcher and second baseman positions.[11] Biggio was elected into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 2015. Kings Park High School named their men's varsity baseball field after Craig Biggio.Three original members of the progressive metal band Dream Theater were raised in Kings Park, including guitarist John Petrucci, bassist John Myung, and keyboardist Kevin Moore.","title":"Notable people"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer","url_text":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""}]},{"reference":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Kings Park CDP, New York\". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. 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Retrieved August 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.longislandindexmaps.org/?zoom=0&x=1313564&y=266122.5&code=53264&tab=tabServiceProviders&satellite=false&landuse=true&landuseopacity=0.8&mainlayers=Fire_boundary,LIE,ParkwayMainRd,VillageBoundaryUninc,VillageBoundaryInc,TownsCities&labellayers=Fire_boundary,VillageBoundaryUninc,VillageBoundaryInc,TownsCities,LIE&serviceproviderlayers=","url_text":"\"Long Island Index: Interactive Map\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): Kings Park CDP, New York\". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved January 2, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200212203723/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/SF1DP1/1600000US3639672","url_text":"\"Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): Kings Park CDP, New York\""},{"url":"http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/SF1DP1/1600000US3639672","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Selected Economic Characteristics: 2007-2011 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates (DP03): Kings Park CDP, New York\". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved January 2, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200212085010/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/11_5YR/DP03/1600000US3639672","url_text":"\"Selected Economic Characteristics: 2007-2011 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates (DP03): Kings Park CDP, New York\""},{"url":"http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/11_5YR/DP03/1600000US3639672","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Piacentino, Jr., Joseph. \"Leo P. Ostebo Kings Park Heritage Museum - About\". kpheritagemuseum.net. Retrieved May 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://kpheritagemuseum.net/about.html","url_text":"\"Leo P. Ostebo Kings Park Heritage Museum - About\""}]},{"reference":"\"Craig Biggio Stats\". Baseball Almanac. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neabsco,_Virginia | Leesylvania, Virginia | ["1 History","2 Demographics","3 Geography","4 Transportation","5 Education","6 References"] | Coordinates: 38°36′28″N 77°16′51″W / 38.60778°N 77.28083°W / 38.60778; -77.28083
Census-designated place in Virginia, United StatesLeesylvania, VirginiaCensus-designated placeThe RF&P Subdivision crossing over Powells Creek at Leesylvania State ParkLocation in Prince William County and the state of Virginia.Coordinates: 38°36′28″N 77°16′51″W / 38.60778°N 77.28083°W / 38.60778; -77.28083CountryUnited StatesStateVirginiaCountyPrince WilliamElevation13 ft (4 m)Population (2020) • Total21,193Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)ZIP codes22191FIPS code51-55272GNIS feature ID2629768
Leesylvania, formerly known as Neabsco, is a census-designated place in Prince William County in the U.S. state of Virginia.
History
Leesylvania plantation is located nearby in Leesylvania State Park. During the 18th century, Henry Lee II, grandfather of Robert E. Lee, lived in the plantation house with his family and enslaved Africans, growing tobacco on the property. Due to road construction in the 1950s, little of the house's foundation remains.
The CDP was formed as Neabsco (named for Neabsco Creek) in 2000 in an area which was formerly the southern area of Woodbridge. In 2020, the CDP was renamed Leesylvania, after the nearby state park and plantation.
Demographics
In the 2010 Census, Leesylvania, then named Neabsco, had a population of 12,068. As of the 2020 Census, it had a population of 21,193.
Geography
Leesylvania is in southeastern Prince William County and is bordered to the northeast by Woodbridge, to the northwest by Dale City, to the west by Montclair, to the south by Cherry Hill, and to the east by Leesylvania State Park. The CDP lies at an elevation of 13 ft (4.0 m) above sea level.
The CDP is bisected by Neabsco Creek with Powells Creek passing through at the southern area, both of which flow west—east into the Potomac River near the state park.
Transportation
View south along U.S. 1 near Neabsco Creek
The central area of Leesylvania lies at the crossroads of U.S. Route 1 (Richmond Highway) and SR 610 (Cardinal Drive/Neabsco Road). The CDP is also served by SR 638 (Neabsco Mills Road/Blackburn Road), SR 784 (Dale Boulevard), and VA 394 (College Drive). Interstate 95 forms the western boundary of the CDP.
Virginia Railway Express service is provided at the nearby Rippon station, and the Potomac and Rappahannock Transportation Commission provides OmniRide bus service in Leesylvania.
Education
Freedom High School and Northern Virginia Community College's Woodbridge campus are located in the CDP of Leesylvania.
References
^ a b "Leesylvania CDP, Virginia: 2020 DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171)". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved October 25, 2021.
^ Virginia Trend Report 2: State and Complete Places (Sub-state 2010 Census Data). Archived 2012-07-11 at archive.today Missouri Census Data Center. Accessed 2011-06-08.
vteMunicipalities and communities of Prince William County, Virginia, United StatesCounty seat: ManassasTowns
Dumfries
Haymarket
Occoquan
Quantico
Map of Virginia highlighting Prince William CountyCDPs
Buckhall
Bull Run
Bull Run Mountain Estates
Cherry Hill
County Center
Dale City
Gainesville
Independent Hill
Innovation
Lake Ridge
Leesylvania
Linton Hall
Loch Lomond
Montclair
Nokesville
Potomac Mills
Quantico Base‡
Sudley
Triangle
Woodbridge
Yorkshire
Unincorporatedcommunities
Aden
Agnewville
Antioch
Batestown
Bethel
Brentsville
Bristow
Buckland
Canova
Catharpin
Cornwell
Featherstone
Greenwich
Groveton
Hickory Ridge
Hoadly
Joplin
Kopp
Locust Hill
Minnieville
Rixlew
Southbridge
Sudley Springs
Thoroughfare
Wellington
West Gate
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Virginia portal
United States portal
This Prince William County, Virginia state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census-designated place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"Prince William County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_William_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"}],"text":"Census-designated place in Virginia, United StatesLeesylvania, formerly known as Neabsco, is a census-designated place in Prince William County in the U.S. state of Virginia.","title":"Leesylvania, Virginia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leesylvania plantation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leesylvania_(plantation)"},{"link_name":"Leesylvania State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leesylvania_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Henry Lee II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Lee_II"},{"link_name":"Robert E. Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Lee"},{"link_name":"enslaved Africans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"tobacco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco"},{"link_name":"Neabsco Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neabsco_Creek"},{"link_name":"Woodbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodbridge,_Virginia"}],"text":"Leesylvania plantation is located nearby in Leesylvania State Park. During the 18th century, Henry Lee II, grandfather of Robert E. Lee, lived in the plantation house with his family and enslaved Africans, growing tobacco on the property. Due to road construction in the 1950s, little of the house's foundation remains.The CDP was formed as Neabsco (named for Neabsco Creek) in 2000 in an area which was formerly the southern area of Woodbridge. In 2020, the CDP was renamed Leesylvania, after the nearby state park and plantation.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2010 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"2020 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2020-1"}],"text":"In the 2010 Census, Leesylvania, then named Neabsco, had a population of 12,068.[2] As of the 2020 Census, it had a population of 21,193.[1]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Woodbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodbridge,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Dale City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_City,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Montclair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montclair,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Cherry Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry_Hill,_Prince_William_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Neabsco Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neabsco_Creek"},{"link_name":"Powells Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powells_Creek_(Potomac_River_tributary)"},{"link_name":"Potomac River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potomac_River"}],"text":"Leesylvania is in southeastern Prince William County and is bordered to the northeast by Woodbridge, to the northwest by Dale City, to the west by Montclair, to the south by Cherry Hill, and to the east by Leesylvania State Park. The CDP lies at an elevation of 13 ft (4.0 m) above sea level.The CDP is bisected by Neabsco Creek with Powells Creek passing through at the southern area, both of which flow west—east into the Potomac River near the state park.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2016-10-11_09_30_30_View_south_along_U.S._Route_1_(Jefferson_Davis_Highway)_at_Neabsco_Creek_in_Neabsco,_Prince_William_County,_Virginia.jpg"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_1_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"SR 610","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_610_(Prince_William_County)"},{"link_name":"SR 638","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_638_(Prince_William_County)"},{"link_name":"SR 784","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_784_(Prince_William_County)"},{"link_name":"VA 394","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_394"},{"link_name":"Interstate 95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_95_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Virginia Railway Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Railway_Express"},{"link_name":"Rippon station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rippon_station"},{"link_name":"Potomac and Rappahannock Transportation Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potomac_and_Rappahannock_Transportation_Commission"}],"text":"View south along U.S. 1 near Neabsco CreekThe central area of Leesylvania lies at the crossroads of U.S. Route 1 (Richmond Highway) and SR 610 (Cardinal Drive/Neabsco Road). The CDP is also served by SR 638 (Neabsco Mills Road/Blackburn Road), SR 784 (Dale Boulevard), and VA 394 (College Drive). Interstate 95 forms the western boundary of the CDP.Virginia Railway Express service is provided at the nearby Rippon station, and the Potomac and Rappahannock Transportation Commission provides OmniRide bus service in Leesylvania.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Freedom High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_High_School_(Prince_William_County,_Virginia)"},{"link_name":"Northern Virginia Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Virginia_Community_College"}],"text":"Freedom High School and Northern Virginia Community College's Woodbridge campus are located in the CDP of Leesylvania.","title":"Education"}] | [{"image_text":"View south along U.S. 1 near Neabsco Creek","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/2016-10-11_09_30_30_View_south_along_U.S._Route_1_%28Jefferson_Davis_Highway%29_at_Neabsco_Creek_in_Neabsco%2C_Prince_William_County%2C_Virginia.jpg/220px-2016-10-11_09_30_30_View_south_along_U.S._Route_1_%28Jefferson_Davis_Highway%29_at_Neabsco_Creek_in_Neabsco%2C_Prince_William_County%2C_Virginia.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Virginia highlighting Prince William County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Map_of_Virginia_highlighting_Prince_William_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Virginia_highlighting_Prince_William_County.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Leesylvania CDP, Virginia: 2020 DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171)\". U.S. Census Bureau. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Cambria,_Pennsylvania | Northern Cambria, Pennsylvania | ["1 History","2 Geography","3 Education","4 Demographics","5 Notable people","6 Media","7 References","8 External links"] | Coordinates: 40°39′21″N 78°46′46″W / 40.65583°N 78.77944°W / 40.65583; -78.77944Borough in Pennsylvania, United StatesNorthern Cambria, PennsylvaniaBoroughLocation of Northern Cambria in Cambria County, Pennsylvania.Northern CambriaCoordinates: 40°39′21″N 78°46′46″W / 40.65583°N 78.77944°W / 40.65583; -78.77944CountryUnited StatesStatePennsylvaniaCountyCambriaSettled1893Incorporated2000Government • TypeBorough council • MayorLisa MaysArea • Total3.09 sq mi (8.00 km2) • Land3.09 sq mi (8.00 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)Elevation1,601 ft (488 m)Population (2020) • Total3,560 • Density1,152.10/sq mi (444.89/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP code15714Area code814FIPS code42-55000GNIS feature ID2086609Websitenortherncambriaborough.com
Northern Cambria is a borough in Cambria County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is part of the Johnstown, Pennsylvania Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 3,835 at the 2010 census.
History
The borough of Northern Cambria was incorporated on January 1, 2000. It was formed from the merger of two smaller municipalities, Barnesboro and Spangler. The merger proposal was taken to residents in the 1997 election, passing in Spangler 410-243 and in Barnesboro 466-324. The area was first settled by Europeans in the early-to-middle 19th century. The presence of the West Branch of the Susquehanna River allowed loggers to move their harvest downstream. Small farms developed, but the area changed in the 1890s when mining of the extensive bituminous coal fields in the area became the dominant industry. The mining companies required skilled workers, and many came from Great Britain and Eastern Europe. Railroads were built to transport the coal out, and the town flourished with the influx of money. In the 1980s, the coal industry began a decline, and there has been a subsequent decline in the population of the area. In November 1922, the Reilly Shaft No. 1 mine explosion occurred, killing 78 coal miners.
A pumpkin weighing 1,469 pounds (666 kg) was grown by resident Larry Checkon in 2005 (a world record at that time).
Geography
Northern Cambria is located near the northwest corner of Cambria County at 40°39′21″N 78°46′46″W / 40.65583°N 78.77944°W / 40.65583; -78.77944 (40.655813, -78.779472), in the valley of the West Branch of the Susquehanna River, near its headwaters. U.S. Route 219 passes through the borough, leading south 15 miles (24 km) to Ebensburg, the county seat, and north 47 miles (76 km) to DuBois.
According to the United States Census Bureau, Northern Cambria has a total area of 3.0 square miles (7.7 km2), all land.
Education
The local public school district is the Northern Cambria School District. The district has two schools located in the borough of Northern Cambria. The Northern Cambria Elementary/Middle School serves students in grades Pre-K to 8 while the Northern Cambria High School serves students in grades 9 to 12. Surrounding public school districts include:
Cambria Heights School District
Central Cambria School District
Blacklick Valley School District
Penns Manor School District
Purchase Line School District
Harmony Area School District
Students in grades K-8 can also attend the private Northern Cambria Catholic School in Nicktown, 3 miles (5 km) to the south. Some students in grades 9-12 attend the private Bishop Carroll High School in Ebensburg.
Nearby colleges include Mount Aloysius College (Cresson), Saint Francis University (Loretto), Indiana University of Pennsylvania (Indiana), the University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown, Penn State Altoona, and Pennsylvania Highlands Community College (near Johnstown).
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
20004,199—20103,835−8.7%20203,560−7.2%Sources:
As of the census of 2019, there were 3,588 people, 1,763 households, and 1,191 families residing in the borough. The population density was 1,401.9 inhabitants per square mile (541.3/km2). There were 1,954 housing units at an average density of 652.4 per square mile (251.9/km2). The racial makeup of the borough was 99.31% White, 0.07% African American, 0.10% Native American, 0.24% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.10% from other races, and 0.17% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.31% of the population.
There were 1,763 households, out of which 28.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.3% were married couples living together, 11.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.4% were non-families. 29.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.92.
In the borough the population was spread out, with 22.0% under the age of 18, 8.3% from 18 to 24, 26.0% from 25 to 44, 22.5% from 45 to 64, and 21.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females there were 89.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.0 males.
The median income for a household in the borough was $24,655, and the median income for a family was $29,917. Males had a median income of $27,214 versus $17,546 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $13,129. About 15.4% of families and 17.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 29.1% of those under age 18 and 7.4% of those age 65 or over.
Notable people
Frank Brazill, baseball player. Born in Spangler, now Northern Cambria.
Chris Columbus, director of Home Alone, Mrs. Doubtfire, and the first two Harry Potter movies. Born in Spangler, now Northern Cambria.
Duffy Daugherty, athletic fields named after and top historical football coach in Barnesboro, now Northern Cambria Hall of Fame noted.
Jennifer Haigh, novelist. Born in Barnesboro, now Northern Cambria.
George Magulick, player in the National Football League in 1944. Born in Spangler, now Northern Cambria.
Joe Maross, actor. Born in Barnesboro, now Northern Cambria.
Nicola Paone, singer and songwriter. Born in Barnesboro, now Northern Cambria.
Cheryl Strayed, memoirist, novelist and essayist portrayed by Reese Witherspoon in the film Wild. Born in Spangler, now Northern Cambria.
J. Irving Whalley, Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania. Born in Barnesboro, now Northern Cambria.
David Wilkerson, pastor. Born in Barnesboro, now Northern Cambria.
Media
Three daily newspapers cover the Northern Cambria borough: the Altoona Mirror, the Johnstown Tribune-Democrat, and the Indiana Gazette. 950 WNCC was the town's radio station since 1950. The station went off the air in 2010. The local NBC affiliate is WJAC-6, the local CBS affiliate is WTAJ-10, the local ABC affiliate is WATM-23, the local PBS station is WPSU-3, and the local Fox affiliate is WWCP-8. Comcast is the cable provider for the borough.
References
^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Northern Cambria, Pennsylvania
^ a b "Census Population API". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved Oct 12, 2022.
^ a b "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Northern Cambria borough, Pennsylvania". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on March 18, 2015. Retrieved March 18, 2015.
^ Brumbaugh, Jocelyn. "'We were promised the world': Nearly 2 decades after consolidation, some issues still haunt Northern Cambria". The Tribune-Democrat. Retrieved 2020-12-21.
^ Reilly Shaft Explosion, retrieved on December 11, 2008
^ Big Pumpkins.com, retrieved on November 15, 2008
^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
^ "Census of Population and Housing". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 11 December 2013.
^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
^ "Incorporated Places and Minor Civil Divisions Datasets: Subcounty Resident Population Estimates: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012". Population Estimates. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 11 June 2013. Retrieved 11 December 2013.
External links
Northern Cambria Borough official website
Northern Cambria community website
vteMunicipalities and communities of Cambria County, Pennsylvania, United StatesCounty seat: EbensburgCity
Johnstown
Boroughs
Ashville
Brownstown
Carrolltown
Cassandra
Chest Springs
Cresson
Daisytown
Dale
East Conemaugh
Ebensburg
Ehrenfeld
Ferndale
Franklin
Gallitzin
Geistown
Hastings
Lilly
Lorain
Loretto
Nanty Glo
Northern Cambria
Patton
Portage
Sankertown
Scalp Level
South Fork
Southmont
Summerhill
Tunnelhill‡
Vintondale
Westmont
Wilmore
Townships
Adams
Allegheny
Barr
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Cambria
Chest
Clearfield
Conemaugh
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Croyle
Dean
East Carroll
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University of Pittsburgh Johnstown
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Fallentimber
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Frugality
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Mountaindale
Nicktown
Oil City
Parkhill
Saint Benedict
Saint Boniface
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Former communities
Barnesboro
Cambria City
Conemaugh
Minersville
Moxham
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Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Pennsylvania portal
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United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cambria County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambria_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Johnstown, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnstown,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Statistical Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Statistical_Area"},{"link_name":"2010 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-4"}],"text":"Borough in Pennsylvania, United StatesNorthern Cambria is a borough in Cambria County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is part of the Johnstown, Pennsylvania Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 3,835 at the 2010 census.[4]","title":"Northern Cambria, Pennsylvania"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barnesboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnesboro,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Spangler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spangler,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"West Branch of the Susquehanna River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Branch_Susquehanna_River"},{"link_name":"bituminous coal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bituminous_coal"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Eastern Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"pumpkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumpkin"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The borough of Northern Cambria was incorporated on January 1, 2000. It was formed from the merger of two smaller municipalities, Barnesboro and Spangler. The merger proposal was taken to residents in the 1997 election, passing in Spangler 410-243 and in Barnesboro 466-324.[5] The area was first settled by Europeans in the early-to-middle 19th century. The presence of the West Branch of the Susquehanna River allowed loggers to move their harvest downstream. Small farms developed, but the area changed in the 1890s when mining of the extensive bituminous coal fields in the area became the dominant industry. The mining companies required skilled workers, and many came from Great Britain and Eastern Europe. Railroads were built to transport the coal out, and the town flourished with the influx of money. In the 1980s, the coal industry began a decline, and there has been a subsequent decline in the population of the area. In November 1922, the Reilly Shaft No. 1 mine explosion occurred, killing 78 coal miners.[6]A pumpkin weighing 1,469 pounds (666 kg) was grown by resident Larry Checkon in 2005 (a world record at that time).[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"40°39′21″N 78°46′46″W / 40.65583°N 78.77944°W / 40.65583; -78.77944","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Northern_Cambria,_Pennsylvania¶ms=40_39_21_N_78_46_46_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-8"},{"link_name":"West Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Branch_Susquehanna_River"},{"link_name":"Susquehanna River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susquehanna_River"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 219","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_219_in_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Ebensburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebensburg,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"county seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seat"},{"link_name":"DuBois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DuBois,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-4"}],"text":"Northern Cambria is located near the northwest corner of Cambria County at 40°39′21″N 78°46′46″W / 40.65583°N 78.77944°W / 40.65583; -78.77944 (40.655813, -78.779472),[8] in the valley of the West Branch of the Susquehanna River, near its headwaters. U.S. Route 219 passes through the borough, leading south 15 miles (24 km) to Ebensburg, the county seat, and north 47 miles (76 km) to DuBois.According to the United States Census Bureau, Northern Cambria has a total area of 3.0 square miles (7.7 km2), all land.[4]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northern Cambria School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Cambria_School_District"},{"link_name":"Cambria Heights School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambria_Heights_School_District"},{"link_name":"Central Cambria School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Cambria_School_District"},{"link_name":"Blacklick Valley School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacklick_Valley_School_District"},{"link_name":"Penns Manor School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Penns_Manor_School_District&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Purchase Line School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchase_Line_School_District"},{"link_name":"Harmony Area School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmony_Area_School_District"},{"link_name":"Northern Cambria Catholic School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Cambria_Catholic_School"},{"link_name":"Nicktown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicktown,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Bishop Carroll High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_Carroll_High_School_(Ebensburg,_Pennsylvania)"},{"link_name":"Mount Aloysius College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Aloysius_College"},{"link_name":"Cresson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cresson,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Saint Francis University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Francis_University_(Pennsylvania)"},{"link_name":"Loretto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loretto,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Indiana University of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh_at_Johnstown"},{"link_name":"Penn State Altoona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_State_Altoona"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Highlands Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Highlands_Community_College"}],"text":"The local public school district is the Northern Cambria School District. The district has two schools located in the borough of Northern Cambria. The Northern Cambria Elementary/Middle School serves students in grades Pre-K to 8 while the Northern Cambria High School serves students in grades 9 to 12. Surrounding public school districts include:Cambria Heights School District\nCentral Cambria School District\nBlacklick Valley School District\nPenns Manor School District\nPurchase Line School District\nHarmony Area School DistrictStudents in grades K-8 can also attend the private Northern Cambria Catholic School in Nicktown, 3 miles (5 km) to the south. Some students in grades 9-12 attend the private Bishop Carroll High School in Ebensburg.Nearby colleges include Mount Aloysius College (Cresson), Saint Francis University (Loretto), Indiana University of Pennsylvania (Indiana), the University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown, Penn State Altoona, and Pennsylvania Highlands Community College (near Johnstown).","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-10"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[10] of 2019, there were 3,588 people, 1,763 households, and 1,191 families residing in the borough. The population density was 1,401.9 inhabitants per square mile (541.3/km2). There were 1,954 housing units at an average density of 652.4 per square mile (251.9/km2). The racial makeup of the borough was 99.31% White, 0.07% African American, 0.10% Native American, 0.24% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.10% from other races, and 0.17% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.31% of the population.There were 1,763 households, out of which 28.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.3% were married couples living together, 11.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.4% were non-families. 29.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.92.In the borough the population was spread out, with 22.0% under the age of 18, 8.3% from 18 to 24, 26.0% from 25 to 44, 22.5% from 45 to 64, and 21.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females there were 89.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.0 males.The median income for a household in the borough was $24,655, and the median income for a family was $29,917. Males had a median income of $27,214 versus $17,546 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $13,129. About 15.4% of families and 17.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 29.1% of those under age 18 and 7.4% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frank Brazill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Brazill"},{"link_name":"Chris Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Columbus_(filmmaker)"},{"link_name":"Home Alone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Alone"},{"link_name":"Mrs. Doubtfire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrs._Doubtfire"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter movies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_(film_series)"},{"link_name":"Duffy Daugherty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duffy_Daugherty"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Haigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Haigh"},{"link_name":"George Magulick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Magulick"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Joe Maross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Maross"},{"link_name":"Nicola Paone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Paone"},{"link_name":"Cheryl Strayed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheryl_Strayed"},{"link_name":"Reese Witherspoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reese_Witherspoon"},{"link_name":"Wild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_(2014_film)"},{"link_name":"J. Irving Whalley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Irving_Whalley"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"U.S. House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"David Wilkerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Wilkerson"}],"text":"Frank Brazill, baseball player. Born in Spangler, now Northern Cambria.\nChris Columbus, director of Home Alone, Mrs. Doubtfire, and the first two Harry Potter movies. Born in Spangler, now Northern Cambria.\nDuffy Daugherty, athletic fields named after and top historical football coach in Barnesboro, now Northern Cambria Hall of Fame noted.\nJennifer Haigh, novelist. Born in Barnesboro, now Northern Cambria.\nGeorge Magulick, player in the National Football League in 1944. Born in Spangler, now Northern Cambria.\nJoe Maross, actor. Born in Barnesboro, now Northern Cambria.\nNicola Paone, singer and songwriter. Born in Barnesboro, now Northern Cambria.\nCheryl Strayed, memoirist, novelist and essayist portrayed by Reese Witherspoon in the film Wild. Born in Spangler, now Northern Cambria.\nJ. Irving Whalley, Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania. Born in Barnesboro, now Northern Cambria.\nDavid Wilkerson, pastor. Born in Barnesboro, now Northern Cambria.","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Altoona Mirror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altoona_Mirror"},{"link_name":"Tribune-Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribune-Democrat"},{"link_name":"Indiana Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Gazette"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"PBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS"},{"link_name":"Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Comcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comcast"}],"text":"Three daily newspapers cover the Northern Cambria borough: the Altoona Mirror, the Johnstown Tribune-Democrat, and the Indiana Gazette. 950 WNCC was the town's radio station since 1950. The station went off the air in 2010. The local NBC affiliate is WJAC-6, the local CBS affiliate is WTAJ-10, the local ABC affiliate is WATM-23, the local PBS station is WPSU-3, and the local Fox affiliate is WWCP-8. Comcast is the cable provider for the borough.","title":"Media"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Map_of_Pennsylvania_highlighting_Cambria_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Pennsylvania_highlighting_Cambria_County.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer/5/query?where=STATE=%2742%27&outFields=NAME,STATE,PLACE,AREALAND,AREAWATER,LSADC,CENTLAT,CENTLON&orderByFields=PLACE&returnGeometry=false&returnTrueCurves=false&f=json","url_text":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census Population API\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved Oct 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/pl?get=P1_001N,NAME&for=place:*&in=state:42&key=5ccd0821c15d9f4520e2dcc0f8d92b2ec9336108","url_text":"\"Census Population API\""}]},{"reference":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Northern Cambria borough, Pennsylvania\". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on March 18, 2015. Retrieved March 18, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20150318124625/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US4255000","url_text":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Northern Cambria borough, Pennsylvania\""},{"url":"http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US4255000","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brumbaugh, Jocelyn. \"'We were promised the world': Nearly 2 decades after consolidation, some issues still haunt Northern Cambria\". The Tribune-Democrat. Retrieved 2020-12-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tribdem.com/news/we-were-promised-the-world-nearly-2-decades-after-consolidation-some-issues-still-haunt-northern/article_01c9f23a-fb68-11e8-8cd6-b7caf3d4726f.html","url_text":"\"'We were promised the world': Nearly 2 decades after consolidation, some issues still haunt Northern Cambria\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 11 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Incorporated Places and Minor Civil Divisions Datasets: Subcounty Resident Population Estimates: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012\". Population Estimates. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 11 June 2013. Retrieved 11 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130611010502/http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB-EST2012.html","url_text":"\"Incorporated Places and Minor Civil Divisions Datasets: Subcounty Resident Population Estimates: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012\""},{"url":"https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB-EST2012.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Northern_Cambria,_Pennsylvania¶ms=40_39_21_N_78_46_46_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"40°39′21″N 78°46′46″W / 40.65583°N 78.77944°W / 40.65583; -78.77944"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Northern_Cambria,_Pennsylvania¶ms=40_39_21_N_78_46_46_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"40°39′21″N 78°46′46″W / 40.65583°N 78.77944°W / 40.65583; -78.77944"},{"Link":"https://northerncambriaborough.com/","external_links_name":"northerncambriaborough.com"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Northern_Cambria,_Pennsylvania¶ms=40_39_21_N_78_46_46_W_type:city","external_links_name":"40°39′21″N 78°46′46″W / 40.65583°N 78.77944°W / 40.65583; -78.77944"},{"Link":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer/5/query?where=STATE=%2742%27&outFields=NAME,STATE,PLACE,AREALAND,AREAWATER,LSADC,CENTLAT,CENTLON&orderByFields=PLACE&returnGeometry=false&returnTrueCurves=false&f=json","external_links_name":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/2086609","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Northern Cambria, Pennsylvania"},{"Link":"https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/pl?get=P1_001N,NAME&for=place:*&in=state:42&key=5ccd0821c15d9f4520e2dcc0f8d92b2ec9336108","external_links_name":"\"Census Population API\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20150318124625/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US4255000","external_links_name":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Northern Cambria borough, Pennsylvania\""},{"Link":"http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US4255000","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.tribdem.com/news/we-were-promised-the-world-nearly-2-decades-after-consolidation-some-issues-still-haunt-northern/article_01c9f23a-fb68-11e8-8cd6-b7caf3d4726f.html","external_links_name":"\"'We were promised the world': Nearly 2 decades after consolidation, some issues still haunt Northern Cambria\""},{"Link":"https://www.gendisasters.com/pennsylvania/5779/spangler-pa-reilly-shaft-no-1-mine-explosion-nov-1922","external_links_name":"Reilly Shaft Explosion"},{"Link":"http://www.bigpumpkins.com/ViewArticle.asp?id=137&gid=47","external_links_name":"Big Pumpkins.com"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","external_links_name":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130611010502/http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB-EST2012.html","external_links_name":"\"Incorporated Places and Minor Civil Divisions Datasets: Subcounty Resident Population Estimates: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB-EST2012.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://northerncambriaborough.com/","external_links_name":"Northern Cambria Borough official website"},{"Link":"http://www.northerncambria.com/","external_links_name":"Northern Cambria community website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/128033617","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007494259105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2001119730","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shijing_Subdistrict,_Guangzhou | Shijing Subdistrict, Guangzhou | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Coordinates: 23°12′23″N 113°13′33″E / 23.20639°N 113.22583°E / 23.20639; 113.22583For other uses, see Shijing (disambiguation).
Subdistrict in Guangdong, People's Republic of ChinaShijing Subdistrict
石井街道SubdistrictCoordinates: 23°12′23″N 113°13′33″E / 23.20639°N 113.22583°E / 23.20639; 113.22583CountryPeople's Republic of ChinaProvinceGuangdongSub-provincial cityGuangzhouDistrictBaiyunArea • Total39.28 km2 (15.17 sq mi)Population • Total150,000 • Density3,800/km2 (9,900/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard Time)
Shijing Subdistrict (Chinese: 石井街道; pinyin: Shíjǐng Jiēdào; Jyutping: sek6zeng2 gaai1dou6) is a subdistrict of Baiyun District, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China. It has a total population of 150,000, 84,000 of whom are long-term residents, residing in an area of 39.28 km2 (15.17 sq mi).
See also
List of township-level divisions of Guangdong
References
^ "广东省" (in Chinese). xzqh.org. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
vteBaiyun District, GuangzhouAreas
Baiyun New Town
Landmarks
Guangzhou Gymnasium
TransportAir
Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport
former Baiyun Airport
Guangzhou Metrostations
Baiyun Culture Square
Baiyun Park
Baiyundadaobei
Feixiang Park
Gaozeng
Hengsha
Huangbian
Jiahewanggang
Jiangxia
Jingxi Nanfang Hospital
Longgui
Meihuayuan
Renhe
Sanyuanli
Shabei
Tonghe
Xiao-gang
Xunfenggang
Yongtai
History
CAAC Flight 2311
1990 Guangzhou Baiyun airport collisions
EducationTertiary
Guangdong University of Foreign Studies North Campus
Primary/Secondary
Alcanta International College
British School of Guangzhou
École Française Internationale de Canton (French school)
Utahloy International School Guangzhou
This list is incomplete.
vteSubdistricts & Towns in GuangzhouYuexiu
Hongqiao
Beijing
Liurong
Liuhua
Guangta
Renmin
Dongshan
Nonglin
Meihuacun
Huanghuagang
Huale
Jianshe
Datang
Zhuguang
Dadong
Baiyun
Dengfeng
Kuangquan
Liwan
Jinhua
Shamian
Hualin
Duobao
Changhua
Fengyuan
Longjin
Caihong
Nanyuan
Xicun
Zhanqian
Lingnan
Qiaozhong
Chongkou
Huadi
Chajiao
Hailong
Zhongnan
Dongjiao
Dongsha
Baihedong
Shiweitang
Haizhu
Haichuang
Chigang
Xingang
Binjiang
Sushe
Nanhuaxi
Longfeng
Shayuan
Ruibao
Jianghai
Fengyang
Nanshitou
Huazhou
Changgang
Nanzhou
Pazhou
Guanzhou
Jiangnanzhong
Tianhe
Tianyuan
Wushan
Yuancun
Chebei
Shahe
Shipai
Xinghua
Shadong
Linhe
Tangxia
Liede
Xiancun
Yuangang
Tianhenan
Huangcun
Longdong
Changxing
Fenghuang
Qianjin
Zhuji
Xintang
Baiyun
Jingtai
Songzhou
Tongde
Huangshi
Tangjing
Xinshi
Sanyuanli
Tonghe
Jingxi
Yongping
Junhe
Jinsha
Shijing
Jiahe
Yuncheng
Baiyunhu
Shimen
Helong
Renhe
Taihe
Jianggao
Zhongluotan
Huangpu
Dasha
Huangpu
Hongshan
Yuzhu
Wenchong
Nangang
Zhangzhou
Suidong
Lilian
GETDD
Luogang
Xiagang
Dongqu
Lianhe
Yonghe
Jiufo
Longhu
Xinlong
Panyu
Shiqiao
Zhongcun
Shibi
Dashi
Luopu
Dalong
Donghuan
Qiaonan
Shatou
Xiaoguwei
Nancun
Xinzao
Hualong
Shilou
Dongyong
Shiqi
Shawan
Huadu
Xinhua
Xinya
Huacheng
Xiuquan
Timian
Huashan
Tanbu
Chini
Shiling
Huadong
Nansha
Nansha
Zhujiang
Longxue
Huangge
Wanqingsha
Hengli
Dongchong
Dagang
Lanhe
Zengcheng
Licheng
Zengjiang
Zhucun
Yongning
Zhengguo
Shitan
Xintang
Zhongxin
Paitan
Xiaolou
Xiancun
Conghua
Jiekou
Chengjiao
Jiangbu
Wenquan
Liangkou
Lütian
Taiping
Aotou
This Guangdong location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This Guangzhou-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shijing (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shijing_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Jyutping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyutping"},{"link_name":"subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdistrict_(China)"},{"link_name":"Baiyun District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baiyun_District,_Guangzhou"},{"link_name":"Guangzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"}],"text":"For other uses, see Shijing (disambiguation).Subdistrict in Guangdong, People's Republic of ChinaShijing Subdistrict (Chinese: 石井街道; pinyin: Shíjǐng Jiēdào; Jyutping: sek6zeng2 gaai1dou6) is a subdistrict of Baiyun District, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.[1] It has a total population of 150,000[when?], 84,000 of whom are long-term residents, residing in an area of 39.28 km2 (15.17 sq mi).","title":"Shijing Subdistrict, Guangzhou"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of township-level divisions of Guangdong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_township-level_divisions_of_Guangdong"}] | [{"reference":"\"广东省\" (in Chinese). xzqh.org. Retrieved 11 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.xzqh.org/html/gu/","url_text":"\"广东省\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Shijing_Subdistrict,_Guangzhou¶ms=23_12_23_N_113_13_33_E_region:CN-44_type:city(150000)","external_links_name":"23°12′23″N 113°13′33″E / 23.20639°N 113.22583°E / 23.20639; 113.22583"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Shijing_Subdistrict,_Guangzhou¶ms=23_12_23_N_113_13_33_E_region:CN-44_type:city(150000)","external_links_name":"23°12′23″N 113°13′33″E / 23.20639°N 113.22583°E / 23.20639; 113.22583"},{"Link":"http://www.xzqh.org/html/gu/","external_links_name":"\"广东省\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shijing_Subdistrict,_Guangzhou&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shijing_Subdistrict,_Guangzhou&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusefabad,_Chenaran | Yusefabad, Chenaran | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 36°41′04″N 59°10′29″E / 36.68444°N 59.17472°E / 36.68444; 59.17472For other places with similar names, see Yusefabad.Village in Razavi Khorasan, IranYusefabad
يوسف ابادvillageYusefabadCoordinates: 36°41′04″N 59°10′29″E / 36.68444°N 59.17472°E / 36.68444; 59.17472Country IranProvinceRazavi KhorasanCountyChenaranBakhshGolbajarRural DistrictBizakiPopulation (2006) • Total63Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT)
Yusefabad (Persian: يوسف اباد, also Romanized as Yūsefābād) is a village in Bizaki Rural District, Golbajar District, Chenaran County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 63, in 19 families.
References
^ Yusefabad can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3785657" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.
vte Chenaran CountyCapital
Chenaran
DistrictsCentralCities
Chenaran
Rural Districts and villagesBaq Mej
Anjeshesh
Baqmach
Gah
Gash
Kalateh-ye Gah
Chenaran
Abbasabad
Ahangar
Akhlamad-e Olya
Akhlamad-e Sofla
Amirabad
Bagijan
Bijerk
Chahar Mahan
Cheshmeh Mahi
Dahaneh-ye Akhlamad
Deh Bagh
Feyzabad
Gaveh-ye Kalateh
Gaveh-ye Khalseh
Gol Khandan
Gol Khatun
Golshanabad
Gonbad Zia
Helal
Hoseynabad
Jukal
Kabir
Kalateh-ye Mian
Kambalan
Kheyrabad
Khorramabad
Khvajeh Jarrah
Khvajeh Vali
Masi Maskanlu
Mazang
Melli
Mohammadabad
Nahrabad
Nowruzabad
Nur ol Din
Qaleh Now
Qazlar
Qezel Kan
Qol Quchan
Qom
Rezaabad-e Sarhang
Rezaabad-e Taheri
Safiabad
Samandar
Sark
Sarujeh
Seyyedabad
Shakrabad
Sheykh Khanlu
Sherkat-e Kharam
Shotor Pa
Tolki
Yurd Chupan
Radkan
Abgahi
Aliabad
Aliabad-e Bahman Jan
Bahman Jan-e Olya
Bahman Jan-e Sofla
Baru
Beyram Shah
Cham Gard
Dalameh-ye Olya
Emamzadeh Ebrahim
Gavareshkan
Goruh
Hajjiabad
Hakimabad
Kalateh-ye Jafar
Kalateh-ye Sadu
Kharij
Marichgan
Moghan
Muchenan
Qadirabad
Qezel Hesar
Qiasabad
Qoroq
Radkan
Rezaabad-e Gijan Samedi
Sowhan
Zingar
GolbaharCities
Golmakan
Shahr Jadid-e Golbahar
Rural Districts and villagesBizaki
Aliabad
Bakhtabad
Bazeh
Chamleh
Charmi
Cheshmeh Gilas
Darangun
Dastgerd
Derakht-e Senjed
Dulkhan
Ebrahimabad
Fallahabad
Fang
Fathabad
Galk
Ganju
Golom
Guri
Hajj Esmaeil
Hajjiabad
Hakimabad
Hasanabad-e Amelzadeh
Hasanabad-e Manqashali
Hiteh Tala
Hoseyn Naju
Il Hesar
Jow-e Pain
Juqan
Kalateh Shirin
Kalateh-ye Ali Khan
Kalateh-ye Hasan
Kalateh-ye Qanbar Ali
Kalateh-ye Sheykhha
Kalateh-ye Tolaki
Kamalabad
Karangan
Karim Khan
Khanabad
Kortu
Kusan
Manqeshli
Mazraeh-ye Banyad Mastazafan
Mehdi Soltan
Mehrabad
Mirza Hasan
Mohammad Hasan Beyg
Mohammadabad-e Baluch
Mohsenabad
Momenabad
Musaabad
Najmabad
Nasrabad
Navakh
Neyestan
Now Bahar
Now Mehan
Owtan
Pas Poshteh
Pishavak
Pushan
Qarah Jangal
Qarah Kuseh
Qashqabad
Sanqasi
Sar Asiab
Seyyedabad
Shah Galdi
Shelangerd
Shirin
Shurak
Solugerd
Taherabad
Tavil
Tomandar
Yusefabad
Zanaqol
Zohab
Golmakan
Abqad
Ahmadabad
Argi
Behabad
Chenar
Deh Now
Dowlatabad
Esjil
Eslamabad
Eyshabad
Farizi
Gavterna
Hasan Aqeh
Hashemabad
Hoseynabad
Jam Ab
Kahu
Kalateh-ye Payeh
Kheyrabad
Khij
Kushkan
Mava
Nowzad
Ravang
Salmanabad
Sang-e Sefid
Iran portal
This Chenaran County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yusefabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusefabad_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Bizaki Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizaki_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Golbajar District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golbajar_District"},{"link_name":"Chenaran County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenaran_County"},{"link_name":"Razavi Khorasan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razavi_Khorasan_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"For other places with similar names, see Yusefabad.Village in Razavi Khorasan, IranYusefabad (Persian: يوسف اباد, also Romanized as Yūsefābād)[1] is a village in Bizaki Rural District, Golbajar District, Chenaran County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 63, in 19 families.[2]","title":"Yusefabad, Chenaran"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/09.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Center_of_Iran","url_text":"Statistical Center of Iran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/09.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yusefabad,_Chenaran¶ms=36_41_04_N_59_10_29_E_region:IR_type:city(63)","external_links_name":"36°41′04″N 59°10′29″E / 36.68444°N 59.17472°E / 36.68444; 59.17472"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yusefabad,_Chenaran¶ms=36_41_04_N_59_10_29_E_region:IR_type:city(63)","external_links_name":"36°41′04″N 59°10′29″E / 36.68444°N 59.17472°E / 36.68444; 59.17472"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/","external_links_name":"this link"},{"Link":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/09.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/09.xls","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yusefabad,_Chenaran&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna,_South_Carolina | Joanna, South Carolina | ["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 34°24′53″N 81°48′51″W / 34.41472°N 81.81417°W / 34.41472; -81.81417
Census-designated place in South Carolina, United StatesJoanna, South CarolinaCensus-designated placeLocation of Joanna, South CarolinaCoordinates: 34°24′53″N 81°48′51″W / 34.41472°N 81.81417°W / 34.41472; -81.81417CountryUnited StatesStateSouth CarolinaCountyLaurensArea • Total3.14 sq mi (8.14 km2) • Land3.14 sq mi (8.13 km2) • Water0.01 sq mi (0.01 km2)Elevation607 ft (185 m)Population (2020) • Total1,517 • Density483.58/sq mi (186.69/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP code29351Area code864FIPS code45-36790GNIS feature ID1246175
Joanna is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Laurens County, South Carolina, United States. The population was 1,539 at the 2010 census, down from 1,609 at the 2000 census. It is part of the Greenville–Mauldin–Easley Metropolitan Statistical Area.
History
The community was first settled in the 1760s. By the 1850s, the town was known as "Martin's Depot", in honor of a local planter, Martin Kinard, who had helped bring the Laurens Railroad through. On April 30, 1865, Confederate President Jefferson Davis and his cabinet passed through the town on their flight from Richmond and spent the night at the Lafayette Young house, 5 miles (8 km) to the southwest. Martin's Depot was renamed "Goldville" in 1872. In 1948 the name of the town was again changed, to "Joanna", the name of the wife of a local industrialist.
Geography
Joanna is located in eastern Laurens County at 34°24′53″N 81°48′51″W / 34.414668°N 81.814229°W / 34.414668; -81.814229. U.S. Route 76 passes through the east side of the community, leading northwest 6 miles (10 km) to Clinton and 14 miles (23 km) to Laurens, the county seat, and southeast 16 miles (26 km) to Newberry. Interstate 26 passes 3 miles (5 km) northeast of Joanna, accessible from South Carolina Highway 66.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 3.1 square miles (8.1 km2), of which 0.004 square miles (0.01 km2), or 0.18%, are water. The CDP extends west to the upper reaches of the Bush River, a southeast-flowing tributary of the Saluda River, and east to Indian Creek, an east-flowing tributary of the Enoree River and then the Broad River.
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
20201,517—U.S. Decennial Census
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,609 people, 688 households, and 460 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 510.5 inhabitants per square mile (197.1/km2). There were 758 housing units at an average density of 240.5 per square mile (92.9/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 85.77% White, 11.75% African American, 0.12% Native American, 0.25% Asian, 1.24% from other races, and 0.87% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.05% of the population.
There were 688 households, out of which 27.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.8% were married couples living together, 12.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.0% were non-families. 29.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 2.88.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 23.1% under the age of 18, 6.7% from 18 to 24, 26.1% from 25 to 44, 23.9% from 45 to 64, and 20.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.4 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $27,891, and the median income for a family was $35,000. Males had a median income of $27,271 versus $19,338 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $14,500. About 10.6% of families and 16.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26.3% of those under age 18 and 15.9% of those age 65 or over.
References
^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 15, 2022.
^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Joanna, South Carolina
^ "Census Population API". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 15, 2022.
^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ "Total Population: 2010 Census DEC Summary File 1 (P1), Joanna CDP, South Carolina". data.census.gov. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved December 22, 2020.
^ Michael B. Ballard, A Long Shadow. University of Georgia Press, p. 120
^ "Communities". Laurens County Chamber of Commerce. Archived from the original on January 13, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2014.
^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 22, 2020.
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
External links
Information about the community of Joanna from Laurens County
vteMunicipalities and communities of Laurens County, South Carolina, United StatesCounty seat: LaurensCities
Clinton
Fountain Inn‡
Laurens
Map of South Carolina highlighting Laurens CountyTowns
Cross Hill
Gray Court
Ware Shoals‡
Waterloo
CDPs
Joanna
Mountville
Princeton
Watts Mills
Unincorporatedcommunities
Barksdale
Hickory Tavern
Kinards‡
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
South Carolina portal
United States portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unincorporated community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_community"},{"link_name":"census-designated place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"Laurens County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurens_County,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-5"},{"link_name":"Greenville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenville,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Mauldin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauldin,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Easley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easley,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Statistical Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenville-Mauldin-Easley_metropolitan_area"}],"text":"Census-designated place in South Carolina, United StatesJoanna is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Laurens County, South Carolina, United States. The population was 1,539 at the 2010 census,[5] down from 1,609 at the 2000 census. It is part of the Greenville–Mauldin–Easley Metropolitan Statistical Area.","title":"Joanna, South Carolina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jefferson Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Davis"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The community was first settled in the 1760s. By the 1850s, the town was known as \"Martin's Depot\", in honor of a local planter, Martin Kinard, who had helped bring the Laurens Railroad through. On April 30, 1865, Confederate President Jefferson Davis and his cabinet passed through the town on their flight from Richmond and spent the night at the Lafayette Young house, 5 miles (8 km) to the southwest.[6] Martin's Depot was renamed \"Goldville\" in 1872. In 1948 the name of the town was again changed, to \"Joanna\", the name of the wife of a local industrialist.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"34°24′53″N 81°48′51″W / 34.414668°N 81.814229°W / 34.414668; -81.814229","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Joanna,_South_Carolina¶ms=34.414668_N_81.814229_W_type:city_region:US"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-8"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_76"},{"link_name":"Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Laurens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurens,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"county seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seat"},{"link_name":"Newberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newberry,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Interstate 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_26"},{"link_name":"South Carolina Highway 66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_Highway_66"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CenPopGazetteer2019-9"},{"link_name":"Bush River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_River_(South_Carolina)"},{"link_name":"Saluda River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saluda_River"},{"link_name":"Enoree River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoree_River"},{"link_name":"Broad River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_River_(Carolinas)"}],"text":"Joanna is located in eastern Laurens County at 34°24′53″N 81°48′51″W / 34.414668°N 81.814229°W / 34.414668; -81.814229.[8] U.S. Route 76 passes through the east side of the community, leading northwest 6 miles (10 km) to Clinton and 14 miles (23 km) to Laurens, the county seat, and southeast 16 miles (26 km) to Newberry. Interstate 26 passes 3 miles (5 km) northeast of Joanna, accessible from South Carolina Highway 66.According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 3.1 square miles (8.1 km2), of which 0.004 square miles (0.01 km2), or 0.18%, are water.[9] The CDP extends west to the upper reaches of the Bush River, a southeast-flowing tributary of the Saluda River, and east to Indian Creek, an east-flowing tributary of the Enoree River and then the Broad River.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-4"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[4] of 2000, there were 1,609 people, 688 households, and 460 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 510.5 inhabitants per square mile (197.1/km2). There were 758 housing units at an average density of 240.5 per square mile (92.9/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 85.77% White, 11.75% African American, 0.12% Native American, 0.25% Asian, 1.24% from other races, and 0.87% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.05% of the population.There were 688 households, out of which 27.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.8% were married couples living together, 12.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.0% were non-families. 29.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 2.88.In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 23.1% under the age of 18, 6.7% from 18 to 24, 26.1% from 25 to 44, 23.9% from 45 to 64, and 20.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.4 males.The median income for a household in the CDP was $27,891, and the median income for a family was $35,000. Males had a median income of $27,271 versus $19,338 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $14,500. About 10.6% of families and 16.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26.3% of those under age 18 and 15.9% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"}] | [{"image_text":"Map of South Carolina highlighting Laurens County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Map_of_South_Carolina_highlighting_Laurens_County.svg/180px-Map_of_South_Carolina_highlighting_Laurens_County.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\". United States Census Bureau. 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Retrieved June 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130113000546/http://www.laurenscounty.org/cc/communities.html","url_text":"\"Communities\""},{"url":"http://www.laurenscounty.org/cc/communities.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_45.txt","url_text":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Joanna,_South_Carolina¶ms=34_24_53_N_81_48_51_W_region:US-SC_type:city(1517)","external_links_name":"34°24′53″N 81°48′51″W / 34.41472°N 81.81417°W / 34.41472; -81.81417"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Joanna,_South_Carolina¶ms=34_24_53_N_81_48_51_W_region:US-SC_type:city(1517)","external_links_name":"34°24′53″N 81°48′51″W / 34.41472°N 81.81417°W / 34.41472; -81.81417"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Joanna,_South_Carolina¶ms=34.414668_N_81.814229_W_type:city_region:US","external_links_name":"34°24′53″N 81°48′51″W / 34.414668°N 81.814229°W / 34.414668; -81.814229"},{"Link":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer/5/query?where=STATE=%2745%27&outFields=NAME,STATE,PLACE,AREALAND,AREAWATER,LSADC,CENTLAT,CENTLON&orderByFields=PLACE&returnGeometry=false&returnTrueCurves=false&f=json","external_links_name":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1246175","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Joanna, South Carolina"},{"Link":"https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/pl?get=P1_001N,NAME&for=place:*&in=state:45&key=5ccd0821c15d9f4520e2dcc0f8d92b2ec9336108","external_links_name":"\"Census Population API\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US4536790&tid=DECENNIALSF12010.P1","external_links_name":"\"Total Population: 2010 Census DEC Summary File 1 (P1), Joanna CDP, South Carolina\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130113000546/http://www.laurenscounty.org/cc/communities.html","external_links_name":"\"Communities\""},{"Link":"http://www.laurenscounty.org/cc/communities.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","external_links_name":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_45.txt","external_links_name":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""},{"Link":"http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130113000546/http://www.laurenscounty.org/cc/communities.html","external_links_name":"Information about the community of Joanna from Laurens County"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podbor%C5%A1t,_Sevnica | Podboršt, Sevnica | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Coordinates: 46°0′10.62″N 15°9′10.78″E / 46.0029500°N 15.1529944°E / 46.0029500; 15.1529944Place in Lower Carniola, SloveniaPodborštPodborštLocation in SloveniaCoordinates: 46°0′10.62″N 15°9′10.78″E / 46.0029500°N 15.1529944°E / 46.0029500; 15.1529944Country SloveniaTraditional regionLower CarniolaStatistical regionLower SavaMunicipalitySevnicaArea • Total2.86 km2 (1.10 sq mi)Elevation332.7 m (1,091.5 ft)Population (2002) • Total94
Podboršt (pronounced ; German: Podborscht) is a settlement southwest of Šentjanž in the Municipality of Sevnica in east-central Slovenia. The area is part of the historical region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Lower Sava Statistical Region.
References
^ Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia
^ Leksikon občin kraljestev in dežel zastopanih v državnem zboru, vol. 6: Kranjsko. 1906. Vienna: C. Kr. Dvorna in Državna Tiskarna, p. 88.
^ Sevnica municipal site
External links
Podboršt on Geopedia
vteMunicipality of SevnicaSettlementsAdministrative seat: Sevnica
Current
Apnenik pri Boštanju
Arto
Birna Vas
Blanca
Boštanj
Breg
Brezje
Brezovo
Budna Vas
Čanje
Čelovnik
Cerovec
Češnjice
Dedna Gora
Dolenji Boštanj
Dolnje Brezovo
Dolnje Impolje
Dolnje Orle
Drožanje
Drušče
Gabrijele
Gabrje
Gornje Brezovo
Gornje Impolje
Gornje Orle
Goveji Dol
Hinjce
Hinje
Hudo Brezje
Jablanica
Jelovec
Jeperjek
Kal pri Krmelju
Kamenica
Kamenško
Kaplja Vas
Kladje nad Blanco
Kladje pri Krmelju
Koludrje
Kompolje
Konjsko
Krajna Brda
Križ
Križišče
Krmelj
Krsinji Vrh
Laze pri Boštanju
Ledina
Leskovec v Podborštu
Log
Loka pri Zidanem Mostu
Lončarjev Dol
Lukovec
Mala Hubajnica
Malkovec
Marendol
Metni Vrh
Mrtovec
Mrzla Planina
Novi Grad
Okroglice
Orehovo
Orešje nad Sevnico
Osredek pri Hubajnici
Osredek pri Krmelju
Otavnik
Pavla Vas
Pečje
Pijavice
Podboršt
Podgorica
Podgorje ob Sevnični
Podvrh
Poklek nad Blanco
Polje pri Tržišču
Ponikve pri Studencu
Preska
Prešna Loka
Primož
Račica
Radež
Radna
Razbor
Rogačice
Rovišče pri Studencu
Selce nad Blanco
Šentjanž
Šentjur na Polju
Škovec
Skrovnik
Slančji Vrh
Slap
Šmarčna
Spodnje Mladetiče
Spodnje Vodale
Srednik
Štajngrob
Stržišče
Studenec
Svinjsko
Telče
Telčice
Trnovec
Trščina
Tržišče
Velika Hubajnica
Veliki Cirnik
Vranje
Vrh pri Boštanju
Vrhek
Zabukovje nad Sevnico
Zavratec
Zgornje Mladetiče
Zgornje Vodale
Žigrski Vrh
Žirovnica
Znojile pri Studencu
Žurkov Dol
Former
Cerje
Črete
Hantine
Komorivec
Ledgonje
Lepi Dob
Malo Podgorje
Medvedjek
Nova Gora
Orehovec
Rezec
Simert
Šmarje
Srebotno
Stražberk
Veliko Podgorje
Zagradec
Zavine
Zdole
Živa Gora
Zleteče
Landmarks
Ajdovski Gradec
Boštanj Castle ruins
Boštanj Manor
Boštanj Parish Church
Kovačev Hrib Church
Mount Lisca
Loka pri Zidanem Mostu Parish Church
Lutheran Cellar
Razbor Parish Church
Rekštanj Castle ruins
Šentjanž Parish Church
Sevnica Castle
Sevnica Parish Church
St. Roch's Church
Studenec Parish Church
Tržišče Parish Church
Zabukovje Parish Church
This article about the Municipality of Sevnica in Slovenia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[pɔdˈbɔɾʃt]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Slovene"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leksikon-2"},{"link_name":"Šentjanž","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0entjan%C5%BE,_Sevnica"},{"link_name":"Municipality of Sevnica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality_of_Sevnica"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Lower Carniola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Carniola"},{"link_name":"Lower Sava Statistical Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Sava_Statistical_Region"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Place in Lower Carniola, SloveniaPodboršt (pronounced [pɔdˈbɔɾʃt]; German: Podborscht[2]) is a settlement southwest of Šentjanž in the Municipality of Sevnica in east-central Slovenia. The area is part of the historical region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Lower Sava Statistical Region.[3]","title":"Podboršt, Sevnica"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Podbor%C5%A1t,_Sevnica¶ms=46_0_10.62_N_15_9_10.78_E_region:SI_type:city(94)","external_links_name":"46°0′10.62″N 15°9′10.78″E / 46.0029500°N 15.1529944°E / 46.0029500; 15.1529944"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Podbor%C5%A1t,_Sevnica¶ms=46_0_10.62_N_15_9_10.78_E_region:SI_type:city(94)","external_links_name":"46°0′10.62″N 15°9′10.78″E / 46.0029500°N 15.1529944°E / 46.0029500; 15.1529944"},{"Link":"http://www.stat.si/eng/index.asp","external_links_name":"Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia"},{"Link":"http://www.obcina-sevnica.si/","external_links_name":"Sevnica municipal site"},{"Link":"https://www.geopedia.world/#T12_L362_F2473:1658_x1686138.9214071487_y5781217.351562085_s15_b2345","external_links_name":"Podboršt on Geopedia"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Podbor%C5%A1t,_Sevnica&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirconaill_Tribune | Tirconaill Tribune | ["1 History","2 References","3 External links"] | Newspaper in County Donegal, Ireland
Tirconaill TribuneTypeWeekly newspaperFormatTabloidEditorJohn McAteerFounded1991HeadquartersLetterkenny, County Donegal
Front page of the Tirconaill Tribune
The Tirconaill Tribune is an Irish weekly newspaper. Its editor is John McAteer. The newspaper's headquarters is in Milford, County Donegal. It is distributed to shops across north County Donegal.
The Tirconaill Tribune is printed on Wednesday evenings. It circulates each Thursday.
History
First printed in 1991, by October 2022 it had gone through about 1,600 issues.
Lawrence Donegan's book No News at Throat Lake (Penguin: 2000) is a memoir about his year-long stay in Creeslough from late 1998, playing for the local Gaelic football club and working at the Tirconaill Tribune. The book also chronicles the "eccentric ways" of editor John McAteer.
In 2008, the Tribune published the Government's decision to end disability allowances for teenagers between the age of 16 and 18. The paper reported that Tánaiste Mary Coughlan had met with concerned constituents and that the Down Syndrome Association had received confirmation of the change. Fine Gael TD Joe McHugh brought a copy of the newspaper to Leinster House to inform his leader Enda Kenny.
In October 2022, editor John McAteer described the edition of the Tirconaill Tribune published after the Creeslough explosion as "probably the most important" ever.
References
^ a b c d e f g O'Neill, Ciaran (16 October 2022). "Creeslough tragedy: 'This is probably the most important paper we've ever done because we've never had tragedy of this immensity'". Sunday Independent.
^ Zibart, Eve (2000). "No News at Throat Lake - review". www.bookpage.com. Penguin. Retrieved 17 February 2016.
^ Conor, Johnston (4 September 2015). "15 years on...how has boom and bust changed Lawrence Donegan's Donegal?". www.sluggerotoole.com. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
^ Miriam Lord's Week - Coughlan lets cat out of bag, The Irish Times. 1 November 2008.
External links
Tirconaill Tribune an approved newspaper
Tribune Articles
vteLetterkenny
Climate
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Central: Cathedral Road · Cathedral Square · College Road · College Row · Convent Road · Oldtown Road
Streets: Church Lane · Fortwell · Justice Walsh Lower Main · Market Square (Mount Southwell) · Rosemount Lane · Speer's Lane · Upper Main
Suburban: Oldtown (New Leck · Old Leck) · Rockhill
Landmarks
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vteMedia in County DonegalPrint
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vteNewspapers in the Republic of IrelandMedia of the Republic of IrelandNational
Business Post
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Defunct
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See also: Newspapers founded before 1937 • Northern Ireland newspapers (1921–present)
This Ireland newspaper–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tirconaill_Tribune_Cover.JPG"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-immensity-1"},{"link_name":"Milford, County Donegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milford,_County_Donegal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-immensity-1"},{"link_name":"County Donegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Donegal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-immensity-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-immensity-1"}],"text":"Front page of the Tirconaill TribuneThe Tirconaill Tribune is an Irish weekly newspaper. Its editor is John McAteer.[1] The newspaper's headquarters is in Milford, County Donegal.[1] It is distributed to shops across north County Donegal.[1]The Tirconaill Tribune is printed on Wednesday evenings.[1] It circulates each Thursday.","title":"Tirconaill Tribune"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-immensity-1"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Donegan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Donegan"},{"link_name":"Creeslough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creeslough"},{"link_name":"the local Gaelic football club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Michael%27s_GAA_(Donegal)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-immensity-1"},{"link_name":"Tánaiste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1naiste"},{"link_name":"Mary Coughlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Coughlan_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Fine Gael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_Gael"},{"link_name":"Joe McHugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_McHugh"},{"link_name":"Leinster House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leinster_House"},{"link_name":"Enda Kenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enda_Kenny"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Creeslough explosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creeslough_explosion"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-immensity-1"}],"text":"First printed in 1991, by October 2022 it had gone through about 1,600 issues.[1]Lawrence Donegan's book No News at Throat Lake (Penguin: 2000) is a memoir about his year-long stay in Creeslough from late 1998, playing for the local Gaelic football club and working at the Tirconaill Tribune.[2][3] The book also chronicles the \"eccentric ways\" of editor John McAteer.[1]In 2008, the Tribune published the Government's decision to end disability allowances for teenagers between the age of 16 and 18. The paper reported that Tánaiste Mary Coughlan had met with concerned constituents and that the Down Syndrome Association had received confirmation of the change. Fine Gael TD Joe McHugh brought a copy of the newspaper to Leinster House to inform his leader Enda Kenny.[4]In October 2022, editor John McAteer described the edition of the Tirconaill Tribune published after the Creeslough explosion as \"probably the most important\" ever.[1]","title":"History"}] | [{"image_text":"Front page of the Tirconaill Tribune","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/22/Tirconaill_Tribune_Cover.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"O'Neill, Ciaran (16 October 2022). \"Creeslough tragedy: 'This is probably the most important paper we've ever done because we've never had tragedy of this immensity'\". Sunday Independent.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/news/creeslough-tragedy-this-is-probably-the-most-important-paper-weve-ever-done-because-weve-never-had-tragedy-of-this-immensity-42069859.html","url_text":"\"Creeslough tragedy: 'This is probably the most important paper we've ever done because we've never had tragedy of this immensity'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Independent_(Ireland)","url_text":"Sunday Independent"}]},{"reference":"Zibart, Eve (2000). \"No News at Throat Lake - review\". www.bookpage.com. Penguin. Retrieved 17 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://bookpage.com/reviews/1297-lawrence-donegan-no-news-at-throat-lake","url_text":"\"No News at Throat Lake - review\""}]},{"reference":"Conor, Johnston (4 September 2015). \"15 years on...how has boom and bust changed Lawrence Donegan's Donegal?\". www.sluggerotoole.com. Retrieved 7 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://sluggerotoole.com/2015/09/04/15-years-on-how-has-boom-and-bust-changed-lawrence-donegans-donegal/","url_text":"\"15 years on...how has boom and bust changed Lawrence Donegan's Donegal?\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/news/creeslough-tragedy-this-is-probably-the-most-important-paper-weve-ever-done-because-weve-never-had-tragedy-of-this-immensity-42069859.html","external_links_name":"\"Creeslough tragedy: 'This is probably the most important paper we've ever done because we've never had tragedy of this immensity'\""},{"Link":"https://bookpage.com/reviews/1297-lawrence-donegan-no-news-at-throat-lake","external_links_name":"\"No News at Throat Lake - review\""},{"Link":"https://sluggerotoole.com/2015/09/04/15-years-on-how-has-boom-and-bust-changed-lawrence-donegans-donegal/","external_links_name":"\"15 years on...how has boom and bust changed Lawrence Donegan's Donegal?\""},{"Link":"http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2008/1101/1225321623480.html","external_links_name":"Miriam Lord's Week - Coughlan lets cat out of bag"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071007003930/http://www.donegalcoco.ie/services/planningeconomicdevelopment/planningprocess/approvednewspapers.htm","external_links_name":"Tirconaill Tribune an approved newspaper"},{"Link":"http://www.philmacgiollabhain.com/tribune.html","external_links_name":"Tribune Articles"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tirconaill_Tribune&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Hadler | Walter Hadler | ["1 References"] | American playwright and theater director
For the ice hockey player, see Wally Halder.
Walter Hadler is an American playwright and theater director. Hadler was a resident playwright at Theatre Genesis during the 1960s, along with Murray Mednick, Sam Shepard, and Tony Barsha. Hadler and Mednick became co-directors of the theater in 1969, and Hadler continued to operate it from 1974 to 1978 following Mednick's departure.
Hadler later wrote and directed productions for Padua Playwrights, a Los Angeles theater company founded by Mednick.
References
^ Bottoms, Stephen (2004). Playing Underground: A Critical History of the 1960s Off-Off-Broadway Movement. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-11400-X.
^ Roudane, Matthew Charles (2002). The Cambridge Companion to Sam Shepard. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-77766-7.
This article about an American playwright is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wally Halder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wally_Halder"},{"link_name":"Theatre Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_Genesis"},{"link_name":"Murray Mednick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Mednick"},{"link_name":"Sam Shepard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Shepard"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Padua Playwrights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padua_Playwrights"}],"text":"For the ice hockey player, see Wally Halder.Walter Hadler is an American playwright and theater director. Hadler was a resident playwright at Theatre Genesis during the 1960s, along with Murray Mednick, Sam Shepard, and Tony Barsha.[1] Hadler and Mednick became co-directors of the theater in 1969, and Hadler continued to operate it from 1974 to 1978 following Mednick's departure.[2]Hadler later wrote and directed productions for Padua Playwrights, a Los Angeles theater company founded by Mednick.","title":"Walter Hadler"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Bottoms, Stephen (2004). Playing Underground: A Critical History of the 1960s Off-Off-Broadway Movement. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-11400-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-11400-X","url_text":"0-472-11400-X"}]},{"reference":"Roudane, Matthew Charles (2002). The Cambridge Companion to Sam Shepard. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-77766-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77766-7","url_text":"978-0-521-77766-7"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Hadler&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teledu_Cymru | Wales West and North Television | ["1 History","2 Studios","3 Identity","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Welsh independent television contractor (1962–1964)
Wales (West and North) TelevisionThe Teledu Cymru reception area when WWN collapsed in 1964TypeRegion of television networkBrandingTeledu CymruCountryWalesFirst air date14 September 1962; 61 years ago (1962-09-14)TV transmittersPreseli, Arfon, Moel-y-ParcHeadquartersCardiff and BangorBroadcast areaWest and North WalesDissolved26 January 1964; 60 years ago (1964-01-26) (after 1 year, 134 days)Picture format405-lineAffiliation(s)ITVLanguageEnglish and WelshReplaced byMerged with TWW
Wales (West and North) Television, known on screen as Teledu Cymru (pronounced , Welsh for "Wales Television") and often abbreviated to WWN, was the Welsh "Independent Television" (commercial television) contractor awarded the franchise area serving North and West Wales, from 1962 (franchise awarded 6 June 1961). It began transmitting on 14 September 1962, and ceased on 26 January 1964 through financial failure; the franchise area was soon combined with the South Wales and West of England area, operated by TWW. TWW retained the Teledu Cymru name in the former WWN franchise area, as did successor Harlech during their emergency transitional franchise, only retiring the name when they were able to officially take over.
History
The geography of Wales presented a daunting problem to the Independent Television Authority (ITA). The populous area of Wales in the South were already being served by TWW, which had begun broadcasting in 1958, while the north-east of the country and much of the north coast was served by the North of England weekday and weekend franchise holders, Granada and ABC, operating since 1956; the interior of north Wales could not receive ITV transmissions at all.
The ITA was pressured, by a consortium of Welsh-speaking businessmen, into setting up a new North and West Wales region; the ITA asked the Postmaster General to allow this, which he did, with strict provisos: the new service must not offer viewers in Wales a choice other viewers did not have, and at the last minute, the Postmaster General insisted that the new station should, on its own, produce ten-hours-a-week of programmes in Welsh, without relying on Welsh language programmes produced by Granada (and ABC) and TWW.
These punitive regulations were accepted, and the contract was awarded in 1961 to Wales Television Limited, which was later changed to Wales (West and North) Television Limited, following objections from TWW who felt that the original name was intruding on their area, though WWN dropped the parenthesis at every possible opportunity. WWN was to use three VHF transmitters, at Preseli (covering the south west), Arfon (north west) and Moel-y-Parc in the north east. When the Preseli transmitter came online on 14 September 1962, so did WWN, making it the 17th and last of the original ITA franchises to launch. However, the delay in introducing the transmitters at Arfon and Moel-y-Parc, until later in 1963, destroyed the morale and the finances of WWN. Free programming from the ITV network, plus other support from its neighbours ABC, ATV and TWW just about kept the ship afloat, but Manchester's Granada Television decided to dispense with its productions in the Welsh language, and the loss of this valuable programming stream proved fatal to WWN. Local productions ceased in May 1963 and the station's studios were reduced to a small master control until WWN could find a successor.
TWW offered a generous package to WWN's shareholders, in order to gain control of the territory, and as per the guidance of former WWN employees, kept the Teledu Cymru name on the air for four years after the demise of its parent company on 26 January 1964. TWW successor Harlech also retained the Teledu Cymru name when TWW's early termination of service forced them to run an emergency transitional franchise, only retiring the name when their franchise began properly.
Studios
WWN's studio complex was located in Western Avenue, Cardiff, despite the fact that this area was not served by WWN but by their rivals TWW. It was from here their programmes were made and their headquarters were. The company did, however, have a regional office and news studio in the region located in Bangor. Following the acquisition of WWN by TWW, the Western Avenue base was closed, with all operations moved to TWW's Pontcanna base, also in Cardiff. To accommodate the addition Teledu Cymru presentation, the Pontcanna studios received a large upgrade. It is believed that the Bangor base was retained by TWW. The studios on Western Avenue were eventually demolished and replaced by the new headquarters for the WJEC examining board.
Identity
WWN's on screen identity featured a stylised dragon against a black background with the 'Teledu Cymru' name beneath. This ident, it is believed, was the only one used by the station, whose existence was very short. Following the takeover from TWW however, the ident was modified. The dragon emblem was retained, as was the Teledu Cymru name, with the only addition being a caption below with TWW's logo and a legend stating 'Network for Wales'. The ident also now animated on screen in sections to the tune of TWW's ident. Following TWW's loss of contract, the Teledu Cymru name was once again utilised by the Independent Television Service for Wales and the West that ran the franchise until HTV could begin broadcasting.
See also
TWW
Independent Television Service for Wales and the West
HTV
ITV
History of ITV
References
^ a b "TWW/Teledu Cymru". TV Room. Retrieved 21 August 2011. Contains information and images of WWN's idents.
^ a b c d e f Graham, Russ. "Teledu Cymru". Electro Musicians Ident. Transdiffusion Broadcasting System. Retrieved 21 August 2011. Contains a detailed account of WWN's life and some images of WWN's idents.
^ a b "Iris Jones". Transdiffusion. Retrieved 5 April 2023.
^ "TWW". ITV Wales and the West. TV ARK. Retrieved 21 August 2011. Contains a video of WWN's later ident, following TWW's takeover.
^ "Idents, Clocks and Testcards". Harlech House of Graphics. Retrieved 21 August 2011. Contains images of WWN idents.
External links
Harlech House of Graphics (unofficial fan site)
Television Wales and the West at TV Live
TWW at TVARK
ITV regional service
New service
West and North Wales 14 September 1962 – 26 January 1964
Succeeded byTWWas Teledu Cymru
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ITV Emergency National Service (1968)
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Journalists and newsreaders
Programmes
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3SixtyMedia
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Category
vteTelevision in WalesChannelsandservicesBBCCurrent
BBC One Wales
BBC Two Wales
Defunct
BBC 2W
ITVCurrent
ITV Cymru Wales
Defunct
WWN
TWW
ITSWW
Harlech/HTV/ITV Wales & West
OtherCurrent
S4C
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Stwnsh
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Planed Plant
S4C2
StudiosCurrent
BBC Cymru Wales New Broadcasting House
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Former
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TransmittersCurrent
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Long Mountain
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Preseli
Wenvoe
Former
St Hilary
Category
Timeline
ITV | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[tɛˈlɛdɨ ˈkəmrɨ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Welsh"},{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Independent Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"TWW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_Wales_and_the_West"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tvroom-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-transdiffusion-2"},{"link_name":"Harlech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_Wales_%26_West"},{"link_name":"emergency transitional franchise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Television_Service_for_Wales_and_the_West"}],"text":"Wales (West and North) Television, known on screen as Teledu Cymru (pronounced [tɛˈlɛdɨ ˈkəmrɨ], Welsh for \"Wales Television\") and often abbreviated to WWN, was the Welsh \"Independent Television\" (commercial television) contractor awarded the franchise area serving North and West Wales, from 1962 (franchise awarded 6 June 1961). It began transmitting on 14 September 1962, and ceased on 26 January 1964 through financial failure; the franchise area was soon combined with the South Wales and West of England area, operated by TWW.[1][2] TWW retained the Teledu Cymru name in the former WWN franchise area, as did successor Harlech during their emergency transitional franchise, only retiring the name when they were able to officially take over.","title":"Wales West and North Television"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Independent Television Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Television_Authority"},{"link_name":"TWW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_Wales_and_the_West"},{"link_name":"Granada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada_Television"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Weekend_TV"},{"link_name":"ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-transdiffusion-2"},{"link_name":"Postmaster General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmaster_General_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-transdiffusion-2"},{"link_name":"VHF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_high_frequency"},{"link_name":"Preseli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preseli_transmitting_station"},{"link_name":"Arfon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arfon_transmitting_station"},{"link_name":"Moel-y-Parc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moel-y-Parc_TV_Mast"},{"link_name":"ATV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_TeleVision"},{"link_name":"TWW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_Wales_and_the_West"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-transdiffusion-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-irisjones-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-irisjones-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-transdiffusion-2"},{"link_name":"Harlech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_Wales_%26_West"},{"link_name":"emergency transitional franchise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Television_Service_for_Wales_and_the_West"}],"text":"The geography of Wales presented a daunting problem to the Independent Television Authority (ITA). The populous area of Wales in the South were already being served by TWW, which had begun broadcasting in 1958, while the north-east of the country and much of the north coast was served by the North of England weekday and weekend franchise holders, Granada and ABC, operating since 1956; the interior of north Wales could not receive ITV transmissions at all.[2]The ITA was pressured, by a consortium of Welsh-speaking businessmen, into setting up a new North and West Wales region; the ITA asked the Postmaster General to allow this, which he did, with strict provisos: the new service must not offer viewers in Wales a choice other viewers did not have, and at the last minute, the Postmaster General insisted that the new station should, on its own, produce ten-hours-a-week of programmes in Welsh, without relying on Welsh language programmes produced by Granada (and ABC) and TWW.[2]These punitive regulations were accepted, and the contract was awarded in 1961 to Wales Television Limited, which was later changed to Wales (West and North) Television Limited, following objections from TWW who felt that the original name was intruding on their area, though WWN dropped the parenthesis at every possible opportunity. WWN was to use three VHF transmitters, at Preseli (covering the south west), Arfon (north west) and Moel-y-Parc in the north east. When the Preseli transmitter came online on 14 September 1962, so did WWN, making it the 17th and last of the original ITA franchises to launch. However, the delay in introducing the transmitters at Arfon and Moel-y-Parc, until later in 1963, destroyed the morale and the finances of WWN. Free programming from the ITV network, plus other support from its neighbours ABC, ATV and TWW just about kept the ship afloat, but Manchester's Granada Television decided to dispense with its productions in the Welsh language, and the loss of this valuable programming stream proved fatal to WWN.[2] Local productions ceased in May 1963 and the station's studios were reduced to a small master control until WWN could find a successor.[3]TWW offered a generous package to WWN's shareholders, in order to gain control of the territory, and as per the guidance of former WWN employees,[3] kept the Teledu Cymru name on the air for four years after the demise of its parent company on 26 January 1964.[2] TWW successor Harlech also retained the Teledu Cymru name when TWW's early termination of service forced them to run an emergency transitional franchise, only retiring the name when their franchise began properly.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cardiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff"},{"link_name":"TWW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_Wales_and_the_West"},{"link_name":"Bangor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangor,_Gwynedd"},{"link_name":"Pontcanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontcanna"},{"link_name":"Cardiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff"},{"link_name":"WJEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WJEC_(exam_board)"}],"text":"WWN's studio complex was located in Western Avenue, Cardiff, despite the fact that this area was not served by WWN but by their rivals TWW. It was from here their programmes were made and their headquarters were. The company did, however, have a regional office and news studio in the region located in Bangor. Following the acquisition of WWN by TWW, the Western Avenue base was closed, with all operations moved to TWW's Pontcanna base, also in Cardiff. To accommodate the addition Teledu Cymru presentation, the Pontcanna studios received a large upgrade. It is believed that the Bangor base was retained by TWW. The studios on Western Avenue were eventually demolished and replaced by the new headquarters for the WJEC examining board.","title":"Studios"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon"},{"link_name":"Independent Television Service for Wales and the West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Television_Service_for_Wales_and_the_West"},{"link_name":"HTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_Wales_%26_West"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tvroom-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-transdiffusion-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TVARK-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HHG-5"}],"text":"WWN's on screen identity featured a stylised dragon against a black background with the 'Teledu Cymru' name beneath. This ident, it is believed, was the only one used by the station, whose existence was very short. Following the takeover from TWW however, the ident was modified. The dragon emblem was retained, as was the Teledu Cymru name, with the only addition being a caption below with TWW's logo and a legend stating 'Network for Wales'. The ident also now animated on screen in sections to the tune of TWW's ident. Following TWW's loss of contract, the Teledu Cymru name was once again utilised by the Independent Television Service for Wales and the West that ran the franchise until HTV could begin broadcasting.[1][2][4][5]","title":"Identity"}] | [] | [{"title":"TWW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_Wales_and_the_West"},{"title":"Independent Television Service for Wales and the West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Television_Service_for_Wales_and_the_West"},{"title":"HTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_Wales_%26_West"},{"title":"ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)"},{"title":"History of ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ITV"}] | [{"reference":"\"TWW/Teledu Cymru\". TV Room. Retrieved 21 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://thetvroom.com/ark/itv/tww-1958-01-id-010.html","url_text":"\"TWW/Teledu Cymru\""}]},{"reference":"Graham, Russ. \"Teledu Cymru\". Electro Musicians Ident. Transdiffusion Broadcasting System. Retrieved 21 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.transdiffusion.org/emc/ident/album/wwn.php","url_text":"\"Teledu Cymru\""}]},{"reference":"\"Iris Jones\". Transdiffusion. Retrieved 5 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://transdiffusion.org/2017/06/29/iris/","url_text":"\"Iris Jones\""}]},{"reference":"\"TWW\". ITV Wales and the West. TV ARK. Retrieved 21 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www2.tv-ark.org.uk/itv_wales_west/tww.html","url_text":"\"TWW\""}]},{"reference":"\"Idents, Clocks and Testcards\". Harlech House of Graphics. Retrieved 21 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hhg.org.uk/ids.html","url_text":"\"Idents, Clocks and Testcards\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://thetvroom.com/ark/itv/tww-1958-01-id-010.html","external_links_name":"\"TWW/Teledu Cymru\""},{"Link":"http://www.transdiffusion.org/emc/ident/album/wwn.php","external_links_name":"\"Teledu Cymru\""},{"Link":"https://transdiffusion.org/2017/06/29/iris/","external_links_name":"\"Iris Jones\""},{"Link":"http://www2.tv-ark.org.uk/itv_wales_west/tww.html","external_links_name":"\"TWW\""},{"Link":"http://www.hhg.org.uk/ids.html","external_links_name":"\"Idents, Clocks and Testcards\""},{"Link":"http://www.hhg.org.uk/","external_links_name":"Harlech House of Graphics"},{"Link":"http://www.tv-live.org.uk/wb/pages/itv/regions/tww.php","external_links_name":"Television Wales and the West at TV Live"},{"Link":"http://www2.tv-ark.org.uk/itv_wales_west/tww.html","external_links_name":"TWW at TVARK"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founding_charter_of_the_abbey_of_Tihany | Establishing charter of the abbey of Tihany | ["1 Background","2 Content","3 See also","4 Footnotes","5 References"] | Abbey church of Tihany
The longest Hungarian fragment in the Latin text
The establishing charter of the abbey of Tihany is a document known for including the oldest written words in the Hungarian language. The document, dated to 1055, lists the lands the king donated to the newly founded Tihany Abbey. It is mostly in Latin, but contains several Hungarian words and expressions, the longest of which is feheruuaru rea meneh hodu utu rea (in modern Hungarian: Fehérvárra menő hadi útra, 'onto the military road leading to Fehérvár').
Background
The Benedictine abbey of Tihany was founded by King Andrew I and was dedicated to the Virgin Mary and Aignan of Orleans. The establishing charter is likely to have been composed by Bishop Nicholas. The Benedictine monks were settled in Tihany by King Andrew, who had a church and a monastery built for them on the hill of the Tihany peninsula near Lake Balaton. The charter, written on vellum, is today in the Benedictine abbey of Pannonhalma.
The road mentioned must have been a military road from Roman times, still used in medieval times. It was the most important road from Fehérvár to the south. Fehérvár – today Székesfehérvár – was one of the most important cities of medieval Hungary.
Content
The Hungarian words in the text reflect 11th century Hungarian language. Not only proper nouns, but common nouns and expressions are included. The longest of these, & feheruuaru rea meneh hodu utu rea clearly shows a language stage in which the -ra suffix (-re after front vowels) has not yet evolved into a suffix from a postposition, and in which the final vowels are still preserved (compare 'Feheruuaru' with modern 'Fehérvár' and 'utu' with modern 'út' – don't pay attention to the diacritics as in 1055 Hungarian spelling was not yet developed to show the a/á and u/ú difference, although they must have existed in pronunciation). In total, the document includes 58 Hungarian words, among them Tichon, an early spelling of the name Tihany.
See also
Funeral Sermon and Prayer, the oldest existing text written completely in Hungarian
Lamentations of Mary, the oldest existing poem in Hungarian
Footnotes
^ Zelliger Erzsébet: Első nyelvemlékeink és a 950 éves Tihanyi alapítólevél, Új Ember, 2005. november 20. Archived 2009-06-27 at the Wayback Machine, www.benceskiado.hu
References
PDF copy of the document
Mons Sacer 996-1996. Pannonhalma ezer éve. Szerkesztő: Takács Imre. Pannonhalma, 1996
Browsing by Citation "Tanulmányok a 950 éves Tihanyi alapítólevél tiszteletére / Szerkesztő: Érszegi Géza. - Tihany, Tihanyi Bencés Apátság, 2007
Géza Bárczi: A tihanyi apátság alapítólevele mint nyelvi emlék. Budapest, 1951.
Erzsébet Zelliger: A Tihanyi Alapítólevél. Bencés kiadó
István Hoffmann: A Tihanyi alapítólevél három szórványáról: Huluoodi, Turku, Ursa | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hungarian_sentence_tihany_11th_c.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hungarian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language"},{"link_name":"Tihany Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tihany_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Fehérvár","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kesfeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r"}],"text":"The longest Hungarian fragment in the Latin textThe establishing charter of the abbey of Tihany is a document known for including the oldest written words in the Hungarian language. The document, dated to 1055, lists the lands the king donated to the newly founded Tihany Abbey. It is mostly in Latin, but contains several Hungarian words and expressions, the longest of which is feheruuaru rea meneh hodu utu rea (in modern Hungarian: Fehérvárra menő hadi útra, 'onto the military road leading to Fehérvár').","title":"Establishing charter of the abbey of Tihany"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tihany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tihany"},{"link_name":"King Andrew I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_I_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Virgin Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Mary"},{"link_name":"Aignan of Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aignan_of_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Bishop Nicholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas,_Bishop_of_Gy%C5%91r"},{"link_name":"Tihany peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tihany_peninsula&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lake Balaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Balaton"},{"link_name":"vellum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vellum"},{"link_name":"Pannonhalma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonhalma"},{"link_name":"Roman times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonia"},{"link_name":"Székesfehérvár","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kesfeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Benedictine abbey of Tihany was founded by King Andrew I and was dedicated to the Virgin Mary and Aignan of Orleans. The establishing charter is likely to have been composed by Bishop Nicholas. The Benedictine monks were settled in Tihany by King Andrew, who had a church and a monastery built for them on the hill of the Tihany peninsula near Lake Balaton. The charter, written on vellum, is today in the Benedictine abbey of Pannonhalma.The road mentioned must have been a military road from Roman times, still used in medieval times. It was the most important road from Fehérvár to the south. Fehérvár – today Székesfehérvár – was one of the most important cities of medieval Hungary.[1]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"postposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preposition_and_postposition"}],"text":"The Hungarian words in the text reflect 11th century Hungarian language. Not only proper nouns, but common nouns and expressions are included. The longest of these, & feheruuaru rea meneh hodu utu rea clearly shows a language stage in which the -ra suffix (-re after front vowels) has not yet evolved into a suffix from a postposition, and in which the final vowels are still preserved (compare 'Feheruuaru' with modern 'Fehérvár' and 'utu' with modern 'út' – don't pay attention to the diacritics as in 1055 Hungarian spelling was not yet developed to show the a/á and u/ú difference, although they must have existed in pronunciation). In total, the document includes 58 Hungarian words, among them Tichon, an early spelling of the name Tihany.","title":"Content"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Zelliger Erzsébet: Első nyelvemlékeink és a 950 éves Tihanyi alapítólevél, Új Ember, 2005. november 20.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.benceskiado.hu/index.php?hlid=23"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090627153757/http://www.benceskiado.hu/index.php?hlid=23"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"}],"text":"^ Zelliger Erzsébet: Első nyelvemlékeink és a 950 éves Tihanyi alapítólevél, Új Ember, 2005. november 20. Archived 2009-06-27 at the Wayback Machine, www.benceskiado.hu","title":"Footnotes"}] | [{"image_text":"Abbey church of Tihany","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Tihanyi_ap%C3%A1ts%C3%A1gi_templom.jpg/250px-Tihanyi_ap%C3%A1ts%C3%A1gi_templom.jpg"},{"image_text":"The longest Hungarian fragment in the Latin text","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Hungarian_sentence_tihany_11th_c.jpg/250px-Hungarian_sentence_tihany_11th_c.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Funeral Sermon and Prayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funeral_Sermon_and_Prayer"},{"title":"Lamentations of Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamentations_of_Mary"}] | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.benceskiado.hu/index.php?hlid=23","external_links_name":"Zelliger Erzsébet: Első nyelvemlékeink és a 950 éves Tihanyi alapítólevél, Új Ember, 2005. november 20."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090627153757/http://www.benceskiado.hu/index.php?hlid=23","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.tihanyiapatsag.hu/downloads/alapito_okirat.pdf","external_links_name":"PDF copy of the document"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%95_people | Thổ people | ["1 History","2 Subdivisions","3 Languages","4 Distribution","5 See also","6 References"] | Ethnic group
ThổThổ clothingTotal population91,430 (2019)Regions with significant populations Vietnam (Nghệ An Province)
Laos (Bolikhamsai Province and Khammouane Province)LanguagesTho • Vietic languages • Vietnamese • LaoReligionBuddhism • Animism
The Thổ ethnic group (also Keo, Mon, Cuoi, Ho, Tay Poong) inhabits the mountainous regions of northern Vietnam, mainly Nghệ An Province southwest of Hanoi. Many Thổ speak the Tho language, which is closely related to Vietnamese.
The Thổ population numbered 91,430 in 2019.
The Thổ are one of the 4 main groups of Vietic speakers in Vietnam, the others being the Việt, Mường, and Chứt. The name Thổ, which means "autochthonous" was originally applied to the Tày ethnic group, however this usage is obsolete.
History
A traditional Tho dress
The Thổ people are a heterogeneous mix of different Vietic peoples. Around the end of the 17th century, Vietnam experienced multiple social upheavals that caused multiple migrations of Viet and Muong peoples into territory of other Vietic speaking ethnic minorities such as the Cuối and intermixed with the local populations. After a period of evolution, were given the name Thổ. Their culture combines elements of Viet and Muong culture, with elements of Thái culture. Their clothing is a mix of Vietnamese, Muong, and Tai traditions from the early modern period. Some women wear clothing similar to the Áo bà ba or the Áo tứ thân, but with a Sarong and a Kerchief. Men wear simple tunics and pants. Just like with the Muong, many clothing items are purchased from the Thái. They mainly grow rice and ramie, and use hemp to make bags, hammocks and nets. In the northern communes of Nghệ An, the stilt houses are identical to that of the Muong. In the South, however, they are in the Thái style.
Subdivisions
Thổ consists of various different ethnolinguistic groups. Quán Vi Miên (2013:12) lists the following branches.
Họ (Lao/Thai exonym for the Han Chinese)
Kẹo (Keo) (Lao/Thai exonym for ethnic Kinh or Vietnamese)
Mọn (Mol) (Mường autonym)
Cuối
Đan Lai
Ly Hà
Tày Poọng (Phoọng, Poọng, Phống) (Lao exonym for the "Khạ", or Mon-Khmer hill tribes)
Languages
Thổ is a heterogeneous group; thus, local groups have distinct languages. However, all of Thổ languages belong to Vietic branch . Nguyễn Hữu Hoành (2009) classify Thổ languages into 5 groups base on their position in Vietic branch.
Tày Poọng (Poong or Phong) and Đan Lai (Liha) - Lexicostatistical studies have found that Đan Lai and Poọng sharing 85% basic lexicon. Thus, Nguyễn (2009) identify them as dialects of a language. The speakers of this language reside mainly in Con Cuông and Tương Dương districts. It may also have close relation with Hung language (Toum) in Laos.
Cuối, Nguyễn (2009) pointed out that Cuối is a distinct language with Vietnamese, Muong and Poọng-Đan Lai. This language have two dialects Cuối Chăm in Tân Hợp commune (Tân Kỳ district) and Cuối Nếp (or Cuối Làng Lỡ) in Thái Hòa town. Because of sharing 66% basic lexicon with Poọng, Nguyễn (2009) proposed to group Cuối with Tày Poọng-Đan Lai to form a subbranch in Vietic, parallel to Việt-Mường branch and Chứt branch.
The position of Thổ languages in Vietic branch
Mọn and Họ, The two dialects share 98% basic lexicon and have a closer relation with Mường languages than Cuối and Poọng. They share 77%, 79% and 71% core lexicon with Mường Bi language, Mường Ống language and Nghệ An dialect of Vietnamese, respectively. Especially, Mọn and Họ are lexical closest with a Mường language in Như Xuân district (84%). Therefore, Nguyễn (2009) group them into a single language in Việt-Mường branch which have a closer relation with Mường languages. Maspéro (1912) named this language as Southern Mường language
Kẹo share 99% lexicon with Nghệ An dialect of Vietnamese. Thus, Nguyễn(2009) classified Kẹo as a dialect of Vietnamese or even a sub-dialect of Nghệ An dialect
Thổ Lâm La and Thổ Như Xuân share respectively 94% and 95% basic lexicon with Nghệ An dialect. However, Nguyễn (2009) argued that two Thổ languages experienced a different phonological innovation with Vietnamese. Thus, he place it into a grey area between being dialects of Vietnamese or being member languages of Viet-Muong branch (Nguồn has a similar status).
Distribution
As of 2009, 80% (59,579 persons) of all ethnic Thổ live in Nghệ An Province, while 13% (9,652 persons) are found in Thanh Hóa Province Quán Vi Miên (2013:11).
Quán Vi Miên (2013:12-13) lists ethnic Thổ populations and branches (ethnic subdivisions) for the following districts of Nghệ An Province.
Quỳ Hợp District: 18,394 people; Họ, Kẹo, Mọn branches, in the following communes:
Tam Hợp (5,515 ethnic Thổ)
Nghĩa Xuân (3,855 ethnic Thổ)
Minh Hợp (1,983 ethnic Thổ)
Hạ Sơn (2,652 ethnic Thổ)
Văn Lợi (2,403 ethnic Thổ)
Thọ Hợp (1,730 ethnic Thổ)
Quỳ Hợp city (265 ethnic Thổ)
Nghĩa Đàn District: 28,487 people; Họ, Kẹo, Mọn, Cuối Đếp branches
Tân Kỳ District: 15,695 people; Họ, Kẹo, Mọn, Cuối Chăm branches
Con Cuông District: 3,220 people; Đan Lai, Ly Hà branches
Tương Dương District: 436 people; Tày Poọng branch
See also
List of ethnic groups in Vietnam
References
^ a b "Report on Results of the 2019 Census". General Statistics Office of Vietnam. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
^ "Tho People in Vietnam". www.vietnamroyaltourism.com. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
^ “Nguyễn Hữu Hoành. 2009. Tìm hiểu ngôn ngữ các dân tộc ở Việt Nam: Vấn đề dân tộc Thổ xét từ góc độ ngôn ngữ, Hà Nội: NXB Khoa học xã hội.”
Quán Vi Miên. 2013. Văn hóa dân gian: dân tộc Thổ. Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản văn hóa thông tin.
Thi Nhị & Trần Mạnh Cát (1975). "Vài nét về người Thổ ở Nghệ An". In, Ủy ban khoa học xã hội Việt Nam: Viện dân tộc học. Về vấn đề xác định thánh phần các dân tộc thiểu số ở miền bắc Việt Nam, 444-455. Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản khoa học xã hội.
Đặng Nghiêm Vạn & Nguyễn Anh Ngọc (1975). "Vài nét về ba nhóm Đan Lai, Ly Hà va 'Tày Poọng'". In, Ủy ban khoa học xã hội Việt Nam: Viện dân tộc học. Về vấn đề xác định thánh phần các dân tộc thiểu số ở miền bắc Việt Nam, 456-471. Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản khoa học xã hội.
vte Ethnic groups in Vietnam by language familyAustroasiatic (Vietic)
Chứt
Mường
Nguồn
Thổ
Việt (Kinh)
Austroasiatic (non-Vietic)
Ba Na
Brâu
Bru-Vân Kiều
Co
Cơ Tu
Giẻ Triêng
Hrê
Kháng
Khơ Mú
Mảng
M'Nông
Xtiêng
Cơ Ho
Mạ
Chơ Ro
Ơ Đu
Rơ Măm
Tà Ôi
Xinh Mun
Xơ Đăng
Khmer
Hmong–Dao
Dao
H'Mông/Mông
Pà Thẻn
Tai–Kadai
Bố Y
Giáy
Lào
Lự
Nùng
Sán Chay
Tày
Thái
Thái Đen
Thái Đỏ
Thái Trắng
Phu Thái
Tày Thanh
Thái Hàng Tổng
Cơ Lao
La Chí
La Ha
Pu Péo
Thủy
Sino-Tibetan languages
Han
Hoa
Ngái
Sán Dìu
Tibeto-Burman
Cống
Hà Nhì
La Hủ
Lô Lô
Phù Lá
Si La
Malayo-Polynesian
Chăm
Chu Ru
Ê Đê
Gia Rai
Raglai
Expatriate
Indian
Japanese
Korean
Jewish
Nigerian
Taiwanese
italic – Not officially recognized
Vietnam portal
Category
Authority control databases: National
Israel
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ethnic group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_group"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Nghệ An Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngh%E1%BB%87_An_Province"},{"link_name":"Hanoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi"},{"link_name":"Tho language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuoi_language"},{"link_name":"Vietnamese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2019-1"},{"link_name":"Việt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_people"},{"link_name":"Mường","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muong_people"},{"link_name":"Chứt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A9t_people"},{"link_name":"Tày","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tay_people"}],"text":"The Thổ ethnic group (also Keo, Mon, Cuoi, Ho, Tay Poong) inhabits the mountainous regions of northern Vietnam, mainly Nghệ An Province southwest of Hanoi. Many Thổ speak the Tho language, which is closely related to Vietnamese.\nThe Thổ population numbered 91,430 in 2019.[1]The Thổ are one of the 4 main groups of Vietic speakers in Vietnam, the others being the Việt, Mường, and Chứt. The name Thổ, which means \"autochthonous\" was originally applied to the Tày ethnic group, however this usage is obsolete.","title":"Thổ people"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Costume,_Tho,_Nghe_An,_1956,_cotton_with_woven_silk_patterns_-_Vietnamese_Women%27s_Museum_-_Hanoi,_Vietnam_-_DSC03880.JPG"},{"link_name":"Muong peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muong_people"},{"link_name":"Thái","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_peoples"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Áo bà ba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81o_b%C3%A0_ba"},{"link_name":"Áo tứ thân","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81o_t%E1%BB%A9_th%C3%A2n"},{"link_name":"Sarong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarong"},{"link_name":"Kerchief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerchief"},{"link_name":"ramie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramie"}],"text":"A traditional Tho dressThe Thổ people are a heterogeneous mix of different Vietic peoples. Around the end of the 17th century, Vietnam experienced multiple social upheavals that caused multiple migrations of Viet and Muong peoples into territory of other Vietic speaking ethnic minorities such as the Cuối and intermixed with the local populations. After a period of evolution, were given the name Thổ. Their culture combines elements of Viet and Muong culture, with elements of Thái culture.[2] Their clothing is a mix of Vietnamese, Muong, and Tai traditions from the early modern period. Some women wear clothing similar to the Áo bà ba or the Áo tứ thân, but with a Sarong and a Kerchief. Men wear simple tunics and pants. Just like with the Muong, many clothing items are purchased from the Thái. They mainly grow rice and ramie, and use hemp to make bags, hammocks and nets. In the northern communes of Nghệ An, the stilt houses are identical to that of the Muong. In the South, however, they are in the Thái style.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Thổ consists of various different ethnolinguistic groups. Quán Vi Miên (2013:12) lists the following branches.Họ (Lao/Thai exonym for the Han Chinese)\nKẹo (Keo) (Lao/Thai exonym for ethnic Kinh or Vietnamese)\nMọn (Mol) (Mường autonym)\nCuối\nĐan Lai\nLy Hà\nTày Poọng (Phoọng, Poọng, Phống) (Lao exonym for the \"Khạ\", or Mon-Khmer hill tribes)","title":"Subdivisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Poong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poong_language"},{"link_name":"Liha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liha_language"},{"link_name":"Con Cuông","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con_Cu%C3%B4ng_District"},{"link_name":"Tương Dương","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_District"},{"link_name":"Hung language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hung_language"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos"},{"link_name":"Cuối","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuoi_language"},{"link_name":"Tân Kỳ district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2n_K%E1%BB%B3_District"},{"link_name":"Thái Hòa town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A1i_H%C3%B2a"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Th%E1%BB%95_language_(Eng).png"},{"link_name":"Mọn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%E1%BB%8Dn_language&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Southern Mường language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muong_language"},{"link_name":"Thổ Lâm La","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Th%E1%BB%95_L%C3%A2m_La&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Thổ Như Xuân","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Th%E1%BB%95_Nh%C6%B0_Xu%C3%A2n&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nguồn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngu%E1%BB%93n_language"}],"text":"Thổ is a heterogeneous group; thus, local groups have distinct languages. However, all of Thổ languages belong to Vietic branch . Nguyễn Hữu Hoành (2009) classify Thổ languages into 5 groups base on their position in Vietic branch.[3]Tày Poọng (Poong or Phong) and Đan Lai (Liha) - Lexicostatistical studies have found that Đan Lai and Poọng sharing 85% basic lexicon. Thus, Nguyễn (2009) identify them as dialects of a language. The speakers of this language reside mainly in Con Cuông and Tương Dương districts. It may also have close relation with Hung language (Toum) in Laos.\nCuối, Nguyễn (2009) pointed out that Cuối is a distinct language with Vietnamese, Muong and Poọng-Đan Lai. This language have two dialects Cuối Chăm in Tân Hợp commune (Tân Kỳ district) and Cuối Nếp (or Cuối Làng Lỡ) in Thái Hòa town. Because of sharing 66% basic lexicon with Poọng, Nguyễn (2009) proposed to group Cuối with Tày Poọng-Đan Lai to form a subbranch in Vietic, parallel to Việt-Mường branch and Chứt branch.The position of Thổ languages in Vietic branchMọn and Họ, The two dialects share 98% basic lexicon and have a closer relation with Mường languages than Cuối and Poọng. They share 77%, 79% and 71% core lexicon with Mường Bi language, Mường Ống language and Nghệ An dialect of Vietnamese, respectively. Especially, Mọn and Họ are lexical closest with a Mường language in Như Xuân district (84%). Therefore, Nguyễn (2009) group them into a single language in Việt-Mường branch which have a closer relation with Mường languages. Maspéro (1912) named this language as Southern Mường language\nKẹo share 99% lexicon with Nghệ An dialect of Vietnamese. Thus, Nguyễn(2009) classified Kẹo as a dialect of Vietnamese or even a sub-dialect of Nghệ An dialect\nThổ Lâm La and Thổ Như Xuân share respectively 94% and 95% basic lexicon with Nghệ An dialect. However, Nguyễn (2009) argued that two Thổ languages experienced a different phonological innovation with Vietnamese. Thus, he place it into a grey area between being dialects of Vietnamese or being member languages of Viet-Muong branch (Nguồn has a similar status).","title":"Languages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nghệ An Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngh%E1%BB%87_An_Province"},{"link_name":"Thanh Hóa Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanh_H%C3%B3a_Province"},{"link_name":"Nghệ An Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngh%E1%BB%87_An_Province"},{"link_name":"Quỳ Hợp District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%E1%BB%B3_H%E1%BB%A3p_District"},{"link_name":"Nghĩa Đàn District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngh%C4%A9a_%C4%90%C3%A0n_District"},{"link_name":"Tân Kỳ District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2n_K%E1%BB%B3_District"},{"link_name":"Con Cuông District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con_Cu%C3%B4ng_District"},{"link_name":"Tương Dương District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_District"}],"text":"As of 2009, 80% (59,579 persons) of all ethnic Thổ live in Nghệ An Province, while 13% (9,652 persons) are found in Thanh Hóa Province Quán Vi Miên (2013:11).Quán Vi Miên (2013:12-13) lists ethnic Thổ populations and branches (ethnic subdivisions) for the following districts of Nghệ An Province.Quỳ Hợp District: 18,394 people; Họ, Kẹo, Mọn branches, in the following communes:\nTam Hợp (5,515 ethnic Thổ)\nNghĩa Xuân (3,855 ethnic Thổ)\nMinh Hợp (1,983 ethnic Thổ)\nHạ Sơn (2,652 ethnic Thổ)\nVăn Lợi (2,403 ethnic Thổ)\nThọ Hợp (1,730 ethnic Thổ)\nQuỳ Hợp city (265 ethnic Thổ)\nNghĩa Đàn District: 28,487 people; Họ, Kẹo, Mọn, Cuối Đếp branches\nTân Kỳ District: 15,695 people; Họ, Kẹo, Mọn, Cuối Chăm branches\nCon Cuông District: 3,220 people; Đan Lai, Ly Hà branches\nTương Dương District: 436 people; Tày Poọng branch","title":"Distribution"}] | [{"image_text":"A traditional Tho dress","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Costume%2C_Tho%2C_Nghe_An%2C_1956%2C_cotton_with_woven_silk_patterns_-_Vietnamese_Women%27s_Museum_-_Hanoi%2C_Vietnam_-_DSC03880.JPG/220px-Costume%2C_Tho%2C_Nghe_An%2C_1956%2C_cotton_with_woven_silk_patterns_-_Vietnamese_Women%27s_Museum_-_Hanoi%2C_Vietnam_-_DSC03880.JPG"},{"image_text":"The position of Thổ languages in Vietic branch","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Th%E1%BB%95_language_%28Eng%29.png/220px-Th%E1%BB%95_language_%28Eng%29.png"}] | [{"title":"List of ethnic groups in Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_Vietnam"}] | [{"reference":"\"Report on Results of the 2019 Census\". General Statistics Office of Vietnam. Retrieved 1 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1YK6iY-j0AfZTuip28Py2Gmz5P8zw04Rn/view?usp=sharing","url_text":"\"Report on Results of the 2019 Census\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tho People in Vietnam\". www.vietnamroyaltourism.com. Retrieved 2020-01-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vietnamroyaltourism.com/index.php/component/content/article/Tho-People-in-Vietnam.html","url_text":"\"Tho People in Vietnam\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1YK6iY-j0AfZTuip28Py2Gmz5P8zw04Rn/view?usp=sharing","external_links_name":"\"Report on Results of the 2019 Census\""},{"Link":"https://www.vietnamroyaltourism.com/index.php/component/content/article/Tho-People-in-Vietnam.html","external_links_name":"\"Tho People in Vietnam\""},{"Link":"http://hocla.edu.vn/document/ebook-tim-hieu-ngon-ngu-cac-dan-toc-o-viet-nam---nxb-khoa-hoc-xa-hoi-5301.html","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007401913705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85134985","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Nott | Julian Nott | ["1 Biography","2 Selected filmography","2.1 Film","2.2 TV","3 References","4 External links"] | British composer
For the British balloonist of the same name, see Julian Nott (balloonist).
Julian NottBirth nameJulian Francis Kandahar NottBorn (1960-11-24) 24 November 1960 (age 63)Marylebone, London, EnglandOccupation(s)Composer, conductorYears active1984–presentMusical artist
Julian Francis Kandahar Nott (born 24 November 1960) is a British composer and conductor, mostly of animated films. His credits include Wallace and Gromit and Peppa Pig.
Biography
Nott was born in Marylebone, London, the son of Miloska Nott and John Nott; his sister is Sasha Swire. He was educated at Eton College and Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford, where he studied Music and Philosophy, Politics and Economics and was the college organ scholar. After a few years working for Arthur Andersen Management Consultants in the City (now Accenture) and writing freelance for The Economist Group, he enrolled at the British National Film and Television School. There, he met the creator of the Wallace and Gromit series, Nick Park. They both received recognition for the work they did there, including Park's student film A Grand Day Out.
After leaving the National Film and Television School, Nott worked for some years as a documentary film-maker, making films for Channel 4 and other broadcasters until he gradually switched to a career in television and film composing.
His credits include many dramas for BBC such as the popular Lark Rise to Candleford and ITV's The Vice.
Nott has also directed and written one feature film of his own, a 2001 comedy entitled Weak at Denise.
In 2006, he won an Annie Award for his score on Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit and an Ivor Novello Award in 2009 for the Wallace and Gromit film A Matter of Loaf and Death. As a producer, he received a BAFTA nomination for the short film "Chicken" in 1990.
Nott is a director of the Performing Right Society and the Mechanical-Copyright Protection Society.
Selected filmography
Film
Year
Title
Director(s)
Notes
1988
Rarg
Tony Collingwood
Thanks
Queen Sacrifice
Julian Richards
Short film
Water's Edge
Suri Krishnamma
1989
A Grand Day Out
Nick Park
Perfect Image?
Maureen Blackwood
The Hill Farm
Mark Baker
The Child Eater
Jonathan Tammuz
The Candy Show
Peter Hewitt
1990
Lorna Doone
Andrew Grieve
TV movie
1992
Swords at Teatime
David Freeman
Short film
Springing Lenin
Andrey Nekrasov
Music arranger
1993
The Wrong Trousers
Nick Park
Short film
Not Without My Handbag
Boris Kossmehl
The Village
Mark Baker
The World of Eric Carle
Andrew Goff
1994
Les quatre lieutenants français
Patrick Jeudy
Documentary
A Man of No Importance
Suri Krishnamma
1995
My Mother's Courage
Michael Verhoeven
A Close Shave
Nick Park
Short film
1996
Reef Encounter
Unknown
1997
The Place of the Dead
Suri Krishnamma
TV movie
Flatworld
Daniel Greaves
Short film
Stage Fright
Steve Box
1998
T.R.A.N.S.I.T.
Piet Kroon
Short film
1999
Weak at Denise
Julian Nott
Also director, co-writer and producer
Jolly Roger
Mark Baker
Short film
2000
New Year's Day
Suri Krishnamma
2001
Christmas Carol: The Movie
Jimmy T. Murakami
Gentlemen's Relish
Douglas Mackinnon
TV movie
2002
War Game
Dave Unwin
Short film
2003
Gifted
Douglas Mackinnon
TV movie
2005
Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit
Nick Park and Steve Box
With various others
2006
Shoot the Messenger
Ngozi Onwurah
Anna and the Moods
Gunnar Karlsson
Short film
2007
Confessions of a Diary Secretary
Andy Wilson
TV movie
Heavy Petting
Marcel Sarmiento
2008
A Matter of Loaf and Death
Nick Park
Short film
2009
Ingenious
Brian Kelly
TV movie
2011
The Decoy Bride
Sheree Folkson
2012
Jubilee Bunt-a-thon
Nick Park
Short film
2014
On Angel Wings
Dave Unwin
The Incredible Adventures of Professor Branestawm
Sandy Johnson
TV movie
2015
A Grand Night In: The Story of Aardman
Richard Mears and Merlin Crossingham
Documentary, appears as himself
TV
Year
Title
Notes
1991–1994
Equinox
TV documentary, director
1996
Tales from the Crypt
1 episode ("Confession")
1997–1998
The Grand
1997
Original Sin
Mini-series
1998
A Respectable Trade
Out of Hours
The Grand
Theme music
1999
The Vice
6 episodes
The Wonderful World of Disney
1 episode ("H-E Double Hockey Sticks")
1999–2000
Sunburn
2001
The Cazalets
3 episodes
2002
Outside the Rules
Wallace & Gromit's Cracking Contraptions
2003
Death in Holy Orders
Mini-series
2004–present
Peppa Pig
2008–2011
Lark Rise to Candleford
2009–2014
Ben & Holly's Little Kingdom
2010
Wallace and Gromit's World of Invention
2011
The Royal Bodyguard
2012
Wallace & Gromit's Musical Marvels
2014
Bing
2015
Britain's Got Talent
1 episode ("2015: Live Semi-Final 4")
2018
Rick and Rat go to Thailand
Director
2019
Ink Rookies
Documentary series, producer
Three Chords
TV documentary, director and producer
Dick in Ibiza
Mini-series, writer
Chained Attraction
Executive producer
Meet Puppets
Director (2 episodes), executive producer (4 episodes)
2020
The Compendium of Shitty Men
Mini-series, writer and executive producer
Student Cooking Challenge
Executive producer
Infatuation - Island of Love
2021
Liars
Director (1 episode)
References
^ "Date of Birth". Companies House. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
^ "Biography". www.juliannottmusic.com. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
^ "A Grand Day Out (1992) - Nick Park - Cast and Crew". AllMovie.
^ "Julian Nott". BFI. Archived from the original on 28 February 2019.
^ "Weak at Denise (2001)". BFI. Archived from the original on 1 March 2019.
External links
Julian Nott at IMDb
vteAnnie Award for Outstanding Achievement for Music in a Feature Production
Alan Menken and Stephen Schwartz (1995)
Randy Newman (1996)
Randy Newman (1997)
Matthew Wilder, David Zippel and Jerry Goldsmith (1998)
Michael Kamen (1999)
Randy Newman (2000)
John Powell and Harry Gregson-Williams (2001)
Joe Hisaishi (2002)
Thomas Newman (2003)
Michael Giacchino (2004)
Julian Nott (2005)
Randy Newman (2006)
Michael Giacchino (2007)
Hans Zimmer and John Powell (2008)
Bruno Coulais (2009)
John Powell (2010)
John Williams (2011)
Henry Jackman, Skrillex, Adam Young, Matthew Thiessen, Jamie Houston and Yasushi Akimoto (2012)
Kristen Anderson-Lopez, Robert Lopez and Christophe Beck (2013)
John Powell and Jónsi (2014)
Michael Giacchino (2015)
Hans Zimmer, Richard Harvey, and Camille (2016)
Kristen Anderson-Lopez, Robert Lopez, Germaine Franco, Adrian Molina and Michael Giacchino (2017)
Michael Giacchino (2018)
Dan Levy (2019)
Trent Reznor, Atticus Ross and Jon Batiste (2020)
Germaine Franco and Lin-Manuel Miranda (2021)
Alexandre Desplat, Roeban Katz, Guillermo del Toro and Patrick McHale (2022)
Daniel Pemberton and Metro Boomin (2023)
vteInternational Film Music Critics Association Award for Best Original Score for a Comedy Film
Randy Newman (1998)
John Williams (2004)
Julian Nott (2005)
Hans Zimmer (2006)
Alan Menken (2007)
Carter Burwell (2008)
Marvin Hamlisch (2009)
Pinar Toprak (2010)
Christopher Young (2011)
Walter Murphy (2012)
Theodore Shapiro (2013)
Alexandre Desplat (2014)
Douglas Pipes (2015)
Justin Hurwitz (2016)
Christopher Willis (2017)
Marc Shaiman (2018)
Michael Giacchino (2019)
Christopher Willis (2020)
Nicholas Britell (2021)
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
Poland
Artists
MusicBrainz
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Julian Nott (balloonist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Nott_(balloonist)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Companies_House-1"},{"link_name":"animated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animated"},{"link_name":"Wallace and Gromit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_and_Gromit"},{"link_name":"Peppa Pig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peppa_Pig"}],"text":"For the British balloonist of the same name, see Julian Nott (balloonist).Musical artistJulian Francis Kandahar Nott (born 24 November 1960)[1] is a British composer and conductor, mostly of animated films. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9renger_Sauni%C3%A8re | Bérenger Saunière | ["1 Early life","2 Ministry","2.1 Mission 1891","2.2 Church renovations","2.3 Construction of the estate","3 Ecclesiastical trials, punishment and suspension","3.1 First two hearings","3.2 Third hearing","4 Later years","5 Controversy","5.1 The popular story of Saunière's wealth","5.2 Holy Blood, Holy Grail","5.3 The actual source of Saunière's wealth","6 Details of expenditure","7 In popular culture","8 Notes","9 Further reading","10 External links"] | French priest
"Sauniere" redirects here. For the lake freighter, see Sauniere (ship). For the commune, see La Saunière.
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The Rev.François-Bérenger SaunièrePersonalBorn(1852-04-11)11 April 1852Montazels, Languedoc-Roussillon, FranceDied22 January 1917(1917-01-22) (aged 64)Rennes-le-Château, Languedoc-Roussillon, FranceReligionRoman Catholic
François-Bérenger Saunière (11 April 1852 – 22 January 1917) was a French Catholic priest in the village of Rennes-le-Château, in the Aude region. He was a central figure in the conspiracy theories surrounding the village, which form the basis of several documentaries and books such as the 1982 Holy Blood, Holy Grail by Michael Baigent, Richard Leigh, and Henry Lincoln. Elements of these theories were later used by Dan Brown in his best-selling 2003 novel The Da Vinci Code, in which the fictional character Jacques Saunière is named after the priest.
Saunière served in Rennes-le-Château from 1885 until he was transferred to another village in 1909 by his bishop. He declined this nomination and subsequently resigned. From 1909 until his death in 1917, he was a non-stipendiary Free Priest (an independent priest without a parish, who did not receive any salary from the church because of suspension), and who from 1910 celebrated Mass at an altar constructed in a special conservatory by his Villa Bethania. Saunière's refusal to leave Rennes-le-Château to continue his priesthood in another parish incurred permanent suspension. The epitaph on Saunière's original 1917 gravestone read "priest of Rennes-le-Château 1885-1917".
Early life
François Bérenger Saunière was born on 11 April 1852 in Montazels, in the Arrondissement of Limoux of the Aude region. He was the eldest of seven children, having three brothers (Alfred, Martial, and Joseph) and three sisters (Mathilde, Adeline, and Marie-Louise). He was the son of Marguerite Hugues and Joseph Saunière (1823–1906), also called "cubié", who was the mayor of Montazels (Aude), managed the local flour mill, and was the steward of Marquis de Cazermajou's castle. Alfred became a priest; Joseph wanted to be a physician but died at 25. Saunière went to school at St. Louis in Limoux, entered the seminary in Carcassonne in 1874, and was ordained as a priest in June, 1879.
Ministry
Marie Dénarnaud
From 16 July 1879 until 1882, Saunière was the vicar of Alet. From June 1882 to 1885, he was a priest in the deanery of the small village of Clat. He was a teacher in the seminary in Narbonne but, because he was undisciplined, on 1 June 1885 he was appointed to another small village of approximately 300 inhabitants, to Rennes-le-Château with its church dedicated to Saint Mary Magdalene.
For preaching anti-republican sermons from his pulpit during the elections of October 1885, Saunière was suspended by the French Minister of Religion. Between 1 December 1885 and July 1886 he resumed lessons in the seminary of Narbonne. As the villagers wanted him back, the prefect of the Aude reinstated Saunière. Between 1890 and 1891 he also said Mass on Sundays in Antugnac. Marie Dénarnaud, his maidservant, moved into the Presbytery at Rennes-le-Château with her family in 1890.
Claims that Bérenger Saunière had an ambiguous relationship with his maidservant, Marie Dénarnaud, are without foundation. Saunière himself outlined the following principles for dealing with a maidservant:
Respect, but not familiarity. Not to permit her to talk about matters of his ministry. What you say to a servant should not be able to be said to other women. She must avoid excesses of language, and he must not trust in her age or her piety too easily. She is not to enter the bedroom when he is in bed, except in case of illnesses.
Mission 1891
An important part of Saunière's ministry at Rennes-le-Château was the installation and Blessing of the statue of Our Lady of Lourdes on 21 June 1891, commemorating the First Holy Communion of 24 children of the parish and "to bring to a close the spiritual exercises of the retreat that had been preached by the Reverend Father Ferrafiat, diocesan missionary, of the Family of Saint Vincent de Paul, residing at Notre Dame de Marseille" (the church, based at Limoux, is dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary).
A 'Visigothic pillar' acted as a plinth for the statue bearing the inscriptions Mission 1891 and Penitence! Penitence!. Its authenticity is the subject of much debate. Saunière claimed it was one of two pillars that supported the original church altar. A genuine Visigothic pillar resembling the one installed by Saunière is displayed in the museum of Narbonne. The pillar that originally supported the statue of Our Lady of Lourdes was transferred into the Saunière museum in 1993 because of erosion and decay and was replaced by a resin replica.This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Bérenger Saunière" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Church renovations
Statue of the Devil supporting the Holy Water Stoup
Bas-relief of Jesus giving the Sermon on the Mount
The presbytery was one of several building projects Saunière launched around the village. He renovated the interior and exterior of the local church, as recommended by the architect Guiraud Cals in his report dated 1853. A receipt dated 5 June 1887 shows the first renovations involved the re-flooring of the church. A new altar to the value of 700 francs was donated by a wealthy benefactress of monarchist persuasion, Mme Marie Cavailhé, in July 1887. New stained-glass windows were fitted that cost 1,350 francs, which Saunière settled in three installments – April 1897, April 1899, and January 1900.
In November 1896 Saunière commissioned the prestigious sculptor and painter Giscard of Toulouse (established in 1855) to decorate his church with new statues of the saints, Stations of the Cross, baptismal font with statues of John baptising Jesus (bearing Ecce Agnus Dei), a bas-relief of Jesus giving the Sermon on the Mount above the confessional, and a figure of a Devil supporting a holy water stoup surmounted by angels making the sign of the cross, bearing the inscriptions BS and Par Ce Signe Tu Le Vaincras ("By this sign you will conquer him"). All these items were chosen by Saunière from Giscard's catalogue. Although the 1896 edition of Giscard's catalogue has not survived, and later catalogues omit the statue of the Devil, its head bears a resemblance to the one found on the statue of the dragon being vanquished by Saint Michael that was also made by Giscard. The total sum involved was 2,500 francs, paid in annual instalments of 500 francs by Saunière beginning at the end of December 1897.
Following Sauniere's renovations and redecoratations, the church was re-dedicated on the feast of Pentecost 1897 by his bishop, Monsignor Billard.
Construction of the estate
Saunière built a grand estate between the years 1898 and 1905 that also involved buying several plots of land. This included the Renaissance-style Villa Bethania, the Tour Magdala (that he used as his personal library) connected to an orangery by a belvedere with rooms underneath, a garden with a pool and a cage for monkeys – all in the name of his maidservant, Marie Dénarnaud.
Ecclesiastical trials, punishment and suspension
Saunière's renovation of his church and ostentatious construction programmes in a small hilltop village could not go unnoticed, and this attracted hostile reactions, with various complaints passed on by various sources to the Bishopric of Carcassonne. The bishopric had warned Saunière about his selling of Masses, and had sent him two written warnings in May 1901. These written warnings were repeated in June 1903 and August 1904. In 1899, Saunière purchased a clergymen's directory (Annuaire du clergé français) through which he contacted both priests and religious communities across France to solicit Mass requests.
Monsignor Paul-Félix Beuvain de Beauséjour was appointed the new Bishop of Carcassonne in 1902. He initially transferred Saunière to the village of Coustouge in January 1909. Saunière refused the nomination and resigned on 28 January 1909, becoming a free priest, Then on 27 May 1910 Monsignor Beauséjour decided to conduct an ecclesiastical investigation and drew up an official Bill of Indictment referring to:
Trafficking in Masses,
Disobedience to the bishop,
Exaggerated and unjustified expenditure to which fees from Masses that have not been said seem to have been devoted.
Saunière had to attend an ecclesiastical trial to answer these charges.
First two hearings
Saunière did not attend the first hearing on 16 July 1910 nor on the rescheduled date 23 July when he was sentenced in his absence: incurring a one-month suspension and ordered to refund the money he obtained from selling Masses. He also did not attend the second hearing on 23 August, but managed to attend on the rescheduled date 5 November 1910, when he was sentenced "to withdraw to a house of priestly retreat or into a monastery of his choice, there to undertake spiritual exercises for a period of ten days" for trafficking in Masses and for accepting more money than he was able to say Masses for. He served his penance in the monastery of Prouille.
On 17 December 1910, Saunière unsuccessfully appealed to The Sacred Congregation of The Council in Rome for his reinstatement as parish priest of Rennes-le-Château, with The Sacred Congregation passing this information on to the Carcassonne Bishopric. The bishop issued a strong warning against Saunière in 1911, forbidding him to administer the sacraments, published in La Semaine religieuse de Carcassonne dated 3 February 1911 and in La Croix dated 9 February 1911.
The bishopric was not satisfied and by formal command asked Saunière to produce his account books by 2 March the latest in a letter dated 18 February 1911. A Commission of Enquiry was established to further scrutinize Saunière's financial activities.
On 13 March 1911, Saunière submitted 61 invoices relating to the renovation of his church and the building of his estate that came to the total of 36,250 francs. On 25 March 1911 he submitted a letter of explanation to the bishopric outlining the source of his finances, with a List of Donors giving details of his entire income since becoming priest of Rennes-le-Château, producing an exaggerated amount totaling 193,150 francs. In a letter dated 14 July 1911 Saunière provided a statement of expenditure on the renovation of his church and building of his estate, producing an exaggerated amount totaling 193,050 francs (claiming the Villa Bethania cost 90,000 francs, and the Tour Magdala 40,000 francs).
On 4 October, the Commission of Enquiry submitted its report: only about 36,000 francs could be accounted for out of the 193,150 francs that Saunière claimed to have spent, and commented that Saunière refused to cooperate with the enquiry. Another hearing had to be arranged where Saunière had to produce his account books for inspection by the bishopric.
Third hearing
Saunière did not attend the third hearing on 21 November 1911 and was sentenced in his absence on 5 December 1911 to three months' suspension. Although Saunière's suspension was only temporary – for three months – the priest's reinstatement depended on the ecclesiastical judgement that he had to "undertake the restitution into the hands of the rightful owner and according to canon law of the goods misappropriated by him", which the priest was unable to do.
Later years
Saunière's Grave in Rennes-le-Château
Plaque on Saunière's Grave
Following the ecclesiastical trial, Saunière lived the rest of his life in poverty, selling religious medals and rosaries to wounded soldiers who were stationed in Campagne-les-Bains.
Whatever money Saunière was still raising from selling Masses was used on his appeal to Rome that his lawyer, Abbé Jean-Eugène Huguet (doctor of canon law), was working on. In May 1914, Saunière planned to build a summer house, but abandoned the project because he could not afford the 2,500 francs required.
François Bérenger Saunière died on 22 January 1917, his suspension lifted at the moment of death (in articulo mortis) by Abbé Jean Rivière, who performed the last rites. His death certificate dated 23 January 1917 was signed by Victor Rivière, the mayor of Rennes-le-Château. Saunière was buried on 24 January 1917. Marie Dénarnaud paid for Saunière's coffin on 12 June 1917.
In September 2004, the mayor of Rennes-le-Château exhumed Saunière's corpse from the cemetery and reburied it in a concrete sarcophagus to protect it from grave-robbers. Since then, the cemetery of Rennes-le-Château has been closed to the general public.
Controversy
The controversy around Saunière originally centred on parchments he is said to have found hidden in the old altar of his church, relating to the treasure of Blanche of Castile, the putative source of his income.
The popular story of Saunière's wealth
After opening his restaurant at Rennes-le-Château in the mid-1950s, Noël Corbu circulated the story that, in 1891, Saunière discovered parchments in the hollow pillar beneath his altar, and that these related to the treasure of Blanche of Castile. 'According to the archives' her treasure consisted of 28,500,000 gold pieces—the treasure of the French crown assembled by Blanche to pay the ransom of Saint Louis (a prisoner of the Egyptians during the Seventh Crusade) whose surplus she had hidden at Rennes-le-Château. Saunière had found only one part of it, so it was necessary to continue his investigations.
Corbu's story later achieved national fame through articles in the press, eventually catching the attention of Pierre Plantard and inspiring the 1967 book L'Or de Rennes by Gérard de Sède.
The book L'Or de Rennes by Gérard de Sède (with the unpublicised collaboration of Pierre Plantard) contained elements relating to the fictitious secret society the Priory of Sion, reproducing "parchments" that alluded to the survival of the Merovingian line of Frankish kings from Dagobert II, and Pierre Plantard claimed to be descended from that monarch. Pierre Plantard and Gérard de Sède fell out over book royalties when L'Or de Rennes was published in 1967 and Plantard's friend Philippe de Chérisey revealed that he fabricated the parchments.
Holy Blood, Holy Grail
Main article: Holy Blood, Holy Grail
In 1969, the English scriptwriter Henry Lincoln read the paperback version of L'Or de Rennes and then between 1972 and 1979 produced three BBC Two Chronicle documentaries on the subject matter. Lincoln was also directed to one of Plantard's planted documents, "Les Dossiers Secrets" in the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris. Later, Lincoln teamed up with two other authors, and co-wrote the 1982 book The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail. Unaware they were relying on forged documents as a source, they stated as a fact that the Priory of Sion had existed. The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail claimed that Saunière possibly found evidence that Jesus Christ and Mary Magdalene were married, and produced offspring that eventually became the Merovingian dynasty. The authors speculated that Saunière engaged in financial transactions with a man they claimed was Archduke Johann Salvator of Austria, and Saunière could have been the representative of the Priory of Sion, and his income could have originated from the Vatican "which might have been subjected to high-level political blackmail by both Sion and the Habsburgs". The book was an international bestseller, inspiring Dan Brown's best-selling novel The Da Vinci Code.
Hypotheses surrounding Saunière have proliferated over the last few decades, as different authors elaborate on the story of the priest's activities and discoveries in and around his church during its 1887 renovations.
The actual source of Saunière's wealth
The first scholarly book on Saunière's activities was by a local historian and chief librarian of Carcassonne, René Descadeillas, who sifted through the priest's account books and personal correspondence, as well as the records of Saunière's ecclesiastical trial lodged in the Carcassonne Bishopric. He concluded in his 1974 Mythologie du trésor de Rennes: histoire véritable de l'abbé Saunière, curé de Rennes-le-Château that there never was any treasure or mystery; all of the priest's wealth was generated from selling Masses and accepting donations. This conclusion was shared by the local priest and author Abbé Bruno de Monts, who himself contributed essential information during the 1980s and 1990s, as well as by other French authors such as Jean-Jacques Bedu and more recently David Rossoni.
The 2005 Channel 4 documentary The Real Da Vinci Code presented by Tony Robinson arrived at the same conclusion, followed by the 2006 CBS News 60 Minutes documentary Priory of Sion, presented by Ed Bradley: "The source of the wealth of the priest of Rennes-le-Château was not some ancient mysterious treasure, but good old fashioned fraud."
According to canon law, priests are ordinarily allowed to say one Mass per day, with permission regularly granted to say two or three on Sundays, solemnities, and feast days (although not in Saunière's time, with the exception of All Soul's Day and Christmas); however, they may accept a stipend or "Mass offering" for only one Mass per day. Saunière, however, had been soliciting and accepting money via the post to say thousands of Masses, charging one franc per Mass. Some clients would send payment for hundreds of Masses, which he never actually performed. The question of why clients should request masses from the impoverished priest of a rural church has not been pursued as enterprisingly.
Reviewing Descadeillas' Mythologie du trésor de Rennes in 1976, church historian Raymond Darricau commented: "To begin with there was nothing: Saunière was just a schemer. Today however we find ourselves confronted with a genuine esoteric construction: Rennes-le-Château has been promoted to the rank of ‘mystical capital’ of the Languedoc" and "the manner in which the myth of Rennes-le-Château has grown to its present status is certainly worthy of reflection and could perhaps provide someone with material for a dissertation on precisely how stories of this kind come into existence."
Details of expenditure
Surviving receipts and existing account books belonging to Saunière, preserved by his servant Marie Dénarnaud and inherited by Noël Corbu, reveal that the renovation of the church, including works on the presbytery and cemetery, cost 11,605 francs over a ten-year period between 1887 and 1897. With inflation that figure is equivalent to approximately 4.5 million Euros as of 2019. The construction of Saunière's estate that included the Tour Magdala and Villa Bethania (and the purchases of land) between 1898 and 1905 cost 26,417 francs, or over 10 million euros today.
In popular culture
The French Television Channel France 3 made a 6-part miniseries L'Or du diable in 1989 about Bérenger Saunière directed by Jean-Louis Fournier, casting Jean-François Balmer as the priest, based on the novel of the same name by Jean Michel Thibaux published in 1987.
Bérenger Saunière's wealth and supposed secret findings (unnamed this time) inspired the plot of Tim Powers' 1997 novel Earthquake Weather and Marco Buticchi's 1998 novel Menorah, in which Saunière is supposed to have found the seven-branched candelabra of the Temple of Jerusalem.
The life and mysteries of Saunière were also used as basis for the plot of the 1999 video-game Gabriel Knight 3: Blood of the Sacred, Blood of the Damned, a 3D adventure written by Jane Jensen and developed by Sierra On-Line. The plot also revolves around the history of the Knights Templar, the supposed conspiracies relating to the Freemasons, and the Priory of Sion as well as Jesus.
In Season 2 episode 10 of the HBO Cable-television series Carnivàle, a "Saunière Manuscript" (located in Rennes-le-Château) is mentioned by the character Henry 'Hack' Scudder (played by John Savage) in the episode "Cheyenne, WY" (first aired 13 March 2005).
Saunière is a part of the plot line of The Templar Legacy by Steve Berry. The story again weaves Saunière into the hunt for the supposed Templar treasure.
Notes
^ Ain, Marissa (2004). "Hidden in Plain Sight: A new novel reworks the history of creative genius". Vol 7 No 2 Spring 2004. Yale Review of Books. Archived from the original on 2008-06-01. Retrieved 2008-05-22.
^ Letter from Canon Huguet to Bérenger Saunière dated 22 January 1917, reproduced in contributions by Abbé Bruno de Monts published in Les Cahiers de Rennes-le-Château, Archives – Documents – Études, Number 11 (Éditions Bélisane, 1996). ISBN 2-910730-12-3 "Bibliographie". Archived from the original on 2012-03-09. Retrieved 2011-11-07.
^ Cited in Corbu & Captier, L'Héritage de l'Abbé Saunière, 1985, p. 71.
^ Bruno de Monts, Bérenger Saunière, curé à Rennes-le-Château 1885-1909 (Nice: Bélisane, 1989). ISBN 2-902296-85-1
^ "Berenger Saunière". www.renneslechateau.com. Archived from the original on 2008-05-14. Retrieved 2008-05-28.
^ "'Da Vinci Code' Fans Besiege French Village in Quest (Update3)". Bloomberg. 27 October 2004. Archived from the original on 2005-10-31.
^ Albert Salamon, D'un coup de pioche dans un pilier du maître-autel, l'abbé Saunière met à jour le trésor de Blanche de Castille ("With one blow of the pick-axe in a pillar of the main altar Abbé Saunière uncovered the treasure of Blanche de Castile"), in La Dépêche du Midi 12, 13, 14 January 1956.
^ Baigent, Lincoln, Leigh, The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail, pages 364-365, and page 15 (Jonathan Cape, 1982).
^ "The Priory Of Sion". Retrieved 2018-07-31.
^ "Code of Canon Law 951 §2". Retrieved 2023-01-25.
^ Raymond Darricau, in Notes bibliographiques de la Revue de l’Histoire de l’Église de France, page 439 (1976 edition).
^ Jacques Rivière, Le Fabuleux trésor de Rennes-le-Château, page 130 (Editions Belisane, 1983). ISBN 2-902296-42-8
^ Jacques Rivière, Le Fabuleux trésor de Rennes-le-Château, page 175 (Editions Belisane, 1983). ISBN 2-902296-42-8
^ "L'or du diable". IMDb.
^ Jean Michel Thibaux, L'Or du diable (Paris: Olivier Orban, 1987). ISBN 2-85565-369-X
Further reading
Christiane Amiel, "L’abîme au trésor, ou l’or fantôme de Rennes-le-Château" in, Claudie Voisenat (editor), Imaginaires archéologiques, pages 61–86 (Ethnologie de la France, Number 22, Paris: Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l’homme, 2008). ISBN 978-2-7351-1210-4
Jean-Jacques Bedu, Rennes-Le-Château: Autopsie d'un mythe (Portet-sur-Garonne: Ed. Loubatières, 1990). ISBN 2-86266-142-2 Reprinted in 2003, ISBN 2-86266-372-7
Claude Boumendil, Gilbert Tappa (editors), Les Cahiers de Rennes-le-Château, Archives – Documents – Études, Number 11 (Éditions Bélisane, 1996). ISBN 2-910730-12-3
Claire Corbu, Antoine Captier, L'héritage de l'Abbé Saunière (Nice: Editions Bélisane, 1985). ISBN 2-902296-56-8.
René Descadeillas, Mythologie du trésor de Rennes: histoire véritable de l'abbé Saunière, curé de Rennes-le-Château (Mémoires de la Société des Arts et des Sciences de Carcassonne, Annees 1971-1972, 4me série, Tome VII, 2me partie; 1974). Facsimile reprint by Savary, Carcassonne, 1988. ISBN 2-9500971-6-2. Facsimile reprint by Éditions Collot, Carcassonne,1991. ISBN 2-903518-08-4
Christian Doumergue, L'Affaire de Rennes-le-Château, 2 volumes (Marseille: Ed. Arqa, 2006). ISBN 2-7551-0013-3 (volume 1). ISBN 2-7551-0014-1 (volume 2)
Abbé Bruno de Monts, Bérenger Sauniére curé à Rennes-le-Château 1885-1909, Editions Belisane (Collection les amis de Bérenger Sauniére, 1989, 2000). ISBN 2-902296-85-1
Bill Putnam, John Edwin Wood. The Treasure of Rennes-le-Chateau: a mystery solved (Sutton Publishing Limited, 2003) ISBN 0-7509-3081-0. Reprinted and revised paperback edition published in 2005. ISBN 0-7509-4216-9
Jacques Rivière, Le Fabuleux trésor de Rennes-le-Château, Editions Belisane (1983). ISBN 2-902296-42-8
David Rossoni, L'histoire rêvée de Rennes-le-Château: Eclairages sur un récit collectif contemporain (Books on Demand Editions, 2010). ISBN 2-8106-1152-1
Bérenger Saunière, Mon enseignement à Antugnac, 1890 (edited by Abbé Bruno de Monts; Éditions Bélisane, 1984). ISBN 2-902296-50-9
Gérard de Sède, L'or de Rennes ou la Vie insolite de Bérenger Saunière, curé de Rennes-le-Château, Paris: Julliard, 1967. Reprinted in paperback with the collaboration of Sophie de Sède entitled Le Trésor maudit de Rennes-le-Château, J'ai Lu (L'Aventure mystérieuse series), 1968.
External links
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Sermons of Bérenger Saunière, in English translation.
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sauniere (ship)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauniere_(ship)"},{"link_name":"La Saunière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Sauni%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"French Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_France"},{"link_name":"Rennes-le-Château","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes-le-Ch%C3%A2teau"},{"link_name":"Aude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aude"},{"link_name":"conspiracy theories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"Holy Blood, Holy Grail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Blood,_Holy_Grail"},{"link_name":"Michael Baigent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Baigent"},{"link_name":"Richard Leigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Leigh_(author)"},{"link_name":"Henry Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"Dan Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Brown"},{"link_name":"The Da Vinci Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Da_Vinci_Code"},{"link_name":"Jacques Saunière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Sauni%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)"},{"link_name":"Villa Bethania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Bethania"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"\"Sauniere\" redirects here. For the lake freighter, see Sauniere (ship). For the commune, see La Saunière.François-Bérenger Saunière (11 April 1852 – 22 January 1917) was a French Catholic priest in the village of Rennes-le-Château, in the Aude region. He was a central figure in the conspiracy theories surrounding the village, which form the basis of several documentaries and books such as the 1982 Holy Blood, Holy Grail by Michael Baigent, Richard Leigh, and Henry Lincoln. Elements of these theories were later used by Dan Brown in his best-selling 2003 novel The Da Vinci Code, in which the fictional character Jacques Saunière is named after the priest.[1]Saunière served in Rennes-le-Château from 1885 until he was transferred to another village in 1909 by his bishop. He declined this nomination and subsequently resigned. From 1909 until his death in 1917, he was a non-stipendiary Free Priest (an independent priest without a parish, who did not receive any salary from the church because of suspension), and who from 1910 celebrated Mass at an altar constructed in a special conservatory by his Villa Bethania. Saunière's refusal to leave Rennes-le-Château to continue his priesthood in another parish incurred permanent suspension.[2] The epitaph on Saunière's original 1917 gravestone read \"priest of Rennes-le-Château 1885-1917\".","title":"Bérenger Saunière"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Montazels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montazels"},{"link_name":"Arrondissement of Limoux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Limoux"},{"link_name":"Montazels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montazels"},{"link_name":"Limoux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limoux"},{"link_name":"Carcassonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcassonne"}],"text":"François Bérenger Saunière was born on 11 April 1852 in Montazels, in the Arrondissement of Limoux of the Aude region. He was the eldest of seven children, having three brothers (Alfred, Martial, and Joseph) and three sisters (Mathilde, Adeline, and Marie-Louise). He was the son of Marguerite Hugues and Joseph Saunière (1823–1906), also called \"cubié\", who was the mayor of Montazels (Aude), managed the local flour mill, and was the steward of Marquis de Cazermajou's castle. Alfred became a priest; Joseph wanted to be a physician but died at 25. Saunière went to school at St. Louis in Limoux, entered the seminary in Carcassonne in 1874, and was ordained as a priest in June, 1879.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marie_Desnandeau_hoorde_naar_men_zegt_van_pastoor_Sauni%C3%A8res,_gestorven_in_1917,_waar_In_kasteel,_SFA002011575.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alet-les-Bains"},{"link_name":"Clat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Clat"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Mary Magdalene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Magdalene"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Narbonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narbonne"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Antugnac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antugnac"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"by whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Marie DénarnaudFrom 16 July 1879 until 1882, Saunière was the vicar of Alet. From June 1882 to 1885, he was a priest in the deanery of the small village of Clat. He was a teacher in the seminary in Narbonne but, because he was undisciplined[citation needed], on 1 June 1885 he was appointed to another small village of approximately 300 inhabitants, to Rennes-le-Château with its church dedicated to Saint Mary Magdalene.[citation needed]For preaching anti-republican sermons from his pulpit during the elections of October 1885, Saunière was suspended by the French Minister of Religion.[citation needed] Between 1 December 1885 and July 1886 he resumed lessons in the seminary of Narbonne. As the villagers wanted him back, the prefect of the Aude reinstated Saunière.[citation needed] Between 1890 and 1891 he also said Mass on Sundays in Antugnac. Marie Dénarnaud, his maidservant, moved into the Presbytery at Rennes-le-Château with her family in 1890.[citation needed]Claims[by whom?] that Bérenger Saunière had an ambiguous relationship with his maidservant, Marie Dénarnaud, are without foundation[citation needed]. Saunière himself outlined the following principles for dealing with a maidservant:Respect, but not familiarity. Not to permit her to talk about matters of his ministry. What you say to a servant should not be able to be said to other women. She must avoid excesses of language, and he must not trust in her age or her piety too easily. She is not to enter the bedroom when he is in bed, except in case of illnesses.[3]","title":"Ministry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blessing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blessing"},{"link_name":"Our Lady of Lourdes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes"},{"link_name":"First Holy Communion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Communion"},{"link_name":"Saint Vincent de Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Vincent_de_Paul"},{"link_name":"Limoux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limoux"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"by whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"Narbonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narbonne"}],"sub_title":"Mission 1891","text":"An important part of Saunière's ministry at Rennes-le-Château was the installation and Blessing of the statue of Our Lady of Lourdes on 21 June 1891, commemorating the First Holy Communion of 24 children of the parish and \"to bring to a close the spiritual exercises of the retreat that had been preached by the Reverend Father Ferrafiat, diocesan missionary, of the Family of Saint Vincent de Paul, residing at Notre Dame de Marseille\" (the church, based at Limoux, is dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary).[citation needed]A 'Visigothic pillar' acted as a plinth for the statue bearing the inscriptions Mission 1891 and Penitence! Penitence!. Its authenticity is the subject of much debate[by whom?]. Saunière claimed it was one of two pillars that supported the original church altar. A genuine Visigothic pillar resembling the one installed by Saunière is displayed in the museum of Narbonne. The pillar that originally supported the statue of Our Lady of Lourdes was transferred into the Saunière museum in 1993 because of erosion and decay and was replaced by a resin replica.","title":"Ministry"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Teufelsbild_Rennes-le-Chateau.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kirchenfresko_Rennes.JPG"},{"link_name":"stained-glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stained-glass"},{"link_name":"Toulouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulouse"},{"link_name":"Stations of the Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stations_of_the_Cross"},{"link_name":"baptismal font","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptismal_font"},{"link_name":"Sermon on the Mount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount"},{"link_name":"confessional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confessional"},{"link_name":"Devil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil"},{"link_name":"holy water stoup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_water_font"},{"link_name":"sign of the cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross"},{"link_name":"Saint Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_(archangel)"},{"link_name":"Pentecost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecost"}],"sub_title":"Church renovations","text":"Statue of the Devil supporting the Holy Water StoupBas-relief of Jesus giving the Sermon on the MountThe presbytery was one of several building projects Saunière launched around the village. He renovated the interior and exterior of the local church, as recommended by the architect Guiraud Cals in his report dated 1853. A receipt dated 5 June 1887 shows the first renovations involved the re-flooring of the church. A new altar to the value of 700 francs was donated by a wealthy benefactress of monarchist persuasion, Mme Marie Cavailhé, in July 1887. New stained-glass windows were fitted that cost 1,350 francs, which Saunière settled in three installments – April 1897, April 1899, and January 1900.In November 1896 Saunière commissioned the prestigious sculptor and painter Giscard of Toulouse (established in 1855) to decorate his church with new statues of the saints, Stations of the Cross, baptismal font with statues of John baptising Jesus (bearing Ecce Agnus Dei), a bas-relief of Jesus giving the Sermon on the Mount above the confessional, and a figure of a Devil supporting a holy water stoup surmounted by angels making the sign of the cross, bearing the inscriptions BS and Par Ce Signe Tu Le Vaincras (\"By this sign you will conquer him\"). All these items were chosen by Saunière from Giscard's catalogue. Although the 1896 edition of Giscard's catalogue has not survived, and later catalogues omit the statue of the Devil, its head bears a resemblance to the one found on the statue of the dragon being vanquished by Saint Michael that was also made by Giscard. The total sum involved was 2,500 francs, paid in annual instalments of 500 francs by Saunière beginning at the end of December 1897.Following Sauniere's renovations and redecoratations, the church was re-dedicated on the feast of Pentecost 1897 by his bishop, Monsignor Billard.","title":"Ministry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Villa Bethania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Bethania"}],"sub_title":"Construction of the estate","text":"Saunière built a grand estate between the years 1898 and 1905 that also involved buying several plots of land. This included the Renaissance-style Villa Bethania, the Tour Magdala (that he used as his personal library) connected to an orangery by a belvedere with rooms underneath, a garden with a pool and a cage for monkeys – all in the name of his maidservant, Marie Dénarnaud.","title":"Ministry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"selling of Masses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simony"},{"link_name":"Paul-Félix Beuvain de Beauséjour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul-F%C3%A9lix_Beuvain_de_Beaus%C3%A9jour"},{"link_name":"Coustouge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coustouge"}],"text":"Saunière's renovation of his church and ostentatious construction programmes in a small hilltop village could not go unnoticed, and this attracted hostile reactions, with various complaints passed on by various sources to the Bishopric of Carcassonne. The bishopric had warned Saunière about his selling of Masses, and had sent him two written warnings in May 1901. These written warnings were repeated in June 1903 and August 1904. In 1899, Saunière purchased a clergymen's directory (Annuaire du clergé français) through which he contacted both priests and religious communities across France to solicit Mass requests.Monsignor Paul-Félix Beuvain de Beauséjour was appointed the new Bishop of Carcassonne in 1902. He initially transferred Saunière to the village of Coustouge in January 1909. Saunière refused the nomination and resigned on 28 January 1909, becoming a free priest, Then on 27 May 1910 Monsignor Beauséjour decided to conduct an ecclesiastical investigation and drew up an official Bill of Indictment referring to:Trafficking in Masses,\nDisobedience to the bishop,\nExaggerated and unjustified expenditure to which fees from Masses that have not been said seem to have been devoted.Saunière had to attend an ecclesiastical trial to answer these charges.","title":"Ecclesiastical trials, punishment and suspension"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"penance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penance"},{"link_name":"Prouille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prouille"},{"link_name":"The Sacred Congregation of The Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Clergy"},{"link_name":"La Croix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Croix_(newspaper)"}],"sub_title":"First two hearings","text":"Saunière did not attend the first hearing on 16 July 1910 nor on the rescheduled date 23 July when he was sentenced in his absence: incurring a one-month suspension and ordered to refund the money he obtained from selling Masses. He also did not attend the second hearing on 23 August, but managed to attend on the rescheduled date 5 November 1910, when he was sentenced \"to withdraw to a house of priestly retreat or into a monastery of his choice, there to undertake spiritual exercises for a period of ten days\" for trafficking in Masses and for accepting more money than he was able to say Masses for. He served his penance in the monastery of Prouille.On 17 December 1910, Saunière unsuccessfully appealed to The Sacred Congregation of The Council in Rome for his reinstatement as parish priest of Rennes-le-Château, with The Sacred Congregation passing this information on to the Carcassonne Bishopric. The bishop issued a strong warning against Saunière in 1911, forbidding him to administer the sacraments, published in La Semaine religieuse de Carcassonne dated 3 February 1911 and in La Croix dated 9 February 1911.The bishopric was not satisfied and by formal command asked Saunière to produce his account books by 2 March the latest in a letter dated 18 February 1911. A Commission of Enquiry was established to further scrutinize Saunière's financial activities.On 13 March 1911, Saunière submitted 61 invoices relating to the renovation of his church and the building of his estate that came to the total of 36,250 francs. On 25 March 1911 he submitted a letter of explanation to the bishopric outlining the source of his finances, with a List of Donors giving details of his entire income since becoming priest of Rennes-le-Château, producing an exaggerated amount totaling 193,150 francs. In a letter dated 14 July 1911 Saunière provided a statement of expenditure on the renovation of his church and building of his estate, producing an exaggerated amount totaling 193,050 francs (claiming the Villa Bethania cost 90,000 francs, and the Tour Magdala 40,000 francs).On 4 October, the Commission of Enquiry submitted its report: only about 36,000 francs could be accounted for out of the 193,150 francs that Saunière claimed to have spent, and commented that Saunière refused to cooperate with the enquiry. Another hearing had to be arranged where Saunière had to produce his account books for inspection by the bishopric.","title":"Ecclesiastical trials, punishment and suspension"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Third hearing","text":"Saunière did not attend the third hearing on 21 November 1911 and was sentenced in his absence on 5 December 1911 to three months' suspension. Although Saunière's suspension was only temporary – for three months – the priest's reinstatement depended on the ecclesiastical judgement that he had to \"undertake the restitution into the hands of the rightful owner and according to canon law of the goods misappropriated by him\", which the priest was unable to do.[4]","title":"Ecclesiastical trials, punishment and suspension"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tombe_abbe_sauniere.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rennes-le-Château","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes-le-Ch%C3%A2teau"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plaque_tombe_abbe_sauniere.jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"canon law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_law"},{"link_name":"summer house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_house"},{"link_name":"last rites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_rites"},{"link_name":"death certificate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_certificate"},{"link_name":"sarcophagus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcophagus"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Saunière's Grave in Rennes-le-ChâteauPlaque on Saunière's GraveFollowing the ecclesiastical trial, Saunière lived the rest of his life in poverty, selling religious medals and rosaries to wounded soldiers who were stationed in Campagne-les-Bains.[5]Whatever money Saunière was still raising from selling Masses was used on his appeal to Rome that his lawyer, Abbé Jean-Eugène Huguet (doctor of canon law), was working on. In May 1914, Saunière planned to build a summer house, but abandoned the project because he could not afford the 2,500 francs required.François Bérenger Saunière died on 22 January 1917, his suspension lifted at the moment of death (in articulo mortis) by Abbé Jean Rivière, who performed the last rites. His death certificate dated 23 January 1917 was signed by Victor Rivière, the mayor of Rennes-le-Château. Saunière was buried on 24 January 1917. Marie Dénarnaud paid for Saunière's coffin on 12 June 1917.In September 2004, the mayor of Rennes-le-Château exhumed Saunière's corpse from the cemetery and reburied it in a concrete sarcophagus to protect it from grave-robbers.[6] Since then, the cemetery of Rennes-le-Château has been closed to the general public.","title":"Later years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blanche of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanche_of_Castile"}],"text":"The controversy around Saunière originally centred on parchments he is said to have found hidden in the old altar of his church, relating to the treasure of Blanche of Castile, the putative source of his income.","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Noël Corbu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Corbu"},{"link_name":"Blanche of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanche_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Saint Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France"},{"link_name":"Seventh Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_Crusade"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Pierre Plantard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Plantard"},{"link_name":"Gérard de Sède","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_S%C3%A8de"},{"link_name":"Priory of Sion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priory_of_Sion"},{"link_name":"Merovingian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merovingian"},{"link_name":"Frankish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franks"},{"link_name":"Dagobert II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagobert_II"},{"link_name":"Philippe de Chérisey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_de_Ch%C3%A9risey"}],"sub_title":"The popular story of Saunière's wealth","text":"After opening his restaurant at Rennes-le-Château in the mid-1950s, Noël Corbu circulated the story that, in 1891, Saunière discovered parchments in the hollow pillar beneath his altar, and that these related to the treasure of Blanche of Castile. 'According to the archives'[citation needed] her treasure consisted of 28,500,000 gold pieces—the treasure of the French crown assembled by Blanche to pay the ransom of Saint Louis (a prisoner of the Egyptians during the Seventh Crusade) whose surplus she had hidden at Rennes-le-Château. Saunière had found only one part of it, so it was necessary to continue his investigations.[7]Corbu's story later achieved national fame through articles in the press, eventually catching the attention of Pierre Plantard and inspiring the 1967 book L'Or de Rennes by Gérard de Sède.The book L'Or de Rennes by Gérard de Sède (with the unpublicised collaboration of Pierre Plantard) contained elements relating to the fictitious secret society the Priory of Sion, reproducing \"parchments\" that alluded to the survival of the Merovingian line of Frankish kings from Dagobert II, and Pierre Plantard claimed to be descended from that monarch. Pierre Plantard and Gérard de Sède fell out over book royalties when L'Or de Rennes was published in 1967 and Plantard's friend Philippe de Chérisey revealed that he fabricated the parchments.","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"BBC Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Two"},{"link_name":"Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicle_(UK_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Dossiers Secrets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dossiers_Secrets"},{"link_name":"Bibliothèque Nationale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France"},{"link_name":"The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holy_Blood_and_the_Holy_Grail"},{"link_name":"Jesus Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Christ"},{"link_name":"Mary Magdalene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Magdalene"},{"link_name":"Archduke Johann Salvator of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduke_Johann_Salvator_of_Austria_(Johann_Orth)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Hypotheses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothesis"},{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"}],"sub_title":"Holy Blood, Holy Grail","text":"In 1969, the English scriptwriter Henry Lincoln read the paperback version of L'Or de Rennes and then between 1972 and 1979 produced three BBC Two Chronicle documentaries on the subject matter. Lincoln was also directed to one of Plantard's planted documents, \"Les Dossiers Secrets\" in the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris. Later, Lincoln teamed up with two other authors, and co-wrote the 1982 book The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail. Unaware they were relying on forged documents as a source, they stated as a fact that the Priory of Sion had existed. The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail claimed that Saunière possibly found evidence that Jesus Christ and Mary Magdalene were married, and produced offspring that eventually became the Merovingian dynasty. The authors speculated that Saunière engaged in financial transactions with a man they claimed was Archduke Johann Salvator of Austria, and Saunière could have been the representative of the Priory of Sion, and his income could have originated from the Vatican \"which might have been subjected to high-level political blackmail by both Sion and the Habsburgs\".[8] The book was an international bestseller, inspiring Dan Brown's best-selling novel The Da Vinci Code.Hypotheses surrounding Saunière have proliferated over the last few decades, as different authors[who?] elaborate on the story of the priest's activities and discoveries in and around his church during its 1887 renovations.","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Channel 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_4"},{"link_name":"Tony Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Robinson"},{"link_name":"CBS News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News"},{"link_name":"60 Minutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Minutes"},{"link_name":"Ed Bradley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Bradley"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"franc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc"},{"link_name":"Languedoc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languedoc"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"The actual source of Saunière's wealth","text":"The first scholarly book on Saunière's activities was by a local historian and chief librarian of Carcassonne, René Descadeillas, who sifted through the priest's account books and personal correspondence, as well as the records of Saunière's ecclesiastical trial lodged in the Carcassonne Bishopric. He concluded in his 1974 Mythologie du trésor de Rennes: histoire véritable de l'abbé Saunière, curé de Rennes-le-Château that there never was any treasure or mystery; all of the priest's wealth was generated from selling Masses and accepting donations.[citation needed] This conclusion was shared by the local priest and author Abbé Bruno de Monts, who himself contributed essential information during the 1980s and 1990s, as well as by other French authors such as Jean-Jacques Bedu and more recently David Rossoni.The 2005 Channel 4 documentary The Real Da Vinci Code presented by Tony Robinson arrived at the same conclusion, followed by the 2006 CBS News 60 Minutes documentary Priory of Sion, presented by Ed Bradley: \"The source of the wealth of the priest of Rennes-le-Château was not some ancient mysterious treasure, but good old fashioned fraud.\"[9]According to canon law, priests are ordinarily allowed to say one Mass per day, with permission regularly granted to say two or three on Sundays, solemnities, and feast days (although not in Saunière's time, with the exception of All Soul's Day and Christmas); however, they may accept a stipend or \"Mass offering\" for only one Mass per day.[10] Saunière, however, had been soliciting and accepting money via the post to say thousands of Masses, charging one franc per Mass. Some clients would send payment for hundreds of Masses, which he never actually performed. The question of why clients should request masses from the impoverished priest of a rural church has not been pursued as enterprisingly.Reviewing Descadeillas' Mythologie du trésor de Rennes in 1976, church historian Raymond Darricau commented: \"To begin with there was nothing: Saunière was just a schemer. Today however we find ourselves confronted with a genuine esoteric construction: Rennes-le-Château has been promoted to the rank of ‘mystical capital’ of the Languedoc\" and \"the manner in which the myth of Rennes-le-Château has grown to its present status is certainly worthy of reflection and could perhaps provide someone with material for a dissertation on precisely how stories of this kind come into existence.\"[11]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Surviving receipts and existing account books belonging to Saunière, preserved by his servant Marie Dénarnaud and inherited by Noël Corbu, reveal that the renovation of the church, including works on the presbytery and cemetery, cost 11,605 francs over a ten-year period between 1887 and 1897.[12] With inflation that figure is equivalent to approximately 4.5 million Euros as of 2019. The construction of Saunière's estate that included the Tour Magdala and Villa Bethania (and the purchases of land) between 1898 and 1905 cost 26,417 francs, or over 10 million euros today.[13]","title":"Details of expenditure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"France 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_3"},{"link_name":"miniseries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniseries"},{"link_name":"Jean-François Balmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Balmer"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Tim Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Powers"},{"link_name":"Earthquake Weather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake_Weather_(novel)"},{"link_name":"seven-branched candelabra of the Temple of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menorah_(Temple)"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Knight 3: Blood of the Sacred, Blood of the Damned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Knight_3:_Blood_of_the_Sacred,_Blood_of_the_Damned"},{"link_name":"Jane Jensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Jensen"},{"link_name":"Sierra On-Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_On-Line"},{"link_name":"Knights Templar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Templar"},{"link_name":"Freemasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemasons"},{"link_name":"Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus"},{"link_name":"Carnivàle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carniv%C3%A0le"},{"link_name":"John Savage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Savage_(actor)"},{"link_name":"The Templar Legacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Templar_Legacy"},{"link_name":"Steve Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Berry_(novelist)"}],"text":"The French Television Channel France 3 made a 6-part miniseries L'Or du diable in 1989 about Bérenger Saunière directed by Jean-Louis Fournier, casting Jean-François Balmer as the priest,[14] based on the novel of the same name by Jean Michel Thibaux published in 1987.[15]\nBérenger Saunière's wealth and supposed secret findings (unnamed this time) inspired the plot of Tim Powers' 1997 novel Earthquake Weather and Marco Buticchi's 1998 novel Menorah, in which Saunière is supposed to have found the seven-branched candelabra of the Temple of Jerusalem.\nThe life and mysteries of Saunière were also used as basis for the plot of the 1999 video-game Gabriel Knight 3: Blood of the Sacred, Blood of the Damned, a 3D adventure written by Jane Jensen and developed by Sierra On-Line. The plot also revolves around the history of the Knights Templar, the supposed conspiracies relating to the Freemasons, and the Priory of Sion as well as Jesus.\nIn Season 2 episode 10 of the HBO Cable-television series Carnivàle, a \"Saunière Manuscript\" (located in Rennes-le-Château) is mentioned by the character Henry 'Hack' Scudder (played by John Savage) in the episode \"Cheyenne, WY\" (first aired 13 March 2005).\nSaunière is a part of the plot line of The Templar Legacy by Steve Berry. The story again weaves Saunière into the hunt for the supposed Templar treasure.","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Hidden in Plain Sight: A new novel reworks the history of creative genius\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080601210809/http://www.yalereviewofbooks.com/archive/summer03/review09.shtml.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.yalereviewofbooks.com/archive/summer03/review09.shtml.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-910730-12-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-910730-12-3"},{"link_name":"\"Bibliographie\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120309010810/http://www.insolite.asso.fr/rennes/biblio/biblio34.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.insolite.asso.fr/rennes/biblio/biblio34.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-902296-85-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-902296-85-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Berenger Saunière\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080514175719/http://www.renneslechateau.com/anglais/bsauniere.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.renneslechateau.com/anglais/bsauniere.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"'Da Vinci Code' Fans Besiege French Village in Quest (Update3)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20051031175832/http://quote.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=10000085&sid=aIYDKB6k2TBs&refer=europe"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//quote.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=10000085&sid=aIYDKB6k2TBs&refer=europe"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"The Priory Of Sion\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/04/27/60minutes/main1552009.shtml"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Code of Canon Law 951 §2\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.vatican.va/archive/cod-iuris-canonici/eng/documents/cic_lib4-cann879-958_en.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-902296-42-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-902296-42-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-902296-42-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-902296-42-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"L'or du diable\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.imdb.com/title/tt0278225/"},{"link_name":"IMDb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-85565-369-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-85565-369-X"}],"text":"^ Ain, Marissa (2004). \"Hidden in Plain Sight: A new novel reworks the history of creative genius\". Vol 7 No 2 Spring 2004. Yale Review of Books. Archived from the original on 2008-06-01. Retrieved 2008-05-22.\n\n^ Letter from Canon Huguet to Bérenger Saunière dated 22 January 1917, reproduced in contributions by Abbé Bruno de Monts published in Les Cahiers de Rennes-le-Château, Archives – Documents – Études, Number 11 (Éditions Bélisane, 1996). ISBN 2-910730-12-3 \"Bibliographie\". Archived from the original on 2012-03-09. Retrieved 2011-11-07.\n\n^ Cited in Corbu & Captier, L'Héritage de l'Abbé Saunière, 1985, p. 71.\n\n^ Bruno de Monts, Bérenger Saunière, curé à Rennes-le-Château 1885-1909 (Nice: Bélisane, 1989). ISBN 2-902296-85-1\n\n^ \"Berenger Saunière\". www.renneslechateau.com. Archived from the original on 2008-05-14. Retrieved 2008-05-28.\n\n^ \"'Da Vinci Code' Fans Besiege French Village in Quest (Update3)\". Bloomberg. 27 October 2004. Archived from the original on 2005-10-31.\n\n^ Albert Salamon, D'un coup de pioche dans un pilier du maître-autel, l'abbé Saunière met à jour le trésor de Blanche de Castille (\"With one blow of the pick-axe in a pillar of the main altar Abbé Saunière uncovered the treasure of Blanche de Castile\"), in La Dépêche du Midi 12, 13, 14 January 1956.\n\n^ Baigent, Lincoln, Leigh, The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail, pages 364-365, and page 15 (Jonathan Cape, 1982).\n\n^ \"The Priory Of Sion\". Retrieved 2018-07-31.\n\n^ \"Code of Canon Law 951 §2\". Retrieved 2023-01-25.\n\n^ Raymond Darricau, in Notes bibliographiques de la Revue de l’Histoire de l’Église de France, page 439 (1976 edition).\n\n^ Jacques Rivière, Le Fabuleux trésor de Rennes-le-Château, page 130 (Editions Belisane, 1983). ISBN 2-902296-42-8\n\n^ Jacques Rivière, Le Fabuleux trésor de Rennes-le-Château, page 175 (Editions Belisane, 1983). ISBN 2-902296-42-8\n\n^ \"L'or du diable\". IMDb.\n\n^ Jean Michel Thibaux, L'Or du diable (Paris: Olivier Orban, 1987). ISBN 2-85565-369-X","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-7351-1210-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7351-1210-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-86266-142-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-86266-142-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-86266-372-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-86266-372-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-910730-12-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-910730-12-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120309010810/http://www.insolite.asso.fr/rennes/biblio/biblio34.htm"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-902296-56-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-902296-56-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-9500971-6-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-9500971-6-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-903518-08-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-903518-08-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-7551-0013-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7551-0013-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-7551-0014-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7551-0014-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-902296-85-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-902296-85-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7509-3081-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7509-3081-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7509-4216-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7509-4216-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-902296-42-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-902296-42-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-8106-1152-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-8106-1152-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-902296-50-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-902296-50-9"}],"text":"Christiane Amiel, \"L’abîme au trésor, ou l’or fantôme de Rennes-le-Château\" in, Claudie Voisenat (editor), Imaginaires archéologiques, pages 61–86 (Ethnologie de la France, Number 22, Paris: Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l’homme, 2008). ISBN 978-2-7351-1210-4\nJean-Jacques Bedu, Rennes-Le-Château: Autopsie d'un mythe (Portet-sur-Garonne: Ed. Loubatières, 1990). ISBN 2-86266-142-2 Reprinted in 2003, ISBN 2-86266-372-7\nClaude Boumendil, Gilbert Tappa (editors), Les Cahiers de Rennes-le-Château, Archives – Documents – Études, Number 11 (Éditions Bélisane, 1996). ISBN 2-910730-12-3 [1]\nClaire Corbu, Antoine Captier, L'héritage de l'Abbé Saunière (Nice: Editions Bélisane, 1985). ISBN 2-902296-56-8.\nRené Descadeillas, Mythologie du trésor de Rennes: histoire véritable de l'abbé Saunière, curé de Rennes-le-Château (Mémoires de la Société des Arts et des Sciences de Carcassonne, Annees 1971-1972, 4me série, Tome VII, 2me partie; 1974). Facsimile reprint by Savary, Carcassonne, 1988. ISBN 2-9500971-6-2. Facsimile reprint by Éditions Collot, Carcassonne,1991. ISBN 2-903518-08-4\nChristian Doumergue, L'Affaire de Rennes-le-Château, 2 volumes (Marseille: Ed. Arqa, 2006). ISBN 2-7551-0013-3 (volume 1). ISBN 2-7551-0014-1 (volume 2)\nAbbé Bruno de Monts, Bérenger Sauniére curé à Rennes-le-Château 1885-1909, Editions Belisane (Collection les amis de Bérenger Sauniére, 1989, 2000). ISBN 2-902296-85-1\nBill Putnam, John Edwin Wood. The Treasure of Rennes-le-Chateau: a mystery solved (Sutton Publishing Limited, 2003) ISBN 0-7509-3081-0. Reprinted and revised paperback edition published in 2005. ISBN 0-7509-4216-9\nJacques Rivière, Le Fabuleux trésor de Rennes-le-Château, Editions Belisane (1983). ISBN 2-902296-42-8\nDavid Rossoni, L'histoire rêvée de Rennes-le-Château: Eclairages sur un récit collectif contemporain (Books on Demand Editions, 2010). ISBN 2-8106-1152-1\nBérenger Saunière, Mon enseignement à Antugnac, 1890 (edited by Abbé Bruno de Monts; Éditions Bélisane, 1984). ISBN 2-902296-50-9\nGérard de Sède, L'or de Rennes ou la Vie insolite de Bérenger Saunière, curé de Rennes-le-Château, Paris: Julliard, 1967. Reprinted in paperback with the collaboration of Sophie de Sède entitled Le Trésor maudit de Rennes-le-Château, J'ai Lu (L'Aventure mystérieuse series), 1968.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Marie Dénarnaud","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Marie_Desnandeau_hoorde_naar_men_zegt_van_pastoor_Sauni%C3%A8res%2C_gestorven_in_1917%2C_waar_In_kasteel%2C_SFA002011575.jpg/170px-Marie_Desnandeau_hoorde_naar_men_zegt_van_pastoor_Sauni%C3%A8res%2C_gestorven_in_1917%2C_waar_In_kasteel%2C_SFA002011575.jpg"},{"image_text":"Statue of the Devil supporting the Holy Water Stoup","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Teufelsbild_Rennes-le-Chateau.jpg/220px-Teufelsbild_Rennes-le-Chateau.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bas-relief of Jesus giving the Sermon on the Mount","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Kirchenfresko_Rennes.JPG/220px-Kirchenfresko_Rennes.JPG"},{"image_text":"Saunière's Grave in Rennes-le-Château","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Tombe_abbe_sauniere.jpg/220px-Tombe_abbe_sauniere.jpg"},{"image_text":"Plaque on Saunière's Grave","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Plaque_tombe_abbe_sauniere.jpg/220px-Plaque_tombe_abbe_sauniere.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Ain, Marissa (2004). \"Hidden in Plain Sight: A new novel reworks the history of creative genius\". Vol 7 No 2 Spring 2004. Yale Review of Books. Archived from the original on 2008-06-01. Retrieved 2008-05-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080601210809/http://www.yalereviewofbooks.com/archive/summer03/review09.shtml.htm","url_text":"\"Hidden in Plain Sight: A new novel reworks the history of creative genius\""},{"url":"http://www.yalereviewofbooks.com/archive/summer03/review09.shtml.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bibliographie\". Archived from the original on 2012-03-09. Retrieved 2011-11-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120309010810/http://www.insolite.asso.fr/rennes/biblio/biblio34.htm","url_text":"\"Bibliographie\""},{"url":"http://www.insolite.asso.fr/rennes/biblio/biblio34.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Berenger Saunière\". www.renneslechateau.com. Archived from the original on 2008-05-14. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror_16 | Mirror 16 | ["1 Vital statistics","2 References"] | The Mirror 16 is a class of sailing dinghy which was sponsored by the Daily Mirror newspaper in 1963 and the design project was headed by Jack Holt. Its design was based upon the easy to construct stitch and glue principle introduced by Barry Bucknell for the Mirror 11 dinghy. The Mirror 16 was designed for the racing enthusiast and also the camping/potterer dinghy sailor. The concept was a relatively light dinghy with a large sail area that could easily be reefed. The main sail was designed for slab reefing and the large genoa had roller reefing. The Mirror 16, like the Mirror 11, was produced with distinctive red sails. The Mirror 16 was faster than the Proctor-designed Wayfarer.
Vital statistics
LOA 16ft
Beam 6ft
Hull draft 6ins
Sail area; Main 123 sq ft (11.4 m2), Genoa 55 sq ft (5.1 m2), Spinnaker 120 sq ft (11 m2).
Weight 260 lbs.
There were no plans and boats were built from kits provided by Bell Woodworking Company, the parts being made from templates. Bell Woodworking Company no longer exists and the templates have been lost. Currently a small group of enthusiasts are trying to recreate the design templates.
The Mirror 16 did not achieve the popularity of the other Mirror Classes. Only about 600 were built. The hull, made from 5mm plywood, was adequate but not strong enough to take punishment such as grounding on hard surfaces. Very few survive today since most have suffered from rot. About 30 boats are known to have survived some in the UK and others in Canada, US, and Australia. The group keep in contact by a list currently maintained by Barrie Skelcher.
References
^ Barnicoat, Becky (2015-08-03). "If you do one thing this week … build a boat". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-05-04.
^ Owner, Practical Boat (2017-03-17). "Eileen Ramsay Memorial – Saturday 8th April". Practical Boat Owner. Retrieved 2024-05-04.
vteSailing dinghiesDinghies under 10 ft
Cape Cod Frosty
Flipper (US)
Frog
El Toro
Fatty Knees
Fly
Holdfast Trainer
Manly Junior
Minto
Montgomery 7-11
Naples Sabot
O'PEN Skiff
Optimist
P Class
Pelican
Sabot
Shrimp
Starling
Tadpole
Topaz Taz
US Sabot
Zoom 8
Dinghies under 15 ft0–K
10ft Skiff
12 foot dinghy
125
145
12ft Skiff
29er
29erXX skiff
2000
3000
420
470
American 14.6
ASC
B14
Banshee
Beetle Cat
Beneteau First 14
Beneteau Wizz
Bermuda Fitted Dinghy
Beverly Dinghy
Barnett 1400
Blaze
Blue Crab 11
Blue Jay
Bombardier 3.8
Bombardier Invitation
Bosun
British Moth
Bullet 14
Buzz
Byte
Cadet
Capri Cyclone
Cherub
C-Lark
Comet (UK)
Coypu
Dabchick
Dart
Designers Choice
Dolphin 15 Senior
Echo 12
Enterprise
Europe
Envy
Farr 3.7
Finn
Firefly
Flying Ant
Flying Eleven
Force 5
GP14
Graduate
Griffon
Gull
Howmar 12
Heron
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Idle-along
Impulse
Interclub Dinghy
International 14
International FJ
Javelin (NZ)
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Jet 14
Jollyboat (NZ)
Kite
L–Z
Lark
Laser Standard
Laser 2
Laser 3000
Laser 4.7
Laser 5000
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Laser Vago
Laser Vortex
Lehman 12
Lehman Interclub
Lido 14
Mark
Marlin
Melges 14
Merlin Rocket
Metaf
Metcalf
MG14
Minisail
Miracle
Mirror
Montgomery 7-11
Montgomery 12
Moth
Musto Skiff
National 12
NS14
OK Dinghy
Otter
Pacer
Pegasus
Penguin
Phantom 14
Phantom
Precision 13
Precision 14
Puffer
Rascal 14
RS Aero
RS Feva
RS Neo
RS Quest
RS Tera
RS Vareo
RS100
RS200
RS300
RS400
RS500
RS600
RS700
RS800
Sabre
Scorpion
Skimmer
Skipjack 15
Skunk 11
Snark
Snowbird
Solo
Speedball 14
Spindrift 13
Spiral
Splash
Streaker
Sunburst
Sunfish
Surprise 15
Tanzer 14
Tasar
Tech Dinghy
Topper
Topper Topaz
Topaz Magno
Topaz Vibe
Transit 380
Twitchell 12
Vagabond
Vaurien
Wanderer
Waszp
Water Wag
Widgeon 12
Woodpussy
Zeddie
Zephyr
Dinghies under 20 ft0–K
16ft Skiff
18 foot dinghy
18ft Skiff
470
49er
505
Albacore
Apollo 16
Australian Sharpie
Beaufort
Bombardier 4.8
Buccaneer 18
Cape Cod Gemini
Cape Cod Mercury 15
Caprice 15
CL 16
Comet (US)
Contender
Coronado 15
Corsair
Day Sailer
Flying Dutchman
Flying Scot
French National Monotype 1924
Geary 18
Gloucester 15
Hampton One-Design
Holiday 20
Hornet
Interlake
International Canoe
ISO
Jacksnipe
Javelin (Europe)
Jersey Skiff
Jollyboat (UK)
Jolly Boat
JY15
L–Z
Laser 4000
Laser Stratos
Leeward 16
Lelievlet
Lightning
Melges 15
Menger Cat 15
Mirror 16
Mistral 16
Mobjack
Mud Hen 17
Mutineer 15
O-Jolle
Paceship 20
Payne-Mortlock sailing canoe
Picnic 17
Pirate
Precision 15 CB
Precision 16
Precision 185 CB
Ranger 16
Rebel 16
Rhodes 18
Rhodes 19
RS Vision
RS700
RS800
RS Venture
S2 5.5
Salcombe Yawl
Sea Bright
Sea Scout Standard Boat (BP18)
Snipe
Tanzer 16
12m2 Sharpie
Thistle
Topaz Omega
US1
Vanguard 15
Wayfarer
Windmill
Windy
Winkle Brig
X Boat
Dinghies 20 ft or over
Dovekie 21
Highlander
Norfolk Punt
Sea Pearl 21
Scows
A Scow
Butterfly
C Scow
E Scow
Fireball
Flipper (Danish)
I-20
Melges 17
M Scow
MC Scow
Puddle Duck Racer
Thames A-class rater
Y Flyer
MultihullsCatamarans
A-Class
Catalina Catamaran
Cheshire 14
Dart 16
Dart 18
DC-14 Phantom
Flying Phantom Elite
Flying Phantom Essentiel
Formula 16
Formula 18
G-Cat 5.0
G-Cat 5.7
Hobie 14
Hobie 16
Hobie 17
Hobie Bravo
Hobie Dragoon
Hobie Tiger
Hobie Wave
Hobie Wildcat
Isotope
Kona 14
Nacra 5.2
Nacra 15
Nacra F16
Nacra 17
Nacra F18 Infusion
Nacra 20 Carbon
M32
Phantom 14
Phantom 16
Phoenix 18
Prindle 18
Prindle 18-2
Shearwater III
SL 16
Topcat K1
Tornado
Trac 14
Trac 16
Viper F16
Trimarans
Astus 14.1
Wētā | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Mirror 16"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"LOA 16ft\nBeam 6ft\nHull draft 6ins\nSail area; Main 123 sq ft (11.4 m2), Genoa 55 sq ft (5.1 m2), Spinnaker 120 sq ft (11 m2).\nWeight 260 lbs.There were no plans and boats were built from kits provided by Bell Woodworking Company, the parts being made from templates. Bell Woodworking Company no longer exists and the templates have been lost. Currently a small group of enthusiasts are trying to recreate the design templates.The Mirror 16 did not achieve the popularity of the other Mirror Classes. Only about 600 were built. The hull, made from 5mm plywood, was adequate but not strong enough to take punishment such as grounding on hard surfaces. Very few survive today since most have suffered from rot. About 30 boats are known to have survived some in the UK and others in Canada, US, and Australia. The group keep in contact by a list currently maintained by Barrie Skelcher.","title":"Vital statistics"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Barnicoat, Becky (2015-08-03). \"If you do one thing this week … build a boat\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-05-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/do-something-blog/2015/aug/03/how-to-build-your-own-boat","url_text":"\"If you do one thing this week … build a boat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"Owner, Practical Boat (2017-03-17). \"Eileen Ramsay Memorial – Saturday 8th April\". Practical Boat Owner. Retrieved 2024-05-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pbo.co.uk/news/eileen-ramsay-memorial-saturday-8th-april-51194","url_text":"\"Eileen Ramsay Memorial – Saturday 8th April\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/do-something-blog/2015/aug/03/how-to-build-your-own-boat","external_links_name":"\"If you do one thing this week … build a boat\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","external_links_name":"0261-3077"},{"Link":"https://www.pbo.co.uk/news/eileen-ramsay-memorial-saturday-8th-april-51194","external_links_name":"\"Eileen Ramsay Memorial – Saturday 8th April\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Edouart | Auguste Edouart | ["1 Biography","2 Portraits","3 Image gallery","4 Collections","5 Exhibitions","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"] | French-American painter
Portrait of August Edouart, 19th century
Auguste Amant Constant Fidèle Edouart (1789–1861) was a French-born portrait artist who worked in England, Scotland and the United States in the 19th century. He specialised in silhouette portraits.
Biography
Born in Dunkerque, he left France in 1814, and established himself in London, where he began his career making portraits from hair. In 1825, he began work as a silhouette portraitist, taking full-length likenesses in profile by cutting out black paper with scissors. Edouart spent fifteen years touring England and in 1829 arrived in Edinburgh. He remained there for three years, during which time he produced some 5,000 likenesses. Edouart travelled in the United States in about 1839–49, visiting New York, Boston and other locales.
He later returned to France, where he worked on smaller silhouettes. They included one of the most notable writers of this period, Victor Hugo.
Portraits
Edouart created portraits of hundreds of subjects, including:
Samuel Appleton and family
Fanny Brawne
Captain Edward Bolton
William Buckland, Frank Buckland
Charles Burroughs
Henry Clay
John Connell and family
Susan Edmonstone Ferrier
Samuel Freeman
Samuel Griswold Goodrich
Sarah Josepha Hale
Thaddeus Mason Harris
Josiah Harlan
Robert Knox
Francis Lieber
Liston, comedian
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
John Loudoun McAdam
John Moss (see American Collector Magazine September 1943)
Stephen Olin
Theophilus Parsons
Samuel Jarvis Peters
Walter Scott
Daniel Webster
Image gallery
Jane Anderson; Esther Ainslie; Helena Anderson; Mrs Arkley; Charles Atherton (National Portrait Gallery, London)
Cut Silhouette of Four Full Figures, 19th century (Brooklyn Museum)
Colin Gibb and Charles Gibb, 19th century (Brooklyn Museum)
H.W. Longfellow, 19th century
Abbott Lawrence and family, no.5 Park St., Boston, 19th century
Collections
Works by Edouart reside in the collections of the National Portrait Gallery, London; National Galleries of Scotland; Crawford Art Gallery, Cork; New York Historical Society; Smithsonian National Portrait Gallery; the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston; Historic New England; and the American Jewish Historical Society, New York.
Exhibitions
The Art of the Silhouette in 19th-century Cork, which included works by Edouart, Stephen O’Driscoll (c.1825-1895), and miniature portraits of members of the Crawford Family, was held at Crawford Art Gallery, Cork in 2015.
"Black Out: Silhouettes Then and Now", which included works by Edouart, Moses Williams, and others, held at the National Portrait Gallery, Washington D.C. May 31, 2018 to March 10, 2019, and the Birmingham Museum of Art, Birmingham AL, September 28, 2019 to January 12, 2020.
References
^ National Portrait Gallery, London. Retrieved 2010-09-05
^ Victor Hugo in Guernsey; Canadian Art Publications; Date: January 26, 2011
^ Ethel Stanwood Bolton. Wax portraits and silhouettes. Massachusetts Society of the Colonial Dames of America, 1915. Google books
^ New York Herald; Date: November 23, 1844
^ a b c Historic New England. Retrieved 2010-09-05
^ a b c d e Museum of Fine Arts Boston collections Retrieved 2010-09-05
^ "Connell, John, David, Arthur and Mrs. Approx. 5 ½" x 8" cut by August Edouart in Glasgow, June 10, 1832. Reproduced for the Boston Evening Transcript. Sat. Nov. 4, 1939." American Antiquarian Society Archived September 7, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2010-09-05
^ a b c National Galleries Scotland Archived June 13, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2010-09-05
^ a b c d Nevill Jackson (Jan 1912). "Some men of letters in silhouette". The Bookman.
^ Flickr. Retrieved 2010-09-05
^ Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, April 1912, p. 560
^ "Josiah Harlan | National Portrait Gallery". npg.si.edu. Retrieved 2022-12-15.
^ Mack and Mack. Like a sponge thrown into water: Francis Lieber's European travel journal of 1844-1845. University of South Carolina Press, 2002
^ Smithsonian. Retrieved 2010-09-05
^ "Samuel Jarvis Peters". npg.si.edu. Retrieved 2021-05-06.
^ NY Historical Society Archived 2010-06-20 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2010-09-05
Further reading
Edouart. A Treatise on Silhouette Likenesses by Monsieur Edouart, Silhouettist to the French Royal Family, and patronized by His Royal Highness, the late Duke of Gloucester and the principal Nobility of England, Scotland, and Ireland. 1835
The Man Who Saved His Life by Giving His Body for Dissection. Barre Gazette (Massachusetts); Date: 03-28-1845
Andrew W. Tuer. Art of Silhouetting. English illustrated magazine. 1890. Google books
Alice Van Leer Carrick. Shades of our ancestors: American profiles and profilists. Little, Brown, and Company, 1928. Google books
Andrew Oliver. Auguste Edouart's Silhouettes of Eminent Americans, 1839-1844. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1977
Penley Knipe (1999). "Shades and Shadow-Pictures: The Materials and Techniques of American Portrait Silhouettes".
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to August Edouart.
WorldCat. Edouart, Augustin-Amant-Constant-Fidèle 1789-1861
Smithsonian. Auguste Edouart Self-Portrait, 1843
Flickr. Portrait by Edouart of Sarah Josepha Buell Hale (1788–1879)
Library of Congress. Silhouette profile of artist Charles Fenderich, by Edouart
Flickr. Work by Edouart
Flickr. Silhouette in clasp of velvet choker
American Jewish Historical Society. 22 silhouettes by Edouart
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
Artists
RKD Artists
ULAN | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Auguste_Edouart.png"},{"link_name":"silhouette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silhouette"}],"text":"Portrait of August Edouart, 19th centuryAuguste Amant Constant Fidèle Edouart (1789–1861) was a French-born portrait artist who worked in England, Scotland and the United States in the 19th century. He specialised in silhouette portraits.","title":"Auguste Edouart"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dunkerque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkirk"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Victor Hugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Born in Dunkerque, he left France in 1814, and established himself in London, where he began his career making portraits from hair. In 1825, he began work as a silhouette portraitist, taking full-length likenesses in profile by cutting out black paper with scissors. Edouart spent fifteen years touring England and in 1829 arrived in Edinburgh. He remained there for three years, during which time he produced some 5,000 likenesses.[1] Edouart travelled in the United States in about 1839–49, visiting New York, Boston and other locales.He later returned to France, where he worked on smaller silhouettes. They included one of the most notable writers of this period, Victor Hugo.[2][3][4]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hne-5"},{"link_name":"Fanny Brawne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanny_Brawne"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mfa-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mfa-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hne-5"},{"link_name":"Henry Clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Clay"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mfa-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Susan Edmonstone Ferrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Edmonstone_Ferrier"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ngascotland-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hne-5"},{"link_name":"Samuel Griswold Goodrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Griswold_Goodrich"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jackson-9"},{"link_name":"Sarah Josepha Hale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Josepha_Hale"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Josiah Harlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Harlan"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ngascotland-8"},{"link_name":"Francis Lieber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Lieber"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mfa-6"},{"link_name":"Henry Wadsworth Longfellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jackson-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ngascotland-8"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Theophilus Parsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophilus_Parsons_(professor)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jackson-9"},{"link_name":"Samuel Jarvis Peters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Jarvis_Peters"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Walter Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Scott"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jackson-9"},{"link_name":"Daniel Webster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Webster"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mfa-6"}],"text":"Edouart created portraits of hundreds of subjects, including:Samuel Appleton and family[5]\nFanny Brawne\nCaptain Edward Bolton[6]\nWilliam Buckland, Frank Buckland[6]\nCharles Burroughs[5]\nHenry Clay[6]\nJohn Connell and family[7]\nSusan Edmonstone Ferrier[8]\nSamuel Freeman[5]\nSamuel Griswold Goodrich[9]\nSarah Josepha Hale[10]\nThaddeus Mason Harris[11]\nJosiah Harlan[12]\nRobert Knox[8]\nFrancis Lieber[13]\nListon, comedian[6]\nHenry Wadsworth Longfellow[9]\nJohn Loudoun McAdam[8]\nJohn Moss (see American Collector Magazine September 1943)\nStephen Olin[14]\nTheophilus Parsons[9]\nSamuel Jarvis Peters[15]\nWalter Scott[9]\nDaniel Webster[6]","title":"Portraits"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jane_Anderson;_Esther_Ainslie;_Helena_Anderson;_Mrs_Arkley;_Charles_Atherton_by_Augustin_Edouart.jpg"},{"link_name":"Charles Atherton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Atherton_(civil_engineer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_Cut_Silhouette_of_Four_Full_Figures_-_August_Edouart.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ColinGibb_CharlesGibb_byAugustEdouart_BrooklynMuseum.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HWLongfellow_byAugustEdouart_Boston.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AbbottLawrence_ParkSt_Boston_byAugustEdouart_19thc.png"},{"link_name":"Abbott Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbott_Lawrence"},{"link_name":"Park St.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Street,_Boston"}],"text":"Jane Anderson; Esther Ainslie; Helena Anderson; Mrs Arkley; Charles Atherton (National Portrait Gallery, London)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCut Silhouette of Four Full Figures, 19th century (Brooklyn Museum)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tColin Gibb and Charles Gibb, 19th century (Brooklyn Museum)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tH.W. Longfellow, 19th century\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAbbott Lawrence and family, no.5 Park St., Boston, 19th century","title":"Image gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Portrait Gallery, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London"},{"link_name":"National Galleries of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Galleries_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Crawford Art Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawford_Art_Gallery"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"American Jewish Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Jewish_Historical_Society"}],"text":"Works by Edouart reside in the collections of the National Portrait Gallery, London; National Galleries of Scotland; Crawford Art Gallery, Cork; New York Historical Society;[16] Smithsonian National Portrait Gallery; the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston; Historic New England; and the American Jewish Historical Society, New York.","title":"Collections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Art of the Silhouette in 19th-century Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//crawfordartgallery.ie/Exhibition_Silhouette.html"},{"link_name":"Crawford Art Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawford_Art_Gallery"},{"link_name":"Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_(city)"}],"text":"The Art of the Silhouette in 19th-century Cork, which included works by Edouart, Stephen O’Driscoll (c.1825-1895), and miniature portraits of members of the Crawford Family, was held at Crawford Art Gallery, Cork in 2015.\"Black Out: Silhouettes Then and Now\", which included works by Edouart, Moses Williams, and others, held at the National Portrait Gallery, Washington D.C. May 31, 2018 to March 10, 2019, and the Birmingham Museum of Art, Birmingham AL, September 28, 2019 to January 12, 2020.","title":"Exhibitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Google books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=2dsvAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"Google books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=F-trAAAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"\"Shades and Shadow-Pictures: The Materials and Techniques of American Portrait Silhouettes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cool.conservation-us.org/coolaic/sg/bpg/annual/v18/bp18-07.html"}],"text":"Edouart. A Treatise on Silhouette Likenesses by Monsieur Edouart, Silhouettist to the French Royal Family, and patronized by His Royal Highness, the late Duke of Gloucester and the principal Nobility of England, Scotland, and Ireland. 1835\nThe Man Who Saved His Life by Giving His Body for Dissection. Barre Gazette (Massachusetts); Date: 03-28-1845\nAndrew W. Tuer. Art of Silhouetting. English illustrated magazine. 1890. Google books\nAlice Van Leer Carrick. Shades of our ancestors: American profiles and profilists. Little, Brown, and Company, 1928. Google books\nAndrew Oliver. Auguste Edouart's Silhouettes of Eminent Americans, 1839-1844. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1977\nPenley Knipe (1999). \"Shades and Shadow-Pictures: The Materials and Techniques of American Portrait Silhouettes\".","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Portrait of August Edouart, 19th century","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Portrait_of_Auguste_Edouart.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Nevill Jackson (Jan 1912). \"Some men of letters in silhouette\". The Bookman.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0645eWSqkFsC","url_text":"\"Some men of letters in silhouette\""}]},{"reference":"Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, April 1912, p. 560","urls":[{"url":"http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000681901","url_text":"Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society"}]},{"reference":"\"Josiah Harlan | National Portrait Gallery\". npg.si.edu. Retrieved 2022-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://npg.si.edu/object/npg_S_NPG.91.126.109.B","url_text":"\"Josiah Harlan | National Portrait Gallery\""}]},{"reference":"\"Samuel Jarvis Peters\". npg.si.edu. Retrieved 2021-05-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://npg.si.edu/object/npg_S_NPG.91.126.61.A","url_text":"\"Samuel Jarvis Peters\""}]},{"reference":"Penley Knipe (1999). \"Shades and Shadow-Pictures: The Materials and Techniques of American Portrait Silhouettes\".","urls":[{"url":"http://cool.conservation-us.org/coolaic/sg/bpg/annual/v18/bp18-07.html","url_text":"\"Shades and Shadow-Pictures: The Materials and Techniques of American Portrait Silhouettes\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://crawfordartgallery.ie/Exhibition_Silhouette.html","external_links_name":"The Art of the Silhouette in 19th-century Cork"},{"Link":"http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp06932&role=art","external_links_name":"National Portrait Gallery, London"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cysTAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"Google books"},{"Link":"http://www.historicnewengland.org/collections-archives-exhibitions/collections-access","external_links_name":"Historic New England"},{"Link":"http://www.mfa.org/collections","external_links_name":"Museum of Fine Arts Boston collections"},{"Link":"http://www.americanantiquarian.org/Inventories/silhouettes.htm","external_links_name":"American Antiquarian Society"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100907040335/http://www.americanantiquarian.org/Inventories/silhouettes.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.nationalgalleries.org/collection/online_az/4:322/?initial=E&artistId=3227&artistName=Augustin%20Edouart&submit=1","external_links_name":"National Galleries Scotland"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100613124922/http://www.nationalgalleries.org/collection/online_az/4%3A322/?initial=E&artistId=3227&artistName=Augustin%20Edouart&submit=1","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0645eWSqkFsC","external_links_name":"\"Some men of letters in silhouette\""},{"Link":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/piedmont_fossil/506282921/","external_links_name":"Flickr"},{"Link":"http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000681901","external_links_name":"Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society"},{"Link":"https://npg.si.edu/object/npg_S_NPG.91.126.109.B","external_links_name":"\"Josiah Harlan | National Portrait Gallery\""},{"Link":"http://collections.si.edu/search/results.jsp?q=record_ID:npg_NPG.91.126.35.B","external_links_name":"Smithsonian"},{"Link":"https://npg.si.edu/object/npg_S_NPG.91.126.61.A","external_links_name":"\"Samuel Jarvis Peters\""},{"Link":"http://emuseum.nyhistory.org/code/emuseum.asp","external_links_name":"NY Historical Society"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100620142903/http://emuseum.nyhistory.org/code/emuseum.asp?","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2dsvAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Google books"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=F-trAAAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Google books"},{"Link":"http://cool.conservation-us.org/coolaic/sg/bpg/annual/v18/bp18-07.html","external_links_name":"\"Shades and Shadow-Pictures: The Materials and Techniques of American Portrait Silhouettes\""},{"Link":"http://www.worldcat.org/wcidentities/lccn-n79-95173","external_links_name":"Edouart, Augustin-Amant-Constant-Fidèle 1789-1861"},{"Link":"http://collections.si.edu/search/results.jsp?q=record_ID:npg_NPG.80.140","external_links_name":"Auguste Edouart Self-Portrait"},{"Link":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/piedmont_fossil/506282921/","external_links_name":"Portrait"},{"Link":"https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2003656333","external_links_name":"Silhouette"},{"Link":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/graceewhite/2466201020/","external_links_name":"Work"},{"Link":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/20939975@N04/2284569990/","external_links_name":"Silhouette in clasp of velvet choker"},{"Link":"http://search.cjh.org/primo_library/libweb/action/dlSearch.do?institution=CJH&onCampus=falso&query=any,contains,%22Augustin-Amant-Constant-Fide%CC%80le%20Edouart%201789-1861%20artist%22&dym=true&highlight=true%E2%8C%A9=eng&vid=beta","external_links_name":"22 silhouettes"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/6214363","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14889907t","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14889907t","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1037697774","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79095173","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/25496","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500119964","external_links_name":"ULAN"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_constituencies | United Kingdom constituencies | ["1 County constituencies and borough constituencies","1.1 History","2 Naming","3 House of Commons constituencies","3.1 See also","4 London Assembly constituencies","5 Northern Ireland Assembly constituencies","6 Scottish Parliament constituencies","7 Senedd constituencies","8 European Parliament constituencies","9 References"] | Various types of electoral area in the UK
There are 650 constituencies for the UK House of Commons.
In the United Kingdom (UK), each of the electoral areas or divisions called constituencies elects one member to the House of Commons.
Within the United Kingdom there are five bodies with members elected by electoral districts called "constituencies" as opposed to "wards":
The House of Commons (see Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom)
The Scottish Parliament (see Scottish Parliament constituencies and regions)
The Senedd (see Senedd constituencies and electoral regions)
The Northern Ireland Assembly (see Northern Ireland Assembly constituencies)
The London Assembly (see List of London Assembly constituencies)
Between 1921 and 1973 the following body also included members elected by constituencies:
The Parliament of Northern Ireland (see Northern Ireland Parliament constituencies)
Electoral areas called constituencies were previously used in elections to the European Parliament, prior to the United Kingdom's exit from the European Union (see European Parliament constituency).
In local government elections (other than for the London Assembly) electoral areas are called wards or electoral divisions.
County constituencies and borough constituencies
House of Commons, Scottish Parliament, Senedd and Northern Ireland Assembly constituencies are designated as either county or borough constituencies, except that in Scotland the term burgh is used instead of borough. Since the advent of universal suffrage, the differences between county and borough constituencies are slight. Formerly (see below) the franchise differed, and there were also county borough and university constituencies.
Borough constituencies are predominantly urban while county constituencies are predominantly rural. There is no definitive statutory criterion for the distinction; the Boundary Commission for England has stated that, "as a general principle, where constituencies contain more than a small rural element they should normally be designated as county constituencies. Otherwise they should be designated as borough constituencies." In Scotland, all House of Commons constituencies are county constituencies except those in the cities of Glasgow, Edinburgh, Aberdeen, Dundee and three urban areas of Lanarkshire.
In England and Wales, the position of returning officer in borough constituencies is held ex officio by the mayor or chairman of the borough or district council, and the high sheriff of the county in county constituencies. The administration of elections is carried out by the acting returning officer, who will typically be a local council's chief executive or Head of Legal Services. The role, however, is separate from these posts, and can be held by any person appointed by the council. The spending limits for election campaigns are different in the two, the reasoning being that candidates in county constituencies tend to need to travel farther.
Spending limits for election campaigns
Elected body
Constituency type
borough/burgh
county
House of Commons
£7,150 + 5p per elector
£7,150 + 7p per elector
Northern Ireland Assembly
£5,483 + 4.6p per elector
£5,483 + 6.2p per elector
Scottish Parliament and Senedd
£5,761 + 4.8p per elector
£5,761 + 6.5p per elector
For by-elections to any of these bodies, the limit in all constituencies is £100,000.
History
See also: Unreformed House of Commons and Parliamentary franchise in the United Kingdom 1885–1918
In the House of Commons of England, each English county elected two "knights of the shire" while each enfranchised borough elected "burgesses" (usually two, sometimes four, and in a few cases one). From 1535 each Welsh county and borough was represented, by one knight or burgess. The franchise was restricted differently in different types of constituency; in county constituencies forty shilling freeholders (i.e. landowners) could vote, while in boroughs the franchise varied from potwallopers, giving many residents votes, to rotten boroughs with hardly any voters. A county borough was the constituency of a county corporate, combining the franchises of both county and borough. Until 1950 there were also university constituencies, which gave graduates an additional representation.
Similar distinctions applied in the Irish House of Commons, while the non-university elected members of the Parliament of Scotland were called Shire Commissioners and Burgh Commissioners. After the Acts of Union 1707, Scottish burghs were grouped into districts of burghs in the Parliament of Great Britain, except that Edinburgh was a constituency in its own right. After the Acts of Union 1800, smaller Irish boroughs were disenfranchised, while most others returned only one MP to the United Kingdom Parliament.
The Reform Act 1832 reduced the number of parliamentary boroughs in England and Wales by eliminating the rotten boroughs. It also divided larger counties into two two-seat divisions, the boundaries of which were defined in the Parliamentary Boundaries Act 1832, and gave seven counties a third member. Similar reforms were also made for Scotland and for Ireland. The Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 (48 & 49 Vict. c. 23) equalised the population of constituencies; it split larger boroughs into multiple single-member constituencies, reduced smaller boroughs from two seats each to one, split each two-seat county and division into two single-member constituencies, and each three-seat county into single-member constituencies.
The House of Commons (Redistribution of Seats) Act 1958, eliminated the previous common electoral quota for the whole United Kingdom and replaced it with four separate national minimal seat quotas for the respective Boundaries commissions to work to, as a result the separate national electoral quotas came into effect: England 69,534; Northern Ireland 67,145, Wales 58,383 and in Scotland only 54,741 electors.
Naming
The Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011 gives the Boundary Commissions for England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland the power to create names for constituencies, and does not provide a set of statutory guidelines for the Commissions to follow in doing so.
Constituency names are geographic, and "should normally reflect the main population centre(s) contained in the constituency". Compass points are used to distinguish constituencies from each other when a more suitable label cannot be found. Where used, "The compass point reference used will generally form a prefix in cases where the rest of the constituency name refers to the county area or a local council, but a suffix where the rest of the name refers to a population centre." This is the reason for the difference in naming between, for example, North Shropshire (a county constituency) and Reading West (a borough constituency).
House of Commons constituencies
In the 2005 United Kingdom general election, the House of Commons had 646 constituencies covering the whole of the United Kingdom. This rose to 650 in the 2010 election following the Fifth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies. Each constituency elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the "first-past-the-post" system of election.
The House of Commons is one of the two chambers of the bicameral Parliament of the United Kingdom, the other being the House of Lords.
See also
Boundary commissions (United Kingdom)
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
List of former United Kingdom Parliament constituencies
University constituency
Number of Westminster MPs
List of United Kingdom Parliament constituencies (2024–present) by region
London Assembly constituencies
Main articles: London Assembly constituencies and List of London Assembly constituencies
There are fourteen London Assembly constituencies covering the Greater London area, and each constituency elects one member of the assembly by the first-past-the-post system. Eleven additional members are elected from Greater London as a whole to produce a form or degree of mixed-member proportional representation.
Constituency names and boundaries remain now as they were for the first general election of the assembly, in 2000.
The assembly is part of the Greater London Authority and general elections of the assembly are held at the same time as election of the mayor of London.
Northern Ireland Assembly constituencies
Main article: Northern Ireland Assembly constituencies
There are 18 Northern Ireland Assembly Constituencies: four borough (for Belfast) and 14 county constituencies elsewhere (see below).
Each elects five MLAs to the 90 member NI Assembly by means of the single transferable vote system. Assembly Constituency boundaries are identical to their House of Commons equivalents.
The constituencies below are not used for the election of members to the 11 district councils.
Name
Current boundaries
Name
Belfast East BC
Belfast North BC
Belfast South BC
Belfast West BC
East Antrim CC
East Londonderry CC
Fermanagh & South Tyrone CC
Foyle CC
Lagan Valley CC
Parliamentary constituencies in Northern Ireland
Mid Ulster CC
Newry & Armagh CC
North Antrim CC
North Down CC
South Antrim CC
South Down CC
Strangford CC
Upper Bann CC
West Tyrone CC
Scottish Parliament constituencies
Main article: Scottish Parliament constituencies and electoral regions
Scottish Parliament constituencies are sometimes called Holyrood constituencies, to distinguish them from Westminster (House of Commons) constituencies. The Scottish Parliament Building is in the Holyrood area of Edinburgh, while the main meeting place of the Parliament of the United Kingdom is the Palace of Westminster, in the City of Westminster.
There are 73 Holyrood constituencies covering Scotland, and each elects one Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) by the first-past-the-post system. Also, the constituencies are grouped into eight electoral regions, and each of these regions elects seven additional members, to produce a form or degree of mixed-member proportional representation.
The existing constituencies were created, effectively, for the first general election of the Scottish Parliament, in 1999. When created, all but two had the names and boundaries of Westminster constituencies. The two exceptions were the Orkney Holyrood constituency, covering the Orkney Islands council area, and the Shetland Holyrood constituency, covering the Shetland Islands council area. For Westminster elections, these council areas were covered (and still are covered) by the Orkney and Shetland Westminster constituency.
In 1999, under the Scotland Act 1998, the expectation was that there would be a permanent link between the boundaries of Holyrood constituencies and those of Westminster constituencies. This link was broken, however, by the Scottish Parliament (Constituencies) Act 2004, which enabled the creation of a new set of Westminster constituencies without change to Holyrood constituencies. The new Westminster boundaries became effective for the 2005 United Kingdom general election.
Senedd constituencies
Main article: Senedd constituencies and electoral regions
There are 40 Senedd constituencies covering Wales, and each elects one Member of the Senedd (MS) by the first-past-the-post system. Also, the constituencies are grouped into five electoral regions, and each of these regions elects four additional members, to produce a form or degree of mixed-member proportional representation.
The current set of Senedd constituencies is the second to be created. The first was created for the first general election of the National Assembly for Wales, in 1999.
European Parliament constituencies
Main article: European Parliament constituencies in the United Kingdom
Before its withdrawal from the European Union in 2020, the United Kingdom elected its Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) through twelve multimember European Parliament constituencies. One, Northern Ireland, used single transferable vote, while the eleven covering Great Britain used the d'Hondt method of party-list proportional representation.
For its first European Parliamentary elections in 1979 Great Britain was divided into a number of single-member first-past-the Post constituencies, matching the way Westminster MPs are elected. Following the decision that all MEPs should be elected by some form of proportional representation, the Labour government passed the European Parliamentary Elections Act 1999, creating eleven constituencies on Great Britain, which were first used in 1999.
The South West England constituency was expanded from the 2004 elections onward to include Gibraltar, the only British overseas territory that was part of the European Union, following a court case.
References
^ Boundary Commission for England (2007), Fifth periodical report (PDF), Norwich: TSO (The Stationery Office), ISBN 978-0-10-170322-2, archived from the original (PDF) on 26 July 2011
^ "Boundary Commission for Scotland - Maps - UK Parliament constituencies 2005 onwards". Archived from the original on 4 May 2013. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
^ Representation of the People Act 1983, Section 24
^ Somerset County Council Regulation Committee (1 November 2012). "Appointment of County Returning Officer" (PDF). Somerset County Council. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 November 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
^ "Representation of the People Act 1983", Acts of the United Kingdom Parliament, vol. 1983, no. 2, pp. 76(2)(a), 8 February 1983, retrieved 4 November 2008
^ Statutory Instrument 2005 No. 269 (section 3) The Representation of the People (Variation of Limits of Candidates' Election Expenses) Order 2005 (Coming into force 2005-03-04)
^ "Representation of the People Act 1983", Acts of the United Kingdom Parliament, vol. 1983, no. 2, pp. 76(2)(aa), 8 February 1983, retrieved 4 November 2008
^ "Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000", Acts of the United Kingdom Parliament, vol. 2000, no. 41, pp. 132(5), 30 November 2000, archived from the original on 14 February 2009, retrieved 4 November 2008
^ Tomlins, Thomas Edlyne; Granger, Thomas Colpitts (1835). The Law-dictionary, Explaining the Rise Progress and Present State of the British Law. Vol. II (4th ed.). London. p. 10.
^ Welsh Government, Law Wales (3 March 2015). "Historical Timeline of Welsh Law". law.gov.wales. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
^ page 10, Boundary Commission for England, "A guide to the 2013 Review" Sections 41-44, 'Naming'
^ "First Past the Post". Electoral Reform Society. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
^ "The two-House system". UK Parliament. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
^ "The Electoral Office of Northern Ireland - EONI". www.eoni.org.uk. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
^ "Local councils in Northern Ireland". nidirect. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
^ McGuire, Anne (24 January 2005). "House of Commons Standing Cttee on Delegated Legislation (pt 1)". Hansard. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
^ "Houses of Parliament and The Palace of Westminster, City of Westminster - 1226284 | Historic England". historicengland.org.uk. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
^ Macnab, Scott (10 May 2019). "Holyrood voting system 'hard to understand' says top official". The Scotsman. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
^ Scotland Act 1998, Office of Public Sector Information website Archived July 14, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
^ Scottish Parliament (Constituencies) Act 2004, Office of Public Sector Information website Archived September 2, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
^ "The Voting System". www.europarl.europa.eu. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
^ Gibraltar should join South West for elections to European Parliament, Electoral Commission new release, 28 Aug 2003 Archived December 5, 2007, at the Wayback Machine | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UK_Constituencies_2017_(blank).svg"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"constituencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituencies"},{"link_name":"wards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward_(electoral_subdivision)"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituencies_of_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Scottish Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Scottish Parliament constituencies and regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Parliament_constituencies_and_regions"},{"link_name":"Senedd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senedd"},{"link_name":"Senedd constituencies and electoral regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senedd_constituencies_and_electoral_regions"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland Assembly constituencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly_constituencies"},{"link_name":"London Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Assembly"},{"link_name":"List of London Assembly constituencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_London_Assembly_constituencies"},{"link_name":"Parliament of Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland Parliament constituencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Parliament_constituencies"},{"link_name":"European Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament"},{"link_name":"the United Kingdom's exit from the European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit"},{"link_name":"European Parliament constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament_constituency"},{"link_name":"local government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"wards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wards_(UK)"},{"link_name":"electoral divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_division_(UK)"}],"text":"There are 650 constituencies for the UK House of Commons.In the United Kingdom (UK), each of the electoral areas or divisions called constituencies elects one member to the House of Commons.Within the United Kingdom there are five bodies with members elected by electoral districts called \"constituencies\" as opposed to \"wards\":The House of Commons (see Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom)\nThe Scottish Parliament (see Scottish Parliament constituencies and regions)\nThe Senedd (see Senedd constituencies and electoral regions)\nThe Northern Ireland Assembly (see Northern Ireland Assembly constituencies)\nThe London Assembly (see List of London Assembly constituencies)Between 1921 and 1973 the following body also included members elected by constituencies:The Parliament of Northern Ireland (see Northern Ireland Parliament constituencies)Electoral areas called constituencies were previously used in elections to the European Parliament, prior to the United Kingdom's exit from the European Union (see European Parliament constituency).In local government elections (other than for the London Assembly) electoral areas are called wards or electoral divisions.","title":"United Kingdom constituencies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"universal suffrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffrage"},{"link_name":"below","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#History"},{"link_name":"urban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_area"},{"link_name":"rural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bce2007-1"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen"},{"link_name":"Dundee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee"},{"link_name":"Lanarkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanarkshire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"returning officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Returning_officer"},{"link_name":"high sheriff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_sheriff"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"chief executive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_executive"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scc-4"},{"link_name":"by-elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/By-election"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"House of Commons, Scottish Parliament, Senedd and Northern Ireland Assembly constituencies are designated as either county or borough constituencies, except that in Scotland the term burgh is used instead of borough. Since the advent of universal suffrage, the differences between county and borough constituencies are slight. Formerly (see below) the franchise differed, and there were also county borough and university constituencies.Borough constituencies are predominantly urban while county constituencies are predominantly rural. There is no definitive statutory criterion for the distinction; the Boundary Commission for England has stated that, \"as a general principle, where constituencies contain more than a small rural element they should normally be designated as county constituencies. Otherwise they should be designated as borough constituencies.\"[1] In Scotland, all House of Commons constituencies are county constituencies except those in the cities of Glasgow, Edinburgh, Aberdeen, Dundee and three urban areas of Lanarkshire.[2]In England and Wales, the position of returning officer in borough constituencies is held ex officio by the mayor or chairman of the borough or district council, and the high sheriff of the county in county constituencies.[3] The administration of elections is carried out by the acting returning officer, who will typically be a local council's chief executive[4] or Head of Legal Services. The role, however, is separate from these posts, and can be held by any person appointed by the council. The spending limits for election campaigns are different in the two, the reasoning being that candidates in county constituencies tend to need to travel farther.For by-elections to any of these bodies, the limit in all constituencies is £100,000.[7][8]","title":"County constituencies and borough constituencies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Unreformed House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unreformed_House_of_Commons"},{"link_name":"Parliamentary franchise in the United Kingdom 1885–1918","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_franchise_in_the_United_Kingdom_1885%E2%80%931918"},{"link_name":"House of Commons of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_England"},{"link_name":"English county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_county"},{"link_name":"knights of the shire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_of_the_shire"},{"link_name":"borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_borough"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"From 1535","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535%E2%80%931542"},{"link_name":"Welsh county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_counties_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"forty shilling freeholders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forty_shilling_freeholders"},{"link_name":"potwallopers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potwalloper"},{"link_name":"rotten boroughs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_borough"},{"link_name":"county corporate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_corporate"},{"link_name":"university constituencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_constituencies"},{"link_name":"Irish House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_House_of_Commons"},{"link_name":"Parliament of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Acts of Union 1707","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707"},{"link_name":"districts of burghs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_burghs"},{"link_name":"Parliament of Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh was a constituency in its own right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Acts of Union 1800","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800"},{"link_name":"Reform Act 1832","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Act_1832"},{"link_name":"parliamentary boroughs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_borough"},{"link_name":"Parliamentary Boundaries Act 1832","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_Boundaries_Act_1832"},{"link_name":"for Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Reform_Act_1832"},{"link_name":"for Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Reform_Act_1832"},{"link_name":"Redistribution of Seats Act 1885","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redistribution_of_Seats_Act_1885"},{"link_name":"48 & 49 Vict.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/48_%26_49_Vict."},{"link_name":"House of Commons (Redistribution of Seats) Act 1958","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_(Redistribution_of_Seats)_Act_1958"}],"sub_title":"History","text":"See also: Unreformed House of Commons and Parliamentary franchise in the United Kingdom 1885–1918In the House of Commons of England, each English county elected two \"knights of the shire\" while each enfranchised borough elected \"burgesses\" (usually two, sometimes four, and in a few cases one).[9] From 1535 each Welsh county and borough was represented, by one knight or burgess.[10] The franchise was restricted differently in different types of constituency; in county constituencies forty shilling freeholders (i.e. landowners) could vote, while in boroughs the franchise varied from potwallopers, giving many residents votes, to rotten boroughs with hardly any voters. A county borough was the constituency of a county corporate, combining the franchises of both county and borough. Until 1950 there were also university constituencies, which gave graduates an additional representation.Similar distinctions applied in the Irish House of Commons, while the non-university elected members of the Parliament of Scotland were called Shire Commissioners and Burgh Commissioners. After the Acts of Union 1707, Scottish burghs were grouped into districts of burghs in the Parliament of Great Britain, except that Edinburgh was a constituency in its own right. After the Acts of Union 1800, smaller Irish boroughs were disenfranchised, while most others returned only one MP to the United Kingdom Parliament.The Reform Act 1832 reduced the number of parliamentary boroughs in England and Wales by eliminating the rotten boroughs. It also divided larger counties into two two-seat divisions, the boundaries of which were defined in the Parliamentary Boundaries Act 1832, and gave seven counties a third member. Similar reforms were also made for Scotland and for Ireland. The Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 (48 & 49 Vict. c. 23) equalised the population of constituencies; it split larger boroughs into multiple single-member constituencies, reduced smaller boroughs from two seats each to one, split each two-seat county and division into two single-member constituencies, and each three-seat county into single-member constituencies.The House of Commons (Redistribution of Seats) Act 1958, eliminated the previous common electoral quota for the whole United Kingdom and replaced it with four separate national minimal seat quotas for the respective Boundaries commissions to work to, as a result the separate national electoral quotas came into effect: England 69,534; Northern Ireland 67,145, Wales 58,383 and in Scotland only 54,741 electors.","title":"County constituencies and borough constituencies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_Voting_System_and_Constituencies_Act_2011"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_Commission_for_England"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_Commission_for_Wales"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_Commission_for_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_Commission_for_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Compass points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_direction"},{"link_name":"North Shropshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Shropshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"county constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_constituency"},{"link_name":"Reading West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"borough constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_constituency"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011 gives the Boundary Commissions for England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland the power to create names for constituencies, and does not provide a set of statutory guidelines for the Commissions to follow in doing so.Constituency names are geographic, and \"should normally reflect the main population centre(s) contained in the constituency\". Compass points are used to distinguish constituencies from each other when a more suitable label cannot be found. Where used, \"The compass point reference used will generally form a prefix in cases where the rest of the constituency name refers to the county area or a local council, but a suffix where the rest of the name refers to a population centre.\" This is the reason for the difference in naming between, for example, North Shropshire (a county constituency) and Reading West (a borough constituency).[11]","title":"Naming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2005 United Kingdom general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"646 constituencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_Parliament_constituencies"},{"link_name":"2010 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Fifth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Periodic_Review_of_Westminster_constituencies"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"first-past-the-post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-past-the-post"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"bicameral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicameral"},{"link_name":"Parliament of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"In the 2005 United Kingdom general election, the House of Commons had 646 constituencies covering the whole of the United Kingdom. This rose to 650 in the 2010 election following the Fifth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies. Each constituency elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the \"first-past-the-post\" system of election.[12]The House of Commons is one of the two chambers of the bicameral Parliament of the United Kingdom, the other being the House of Lords.[13]","title":"House of Commons constituencies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boundary commissions (United Kingdom)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_commissions_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituencies_of_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"List of former United Kingdom Parliament constituencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_former_United_Kingdom_Parliament_constituencies"},{"link_name":"University constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_constituency"},{"link_name":"Number of Westminster MPs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_of_Westminster_MPs"},{"link_name":"List of United Kingdom Parliament constituencies (2024–present) by region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_Parliament_constituencies_(2024%E2%80%93present)_by_region"}],"sub_title":"See also","text":"Boundary commissions (United Kingdom)\nConstituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom\nList of former United Kingdom Parliament constituencies\nUniversity constituency\nNumber of Westminster MPs\nList of United Kingdom Parliament constituencies (2024–present) by region","title":"House of Commons constituencies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London Assembly constituencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Assembly_constituencies"},{"link_name":"Greater London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_London"},{"link_name":"first-past-the-post system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-past-the-post_system"},{"link_name":"additional members","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additional_member_system"},{"link_name":"mixed-member proportional representation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation"},{"link_name":"first general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_London_Assembly_election"},{"link_name":"Greater London Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_London_Authority"},{"link_name":"mayor of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_London"}],"text":"There are fourteen London Assembly constituencies covering the Greater London area, and each constituency elects one member of the assembly by the first-past-the-post system. Eleven additional members are elected from Greater London as a whole to produce a form or degree of mixed-member proportional representation.Constituency names and boundaries remain now as they were for the first general election of the assembly, in 2000.The assembly is part of the Greater London Authority and general elections of the assembly are held at the same time as election of the mayor of London.","title":"London Assembly constituencies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northern Ireland Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Constituencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituencies"},{"link_name":"Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast"},{"link_name":"MLAs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Legislative_Assembly_(Northern_Ireland)"},{"link_name":"single transferable vote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_transferable_vote"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"district councils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"There are 18 Northern Ireland Assembly Constituencies: four borough (for Belfast) and 14 county constituencies elsewhere (see below).Each elects five MLAs to the 90 member NI Assembly by means of the single transferable vote system. Assembly Constituency boundaries are identical to their House of Commons equivalents.[14]The constituencies below are not used for the election of members to the 11 district councils.[15]","title":"Northern Ireland Assembly constituencies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scottish Parliament constituencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Parliament_constituencies"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Scottish Parliament Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Parliament_Building"},{"link_name":"Holyrood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holyrood_(Edinburgh)"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Palace of Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster"},{"link_name":"City of Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Westminster"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Member of the Scottish Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Scottish_Parliament"},{"link_name":"first-past-the-post system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-past-the-post_system"},{"link_name":"additional members","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additional_member_system"},{"link_name":"mixed-member proportional representation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"first general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Scottish_Parliament_election"},{"link_name":"Orkney Holyrood constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkney_(Scottish_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Orkney Islands council area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkney_Islands_council_area"},{"link_name":"Shetland Holyrood constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetland_(Scottish_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Shetland Islands council area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetland_Islands_council_area"},{"link_name":"council areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_areas_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Orkney and Shetland Westminster constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkney_and_Shetland_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Scotland Act 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_Act_1998"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Scottish Parliament (Constituencies) Act 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Parliament_(Constituencies)_Act_2004"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"2005 United Kingdom general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_United_Kingdom_general_election"}],"text":"Scottish Parliament constituencies are sometimes called Holyrood constituencies, to distinguish them from Westminster (House of Commons) constituencies.[16] The Scottish Parliament Building is in the Holyrood area of Edinburgh, while the main meeting place of the Parliament of the United Kingdom is the Palace of Westminster, in the City of Westminster.[17]There are 73 Holyrood constituencies covering Scotland, and each elects one Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) by the first-past-the-post system. Also, the constituencies are grouped into eight electoral regions, and each of these regions elects seven additional members, to produce a form or degree of mixed-member proportional representation.[18]The existing constituencies were created, effectively, for the first general election of the Scottish Parliament, in 1999. When created, all but two had the names and boundaries of Westminster constituencies. The two exceptions were the Orkney Holyrood constituency, covering the Orkney Islands council area, and the Shetland Holyrood constituency, covering the Shetland Islands council area. For Westminster elections, these council areas were covered (and still are covered) by the Orkney and Shetland Westminster constituency.In 1999, under the Scotland Act 1998,[19] the expectation was that there would be a permanent link between the boundaries of Holyrood constituencies and those of Westminster constituencies. This link was broken, however, by the Scottish Parliament (Constituencies) Act 2004,[20] which enabled the creation of a new set of Westminster constituencies without change to Holyrood constituencies. The new Westminster boundaries became effective for the 2005 United Kingdom general election.","title":"Scottish Parliament constituencies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Member of the Senedd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Senedd"},{"link_name":"first-past-the-post system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-past-the-post_system"},{"link_name":"additional members","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additional_member_system"},{"link_name":"mixed-member proportional representation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation"},{"link_name":"first general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_National_Assembly_for_Wales_election"}],"text":"There are 40 Senedd constituencies covering Wales, and each elects one Member of the Senedd (MS) by the first-past-the-post system. Also, the constituencies are grouped into five electoral regions, and each of these regions elects four additional members, to produce a form or degree of mixed-member proportional representation.The current set of Senedd constituencies is the second to be created. The first was created for the first general election of the National Assembly for Wales, in 1999.","title":"Senedd constituencies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"withdrawal from the European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union"},{"link_name":"Members of the European Parliament (MEPs)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_European_Parliament_(MEPs)"},{"link_name":"European Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament"},{"link_name":"constituencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament_constituency"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_(European_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"single transferable vote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_transferable_vote"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"d'Hondt method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Hondt_method"},{"link_name":"party-list proportional representation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation"},{"link_name":"European Parliamentary elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliamentary_elections"},{"link_name":"1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"first-past-the Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting"},{"link_name":"proportional representation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_representation"},{"link_name":"Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"European Parliamentary Elections Act 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliamentary_Elections_Act_1999"},{"link_name":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"South West England constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_England_(European_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"2004 elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"British overseas territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_overseas_territory"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Before its withdrawal from the European Union in 2020, the United Kingdom elected its Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) through twelve multimember European Parliament constituencies. One, Northern Ireland, used single transferable vote, while the eleven covering Great Britain used the d'Hondt method of party-list proportional representation.For its first European Parliamentary elections in 1979 Great Britain was divided into a number of single-member first-past-the Post constituencies, matching the way Westminster MPs are elected. Following the decision that all MEPs should be elected by some form of proportional representation, the Labour government passed the European Parliamentary Elections Act 1999, creating eleven constituencies on Great Britain, which were first used in 1999.[21]The South West England constituency was expanded from the 2004 elections onward to include Gibraltar, the only British overseas territory that was part of the European Union, following a court case.[22]","title":"European Parliament constituencies"}] | [{"image_text":"There are 650 constituencies for the UK House of Commons.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/UK_Constituencies_2017_%28blank%29.svg/175px-UK_Constituencies_2017_%28blank%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Parliamentary constituencies in Northern Ireland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/NorthernIrelandParliamentaryConstituenciesNumbered.svg/280px-NorthernIrelandParliamentaryConstituenciesNumbered.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Boundary Commission for England (2007), Fifth periodical report (PDF), Norwich: TSO (The Stationery Office), ISBN 978-0-10-170322-2, archived from the original (PDF) on 26 July 2011","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110726095050/http://www.official-documents.gov.uk/document/cm70/7032/7032.pdf","url_text":"Fifth periodical report"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-10-170322-2","url_text":"978-0-10-170322-2"},{"url":"http://www.official-documents.gov.uk/document/cm70/7032/7032.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Boundary Commission for Scotland - Maps - UK Parliament constituencies 2005 onwards\". Archived from the original on 4 May 2013. Retrieved 12 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130504234425/http://www.bcomm-scotland.independent.gov.uk/maps/westminster/2005/","url_text":"\"Boundary Commission for Scotland - Maps - UK Parliament constituencies 2005 onwards\""},{"url":"http://www.bcomm-scotland.independent.gov.uk/maps/westminster/2005/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Somerset County Council Regulation Committee (1 November 2012). \"Appointment of County Returning Officer\" (PDF). Somerset County Council. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 November 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www1.somerset.gov.uk/council/board11%5C2012%20November%201%20Item%208%20Appointment%20of%20County%20Returning%20Officer.pdf","url_text":"\"Appointment of County Returning Officer\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/IrFoP?url=http://www1.somerset.gov.uk/council/board11%5C2012%20November%201%20Item%208%20Appointment%20of%20County%20Returning%20Officer.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Representation of the People Act 1983\", Acts of the United Kingdom Parliament, vol. 1983, no. 2, pp. 76(2)(a), 8 February 1983, retrieved 4 November 2008","urls":[{"url":"http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/documents/1983/2/ukpga/c2","url_text":"\"Representation of the People Act 1983\""}]},{"reference":"\"Representation of the People Act 1983\", Acts of the United Kingdom Parliament, vol. 1983, no. 2, pp. 76(2)(aa), 8 February 1983, retrieved 4 November 2008","urls":[{"url":"http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/documents/1983/2/ukpga/c2","url_text":"\"Representation of the People Act 1983\""}]},{"reference":"\"Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000\", Acts of the United Kingdom Parliament, vol. 2000, no. 41, pp. 132(5), 30 November 2000, archived from the original on 14 February 2009, retrieved 4 November 2008","urls":[{"url":"http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/documents/2000/41/ukpga/c41","url_text":"\"Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090214213607/http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/documents/2000/41/ukpga/c41","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"Tomlins, Thomas Edlyne; Granger, Thomas Colpitts (1835). The Law-dictionary, Explaining the Rise Progress and Present State of the British Law. Vol. II (4th ed.). London. p. 10.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iUpKAAAAcAAJ","url_text":"The Law-dictionary, Explaining the Rise Progress and Present State of the British Law"}]},{"reference":"Welsh Government, Law Wales (3 March 2015). \"Historical Timeline of Welsh Law\". law.gov.wales. Retrieved 16 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://law.gov.wales/constitution-government/how-welsh-laws-made/timeline-welsh-law/?lang=en#/constitution-government/how-welsh-laws-made/timeline-welsh-law/?tab=overview&lang=en","url_text":"\"Historical Timeline of Welsh Law\""}]},{"reference":"\"First Past the Post\". Electoral Reform Society. Retrieved 16 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.electoral-reform.org.uk/voting-systems/types-of-voting-system/first-past-the-post/","url_text":"\"First Past the Post\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Reform_Society","url_text":"Electoral Reform Society"}]},{"reference":"\"The two-House system\". UK Parliament. Retrieved 16 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/role/system/","url_text":"\"The two-House system\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Electoral Office of Northern Ireland - EONI\". www.eoni.org.uk. Retrieved 16 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eoni.org.uk/Vote/Voting-systems-in-Northern-Ireland","url_text":"\"The Electoral Office of Northern Ireland - EONI\""}]},{"reference":"\"Local councils in Northern Ireland\". nidirect. Retrieved 16 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/contacts/local-councils-in-northern-ireland","url_text":"\"Local councils in Northern Ireland\""}]},{"reference":"McGuire, Anne (24 January 2005). \"House of Commons Standing Cttee on Delegated Legislation (pt 1)\". Hansard. Retrieved 16 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmstand/deleg1/st050124/50124s01.htm","url_text":"\"House of Commons Standing Cttee on Delegated Legislation (pt 1)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansard","url_text":"Hansard"}]},{"reference":"\"Houses of Parliament and The Palace of Westminster, City of Westminster - 1226284 | Historic England\". historicengland.org.uk. Retrieved 16 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1226284","url_text":"\"Houses of Parliament and The Palace of Westminster, City of Westminster - 1226284 | Historic England\""}]},{"reference":"Macnab, Scott (10 May 2019). \"Holyrood voting system 'hard to understand' says top official\". The Scotsman. Retrieved 16 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scotsman.com/news/scottish-news/holyrood-voting-system-hard-understand-says-top-official-1417897","url_text":"\"Holyrood voting system 'hard to understand' says top official\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Voting System\". www.europarl.europa.eu. Retrieved 16 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.europarl.europa.eu/unitedkingdom/en/european-elections/european_elections/the_voting_system.html","url_text":"\"The Voting System\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110726095050/http://www.official-documents.gov.uk/document/cm70/7032/7032.pdf","external_links_name":"Fifth periodical report"},{"Link":"http://www.official-documents.gov.uk/document/cm70/7032/7032.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130504234425/http://www.bcomm-scotland.independent.gov.uk/maps/westminster/2005/","external_links_name":"\"Boundary Commission for Scotland - Maps - UK Parliament constituencies 2005 onwards\""},{"Link":"http://www.bcomm-scotland.independent.gov.uk/maps/westminster/2005/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www1.somerset.gov.uk/council/board11%5C2012%20November%201%20Item%208%20Appointment%20of%20County%20Returning%20Officer.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Appointment of County Returning Officer\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/IrFoP?url=http://www1.somerset.gov.uk/council/board11%5C2012%20November%201%20Item%208%20Appointment%20of%20County%20Returning%20Officer.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/documents/1983/2/ukpga/c2","external_links_name":"\"Representation of the People Act 1983\""},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2005/269","external_links_name":"Statutory Instrument 2005 No. 269"},{"Link":"http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/documents/1983/2/ukpga/c2","external_links_name":"\"Representation of the People Act 1983\""},{"Link":"http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/documents/2000/41/ukpga/c41","external_links_name":"\"Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090214213607/http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/documents/2000/41/ukpga/c41","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iUpKAAAAcAAJ","external_links_name":"The Law-dictionary, Explaining the Rise Progress and Present State of the British Law"},{"Link":"https://law.gov.wales/constitution-government/how-welsh-laws-made/timeline-welsh-law/?lang=en#/constitution-government/how-welsh-laws-made/timeline-welsh-law/?tab=overview&lang=en","external_links_name":"\"Historical Timeline of Welsh Law\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130123133720/http://consultation.boundarycommissionforengland.independent.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/406678_Guide-to-the-2013-Review_acc.pdf","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.electoral-reform.org.uk/voting-systems/types-of-voting-system/first-past-the-post/","external_links_name":"\"First Past the Post\""},{"Link":"https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/role/system/","external_links_name":"\"The two-House system\""},{"Link":"https://www.eoni.org.uk/Vote/Voting-systems-in-Northern-Ireland","external_links_name":"\"The Electoral Office of Northern Ireland - EONI\""},{"Link":"https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/contacts/local-councils-in-northern-ireland","external_links_name":"\"Local councils in Northern Ireland\""},{"Link":"https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmstand/deleg1/st050124/50124s01.htm","external_links_name":"\"House of Commons Standing Cttee on Delegated Legislation (pt 1)\""},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1226284","external_links_name":"\"Houses of Parliament and The Palace of Westminster, City of Westminster - 1226284 | Historic England\""},{"Link":"https://www.scotsman.com/news/scottish-news/holyrood-voting-system-hard-understand-says-top-official-1417897","external_links_name":"\"Holyrood voting system 'hard to understand' says top official\""},{"Link":"http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1998/19980046.htm","external_links_name":"Scotland Act 1998, Office of Public Sector Information website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070714112551/http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1998/19980046.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2004/20040013.htm","external_links_name":"Scottish Parliament (Constituencies) Act 2004, Office of Public Sector Information website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070902220742/http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2004/20040013.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.europarl.europa.eu/unitedkingdom/en/european-elections/european_elections/the_voting_system.html","external_links_name":"\"The Voting System\""},{"Link":"http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/media-centre/newsreleasereviews.cfm/news/226","external_links_name":"Gibraltar should join South West for elections to European Parliament, Electoral Commission new release, 28 Aug 2003"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071205011910/http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/media-centre/newsreleasereviews.cfm/news/226","external_links_name":"Archived"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_Advisor_to_the_President | Senior Advisor to the President of the United States | ["1 Responsibilities","2 Prior administrations","3 List of senior advisors to the president","3.1 Senior advisors to President Bill Clinton","3.2 Senior advisors to President George W. Bush","3.3 Senior advisors to President Barack Obama","3.4 Senior advisors to President Donald Trump","3.5 Senior Advisors to President Joe Biden","4 List of advisors to the president","5 See also","6 Notes","7 Explanatory footnotes","8 References"] | "Senior Advisor to the President" redirects here. For the Sri Lankan office, see Senior Adviser to the President of Sri Lanka.
Senior Advisor IncumbentTop row:Mike Donilon, Anita Dunn, Gene Sperling, Bottom row:Stephen K. Benjamin, Tom Perez, Annie TomasiniExecutive Office of the PresidentWebsiteThe White House
Senior Advisor to the President is a title used by high-ranking political advisors to the president of the United States. White House senior advisors are senior members of the White House Office. The title has been formally used since 1993.
Responsibilities
Over time, a senior advisor has had responsibility for the following groups:
Current departments (headed by a senior advisor)
White House Office of Intergovernmental Affairs (Tom Perez)
White House Office of Public Engagement (Stephen K. Benjamin)
Past departments (previously headed by a senior advisor in the current and past administrations)
United States Digital Services (Neera Tanden)
White House Office of Strategic Initiatives
Office of American Innovation
White House Office of Political Affairs
White House Office of Communications
Oval Office Operations (Annie Tomasini)
Infrastructure Implementation Coordination (Mitch Landrieu)
Climate and Clean Energy Innovation & Implementation (John Podesta)
Prior administrations
In prior administrations before 1993, the position of "senior advisor" was a title used for various other purposes. Numerous examples of the position also exist throughout the executive departments and in the branch's independent agencies. For example, the Food and Drug Administration includes a position with the title Senior Advisor for Science; the Department of the Interior has a position with the title Senior Advisor for Alaskan Affairs.
List of senior advisors to the president
Senior advisors to President Bill Clinton
Senior Advisor
Portfolio
Term of office
Party
Rahm Emanuel(born 1959)
Political AffairsStrategic PlanningPolicy
January 20, 1993 – November 7, 1998
Democratic
George Stephanopoulos(born 1961)
Strategic PlanningPolicy
June 7, 1993 – December 10, 1996
Democratic
Sidney Blumenthal(born 1948)
Political AffairsCommunicationsPolicy
August 19, 1997 – January 20, 2001
Democratic
Doug Sosnik(born 1959)
Political AffairsStrategic PlanningPolicy
November 7, 1998 – January 20, 2001
Democratic
Joel Johnson(born 1961)
CommunicationsPolicy
May 20, 1999 – January 20, 2001
Democratic
Senior advisors to President George W. Bush
Senior Advisor
Portfolio
Term of office
Party
Karl Rove(born 1950)
Political AffairsStrategic PlanningCommunications
January 20, 2001 – August 31, 2007
Republican
Barry Steven Jackson(born 1960)
Political AffairsStrategic PlanningCommunications
September 1, 2007 – January 20, 2009
Republican
Senior advisors to President Barack Obama
Senior Advisor
Portfolio
Term of office
Party
Valerie Jarrett(born 1956)
Public EngagementIntergovernmental Affairs
January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017
Democratic
Pete Rouse(born 1946)
Strategic Planning
January 20, 2009 – October 1, 2010
Democratic
David Axelrod(born 1955)
Political AffairsCommunications
January 20, 2009 – January 10, 2011
Democratic
David Plouffe(born 1967)
Political AffairsCommunications
January 10, 2011 – January 25, 2013
Democratic
Daniel Pfeiffer(born 1975)
Political AffairsCommunications
January 25, 2013 – March 6, 2015
Democratic
Brian Deese(born 1978)
Climate and Energy
February 13, 2015 – January 20, 2017
Democratic
Shailagh Murray(born 1965)
Communications
April 3, 2015 – January 20, 2017
Democratic
Senior advisors to President Donald Trump
Senior Advisor
Portfolio
Term of office
Party
Jared Kushner(born 1981)
Strategic Planning
January 20, 2017 – January 20, 2021
Republican
Stephen Miller(born 1985)
Policy
January 20, 2017 – January 20, 2021
Republican
Kevin Hassett(born 1962)
Economic Issues
April 15, 2020 – July 1, 2020
Republican
Eric Herschmann(born 1962)
Opposition researchLegal issues
August 3, 2020 – January 20, 2021
Republican
Senior Advisors to President Joe Biden
Current
Senior Advisor
Portfolio
Term of office
Party
Mike Donilon
Chief Strategist
January 20, 2021 – present
Democratic
Anita Dunn
Communications
1st: Jan. 20 – August 12, 2021 2nd: May 5, 2022 – present
Democratic
Gene Sperling(born 1958)
COVID-19 Relief
(American Rescue Plan)
March 15, 2021 – present
Democratic
Stephen K. Benjamin(born 1969)
Public Engagement
April 1, 2023 – present
Democratic
Tom Perez
Intergovernmental Affairs
June 12, 2023 – present
Democratic
Annie Tomasini
Deputy Chief of Staff
June 2023 – present
Democratic
Former
Senior Advisor
Portfolio
Term of office
Party
Cedric Richmond
Public Engagement
January 20, 2021 – May 18, 2022
Democratic
Keisha Lance Bottoms(born 1970)
Public Engagement
July 1, 2022 – March 31, 2023
Democratic
Julie Rodriguez
Intergovernmental Affairs
June 15, 2022 – May 16, 2023
Democratic
Neera Tanden
Health care Policy
United States Digital Service
May 17, 2021 – May 26, 2023
Democratic
Mitch Landrieu(born 1960)
Infrastructure Implementation Coordination
November 15, 2021 – January 8, 2024
Democratic
John Podesta
Clean Energy Innovation and Implementation
September 2, 2022 – March 6, 2024
Democratic
List of advisors to the president
Advisor
Portfolio
Term of office
Party
President
Stephanie Cutter(born 1968)
Message and Communications
January 2011 – September 2011
Democratic
Barack Obama
Ivanka Trump (born 1981)
Women's IssuesWorkforce DevelopmentEntrepreneurship
March 29, 2017 – January 20, 2021
Republican
Donald Trump
See also
United States portalPolitics portal
Counselor to the President
Senior advisor
Notes
^ Concurrently serves as the Director of the Office of Public Engagement
^ Concurrently serves as the Director of the Intergovernmental Affairs Office
^ Concurrently served as the Director of the Office of Public Engagement
^ Concurrently served as the Director of the Office of Public Engagement
^ Concurrently served as the Director of the Intergovernmental Affairs Office
^ Concurrently served as White House Staff Secretary
Explanatory footnotes
^ Stephanie Cutter held the official title of "Assistant to the President and Deputy Senior Advisor" during her time in office.
^ President Trump's daughter Ivanka Trump was sometimes called a 'Senior Advisor to the President' (or sometimes a 'senior advisor to the President', without the upper case 'S' and 'A') by unofficial sources, even though that was actually the title of her husband Jared Kushner, while her own title was 'Advisor to the President'.
References
^ "City of Chicago :: About the Mayor".
^ ABC News (September 18, 2014). "George's Biography". ABC News. Archived from the original on October 10, 2019.
^ Matthews, Dylan (June 16, 2015). "Why Donald Trump brought up Sidney Blumenthal at the second debate". Vox. Archived from the original on August 3, 2019.
^ Authorities, Leading. "Doug Sosnik".
^ "Joel Johnson - Glover Park Group".
^ Rove, Karl. "Bio".
^ "Barry S. Jackson - American Australian Council".
^ "Senior Advisor Valerie Jarrett". whitehouse.gov. December 24, 2014 – via National Archives.
^ Shear, Michael D.; Zeleny, Jeff (October 1, 2010). "Emanuel's Departure Set; Replacement Is Longtime Aide". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 17, 2019.
^ Axelrod, David (February 10, 2015). "David Axelrod Recounts His Years As Obama's Adviser And 'Believer'". NPR. Archived from the original on August 28, 2017.
^ "David Plouffe". whitehouse.gov. August 17, 2011 – via National Archives.
^ Tau, Byron (December 10, 2015). "Former White House Adviser Dan Pfeiffer Joins GoFundMe". The Wall Street Journal blogs.
^ Eilperin, Juliet (January 21, 2015). "Obama taps senior OMB aide Deese to succeed Podesta in environmental post". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 14, 2019. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
^ "Brian Deese". whitehouse.gov. November 16, 2011 – via National Archives.
^ "Senior Advisor Shailagh Murray". whitehouse.gov. January 29, 2016 – via National Archives.
^ Trump, Donald J. (March 27, 2017). "Presidential Memorandum on The White House Office of American Innovation". whitehouse.gov (Press release) – via National Archives. The Senior Advisor to the President.
^ "Press Briefing by Press Secretary Sean Spicer, #29". whitehouse.gov. March 27, 2017 – via National Archives. The effort will be led by Assistant to the President and Senior Adviser Jared Kushner.
^ Wagner, John; Parker, Ashley (January 9, 2017). "Trump's son-in-law, Jared Kushner, to join White House as senior adviser; no formal role for Ivanka Trump". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 10, 2017.
^ a b Ockerman, Emma (April 12, 2019). "Jared Kushner wasn't a Republican until 2018". Vice News. Archived from the original on November 14, 2019.
^ Nussbaum, Matthew (December 13, 2016). "Trump taps campaign aide Stephen Miller as senior adviser". Politico. Archived from the original on April 22, 2019.
^ "President Donald J. Trump Announces Addition to White House Staff". whitehouse.gov – via National Archives.
^ Smith, Ben (October 25, 2020). "Trump Had One Last Story to Sell. The Wall Street Journal Wouldn't Buy It". The New York Times.
^ "Off the Rails: Inside the craziest meeting of the Trump presidency". February 2, 2021.
^ "Former Trump impeachment lawyer heads to White House". Politico.
^ Shear, Michael D. (November 18, 2020). "Mike Donilon, Who Helped Draft Biden's Message, is Named a Senior Adviser". The New York Times.
^ "Anita Dunn to join Biden White House as senior adviser". January 15, 2021.
^ "President Biden Announces Karine Jean-Pierre as White House Press Secretary". May 5, 2022.
^ Tankersley, Jim (March 15, 2021). "Biden picks Gene Sperling, a Democratic policy aide, to oversee spending from the $1.9 trillion relief plan". The New York Times.
^ "President Biden Announces ormer Mayor Stephen Benjamin as Senior Advisor and Director of the Offic of Public Engagement". whitehouse.gov. February 27, 2023. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
^ "Statement from President Joe Biden on Tom Perez". whitehouse.gov. June 12, 2023. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
^ Superville, Darlene. "Biden chooses longtime aide who runs his Oval Office to be a deputy White House chief of staff". Associated Press. Retrieved February 8, 2024.
^ Glueck, Katie; Martin, Jonathan (November 18, 2020). "Representative Cedric Richmond Set to be a Senior Biden Adviser". The New York Times.
^ "President Biden Announces Former Atlanta Mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms as Senior Advisor for Public Engagement". June 15, 2022.
^ "President Biden Announces Former Atlanta Mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms as Senior Advisor for Public Engagement". June 15, 2022.
^ Mason, Jeff (May 14, 2021). "Biden appoints Neera Tanden, former pick for budget director, as senior adviser". Reuters.
^ "President Biden Announces Former New Orleans Mayor Mitch Landrieu as Senior Advisor and Infrastructure Coordinator". November 14, 2021.
^ "President Biden announces senior clean energy and climate team". whitehouse.gov. September 2, 2022. Archived from the original on September 2, 2022. Retrieved September 5, 2022.
^ "Stephanie Cutter - Former Assistant to the President and Deputy Senior Advisor". whitehouse.gov. January 11, 2011 – via National Archives.
^ Laura Beck (September 14, 2017). "Ivanka Trump, Senior Advisor to the President, Says It's "Unrealistic" to Expect Her to Influence Him". Cosmopolitan. Retrieved May 4, 2019. Ivanka Trump, senior advisor to the president, said that it's "unrealistic" to expect her to influence his decisions. That's not her job, OK?! (Even though it sort of is, actually?)
^ Catherine Lucey (February 26, 2018). "Ivanka Trump's dual roles as senior adviser, first daughter". AP news. Retrieved May 4, 2019. Ivanka Trump expects to be treated seriously as a senior White House adviser. ... "You're either a senior adviser or a daughter. ..." ... "Especially since she was last in the news as a senior adviser going to the Olympics." ... "she did choose to play this senior advisory role.")
^ "Press Briefing by Press Secretary Sarah Sanders". whitehouse.gov. December 18, 2018. Retrieved May 4, 2019 – via National Archives. MS. SANDERS: ... the World Economic Forum ... delegation ... will also include ..., Advisor to the President Ivanka Trump, Senior Advisor to the President Jared Kushner, ...
^ "Executive Office Of The President Annual Report To Congress On White House Office Personnel White House Office As Of: Friday, June 30, 2017" (PDF). whitehouse.gov. p. 15. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2017 – via National Archives.
^ Merica, Dan; Borger, Gloria; Acosta, Jim; Klein, Betsy (March 30, 2017). "Ivanka Trump is making her White House job official". CNN. Archived from the original on March 8, 2019.
^ Lucey, Catherine (February 26, 2018). "Ivanka Trump's dual roles as senior adviser, first daughter". Associated Press. Archived from the original on March 14, 2018.
vteSenior Advisors to the President of the United States
Karl Rove
Barry Steven Jackson
Pete Rouse
David Axelrod
Valerie Jarrett
David Plouffe
Jared Kushner
Stephen Miller
Ivanka Trump
vteWhite House Office
American Innovation
Cabinet Affairs
Chief of Staff
Communications
Counsel
Counselor
Fellows
First Lady
Executive Chef
Floral Designer
Social Secretary
Gun Violence Prevention
Intergovernmental Affairs
Legislative Affairs
Management and Administration
Oval Office Operations
Political Affairs
Presidential Personnel
Press Secretary
Public Liaison
Scheduling and Advance
Senior Advisor
Staff Secretary
Trade and Manufacturing Policy
vteExecutive Office of the United States PresidentExecutive Office
Advisory Boards (Council for Community Solutions, Corporation for National and Community Service, Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders, President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology, President's Intelligence Advisory Board, President's Management Advisory Board)
Council of Economic Advisers
Council on Environmental Quality
Digital Service
Executive Residence (Committee for the Preservation of the White House, Office of the Curator, Office of the Chief Usher, Office of the Chief Floral Designer, Office of the Executive Chef, Graphics and Calligraphy Office)
National Space Council
National Security Council (Deputies Committee)
Homeland Security Council
Office of Administration (Office of Mail and Messenger Operations, Office of the Chief Financial Officer, Office of the Chief Administrative Officer)
Office of Management and Budget (Office of the Chief Performance Officer, Office of E-Government and Information Technology, Office of Federal Financial Management, Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs)
Office of National Drug Control Policy
Office of Science and Technology Policy (Office of the Chief Technology Officer, National Science and Technology Council)
Office of the Trade Representative
Office of the Vice President (Office of the Chief of Staff)
White House Office
Office of Cabinet Affairs
Office of the Chief of Staff (Office of Senior Advisors)
Office of Communications (Office of Media Affairs, Office of Research, Office of the Press Secretary, Office of Speechwriting)
Counsel
Counselor to the President
Office of Digital Strategy
Domestic Policy Council (Office of Faith-Based and Neighborhood Partnerships, Office of National AIDS Policy, Office of Social Innovation and Civic Participation, Rural Council)
Fellows
First Lady (Office of the Social Secretary)
Office of the National Security Advisor (Homeland Security Advisor)
Gun Violence Prevention
Intergovernmental Affairs
Legislative Affairs
Management and Administration (White House Operations, White House Personnel, Visitors Office)
National Economic Council
National Trade Council
Oval Office Operations (Personal Secretary)
Office of Political Affairs
Presidential Innovation Fellows
Presidential Personnel
Public Engagement (Council on Women and Girls, Jewish Liaison, Urban Affairs)
Scheduling and Advance
Staff Secretary (Executive Clerk, Presidential Correspondence, Office of Records Management)
Military Office (Communications Agency, Medical Unit, Presidential Food Service, Transportation Agency) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Senior Adviser to the President of Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_Adviser_to_the_President_of_Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"president of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"White House Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Office"}],"text":"\"Senior Advisor to the President\" redirects here. For the Sri Lankan office, see Senior Adviser to the President of Sri Lanka.Senior Advisor to the President is a title used by high-ranking political advisors to the president of the United States. White House senior advisors are senior members of the White House Office. The title has been formally used since 1993.","title":"Senior Advisor to the President of the United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"White House Office of Intergovernmental Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Office_of_Intergovernmental_Affairs"},{"link_name":"White House Office of Public Engagement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Public_Liaison"},{"link_name":"United States Digital Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Digital_Service"},{"link_name":"White House Office of Strategic Initiatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Office_of_Strategic_Initiatives"},{"link_name":"Office of American Innovation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_American_Innovation"},{"link_name":"White House Office of Political Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Office_of_Political_Affairs"},{"link_name":"White House Office of Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Communications_Director"},{"link_name":"Oval Office Operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oval_Office_Operations"},{"link_name":"Infrastructure Implementation Coordination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure_Investment_and_Jobs_Act"},{"link_name":"Climate and Clean Energy Innovation & Implementation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation_Reduction_Act_of_2022"}],"text":"Over time, a senior advisor has had responsibility for the following groups:Current departments (headed by a senior advisor)White House Office of Intergovernmental Affairs (Tom Perez)\nWhite House Office of Public Engagement (Stephen K. Benjamin)Past departments (previously headed by a senior advisor in the current and past administrations)United States Digital Services (Neera Tanden)\nWhite House Office of Strategic Initiatives\nOffice of American Innovation\nWhite House Office of Political Affairs\nWhite House Office of Communications\nOval Office Operations (Annie Tomasini)\nInfrastructure Implementation Coordination (Mitch Landrieu)\nClimate and Clean Energy Innovation & Implementation (John Podesta)","title":"Responsibilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"senior advisor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_advisor"},{"link_name":"executive departments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments"},{"link_name":"independent agencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government"},{"link_name":"Food and Drug Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration"},{"link_name":"Department of the Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior"},{"link_name":"Alaskan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"}],"text":"In prior administrations before 1993, the position of \"senior advisor\" was a title used for various other purposes. Numerous examples of the position also exist throughout the executive departments and in the branch's independent agencies. For example, the Food and Drug Administration includes a position with the title Senior Advisor for Science; the Department of the Interior has a position with the title Senior Advisor for Alaskan Affairs.","title":"Prior administrations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of senior advisors to the president"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Senior advisors to President Bill Clinton","title":"List of senior advisors to the president"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Senior advisors to President George W. Bush","title":"List of senior advisors to the president"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Senior advisors to President Barack Obama","title":"List of senior advisors to the president"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Senior advisors to President Donald Trump","title":"List of senior advisors to the president"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Senior Advisors to President Joe Biden","text":"CurrentFormer","title":"List of senior advisors to the president"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of advisors to the president"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"Office of Public Engagement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Public_Liaison"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"Intergovernmental Affairs Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Office_of_Intergovernmental_Affairs"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"Office of Public Engagement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Public_Liaison"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"Office of Public Engagement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Public_Liaison"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"Intergovernmental Affairs Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Office_of_Intergovernmental_Affairs"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"White House Staff Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Office_of_the_Staff_Secretary"}],"text":"^ Concurrently serves as the Director of the Office of Public Engagement\n\n^ Concurrently serves as the Director of the Intergovernmental Affairs Office\n\n^ Concurrently served as the Director of the Office of Public Engagement\n\n^ Concurrently served as the Director of the Office of Public Engagement\n\n^ Concurrently served as the Director of the Intergovernmental Affairs Office\n\n^ Concurrently served as White House Staff Secretary","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DeputySeniorAdvisor_44-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-IvankaNotSenior01a_49-0"},{"link_name":"President Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_Trump"},{"link_name":"Ivanka Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivanka_Trump"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cosmopolitan2017-09-14a-46"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APNews2018-02-26a-47"},{"link_name":"Jared Kushner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared_Kushner"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WhiteHouse2018-12-18a-48"}],"text":"^ Stephanie Cutter held the official title of \"Assistant to the President and Deputy Senior Advisor\" during her time in office.\n\n^ President Trump's daughter Ivanka Trump was sometimes called a 'Senior Advisor to the President' (or sometimes a 'senior advisor to the President', without the upper case 'S' and 'A') by unofficial sources,[39][40] even though that was actually the title of her husband Jared Kushner, while her own title was 'Advisor to the President'.[41]","title":"Explanatory footnotes"}] | [] | [{"title":"United States portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg"},{"title":"Politics portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics"},{"title":"Counselor to the President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counselor_to_the_President"},{"title":"Senior advisor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_advisor"}] | [{"reference":"\"City of Chicago :: About the Mayor\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cityofchicago.org/city/en/depts/mayor/supp_info/about_the_mayor.html","url_text":"\"City of Chicago :: About the Mayor\""}]},{"reference":"ABC News (September 18, 2014). \"George's Biography\". ABC News. Archived from the original on October 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/george-stephanopoulos-good-morning-america-anchor-biography/story?id=133369","url_text":"\"George's Biography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News","url_text":"ABC News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191010171242/https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/george-stephanopoulos-good-morning-america-anchor-biography/story?id=133369","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Matthews, Dylan (June 16, 2015). \"Why Donald Trump brought up Sidney Blumenthal at the second debate\". Vox. 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Jackson - American Australian Council\""}]},{"reference":"\"Senior Advisor Valerie Jarrett\". whitehouse.gov. December 24, 2014 – via National Archives.","urls":[{"url":"https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/administration/senior-leadership/valerie-jarrett","url_text":"\"Senior Advisor Valerie Jarrett\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov","url_text":"whitehouse.gov"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NARA","url_text":"National Archives"}]},{"reference":"Shear, Michael D.; Zeleny, Jeff (October 1, 2010). \"Emanuel's Departure Set; Replacement Is Longtime Aide\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 17, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_D._Shear","url_text":"Shear, Michael D."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Zeleny","url_text":"Zeleny, Jeff"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/01/us/politics/01obama.html","url_text":"\"Emanuel's Departure Set; Replacement Is Longtime Aide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20191117015620/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/01/us/politics/01obama.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Axelrod, David (February 10, 2015). \"David Axelrod Recounts His Years As Obama's Adviser And 'Believer'\". NPR. Archived from the original on August 28, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2015/02/10/385099025/david-axelrod-recounts-his-years-as-obamas-adviser-and-believer","url_text":"\"David Axelrod Recounts His Years As Obama's Adviser And 'Believer'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR","url_text":"NPR"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170828164608/https://www.npr.org/2015/02/10/385099025/david-axelrod-recounts-his-years-as-obamas-adviser-and-believer","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"David Plouffe\". whitehouse.gov. August 17, 2011 – via National Archives.","urls":[{"url":"https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/author/david-plouffe","url_text":"\"David Plouffe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov","url_text":"whitehouse.gov"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NARA","url_text":"National Archives"}]},{"reference":"Tau, Byron (December 10, 2015). \"Former White House Adviser Dan Pfeiffer Joins GoFundMe\". The Wall Street Journal blogs.","urls":[{"url":"https://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2015/12/10/former-white-house-adviser-dan-pfeiffer-joins-gofundme/","url_text":"\"Former White House Adviser Dan Pfeiffer Joins GoFundMe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"The Wall Street Journal blogs"}]},{"reference":"Eilperin, Juliet (January 21, 2015). \"Obama taps senior OMB aide Deese to succeed Podesta in environmental post\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 14, 2019. Retrieved August 20, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/01/21/obama-taps-senior-omb-aide-deese-to-succeed-podesta-in-environmental-post/","url_text":"\"Obama taps senior OMB aide Deese to succeed Podesta in environmental post\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20191114194447/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/01/21/obama-taps-senior-omb-aide-deese-to-succeed-podesta-in-environmental-post/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Brian Deese\". whitehouse.gov. November 16, 2011 – via National Archives.","urls":[{"url":"https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/author/brian-deese","url_text":"\"Brian Deese\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov","url_text":"whitehouse.gov"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NARA","url_text":"National Archives"}]},{"reference":"\"Senior Advisor Shailagh Murray\". whitehouse.gov. January 29, 2016 – via National Archives.","urls":[{"url":"https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/administration/senior-leadership/shailagh-murray","url_text":"\"Senior Advisor Shailagh Murray\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov","url_text":"whitehouse.gov"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NARA","url_text":"National Archives"}]},{"reference":"Trump, Donald J. (March 27, 2017). \"Presidential Memorandum on The White House Office of American Innovation\". whitehouse.gov (Press release) – via National Archives. The Senior Advisor to the President.","urls":[{"url":"https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2017/03/27/presidential-memorandum-white-house-office-american-innovation","url_text":"\"Presidential Memorandum on The White House Office of American Innovation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov","url_text":"whitehouse.gov"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NARA","url_text":"National Archives"}]},{"reference":"\"Press Briefing by Press Secretary Sean Spicer, #29\". whitehouse.gov. March 27, 2017 – via National Archives. The effort will be led by Assistant to the President and Senior Adviser Jared Kushner.","urls":[{"url":"https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2017/03/27/press-briefing-press-secretary-sean-spicer-3272017-29","url_text":"\"Press Briefing by Press Secretary Sean Spicer, #29\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov","url_text":"whitehouse.gov"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NARA","url_text":"National Archives"}]},{"reference":"Wagner, John; Parker, Ashley (January 9, 2017). \"Trump's son-in-law, Jared Kushner, to join White House as senior adviser; no formal role for Ivanka Trump\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 10, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2017/01/09/tumps-son-in-law-jared-kushner-expected-to-join-white-house-as-a-senior-adviser/","url_text":"\"Trump's son-in-law, Jared Kushner, to join White House as senior adviser; no formal role for Ivanka Trump\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20170110010747/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2017/01/09/tumps-son-in-law-jared-kushner-expected-to-join-white-house-as-a-senior-adviser/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ockerman, Emma (April 12, 2019). \"Jared Kushner wasn't a Republican until 2018\". Vice News. 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Retrieved June 19, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/02/27/president-biden-announces-former-mayor-stephen-benjamin-as-senior-advisor-and-director-of-the-office-of-public-engagement/","url_text":"\"President Biden Announces ormer Mayor Stephen Benjamin as Senior Advisor and Director of the Offic of Public Engagement\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov","url_text":"whitehouse.gov"}]},{"reference":"\"Statement from President Joe Biden on Tom Perez\". whitehouse.gov. June 12, 2023. Retrieved June 19, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/06/12/statement-from-president-joe-biden-on-tom-perez/","url_text":"\"Statement from President Joe Biden on Tom Perez\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov","url_text":"whitehouse.gov"}]},{"reference":"Superville, Darlene. \"Biden chooses longtime aide who runs his Oval Office to be a deputy White House chief of staff\". Associated Press. Retrieved February 8, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/article/biden-tomasini-deputy-chief-white-house-staff-d980247a90494d676d339f4c3c8d630f","url_text":"\"Biden chooses longtime aide who runs his Oval Office to be a deputy White House chief of staff\""}]},{"reference":"Glueck, Katie; Martin, Jonathan (November 18, 2020). \"Representative Cedric Richmond Set to be a Senior Biden Adviser\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/17/us/politics/cedric-richmond-biden.html","url_text":"\"Representative Cedric Richmond Set to be a Senior Biden Adviser\""}]},{"reference":"\"President Biden Announces Former Atlanta Mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms as Senior Advisor for Public Engagement\". June 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/06/15/president-biden-announces-former-atlanta-mayor-keisha-lance-bottoms-as-senior-advisor-for-public-engagement/","url_text":"\"President Biden Announces Former Atlanta Mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms as Senior Advisor for Public Engagement\""}]},{"reference":"\"President Biden Announces Former Atlanta Mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms as Senior Advisor for Public Engagement\". June 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/06/15/president-biden-announces-former-atlanta-mayor-keisha-lance-bottoms-as-senior-advisor-for-public-engagement/","url_text":"\"President Biden Announces Former Atlanta Mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms as Senior Advisor for Public Engagement\""}]},{"reference":"Mason, Jeff (May 14, 2021). \"Biden appoints Neera Tanden, former pick for budget director, as senior adviser\". Reuters.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/world/us/biden-appoints-neera-tanden-former-pick-budget-director-senior-adviser-2021-05-14/","url_text":"\"Biden appoints Neera Tanden, former pick for budget director, as senior adviser\""}]},{"reference":"\"President Biden Announces Former New Orleans Mayor Mitch Landrieu as Senior Advisor and Infrastructure Coordinator\". November 14, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/11/14/president-biden-announces-former-new-orleans-mayor-mitch-landrieu-as-senior-advisor-and-infrastructure-coordinator/","url_text":"\"President Biden Announces Former New Orleans Mayor Mitch Landrieu as Senior Advisor and Infrastructure Coordinator\""}]},{"reference":"\"President Biden announces senior clean energy and climate team\". whitehouse.gov. September 2, 2022. Archived from the original on September 2, 2022. 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January 11, 2011 – via National Archives.","urls":[{"url":"https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/author/stephanie-cutter","url_text":"\"Stephanie Cutter - Former Assistant to the President and Deputy Senior Advisor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov","url_text":"whitehouse.gov"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NARA","url_text":"National Archives"}]},{"reference":"Laura Beck (September 14, 2017). \"Ivanka Trump, Senior Advisor to the President, Says It's \"Unrealistic\" to Expect Her to Influence Him\". Cosmopolitan. Retrieved May 4, 2019. Ivanka Trump, senior advisor to the president, said that it's \"unrealistic\" to expect her to influence his decisions. That's not her job, OK?! (Even though it sort of is, actually?)","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cosmopolitan.com/politics/a12241968/ivanka-trump-talks-about-donald-trump","url_text":"\"Ivanka Trump, Senior Advisor to the President, Says It's \"Unrealistic\" to Expect Her to Influence Him\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)","url_text":"Cosmopolitan"}]},{"reference":"Catherine Lucey (February 26, 2018). \"Ivanka Trump's dual roles as senior adviser, first daughter\". AP news. Retrieved May 4, 2019. Ivanka Trump expects to be treated seriously as a senior White House adviser. ... \"You're either a senior adviser or a daughter. ...\" ... \"Especially since she was last in the news as a senior adviser going to the Olympics.\" ... \"she did choose to play this senior advisory role.\")","urls":[{"url":"https://www.apnews.com/2b3bab9741604a448e1c2b8bd49e6931","url_text":"\"Ivanka Trump's dual roles as senior adviser, first daughter\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_news","url_text":"AP news"}]},{"reference":"\"Press Briefing by Press Secretary Sarah Sanders\". whitehouse.gov. December 18, 2018. Retrieved May 4, 2019 – via National Archives. MS. SANDERS: ... the World Economic Forum ... delegation ... will also include ..., Advisor to the President Ivanka Trump, Senior Advisor to the President Jared Kushner, ...","urls":[{"url":"https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/press-briefing-by-press-secretary-sarah-sanders-121818/","url_text":"\"Press Briefing by Press Secretary Sarah Sanders\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov","url_text":"whitehouse.gov"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NARA","url_text":"National Archives"}]},{"reference":"\"Executive Office Of The President Annual Report To Congress On White House Office Personnel White House Office As Of: Friday, June 30, 2017\" (PDF). whitehouse.gov. p. 15. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2017 – via National Archives.","urls":[{"url":"https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/whitehouse.gov/files/docs/disclosures/07012017-report-final.pdf","url_text":"\"Executive Office Of The President Annual Report To Congress On White House Office Personnel White House Office As Of: Friday, June 30, 2017\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov","url_text":"whitehouse.gov"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210120195132/https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/whitehouse.gov/files/docs/disclosures/07012017-report-final.pdf","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NARA","url_text":"National Archives"}]},{"reference":"Merica, Dan; Borger, Gloria; Acosta, Jim; Klein, Betsy (March 30, 2017). \"Ivanka Trump is making her White House job official\". CNN. Archived from the original on March 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Borger","url_text":"Borger, Gloria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Acosta","url_text":"Acosta, Jim"},{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/2017/03/29/politics/ivanka-trump-white-house-job/index.html","url_text":"\"Ivanka Trump is making her White House job official\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190308011951/https://www.cnn.com/2017/03/29/politics/ivanka-trump-white-house-job/index.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lucey, Catherine (February 26, 2018). \"Ivanka Trump's dual roles as senior adviser, first daughter\". Associated Press. 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The Wall Street Journal Wouldn't Buy It\""},{"Link":"https://www.axios.com/2021/02/02/trump-oval-office-meeting-sidney-powell","external_links_name":"\"Off the Rails: Inside the craziest meeting of the Trump presidency\""},{"Link":"https://www.politico.com/news/2020/08/04/impeachment-lawyer-white-house-391506","external_links_name":"\"Former Trump impeachment lawyer heads to White House\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/17/us/politics/mike-donilon-biden.html","external_links_name":"\"Mike Donilon, Who Helped Draft Biden's Message, is Named a Senior Adviser\""},{"Link":"https://www.axios.com/2021/01/15/scoop-anita-dunn-to-join-white-house-as-senior-adviser","external_links_name":"\"Anita Dunn to join Biden White House as senior adviser\""},{"Link":"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/05/05/president-biden-announces-karine-jean-pierre-as-white-house-press-secretary/","external_links_name":"\"President Biden Announces Karine Jean-Pierre as White House Press Secretary\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/15/us/politics/gene-sperling-stimulus-plan.html","external_links_name":"\"Biden picks Gene Sperling, a Democratic policy aide, to oversee spending from the $1.9 trillion relief plan\""},{"Link":"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/02/27/president-biden-announces-former-mayor-stephen-benjamin-as-senior-advisor-and-director-of-the-office-of-public-engagement/","external_links_name":"\"President Biden Announces ormer Mayor Stephen Benjamin as Senior Advisor and Director of the Offic of Public Engagement\""},{"Link":"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/06/12/statement-from-president-joe-biden-on-tom-perez/","external_links_name":"\"Statement from President Joe Biden on Tom Perez\""},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/article/biden-tomasini-deputy-chief-white-house-staff-d980247a90494d676d339f4c3c8d630f","external_links_name":"\"Biden chooses longtime aide who runs his Oval Office to be a deputy White House chief of staff\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/17/us/politics/cedric-richmond-biden.html","external_links_name":"\"Representative Cedric Richmond Set to be a Senior Biden Adviser\""},{"Link":"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/06/15/president-biden-announces-former-atlanta-mayor-keisha-lance-bottoms-as-senior-advisor-for-public-engagement/","external_links_name":"\"President Biden Announces Former Atlanta Mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms as Senior Advisor for Public Engagement\""},{"Link":"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/06/15/president-biden-announces-former-atlanta-mayor-keisha-lance-bottoms-as-senior-advisor-for-public-engagement/","external_links_name":"\"President Biden Announces Former Atlanta Mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms as Senior Advisor for Public Engagement\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/world/us/biden-appoints-neera-tanden-former-pick-budget-director-senior-adviser-2021-05-14/","external_links_name":"\"Biden appoints Neera Tanden, former pick for budget director, as senior adviser\""},{"Link":"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/11/14/president-biden-announces-former-new-orleans-mayor-mitch-landrieu-as-senior-advisor-and-infrastructure-coordinator/","external_links_name":"\"President Biden Announces Former New Orleans Mayor Mitch Landrieu as Senior Advisor and Infrastructure Coordinator\""},{"Link":"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/09/02/president-biden-announces-senior-clean-energy-and-climate-team/","external_links_name":"\"President Biden announces senior clean energy and climate team\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220902173421/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/09/02/president-biden-announces-senior-clean-energy-and-climate-team/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/author/stephanie-cutter","external_links_name":"\"Stephanie Cutter - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BT.1120 | BT.1120 | ["1 References"] | Digital interface standard for HDTV studio signals
BT.1120 is a digital interface standard for HDTV studio signals published by the International Telecommunication Union. As of October 2017, the current version of BT.1120 is BT.1120-8.
References
^ Recommendation ITU-R BT.1120-8 Digital interfaces for HDTV studio signals (PDF). International Telecommunication Union. January 2012. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
^ "BT.1120 : Digital interfaces for HDTV studio signals". ITU-R. International Telecommunication Union. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
This article about television technology is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HDTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDTV"},{"link_name":"International Telecommunication Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rec._ITU-R_BT.1120-8-1"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BT.1120&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"BT.1120 is a digital interface standard for HDTV studio signals published by the International Telecommunication Union.[1] As of October 2017[update], the current version of BT.1120 is BT.1120-8.[2]","title":"BT.1120"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Recommendation ITU-R BT.1120-8 Digital interfaces for HDTV studio signals (PDF). International Telecommunication Union. January 2012. Retrieved 5 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bt/R-REC-BT.1120-8-201201-I!!PDF-E.pdf","url_text":"Recommendation ITU-R BT.1120-8 Digital interfaces for HDTV studio signals"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union","url_text":"International Telecommunication Union"}]},{"reference":"\"BT.1120 : Digital interfaces for HDTV studio signals\". ITU-R. International Telecommunication Union. Retrieved 5 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-BT.1120-8-201201-I/en","url_text":"\"BT.1120 : Digital interfaces for HDTV studio signals\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union","url_text":"International Telecommunication Union"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BT.1120&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bt/R-REC-BT.1120-8-201201-I!!PDF-E.pdf","external_links_name":"Recommendation ITU-R BT.1120-8 Digital interfaces for HDTV studio signals"},{"Link":"https://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-BT.1120-8-201201-I/en","external_links_name":"\"BT.1120 : Digital interfaces for HDTV studio signals\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BT.1120&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Eve_on_Sesame_Street | Christmas Eve on Sesame Street | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","2.1 Puppeteers","2.2 The cast of Sesame Street","3 Credits","4 Songs","5 Awards","6 Edits","7 Home media","8 Recording","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Christmas Eve on Sesame Street" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
1978 American TV series or program
Christmas Eve on Sesame StreetOscar the Grouch (in his trash can) and Big Bird at the 86th Street stationGenreComedyFamilyMusicBased onSesame Streetby Joan Ganz CooneyLloyd MorrisettMuppet charactersby Jim HensonWritten byJon StoneJoseph A. BaileyDirected byJon StoneStarringCaroll SpinneyFrank OzJerry NelsonRichard HuntJim HensonMusic byDick LiebCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishProductionExecutive producersJon StoneJim Henson (uncredited)ProducerDulcy SingerProduction locationNew York CityCinematographyCharles F. Wheeler (director of photography) (uncredited)EditorsVincent Sims (videotape editor)John Hutchison (videotape editor)Running time60 minutesProduction companyChildren's Television WorkshopOriginal releaseNetworkPBSReleaseDecember 3, 1978 (1978-12-03)
Christmas Eve on Sesame Street is a Sesame Street Christmas special first broadcast on PBS on Sunday, December 3, 1978.
Plot
The special starts with live-action versions of the Muppets enjoying an ice skating party. Afterward, they head home to Sesame Street performing the song "True Blue Miracle".
In the main story, Oscar the Grouch plants the seeds of doubt in Big Bird's mind whether Santa Claus can actually get down chimneys to deliver Christmas presents. Big Bird enlists the help of Kermit the Frog and Grover to interview children about how he manages it; their responses vary. Big Bird even attempts a reenactment with Snuffy but it is unsuccessful. He spends the night out in the cold on the brownstone's roof, waiting for Santa to appear in person. After the residents of Sesame Street realize that Big Bird has gone missing, Maria confronts Oscar for upsetting Big Bird. Oscar reveals that he was only teasing Big Bird and agrees to help search for him.
Meanwhile, in a variation on the 1905 O. Henry story "The Gift of the Magi", Bert and Ernie want to give each other Christmas presents, but they have no money. Bert trades away his prized paper clip collection to buy a pink soap dish for Ernie's Rubber Duckie, but Ernie has bartered it to get Bert an empty cigar box for his paper clip collection. Mr. Hooper, the store owner, realizes what is happening and gives them their treasured possessions back as Christmas presents.
Also, Cookie Monster attempts to get in touch with Santa Claus to bring him cookies for Christmas. In confusion he ends up violently eating a pencil and typewriter to write a letter, and a telephone to call the North Pole. At Gordon and Susan Robinson's apartment, he laments to Gordon that he was unable to contact Santa. Gordon suggests leaving cookies for Santa, leaving him perplexed.
In the end, Big Bird walks down from the roof to warm up, much to the relief of his friends. He realizes Santa had already come and gone when he sees the presents under the tree (due to him falling asleep on the roof and Santa's shadow looms over him while he's asleep). He regrets not learning how Santa can go down chimneys, but he comes to recognize that being together with family and friends is more important. Oscar, true to form, starts needling him about how the Easter Bunny can hide all the eggs in one night, only to be rebuked by Gordon and Susan as Big Bird begins to fret about the holidays all over again.
The special concludes with Susan and Gordon returning to their apartment to find that Cookie Monster has eaten the needles and decorations off their Christmas tree.
Cast
Puppeteers
Caroll Spinney as Big Bird and Oscar the Grouch
Jim Henson as Kermit the Frog and Ernie
Frank Oz as Grover, Bert, and Cookie Monster
Jerry Nelson as The Count and Snuffy
Richard Hunt as Oscar the Grouch (assistant), Cookie Monster (assistant), Ernie (assistant) and Snuffy (assistant)
The cast of Sesame Street
Linda Bove as Linda
Northern Calloway as David
Debbie Chen as Patty
Will Lee as Mr. Hooper
Loretta Long as Susan Robinson
Sonia Manzano as Maria
Bob McGrath as Bob Johnson
Roscoe Orman as Gordon Robinson
Alaina Reed as Olivia Robinson
Danny Epstein as the Street Musician
Chet O'Brien as Mr. Macintosh
Jon Stone as the Voice of Santa Claus over Cookie Monster's telephone
Credits
Producer: Dulcy Singer
Written by Jon Stone and Joseph A. Bailey
Skaters from Holiday on Ice
"True Blue Miracle" by Carol Hall
"Keep Christmas with You" and "I Hate Christmas" by Sam Pottle and David Axelrod
Original Music Arranger and Conductor: Dick Lieb
Music Coordinator: Danny Epstein
Music Assistant: Dave Connor
Associate Director: Ozzie Alfonso
Production Supervisor: Robert Braithwaite
Muppets by: Donald Sahlin, Kermit Love, Caroly Wilcox, John Lovelady
Art Director: Alan J. Compton
Production Stage Manager: Chet O'Brien
Stage Manager: Emily Squires
Set Decorator: Nat Mongioi
Lighting Directors: David M. Clark, Tony DiGirolamo
Graphic Artist: Gerri Brioso
Costume Designer: Bill Kellard
Wardrobe: Grisha Mynova
Production Assistants: Mercedes Polanco, Sharen Gay, Cathi Rosenberg
Technical Advisor: Walt Rauffer
Technical Director: Ralph Mensch
Sound Effects: Dick Maitland, Roy Carch
Audio: Mike Shoskes, Jay Judell
Executive Producer: Jon Stone
Production Conceived and Directed by: Jon Stone
Songs
A variety of Christmas songs help interweave these three plot lines and make the production much more touching, including:
"Feliz Navidad", by José Feliciano while Big Bird skates with one of the children (preceded and followed by a slow orchestral version of the song).
"True Blue Miracle", sung during the gang's trip from the ice rink back to Sesame Street.
"Keep Christmas with You (All Through the Year)", sung in Bob's apartment with Linda leading a group of children in signing the chorus.
"I Hate Christmas", sung by Oscar the Grouch outside on Sesame Street.
"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas", sung by Bert and Ernie after opening their Christmas presents to each other.
"Keep Christmas with You (All Through the Year)" (Reprise), sung by everyone at the end.
Awards
1979: Emmy Award for Outstanding Children's Program - Jon Stone (executive producer), Dulcy Singer (producer)
One of the special's competitors that year was a lesser-known, critically panned Sesame Street special on CBS -- A Special Sesame Street Christmas.
In 1988, the production was converted to a live show and performed on ice for a single show in Philadelphia, PA.
Edits
In various re-airings on PBS in the late 1980s the closing scene with Susan and Gordon finding that Cookie Monster ate the needles and discovered off their Christmas tree was cut, likely due to a combination of the PBS closing credits at the end of the original and for Cookie Monster's excessive belching.
On video releases since the mid-1990s, the 1978 Children's Television Workshop logo with Christmas music was cut. The 1996 VHS replaces it with the 1983 logo, and DVD releases of the special start without any logos.
In December 2020, the special was released on the HBO Max streaming service. Approximately 2 minutes of Big Bird skating to Jose Feliciano’s recording of Feliz Navidad was removed. The closing scene featuring Cookie Monster, Susan, and Gordon is present on Max as of December 2023.
When Big Bird and Patty check on Oscar following his skating accident, his original line was "Sure. I've been thrown out of better places than that." It was later re-dubbed in post-production (to "Let's go back and do it, again!"), because Jon Stone considered the original joke too adult-focused.
Home media
The special was released on VHS in 1987 and 1996, and on DVD in 2002 and 2008. As of 2023 the show is also available for streaming on Amazon Prime.
Recording
The soundtrack album features several of the songs from the special, along with narration. It was nominated for a Grammy Award, but lost to In Harmony: A Sesame Street Record.
See also
List of American films of 1978
List of Christmas television specials
List of Christmas films
References
^ a b Dosier, Ryan (December 20, 2011). "Interview with Muppet Writer Joseph Bailey". The Muppet Mindset. Retrieved July 18, 2016.
^ Feliz Navidad - Big Bird Ice Skating, retrieved December 25, 2023
^ Watch Christmas Eve on Sesame Street | Max, 1978, retrieved December 25, 2023
External links
Christmas Eve on Sesame Street at IMDb
vteSesame Street
Fictional location
Sesame Workshop
productions
Characters
Educational goals
Format
Influence
Licensing
Recurring segments
Accolades
People
Fran Brill
Kevin Clash
Joan Ganz Cooney
Ryan Dillon
Louise Gold
Jim Henson
Richard Hunt
Eric Jacobson
Gerald S. Lesser
Peter Linz
Kermit Love
Joey Mazzarino
Lloyd Morrisett
Jerry Nelson
Carmen Osbahr
Frank Oz
Carol-Lynn Parente
Joe Raposo
Martin P. Robinson
David Rudman
Jon Stone
Caroll Spinney
Matt Vogel
Steve Whitmire
List of guest stars
List of puppeteers
Production
History
Research
International co-productions
Elmo's World
"Snuffy's Parents Get a Divorce"
Wicked Witch episode
Music
discography
Songs
Theme song
"Bein' Green"
"C Is For Cookie"
"I Love Trash"
"Mah Nà Mah Nà"
"Monster in the Mirror"
"One of These Things (Is Not Like the Others)"
"Rubber Duckie"
"Sesame's Treet"
"Sing"
Films
Follow That Bird (1985)
The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland (1999)
Cameos
The Muppet Movie (1979)
The Great Muppet Caper (1981)
The Muppets Take Manhattan (1984)
Upcoming
Untitled Sesame Street Movie (TBA)
U.S. spin-offs
Play with Me Sesame
Sesame Beginnings
Bert and Ernie's Great Adventures
Elmo: The Musical
The Not-Too-Late Show with Elmo
Mecha Builders
Television specials
Julie on Sesame Street (1973)
Out to Lunch (1974)
Christmas Eve on Sesame Street (1978)
A Special Sesame Street Christmas (1978)
Big Bird in China (1983)
Don't Eat the Pictures (1983)
A Muppet Family Christmas (1987)
Sesame Street, Special (1988)
Big Bird in Japan (1989)
Sesame Street... 20 Years & Still Counting (1989)
Big Bird's Birthday or Let Me Eat Cake (1991)
Sesame Street: 25 Wonderful Years (1993)
Sesame Street Stays Up Late! (1993)
Elmo Saves Christmas (1996)
Elmopalooza (1998)
The Best of Kermit on Sesame Street (1998)
CinderElmo (1999)
Elmo's Christmas Countdown (2007)
Abby in Wonderland (2008)
The Cookie Thief (2015)
Once Upon a Sesame Street Christmas (2016)
Sesame Street's 50th Anniversary Celebration (2019)
Sesame Street: Elmo's Playdate (2020)
The Monster at the End of This Story (2020)
Books
The Monster at the End of This Book: Starring Lovable, Furry Old Grover (1971)
Sesame Street Together Book (1971)
The House of Seven Colors (1985)
Happy Birthday, Cookie Monster (1986)
Literature
Sesame Street Magazine
Children and Television: Lessons from Sesame Street
The Sesame Street Dictionary
Street Gang: The Complete History of Sesame Street
Sunny Days: The Children's Television Revolution That Changed America
Video games
Big Bird's Egg Catch
Alpha Beam with Ernie
The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland
Elmo's A-to-Zoo Adventure
Cookie's Counting Carnival
Ready, Set, Grover!
Once Upon a Monster
Elmo's Musical Monsterpiece
Kinect Sesame Street TV
Attractions
Air Grover
Grover's Alpine Express
Sesame Place
Philadelphia
San Diego
Sesame Street 4-D Movie Magic
Spaghetti Space Chase
Vapor Trail
Related
The Jim Henson Company
Noggin (1999-2002)
Sesame Street in the UK
Sesame Street Live
Comic strip
Syndication packages
The Muppets
Being Elmo: A Puppeteer's Journey
I Am Big Bird: The Caroll Spinney Story
The World According to Sesame Street
Street Gang: How We Got to Sesame Street
Big Bag
Oobi (episodes)
Panwapa
Jim Henson Idea Man
Teletape Studios
Kaufman Astoria Studios
The Joan Ganz Cooney Center
Category
vtePrimetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Children's Program1950–1980
Time for Beany (1950)
Time for Beany (1951)
No Award (1952)
Time for Beany (1953)
Kukla, Fran and Ollie (1954)
Lassie (1955)
Lassie (1956)
No Awards (1957–1959)
The Huckleberry Hound Show (1960)
Young People's Concert (1961)
New York Philharmonic Young People's Concerts with Leonard Bernstein (1962)
Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color (1963)
Discovery (1964)
No Award (1965)
A Charlie Brown Christmas (1966)
Jack and the Beanstalk (1967)
No Awards (1968–1969)
Sesame Street (1970)
Sesame Street (1971)
Sesame Street (1972)
ABC Afterschool Special / The Electric Company / Sesame Street / Zoom (1973)
Marlo Thomas and Friends in Free to Be... You and Me (1974)
Yes, Virginia, There Is a Santa Claus (1975)
Huckleberry Finn / You're a Good Sport, Charlie Brown (1976)
Ballet Shoes (1977)
Halloween Is Grinch Night (1978)
Christmas Eve on Sesame Street (1979)
Benji at Work (1980)
1981–2005
Donahue and Kids (1981)
The Wave (1982)
Big Bird in China (1983)
He Makes Me Feel Like Dancin' (1984)
American Playhouse ("Displaced Person") (1985)
WonderWorks ("Anne of Green Gables") (1986)
Jim Henson's The StoryTeller ("Hans My Hedgehog") (1987)
Hallmark Hall of Fame ("The Secret Garden") (1988)
Free to Be... a Family (1989)
A Mother's Courage: The Mary Thomas Story (1990)
You Can't Go Home Again: A 3-2-1 Contact Extra (1991)
Mark Twain and Me (1992)
Avonlea / Beethoven Lives Upstairs (1993)
CBS Schoolbreak Special ("Kids Killing Kids / Kids Saving Kids") (1994)
The World Wildlife Fund Presents "Going, Going, Almost Gone! Animals in Danger" (1995)
Peter and the Wolf (1995)
How Do You Spell God? (1997)
Muppets Tonight / Nick News Special Edition: What Are You Staring At? (1998)
The Truth About Drinking: The Teen Files (1999)
The Color of Friendship / Goodnight Moon and Other Sleepytime Tales (2000)
The Teen Files: Surviving High School (2001)
Nick News Special Edition — Faces of Hope: The Kids of Afghanistan (2002)
Through a Child's Eyes: September 11, 2001 (2003)
Happy to Be Nappy and Other Stories of Me (2004)
Classical Baby / Nick News with Linda Ellerbee: Never Again? From the Holocaust to the Sudan (2005)
2006–2020
High School Musical / I Have Tourette's but Tourette's Doesn't Have Me (2006)
Nick News with Linda Ellerbee — Private Worlds: Kids and Autism (2007)
Classical Baby (I'm Grown Up Now): The Poetry Show / Nick News with Linda Ellerbee: The Untouchable Kids of India (2008)
Wizards of Waverly Place / Grandpa, Do You Know Who I Am? with Maria Shriver / Nick News with Linda Ellerbee — Coming Home: When Parents Return from War (2009)
Wizards of Waverly Place: The Movie / Nick News with Linda Ellerbee — The Face of Courage: Kids Living with Cancer (2010)
A Child's Garden of Poetry / Nick News with Linda Ellerbee — Under the Influence: Kids of Alcoholics (2011)
Wizards of Waverly Place / Sesame Street: Growing Hope Against Hunger (2012)
Nick News with Linda Ellerbee — Forgotten But Not Gone: Kids, HIV & AIDS (2013)
One Last Hug: Three Days at Grief Camp (2014)
Alan Alda and the Actor Within You: A YoungArts Masterclass (2015)
It's Your 50th Christmas, Charlie Brown! (2016)
Once Upon a Sesame Street Christmas (2017)
The Magical Wand Chase: A Sesame Street Special (2018)
When You Wish Upon a Pickle: A Sesame Street Special (2019)
The Dark Crystal: Age of Resistance / We Are the Dream: The Kids of the Oakland MLK Oratorical Fest (2020) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sesame Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_Street"},{"link_name":"Christmas special","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_special"},{"link_name":"PBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS"}],"text":"1978 American TV series or programChristmas Eve on Sesame Street is a Sesame Street Christmas special first broadcast on PBS on Sunday, December 3, 1978.","title":"Christmas Eve on Sesame Street"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ice skating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_skating"},{"link_name":"Sesame Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_Street_(fictional_location)"},{"link_name":"Oscar the Grouch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_the_Grouch"},{"link_name":"Big Bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bird"},{"link_name":"Santa Claus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Claus"},{"link_name":"Kermit the Frog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kermit_the_Frog"},{"link_name":"Grover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover"},{"link_name":"Snuffy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Snuffleupagus"},{"link_name":"Maria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_human_Sesame_Street_characters"},{"link_name":"O. Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O._Henry"},{"link_name":"The Gift of the Magi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gift_of_the_Magi"},{"link_name":"Bert and Ernie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bert_and_Ernie"},{"link_name":"Rubber Duckie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubber_duck"},{"link_name":"Mr. Hooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Hooper"},{"link_name":"Cookie Monster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookie_Monster"},{"link_name":"Gordon and Susan Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Robinson_family_(Sesame_Street)"},{"link_name":"Easter Bunny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Bunny"}],"text":"The special starts with live-action versions of the Muppets enjoying an ice skating party. Afterward, they head home to Sesame Street performing the song \"True Blue Miracle\".In the main story, Oscar the Grouch plants the seeds of doubt in Big Bird's mind whether Santa Claus can actually get down chimneys to deliver Christmas presents. Big Bird enlists the help of Kermit the Frog and Grover to interview children about how he manages it; their responses vary. Big Bird even attempts a reenactment with Snuffy but it is unsuccessful. He spends the night out in the cold on the brownstone's roof, waiting for Santa to appear in person. After the residents of Sesame Street realize that Big Bird has gone missing, Maria confronts Oscar for upsetting Big Bird. Oscar reveals that he was only teasing Big Bird and agrees to help search for him.Meanwhile, in a variation on the 1905 O. Henry story \"The Gift of the Magi\", Bert and Ernie want to give each other Christmas presents, but they have no money. Bert trades away his prized paper clip collection to buy a pink soap dish for Ernie's Rubber Duckie, but Ernie has bartered it to get Bert an empty cigar box for his paper clip collection. Mr. Hooper, the store owner, realizes what is happening and gives them their treasured possessions back as Christmas presents.Also, Cookie Monster attempts to get in touch with Santa Claus to bring him cookies for Christmas. In confusion he ends up violently eating a pencil and typewriter to write a letter, and a telephone to call the North Pole. At Gordon and Susan Robinson's apartment, he laments to Gordon that he was unable to contact Santa. Gordon suggests leaving cookies for Santa, leaving him perplexed.In the end, Big Bird walks down from the roof to warm up, much to the relief of his friends. He realizes Santa had already come and gone when he sees the presents under the tree (due to him falling asleep on the roof and Santa's shadow looms over him while he's asleep). He regrets not learning how Santa can go down chimneys, but he comes to recognize that being together with family and friends is more important. Oscar, true to form, starts needling him about how the Easter Bunny can hide all the eggs in one night, only to be rebuked by Gordon and Susan as Big Bird begins to fret about the holidays all over again.The special concludes with Susan and Gordon returning to their apartment to find that Cookie Monster has eaten the needles and decorations off their Christmas tree.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caroll Spinney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroll_Spinney"},{"link_name":"Big Bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bird"},{"link_name":"Oscar the Grouch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_the_Grouch"},{"link_name":"Jim Henson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Henson"},{"link_name":"Kermit the Frog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kermit_the_Frog"},{"link_name":"Ernie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernie_(Sesame_Street)"},{"link_name":"Frank Oz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Oz"},{"link_name":"Grover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover"},{"link_name":"Bert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bert_(Sesame_Street)"},{"link_name":"Cookie Monster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookie_Monster"},{"link_name":"Jerry Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Nelson"},{"link_name":"The Count","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_von_Count"},{"link_name":"Snuffy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Snuffleupagus"},{"link_name":"Richard Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hunt_(puppeteer)"},{"link_name":"Oscar the Grouch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_the_Grouch"},{"link_name":"Cookie Monster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookie_Monster"},{"link_name":"Ernie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernie_(Sesame_Street)"},{"link_name":"Snuffy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Snuffleupagus"}],"sub_title":"Puppeteers","text":"Caroll Spinney as Big Bird and Oscar the Grouch\nJim Henson as Kermit the Frog and Ernie\nFrank Oz as Grover, Bert, and Cookie Monster\nJerry Nelson as The Count and Snuffy\nRichard Hunt as Oscar the Grouch (assistant), Cookie Monster (assistant), Ernie (assistant) and Snuffy (assistant)","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Linda Bove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Bove"},{"link_name":"Linda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_(Sesame_Street)"},{"link_name":"Northern Calloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Calloway"},{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_human_Sesame_Street_characters"},{"link_name":"Will Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Lee"},{"link_name":"Mr. Hooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Hooper"},{"link_name":"Loretta Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loretta_Long"},{"link_name":"Susan Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Robinson_family_(Sesame_Street)"},{"link_name":"Sonia Manzano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia_Manzano"},{"link_name":"Maria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Figueroa_Rodriguez"},{"link_name":"Bob McGrath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_McGrath"},{"link_name":"Bob Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_human_Sesame_Street_characters"},{"link_name":"Roscoe Orman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscoe_Orman"},{"link_name":"Gordon Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Robinson_family_(Sesame_Street)"},{"link_name":"Alaina Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaina_Reed_Hall"},{"link_name":"Olivia Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Robinson_family_(Sesame_Street)"},{"link_name":"Chet O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chet_O%27Brien"},{"link_name":"Jon Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Stone"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bailey-interview-1"}],"sub_title":"The cast of Sesame Street","text":"Linda Bove as Linda\nNorthern Calloway as David\nDebbie Chen as Patty\nWill Lee as Mr. Hooper\nLoretta Long as Susan Robinson\nSonia Manzano as Maria\nBob McGrath as Bob Johnson\nRoscoe Orman as Gordon Robinson\nAlaina Reed as Olivia Robinson\nDanny Epstein as the Street Musician\nChet O'Brien as Mr. Macintosh\nJon Stone as the Voice of Santa Claus over Cookie Monster's telephone[1]","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caroly Wilcox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroly_Wilcox"}],"text":"Producer: Dulcy Singer\nWritten by Jon Stone and Joseph A. Bailey\nSkaters from Holiday on Ice\n\"True Blue Miracle\" by Carol Hall\n\"Keep Christmas with You\" and \"I Hate Christmas\" by Sam Pottle and David Axelrod\nOriginal Music Arranger and Conductor: Dick Lieb\nMusic Coordinator: Danny Epstein\nMusic Assistant: Dave Connor\nAssociate Director: Ozzie Alfonso\nProduction Supervisor: Robert Braithwaite\nMuppets by: Donald Sahlin, Kermit Love, Caroly Wilcox, John Lovelady\nArt Director: Alan J. Compton\nProduction Stage Manager: Chet O'Brien\nStage Manager: Emily Squires\nSet Decorator: Nat Mongioi\nLighting Directors: David M. Clark, Tony DiGirolamo\nGraphic Artist: Gerri Brioso\nCostume Designer: Bill Kellard\nWardrobe: Grisha Mynova\nProduction Assistants: Mercedes Polanco, Sharen Gay, Cathi Rosenberg\nTechnical Advisor: Walt Rauffer\nTechnical Director: Ralph Mensch\nSound Effects: Dick Maitland, Roy Carch\nAudio: Mike Shoskes, Jay Judell\nExecutive Producer: Jon Stone\nProduction Conceived and Directed by: Jon Stone","title":"Credits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Feliz Navidad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feliz_Navidad_(song)"},{"link_name":"José Feliciano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Feliciano"},{"link_name":"ice rink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_rink"},{"link_name":"signing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Sign_Language"},{"link_name":"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Have_Yourself_a_Merry_Little_Christmas"}],"text":"A variety of Christmas songs help interweave these three plot lines and make the production much more touching, including:\"Feliz Navidad\", by José Feliciano while Big Bird skates with one of the children (preceded and followed by a slow orchestral version of the song).\n\"True Blue Miracle\", sung during the gang's trip from the ice rink back to Sesame Street.\n\"Keep Christmas with You (All Through the Year)\", sung in Bob's apartment with Linda leading a group of children in signing the chorus.\n\"I Hate Christmas\", sung by Oscar the Grouch outside on Sesame Street.\n\"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas\", sung by Bert and Ernie after opening their Christmas presents to each other.\n\"Keep Christmas with You (All Through the Year)\" (Reprise), sung by everyone at the end.","title":"Songs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emmy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"Jon Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Stone"},{"link_name":"Dulcy Singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulcy_Singer"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"A Special Sesame Street Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Special_Sesame_Street_Christmas"}],"text":"1979: Emmy Award for Outstanding Children's Program - Jon Stone (executive producer), Dulcy Singer (producer)One of the special's competitors that year was a lesser-known, critically panned Sesame Street special on CBS -- A Special Sesame Street Christmas.In 1988, the production was converted to a live show and performed on ice for a single show in Philadelphia, PA.","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"belching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belching"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"HBO Max","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO_Max"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Max","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_(streaming_service)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bailey-interview-1"}],"text":"In various re-airings on PBS in the late 1980s the closing scene with Susan and Gordon finding that Cookie Monster ate the needles and discovered off their Christmas tree was cut, likely due to a combination of the PBS closing credits at the end of the original and for Cookie Monster's excessive belching.[citation needed]On video releases since the mid-1990s, the 1978 Children's Television Workshop logo with Christmas music was cut. The 1996 VHS replaces it with the 1983 logo, and DVD releases of the special start without any logos.In December 2020, the special was released on the HBO Max streaming service. Approximately 2 minutes of Big Bird skating to Jose Feliciano’s recording of Feliz Navidad was removed.[2] The closing scene featuring Cookie Monster, Susan, and Gordon is present on Max as of December 2023.[3]When Big Bird and Patty check on Oscar following his skating accident, his original line was \"Sure. I've been thrown out of better places than that.\" It was later re-dubbed in post-production (to \"Let's go back and do it, again!\"), because Jon Stone considered the original joke too adult-focused.[1]","title":"Edits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"VHS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS"},{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"}],"text":"The special was released on VHS in 1987 and 1996, and on DVD in 2002 and 2008. As of 2023 the show is also available for streaming on Amazon Prime.","title":"Home media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"In Harmony: A Sesame Street Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Harmony_(compilation_albums)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The soundtrack album features several of the songs from the special, along with narration. It was nominated for a Grammy Award, but lost to In Harmony: A Sesame Street Record.[citation needed]","title":"Recording"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of American films of 1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_films_of_1978"},{"title":"List of Christmas television specials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Christmas_television_specials"},{"title":"List of Christmas films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Christmas_films"}] | [{"reference":"Dosier, Ryan (December 20, 2011). \"Interview with Muppet Writer Joseph Bailey\". The Muppet Mindset. Retrieved July 18, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://muppetmindset.wordpress.com/2011/12/20/interview-with-muppet-writer-joseph-bailey/","url_text":"\"Interview with Muppet Writer Joseph Bailey\""}]},{"reference":"Feliz Navidad - Big Bird Ice Skating, retrieved December 25, 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgMXBUJFZOA","url_text":"Feliz Navidad - Big Bird Ice Skating"}]},{"reference":"Watch Christmas Eve on Sesame Street | Max, 1978, retrieved December 25, 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://www.max.com/movies/christmas-eve-on-sesame-street/29c67a21-832e-4b48-9f71-ba03f1e99abd","url_text":"Watch Christmas Eve on Sesame Street | Max"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Christmas+Eve+on+Sesame+Street%22","external_links_name":"\"Christmas Eve on Sesame Street\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Christmas+Eve+on+Sesame+Street%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Christmas+Eve+on+Sesame+Street%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Christmas+Eve+on+Sesame+Street%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Christmas+Eve+on+Sesame+Street%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Christmas+Eve+on+Sesame+Street%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://muppetmindset.wordpress.com/2011/12/20/interview-with-muppet-writer-joseph-bailey/","external_links_name":"\"Interview with Muppet Writer Joseph Bailey\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgMXBUJFZOA","external_links_name":"Feliz Navidad - Big Bird Ice Skating"},{"Link":"https://www.max.com/movies/christmas-eve-on-sesame-street/29c67a21-832e-4b48-9f71-ba03f1e99abd","external_links_name":"Watch Christmas Eve on Sesame Street | Max"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0331217/","external_links_name":"Christmas Eve on Sesame Street"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Tainan_First_Senior_High_School | National Tainan First Senior High School | ["1 History","2 Notable alumni","2.1 Academics","2.2 Arts and literature","2.3 Film and music","2.4 Politics","2.5 Sports","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 22°59′39″N 120°12′59″E / 22.99417°N 120.21639°E / 22.99417; 120.21639National senior high schoolNational Tainan First Senior High School國立臺南第一高級中學LocationNo. 1, Sec. 1, Mintzu Rd., Tainan City, Taiwan 70145, R.O.C.InformationTypeNational Senior High SchoolEstablished1922School districtEastDean蔡明輝 張敬川 施明吉 黃立欣 胡秀蘭Principal廖財固Grades10-12Number of students2500 (approximately)Websitewww.tnfsh.tn.edu.tw
The National Tainan First Senior High School (Chinese: 國立臺南第一高級中學; pinyin: Guólì Táinán Dìyī Gāojí Zhōngxué) is a public senior high school in East District, Tainan, Taiwan. It was established in 1922 and is considered one of the most prestigious high schools in Taiwan, usually only accepting students who rank in the top 3 percentage of the Taiwan Basic Scholastic Test.
History
The school, originally called 臺南州立臺南第二中學校 ("Tainan Second High School"), was established in 1922 by the Governor-General of Taiwan to achieve a Japanese and Taiwanese 'learning together' policy. The Tainan Second High School provided high school education for ethnic Taiwanese, while Tainan First High School was for ethnic Japanese from mainland Japan.
Originally set up as a five-year high school, it was changed to a four-year school in 1943 due to the start of World War II.
After the war, Taiwan was handed to the Republic of China, whose high school system was a 3-3-year one. In 1959, ShinHua Campus was established for senior high school students in ShinHua Township, Tainan County. The campus became independent in 1966 and was renamed to National ShinHua Senior High School. In 1970, Tainan Second High School was renamed to Provincial Tainan First High School. After Tainan was no longer included in Taiwan Province, the school became nationally funded.
Notable alumni
Academics
Wong Chi-huey, president of Academia Sinica and Wolf Prize in Chemistry laureate
Hwung-hweng Hwung, former president of National Cheng Kung University
Michael M. C. Lai, former president of National Cheng Kung University
Shang-fa Yang, plant scientist and Wolf Prize in Agriculture laureate
Si-chen Lee, president of National Taiwan University
Chen-Yuan Lee, member of Academia Sinica
Arts and literature
Chen-tsai Shen, famous Taiwanese painter
Kui Yang, famous writer of Taiwanese literature
Shih-tao Yeh, famous writer of Taiwanese literature
Ch'en Tsing-fang (1936) (Dr TF Chen, 1936), American-Taiwanese painter, art historian and visual artist, iconographist
Film and music
Ang Lee, Academy Award-winning film director
Jutoupi, pop artist
Politics
Shui-bian Chen, former president of the Republic of China (Taiwan) and former mayor of Taipei City
Chih-fang Huang, former Minister of Foreign Affairs
Chii-ming Yiin, former Minister of the Council for Economic Planning and Development (CEPD) of the Executive Yuan
Chiu-hsing Yang, former mayor of Kaohsiung County
I-jen Chiou, former vice president of the Executive Yuan
Jia-dong Shea, former Minister of Finance
Jing-pyng Wang, president of the Legislative Yuan
Shih-meng Chen, former Vice-President of the Central Bank of the Republic of China and former Secretary General of the Office of the President of the Republic of China
Ta-chou Huang, former mayor of Taipei City
Tan Hochen, Minister of Transportation and Communications
Tsan-hung Chang, former mayor of Tainan City
Sports
Hung-chieh Chiang, table tennis player
See also
Education in Taiwan
References
^ Frank Pajares; Timothy C. Urdan (1 January 2003). International Perspectives on Adolescence. IAP. pp. 308–. ISBN 978-1-59311-066-6.
^ a b Jody Cletus (October 2011). National Tainan First Senior High School. Plaispublishing. ISBN 978-613-7-82496-2.
^ "Ang Lee" (PDF). Chinese American Heroes.
^ Clifford Coonan (2 January 2013). "Postcard from...Taiwan". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2022-06-18.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Tainan First Senior High School.
Official site(Chinese)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulet | Gulet | ["1 History","2 Etymology","3 Boat construction in Bodrum","4 Bodrum type schooner","5 Canadian Motorized Goélettes","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"] | Type of design of sailing vessel
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Gulet type schooners near Bodrum
A three-masted example in Marmaris. The most common gulet design has two masts.
A gulet (Turkish pronunciation: ) is a traditional design of a two-masted or three-masted wooden sailing vessel (the most common design has two masts) from the southwestern coast of Turkey, particularly built in the coastal towns of Bodrum and Marmaris; although similar vessels can be found all around the eastern Mediterranean. Today, this type of vessel, varying in size from 14 to 35 metres, is popular for tourist charters. For considerations of crew economy, diesel power is now almost universally used, and many are not properly rigged for sailing.
History
There are differing opinions about the history and etymology of gullet which took the Turkish name "gulet" from the Italian word goletta. There is still controversy on whether it originated from the schooner, which has long been used as a sweeping net, trawl net or sponging vessel in Turkey in the Aegean and Mediterranean shores, and as a freight vessel in the Black Sea; or it originates from the fishing vessel guletta (gouëlette or goélette in French), that has come up with the evolution of the word galea or galeotta for the old Italian naval vessels or "goleta" in Spanish. Others have argued that it resembles the American gullet used in line fishing in the Greenland banks, or the clippers carrying goods from India or Australia to England in the periods of colonization.
The evolution of gulet from practical maritime vessels to luxurious yachts traces back to the mid-20th century. The turning point arrived when the exiled Turkish writer, Cevat Sakir Kabaagacli, popularly known as the Fisherman of Halicarnassus, began using gulets for yachting holidays. His explorations coined the term "blue cruise," a name that quickly resonated with the local and international tourism industry.
By the dawn of the 1970s, gulets had become increasingly popular as yachts. Their designs were gradually refined to create more space for relaxation and leisure, in response to the growing demand for gulet cruises. This surge in popularity resulted in a rapid increase in the number of shipyards and workshops building gulets in the region. By the 1980s, gulet cruises, or "blue cruises," became significantly more affordable, paving the way for today's thriving gulet tourism industry.
The origin of the Bodrum-type schooner vessels falls to a nearby date, to the beginning of the 1970s. These types of vessels have come up as a result of the need to carry tourists, who have come in numbers to the Aegean region and especially to Bodrum and Marmaris at the end of the 1960s, to nearby bays. The first samples of the vessels called the Bodrum gulet are seen in those years with the addition to meet that demand of chambers and seating on the back of the deck to the chamberless gulet used in fishing or sponging till those years.
In the tourism industry, gulets offer guests air conditioning, bathrooms and storage space for luggage.
Etymology
The Turkish word gulet is a loanword from Venetian gołéta (Italian goletta), itself a loanword from French gouëlette (present-day spelling goélette), meaning "schooner". The French word is probably related to goéland, meaning (and etymologically related to the word) "gull", ultimately of Celtic origin.
Boat construction in Bodrum
The boat construction in Bodrum is not a process that started solely with the construction of Gulet. A long construction process has been there starting from antiquity times to the Ottoman times (although with certain interruptions) due to the geographic and historical position of the place. The insufficiency of war hardware such as cannons and shells for the war vessels built in Istanbul within the structure of the main docks opened the search for new production facilities in the second half of the 18th century. New shipyards were constructed in various regions at the turn of the 19th century. In the shipyard in Bodrum, along with those in settlements like Sinop, Gemlik, Rodos, Fatsa and Amasra, galleon construction was started in the beginning of the 19th century.
Galleon construction in Bodrum was interrupted in the middle of 19th century, however boat construction continued for use in fishing, sponging, and especially commerce with the islands (till the years 1935–1936). Construction of Bodrum-type Gulet started to meet the demand in parallel to the development of tourism in the beginning of the 1970s. This development caused the growth of the boat construction sector, particularly for the successful schooner examples made by the local boat masters, which increased the interest in such types of boats.
Bodrum type schooner
As the schooner construction methods in Bodrum are observed, it is seen that the basic construction approach has not generally been subject to great change. Other than the use of electrical equipment, laminated materials, high power engines and similar high technology products, the schooner construction starts with the construction of the iron spine and continues with the use of traditional weights. The only dimension that changed in the weight usage is the use of heavy metals in the vessels constructed with high quality using high technology instead of stone used as ballast in the traditional method. Although the essence of the weight changes, the spine still filled in with the traditional method form the basis of both the balance of the vessel and the construction of the ribs, frame and curves.
In schooner construction, the frames are placed from the head to the end, the board form is created with the measure of the eye, the side coatings are handmade and the shell is finished. The finishing of the shell is one of the most important stages where the tradition is kept for both the traditional/local boat masters who do the construction without a plan and almost all of whom have learned from the famous master Ziya Guvendiren of Bodrum as well as the constructors who produce according to international standards like RINA or Lloyd's Register. With the finishing of the shell, the construction of the deck and the chambers is completed after the celebrations that symbolize the “seamanship” of the wood.
The schooner, the construction of which takes 9 to 12 months according to the method employed, is launched to the sea over skids oiled with melted suet. The schooners constructed in shipyards away from the sea, sledged through narrow straits with the help of skids and brought to the shore make up scenes that in turn make Bodrum matchless.
The Bodrum schooner that is pulled on land for maintenance each year continue sailing in the Aegean and Mediterranean seas with its aesthetic silhouette gained with its large back deck, spacious chamber design and low board.
The preliminary doubts on the seaworthiness of the Bodrum schooner and the claims that it is a vessel type “bulky, unable to speed, not suitable for setting sails” and “traveling only with the engine power” have disappeared with the boats that are built in the last 20 years and have proven themselves in the Bodrum Cup Wooden Yachts Races. The investment approach to boat construction has changed in time, construction of other types of boats other than Gulet have started and this sector specialized from boat design, materials, construction techniques and construction teams have turned into one of the most important economic sectors in Bodrum.
Canadian Motorized Goélettes
The basic hull form has been used in the Province of Quebec, Canada for powered wooden goélettes that have been employed in the coastal freight trade. In his 1974 book The Lower St. Lawrence, the historian Ivan S. Brookes included illustrations of motorized wooden goélettes that he photographed on the St. Lawrence River. These included the Riv. Verte at Baie Comeau in 1955; Eric G at La Malbaie Wharf, Murray Bay; the Orleans underway in the Saguenay River; the Rose Helene loading pulpwood at Rivière du Loup, and old goélettes that had been retired from service and abandoned at St. Louis, Ile aux Coudres. Canadian goélettes generally have had the wheelhouse and engine far aft, although the Orleans, evidently a newer vessel, had them located amidships.
A somewhat similar type of small freighter, also wooden but steam powered, and with wheelhouse and engine placed far aft, was built for service on the Great Lakes during the lumber era. Cargoes included lumber, shingles, lath, salt, stone, coal and pig iron. Lake sailors called them "rabbits". Typical examples included the D.F. Rose of 1868, the Charles. Rietz of 1872, the City of Mt. Clemens of 1884 and the Minnie E. Kelton of 1894. Apparently the last survivor of the type was the steamer M. Sicken, built in 1884 at Marine City, Michigan and sold for scrapping in 1937.
The steel fishing trawler Goelette (IMO 7359747) was built in 1974 by Ateliers et Chantiers du Havre at Le Havre, France for service in the South Atlantic. Registered in Namibia, as of 2022 this 690-ton, 164-foot vessel is owned by Gendor Fishing of Walvis Bay, Namibia with Lüderitz as its home port.
See also
The Blue Voyage
The Turquoise Coast
Marinas in Turkey
Tourism in Turkey
References
^ viravira.co (23 June 2023). "What is a Gulet | Gulet Charter Turkey | Turkish Gulet Cruise". viravira.co. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
^ SailingEurope (20 July 2018). "What is a Gulet | Gulet Charter | Gulet Cruise". SailingEurope. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
^ Ivan S. Brookes, The Lower St. Lawrence, pp. 80, 83, 99, 136, 268. Cleveland: Freshwater Press, Inc., 1974.
^ Cf. Brookes, p. 99.
^ James Cooke Mills, Our Inland Seas. Their Shipping and Commerce for Three Centuries, pp. 188-189. Chicago: A.C. McClurg Company, 1910.
^ John O. Greenwood, Namesakes 1930-1955, Revised Edition, p. 142. Cleveland: Freshwater Press, Inc., 1995. ISBN 0-912514-32-9
^ File Goelette IMO 7359747 at balticshipping.com
Osman Kademoglu; Denizlerin Guzelleri; Duran Kitap, Istanbul 2000
Avram Galanti Bodrumlu; Bodrum Tarihi; BOSAV Yay. Ankara 1996: 78-79
External links
Media related to Gulet at Wikimedia Commons | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Turkey.Bodrum023.jpg"},{"link_name":"schooners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schooner"},{"link_name":"Bodrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodrum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marmaris,_%C5%BCaglowiec_-_25_IX_2011_r.SDC11988.jpg"},{"link_name":"Marmaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmaris"},{"link_name":"[ɡuˈlet]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Turkish"},{"link_name":"southwestern coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%C4%9Fla_Province"},{"link_name":"Bodrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodrum"},{"link_name":"Marmaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmaris"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean"}],"text":"Gulet type schooners near BodrumA three-masted example in Marmaris. The most common gulet design has two masts.A gulet (Turkish pronunciation: [ɡuˈlet]) is a traditional design of a two-masted or three-masted wooden sailing vessel (the most common design has two masts) from the southwestern coast of Turkey, particularly built in the coastal towns of Bodrum and Marmaris; although similar vessels can be found all around the eastern Mediterranean. Today, this type of vessel, varying in size from 14 to 35 metres, is popular for tourist charters. For considerations of crew economy, diesel power is now almost universally used, and many are not properly rigged for sailing.","title":"Gulet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"schooner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schooner"},{"link_name":"Aegean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_Sea"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea"},{"link_name":"Black Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea"},{"link_name":"galea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galley"},{"link_name":"galeotta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galiot"},{"link_name":"Greenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland"},{"link_name":"clippers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipper"},{"link_name":"Cevat Sakir Kabaagacli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Cevat_%C5%9Eakir_Kabaa%C4%9Fa%C3%A7l%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"There are differing opinions about the history and etymology of gullet which took the Turkish name \"gulet\" from the Italian word goletta. There is still controversy on whether it originated from the schooner, which has long been used as a sweeping net, trawl net or sponging vessel in Turkey in the Aegean and Mediterranean shores, and as a freight vessel in the Black Sea; or it originates from the fishing vessel guletta (gouëlette or goélette in French), that has come up with the evolution of the word galea or galeotta for the old Italian naval vessels or \"goleta\" in Spanish. Others have argued that it resembles the American gullet used in line fishing in the Greenland banks, or the clippers carrying goods from India or Australia to England in the periods of colonization.The evolution of gulet from practical maritime vessels to luxurious yachts traces back to the mid-20th century. The turning point arrived when the exiled Turkish writer, Cevat Sakir Kabaagacli, popularly known as the Fisherman of Halicarnassus, began using gulets for yachting holidays. His explorations coined the term \"blue cruise,\" a name that quickly resonated with the local and international tourism industry.By the dawn of the 1970s, gulets had become increasingly popular as yachts. Their designs were gradually refined to create more space for relaxation and leisure, in response to the growing demand for gulet cruises. This surge in popularity resulted in a rapid increase in the number of shipyards and workshops building gulets in the region. By the 1980s, gulet cruises, or \"blue cruises,\" became significantly more affordable, paving the way for today's thriving gulet tourism industry.The origin of the Bodrum-type schooner vessels falls to a nearby date, to the beginning of the 1970s. These types of vessels have come up as a result of the need to carry tourists, who have come in numbers to the Aegean region and especially to Bodrum and Marmaris at the end of the 1960s, to nearby bays. The first samples of the vessels called the Bodrum gulet are seen in those years with the addition to meet that demand of chambers and seating on the back of the deck to the chamberless gulet used in fishing or sponging till those years. [1]In the tourism industry, gulets offer guests air conditioning, bathrooms and storage space for luggage.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"loanword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loanword"},{"link_name":"Venetian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetian_language"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"goletta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/goletta"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"goélette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/go%C3%A9lette"},{"link_name":"schooner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schooner"},{"link_name":"goéland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/go%C3%A9land"},{"link_name":"gull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gull"},{"link_name":"Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_languages"}],"text":"The Turkish word gulet is a loanword from Venetian gołéta (Italian goletta), itself a loanword from French gouëlette (present-day spelling goélette), meaning \"schooner\". The French word is probably related to goéland, meaning (and etymologically related to the word) \"gull\", ultimately of Celtic origin.","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The boat construction in Bodrum is not a process that started solely with the construction of Gulet. A long construction process has been there starting from antiquity times to the Ottoman times (although with certain interruptions) due to the geographic and historical position of the place. The insufficiency of war hardware such as cannons and shells for the war vessels built in Istanbul within the structure of the main docks opened the search for new production facilities in the second half of the 18th century. New shipyards were constructed in various regions at the turn of the 19th century. In the shipyard in Bodrum, along with those in settlements like Sinop, Gemlik, Rodos, Fatsa and Amasra, galleon construction was started in the beginning of the 19th century.Galleon construction in Bodrum was interrupted in the middle of 19th century, however boat construction continued for use in fishing, sponging, and especially commerce with the islands (till the years 1935–1936). Construction of Bodrum-type Gulet started to meet the demand in parallel to the development of tourism in the beginning of the 1970s. This development caused the growth of the boat construction sector, particularly for the successful schooner examples made by the local boat masters, which increased the interest in such types of boats.","title":"Boat construction in Bodrum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RINA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registro_Italiano_Navale"},{"link_name":"Lloyd's Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd%27s_Register"}],"text":"As the schooner construction methods in Bodrum are observed, it is seen that the basic construction approach has not generally been subject to great change. Other than the use of electrical equipment, laminated materials, high power engines and similar high technology products, the schooner construction starts with the construction of the iron spine and continues with the use of traditional weights. The only dimension that changed in the weight usage is the use of heavy metals in the vessels constructed with high quality using high technology instead of stone used as ballast in the traditional method. Although the essence of the weight changes, the spine still filled in with the traditional method form the basis of both the balance of the vessel and the construction of the ribs, frame and curves.In schooner construction, the frames are placed from the head to the end, the board form is created with the measure of the eye, the side coatings are handmade and the shell is finished. The finishing of the shell is one of the most important stages where the tradition is kept for both the traditional/local boat masters who do the construction without a plan and almost all of whom have learned from the famous master Ziya Guvendiren of Bodrum as well as the constructors who produce according to international standards like RINA or Lloyd's Register. With the finishing of the shell, the construction of the deck and the chambers is completed after the celebrations that symbolize the “seamanship” of the wood.The schooner, the construction of which takes 9 to 12 months according to the method employed, is launched to the sea over skids oiled with melted suet. The schooners constructed in shipyards away from the sea, sledged through narrow straits with the help of skids and brought to the shore make up scenes that in turn make Bodrum matchless.The Bodrum schooner that is pulled on land for maintenance each year continue sailing in the Aegean and Mediterranean seas with its aesthetic silhouette gained with its large back deck, spacious chamber design and low board.The preliminary doubts on the seaworthiness of the Bodrum schooner and the claims that it is a vessel type “bulky, unable to speed, not suitable for setting sails” and “traveling only with the engine power” have disappeared with the boats that are built in the last 20 years and have proven themselves in the Bodrum Cup Wooden Yachts Races. The investment approach to boat construction has changed in time, construction of other types of boats other than Gulet have started and this sector specialized from boat design, materials, construction techniques and construction teams have turned into one of the most important economic sectors in Bodrum.","title":"Bodrum type schooner"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Province of Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Ivan S. Brookes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivan_S._Brookes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"St. Lawrence River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Lawrence_River"},{"link_name":"Baie Comeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baie_Comeau"},{"link_name":"Murray Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Malbaie"},{"link_name":"Saguenay River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saguenay_River"},{"link_name":"Rivière du Loup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivi%C3%A8re_du_Loup"},{"link_name":"Ile aux Coudres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ile_aux_Coudres"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Great Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Marine City, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_City,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Ateliers et Chantiers du Havre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ateliers_et_Chantiers_du_Havre&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Le Havre, France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Havre,_France"},{"link_name":"South Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia"},{"link_name":"Walvis Bay, Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walvis_Bay,_Namibia"},{"link_name":"Lüderitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCderitz"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The basic hull form has been used in the Province of Quebec, Canada for powered wooden goélettes that have been employed in the coastal freight trade. In his 1974 book The Lower St. Lawrence, the historian Ivan S. Brookes included illustrations of motorized wooden goélettes that he photographed on the St. Lawrence River. These included the Riv. Verte at Baie Comeau in 1955; Eric G at La Malbaie Wharf, Murray Bay; the Orleans underway in the Saguenay River; the Rose Helene loading pulpwood at Rivière du Loup, and old goélettes that had been retired from service and abandoned at St. Louis, Ile aux Coudres.[3] Canadian goélettes generally have had the wheelhouse and engine far aft, although the Orleans, evidently a newer vessel, had them located amidships.[4]A somewhat similar type of small freighter, also wooden but steam powered, and with wheelhouse and engine placed far aft, was built for service on the Great Lakes during the lumber era. Cargoes included lumber, shingles, lath, salt, stone, coal and pig iron. Lake sailors called them \"rabbits\".[5] Typical examples included the D.F. Rose of 1868, the Charles. Rietz of 1872, the City of Mt. Clemens of 1884 and the Minnie E. Kelton of 1894. Apparently the last survivor of the type was the steamer M. Sicken, built in 1884 at Marine City, Michigan and sold for scrapping in 1937.[6]The steel fishing trawler Goelette (IMO 7359747) was built in 1974 by Ateliers et Chantiers du Havre at Le Havre, France for service in the South Atlantic. Registered in Namibia, as of 2022 this 690-ton, 164-foot vessel is owned by Gendor Fishing of Walvis Bay, Namibia with Lüderitz as its home port.[7]","title":"Canadian Motorized Goélettes"}] | [{"image_text":"Gulet type schooners near Bodrum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Turkey.Bodrum023.jpg/220px-Turkey.Bodrum023.jpg"},{"image_text":"A three-masted example in Marmaris. The most common gulet design has two masts.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Marmaris%2C_%C5%BCaglowiec_-_25_IX_2011_r.SDC11988.jpg/220px-Marmaris%2C_%C5%BCaglowiec_-_25_IX_2011_r.SDC11988.jpg"}] | [{"title":"The Blue Voyage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Cruise"},{"title":"The Turquoise Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Riviera"},{"title":"Marinas in Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinas_in_Turkey"},{"title":"Tourism in Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Turkey"}] | [{"reference":"viravira.co (23 June 2023). \"What is a Gulet | Gulet Charter Turkey | Turkish Gulet Cruise\". viravira.co. Retrieved 2 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://blog.viravira.co/what-is-a-gulet/","url_text":"\"What is a Gulet | Gulet Charter Turkey | Turkish Gulet Cruise\""}]},{"reference":"SailingEurope (20 July 2018). \"What is a Gulet | Gulet Charter | Gulet Cruise\". SailingEurope. Retrieved 7 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bluetourturkey.com/turkey-gulet-charter-guide/","url_text":"\"What is a Gulet | Gulet Charter | Gulet Cruise\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Gulet%22","external_links_name":"\"Gulet\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Gulet%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Gulet%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Gulet%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Gulet%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Gulet%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://blog.viravira.co/what-is-a-gulet/","external_links_name":"\"What is a Gulet | Gulet Charter Turkey | Turkish Gulet Cruise\""},{"Link":"https://www.bluetourturkey.com/turkey-gulet-charter-guide/","external_links_name":"\"What is a Gulet | Gulet Charter | Gulet Cruise\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetaskiwin_Composite_High_School | Wetaskiwin Composite High School | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Wetaskiwin Composite High School (WCHS) is a public senior high school in Wetaskiwin, Alberta and a part of Wetaskiwin Regional Division No. 11.
Adjacent to the City of Wetaskiwin Recreation Complex, the building has an area of about 6,500 square metres (70,000 sq ft). In addition to Wetaskiwin it serves Millet, sections of the County of Wetaskiwin, and the Four Nations Reserve.
References
^ "Wetaskiwin Composite High School." Wetaskiwin Regional Division No. 11. Retrieved on September 13, 2018.
External links
Wetaskiwin Composite High School
This Alberta school-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Millet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millet,_Alberta"},{"link_name":"County of Wetaskiwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Wetaskiwin"},{"link_name":"Four Nations Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Four_Nations_Reserve&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Adjacent to the City of Wetaskiwin Recreation Complex, the building has an area of about 6,500 square metres (70,000 sq ft). In addition to Wetaskiwin it serves Millet, sections of the County of Wetaskiwin, and the Four Nations Reserve.[1]","title":"Wetaskiwin Composite High School"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.wrps11.ca/schools/our-schools/156","external_links_name":"Wetaskiwin Composite High School"},{"Link":"http://wetaskiwincomp.ca/","external_links_name":"Wetaskiwin Composite High School"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wetaskiwin_Composite_High_School&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Brides | Arthur Brides | ["1 Head coaching record","2 References","3 External links"] | American football player and coach (1885–1937)
Arthur BridesBrides pictured in Yackety Yack 1910, North Carolina yearbookBiographical detailsBorn(1885-10-31)October 31, 1885Brockton, Massachusetts, U.S.DiedSeptember 26, 1937(1937-09-26) (aged 51)Stoughton, Massachusetts, U.S.Playing career1906–1908Yale
Position(s)TackleCoaching career (HC unless noted)1909–1910North Carolina1911Yale (line)1912–1915Massachusetts1916Yale (line)1917Yale (acting HC)1919Yale (line)1924–1925Columbia (line)
Head coaching recordOverall20–23–4Accomplishments and honorsChampionships
National (1907)
AwardsAll-American, 1906All-American, 1908
Arthur E. Brides (October 31, 1885 – September 26, 1937) was an American college football player and coach. He served as the head coach at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill from 1909 to 1910 and at Massachusetts Agricultural College—now the University of Massachusetts Amherst—from 1912 to 1915, compiling a career head coaching record of 20–23–4.
Brides was born on October 31, 1885, in Brockton, Massachusetts. He died on September 26, 1937, in Stoughton, Massachusetts, of a heart attack.
Head coaching record
Year
Team
Overall
Conference
Standing
Bowl/playoffs
North Carolina Tar Heels (Independent) (1909–1910)
1909
North Carolina
5–2
1910
North Carolina
3–6
North Carolina:
8–8
Massachusetts Aggies (Independent) (1912–1915)
1912
Massachusetts
2–5–2
1913
Massachusetts
4–3
1914
Massachusetts
2–5
1915
Massachusetts
4–2–2
Massachusetts:
12–15–4
Total:
20–23–4
References
^ Index 1914. 1914. p. 160. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
^ "Dr. A.E. Brides Dies; Once Yale Athlete; Star on Football Team With Ted Coy Was All-American Guard in 1908". The New York Times. Associated Press. September 26, 1937. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
External links
Arthur Brides at Find a Grave
vteNorth Carolina Tar Heels head football coaches
Hector Cowan (1888)
No coach (1889)
No team (1890)
William P. Graves (1891)
No coach (1892–1893)
Vernon K. Irvine (1894)
Thomas Trenchard (1895)
Gordon Johnston (1896)
William Ayres Reynolds (1897–1900)
Charles O. Jenkins (1901)
Herman Olcott (1902–1903)
R. R. Brown (1904)
Bill Warner (1905)
Willis Kienholz (1906)
Otis Lamson (1907)
Edward L. Greene (1908)
Arthur Brides (1909–1910)
Branch Bocock (1911)
C. W. Martin (1912)
Thomas Trenchard (1913–1915)
Thomas J. Campbell (1916)
No team (1917–1918)
Thomas J. Campbell (1919)
Myron Fuller (1920)
Bill Fetzer & Bob Fetzer (1921–1925)
Chuck Collins (1926–1933)
Carl Snavely (1934–1935)
Raymond Wolf (1936–1941)
Jim Tatum (1942)
Tom Young (1943)
Gene McEver (1944)
Carl Snavely (1945–1952)
George T. Barclay (1953–1955)
Jim Tatum (1956–1958)
Jim Hickey (1959–1966)
Bill Dooley (1967–1977)
Dick Crum (1978–1987)
Mack Brown (1988–1997)
Carl Torbush (1998–2000)
John Bunting (2001–2006)
Butch Davis (2007–2010)
Everett Withers # (2011)
Larry Fedora (2012–2018)
Mack Brown (2019– )
# denotes interim head coach
vteUMass Minutemen head football coaches
No coach (1879–1897)
David F. Weeks (1898)
Fred W. Murphy (1899–1900)
James Halligan (1901–1903)
Matthew W. Bullock (1904)
Walter Craig (1905)
George E. O'Hearn (1906)
Matthew W. Bullock (1907–1908)
J. W. Gage (1909)
Willard Gildersleeve (1910)
Jack Hubbard (1911)
Arthur Brides (1912–1915)
George Melican (1916)
No team (1917–1918)
Harold Gore (1919–1927)
Charles McGeoch (1928–1930)
Mel Taube (1931–1935)
Elbert Caraway (1936–1940)
Walter Hargesheimer (1941–1942)
No team (1943–1944)
Thomas Eck (1945)
Walter Hargesheimer (1946)
Thomas Eck (1947–1951)
Charlie O'Rourke (1952–1959)
Chuck Studley (1960)
Vic Fusia (1961–1970)
Dick MacPherson (1971–1977)
Bob Pickett (1978–1983)
Bob Stull (1984–1985)
Jim Reid (1986–1991)
Mike Hodges (1992–1997)
Mark Whipple (1998–2003)
Don Brown (2004–2008)
Kevin Morris (2009–2011)
Charley Molnar (2012–2013)
Mark Whipple (2014–2018)
Walt Bell (2019–2021)
Alex Miller # (2021)
Don Brown (2021– )
# denotes interim head coach
vte 1906 Yale Bulldogs football—national champions
Clarence Alcott
Lucius Horatio Biglow
Arthur Brides
Robert Burch
Arthur G. Erwin
Robert Forbes
Graham Foster
Clarence Hockenberger
Howard Jones
Tad Jones
Samuel Finley Brown Morse
Head coach
Foster Rockwell
vte 1907 Yale Bulldogs football—national champions
Clarence Alcott
Hamlin Andrus
Lucius Horatio Biglow
Arthur Brides
Robert Burch
Ted Coy
Graham Foster
William Goebel
Henry Hobbs
Howard Jones
Tad Jones
Stephen Philbin
Head coach
William F. Knox
This biographical article relating to a college football coach first appointed in the 1900s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill"},{"link_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Amherst"},{"link_name":"Brockton, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brockton,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Stoughton, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoughton,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Arthur E. Brides (October 31, 1885 – September 26, 1937) was an American college football player and coach. He served as the head coach at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill from 1909 to 1910 and at Massachusetts Agricultural College—now the University of Massachusetts Amherst—from 1912 to 1915, compiling a career head coaching record of 20–23–4.Brides was born on October 31, 1885, in Brockton, Massachusetts.[1] He died on September 26, 1937, in Stoughton, Massachusetts, of a heart attack.[2]","title":"Arthur Brides"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Head coaching record"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Index 1914. 1914. p. 160. Retrieved November 6, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/index1914univ#page/160/mode/1up/search/brides","url_text":"Index 1914"}]},{"reference":"\"Dr. A.E. Brides Dies; Once Yale Athlete; Star on Football Team With Ted Coy Was All-American Guard in 1908\". The New York Times. Associated Press. September 26, 1937. Retrieved November 6, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1937/09/26/archives/drae-brides-dies-once-yale-athlete-star-on-football-team-with-ted.html","url_text":"\"Dr. A.E. Brides Dies; Once Yale Athlete; Star on Football Team With Ted Coy Was All-American Guard in 1908\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/index1914univ#page/160/mode/1up/search/brides","external_links_name":"Index 1914"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1937/09/26/archives/drae-brides-dies-once-yale-athlete-star-on-football-team-with-ted.html","external_links_name":"\"Dr. A.E. Brides Dies; Once Yale Athlete; Star on Football Team With Ted Coy Was All-American Guard in 1908\""},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/26821902","external_links_name":"Arthur Brides"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Brides&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Grau | Eduard Grau | [] | Spanish cinematographer
Eduard GrauGrau at the 2019 Goya AwardsBorn1981BarcelonaNationalitySpanishOther namesEdu GrauOccupationCinematographerOrganizationAmerican Society of CinematographersNotable work
A Single Man (2009)
Buried (2010)
The Gift (2015)
Suffragette (2015)
Gringo (2018)
Boy Erased (2018)
The Way Back (2020)
Passing (2021)
Eduard "Edu" Grau A.S.C. (born 1981) is a Spanish cinematographer, best known for his work on the films A Single Man (2009), Suffragette (2015), Gringo (2018) and his collaborations with director Joel Edgerton (2015 and 2018).
Grau is a three-times Camerimage Golden Frog nominee, winning Bronze for Buried in 2010. The same year, he was named as one of Variety's "10 Cinematographers to watch". Grau is a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences since 2013. In January 2021, he became a member of the American Society of Cinematographers.
Life and work
Grau was born in Barcelona.
He graduated from the Cinema and Audiovisual School of Catalonia (Barcelona, Spain) and the National Film and Television School (Beaconsfield, UK).
Grau shot his first feature, Honor of the Knights by Catalan auteur Albert Serra, at age 23. It was screened in the Director's Fortnight section at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival alongside works by David Cronenberg, Gus Van Sant and William Friedkin.
After shooting his follow-up film Kicks with director Lindy Heymann, Grau was hired to be the cinematographer for fashion designer Tom Ford's film A Single Man starring Colin Firth and Julianne Moore at age 27. i-D magazine included the film on its list of the "35 most stylish films of all time".
After Grau's fourth feature film, Finisterrae, was praised for its "splendid" and "painterly" imagery, he took on the challenging task to shoot Buried, starring Ryan Reynolds – a 95-minute film entirely set in a coffin underground.
While 2011's The Awakening was met with mixed reviews, critics noted that the film "looks great" and lauded "Eduard Grau’s elegant cinematography".
Grau lensed the music video for Lady Gaga's 2011 song Born This Way, directed by Nick Knight. The video won Gaga Best Female Video and Best Video with a Message at the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards. Grau also worked on campaigns for brands including Adidas, Apple, Gatorade, Nissan and Volkswagen.
Filmography
Short film
Year
Title
Director
2002
Desire on a Fall Afternoon
Ricard L. Befan
2004
Larutanatural
Àlex Pastor
2006
Peacemaker
2007
Milk Teeth
Tibor Bánóczki
Friends Forever
Marçal Forés
2008
Fresh: A Spaghetti and Fried Chicken Western
Robert Hylton
2009
Fràgil
Hammudi Al-Rahmoun Font
After Tomorrow
Emma Sullivan
Feature film
Year
Title
Director
Notes
2006
Honor of the Knights
Albert Serra
With Christophe Farnarier
2009
Kicks
Lindy Heymann
A Single Man
Tom Ford
2010
Buried
Rodrigo Cortés
Finisterrae
Sergio Caballero
2011
The Awakening
Nick Murphy
2012
Arthur Newman
Dante Ariola
With Paula Huidobro
Animals
Marçal Forés
2013
A Single Shot
David M. Rosenthal
2015
Suite Française
Saul Dibb
The Gift
Joel Edgerton
Suffragette
Sarah Gavron
2016
Trespass Against Us
Adam Smith
2018
Gringo
Nash Edgerton
Boy Erased
Joel Edgerton
Quién te cantará
Carlos Vermut
2020
The Way Back
Gavin O'Connor
2021
Passing
Rebecca Hall
2024
Beverly Hills Cop: Axel F †
Mark Molloy
Post-production
TBA
The Room Next Door †
Pedro Almodóvar
Filming
Television
Year
Title
Director
Notes
2008
Kiss of Death
Paul Unwin
TV movie
2009
Coming Up
Jo McInnesO. Nathapon
Episodes "Pornography" and "Raising Baby Rio"
Documentary works
Short film
Year
Title
Director
2007
Scarlet Sunrise
HimselfEdward Edwards
2008
Steel Homes
Eva Weber
Television
Year
Title
Director
Notes
2008
3MW: Rivers of Blood
Miniseries
2013
Cinéma, de notre temps
Gabe Klinger
Episode "Double Play: James Benning et Richard Linklater"
2015
Frontline
Angus MacQueen
Episode "Drug Lord: The Legend of Shorty"
2022
They Call Me Magic
Rick Famuyiwa
Miniseries
Film
Year
Title
Director
Notes
2012
No Place on Earth
Janet Tobias
With César Charlone, Sean Kirby and Peter Simonite
Awards and nominations
Year
Award
Category
Title
Result
2009
St. Louis Film Critics Association
Best Cinematography
A Single Man
Nominated
2021
Independent Spirit Awards
Best Cinematography
Passing
Won
References
^ "Eduard Grau". Personal webpage. Retrieved 2019-05-13.
^ "Eduard Grau on Alwin Kuchler". Variety. 2012-01-04. Retrieved 2019-05-13.
^ "Academy Invites 276 New Members". The Hollywood Reporter. 28 June 2013. Retrieved 2019-05-13.
^ "Edu Grau Welcomed Into Society Membership - The American Society of Cinematographers". theasc.com. Retrieved 2021-01-20.
^ "Edu Grau Gives NFTS Masterclass". NFTS. 2018-07-10. Retrieved 2019-05-13.
^ "Feature Film Selection 2006". Quinzaine des Réalisateurs (in French). Retrieved 2019-05-18.
^ Caranicas, Peter (2009-12-29). "27 year-old d.p. behind 'A Single Man'". Variety. Retrieved 2019-05-13.
^ Dargis, Manohla (2009-12-10). "A Love That Speaks Its Name in 'A Single Man'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-05-13.
^ Raphael, Sarah; Crummy, Colin (2015-06-11). "The 35 most stylish films of all time". I-D. Retrieved 2019-05-13.
^ Weissberg, Jay (2011-02-09). "Finisterrae". Variety. Retrieved 2019-05-13.
^ "Finisterrae -- Film Review". The Hollywood Reporter. 9 February 2011. Retrieved 2019-05-13.
^ Caranicas, Peter (2010-10-05). "'Buried' cinematographer looks for boxed-in angles". Variety. Retrieved 2019-05-13.
^ Ebert, Roger. "The Awakening Movie Review & Film Summary (2012) | Roger Ebert". www.rogerebert.com. Retrieved 2019-05-13.
^ Holden, Stephen (2012-08-16). "'The Awakening,' With Rebecca Hall and Dominic West". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-05-13.
^ "Splice: Born This Way". www.splicecommunity.com. Retrieved 2019-05-18.
External links
Eduard Grau at IMDb
vteIndependent Spirit Award for Best Cinematography
Toyomichi Kurita (1985)
Robert Richardson (1986)
Haskell Wexler (1987)
Sven Nykvist (1988)
Robert Yeoman (1989)
Frederick Elmes (1990)
Walt Lloyd (1991)
Frederick Elmes (1992)
Lisa Rinzler (1993)
John Thomas (1994)
Declan Quinn (1995)
Roger Deakins (1996)
Declan Quinn (1997)
Maryse Alberti (1998)
Lisa Rinzler (1999)
Matthew Libatique (2000)
Peter Deming (2001)
Edward Lachman (2002)
Declan Quinn (2003)
Éric Gautier (2004)
Robert Elswit (2005)
Guillermo Navarro (2006)
Janusz Kamiński (2007)
Maryse Alberti (2008)
Roger Deakins (2009)
Matthew Libatique (2010)
Guillaume Schiffman (2011)
Ben Richardson (2012)
Sean Bobbitt (2013)
Emmanuel Lubezki (2014)
Edward Lachman (2015)
James Laxton (2016)
Sayombhu Mukdeeprom (2017)
Sayombhu Mukdeeprom (2018)
Jarin Blaschke (2019)
Joshua James Richards (2020)
Eduard Grau (2021)
Florian Hoffmeister (2022)
Eigil Bryld (2023)
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
People
Deutsche Biographie
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A.S.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Cinematographers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"A Single Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Single_Man"},{"link_name":"Suffragette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragette_(film)"},{"link_name":"Gringo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gringo_(2018_film)"},{"link_name":"Joel Edgerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Edgerton"},{"link_name":"Camerimage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camerimage"},{"link_name":"Buried","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buried_(film)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"American Society of Cinematographers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Cinematographers"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Eduard \"Edu\" Grau A.S.C. (born 1981)[1] is a Spanish cinematographer, best known for his work on the films A Single Man (2009), Suffragette (2015), Gringo (2018) and his collaborations with director Joel Edgerton (2015 and 2018).Grau is a three-times Camerimage Golden Frog nominee, winning Bronze for Buried in 2010. 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It was screened in the Director's Fortnight section at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival alongside works by David Cronenberg, Gus Van Sant and William Friedkin.[6]After shooting his follow-up film Kicks with director Lindy Heymann, Grau was hired to be the cinematographer for fashion designer Tom Ford's film A Single Man starring Colin Firth and Julianne Moore at age 27.[7][8] i-D magazine included the film on its list of the \"35 most stylish films of all time\".[9]After Grau's fourth feature film, Finisterrae, was praised for its \"splendid\" and \"painterly\" imagery,[10][11] he took on the challenging task to shoot Buried, starring Ryan Reynolds – a 95-minute film entirely set in a coffin underground.[12]While 2011's The Awakening was met with mixed reviews, critics noted that the film \"looks great\" and lauded \"Eduard Grau’s elegant cinematography\".[13][14]Grau lensed the music video for Lady Gaga's 2011 song Born This Way, directed by Nick Knight.[15] The video won Gaga Best Female Video and Best Video with a Message at the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards. Grau also worked on campaigns for brands including Adidas, Apple, Gatorade, Nissan and Volkswagen.","title":"Life and work"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Short film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Feature film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Documentary works","text":"Short filmTelevisionFilm","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Eduard Grau\". Personal webpage. Retrieved 2019-05-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.edugrau.com/about-me","url_text":"\"Eduard Grau\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eduard Grau on Alwin Kuchler\". Variety. 2012-01-04. Retrieved 2019-05-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2012/film/news/eduard-grau-on-alwin-kuchler-1118047770/","url_text":"\"Eduard Grau on Alwin Kuchler\""}]},{"reference":"\"Academy Invites 276 New Members\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Gdansk | Gdańsk Bay | ["1 Geography","2 Nautic definition","3 History","3.1 Kursenieki","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 54°28′59″N 18°57′31″E / 54.48306°N 18.95861°E / 54.48306; 18.95861Bay in the Baltic Sea adjoining the port of Gdańsk and stretching to Kaliningrad
Bay of Gdańsk
Gdańsk Bay or the Gulf of Gdańsk is a southeastern bay of the Baltic Sea. It is named after the adjacent port city of Gdańsk in Poland.
Geography
Gulf of Gdańsk is known for its beaches.
The western part of Gulf of Gdańsk is formed by the shallow waters of the Bay of Puck. The southeastern part is the Vistula Lagoon, separated by the Vistula Spit and connected to the open sea by the Strait of Baltiysk.
The bay is enclosed by a large curve of the shores of Gdańsk Pomerania in Poland (Cape Rozewie, Hel Peninsula) and the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia (Sambian Peninsula). The coast of the bay features two very long sandspits, the Hel peninsula and the Vistula Spit. The former defines the Bay of Puck, the latter defines the Vistula Lagoon.
The maximum depth is 120 metres and it has a salinity of 0.7%.
The major ports and coastal cities are Gdańsk, Gdynia, Puck, Sopot, Hel, Kaliningrad, Primorsk and Baltiysk. The main rivers of Gdańsk Bay are the Vistula and the Pregolya. The bay receives the waters of the Vistula direct via three branches—the Leniwka, the Śmiała Wisła and the Martwa Wisła—and indirectly via the Vistula Lagoon with two branches, the Nogat and the Szkarpawa.
Nautic definition
By nautic definition, the Gulf of Gdańsk is much larger, including also the area of the Baltic Sea in front of the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad and the Lithuanian coast.
History
The bayshore was the setting of a naval bombardment during the invasion of Poland, the first combat action of World War II.
The bay plays a pivotal role in the American animated television series Metalocalypse.
Kursenieki
Curonian-populated area in 1649
Today the Kursenieki, also known as Kuršininkai, are a nearly extinct Baltic ethnic group living along the Curonian Spit. In 1649 Kuršininkai settlement spanned from Memel (Klaipėda) to Danzig (Gdańsk). The Kuršininkai were eventually assimilated by the Germans, except along the Curonian Spit where some still live. The Kuršininkai were considered Latvians until after World War I when Latvia gained independence from the Russian Empire, a consideration based on linguistic arguments. This was the rationale for Latvian claims over the Curonian Spit, Memel, and other territories of East Prussia which would be later dropped.
See also
Battle of Oliwa
References
^ "Gulf-of-Gdansk". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2023-03-11.
^ (Polish: Zatoka Gdańska; Kashubian: Gduńskô Hôwinga; Russian: Гданьская бухта, Gdan'skaja bukhta, and German: Danziger Bucht)
^ The Baltic Sea, Kattegat and Skagerrak – sea areas and draining basins Archived March 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bay of Gdańsk.
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54°28′59″N 18°57′31″E / 54.48306°N 18.95861°E / 54.48306; 18.95861 | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bay_of_Gda%C5%84sk_Zatoka_Gda%C5%84ska.png"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay"},{"link_name":"Baltic Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea"},{"link_name":"Gdańsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"}],"text":"Bay in the Baltic Sea adjoining the port of Gdańsk and stretching to KaliningradBay of GdańskGdańsk Bay or the Gulf of Gdańsk[1][2] is a southeastern bay of the Baltic Sea. It is named after the adjacent port city of Gdańsk in Poland.","title":"Gdańsk Bay"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bay_Gdansk_2006.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bay of Puck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Puck"},{"link_name":"Vistula Lagoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistula_Lagoon"},{"link_name":"Vistula Spit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistula_Spit"},{"link_name":"Strait of Baltiysk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Baltiysk"},{"link_name":"Gdańsk Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Cape Rozewie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82awowo"},{"link_name":"Hel Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hel_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Kaliningrad Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Sambian Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambia"},{"link_name":"Hel peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hel_peninsula"},{"link_name":"Vistula Spit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistula_Spit"},{"link_name":"salinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salinity"},{"link_name":"Gdańsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"Gdynia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gdynia"},{"link_name":"Puck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puck,_Poland"},{"link_name":"Sopot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopot"},{"link_name":"Hel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hel,_Poland"},{"link_name":"Kaliningrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad"},{"link_name":"Primorsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primorsk,_Kaliningrad_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Baltiysk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltiysk"},{"link_name":"Vistula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistula"},{"link_name":"Pregolya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregolya"},{"link_name":"Leniwka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leniwka"},{"link_name":"Śmiała Wisła","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Amia%C5%82a_Wis%C5%82a"},{"link_name":"Martwa Wisła","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martwa_Wis%C5%82a"},{"link_name":"Vistula Lagoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistula_Lagoon"},{"link_name":"Nogat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nogat"},{"link_name":"Szkarpawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szkarpawa"}],"text":"Gulf of Gdańsk is known for its beaches.The western part of Gulf of Gdańsk is formed by the shallow waters of the Bay of Puck. The southeastern part is the Vistula Lagoon, separated by the Vistula Spit and connected to the open sea by the Strait of Baltiysk.The bay is enclosed by a large curve of the shores of Gdańsk Pomerania in Poland (Cape Rozewie, Hel Peninsula) and the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia (Sambian Peninsula). The coast of the bay features two very long sandspits, the Hel peninsula and the Vistula Spit. The former defines the Bay of Puck, the latter defines the Vistula Lagoon.The maximum depth is 120 metres and it has a salinity of 0.7%.The major ports and coastal cities are Gdańsk, Gdynia, Puck, Sopot, Hel, Kaliningrad, Primorsk and Baltiysk. The main rivers of Gdańsk Bay are the Vistula and the Pregolya. The bay receives the waters of the Vistula direct via three branches—the Leniwka, the Śmiała Wisła and the Martwa Wisła—and indirectly via the Vistula Lagoon with two branches, the Nogat and the Szkarpawa.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kaliningrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"By nautic definition, the Gulf of Gdańsk is much larger, including also the area of the Baltic Sea in front of the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad and the Lithuanian coast.[3]","title":"Nautic definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"naval bombardment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gda%C5%84sk_Bay"},{"link_name":"invasion of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Metalocalypse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalocalypse"}],"text":"The bayshore was the setting of a naval bombardment during the invasion of Poland, the first combat action of World War II.The bay plays a pivotal role in the American animated television series Metalocalypse.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Curonians_kursenieki_in_1649.png"},{"link_name":"Kursenieki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kursenieki"},{"link_name":"Baltic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balts"},{"link_name":"Curonian Spit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curonian_Spit"},{"link_name":"Memel (Klaipėda)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da"},{"link_name":"Danzig (Gdańsk)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"Germans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans"},{"link_name":"Latvians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvians"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Memel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da"},{"link_name":"East Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Prussia"}],"sub_title":"Kursenieki","text":"Curonian-populated area in 1649Today the Kursenieki, also known as Kuršininkai, are a nearly extinct Baltic ethnic group living along the Curonian Spit. In 1649 Kuršininkai settlement spanned from Memel (Klaipėda) to Danzig (Gdańsk). The Kuršininkai were eventually assimilated by the Germans, except along the Curonian Spit where some still live. The Kuršininkai were considered Latvians until after World War I when Latvia gained independence from the Russian Empire, a consideration based on linguistic arguments. This was the rationale for Latvian claims over the Curonian Spit, Memel, and other territories of East Prussia which would be later dropped.","title":"History"}] | [{"image_text":"Bay of Gdańsk","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Bay_of_Gda%C5%84sk_Zatoka_Gda%C5%84ska.png/300px-Bay_of_Gda%C5%84sk_Zatoka_Gda%C5%84ska.png"},{"image_text":"Gulf of Gdańsk is known for its beaches.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bay_Gdansk_2006.jpg/220px-Bay_Gdansk_2006.jpg"},{"image_text":"Curonian-populated area in 1649","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Curonians_kursenieki_in_1649.png/150px-Curonians_kursenieki_in_1649.png"}] | [{"title":"Battle of Oliwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Oliwa"}] | [{"reference":"\"Gulf-of-Gdansk\". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2023-03-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/place/Gulf-of-Gdansk","url_text":"\"Gulf-of-Gdansk\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gda%C5%84sk_Bay¶ms=54_28_59_N_18_57_31_E_region:PL-PM_type:waterbody_scale:1000000","external_links_name":"54°28′59″N 18°57′31″E / 54.48306°N 18.95861°E / 54.48306; 18.95861"},{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/place/Gulf-of-Gdansk","external_links_name":"\"Gulf-of-Gdansk\""},{"Link":"http://www.smhi.se/sgn0102/n0205/havsomr/havsomr_plansch.pdf","external_links_name":"The Baltic Sea, Kattegat and Skagerrak – sea areas and draining basins"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225024/http://www.smhi.se/sgn0102/n0205/havsomr/havsomr_plansch.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180410143914/http://www.vesseltracker.com/en/Googleearth.html","external_links_name":"plugin"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/248947742","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4011041-2","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007541390805171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh87001701","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gda%C5%84sk_Bay¶ms=54_28_59_N_18_57_31_E_region:PL-PM_type:waterbody_scale:1000000","external_links_name":"54°28′59″N 18°57′31″E / 54.48306°N 18.95861°E / 54.48306; 18.95861"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emsb%C3%BCren | Emsbüren | ["1 Personalities","2 References"] | Coordinates: 52°23′33″N 07°17′29″E / 52.39250°N 7.29139°E / 52.39250; 7.29139Municipality in Lower Saxony, GermanyEmsbüren MunicipalityChurch of Saint Andrew
FlagCoat of armsLocation of Emsbüren within Emsland district
Emsbüren Show map of GermanyEmsbüren Show map of Lower SaxonyCoordinates: 52°23′33″N 07°17′29″E / 52.39250°N 7.29139°E / 52.39250; 7.29139CountryGermanyStateLower SaxonyDistrictEmsland Subdivisions8 OrtsteileGovernment • Mayor (2021–26) Markus Silies (CDU)Area • Total139.31 km2 (53.79 sq mi)Elevation43 m (141 ft)Population (2022-12-31) • Total10,626 • Density76/km2 (200/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)Postal codes48488Dialling codes05903Vehicle registrationELWebsitewww.emsbueren.de
cooling tower of the Emsland Nuclear Power Plant, view from Elbergen
Emsbüren is a municipality in the Emsland district, Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated on the river Ems, approx. 15 km south of Lingen, and 15 km northwest of Rheine.
It has a railway station: Leschede.
Personalities
Willi Heeks (1922-1996), German automobile racing driver
René Tebbel (born 1969), German showjumper
References
^ "Direktwahlen in Niedersachsen vom 12. September 2021" (PDF). Landesamt für Statistik Niedersachsen. 13 October 2021.
^ "LSN-Online Regionaldatenbank, Tabelle A100001G: Fortschreibung des Bevölkerungsstandes, Stand 31. Dezember 2022" (in German). Landesamt für Statistik Niedersachsen.
vteTowns and municipalities in Emsland (district)
Andervenne
Bawinkel
Beesten
Bockhorst
Börger
Breddenberg
Dersum
Dohren
Dörpen
Emsbüren
Esterwegen
Freren
Fresenburg
Geeste
Gersten
Groß Berßen
Handrup
Haren
Haselünne
Heede
Herzlake
Hilkenbrook
Hüven
Klein Berßen
Kluse
Lähden
Lahn
Langen
Lathen
Lehe
Lengerich
Lingen
Lorup
Lünne
Meppen
Messingen
Neubörger
Neulehe
Niederlangen
Oberlangen
Papenburg
Rastdorf
Renkenberge
Rhede
Salzbergen
Schapen
Sögel
Spahnharrenstätte
Spelle
Stavern
Surwold
Sustrum
Thuine
Twist
Vrees
Walchum
Werlte
Werpeloh
Wettrup
Wippingen
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Geographic
MusicBrainz area
This Emsland district location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elbergen,_koeltorens_energiecentrale_positie2_foto1_2011-05-07_13.04.JPG"},{"link_name":"Emsland Nuclear Power Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emsland_Nuclear_Power_Plant"},{"link_name":"Emsland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emsland"},{"link_name":"Lower Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Saxony"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Ems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ems_(river)"},{"link_name":"Lingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingen"},{"link_name":"Rheine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheine"},{"link_name":"Leschede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leschede_railway_station"}],"text":"Municipality in Lower Saxony, Germanycooling tower of the Emsland Nuclear Power Plant, view from ElbergenEmsbüren is a municipality in the Emsland district, Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated on the river Ems, approx. 15 km south of Lingen, and 15 km northwest of Rheine.It has a railway station: Leschede.","title":"Emsbüren"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Willi Heeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willi_Heeks"},{"link_name":"René Tebbel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Tebbel"}],"text":"Willi Heeks (1922-1996), German automobile racing driver\nRené Tebbel (born 1969), German showjumper","title":"Personalities"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Emsb%C3%BCren_in_EL.svg/208px-Emsb%C3%BCren_in_EL.svg.png"},{"image_text":"cooling tower of the Emsland Nuclear Power Plant, view from Elbergen","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Elbergen%2C_koeltorens_energiecentrale_positie2_foto1_2011-05-07_13.04.JPG/200px-Elbergen%2C_koeltorens_energiecentrale_positie2_foto1_2011-05-07_13.04.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Direktwahlen in Niedersachsen vom 12. September 2021\" (PDF). Landesamt für Statistik Niedersachsen. 13 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://wahlen.statistik.niedersachsen.de/KW2021/reports/DW/20210912_DW_Uebersicht.pdf","url_text":"\"Direktwahlen in Niedersachsen vom 12. September 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landesamt_f%C3%BCr_Statistik_Niedersachsen","url_text":"Landesamt für Statistik Niedersachsen"}]},{"reference":"\"LSN-Online Regionaldatenbank, Tabelle A100001G: Fortschreibung des Bevölkerungsstandes, Stand 31. Dezember 2022\" (in German). Landesamt für Statistik Niedersachsen.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.statistik.niedersachsen.de/startseite/","url_text":"\"LSN-Online Regionaldatenbank, Tabelle A100001G: Fortschreibung des Bevölkerungsstandes, Stand 31. Dezember 2022\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landesamt_f%C3%BCr_Statistik_Niedersachsen","url_text":"Landesamt für Statistik Niedersachsen"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Emsb%C3%BCren¶ms=52_23_33_N_07_17_29_E_type:city(10626)_region:DE-NI","external_links_name":"52°23′33″N 07°17′29″E / 52.39250°N 7.29139°E / 52.39250; 7.29139"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Emsb%C3%BCren¶ms=52_23_33_N_07_17_29_E_type:city(10626)_region:DE-NI","external_links_name":"52°23′33″N 07°17′29″E / 52.39250°N 7.29139°E / 52.39250; 7.29139"},{"Link":"https://www.emsbueren.de/","external_links_name":"www.emsbueren.de"},{"Link":"https://wahlen.statistik.niedersachsen.de/KW2021/reports/DW/20210912_DW_Uebersicht.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Direktwahlen in Niedersachsen vom 12. September 2021\""},{"Link":"http://www.statistik.niedersachsen.de/startseite/","external_links_name":"\"LSN-Online Regionaldatenbank, Tabelle A100001G: Fortschreibung des Bevölkerungsstandes, Stand 31. Dezember 2022\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/236499506","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmHMv7vCHXjkpY9tr4H4q","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4300123-3","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/3d232ce9-fe21-4210-937f-a3a35e172b45","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emsb%C3%BCren&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Lyon_(disambiguation) | Council of Lyon | ["1 References"] | The Council of Lyon may refer to a number of synods or councils of the Roman Catholic Church, held in Lyon, France or in nearby Anse.
Previous to 1313, a certain Abbé Martin counted twenty-eight synods or councils held at Lyons
or at Anse.
Some of these synods include:
Synod of Lyon (before 523), at which eleven of the members of the Synod of Epaone (517) were present
Synod of Lyon (567), in the presence of Pope John III and during which bishops Salonius of Embrun and Sagittarius of Gap were condemned
First Council of Lyon (1245; Pope Innocent IV; regarding the Crusades)
Second Council of Lyon (1274; Pope Gregory X; regarding union with the Eastern Orthodox and other matters)
References
^ "Councils of Lyons". New Advent - newadvent.org/.
^ "Councils of Anse". New Advent - newadvent.org/.
Index of articles associated with the same name
This article includes a list of related items that share the same name (or similar names). If an internal link incorrectly led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Synod of Epaone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synod_of_Epaone"},{"link_name":"Pope John III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_III"},{"link_name":"Salonius of Embrun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salonius_of_Embrun"},{"link_name":"First Council of Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Council_of_Lyon"},{"link_name":"Second Council of Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyon"}],"text":"Previous to 1313, a certain Abbé Martin counted twenty-eight synods or councils held at Lyons[1]\nor at Anse.[2]Some of these synods include:Synod of Lyon (before 523), at which eleven of the members of the Synod of Epaone (517) were present\nSynod of Lyon (567), in the presence of Pope John III and during which bishops Salonius of Embrun and Sagittarius of Gap were condemned\nFirst Council of Lyon (1245; Pope Innocent IV; regarding the Crusades)\nSecond Council of Lyon (1274; Pope Gregory X; regarding union with the Eastern Orthodox and other matters)","title":"Council of Lyon"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Councils of Lyons\". New Advent - newadvent.org/.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09476a.htm","url_text":"\"Councils of Lyons\""}]},{"reference":"\"Councils of Anse\". New Advent - newadvent.org/.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01545a.htm","url_text":"\"Councils of Anse\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09476a.htm","external_links_name":"\"Councils of Lyons\""},{"Link":"http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01545a.htm","external_links_name":"\"Councils of Anse\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/Council_of_Lyon&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Commission_for_Riyadh_City | Royal Commission for Riyadh City | ["1 History","2 Responsibilities","3 Main projects","4 References"] | Royal commission in Saudi Arabia that is concerned with the development of Riyadh
Royal Commission for Riyadh CityArabic: الهيئة الملكية لمدينة الرياضAgency overviewFormed20 June 1974 as the High Commission for the Development of ArriyadhPreceding agenciesThe High Commission for the Development of Arriyadh (1974–2018)The Riyadh Development Authority (2018–2019)JurisdictionGovernment of Saudi ArabiaHeadquarters7666 Amr Al Damri Street, as-Safarat 12512, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaWebsitewww.rcrc.gov.sa
The Royal Commission for Riyadh City (RCRC) (Arabic: الهيئة الملكية لمدينة الرياض), formerly The Riyadh Development Authority (RDA) and The High Commission for the Development of Arriyadh, is a royal commission established in 1974 during the reign of King Faisal bin Abdulaziz which was tasked with overseeing urban, economic, social and cultural development of Riyadh, the capital of Saudi Arabia.
History
The Royal Commission for Riyadh City was established during the reign of King Faisal as the High Commission for the Development of Arriyadh through a resolution of the Council of Ministers decree No. 717, dated 20 June 1974 (29/05/1394H) to realize the will of the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques to establish a joint authority that leads, supervises and orchestrates the comprehensive development of the city of Riyadh.
Responsibilities
The Royal Commission for Riyadh will take the responsibilities of Riyadh Development Authority. These responsibilities include setting up the policies for the metropolitan development as well as supervising the strategic programs and plans from the study to the implementation.
Main projects
There are various projects developed by the commission including:
King Abdulaziz Project for Riyadh Public Transport.
Historical Addir'iyah Development Program.
Wadi Namar and Wadi Laban Environmental Rehabilitation Project.
King Abdulaziz Historical Center Project.
Saudi Railway .
References
^ Release, Press. "RCRC announces opening of Singapore's One World International School in Riyadh". www.zawya.com. Retrieved 2022-05-23.
^ "King Salman issues royal decrees, including creation of industry and resources ministry". Arab News. 2019-08-30. Retrieved 2019-09-01.
^ "King Salman issues royal decrees, including setting up of industry and resources ministry". Saudigazette. 2019-08-30. Retrieved 2019-09-01.
^ "About the Royal Commission for Riyadh City". الهيئة الملكية لمدينة الرياض. 2019-07-10. Retrieved 2022-05-24.
^ "Rriyadh Development Authority - About". www.ada.gov.sa. Retrieved 2019-09-01.
^ "King Abdulaziz Project for Riyadh Public Transport". www.ada.gov.sa. Retrieved 2019-09-01.
^ "Historical Addir'iyah Development Program". www.ada.gov.sa. Retrieved 2019-09-01.
^ "Wadi Namar and Wadi Laban Environmental Rehabilitation Project". www.ada.gov.sa. Retrieved 2019-09-01.
^ "King Abdulaziz Historical Center Project". www.ada.gov.sa. Retrieved 2019-09-01.
^ "Salam Park Project". www.ada.gov.sa. Retrieved 2019-09-01.
Saudi Arabia portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"royal commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_commission"},{"link_name":"Faisal bin Abdulaziz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal_of_Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Riyadh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Royal Commission for Riyadh City (RCRC) (Arabic: الهيئة الملكية لمدينة الرياض), formerly The Riyadh Development Authority (RDA) and The High Commission for the Development of Arriyadh,[1] is a royal commission established in 1974 during the reign of King Faisal bin Abdulaziz which was tasked with overseeing urban, economic, social and cultural development of Riyadh,[2][3] the capital of Saudi Arabia.","title":"Royal Commission for Riyadh City"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"King Faisal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal_of_Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Council of Ministers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custodian_of_the_Two_Holy_Mosques"},{"link_name":"Riyadh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Royal Commission for Riyadh City was established during the reign of King Faisal as the High Commission for the Development of Arriyadh through a resolution of the Council of Ministers decree No. 717, dated 20 June 1974 (29/05/1394H) to realize the will of the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques to establish a joint authority that leads, supervises and orchestrates the comprehensive development of the city of Riyadh.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Royal Commission for Riyadh will take the responsibilities of Riyadh Development Authority. These responsibilities include setting up the policies for the metropolitan development as well as supervising the strategic programs and plans from the study to the implementation.[5]","title":"Responsibilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Addir'iyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diriyah"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"There are various projects developed by the commission including:King Abdulaziz Project for Riyadh Public Transport.[6]\nHistorical Addir'iyah Development Program.[7]\nWadi Namar and Wadi Laban Environmental Rehabilitation Project.[8]\nKing Abdulaziz Historical Center Project.[9]\nSaudi Railway .[10]","title":"Main projects"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Release, Press. \"RCRC announces opening of Singapore's One World International School in Riyadh\". www.zawya.com. Retrieved 2022-05-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zawya.com/en/press-release/companies-news/rcrc-announces-opening-of-singapores-one-world-international-school-in-riyadh-ogsb2ixi","url_text":"\"RCRC announces opening of Singapore's One World International School in Riyadh\""}]},{"reference":"\"King Salman issues royal decrees, including creation of industry and resources ministry\". Arab News. 2019-08-30. Retrieved 2019-09-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.arabnews.com/node/1547546/saudi-arabia","url_text":"\"King Salman issues royal decrees, including creation of industry and resources ministry\""}]},{"reference":"\"King Salman issues royal decrees, including setting up of industry and resources ministry\". Saudigazette. 2019-08-30. 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Retrieved 2019-09-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ada.gov.sa/ADA_e/DocumentShow_e/?url=/res/ADA/En/Projects/RiyadhMetro/index.html","url_text":"\"King Abdulaziz Project for Riyadh Public Transport\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historical Addir'iyah Development Program\". www.ada.gov.sa. Retrieved 2019-09-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ada.gov.sa/ADA_e/DocumentShow_e/?url=/res/ADA/En/Projects/Addiriyah/index.html","url_text":"\"Historical Addir'iyah Development Program\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wadi Namar and Wadi Laban Environmental Rehabilitation Project\". www.ada.gov.sa. Retrieved 2019-09-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ada.gov.sa/ADA_e/DocumentShow_e/?url=/res/ADA/En/Projects/Namar/index.html","url_text":"\"Wadi Namar and Wadi Laban Environmental Rehabilitation Project\""}]},{"reference":"\"King Abdulaziz Historical Center Project\". www.ada.gov.sa. Retrieved 2019-09-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ada.gov.sa/ADA_e/DocumentShow_e/?url=/res/ADA/En/Projects/KAHC/index.html","url_text":"\"King Abdulaziz Historical Center Project\""}]},{"reference":"\"Salam Park Project\". www.ada.gov.sa. Retrieved 2019-09-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ada.gov.sa/ADA_e/DocumentShow_e/?url=/res/ADA/En/Projects/Salam_Park/index.html","url_text":"\"Salam Park Project\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.rcrc.gov.sa/","external_links_name":"www.rcrc.gov.sa"},{"Link":"https://www.zawya.com/en/press-release/companies-news/rcrc-announces-opening-of-singapores-one-world-international-school-in-riyadh-ogsb2ixi","external_links_name":"\"RCRC announces opening of Singapore's One World International School in Riyadh\""},{"Link":"https://www.arabnews.com/node/1547546/saudi-arabia","external_links_name":"\"King Salman issues royal decrees, including creation of industry and resources ministry\""},{"Link":"http://saudigazette.com.sa/article/575953","external_links_name":"\"King Salman issues royal decrees, including setting up of industry and resources ministry\""},{"Link":"https://www.rcrc.gov.sa/en/about-us","external_links_name":"\"About the Royal Commission for Riyadh City\""},{"Link":"http://www.ada.gov.sa/ADA_E/About_RDA_E/index.htm?i=2","external_links_name":"\"Rriyadh Development Authority - About\""},{"Link":"http://www.ada.gov.sa/ADA_e/DocumentShow_e/?url=/res/ADA/En/Projects/RiyadhMetro/index.html","external_links_name":"\"King Abdulaziz Project for Riyadh Public Transport\""},{"Link":"http://www.ada.gov.sa/ADA_e/DocumentShow_e/?url=/res/ADA/En/Projects/Addiriyah/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Historical Addir'iyah Development Program\""},{"Link":"http://www.ada.gov.sa/ADA_e/DocumentShow_e/?url=/res/ADA/En/Projects/Namar/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Wadi Namar and Wadi Laban Environmental Rehabilitation Project\""},{"Link":"http://www.ada.gov.sa/ADA_e/DocumentShow_e/?url=/res/ADA/En/Projects/KAHC/index.html","external_links_name":"\"King Abdulaziz Historical Center Project\""},{"Link":"http://www.ada.gov.sa/ADA_e/DocumentShow_e/?url=/res/ADA/En/Projects/Salam_Park/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Salam Park Project\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_and_Spike | Sugar and Spike | ["1 Publication history","2 Featured characters","3 Revival","4 In other media","5 Collected editions","6 References","7 Notes","8 External links"] | Sugar and SpikeCover to Sugar and Spike #1 (April/May 1956), art by Sheldon Mayer.Publication informationPublisherDC ComicsScheduleBimonthlyFormatStandardPublication dateApril/May 1956-October/November 1971No. of issues98Main character(s)Sugar PlummCecil "Spike" WilsonCreative teamCreated bySheldon MayerWritten bySheldon MayerArtist(s)Sheldon MayerEditor(s)Larry Nadle #1–52Murray Boltinoff #53–93Dick Giordano #94E. Nelson Bridwell #95–98
Sugar and Spike is an American comic book series published by DC Comics from 1956 through 1971, named after its main protagonists. The series was created, written, and drawn by Sheldon Mayer.
Publication history
The series was launched in 1956 along with another Sheldon Mayer creation The Three Mouseketeers, and it was supervised by Larry Nadle, who edited DC's humor line until his death in 1963. The Sugar & Spike series had 98 issues published in the United States through 1971, when due to Mayer's failing eyesight that limited his drawing ability, the series was canceled. Later, after cataract surgery restored his eyesight, Mayer returned to writing and drawing Sugar and Spike stories, continuing to do so until his death in 1991; these stories appeared in overseas markets and only a few have been reprinted in the United States. The American reprints appeared in the digest sized comics series The Best of DC #29, 41, 47, 58, 65, and 68. In 1992, Sugar and Spike #99 was published as part of the DC Silver Age Classics series; this featured two previously unpublished stories by Mayer. DC Comics writer and executive Paul Levitz has described Sugar and Spike as being "Mayer's most charming and enduring creation". Novelist and Sandman creator Neil Gaiman said the "Sheldon Mayer's Sugar and Spike series...is the most charming thing I've ever seen in comics".
DC attempted to license Sugar and Spike as a syndicated newspaper strip but was unsuccessful. Sales on the "Sugar and Spike" issues of The Best of DC were strong enough that DC announced plans for a new ongoing series featuring the characters. The project was never launched for unknown reasons.
Mayer had an agreement with DC that no one else could write Sugar and Spike. Despite this, they have occasionally made cameo appearances in modern comic books. They are rescued by the underwater heroine Dolphin in Showcase #100. They appear as theme park characters in Justice League Spectacular; as being baby-sat by Cassie Sandsmark in Wonder Woman #113; and as teenagers on the crowded cover of Legionnaires #43. They have a cameo on a video screen in Planet Krypton in Kingdom Come #1. The two made speaking cameo appearances in the first two pages of The All-New Batman: The Brave and the Bold #4, but they were not named. In an issue of the digital-first series Adventures of Superman, the children are babysat by Superman in his secret identity as reporter Clark Kent.
Featured characters
The comic featured the misadventures of two toddlers named Sugar Plumm and Cecil "Spike" Wilson, who possessed the ability to communicate via "baby talk" with each other and to other infants, but not to adults. It shared ideas concerning baby-talk with P. L. Travers' Mary Poppins novel; one notable feature was that all babies spoke the same baby-talk "language", allowing Sugar and Spike to speak with not only human infants, but baby animals as well. Another popular recurring feature was paper dolls of the two leads, with outfits based on designs submitted by readers. Mayer used his own children, Merrily and Lanney, as inspiration for the strip.
In addition to the toddlers, their parents and adults, who were only seen from the waist down (Bill and Barbara Plumm; Harvey and Peg Wilson), recurring characters included:
Little Arthur, a "big boy" too old for baby-talk. A spoiled brat and a ruffian, Arthur torments Sugar and Spike, but is invariably outwitted by them in the end. He is introduced in issue #17 (August 1958).
Sugar's Uncle Charley, a bachelor and police officer who is a stereotypical "fun uncle", often playing with the kids and giving them gifts when he comes to visit.
Bernie the Brain, a child genius who, despite being the same age as Sugar and Spike, is an accomplished scientist and inventor who speaks and understands "grown-up talk". When he first encounters Sugar and Spike, he requires a translating device of his own invention to teach him their baby-talk having already progressed past that stage, intellectually. He enjoys the chance to be a normal kid with Sugar and Spike, while the pair loves playing with Bernie's various inventions. The two often seek out Bernie when they encounter something they do not understand, particularly something involving grown-up behavior. Bernie made a cameo in Crisis on Infinite Earths #9 watching Clark Kent on the WGBS television news report on the Crisis and he appears to be very concerned about what is going on.
Revival
Writer Keith Giffen and artist Bilquis Evely brought back the characters as adults in 2016, starring their own adventures (among other characters) in the new ongoing series Legends of Tomorrow. At the time of the announcement, DC Comics Co-Publisher Dan DiDio said of the Sugar And Spike series: "They're not spoiled kids anymore, but they're older and they're operating as private investigators handling problems and mysteries that the superheroes can't handle themselves".
In other media
Sugar and Spike have a cameo in the Batman: The Brave and the Bold episode "The Siege of Starro!", being pictured on the side of an "S & S Diapers" service truck.
Sugar and Spike appear as summonable characters in Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure.
Collected editions
The Sugar and Spike Archives Vol. 1 collects Sugar & Spike #1–10, 272 pages, September 2011, ISBN 1-4012-3112-8
The TOON Treasury of Classic Children's Comics includes "Once upon a time there was a cute little baby boy named (of all things) Cecil..." from Sugar & Spike #1; "Grown-Up Game" from Sugar & Spike #20; and "Pint-Size Love Story" from Sugar & Spike #21, 360 pages, September 2009, Harry N. Abrams, ISBN 0810957302
The Greatest 1950s Stories Ever Told includes "Lobsters Away" from Sugar & Spike #3, 288 pages, October 1990, ISBN 0930289803
Sugar & Spike: Metahuman Investigations collects Sugar & Spike stories from Legends of Tomorrow #1–6, 144 pages, November 2016, ISBN 978-1401264826
References
^ Irvine, Alex; Dolan, Hannah, ed. (2010). "1950s". DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle. London, United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-7566-6742-9. Two children's titles began: Sugar and Spike and The Three Mouseketeers. {{cite book}}: |first2= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Klein, Todd (August 1, 2022). "RAY PERRY to LARRY NADLE, Letters and Art". Todd's Blog. Retrieved June 1, 2024.
^ Sugar & Spike at the Grand Comics Database
^ Overstreet, Robert M. (2019). Overstreet Comic Book Price Guide (49th ed.). Timonium, Maryland: Gemstone Publishing. pp. 1048–1049. ISBN 978-1603602334.
^ a b Markstein, Don. "Sheldon Mayer". Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on May 25, 2024. Retrieved December 3, 2011. He continued to write and draw Sugar & Spike until 1971, when failing eyesight forced him to abandon cartooning...Mayer's sight was restored a few years later, and he went back to producing new Sugar & Spike stories. But the American comic book market was no longer able to support such a feature, so these were mostly published overseas.
^ Overstreet, pp. 506–507
^ DC Silver Age Classics Sugar and Spike #99 (1992) at the Grand Comics Database
^ Overstreet, p. 617
^ Levitz, Paul (2010). 75 Years of DC Comics The Art of Modern Mythmaking. Cologne, Germany: Taschen. p. 64. ISBN 9783836519816.
^ Bender, Hy (1999). The Sandman Companion. New York, New York: Vertigo. p. 154. ISBN 1563894653.
^ Wells, John (July 2012). "The Lost DC Kids Line". Back Issue! (57). Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing: 47. Did you know that DC tried to sell Shelly Mayer's Sugar and Spike as a syndicated newspaper strip? sample, ca. 1979-early 1980s was one of three DC concepts unsuccessfully pitched to papers.
^ Wells p. 46-47: "In a 'Meanwhile' column in several Aug. 1984-dated titles...DC vice-president-executive director Dick Giordano tentatively announced Sugar and Spike #1 as appearing 'sometime this fall or early winter'...Ultimately, for reasons virtually no one recalls, DC quickly got cold feet on the project even as Marvel's Star Comics rolled out in 1985".
^ a b Markstein, Don. "Sugar and Spike". Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on September 13, 2012. Retrieved December 13, 2011. Sugar Plumm and Cecil "Spike" Wilson had to make sense of their environment without assistance from those who already knew their way around it, because everybody but their fellow babies spoke in the incomprehensible gobbledygook of grownups... secured an agreement with DC that he would be the only one ever to write and draw those characters.
^ Levitz, Paul; Kupperberg, Paul (w), Staton, Joe (p), Staton, Joe (i). "There Shall Come a Gathering" Showcase, no. 100 (May 1978).
^ Jurgens, Dan; Jones, Gerard (w), Jurgens, Dan; Randall, Ron (p), Burchett, Rick; Elliot, Randy (i). "Teamwork" Justice League Spectacular, no. 1 (March–April 1992).
^ Byrne, John (w), Byrne, John (p), Byrne, John (i). "Are You Out of Your Minds?!" Wonder Woman, vol. 2, no. 113 (September 1996).
^ Moy, Jeffrey (p), Carani, W. C. (i). Legionnaires, no. 43 (December 1996).
^ Waid, Mark (w), Ross, Alex (p), Ross, Alex (i). "Strange Visitor" Kingdom Come, no. 1 (May 1996).
^ Fisch, Sholly (w), Burchett, Rick (p), Davis, Dan (i). "The Bride and the Bold" The All-New Batman: The Brave and the Bold, no. 4 (April 2011).
^ Nicieza, Fabian (w), Hester, Phil (p), Eric Gapstur (i). "The Coming of ... Sugar and Spike --?" Adventures of Superman, no. 42 (February 2014).
^ Daniels, Les (1995). "Keep Smiling Having a Sense of Humor Helps". DC Comics: Sixty Years of the World's Favorite Comic Book Heroes. New York, New York: Bulfinch Press. p. 240. ISBN 0821220764. The creations of editor and cartoonist Sheldon Mayer, Sugar and Spike were two tiny tots who were old enough to get into trouble but a little too young to talk. As a result, they conversed in baby talk, 'the only language that makes any sense'.
^ Alger, Bill (January 2001). "Sugar's Daddy Talking with Merrily Mayer Harris, Shelly Mayer's Daughter". Comic Book Artist (11). Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing. Archived from the original on November 19, 2008. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
^ Mayer, Sheldon (w), Mayer, Sheldon (p), Mayer, Sheldon (i). "Meet Little Arthur" Sugar & Spike, no. 17 (August 1958).
^ Mayer, Sheldon (w), Mayer, Sheldon (p), Mayer, Sheldon (i). "Bernie the Brain!" Sugar & Spike, no. 72 (August–September 1967).
^ Wolfman, Marv (w), Pérez, George (p), Ordway, Jerry (i). "War Zone" Crisis on Infinite Earths, no. 9 (December 1985).
^ a b Arrant, Chris (July 16, 2015). "DC Reveals 8 New Limited Series - Metal Men, Sugar & Spike, Metamorpho, More". Newsarama. Archived from the original on September 17, 2015.
^ Phegley, Kiel (July 8, 2015). "DiDio Shares First Look At Giffen & Porter's Reinvented Sugar & Spike". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015.
^ "Legends of Tomorrow #1". DC Comics. March 16, 2016. Archived from the original on August 28, 2016.
^ "The Sugar and Spike Archives Vol. 1". DC Comics. March 9, 2012. Archived from the original on November 13, 2015. Retrieved October 14, 2012.
^ "Sugar & Spike: Metahuman Investigations". DC Comics. November 9, 2016. Archived from the original on September 4, 2019. Retrieved September 4, 2019.
Notes
^ Though Nadle edited the title, issues 1–21 were attributed in the indicia to Whitney Ellsworth.
External links
Sugar & Spike at the Comic Book DB (archived from the original)
Sugar and Spike at Cover Browser
Sugar and Spike at Mike's Amazing World of DC Comics
Unofficial Sugar and Spike fan site
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The American reprints appeared in the digest sized comics series The Best of DC #29, 41, 47, 58, 65, and 68.[6] In 1992, Sugar and Spike #99 was published as part of the DC Silver Age Classics series;[7][8] this featured two previously unpublished stories by Mayer. DC Comics writer and executive Paul Levitz has described Sugar and Spike as being \"Mayer's most charming and enduring creation\".[9] Novelist and Sandman creator Neil Gaiman said the \"Sheldon Mayer's Sugar and Spike series...is the most charming thing I've ever seen in comics\".[10]DC attempted to license Sugar and Spike as a syndicated newspaper strip but was unsuccessful.[11] Sales on the \"Sugar and Spike\" issues of The Best of DC were strong enough that DC announced plans for a new ongoing series featuring the characters. The project was never launched for unknown reasons.[12]Mayer had an agreement with DC that no one else could write Sugar and Spike.[13] Despite this, they have occasionally made cameo appearances in modern comic books. They are rescued by the underwater heroine Dolphin in Showcase #100.[14] They appear as theme park characters in Justice League Spectacular;[15] as being baby-sat by Cassie Sandsmark in Wonder Woman #113;[16] and as teenagers on the crowded cover of Legionnaires #43.[17] They have a cameo on a video screen in Planet Krypton in Kingdom Come #1.[18] The two made speaking cameo appearances in the first two pages of The All-New Batman: The Brave and the Bold #4, but they were not named.[19] In an issue of the digital-first series Adventures of Superman, the children are babysat by Superman in his secret identity as reporter Clark Kent.[20]","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"toddlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toddler"},{"link_name":"baby talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_talk"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sugspike-14"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"P. 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L. Travers' Mary Poppins novel; one notable feature was that all babies spoke the same baby-talk \"language\", allowing Sugar and Spike to speak with not only human infants, but baby animals as well. Another popular recurring feature was paper dolls of the two leads, with outfits based on designs submitted by readers. Mayer used his own children, Merrily and Lanney, as inspiration for the strip.[22]In addition to the toddlers, their parents and adults, who were only seen from the waist down (Bill and Barbara Plumm; Harvey and Peg Wilson), recurring characters included:Little Arthur, a \"big boy\" too old for baby-talk. A spoiled brat and a ruffian, Arthur torments Sugar and Spike, but is invariably outwitted by them in the end. He is introduced in issue #17 (August 1958).[23]\nSugar's Uncle Charley, a bachelor and police officer who is a stereotypical \"fun uncle\", often playing with the kids and giving them gifts when he comes to visit.\nBernie the Brain, a child genius who, despite being the same age as Sugar and Spike, is an accomplished scientist and inventor who speaks and understands \"grown-up talk\". When he first encounters Sugar and Spike,[24] he requires a translating device of his own invention to teach him their baby-talk having already progressed past that stage, intellectually. He enjoys the chance to be a normal kid with Sugar and Spike, while the pair loves playing with Bernie's various inventions. The two often seek out Bernie when they encounter something they do not understand, particularly something involving grown-up behavior. Bernie made a cameo in Crisis on Infinite Earths #9 watching Clark Kent on the WGBS television news report on the Crisis and he appears to be very concerned about what is going on.[25]","title":"Featured characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Keith Giffen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Giffen"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newsarama1-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Dan DiDio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_DiDio"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newsarama1-27"}],"text":"Writer Keith Giffen and artist Bilquis Evely brought back the characters as adults in 2016,[26][27] starring their own adventures (among other characters) in the new ongoing series Legends of Tomorrow.[28] At the time of the announcement, DC Comics Co-Publisher Dan DiDio said of the Sugar And Spike series: \"They're not spoiled kids anymore, but they're older and they're operating as private investigators handling problems and mysteries that the superheroes can't handle themselves\".[26]","title":"Revival"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Batman: The Brave and the Bold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman:_The_Brave_and_the_Bold"},{"link_name":"Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scribblenauts_Unmasked:_A_DC_Comics_Adventure"}],"text":"Sugar and Spike have a cameo in the Batman: The Brave and the Bold episode \"The Siege of Starro!\", being pictured on the side of an \"S & S Diapers\" service truck.\nSugar and Spike appear as summonable characters in Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure.","title":"In other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Sugar and Spike Archives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Archive_Editions"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-4012-3112-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4012-3112-8"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Harry N. Abrams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrams_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0810957302","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0810957302"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0930289803","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0930289803"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1401264826","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1401264826"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"The Sugar and Spike Archives Vol. 1 collects Sugar & Spike #1–10, 272 pages, September 2011, ISBN 1-4012-3112-8[29]\nThe TOON Treasury of Classic Children's Comics includes \"Once upon a time there was a cute little baby boy named (of all things) Cecil...\" from Sugar & Spike #1; \"Grown-Up Game\" from Sugar & Spike #20; and \"Pint-Size Love Story\" from Sugar & Spike #21, 360 pages, September 2009, Harry N. Abrams, ISBN 0810957302\nThe Greatest 1950s Stories Ever Told includes \"Lobsters Away\" from Sugar & Spike #3, 288 pages, October 1990, ISBN 0930289803\nSugar & Spike: Metahuman Investigations collects Sugar & Spike stories from Legends of Tomorrow #1–6, 144 pages, November 2016, ISBN 978-1401264826[30]","title":"Collected editions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Whitney Ellsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitney_Ellsworth"}],"text":"^ Though Nadle edited the title, issues 1–21 were attributed in the indicia to Whitney Ellsworth.","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Irvine, Alex; Dolan, Hannah, ed. (2010). \"1950s\". DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle. London, United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-7566-6742-9. Two children's titles began: Sugar and Spike and The Three Mouseketeers.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_C._Irvine","url_text":"Irvine, Alex"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorling_Kindersley","url_text":"Dorling Kindersley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-6742-9","url_text":"978-0-7566-6742-9"}]},{"reference":"Klein, Todd (August 1, 2022). \"RAY PERRY to LARRY NADLE, Letters and Art\". Todd's Blog. Retrieved June 1, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://kleinletters.com/Blog/ray-perry-to-larry-nadle-letters-and-art/","url_text":"\"RAY PERRY to LARRY NADLE, Letters and Art\""}]},{"reference":"Overstreet, Robert M. (2019). Overstreet Comic Book Price Guide (49th ed.). Timonium, Maryland: Gemstone Publishing. pp. 1048–1049. ISBN 978-1603602334.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overstreet_Comic_Book_Price_Guide","url_text":"Overstreet Comic Book Price Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemstone_Publishing","url_text":"Gemstone Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1603602334","url_text":"978-1603602334"}]},{"reference":"Markstein, Don. \"Sheldon Mayer\". Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on May 25, 2024. Retrieved December 3, 2011. He continued to write and draw Sugar & Spike until 1971, when failing eyesight forced him to abandon cartooning...Mayer's sight was restored a few years later, and he went back to producing new Sugar & Spike stories. But the American comic book market was no longer able to support such a feature, so these were mostly published overseas.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.toonopedia.com/sh_mayer.htm","url_text":"\"Sheldon Mayer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Markstein%27s_Toonopedia","url_text":"Don Markstein's Toonopedia"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20240525151213/https://www.webcitation.org/63e1zyO1w?url=http://www.toonopedia.com/sh_mayer.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Levitz, Paul (2010). 75 Years of DC Comics The Art of Modern Mythmaking. Cologne, Germany: Taschen. p. 64. ISBN 9783836519816.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Levitz","url_text":"Levitz, Paul"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taschen","url_text":"Taschen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783836519816","url_text":"9783836519816"}]},{"reference":"Bender, Hy (1999). The Sandman Companion. New York, New York: Vertigo. p. 154. ISBN 1563894653.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertigo_(DC_Comics)","url_text":"Vertigo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1563894653","url_text":"1563894653"}]},{"reference":"Wells, John (July 2012). \"The Lost DC Kids Line\". Back Issue! (57). Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing: 47. Did you know that DC tried to sell Shelly Mayer's Sugar and Spike as a syndicated newspaper strip? [A] sample, ca. 1979-early 1980s was one of three DC concepts unsuccessfully pitched to papers.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_Issue!","url_text":"Back Issue!"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TwoMorrows_Publishing","url_text":"TwoMorrows Publishing"}]},{"reference":"Markstein, Don. \"Sugar and Spike\". Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on September 13, 2012. Retrieved December 13, 2011. Sugar Plumm and Cecil \"Spike\" Wilson had to make sense of their environment without assistance from those who already knew their way around it, because everybody but their fellow babies spoke in the incomprehensible gobbledygook of grownups...[Mayer] secured an agreement with DC that he would be the only one ever to write and draw those characters.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120913073710/http://www.toonopedia.com/sugspike.htm","url_text":"\"Sugar and Spike\""},{"url":"http://www.toonopedia.com/sugspike.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Daniels, Les (1995). \"Keep Smiling Having a Sense of Humor Helps\". DC Comics: Sixty Years of the World's Favorite Comic Book Heroes. New York, New York: Bulfinch Press. p. 240. ISBN 0821220764. The creations of editor and cartoonist Sheldon Mayer, Sugar and Spike were two tiny tots who were old enough to get into trouble but a little too young to talk. As a result, they conversed in baby talk, 'the only language that makes any sense'.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Daniels","url_text":"Daniels, Les"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics:_Sixty_Years_of_the_World%27s_Favorite_Comic_Book_Heroes","url_text":"DC Comics: Sixty Years of the World's Favorite Comic Book Heroes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little,_Brown_and_Company","url_text":"Bulfinch Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0821220764","url_text":"0821220764"}]},{"reference":"Alger, Bill (January 2001). \"Sugar's Daddy Talking with Merrily Mayer Harris, Shelly Mayer's Daughter\". Comic Book Artist (11). Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing. Archived from the original on November 19, 2008. Retrieved May 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081119160422/http://www.twomorrows.com/comicbookartist/articles/11merrily.html","url_text":"\"Sugar's Daddy Talking with Merrily Mayer Harris, Shelly Mayer's Daughter\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Book_Artist","url_text":"Comic Book Artist"},{"url":"http://www.twomorrows.com/comicbookartist/articles/11merrily.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Arrant, Chris (July 16, 2015). \"DC Reveals 8 New Limited Series - Metal Men, Sugar & Spike, Metamorpho, More\". Newsarama. Archived from the original on September 17, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150917214940/http://www.newsarama.com/25043-dc-reveals-8-new-limited-series-metal-men-sugar-spike-metamorpho-more.html","url_text":"\"DC Reveals 8 New Limited Series - Metal Men, Sugar & Spike, Metamorpho, More\""},{"url":"http://www.newsarama.com/25043-dc-reveals-8-new-limited-series-metal-men-sugar-spike-metamorpho-more.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Phegley, Kiel (July 8, 2015). \"DiDio Shares First Look At Giffen & Porter's Reinvented Sugar & Spike\". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150905060528/http://www.comicbookresources.com/article/didio-shares-first-look-at-giffen-porters-reinvented-sugar-spike","url_text":"\"DiDio Shares First Look At Giffen & Porter's Reinvented Sugar & Spike\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Book_Resources","url_text":"Comic Book Resources"},{"url":"http://www.comicbookresources.com/article/didio-shares-first-look-at-giffen-porters-reinvented-sugar-spike","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Legends of Tomorrow #1\". DC Comics. March 16, 2016. Archived from the original on August 28, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dccomics.com/comics/legends-of-tomorrow-2016/legends-of-tomorrow-1","url_text":"\"Legends of Tomorrow #1\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160828192434/http://www.dccomics.com/comics/legends-of-tomorrow-2016/legends-of-tomorrow-1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Sugar and Spike Archives Vol. 1\". DC Comics. March 9, 2012. Archived from the original on November 13, 2015. Retrieved October 14, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dccomics.com/graphic-novels/sugar-and-spike-archives-vol-1","url_text":"\"The Sugar and Spike Archives Vol. 1\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151113051917/http://www.dccomics.com/graphic-novels/sugar-and-spike-archives-vol-1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Sugar & Spike: Metahuman Investigations\". DC Comics. November 9, 2016. Archived from the original on September 4, 2019. Retrieved September 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dccomics.com/graphic-novels/legends-of-tomorrow-2016/sugar-spike-metahuman-investigations","url_text":"\"Sugar & Spike: Metahuman Investigations\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20190904005658/https://www.dccomics.com/graphic-novels/legends-of-tomorrow-2016/sugar-spike-metahuman-investigations","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://kleinletters.com/Blog/ray-perry-to-larry-nadle-letters-and-art/","external_links_name":"\"RAY PERRY to LARRY NADLE, Letters and Art\""},{"Link":"https://www.comics.org/series/1195","external_links_name":"Sugar & Spike"},{"Link":"http://www.toonopedia.com/sh_mayer.htm","external_links_name":"\"Sheldon Mayer\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20240525151213/https://www.webcitation.org/63e1zyO1w?url=http://www.toonopedia.com/sh_mayer.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.comics.org/series/17352","external_links_name":"DC Silver Age Classics Sugar and Spike #99 (1992)"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120913073710/http://www.toonopedia.com/sugspike.htm","external_links_name":"\"Sugar and Spike\""},{"Link":"http://www.toonopedia.com/sugspike.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081119160422/http://www.twomorrows.com/comicbookartist/articles/11merrily.html","external_links_name":"\"Sugar's Daddy Talking with Merrily Mayer Harris, Shelly Mayer's Daughter\""},{"Link":"http://www.twomorrows.com/comicbookartist/articles/11merrily.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150917214940/http://www.newsarama.com/25043-dc-reveals-8-new-limited-series-metal-men-sugar-spike-metamorpho-more.html","external_links_name":"\"DC Reveals 8 New Limited Series - Metal Men, Sugar & Spike, Metamorpho, More\""},{"Link":"http://www.newsarama.com/25043-dc-reveals-8-new-limited-series-metal-men-sugar-spike-metamorpho-more.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150905060528/http://www.comicbookresources.com/article/didio-shares-first-look-at-giffen-porters-reinvented-sugar-spike","external_links_name":"\"DiDio Shares First Look At Giffen & Porter's Reinvented Sugar & Spike\""},{"Link":"http://www.comicbookresources.com/article/didio-shares-first-look-at-giffen-porters-reinvented-sugar-spike","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.dccomics.com/comics/legends-of-tomorrow-2016/legends-of-tomorrow-1","external_links_name":"\"Legends of Tomorrow #1\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160828192434/http://www.dccomics.com/comics/legends-of-tomorrow-2016/legends-of-tomorrow-1","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.dccomics.com/graphic-novels/sugar-and-spike-archives-vol-1","external_links_name":"\"The Sugar and Spike Archives Vol. 1\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151113051917/http://www.dccomics.com/graphic-novels/sugar-and-spike-archives-vol-1","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.dccomics.com/graphic-novels/legends-of-tomorrow-2016/sugar-spike-metahuman-investigations","external_links_name":"\"Sugar & Spike: Metahuman Investigations\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20190904005658/https://www.dccomics.com/graphic-novels/legends-of-tomorrow-2016/sugar-spike-metahuman-investigations","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/2018010101/http://comicbookdb.com/title.php?ID=11165","external_links_name":"Sugar & Spike"},{"Link":"http://comicbookdb.com/title.php?ID=11165","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.coverbrowser.com/covers/sugar-and-spike","external_links_name":"Sugar and Spike"},{"Link":"http://www.mikesamazingworld.com/mikes/features/series.php?seriesid=1926","external_links_name":"Sugar and Spike"},{"Link":"http://members.tripod.com/sugar_and_spike/","external_links_name":"Unofficial Sugar and Spike fan site"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Eibeler | Paul Eibeler | ["1 Early life","2 Take-Two Interactive","3 Other roles","4 Personal life","5 References"] | American businessman
Paul EibelerBorn (1955-07-26) July 26, 1955 (age 68)Hicksville, New YorkNationalityAmericanEducationLoyola University MarylandOccupationBusinessKnown forCEO of Take-Two InteractiveChairman COKeM InternationalTrustee Loyola University MarylandSpouseMary
Paul Eibeler is an American business executive in the interactive gaming industry. Eibeler was best known for his positions as EVP at Acclaim Entertainment, member of the launch team for Microsoft's XBox, CEO/President at Take-Two Interactive, and Chair at Cokem Interactive.
Early life
Eibler was born on July 26, 1955, in Hicksville, Long Island. He attended Holy Trinity High School where he excelled in basketball and chose to attend Loyola University Maryland on an athletic scholarship. He was awarded the ECAC Merit Medal in his senior year and graduated in 1978 with a Bachelor of Arts degree. Eibeler began his business career in marketing and sales positions at Black & Decker..
Take-Two Interactive
In July 2000, Eibeler joined Take-Two Interactive as president and director. In April 2003, he left Take-Two after a medical leave, and returned as president and director in April 2004, replacing Ryan Brant who was subject of an SEC investigation. In February 2005, Eibeler replaced Richard Roedel as CEO. In March 2007, Eibeler resigned as CEO after a proxy battle.
Most notable events during Eibler's management:
In July 2005, CEO Eibeler oversaw a Federal Trade Commission investigation into advertising practices and claims.
In July 2005, Eibeler oversaw the rating change of best-selling game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas from "Mature" to "Adult" and the resulting drop in distribution.
In 2006 Eibeler oversaw investigations into backdating of options for former Take-Two executives which resulted in the company's founder, Ryan Brant pleading guilty.
Throughout his tenure, CEO Eibeler oversaw a groundswell of political pressure against Take-Two from the political right, and from conservative activist Jack Thompson. Penny Arcade came to Eibeler's defense after attacks by Thompson and donated $10,000 to charity. Thompson has since been disbarred.
Take-Two grew from $250 million in revenue to over $1.5 billion, the company's market capitalization increased from $250 million to over $1.5 billion and employee numbers grew from 200 to 2000.
The shareholder base included key funds such as Fidelity, Legg Mason, Seligman, Oppenheimer, etc.
The company developed over 30 million major unit titles including the Grand Theft Auto franchise, Midnight Club, Max Payne, Sid Meier's Civilization, Bioshock, Carnival Games, The Red Dead Series. Eibeler directed the company's launch into sports with the NFL, NBA, MLB,and NHL under the 2K Brand.
Take-Two's stock rose 198% from $7.58 per share in July 2000 to $15.01 a share in April 2003. Upon returning in 2004, shares rose 26% from $23.46 in April 2004 to a high of $29.34 in June 2005.
Other roles
Eibeler has provided board and advisory work for BDA, Greenman Gaming, GameFly, Alliance Entertainment, Midway Games, and Solutions2Go.
Eibeler is a trustee for Loyola University Maryland. He is also a 20-year board member for Long Island Alzheimers and Dementia Centers and Holy Trinity High School Principals Committee.
Personal life
Eibeler has been married to Mary for more than 40 years and has three children. He currently lives in Florida.
References
^ a b Winegarner, Beth (2005-02-02). "Eibeler named Take-Two's CEO". GameSpot. Retrieved 2023-01-07.
^ "Take-Two Reports 58% Increase In Profit". NY Times. 2005-05-03. Retrieved 2009-06-26.
^ "Take-Two CEO quits". NBC News. 2004-04-14. Retrieved 2023-01-07.
^ "Take-Two: Eibeler Ousted". Edge. 2007-03-30. Archived from the original on 2012-09-09. Retrieved 2009-07-31.
^ Baertlein, Lisa (2007-03-23). "Proxy advisers oppose incumbent Take-Two directors". Reuters. Retrieved 2023-01-07.
^ "FTC to Investigate Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas". TeamXbox.com. 2005-07-27. Archived from the original on 2009-01-15. Retrieved 2009-06-26.
^ "Sex content leads to adult rating for 'Theft'". CNET News. 2005-07-20. Retrieved 2009-06-26.
^ "Take-Two Ex-Chief Sentenced to 5 Years of Probation". CNET News. 2007-08-01. Retrieved 2009-06-26.
^ See "A Modest Video Game Proposal"
^ "Jack Thompson Disbarred". Wired. 2008-09-25. Retrieved 2009-06-26.
^ "Yahoo Finance - Business Finance, Stock Market, Quotes, News". Archived from the original on 2019-07-26. Retrieved 2022-07-15.
^ "Yahoo Finance - Business Finance, Stock Market, Quotes, News". Archived from the original on 2019-07-26. Retrieved 2022-07-15. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Paul Eibeler is an American business executive in the interactive gaming industry. Eibeler was best known for his positions as EVP at Acclaim Entertainment, member of the launch team for Microsoft's XBox, CEO/President at Take-Two Interactive, and Chair at Cokem Interactive.[1]","title":"Paul Eibeler"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hicksville, Long Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hicksville,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Holy Trinity High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Diocesan_High_School"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Eibler was born on July 26, 1955, in Hicksville, Long Island. He attended Holy Trinity High School where he excelled in basketball and chose to attend Loyola University Maryland on an athletic scholarship. He was awarded the ECAC Merit Medal in his senior year and graduated in 1978 with a Bachelor of Arts degree. Eibeler began his business career in marketing and sales positions at Black & Decker.[citation needed].","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Take-Two Interactive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take-Two_Interactive"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Grand Theft Auto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto"},{"link_name":"Sid Meier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid_Meier"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"In July 2000, Eibeler joined Take-Two Interactive as president and director. In April 2003, he left Take-Two after a medical leave,[2] and returned as president and director in April 2004,[3] replacing Ryan Brant who was subject of an SEC investigation. In February 2005, Eibeler replaced Richard Roedel as CEO.[1] In March 2007, Eibeler resigned as CEO after a proxy battle.[4][5]Most notable events during Eibler's management:In July 2005, CEO Eibeler oversaw a Federal Trade Commission investigation into advertising practices and claims.[6]\nIn July 2005, Eibeler oversaw the rating change of best-selling game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas from \"Mature\" to \"Adult\" and the resulting drop in distribution.[7]In 2006 Eibeler oversaw investigations into backdating of options for former Take-Two executives which resulted in the company's founder, Ryan Brant pleading guilty.[8]\nThroughout his tenure, CEO Eibeler oversaw a groundswell of political pressure against Take-Two from the political right, and from conservative activist Jack Thompson.[9] Penny Arcade came to Eibeler's defense after attacks by Thompson and donated $10,000 to charity. Thompson has since been disbarred.[10]\nTake-Two grew from $250 million in revenue to over $1.5 billion, the company's market capitalization increased from $250 million to over $1.5 billion[11] and employee numbers grew from 200 to 2000.\nThe shareholder base included key funds such as Fidelity, Legg Mason, Seligman, Oppenheimer, etc.\nThe company developed over 30 million major unit titles including the Grand Theft Auto franchise, Midnight Club, Max Payne, Sid Meier's Civilization, Bioshock, Carnival Games, The Red Dead Series. Eibeler directed the company's launch into sports with the NFL, NBA, MLB,and NHL under the 2K Brand.\nTake-Two's stock rose 198% from $7.58 per share in July 2000 to $15.01 a share in April 2003. Upon returning in 2004, shares rose 26% from $23.46 in April 2004 to a high of $29.34 in June 2005.[12]","title":"Take-Two Interactive"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Eibeler has provided board and advisory work for BDA, Greenman Gaming, GameFly, Alliance Entertainment, Midway Games, and Solutions2Go.Eibeler is a trustee for Loyola University Maryland. He is also a 20-year board member for Long Island Alzheimers and Dementia Centers and Holy Trinity High School Principals Committee.","title":"Other roles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Eibeler has been married to Mary for more than 40 years and has three children.[citation needed] He currently lives in Florida.[citation needed]","title":"Personal life"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Winegarner, Beth (2005-02-02). \"Eibeler named Take-Two's CEO\". GameSpot. Retrieved 2023-01-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamespot.com/articles/eibeler-named-take-twos-ceo/1100-6117698/","url_text":"\"Eibeler named Take-Two's CEO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Take-Two Reports 58% Increase In Profit\". NY Times. 2005-05-03. Retrieved 2009-06-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/30/business/technology-briefing-software-take-two-reports-58-increase-in-profit.html","url_text":"\"Take-Two Reports 58% Increase In Profit\""}]},{"reference":"\"Take-Two CEO quits\". NBC News. 2004-04-14. Retrieved 2023-01-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna4740284","url_text":"\"Take-Two CEO quits\""}]},{"reference":"\"Take-Two: Eibeler Ousted\". Edge. 2007-03-30. Archived from the original on 2012-09-09. Retrieved 2009-07-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120909153612/http://www.next-gen.biz/news/take-two-eibeler-ousted","url_text":"\"Take-Two: Eibeler Ousted\""},{"url":"http://www.next-gen.biz/news/take-two-eibeler-ousted","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Baertlein, Lisa (2007-03-23). \"Proxy advisers oppose incumbent Take-Two directors\". Reuters. Retrieved 2023-01-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN3N35675620070323","url_text":"\"Proxy advisers oppose incumbent Take-Two directors\""}]},{"reference":"\"FTC to Investigate Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas\". TeamXbox.com. 2005-07-27. Archived from the original on 2009-01-15. Retrieved 2009-06-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090115080621/http://news.teamxbox.com/xbox/8828/FTC-to-Investigate-Grand-Theft-Auto-San-Andreas/","url_text":"\"FTC to Investigate Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas\""},{"url":"http://news.teamxbox.com/xbox/8828/FTC-to-Investigate-Grand-Theft-Auto-San-Andreas/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sex content leads to adult rating for 'Theft'\". CNET News. 2005-07-20. Retrieved 2009-06-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.cnet.com/Sex-content-leads-to-adult-rating-for-Theft/2100-1043_3-5797090.html","url_text":"\"Sex content leads to adult rating for 'Theft'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Take-Two Ex-Chief Sentenced to 5 Years of Probation\". CNET News. 2007-08-01. Retrieved 2009-06-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aRddxxGvgdvo","url_text":"\"Take-Two Ex-Chief Sentenced to 5 Years of Probation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jack Thompson Disbarred\". Wired. 2008-09-25. Retrieved 2009-06-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wired.com/gamelife/2008/09/jack-thompson-d/","url_text":"\"Jack Thompson Disbarred\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yahoo Finance - Business Finance, Stock Market, Quotes, News\". Archived from the original on 2019-07-26. Retrieved 2022-07-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190726035646/https://finance.yahoo.com/","url_text":"\"Yahoo Finance - Business Finance, Stock Market, Quotes, News\""},{"url":"http://finance.yahoo.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Yahoo Finance - Business Finance, Stock Market, Quotes, News\". Archived from the original on 2019-07-26. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasht_Raz | Dasht Raz | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 36°36′41″N 49°45′52″E / 36.61139°N 49.76444°E / 36.61139; 49.76444Village in Gilan, IranDasht Raz
دشترزvillageDasht RazCoordinates: 36°36′41″N 49°45′52″E / 36.61139°N 49.76444°E / 36.61139; 49.76444Country IranProvinceGilanCountyRudbarBakhshAmarluRural DistrictJirandehPopulation (2006) • Total64Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT)
Dasht Raz (Persian: دشترز; also known as Dasht Zar) is a village in Jirandeh Rural District, Amarlu District, Rudbar County, Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 64, in 16 families.
References
^ Dasht Raz can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3060064" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.
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Rudbar
DistrictsCentralCities
Lowshan
Manjil
Rudbar
Rostamabad
Rural Districts and villagesKalashtar
Aghuzbon
Aliabad
Dashtagan
Galivarz
Jamalabad-e Hallaj
Jamalabad-e Kuseh
Jamalabad-e Nezamivand
Kalashtar
Pa Chenar
Razkand
Sefid Rud
Tala Bar
Tork Neshin Lowshan
Rostamabad-e Jonubi(South Rostamabad)
Aminabad
Fildeh
Ganjeh
Juben
Kaluraz
Kara Rud-e Jamshidabad
Poshteh
Shemam
Yeylaqi-ye Darestan
Yeylaqi-ye Lakeh
Rostamabad-e Shomali(North Rostamabad)
Chubtarash Mahalleh
Diz Kuh
Eskolak
Harkian
Khulak
Kohneh Van Sara
Kuleh Kesh
Mazian
Pir Sara
Reshterud
Siah Rud Poshteh
Tuseh Rud
AmarluCities
Jirandeh
Rural Districts and villagesJirandeh
Aineh Deh
Bivarzin
Damash
Dasht Raz
Eskabon
Guvard
Karamak-e Bala
Kareh Rud
Madan-e Sangrud
Pa Rudbar
Pakdeh
Sangrud
Yeknam
Zakabar
Zard Kesh
Kalisham
Anbuh
Dogasar
Gerdelat
Kalisham
Kharehpu
Layeh
Naveh
Now Deh
Viyeh
KhorgamCities
Barehsar
Rural Districts and villagesDolfak
Bararud
Heshmatabad
Jalal Deh
Liavol-e Olya
Liavol-e Sofla
Mashmian
Shir Kadeh
Vishan
Khorgam
Asia Barak
Chehesh
Chelvan Sara
Chichal
Donbal Deh
Dowsaledeh
Espahabdan
Estalkh Kuh
Galankash
Garzaneh Chak
Gerd Visheh
Gupol
Karaf Chal
Koshkosh
Magas Khani
Nash
Naveh
Now Deh
Pastal Kuh
Poshteh Kolah
Qusheh Laneh
Sang Sarak
Seh Pestanak
Seyqaldeh
Shah-e Shahidan
Sibon
Talakuh
Tiyeh
Rahmatabad and BlukatCities
Tutkabon
Rural Districts and villagesBlukat
Ber Agur
Dilma Deh
Doldim-e Bozorg
Gerd Poshteh
Halimeh Jan
Kandalat
Kukeneh
Lapeh Sara
Liafu
Mian Farirud
Mirza Golband
Mush Bijar
Renasak Bon
Rud Sar
Sarfarirud
Shahr-e Bijar
Sheykh Ali Tuseh
Dasht-e Veyl
Chak
Chalga Sar
Cheleh Bar
Chorreh
Dafraz
Darreh Dasht
Dasht-e Veyl
Estakhrgah
Hajji Deh
Hajji Shirkia
Khaseh Kul
Kolus Forush
Konbak
Lafand Sara
Makhshar
Palang Darreh
Pareh
Pasin Darreh
Poshtehan
Rajun
Rashi
Rudkhaneh
Seyyedan
Vailjar
Rahmatabad
Anarkul
Darreh Mahalleh
Div Rud
Divrash
Estalakh Jan
Fathkuh
Fishom
Jazem Kol
Kalayeh
Kashkjan
Kharashk
Kiaabad
Lisen
Nesfi
Rudabad
Shahran
Shir Kuh
Sondos
Iran portal
This Rudbar County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Jirandeh Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jirandeh_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Amarlu District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarlu_District"},{"link_name":"Rudbar County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudbar_County"},{"link_name":"Gilan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilan_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Village in Gilan, IranDasht Raz (Persian: دشترز; also known as Dasht Zar)[1] is a village in Jirandeh Rural District, Amarlu District, Rudbar County, Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 64, in 16 families.[2]","title":"Dasht Raz"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/01.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Center_of_Iran","url_text":"Statistical Center of Iran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/01.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dasht_Raz¶ms=36_36_41_N_49_45_52_E_region:IR_type:city(64)","external_links_name":"36°36′41″N 49°45′52″E / 36.61139°N 49.76444°E / 36.61139; 49.76444"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dasht_Raz¶ms=36_36_41_N_49_45_52_E_region:IR_type:city(64)","external_links_name":"36°36′41″N 49°45′52″E / 36.61139°N 49.76444°E / 36.61139; 49.76444"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/","external_links_name":"this link"},{"Link":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/01.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/01.xls","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dasht_Raz&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_Girls:_The_Movie | Chicken Girls: The Movie | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Music","5 Reception","6 References","7 External links"] | 2018 film
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Chicken Girls: The MovieDirected byAsher LevinWritten byJainey FeingoldBased onChicken GirlsStarring
Annie LeBlanc
Hayden Summerall
Brooke Butler
Carson Lueders
Indiana Massara
Aliyah Moulden
Grayson Thorne Kilpatrick
Adrian R'Mante
Rush Holland
Riley Lewis
Mads Lewis
Caden Conrique
Dylan Conrique
Hayley LeBlanc
CinematographyJohn EsparzaEdited byGrace ZahrahDistributed byBratRelease date
June 29, 2018 (2018-06-29)
Running time70 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish
Chicken Girls: The Movie is a 2018 film based on the Brat show Chicken Girls. The film was directed by Asher Levin and written by Janey Feingold, and stars Annie LeBlanc, Hayden Summerall, Brooke Butler, Carson Lueders, Indiana Massara, Aliyah Moulden, Grayson Thorne Kilpatrick, Adrian R'Mante, and Rush Holland. The movie premiered on June 29, 2018.
Plot
The film kicks off with Rhyme and TK on a date in Paris, actually a movie scene directed by TK and Flash. Later, Rhyme, Ellie, Kayla, and Quinn discuss Spring Fling and dance date plans. Rhyme wishes to go with TK. The school sings "Dancing on the Ceiling," interrupted by Principal Anthony, who bans hallway singing, puzzling Ellie.
The Chicken Girls chat about Principal Anthony, and Luna predicts Power Surge will shine at tryouts. Senõr Singer notes the focus on the dance over academics. TK, Flash, and Ace discuss reshooting their movie. Ace questions why it's not done, leading to a squabble with Flash about priorities. TK suggests their bickering is why they lack dance invites. Ace and Flash reassure TK, reminding him he hasn't been asked to the dance.
Ellie, at the library, sings and is interrupted by Davis, who compliments her. Thinking he wants a Spring Fling date, Ellie shuts him down, but he clarifies he doesn't want to go to the dance. Davis helps her with polynomials. Flash praises TK's movie to Rhyme, inquiring about Spring Fling plans, but TK hasn't been asked. In another part of the library, Kayla discusses potential dance partners with Flash and tells him to text her. Quinn and Rooney argue, noted by Birdie, who remarks they fight like biological siblings.
Senõr Singer holds auditions, and Ace's performance is stopped for getting too close. Attaway Dance Team and Power Surge have a dance battle. Sheldon questions TK and Flash filming, prompting them to follow him. Senõr Singer declares both teams will perform together, frustrating Birdie and Luna.
Rhyme shares her troubles with Harmony, who discovers Principal Anthony has a crush on Senõr Singer. Harmony plans to save the spring fling, enlisting Rooney, Ace, and Luna. The plan unfolds: Rhyme gives Principal Anthony cashmere, Ace asks Senõr Singer about her, and Luna falsely informs Sheldon Rhyme is skipping class. Principal Anthony and Sheldon visit the elderly home, and Rhyme and Rooney talk to an elderly couple. Luna, disguised as an old lady, expresses a wish for one last dance. Principal Anthony reinstates the dance, but they must pass the Test Test. Rhyme misses a study date with TK.
Birdie and Tim study, while Kayla texts Flash, advised by Ace not to respond. Rooney invites Quinn to study with her and Hamilton, but is declined. Ellie and Davis collaborate on their studies. Kayla regrets considering asking Flash and tells him it was a mistake. Hamilton suggests Rooney ask him to the dance, but she insists on asking someone else first. Rhyme apologizes to TK for missing their study date.
After the Test Test, Rhyme finds out she failed, blaming Harmony's distracting scheme. Rhyme sings as everyone prepares for the dance. Rooney and Quinn learn their parents aren't divorcing. Ellie, Kayla, and Quinn visit Rhyme's house, where they sing "Birds of a Feather." Rhyme apologizes, and they plan a way for her to attend the dance.
The dance kicks off with Ellie and Davis, Birdie and Tim, and Rooney inviting Hamilton to dance. Flash admits to Kayla about the texts, and they join the dance. Luna asks Ace for a friendly dance. TK dances with Dru but leaves upon not finding Rhyme. Attaway and Power Surge reconcile, and Rhyme shows up in a chicken suit. She strikes a deal with Principal Anthony to study extra hard if allowed to dance, and the two teams perform together. Rhyme returns home, apologizes to Harmony, and TK shows her a film he made about them. He reveals plans to spend the summer with Flash. As Rhyme leaves, TK stops her, and they share a kiss.
Cast
Juliana Grace LeBlanc as Rhyme
Hayden Summerall as TK
Brooke Elizabeth Butler as Ellie
Carson Lueders as Ace
Indiana Massara as Rooney
Aliyah Moulden as Luna
Grayson Thorne Kilpatrick as Sheldon
Adrian R'Mante as Señor Singer
Melanie Paxson as Principal Anthony
Rush Holland as Flash
Hayley LeBlanc as Harmony McAdams
Dylan Conrique as Kayla Sharp
Riley Lewis as Quinn Forrester
Madison Lewis as Birdie Kaye
Caden Conrique as Tim
Jeremiah Perkins as Hamilton
Jenna Davis as Monica
Billy LeBlanc as Mr. Forrester
Rebecca Zamolo as Mrs. Forrester
Kelsey Leon as Kimmie
Erin Reese Delanette as Bess
Tallinn Silva as Jade
Jaden Martin as Davis
Production
Filming took place in December 2017. The premiere took place on June 28, 2018, at Ahrya Fine Arts Theatre in Beverly Hills, California. The film was released online through the Brat channel on June 29, 2018.
Music
"Dancing on the Ceiling", performed by Jules LeBlanc and the cast of Chicken Girls, was released as single on May 29, 2018, along with its music video. The song served as the opening number for the film. During the scene with Rhyme, Rooney, Ace, and Luna carrying out Operation Tango, the song "Feels Good" by Carson Lueders was used. After the Test Test, Rhyme sang a cover of "Stay" by Lisa Loeb. "Party Favor" by Cali Rodi was also used as the song for the final dance number in the movie. At the end of the movie, when TK and Rhyme kissed, as well as in the movie's outro, the song "Smiles For You" by Hayden Summerall was used. Carson Lueders also performed a song in this movie that was never released outside of the movie.
Reception
It received 2 million viewers in its first day and hit 10 million views on July 17, 2018. The film did not get much attention from Hollywood upon release. It received a mixed to negative review from Decider who praised Butler's performance saying "Butler really sells the character" but criticised the "hammy dialogue" and "poor-quality musical aspects". It hit 25 million views on January 28, 2020. The movie is the most popular program to ever be released on Brat, as it stands at 40 million views (as of February 2024).
References
^ "Brat Confirms 'Chicken Girls: The Movie' is Happening | TigerBeat". BOP and Tiger Beat. 2018-02-22. Archived from the original on 2018-06-20. Retrieved 2018-07-21.
^ "Chicken Girls First Feature Film Premiere - LA Guestlist". LA Guestlist. Retrieved 2018-07-21.
^ "Hayden Summerall and Annie LeBlanc "Chicken Girls: The Movie" Premiere Red Carpet". Dailymotion. MSN. 2018-06-29. Retrieved 2018-07-20.
^ Brat (2018-06-29), CHICKEN GIRLS: THE MOVIE, retrieved 2019-03-09
^ Brat (2018-05-29), DANCING ON THE CEILING | Official Music Video | "Chicken Girls: The Movie", archived from the original on 2018-06-27, retrieved 2018-07-21
^ a b Spellberg, Claire (2018-07-19). "Stream It Or Skip It: 'Chicken Girls: The Movie', A 'High School Musical' For The YouTube Generation". Decider. Archived from the original on 2018-07-19. Retrieved 2018-07-20.
^ Faughnder, Ryan (2018-07-18). "'Chicken Girls' maker Brat raises $30 million to produce online shows for teens". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 2018-07-19. Retrieved 2018-07-20.
External links
Chicken Girls: The Movie at IMDb
Chicken Girls: The Movie on YouTube | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film"},{"link_name":"Brat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brat_(digital_network)"},{"link_name":"Chicken Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_Girls"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Annie LeBlanc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_LeBlanc"},{"link_name":"Hayden Summerall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayden_Summerall"},{"link_name":"Brooke Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brooke_Butler_(actress,_born_2003)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Indiana Massara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Massara"},{"link_name":"Aliyah Moulden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyah_Moulden"},{"link_name":"Adrian R'Mante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_R%27Mante"},{"link_name":"Rush Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rush_Holland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Chicken Girls: The Movie is a 2018 film based on the Brat show Chicken Girls.[1] The film was directed by Asher Levin and written by Janey Feingold, and stars Annie LeBlanc, Hayden Summerall, Brooke Butler, Carson Lueders, Indiana Massara, Aliyah Moulden, Grayson Thorne Kilpatrick, Adrian R'Mante, and Rush Holland. 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Thinking he wants a Spring Fling date, Ellie shuts him down, but he clarifies he doesn't want to go to the dance. Davis helps her with polynomials. Flash praises TK's movie to Rhyme, inquiring about Spring Fling plans, but TK hasn't been asked. In another part of the library, Kayla discusses potential dance partners with Flash and tells him to text her. Quinn and Rooney argue, noted by Birdie, who remarks they fight like biological siblings.Senõr Singer holds auditions, and Ace's performance is stopped for getting too close. Attaway Dance Team and Power Surge have a dance battle. Sheldon questions TK and Flash filming, prompting them to follow him. Senõr Singer declares both teams will perform together, frustrating Birdie and Luna.Rhyme shares her troubles with Harmony, who discovers Principal Anthony has a crush on Senõr Singer. Harmony plans to save the spring fling, enlisting Rooney, Ace, and Luna. The plan unfolds: Rhyme gives Principal Anthony cashmere, Ace asks Senõr Singer about her, and Luna falsely informs Sheldon Rhyme is skipping class. Principal Anthony and Sheldon visit the elderly home, and Rhyme and Rooney talk to an elderly couple. Luna, disguised as an old lady, expresses a wish for one last dance. Principal Anthony reinstates the dance, but they must pass the Test Test. Rhyme misses a study date with TK.Birdie and Tim study, while Kayla texts Flash, advised by Ace not to respond. Rooney invites Quinn to study with her and Hamilton, but is declined. Ellie and Davis collaborate on their studies. Kayla regrets considering asking Flash and tells him it was a mistake. Hamilton suggests Rooney ask him to the dance, but she insists on asking someone else first. Rhyme apologizes to TK for missing their study date.After the Test Test, Rhyme finds out she failed, blaming Harmony's distracting scheme. Rhyme sings as everyone prepares for the dance. Rooney and Quinn learn their parents aren't divorcing. Ellie, Kayla, and Quinn visit Rhyme's house, where they sing \"Birds of a Feather.\" Rhyme apologizes, and they plan a way for her to attend the dance.The dance kicks off with Ellie and Davis, Birdie and Tim, and Rooney inviting Hamilton to dance. Flash admits to Kayla about the texts, and they join the dance. Luna asks Ace for a friendly dance. TK dances with Dru but leaves upon not finding Rhyme. Attaway and Power Surge reconcile, and Rhyme shows up in a chicken suit. She strikes a deal with Principal Anthony to study extra hard if allowed to dance, and the two teams perform together. Rhyme returns home, apologizes to Harmony, and TK shows her a film he made about them. He reveals plans to spend the summer with Flash. As Rhyme leaves, TK stops her, and they share a kiss.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Juliana Grace LeBlanc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliana_Grace_LeBlanc"},{"link_name":"Hayden Summerall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayden_Summerall"},{"link_name":"Indiana Massara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Massara"},{"link_name":"Aliyah Moulden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyah_Moulden"},{"link_name":"Adrian R'Mante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_R%27Mante"},{"link_name":"Melanie Paxson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanie_Paxson"},{"link_name":"Rush Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rush_Holland"},{"link_name":"Dylan Conrique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylan_Conrique"},{"link_name":"Riley Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riley_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Madison Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Caden Conrique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caden_Conrique"},{"link_name":"Jenna Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenna_Davis"},{"link_name":"Rebecca Zamolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Zamolo"}],"text":"Juliana Grace LeBlanc as Rhyme\nHayden Summerall as TK\nBrooke Elizabeth Butler as Ellie\nCarson Lueders as Ace\nIndiana Massara as Rooney\nAliyah Moulden as Luna\nGrayson Thorne Kilpatrick as Sheldon\nAdrian R'Mante as Señor Singer\nMelanie Paxson as Principal Anthony\nRush Holland as Flash\nHayley LeBlanc as Harmony McAdams\nDylan Conrique as Kayla Sharp\nRiley Lewis as Quinn Forrester\nMadison Lewis as Birdie Kaye\nCaden Conrique as Tim\nJeremiah Perkins as Hamilton\nJenna Davis as Monica\nBilly LeBlanc as Mr. Forrester\nRebecca Zamolo as Mrs. Forrester\nKelsey Leon as Kimmie\nErin Reese Delanette as Bess\nTallinn Silva as Jade\nJaden Martin as Davis","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ahrya Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahrya_Fine_Arts&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Beverly Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Hills,_California"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Brat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brat_(digital_network)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Filming took place in December 2017. The premiere took place on June 28, 2018, at Ahrya Fine Arts Theatre in Beverly Hills, California.[3] The film was released online through the Brat channel on June 29, 2018.[4]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jules LeBlanc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_LeBlanc"},{"link_name":"Chicken Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_Girls"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Lisa Loeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Loeb"},{"link_name":"Hayden Summerall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayden_Summerall"}],"text":"\"Dancing on the Ceiling\", performed by Jules LeBlanc and the cast of Chicken Girls, was released as single on May 29, 2018, along with its music video.[5] The song served as the opening number for the film. During the scene with Rhyme, Rooney, Ace, and Luna carrying out Operation Tango, the song \"Feels Good\" by Carson Lueders was used. After the Test Test, Rhyme sang a cover of \"Stay\" by Lisa Loeb. \"Party Favor\" by Cali Rodi was also used as the song for the final dance number in the movie. At the end of the movie, when TK and Rhyme kissed, as well as in the movie's outro, the song \"Smiles For You\" by Hayden Summerall was used. Carson Lueders also performed a song in this movie that was never released outside of the movie.","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spellberg_2018-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Faughnder_2018-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spellberg_2018-6"}],"text":"It received 2 million viewers in its first day and hit 10 million views on July 17, 2018.[6] The film did not get much attention from Hollywood upon release.[7] It received a mixed to negative review from Decider who praised Butler's performance saying \"Butler really sells the character\" but criticised the \"hammy dialogue\" and \"poor-quality musical aspects\".[6] It hit 25 million views on January 28, 2020. The movie is the most popular program to ever be released on Brat, as it stands at 40 million views (as of February 2024).","title":"Reception"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Brat Confirms 'Chicken Girls: The Movie' is Happening | TigerBeat\". BOP and Tiger Beat. 2018-02-22. Archived from the original on 2018-06-20. Retrieved 2018-07-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://tigerbeat.com/2018/02/chicken-girls-movie-brat/","url_text":"\"Brat Confirms 'Chicken Girls: The Movie' is Happening | TigerBeat\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180620232315/http://tigerbeat.com/2018/02/chicken-girls-movie-brat/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Chicken Girls First Feature Film Premiere - LA Guestlist\". LA Guestlist. Retrieved 2018-07-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://laguestlist.com/event/chicken-girls-first-feature-film-premiere","url_text":"\"Chicken Girls First Feature Film Premiere - LA Guestlist\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hayden Summerall and Annie LeBlanc \"Chicken Girls: The Movie\" Premiere Red Carpet\". Dailymotion. MSN. 2018-06-29. Retrieved 2018-07-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.msn.com/en-gb/video/other/hayden-summerall-and-annie-leblanc-chicken-girls-the-movie-premiere-red-carpet/vp-AAzjBpo","url_text":"\"Hayden Summerall and Annie LeBlanc \"Chicken Girls: The Movie\" Premiere Red Carpet\""}]},{"reference":"Brat (2018-06-29), CHICKEN GIRLS: THE MOVIE, retrieved 2019-03-09","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e43rTlJtqvw","url_text":"CHICKEN GIRLS: THE MOVIE"}]},{"reference":"Brat (2018-05-29), DANCING ON THE CEILING | Official Music Video | \"Chicken Girls: The Movie\", archived from the original on 2018-06-27, retrieved 2018-07-21","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UqWb48qMPDk","url_text":"DANCING ON THE CEILING | Official Music Video | \"Chicken Girls: The Movie\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180627052915/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UqWb48qMPDk","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"Spellberg, Claire (2018-07-19). \"Stream It Or Skip It: 'Chicken Girls: The Movie', A 'High School Musical' For The YouTube Generation\". Decider. Archived from the original on 2018-07-19. Retrieved 2018-07-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://decider.com/2018/07/19/chicken-girls-the-movie-youtube-stream-it-or-skip-it/","url_text":"\"Stream It Or Skip It: 'Chicken Girls: The Movie', A 'High School Musical' For The YouTube Generation\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180719192346/https://decider.com/2018/07/19/chicken-girls-the-movie-youtube-stream-it-or-skip-it/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Faughnder, Ryan (2018-07-18). \"'Chicken Girls' maker Brat raises $30 million to produce online shows for teens\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 2018-07-19. Retrieved 2018-07-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.latimes.com/business/hollywood/la-fi-ct-brat-youtube-funding-20180718-story.html","url_text":"\"'Chicken Girls' maker Brat raises $30 million to produce online shows for teens\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180719115911/http://www.latimes.com/business/hollywood/la-fi-ct-brat-youtube-funding-20180718-story.html","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Chicken+Girls%3A+The+Movie%22","external_links_name":"\"Chicken Girls: The Movie\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Chicken+Girls%3A+The+Movie%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Chicken+Girls%3A+The+Movie%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Chicken+Girls%3A+The+Movie%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Chicken+Girls%3A+The+Movie%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Chicken+Girls%3A+The+Movie%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://tigerbeat.com/2018/02/chicken-girls-movie-brat/","external_links_name":"\"Brat Confirms 'Chicken Girls: The Movie' is Happening | TigerBeat\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180620232315/http://tigerbeat.com/2018/02/chicken-girls-movie-brat/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://laguestlist.com/event/chicken-girls-first-feature-film-premiere","external_links_name":"\"Chicken Girls First Feature Film Premiere - LA Guestlist\""},{"Link":"https://www.msn.com/en-gb/video/other/hayden-summerall-and-annie-leblanc-chicken-girls-the-movie-premiere-red-carpet/vp-AAzjBpo","external_links_name":"\"Hayden Summerall and Annie LeBlanc \"Chicken Girls: The Movie\" Premiere Red Carpet\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e43rTlJtqvw","external_links_name":"CHICKEN GIRLS: THE MOVIE"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UqWb48qMPDk","external_links_name":"DANCING ON THE CEILING | Official Music Video | \"Chicken Girls: The Movie\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180627052915/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UqWb48qMPDk","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"https://decider.com/2018/07/19/chicken-girls-the-movie-youtube-stream-it-or-skip-it/","external_links_name":"\"Stream It Or Skip It: 'Chicken Girls: The Movie', A 'High School Musical' For The YouTube Generation\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180719192346/https://decider.com/2018/07/19/chicken-girls-the-movie-youtube-stream-it-or-skip-it/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.latimes.com/business/hollywood/la-fi-ct-brat-youtube-funding-20180718-story.html","external_links_name":"\"'Chicken Girls' maker Brat raises $30 million to produce online shows for teens\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180719115911/http://www.latimes.com/business/hollywood/la-fi-ct-brat-youtube-funding-20180718-story.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8531740/","external_links_name":"Chicken Girls: The Movie"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e43rTlJtqvw&list=PLcFsDizqiv08tqoOI_fuSDX0teAlDpyrV&index=17","external_links_name":"Chicken Girls: The Movie"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bride-buying | Bride buying | ["1 History","2 Mail-order brides","3 Bride-buying in Asia","3.1 China","3.2 India","3.3 Korea","3.4 Vietnam","4 Bride-buying in Africa","5 Literature","6 See also","7 References","8 Further reading"] | Trade of purchasing a bride
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Bride buying or bride purchasing is the cultural practice of providing some form of payment in exchange for a bride. The payment may be made to the bride's father, family, or a separate agent. It is the converse of a dowry. Illegal in some countries, it has a firm foothold in parts of Asia and Africa. It may amount to a form of slavery when treated as a transfer of property from one "owner" to another.
History
In his History, Herodotus reports approvingly of the former Babylonian and Illyrian custom of holding an annual auction of each village's young women reaching marriageable age. He states that the high price of the healthiest and most beautiful was used in part to fund dowries for the ugliest and most crippled, each of the latter being given to the man who would legitimately marry them for the least amount. Despite his praise, he acknowledges the Babylonians discontinued the practice owing to mistreatment of brides, particularly those bought by outsiders, and says that since the Fall of Babylon to the Persian Empire the general poverty of the country had led to many fathers prostituting their daughters instead of auctioning or marrying them off.
One of the first recorded instances of bride-buying in North America can be traced back to 1619 in Jamestown, Virginia. The first Jamestown settlers were exclusively European males, historian Alf J. Mapp Jr believes this could be due to the belief that "...women had no place in the grim and often grisly business of subduing a continent..." With stories of famine, disease and dissension, the European women feared that leaving England and traveling to the colony would be of great risk. Unable to find wives, many men chose to desert the colony. In order to reduce desertion, colony leaders sent advertisements back to Europe, pleading for women to immigrate to the colony. Trying to persuade potential brides to come to Jamestown proved to be difficult, however, 17th-century marriage obstacles proved to be beneficial to the men of the colony. Attaining a home and constructing domestic household in Europe was costly. If not born into wealth, most people would need to obtain significant savings before being able to wed. The majority of working-class Englishwomen turned to domestic service to acquire the necessary funds to marry and marital immigration offered an enticing alternative to what otherwise would be years doing menial work for meager pay. The Virginia Company offered women who chose to leave England in favor of the colony generous incentives such as linens, clothing, a plot of land, and their choice of husband. After a husband was chosen, he would then pay the Virginia Company with 150 pounds (70kg) of "good leaf" tobacco (which is equivalent to roughly $5000 USD in today's currency) to pay for their bride's passage to the colony. This is how the Jamestown brides earned themselves the nickname the "tobacco brides".
Mail-order brides
Main article: Mail-order bride
One of the most common forms of modern-day bride-buying is mail-order brides. It is estimated that there are 90 agencies that deal with the selling and purchasing of mail order brides. These agencies have websites that list the addresses, pictures, names and biographies of up to 25,000 women that are seeking husbands, with American husbands being the most common preference. While there are women listed on these sites from all over the world, the majority of mail-order brides come from Russia and the Philippines. According to these agencies, 10% of women who choose to become mail-order brides are successful and find a husband through their services. The agencies also state that there are around 10,000 mail-order marriages a year, with about 4,000 of these marriages involving men in the United States.
Bride-buying in Asia
China
Bride-buying is an old tradition in China. The practice was largely stamped out by the current Chinese Communist government. However, the modern practice is "not unusual in rural villages"; it is also known as mercenary marriage. According to Ding Lu of the non-governmental organization All-China Women's Federation, the practice had a resurgence due to China's surging economy. From 1991 to 1996, Chinese police rescued upwards of 88,000 women and children who had been sold into marriage and slavery, and the Chinese government claimed that 143,000 traffickers involved were caught and prosecuted. Some human rights groups state that these figures are not correct and that the real number of abducted women is higher. Bay Fang and Mark Leong reported in U.S. News & World Report that "the government sees the commerce in wives as a shameful problem, it has only in recent years begun to provide any statistics, and it tries to put the focus on the women who have been saved rather than on the continuing trade." Causes include poverty and bride shortage in the rural areas (rural women go to the cities to work). As women leave rural areas to find work in cities, they are considered more vulnerable to being "tricked or forced into becoming chattel for men desperate for wives." The shortage of brides in turn is due to amplification of the traditional preference of Chinese couples for sons by the 1979 one-child policy in China. The Chinese Academy of Social Sciences estimated that in 1998 there were 120 men for every 100 women, with imbalances in rural areas being about 130 males for every 100 females. The increase in the cost of dowries is also a contributing factor leading men to buy women for wives. Human Rights in China states that it is more affordable for a man to buy a wife from a trafficker for 2,000 to 4,000 yuan than to pay a traditional dowry, which often runs upwards of 10,000 yuan. For the average urban worker, wife selling is an affordable option, since in 1998 at least; China urban workers made approximately $60 a month. Brides for sale are outsourced from countries such as Burma, Laos, Pakistan, Vietnam and North Korea. The bride-traders sell women as brides or as prostitutes depending on their physical appearance. A common trick employed by bride-brokers in acquiring brides for sale is the offer of a job such as in factories and instead kidnapping them. Bride-traders can sell a young woman for the price of $250 to $800USD. US$50 to US$100 of the original price goes to the primary kidnappers while the rest of the income goes to the traffickers who bring the bride to the main client.
After bearing children, Chinese women who are bought as wives are more prone to staying within the marriage. Fang Yuzhu of the China Women's Federation credits it with a "strong sense of duty" that Chinese women have, and the idea that it is shameful to leave their husband. Yuzhu also credits that some women might consider their forced marriage a better option to the life of poverty and hard labor they would be subject to upon returning home or the idea that some women may not feel they can find another husband, since they "have already been with one".
India
Bride buying is an old practice in many regions in India. Bride-purchasing is common in the states of India such as Haryana, Jharkhand, and Punjab. According to CNN-IBN, women are “bought, sold, trafficked, raped and married off without consent” across certain parts of India. Bride-purchases are usually outsourced from Bihar, Assam, and West Bengal. The price of the bride (locally known as paros in Jharkhand), if bought from the sellers, may cost between 4,000 and 30,000 Indian rupees, which is the equivalent of $88 to $660USD. The brides' parents are normally paid an average of 500 to 1,000 Indian rupees (around $11 to $22USD). The need to purchase a bride arises from the low female-to-male ratio. Such low ratio was caused by the preference to give birth to sons instead of daughters, and female foeticide. In 2006, according to BBC News, there were around 861 women for every 1,000 men in Haryana; and the national ratio in India as a whole was 927 women for every 1,000 men. Women are not only purchased as brides or wives, but also as farm workers or househelp. Most women become “sex-slaves” or forced laborers who are later resold to human traffickers to defray the cost.
According to Punjabi writer Kirpal Kazak, bride-selling began in Jharkhand after the arrival of the Rajputs. The tribe decorate the women for sale with ornaments. The practice of the sale of women as brides declined after the Green Revolution in India, the “spread of literacy”, and the improvement of the male-female ratio since 1911. The ratio, however, declined in 2001. The practice of bride-purchasing became confined to the poor sections of society such as farmers, Scheduled Castes, and tribes. In poverty-stricken families, only one son gets married due to poverty and to “avoid the division of landed property”.
Korea
Bride-buying in North Korea is most common due to the great poverty the country suffers and the citizens taking many risks to leave the country. Human traffickers take this as an opportunity to traffic desperate North Korean women across the country borders to China not often to sell as slaves, but mainly as brides. Upon arrival and wedlock, the women are said to be forced into labor, or sexual and physical abuse by their Chinese husbands. Although, there are successful marriages, they hardly ever last because of the illegality of North Korean citizens crossing the border without authorization, despite the women having been in the country for many years neither them or their offspring are granted citizenship. As a result, they are arrested and sent back to their homeland or kept in China to face the consequences of trespassing. Institutions around the world are requesting China to give refuge to the great number of people who fled North Korea seeking shelter, however the solicitation has not yet been approved of. In South Korea, bride-buying is not as common as it is in North Korea, though it still exists in varied ways. The majority of the brides bought in South Korea are from different parts of Asia, largely from the southeast side, in addition bride buying internationally in South Korea is claimed to be encouraged as a result of the population declining.
Vietnam
Bride-buying in Vietnam has progressed illicitly, becoming the most debauched commercialized industry in recent history, especially around the northern mountain provinces bordering China. Virgin Vietnamese women, from 18 to 25 years old particularly, are targeted by several third-parties known as the quickie matchmaking agencies for East and Southeast Asian men from South Korea, Taiwan, China, Malaysia and Singapore. Virginity is considered the most valuable trait in this business as virgin Vietnamese women are often purchased at a higher price point. The price ranges differ among agencies; packages are valued between $5000 and $22,000USD which includes a wedding, a visa, a health examination test, and a language course. According to surveys conducted in Korea, 65% of the Vietnamese respondents only completed primary or lower secondary school. This lack of education can explain the poor social knowledge that allows this industry to grow. Vietnamese women prostitute themselves to foreigners. By selling sex for visas they are introduced to new duties which include labor and domestic servitude. The aforementioned quickie agencies usually group three to five men together to search for Vietnamese wives. This grouping of potential customers generates more profit, saving the organization approximately 50 to 60% in fees estimated to be around $85,000USD per trip.
Bride-buying in Africa
One thing many individuals in Africa disagree on is bride-buying. In Africa, bride-buying tends to work out against women's best interest, causing many to feel a sense of gender inequality as well as a lack in the women's rights sector. In East Africa, some marriages involve transfer of valuable properties that are delivered from the families of the groom and gifted to the families of the bride. Certain phrases like bride-pricing, dowry, bride-wealth, and some indigenous words: "lobolo", "mala", "bogadi", and "chiko" all make up different codes of bride purchases.
Literature
Literature that delves into the selling women as brides includes titles such as Eho Hamara Jeevna by Punjabi novelist Dalip Kaur Tiwana, the play Ik Hor Ramayan by playwright Ajmer Singh Aulakh, Buying a Bride:An Engaging History of Mail-Order Matches by Marcia A. Zug, Object: Matrimony: The Risky Business Of Mail-Order Matchmaking On The Western Frontier by Chris Enss, the epic Vietnamese poem The Tale of Kieu by Nguyễn Du, the novel Tat Den by Ngo Tat To, and the novel Buying the Bride by Penny Wylder.
See also
Mail-order bride
Picture bride
Bride kidnapping
Bride price
Arranged marriage
Arranged marriage in India
Human trafficking in India
Human trafficking in Vietnam
Human trafficking in the People's Republic of China
Wife selling
Wife selling (English custom)
The Bartered Bride
Female foeticide in India
Lobolo
References
^ Herodotus, Hist., Book I, Ch. 196.
^ Rioseco, Hanna (May 14, 2018). "The Real Housewives of Jamestown". thirteen.org. Retrieved 2019-02-17.
^ "The First Residents of Jamestown". NPS. February 26, 2015. Retrieved February 18, 2019.
^ "The Indispensable Role of Women at Jamestown". NPS. February 26, 2015. Retrieved February 18, 2019.
^ Zug, Marcia (2016-08-31). "The Mail-Order Brides of Jamestown, Virginia" (PDF). The Atlantic: 1–7.
^ Scholes, Robert (April 1, 1997). "How Many Mail-Order Brides?". Immigration Review. 28: 7–10.
^ a b c d e Marshall, Samantha, Joanne Lee-Young, and Matt Forney, Vietnamese Women Are Kidnapped and Later Sold in China as Brides, in The Wall Street Journal, Aug. 3, 1999.
^ Mercenary Marriages Cause Turmoil in C China (Xinhua), in China Daily USA, section China, subsection Hot Issues, updated Sep. 2, 2011, 10:46p, as accessed Nov. 9 & 11, 2011.
^ a b c d Fang, Bay; Leong, Mark (1998). "China's stolen wives". U.S. News & World Report. 125 (14): 35. Retrieved 17 October 2011.(subscription required)
^ Baloch, Saher (14 May 2019). "The Pakistani brides being trafficked to China". BBC.
^ a b c Dhaliwal, Sarbjit. Bride-buying an old practice in north India, Tribune News Service, August 17, tribuneindia.com
^ a b c d Agal, Renu. India's 'bride buying' country Archived 2013-04-19 at archive.today, BBC News, April 2006
^ a b c Sharma, Kavitta and Divya Shah. Only in India: cheaper to buy bride than raise daughter, CNN-IBN, ibnlive.in.com
^ Gierstorfer, Carl (September 11, 2013). "Where Have India's Females Gone?". pulitzercenter.org. Retrieved 2019-02-20.
^ a b c "North Korean Women Sold in China". Radio Free Asia.
^ a b c "Thousands of North Korean Women Sold as Slaves in China". Radio Free Asia.
^ "South Korean subsidies encourage foreign 'bride buying'". The Daily Star. 2019-02-18.
^ Jones, Gavin; Shen, Hsiu-hua (2008-02-01). "International marriage in East and Southeast Asia: trends and research emphases". Citizenship Studies. 12 (1): 9–25. doi:10.1080/13621020701794091. ISSN 1362-1025. S2CID 145510675.
^ a b "Mate-in-Vietnam Marriages | YaleGlobal Online". yaleglobal.yale.edu. Retrieved 2019-02-21.
^ Linh, Trần Giang; Hồng, Khuất Thu; Bélanger, Danièle (2013). "Transnational Marriages between Vietnamese Women and Asian Men in Vietnamese Online Media". Journal of Vietnamese Studies. 8 (2): 81–114. doi:10.1525/vs.2013.8.2.81. hdl:20.500.11794/11588. ISSN 1559-372X.
^ a b c Wray, Caroline (2014-12-05). "The Wife Market". The Yale Globalist. Archived from the original on 22 Feb 2019. Retrieved 2019-02-21.
^ a b c Lee, Eunsung. Politics of Cultural Proximity: Transnational Marriage and Family Making Among Vietnamese Women and South Korean Men in the 21st Century (Thesis).
^ Hodal, Kate (2017-08-26). "'I hope you're ready to get married': in search of Vietnam's kidnapped brides". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2019-02-21.
^ Chiwese, Manase. "Wives at the Market Place:Commercialisation of Lobola and Commodification of Women's bodies in Zimbabwe". researchgate.net.
^ Pearsall, Marion (1947). "Distributional Variations of Bride-Wealth in the East African Cattle Area". Southwestern Journal of Anthropology. 3 ((Spring, 1947)): 15–31 (17 pages). doi:10.1086/soutjanth.3.1.3628532. S2CID 129949139.
^ Tiwana, Dalip (1968). Eho Hamara Jeevna.
^ Aulakh, Ajmer (2014). Ik Ramayan Hor Ate Hor Ikangi.
^ Zug, Marcia A. (2016). Buying a Bride:An Engaging History of Mail-Order Matches. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-7181-5.
^ Enss, Chris (2012). Object: Matrimony: The Risky Business Of Mail-Order Matchmaking On The Western Frontier. TwoDot. ISBN 978-0762773992.
^ Ngo Tat To (1995). Tat den: tieu thuyet (Tai ban ed.). TP. Ho Chi Minh: Van nghe Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh.
^ "Buying the Bride". www.goodreads.com. Retrieved 2019-02-21.
Further reading
Gates, Hill. Buying brides in China - again
Gregg, William. "BUY A BRIDE"
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by country | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"converse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Converse_(logic)"},{"link_name":"dowry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowry"},{"link_name":"which?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"slavery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery"}],"text":"Bride buying or bride purchasing is the cultural practice of providing some form of payment in exchange for a bride. The payment may be made to the bride's father, family, or a separate agent. It is the converse of a dowry. Illegal in some countries,[which?] it has a firm foothold in parts of Asia and Africa. It may amount to a form of slavery when treated as a transfer of property from one \"owner\" to another.","title":"Bride buying"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_(Herodotus)"},{"link_name":"Herodotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus"},{"link_name":"Babylonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonia#Neo-Babylonian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Illyrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrian_Eneti"},{"link_name":"auction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auction"},{"link_name":"marriageable age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriageable_age"},{"link_name":"dowries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowry"},{"link_name":"marry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_in_antiquity"},{"link_name":"Fall of Babylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon"},{"link_name":"Persian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Empire"},{"link_name":"prostituting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution_in_antiquity"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Jamestown, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Jamestown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"European males","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Americans"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown_Colony"},{"link_name":"The Virginia Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Company"},{"link_name":"the Virginia Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Company"},{"link_name":"USD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"tobacco brides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_brides"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In his History, Herodotus reports approvingly of the former Babylonian and Illyrian custom of holding an annual auction of each village's young women reaching marriageable age. He states that the high price of the healthiest and most beautiful was used in part to fund dowries for the ugliest and most crippled, each of the latter being given to the man who would legitimately marry them for the least amount. Despite his praise, he acknowledges the Babylonians discontinued the practice owing to mistreatment of brides, particularly those bought by outsiders, and says that since the Fall of Babylon to the Persian Empire the general poverty of the country had led to many fathers prostituting their daughters instead of auctioning or marrying them off.[1]One of the first recorded instances of bride-buying in North America can be traced back to 1619 in Jamestown, Virginia.[2] The first Jamestown settlers were exclusively European males,[3] historian Alf J. Mapp Jr believes this could be due to the belief that \"...women had no place in the grim and often grisly business of subduing a continent...\"[4] With stories of famine, disease and dissension, the European women feared that leaving England and traveling to the colony would be of great risk. Unable to find wives, many men chose to desert the colony. In order to reduce desertion, colony leaders sent advertisements back to Europe, pleading for women to immigrate to the colony. Trying to persuade potential brides to come to Jamestown proved to be difficult, however, 17th-century marriage obstacles proved to be beneficial to the men of the colony. Attaining a home and constructing domestic household in Europe was costly. If not born into wealth, most people would need to obtain significant savings before being able to wed. The majority of working-class Englishwomen turned to domestic service to acquire the necessary funds to marry and marital immigration offered an enticing alternative to what otherwise would be years doing menial work for meager pay. The Virginia Company offered women who chose to leave England in favor of the colony generous incentives such as linens, clothing, a plot of land, and their choice of husband. After a husband was chosen, he would then pay the Virginia Company with 150 pounds (70kg) of \"good leaf\" tobacco (which is equivalent to roughly $5000 USD in today's currency[when?]) to pay for their bride's passage to the colony. This is how the Jamestown brides earned themselves the nickname the \"tobacco brides\".[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"dubious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement"},{"link_name":"discuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Bride_buying#c'mon"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"where?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"One of the most common forms of modern-day bride-buying is mail-order brides. It is estimated that there are 90 agencies that deal with the selling and purchasing of mail order brides.[6] These agencies have websites that list the addresses, pictures, names and biographies of up to 25,000 women that are seeking husbands, with American husbands being the most common preference.[citation needed][dubious – discuss] While there are women listed on these sites from all over the world, the majority of mail-order brides come from Russia and the Philippines. According to these agencies,[where?] 10% of women who choose to become mail-order brides are successful and find a husband through their services. The agencies also state that there are around 10,000 mail-order marriages a year, with about 4,000 of these marriages involving men in the United States.[citation needed]","title":"Mail-order brides"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bride-buying in Asia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WallStreet2-7"},{"link_name":"current Chinese Communist government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"non-governmental organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization"},{"link_name":"All-China Women's Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-China_Women%27s_Federation"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WallStreet2-7"},{"link_name":"U.S. News & World Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChinasStolenWives-USNWR2-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WallStreet2-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChinasStolenWives-USNWR2-9"},{"link_name":"one-child policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-child_policy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WallStreet2-7"},{"link_name":"dowries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowry"},{"link_name":"Human Rights in China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_in_China_(organization)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChinasStolenWives-USNWR2-9"},{"link_name":"Burma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Burma"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Laos"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-10"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_North_Korea"},{"link_name":"USD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WallStreet2-7"},{"link_name":"China Women's Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Women%27s_Federation"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChinasStolenWives-USNWR2-9"}],"sub_title":"China","text":"Bride-buying is an old tradition in China.[7] The practice was largely stamped out by the current Chinese Communist government. However, the modern practice is \"not unusual in rural villages\"; it is also known as mercenary marriage.[8] According to Ding Lu of the non-governmental organization All-China Women's Federation, the practice had a resurgence due to China's surging economy.[7] From 1991 to 1996, Chinese police rescued upwards of 88,000 women and children who had been sold into marriage and slavery, and the Chinese government claimed that 143,000 traffickers involved were caught and prosecuted. Some human rights groups state that these figures are not correct and that the real number of abducted women is higher. Bay Fang and Mark Leong reported in U.S. News & World Report that \"the government sees the commerce in wives as a shameful problem, it has only in recent years begun to provide any statistics, and it tries to put the focus on the women who have been saved rather than on the continuing trade.\"[9] Causes include poverty and bride shortage in the rural areas (rural women go to the cities to work).[7] As women leave rural areas to find work in cities, they are considered more vulnerable to being \"tricked or forced into becoming chattel for men desperate for wives.\"[9] The shortage of brides in turn is due to amplification of the traditional preference of Chinese couples for sons by the 1979 one-child policy in China.[7] The Chinese Academy of Social Sciences estimated that in 1998 there were 120 men for every 100 women, with imbalances in rural areas being about 130 males for every 100 females. The increase in the cost of dowries is also a contributing factor leading men to buy women for wives. Human Rights in China states that it is more affordable for a man to buy a wife from a trafficker for 2,000 to 4,000 yuan than to pay a traditional dowry, which often runs upwards of 10,000 yuan. For the average urban worker, wife selling is an affordable option, since in 1998 at least; China urban workers made approximately $60 a month.[9] Brides for sale are outsourced from countries such as Burma, Laos, Pakistan,[10] Vietnam and North Korea. The bride-traders sell women as brides or as prostitutes depending on their physical appearance. A common trick employed by bride-brokers in acquiring brides for sale is the offer of a job such as in factories and instead kidnapping them. Bride-traders can sell a young woman for the price of $250 to $800USD. US$50 to US$100 of the original price goes to the primary kidnappers while the rest of the income goes to the traffickers who bring the bride to the main client.[7]After bearing children, Chinese women who are bought as wives are more prone to staying within the marriage. Fang Yuzhu of the China Women's Federation credits it with a \"strong sense of duty\" that Chinese women have, and the idea that it is shameful to leave their husband. Yuzhu also credits that some women might consider their forced marriage a better option to the life of poverty and hard labor they would be subject to upon returning home or the idea that some women may not feel they can find another husband, since they \"have already been with one\".[9]","title":"Bride-buying in Asia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bride buying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bride_buying_in_India"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tribune2-11"},{"link_name":"Haryana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryana"},{"link_name":"Jharkhand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC2-12"},{"link_name":"Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_India"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tribune2-11"},{"link_name":"CNN-IBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN-IBN"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN2-13"},{"link_name":"Bihar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar"},{"link_name":"Assam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam"},{"link_name":"West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Jharkhand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand"},{"link_name":"Indian rupees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rupee"},{"link_name":"USD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC2-12"},{"link_name":"USD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"female foeticide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_foeticide_in_India"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"BBC News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News"},{"link_name":"sex-slaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_slavery"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC2-12"},{"link_name":"forced laborers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_laborers"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN2-13"},{"link_name":"human traffickers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_trafficker"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC2-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN2-13"},{"link_name":"Rajputs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajput"},{"link_name":"Green Revolution in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Revolution_in_India"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tribune2-11"}],"sub_title":"India","text":"Bride buying is an old practice in many regions in India.[11] Bride-purchasing is common in the states of India such as Haryana, Jharkhand,[12] and Punjab.[11] According to CNN-IBN, women are “bought, sold, trafficked, raped and married off without consent”[13] across certain parts of India. Bride-purchases are usually outsourced from Bihar, Assam, and West Bengal. The price of the bride (locally known as paros in Jharkhand), if bought from the sellers, may cost between 4,000 and 30,000 Indian rupees, which is the equivalent of $88 to $660USD.[12] The brides' parents are normally paid an average of 500 to 1,000 Indian rupees (around $11 to $22USD). The need to purchase a bride arises from the low female-to-male ratio. Such low ratio was caused by the preference to give birth to sons instead of daughters, and female foeticide.[14] In 2006, according to BBC News, there were around 861 women for every 1,000 men in Haryana; and the national ratio in India as a whole was 927 women for every 1,000 men. Women are not only purchased as brides or wives, but also as farm workers or househelp. Most women become “sex-slaves”[12] or forced laborers[13] who are later resold to human traffickers[12] to defray the cost.[13]According to Punjabi writer Kirpal Kazak, bride-selling began in Jharkhand after the arrival of the Rajputs. The tribe decorate the women for sale with ornaments. The practice of the sale of women as brides declined after the Green Revolution in India, the “spread of literacy”, and the improvement of the male-female ratio since 1911. The ratio, however, declined in 2001. The practice of bride-purchasing became confined to the poor sections of society such as farmers, Scheduled Castes, and tribes. In poverty-stricken families, only one son gets married due to poverty and to “avoid the division of landed property”.[11]","title":"Bride-buying in Asia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-15"},{"link_name":"Human traffickers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_trafficking"},{"link_name":"North Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korean_women"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"wedlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"sexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_abuse"},{"link_name":"physical abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_abuse"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-16"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-16"},{"link_name":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-15"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Korea","text":"Bride-buying in North Korea is most common due to the great poverty the country suffers and the citizens taking many risks to leave the country.[15] Human traffickers take this as an opportunity to traffic desperate North Korean women across the country borders to China not often to sell as slaves, but mainly as brides. Upon arrival and wedlock, the women are said to be forced into labor, or sexual and physical abuse by their Chinese husbands.[16] Although, there are successful marriages, they hardly ever last because of the illegality of North Korean citizens crossing the border without authorization, despite the women having been in the country for many years neither them or their offspring are granted citizenship.[15][16] As a result, they are arrested and sent back to their homeland or kept in China to face the consequences of trespassing.[16] Institutions around the world are requesting China to give refuge to the great number of people who fled North Korea seeking shelter, however the solicitation has not yet been approved of.[15] In South Korea, bride-buying is not as common as it is in North Korea, though it still exists in varied ways. The majority of the brides bought in South Korea are from different parts of Asia, largely from the southeast side, in addition bride buying internationally in South Korea is claimed to be encouraged as a result of the population declining.[17]","title":"Bride-buying in Asia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Vietnamese women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Virginity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginity"},{"link_name":"virgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginity"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-21"},{"link_name":"USD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-19"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-22"},{"link_name":"prostitute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitute"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"USD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-22"}],"sub_title":"Vietnam","text":"Bride-buying in Vietnam has progressed illicitly, becoming the most debauched commercialized industry in recent history, especially around the northern mountain provinces bordering China.[18] Virgin Vietnamese women, from 18 to 25 years old particularly, are targeted by several third-parties known as the quickie matchmaking agencies for East and Southeast Asian men from South Korea, Taiwan, China, Malaysia and Singapore.[19][20] Virginity is considered the most valuable trait in this business as virgin Vietnamese women are often purchased at a higher price point.[21] The price ranges differ among agencies; packages are valued between $5000[21] and $22,000USD[19] which includes a wedding, a visa, a health examination test, and a language course.[21] According to surveys conducted in Korea, 65% of the Vietnamese respondents only completed primary or lower secondary school.[22] This lack of education can explain the poor social knowledge that allows this industry to grow.[22] Vietnamese women prostitute themselves to foreigners. By selling sex for visas they are introduced to new duties which include labor and domestic servitude.[23] The aforementioned quickie agencies usually group three to five men together to search for Vietnamese wives. This grouping of potential customers generates more profit, saving the organization approximately 50 to 60% in fees estimated to be around $85,000USD per trip.[22]","title":"Bride-buying in Asia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"gender inequality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_inequality"},{"link_name":"women's rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_rights"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"dowry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowry"},{"link_name":"bride-wealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bride_wealth"},{"link_name":"indigenous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples"},{"link_name":"lobolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobolo"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"One thing many individuals in Africa disagree on is bride-buying. In Africa, bride-buying tends to work out against women's best interest, causing many to feel a sense of gender inequality as well as a lack in the women's rights sector.[24] In East Africa, some marriages involve transfer of valuable properties that are delivered from the families of the groom and gifted to the families of the bride. Certain phrases like bride-pricing, dowry, bride-wealth, and some indigenous words: \"lobolo\", \"mala\", \"bogadi\", and \"chiko\" all make up different codes of bride purchases.[25]","title":"Bride-buying in Africa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eho Hamara Jeevna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eho_Hamara_Jeevna"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Dalip Kaur Tiwana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalip_Kaur_Tiwana"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Ajmer Singh Aulakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajmer_Singh_Aulakh"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Chris Enss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Enss"},{"link_name":"epic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_poetry"},{"link_name":"The Tale of Kieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tale_of_Kieu"},{"link_name":"Nguyễn Du","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Du"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Literature that delves into the selling women as brides includes titles such as Eho Hamara Jeevna[26] by Punjabi novelist Dalip Kaur Tiwana, the play Ik Hor Ramayan[27] by playwright Ajmer Singh Aulakh, Buying a Bride:An Engaging History of Mail-Order Matches[28] by Marcia A. Zug, Object: Matrimony: The Risky Business Of Mail-Order Matchmaking On The Western Frontier[29] by Chris Enss, the epic Vietnamese poem The Tale of Kieu by Nguyễn Du, the novel Tat Den by Ngo Tat To,[30] and the novel Buying the Bride by Penny Wylder.[31]","title":"Literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buying brides in China - again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/pss/2783507"},{"link_name":"\"BUY A BRIDE\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20101207083641/http://www.wildxangel.com/buyabride.htm"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Violence_against_women_footer"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Violence_against_women_footer"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Violence_against_women_footer"},{"link_name":"Violence against women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violence_against_women"},{"link_name":"Abuse during childbirth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuse_during_childbirth"},{"link_name":"Acid attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_attack"},{"link_name":"Breast ironing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_ironing"},{"link_name":"Bride burning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bride_burning"},{"link_name":"Bride buying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Child marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_marriage"},{"link_name":"Dating abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dating_abuse"},{"link_name":"Domestic violence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_violence"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_domestic_violence"},{"link_name":"management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_of_domestic_violence"},{"link_name":"and pregnancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_violence_and_pregnancy"},{"link_name":"Dowry 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Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kano_State_Hisbah_Corps"},{"link_name":"Polisi Syariat Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polisi_Syariat_Islam"},{"link_name":"Violence against prostitutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violence_against_prostitutes"},{"link_name":"Sexual assault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_assault"},{"link_name":"Campus sexual assault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campus_sexual_assault"},{"link_name":"Mass sexual assault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_sexual_assault"},{"link_name":"Rape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape"},{"link_name":"and pregnancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy_from_rape"},{"link_name":"laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_regarding_rape"},{"link_name":"Types of rape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_rape"},{"link_name":"by deception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape_by_deception"},{"link_name":"corrective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrective_rape"},{"link_name":"date","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_rape"},{"link_name":"gang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang_rape"},{"link_name":"genocidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocidal_rape"},{"link_name":"halala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikah_halala"},{"link_name":"in war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence"},{"link_name":"marital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marital_rape"},{"link_name":"prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_rape"},{"link_name":"statutory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statutory_rape"},{"link_name":"Cybersex trafficking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking"},{"link_name":"Sex trafficking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_trafficking"},{"link_name":"Sexual slavery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_slavery"},{"link_name":"Sexual violence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_violence"},{"link_name":"Istanbul Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_Convention"},{"link_name":"Prosecution of gender-targeted crimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosecution_of_gender-targeted_crimes"},{"link_name":"November 25th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Day_for_the_Elimination_of_Violence_against_Women"},{"link_name":"February 6th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Day_of_Zero_Tolerance_for_Female_Genital_Mutilation"},{"link_name":"Serial rapist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_rapist"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Violence_against_women"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Property_navbox"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Property_navbox"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Property_navbox"},{"link_name":"Property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property"},{"link_name":"Collective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_ownership"},{"link_name":"Common","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_ownership"},{"link_name":"Communal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communal_land"},{"link_name":"Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_property"},{"link_name":"Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_land"},{"link_name":"Customary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customary_land"},{"link_name":"Cooperative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative"},{"link_name":"Private","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_property"},{"link_name":"Public","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_property"},{"link_name":"Self","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-ownership"},{"link_name":"Social","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_ownership"},{"link_name":"State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_ownership"},{"link_name":"Unowned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unowned_property"},{"link_name":"Estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estate_in_land"},{"link_name":"Croft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croft_(land)"},{"link_name":"Intangible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intangible_property"},{"link_name":"Intellectual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property"},{"link_name":"indigenous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_intellectual_property"},{"link_name":"Personal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_property"},{"link_name":"Tangible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangible_property"},{"link_name":"real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_property"},{"link_name":"Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commons"},{"link_name":"Common land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_land"},{"link_name":"Common-pool resource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common-pool_resource"},{"link_name":"Digital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_commons_(economics)"},{"link_name":"Global","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_commons"},{"link_name":"Information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_commons"},{"link_name":"Knowledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_commons"},{"link_name":"Bundle of rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundle_of_rights"},{"link_name":"Commodity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodity"},{"link_name":"fictitious commodities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fictitious_commodities"},{"link_name":"Common good (economics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_good_(economics)"},{"link_name":"Excludability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excludability"},{"link_name":"First possession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_possession_theory_of_property"},{"link_name":"appropriation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_appropriation"},{"link_name":"homestead principle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead_principle"},{"link_name":"Free-rider problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-rider_problem"},{"link_name":"Game theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_theory"},{"link_name":"Georgism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgism"},{"link_name":"Gift economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gift_economy"},{"link_name":"Labor theory of property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_theory_of_property"},{"link_name":"Law of rent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_rent"},{"link_name":"rent-seeking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rent-seeking"},{"link_name":"Legal plunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_plunder"},{"link_name":"Natural rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights"},{"link_name":"Ownership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ownership"},{"link_name":"Property rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_rights_(economics)"},{"link_name":"primogeniture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primogeniture"},{"link_name":"usufruct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usufruct"},{"link_name":"women's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_property_rights"},{"link_name":"Right to property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_property"},{"link_name":"Rivalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivalry_(economics)"},{"link_name":"Tragedy of the commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons"},{"link_name":"anticommons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_anticommons"},{"link_name":"Acequia (watercourse)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acequia"},{"link_name":"Ejido (agrarian land)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejido"},{"link_name":"Forest types","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_types_of_formally_designated_forests"},{"link_name":"Huerta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huerta"},{"link_name":"Inheritance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inheritance"},{"link_name":"Land tenure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_tenure"},{"link_name":"Property law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law"},{"link_name":"alienation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alienation_(property_law)"},{"link_name":"easement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easement"},{"link_name":"restraint on alienation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restraint_on_alienation"},{"link_name":"real estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate"},{"link_name":"title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_(property)"},{"link_name":"Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_rights"},{"link_name":"Fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone"},{"link_name":"Forest-dwelling (India)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scheduled_Tribes_and_Other_Traditional_Forest_Dwellers_(Recognition_of_Forest_Rights)_Act,_2006"},{"link_name":"Freedom to roam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_to_roam"},{"link_name":"Grazing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grazing_rights"},{"link_name":"pannage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannage"},{"link_name":"Hunting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunting"},{"link_name":"Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_law#Land_rights"},{"link_name":"aboriginal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_title"},{"link_name":"indigenous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_land_rights"},{"link_name":"squatting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting"},{"link_name":"Littoral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littoral_rights"},{"link_name":"Mineral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_rights"},{"link_name":"Bergregal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergregal"},{"link_name":"Right of way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_way_(public_throughway)"},{"link_name":"Water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_right"},{"link_name":"prior-appropriation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prior-appropriation_water_rights"},{"link_name":"riparian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riparian_water_rights"},{"link_name":"Disposession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accumulation_by_dispossession"},{"link_name":"redistribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redistribution_of_income_and_wealth"},{"link_name":"Bioprospecting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioprospecting"},{"link_name":"Collectivization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Eminent domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eminent_domain"},{"link_name":"Enclosure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enclosure"},{"link_name":"Eviction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eviction"},{"link_name":"Expropriation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expropriation"},{"link_name":"Farhud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farhud"},{"link_name":"Forced migration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_displacement"},{"link_name":"population transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_transfer"},{"link_name":"repatriation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repatriation"},{"link_name":"Illegal fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing"},{"link_name":"Illegal logging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_logging"},{"link_name":"Land Back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Back"},{"link_name":"Land reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_reform"},{"link_name":"Legal plunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_plunder"},{"link_name":"Piracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracy"},{"link_name":"Poaching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaching"},{"link_name":"Primitive accumulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital"},{"link_name":"Privatization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatization"},{"link_name":"Regulatory taking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulatory_taking"},{"link_name":"Slavery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery"},{"link_name":"bride buying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"human trafficking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_trafficking"},{"link_name":"husband-selling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husband-selling"},{"link_name":"wife selling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wife_selling"},{"link_name":"wage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wage_slavery"},{"link_name":"Tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax"},{"link_name":"inheritance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inheritance_tax"},{"link_name":"poll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poll_tax"},{"link_name":"progressive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_tax"},{"link_name":"property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_tax"},{"link_name":"Theft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theft"},{"link_name":"Frédéric Bastiat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat"},{"link_name":"The Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Law_(Bastiat_book)"},{"link_name":"Ronald Coase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Coase"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Engels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Engels"},{"link_name":"The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Origin_of_the_Family,_Private_Property_and_the_State"},{"link_name":"Henry George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_George"},{"link_name":"Progress and Poverty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progress_and_Poverty"},{"link_name":"Garrett Hardin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrett_Hardin"},{"link_name":"David Harvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Harvey"},{"link_name":"John Locke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke"},{"link_name":"Two Treatises of Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government"},{"link_name":"Karl Marx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx"},{"link_name":"Das Kapital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_Kapital"},{"link_name":"Marcel Mauss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Mauss"},{"link_name":"The Gift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gift_(essay)"},{"link_name":"John Stuart Mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill"},{"link_name":"Elinor Ostrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom"},{"link_name":"Karl Polanyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Polanyi"},{"link_name":"The Great Transformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Transformation_(book)"},{"link_name":"Pierre-Joseph Proudhon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon"},{"link_name":"What Is Property?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_is_theft!"},{"link_name":"David Ricardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo"},{"link_name":"Murray N. Rothbard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Rothbard"},{"link_name":"The Ethics of Liberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ethics_of_Liberty"},{"link_name":"Jean-Jacques Rousseau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau"},{"link_name":"The Social Contract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Social_Contract"},{"link_name":"Adam Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith"},{"link_name":"The Wealth of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"Property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Property"},{"link_name":"Property law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Property_law"},{"link_name":"by country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Property_law_by_country"}],"text":"Gates, Hill. Buying brides in China - again\nGregg, William. \"BUY A BRIDE\"vteViolence against womenIssues\nAbuse during childbirth\nAcid attack\nBreast ironing\nBride burning\nBride buying\nChild marriage\nDating abuse\nDomestic violence\noutline\nmanagement\nand pregnancy\nDowry death\nEve teasing\nHonor killing\nFemale genital mutilation\nGishiri cutting\nInfibulation\nHusband stitch\nFemale infanticide\nFemicide\nFoot binding\nForce-feeding\nForced abortion\nForced marriage\nForced pregnancy\nForced prostitution\nHuman trafficking\nMisogyny\nMurder of pregnant women\nRaptio\nSati\nSharia\nIslamic religious police\nGuidance Patrol\nKano State Hisbah Corps\nPolisi Syariat Islam\nViolence against prostitutes\nSexual assault, rape\nSexual assault\nCampus sexual assault\nMass sexual assault\nRape\nand pregnancy\nlaws\nTypes of rape\nby deception\ncorrective\ndate\ngang\ngenocidal\nhalala\nin war\nmarital\nprison\nstatutory\nCybersex trafficking\nSex trafficking\nSexual slavery\nSexual violence\nRelated topics\nIstanbul Convention\nProsecution of gender-targeted crimes\nNovember 25th\nFebruary 6th\nSerial rapist\n CategoryvtePropertyBy owner\nCollective\nCommon\nCommunal\nCommunity\nCrown\nCustomary\nCooperative\nPrivate\nPublic\nSelf\nSocial\nState\nUnowned\nBy nature\nEstate\nCroft\nIntangible\nIntellectual\nindigenous\nPersonal\nTangible\nreal\nCommons\nCommon land\nCommon-pool resource\nDigital\nGlobal\nInformation\nKnowledge\nTheory\nBundle of rights\nCommodity\nfictitious commodities\nCommon good (economics)\nExcludability\nFirst possession\nappropriation\nhomestead principle\nFree-rider problem\nGame theory\nGeorgism\nGift economy\nLabor theory of property\nLaw of rent\nrent-seeking\nLegal plunder\nNatural rights\nOwnership\nProperty rights\nprimogeniture\nusufruct\nwomen's\nRight to property\nRivalry\nTragedy of the commons\nanticommons\nApplications\nAcequia (watercourse)\nEjido (agrarian land)\nForest types\nHuerta\nInheritance\nLand tenure\nProperty law\nalienation\neasement\nrestraint on alienation\nreal estate\ntitle\nRights\nAir\nFishing\nForest-dwelling (India)\nFreedom to roam\nGrazing\npannage\nHunting\nLand\naboriginal\nindigenous\nsquatting\nLittoral\nMineral\nBergregal\nRight of way\nWater\nprior-appropriation\nriparian\nDisposession/redistribution\nBioprospecting\nCollectivization\nEminent domain\nEnclosure\nEviction\nExpropriation\nFarhud\nForced migration\npopulation transfer\nrepatriation\nIllegal fishing\nIllegal logging\nLand Back\nLand reform\nLegal plunder\nPiracy\nPoaching\nPrimitive accumulation\nPrivatization\nRegulatory taking\nSlavery\nbride buying\nhuman trafficking\nspousal\nhusband-selling\nwife selling\nwage\nTax\ninheritance\npoll\nprogressive\nproperty\nTheft\nScholars(key work)\nFrédéric Bastiat\nThe Law\nRonald Coase\nFriedrich Engels\nThe Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State\nHenry George\nProgress and Poverty\nGarrett Hardin\nDavid Harvey\nJohn Locke\nTwo Treatises of Government\nKarl Marx\nDas Kapital\nMarcel Mauss\nThe Gift\nJohn Stuart Mill\nElinor Ostrom\nKarl Polanyi\nThe Great Transformation\nPierre-Joseph Proudhon\nWhat Is Property?\nDavid Ricardo\nMurray N. Rothbard\nThe Ethics of Liberty\nJean-Jacques Rousseau\nThe Social Contract\nAdam Smith\nThe Wealth of Nations\n\n Categories: Property\nProperty law\nby country","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | [{"title":"Mail-order bride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail-order_bride"},{"title":"Picture bride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picture_bride"},{"title":"Bride kidnapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bride_kidnapping"},{"title":"Bride price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bride_price"},{"title":"Arranged marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arranged_marriage"},{"title":"Arranged marriage in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arranged_marriage_in_India"},{"title":"Human trafficking in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_India"},{"title":"Human trafficking in Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Vietnam"},{"title":"Human trafficking in the People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"title":"Wife selling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wife_selling"},{"title":"Wife selling (English custom)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wife_selling_(English_custom)"},{"title":"The Bartered Bride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bartered_Bride"},{"title":"Female foeticide in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_foeticide_in_India"},{"title":"Lobolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobolo"}] | [{"reference":"Rioseco, Hanna (May 14, 2018). \"The Real Housewives of Jamestown\". thirteen.org. Retrieved 2019-02-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thirteen.org/blog-post/real-wives-jamestown-colony/","url_text":"\"The Real Housewives of Jamestown\""}]},{"reference":"\"The First Residents of Jamestown\". NPS. February 26, 2015. Retrieved February 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nps.gov/jame/learn/historyculture/the-first-residents-of-jamestown.htm","url_text":"\"The First Residents of Jamestown\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Indispensable Role of Women at Jamestown\". NPS. February 26, 2015. Retrieved February 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nps.gov/jame/learn/historyculture/the-indispensible-role-of-women-at-jamestown.htm","url_text":"\"The Indispensable Role of Women at Jamestown\""}]},{"reference":"Zug, Marcia (2016-08-31). \"The Mail-Order Brides of Jamestown, Virginia\" (PDF). The Atlantic: 1–7.","urls":[{"url":"http://inside.sfuhs.org/dept/history/US_History_reader/Chapter1/The%20Mail-Order%20Brides%20of%20Jamestown,%20Virginia%20-%20The%20Atlantic.pdf","url_text":"\"The Mail-Order Brides of Jamestown, Virginia\""}]},{"reference":"Scholes, Robert (April 1, 1997). \"How Many Mail-Order Brides?\". Immigration Review. 28: 7–10.","urls":[{"url":"https://cis.org/Report/How-Many-MailOrder-Brides","url_text":"\"How Many Mail-Order Brides?\""}]},{"reference":"Fang, Bay; Leong, Mark (1998). \"China's stolen wives\". U.S. News & World Report. 125 (14): 35. Retrieved 17 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=1124645&site=ehost-live","url_text":"\"China's stolen wives\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report","url_text":"U.S. News & World Report"}]},{"reference":"Baloch, Saher (14 May 2019). \"The Pakistani brides being trafficked to China\". BBC.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-48260397","url_text":"\"The Pakistani brides being trafficked to China\""}]},{"reference":"Gierstorfer, Carl (September 11, 2013). \"Where Have India's Females Gone?\". pulitzercenter.org. Retrieved 2019-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/where-have-indias-females-gone","url_text":"\"Where Have India's Females Gone?\""}]},{"reference":"\"North Korean Women Sold in China\". Radio Free Asia.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rfa.org/english/news/korea/hrnk-04242009233739.html","url_text":"\"North Korean Women Sold in China\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thousands of North Korean Women Sold as Slaves in China\". Radio Free Asia.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rfa.org/english/news/in_depth/korea_trafficking-20070216.html","url_text":"\"Thousands of North Korean Women Sold as Slaves in China\""}]},{"reference":"\"South Korean subsidies encourage foreign 'bride buying'\". The Daily Star. 2019-02-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thedailystar.net/asia/news/skorean-subsidies-encourage-foreign-bride-buying-1703830","url_text":"\"South Korean subsidies encourage foreign 'bride buying'\""}]},{"reference":"Jones, Gavin; Shen, Hsiu-hua (2008-02-01). \"International marriage in East and Southeast Asia: trends and research emphases\". Citizenship Studies. 12 (1): 9–25. doi:10.1080/13621020701794091. ISSN 1362-1025. S2CID 145510675.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13621020701794091","url_text":"10.1080/13621020701794091"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1362-1025","url_text":"1362-1025"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145510675","url_text":"145510675"}]},{"reference":"\"Mate-in-Vietnam Marriages | YaleGlobal Online\". yaleglobal.yale.edu. Retrieved 2019-02-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/mate-vietnam-marriages","url_text":"\"Mate-in-Vietnam Marriages | YaleGlobal Online\""}]},{"reference":"Linh, Trần Giang; Hồng, Khuất Thu; Bélanger, Danièle (2013). \"Transnational Marriages between Vietnamese Women and Asian Men in Vietnamese Online Media\". Journal of Vietnamese Studies. 8 (2): 81–114. doi:10.1525/vs.2013.8.2.81. hdl:20.500.11794/11588. ISSN 1559-372X.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/33784342","url_text":"\"Transnational Marriages between Vietnamese Women and Asian Men in Vietnamese Online Media\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fvs.2013.8.2.81","url_text":"10.1525/vs.2013.8.2.81"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794%2F11588","url_text":"20.500.11794/11588"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1559-372X","url_text":"1559-372X"}]},{"reference":"Wray, Caroline (2014-12-05). \"The Wife Market\". The Yale Globalist. Archived from the original on 22 Feb 2019. Retrieved 2019-02-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190222041913/https://tyglobalist.org/in-the-magazine/theme/the-wife-market/","url_text":"\"The Wife Market\""},{"url":"http://tyglobalist.org/in-the-magazine/theme/the-wife-market/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lee, Eunsung. Politics of Cultural Proximity: Transnational Marriage and Family Making Among Vietnamese Women and South Korean Men in the 21st Century (Thesis).","urls":[{"url":"https://rucore.libraries.rutgers.edu/rutgers-lib/45327/PDF/1/play/","url_text":"Politics of Cultural Proximity: Transnational Marriage and Family Making Among Vietnamese Women and South Korean Men in the 21st Century"}]},{"reference":"Hodal, Kate (2017-08-26). \"'I hope you're ready to get married': in search of Vietnam's kidnapped brides\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2019-02-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2017/aug/26/ready-married-kidnapped-brides-vietnam-china","url_text":"\"'I hope you're ready to get married': in search of Vietnam's kidnapped brides\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"Chiwese, Manase. \"Wives at the Market Place:Commercialisation of Lobola and Commodification of Women's bodies in Zimbabwe\". researchgate.net.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311952761","url_text":"\"Wives at the Market Place:Commercialisation of Lobola and Commodification of Women's bodies in Zimbabwe\""}]},{"reference":"Pearsall, Marion (1947). \"Distributional Variations of Bride-Wealth in the East African Cattle Area\". Southwestern Journal of Anthropology. 3 ((Spring, 1947)): 15–31 (17 pages). doi:10.1086/soutjanth.3.1.3628532. S2CID 129949139.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fsoutjanth.3.1.3628532","url_text":"10.1086/soutjanth.3.1.3628532"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129949139","url_text":"129949139"}]},{"reference":"Tiwana, Dalip (1968). Eho Hamara Jeevna.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Aulakh, Ajmer (2014). Ik Ramayan Hor Ate Hor Ikangi.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Zug, Marcia A. (2016). Buying a Bride:An Engaging History of Mail-Order Matches. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-7181-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-7181-5","url_text":"978-0-8147-7181-5"}]},{"reference":"Enss, Chris (2012). Object: Matrimony: The Risky Business Of Mail-Order Matchmaking On The Western Frontier. TwoDot. ISBN 978-0762773992.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0762773992","url_text":"978-0762773992"}]},{"reference":"Ngo Tat To (1995). Tat den: tieu thuyet (Tai ban ed.). TP. Ho Chi Minh: Van nghe Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh.","urls":[{"url":"https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1534036","url_text":"Tat den: tieu thuyet"}]},{"reference":"\"Buying the Bride\". www.goodreads.com. Retrieved 2019-02-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goodreads.com/work/best_book/58192085-buying-the-bride","url_text":"\"Buying the Bride\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+1.196&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126","external_links_name":"Book I, Ch. 196"},{"Link":"https://www.thirteen.org/blog-post/real-wives-jamestown-colony/","external_links_name":"\"The Real Housewives of Jamestown\""},{"Link":"https://www.nps.gov/jame/learn/historyculture/the-first-residents-of-jamestown.htm","external_links_name":"\"The First Residents of Jamestown\""},{"Link":"https://www.nps.gov/jame/learn/historyculture/the-indispensible-role-of-women-at-jamestown.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Indispensable Role of Women at Jamestown\""},{"Link":"http://inside.sfuhs.org/dept/history/US_History_reader/Chapter1/The%20Mail-Order%20Brides%20of%20Jamestown,%20Virginia%20-%20The%20Atlantic.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Mail-Order Brides of Jamestown, 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_mechanism | Defence mechanism | ["1 Theories and classifications","2 Vaillant's categorization","2.1 Level 1: pathological","2.2 Level 2: immature","2.3 Level 3: neurotic","2.4 Level 4: mature","3 Perry's defence mechanism rating scale (DMRS)","3.1 Level 1: Action defences","3.2 Level 2: Major image-distorting defences","3.3 Level 3: Disavowal defences","3.4 Level 4: Minor image-distorting defences","3.5 Level 5: Neurotic","3.6 Level 6: Obsessional defences","3.7 Level 7: High-adaptative defences","4 Relation with coping","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Unconscious psychological mechanism that reduces anxiety arising from negative stimuli
For the biological concept, see Biological defense.
This article is missing information about scientific status and criticism of validity. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page. (January 2020)
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In psychoanalytic theory, a defence mechanism is an unconscious psychological operation that functions to protect a person from anxiety-producing thoughts and feelings related to internal conflicts and outer stressors.
According to this theory, healthy people normally use different defence mechanisms throughout life. A defence mechanism can potentially become pathological when its persistent use leads to maladaptive behaviour such that the physical or mental health of the individual is adversely affected. Among the purposes of ego defence mechanisms is to protect the mind/self/ego from anxiety or social sanctions or to provide a refuge from a situation with which one cannot currently cope.
Examples of defence mechanisms include: repression, the exclusion of unacceptable desires and ideas from consciousness; identification, the incorporation of some aspects of an object into oneself; rationalization, the justification of one's behaviour by using apparently logical reasons that are acceptable to the ego, thereby further suppressing awareness of the unconscious motivations; and sublimation, the process of channeling libido into "socially useful" disciplines, such as artistic, cultural, and intellectual pursuits, which indirectly provide gratification for the original drives.
Some psychologists follow a system that ranks defence mechanisms into seven levels, ranging from a high-adaptive defence level to a psychotic defence level. Assessments carried out when analyzing patients such as the Defence Mechanism Rating Scale (DMRS) and Vaillant's hierarchy of defense mechanisms have been used and modified for over 40 years to provide numerical data on the state of a person's defensive functioning.
Theories and classifications
In the first definitive book on defence mechanisms, The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence (1936), Anna Freud enumerated the ten defence mechanisms that appear in the works of her father, Sigmund Freud: repression, regression, reaction formation, isolation, undoing, projection, introjection, turning against one's own person, reversal into the opposite, and sublimation or displacement.
Sigmund Freud posited that defence mechanisms work by distorting id impulses into acceptable forms, or by unconscious or conscious blockage of these impulses. Anna Freud considered defense mechanisms as intellectual and motor automatisms of various degrees of complexity, that arose in the process of involuntary and voluntary learning.
Anna Freud introduced the concept of signal anxiety; she stated that it was "not directly a conflicted instinctual tension but a signal occurring in the ego of an anticipated instinctual tension". The signalling function of anxiety was thus seen as crucial, and biologically adapted to warn the organism of danger or a threat to its equilibrium. The anxiety is felt as an increase in bodily or mental tension, and the signal that the organism receives in this way allows for the possibility of taking defensive action regarding the perceived danger.
Both Freuds studied defence mechanisms, but Anna spent more of her time and research on five main mechanisms: repression, regression, projection, reaction formation, and sublimation. All defence mechanisms are responses to anxiety and how the consciousness and unconscious manage the stress of a social situation.
Repression: the exclusion of unacceptable desires and ideas from consciousness, though in certain circumstances they may resurface in a disguised or distorted form
Regression: falling back into an early state of mental/physical development seen as "less demanding and safer"
Projection: possessing a feeling that is deemed as socially unacceptable and instead of facing it, that feeling or "unconscious urge" is seen in the actions of other people
Reaction formation: acting the opposite way that the unconscious instructs a person to behave, "often exaggerated and obsessive". For example, if a wife is infatuated with a man who is not her husband, reaction formation may cause her to – rather than cheat – become obsessed with showing her husband signs of love and affection.
Sublimation: seen as the most acceptable of the mechanisms, an expression of anxiety in socially acceptable ways
Otto F. Kernberg (1967) developed a theory of borderline personality organization of which one consequence may be borderline personality disorder. His theory is based on ego psychological object relations theory. Borderline personality organization develops when the child cannot integrate helpful and harmful mental objects together. Kernberg views the use of primitive defence mechanisms as central to this personality organization. Primitive psychological defences are projection, denial, dissociation or splitting and they are called borderline defence mechanisms. Also, devaluation and projective identification are seen as borderline defences.
Robert Plutchik's (1979) theory views defences as derivatives of basic emotions, which in turn relate to particular diagnostic structures. According to his theory, reaction formation relates to joy (and manic features), denial relates to acceptance (and histrionic features), repression to fear (and passivity), regression to surprise (and borderline traits), compensation to sadness (and depression), projection to disgust (and paranoia), displacement to anger (and hostility) and intellectualization to anticipation (and obsessionality).
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) published by the American Psychiatric Association (1994) includes a tentative diagnostic axis for defence mechanisms. This classification is largely based on Vaillant's hierarchical view of defences, but has some modifications. Examples include: denial, fantasy, rationalization, regression, isolation, projection, and displacement.
Different theorists have different categorizations and conceptualizations of defence mechanisms. Large reviews of theories of defence mechanisms are available from Paulhus, Fridhandler and Hayes (1997) and Cramer (1991). The Journal of Personality published a special issue on defence mechanisms (1998).
Vaillant's categorization
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Psychiatrist George Eman Vaillant introduced a four-level classification of defence mechanisms: Much of this is derived from his observations while overseeing the Grant study that began in 1937 and is on-going. In monitoring a group of men from their freshman year at Harvard until their deaths, the purpose of the study was to see longitudinally what psychological mechanisms proved to have impact over the course of a lifetime. The hierarchy was seen to correlate well with the capacity to adapt to life. His most comprehensive summary of the on-going study was published in 1977. The focus of the study is to define mental health rather than disorder.
Level I – pathological defences (psychotic denial, delusional projection)
Level II – immature defences (fantasy, projection, passive aggression, acting out)
Level III – neurotic defences (intellectualization, reaction formation, dissociation, displacement, repression)
Level IV – mature defences (humour, sublimation, suppression, altruism, anticipation)
Level 1: pathological
When predominant, the mechanisms on this level are almost always severely pathological. These defences, in conjunction, permit one effectively to rearrange external experiences to eliminate the need to cope with reality. Pathological users of these mechanisms frequently appear irrational or insane to others. These are the "pathological" defences, common in overt psychosis. However, they are normally found in dreams and throughout childhood as well.
They include:
Delusional projection: Delusions about external reality, usually of a persecutory nature
Denial: Refusal to accept external reality because it is too threatening; arguing against an anxiety-provoking stimulus by stating it does not exist; resolution of emotional conflict and reduction of anxiety by refusing to perceive or consciously acknowledge the more unpleasant aspects of external reality
Distortion: A gross reshaping of external reality to meet internal needs
Level 2: immature
These mechanisms are often present in adults. These mechanisms lessen distress and anxiety produced by threatening people or by an uncomfortable reality. Excessive use of such defences is seen as socially undesirable, in that they are immature, difficult to deal with and seriously out of touch with reality. These are the so-called "immature" defences and overuse almost always leads to serious problems in a person's ability to cope effectively. These defences are often seen in major depression and personality disorders.
They include:
Acting out: Direct expression of an unconscious wish or impulse in action, without conscious awareness of the emotion that drives the expressive behavior
Hypochondriasis: An excessive preoccupation or worry about having a serious illness
Passive-aggressive behavior: Indirect expression of hostility
Projection: A primitive form of paranoia. Projection reduces anxiety by allowing the expression of the undesirable impulses or desires without becoming consciously aware of them; attributing one's own unacknowledged, unacceptable, or unwanted thoughts and emotions to another; includes severe prejudice and jealousy, hypervigilance to external danger, and "injustice collecting", all with the aim of shifting one's unacceptable thoughts, feelings and impulses onto someone else, such that those same thoughts, feelings, beliefs and motivations are perceived as being possessed by the other.
Schizoid fantasy: Tendency to retreat into fantasy in order to resolve inner and outer conflicts
Splitting: A primitive defence. Both harmful and helpful impulses are split off and segregated, frequently projected onto someone else. The defended individual segregates experiences into all-good and all-bad categories, with no room for ambiguity and ambivalence. When "splitting" is combined with "projecting", the undesirable qualities that one unconsciously perceives oneself as possessing, one consciously attributes to another.
Level 3: neurotic
These mechanisms are considered neurotic, but fairly common in adults. Such defences have short-term advantages in coping, but can often cause long-term problems in relationships, work and in enjoying life when used as one's primary style of coping with the world.
They include:
Displacement: Defence mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses to a more acceptable or less threatening target; redirecting emotion to a safer outlet; separation of emotion from its real object and redirection of the intense emotion toward someone or something that is less offensive or threatening in order to avoid dealing directly with what is frightening or threatening.
Dissociation: Temporary drastic modification of one's personal identity or character to avoid emotional distress; separation or postponement of a feeling that normally would accompany a situation or thought.
Intellectualization: Excessively analytical or abstract thought patterns, potentially leading to increased distance from one's emotions. Used to block out conflicting or disturbing feelings or thoughts.
Isolation of affect: The detachment of emotion from an idea, making it "flat." Frequently observed in obsessive–compulsive disorder, and in non-disordered people following traumatic events.
Reaction formation: Converting unconscious wishes or impulses that are perceived to be dangerous or unacceptable into their opposites; behaviour that is completely the opposite of what one really wants or feels; taking the opposite belief because the true belief causes anxiety
Repression: The process of attempting to repel desires towards pleasurable instincts, caused by a threat of suffering if the desire is satisfied; the desire is moved to the unconscious in the attempt to prevent it from entering consciousness; seemingly unexplainable naivety, memory lapse or lack of awareness of one's own situation and condition; the emotion is conscious, but the idea behind it is absent
Level 4: mature
These are commonly found among emotionally healthy adults and are considered mature, even though many have their origins in an immature stage of development. They are conscious processes, adapted through the years in order to optimise success in human society and relationships. The use of these defences enhances pleasure and feelings of control. These defences help to integrate conflicting emotions and thoughts, whilst still remaining effective. Those who use these mechanisms are usually considered virtuous.
Mature defences include:
Altruism: Constructive service to others that brings pleasure and personal satisfaction
Anticipation: Realistic planning for future discomfort
Humour: Overt expression of ideas and feelings (especially those that are unpleasant to focus on or too terrible to talk about directly) that gives pleasure to others. The thoughts retain a portion of their innate distress, but they are "skirted around" by witticism, for example, self-deprecation.
Sublimation: Transformation of unhelpful emotions or instincts into healthy actions, behaviours, or emotions; for example, playing a heavy contact sport such as football or rugby can transform aggression into a game
Suppression: The conscious decision to delay paying attention to a thought, emotion, or need in order to cope with the present reality; making it possible later to access uncomfortable or distressing emotions whilst accepting them
Perry's defence mechanism rating scale (DMRS)
The defence Mechanism Rating Scale (DMRS) includes thirty processes of defence that are divided into 7 categories. Starting from the highest level of adaptiveness these levels include: high-adaptive, obsessional, neurotic, minor image-distorting, disavowal, major image-distorting, and action. The scale was originally created by J. Christopher Perry for the purpose of being able to provide patients with a "defence diagnosis." Additions have been made to modify and add to the scale over the years, creating the DMRS self report and DMRS-Q sort.
Level 1: Action defences
Action defence mechanisms are used unconsciously to help reduce stress. Examples include passive aggression, help-rejecting complaining, and acting out, which channel impulses into appropriate behaviors. These processes offer short-term relief but may prevent lasting improvements in the root causes.
Level 2: Major image-distorting defences
Major image-distorting mechanisms are used to guard a person's own image and their ego from perceived dangers, conflicts, or fears. These processes involve simplifying the way a person sees themselves and others. Splitting of one's self or other's image and projective identification both work on an unconscious level and help to alter reality, enabling these individuals to uphold a more positive view of their lives or situations.
Level 3: Disavowal defences
Disavowal defence mechanisms include the rejection or denial of unpleasant ideas, emotions, or events. People sometimes distance themselves from certain parts of their identity, whether they are aware of it or not, in order to avoid feelings of unease or discomfort. Mechanisms such as autistic fantasy, rationalization, denial, and projection, can help shield one's ego from feelings of stress or guilt that arise when facing reality.
Level 4: Minor image-distorting defences
Level four defence mechanisms serve the purpose of protecting an individual's self-esteem. There are several processes that people may use, such as devaluation and idealization of self-image and others-image, as well as omnipotence. These mechanisms assist in preserving a healthy self-perception during times of psychological instability.
Level 5: Neurotic
These defences are strategies that the mind uses without conscious awareness in order to manage anxiety, which is often a result of ongoing conflicts. There are several mechanisms that people use to cope with distressing thoughts and emotions. These include repression, displacement, dissociation, and reaction formation. These defences may offer brief relief; however, they can inhibit development in oneself and contribute to harmful habits.
Level 6: Obsessional defences
Obsessional defences refer to mental techniques that individuals utilize to cope with anxiety by exerting control over their thoughts, emotions, or behaviors. People may rely on strict routines, a desire for perfection, or a strong need for order to maintain a sense of control and avoid facing uncertainty or undesirable impulses. These defences, such as isolation of affects, intellectualization, and undoing, provide a short-term solution but can result in the development of obsessive-compulsive behaviors and hinder one's capacity to express and adapt to emotions.
Level 7: High-adaptative defences
This level of defences allow individuals to cope with stressors, challenges, and trauma. Mechanisms, such as sublimation, affiliation, self-assertion, suppression, altruism, anticipation, humor, and self-observation play a role in building resilience. They allow individuals to redefine challenges in a beneficial way that maximizes positivity. In doing so, they enhance their psychological well-being and encourage adaptation.
Relation with coping
See also: Coping (psychology)
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2016)
There are multiple different perspectives on how the construct of defence relates to the construct of coping. While the two concepts share multiple similarities, there is a distinct difference between them that depends on the state of consciousness the process is carried out in. The process of coping involves using logic and ration to stabilize negative emotions and stressors. This differs from defence, which is driven by impulse and urges.
Similarities between coping and defense mechanisms have been extensively studied in relation to various mental health conditions, such as depression, anxiety, and personality disorders. Research indicates that these mechanisms often follow specific patterns within different disorders, with some, like avoidant coping, potentially exacerbating future symptoms. This aligns with the vulnerability-stress psychopathology model, which involves two core components: vulnerability (non-adaptive mechanisms and processes) and stress (life events). These factors interact to create a threshold for the development of mental disorders. The types of coping and defense mechanisms used can either contribute to vulnerability or act as protective factors. Coping and defence mechanisms work in tandem to balance out feelings of anxiety or guilt, categorizing them both as a "mechanisms of adaptation."
See also
Coherence therapy § Symptom coherence
Personality disorder – Maladaptive patterns of behavior
Cognitive dissonance – Stress from contradictory beliefs
Experiential avoidance – Attempts to avoid internal experiences
List of cognitive biases – Systematic patterns of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment
List of maladaptive schemas – List on psychotherapy topic
Motivated forgetting – Psychological defense mechanism
Motivated reasoning – Using emotionally-biased reasoning to produce justifications or make decisions
Narcissistic defences – Mental processes which preserve the self
Psychological resistance – Phenomenon in clinical psychology
Self-enhancement – Type of motivation
References
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^ "APA PsycNet". psycnet.apa.org. Retrieved 2024-05-02.
^ User, Super. "The DMRS-Q". dmrs-q.com (in Italian). Retrieved 2024-05-02. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
^ Haan, Norma (1977). Coping and defending : processes of self-environment organization. Internet Archive. New York : Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-312350-3.
^ Cramer, Phebe (1998). "Coping and Defense Mechanisms: What's the Difference?". Journal of Personality. 66 (6): 919–946. doi:10.1111/1467-6494.00037. ISSN 0022-3506.
^ Felton, Barbara J.; Revenson, Tracey A. (1984). "Coping with chronic illness: A study of illness controllability and the influence of coping strategies on psychological adjustment". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 52 (3): 343–353. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.52.3.343. ISSN 0022-006X. PMID 6747054.
^ Bornstein, Robert F.; Bianucci, Violeta; Fishman, Daniel P.; Biars, Julia W. (2014-04-01). "Toward a Firmer Foundation for DSM-5.1 : Domains of Impairment in DSM-IV/DSM-5 Personality Disorders". Journal of Personality Disorders. 28 (2): 212–224. doi:10.1521/pedi_2013_27_116. ISSN 0885-579X. PMID 23786269.
^ Nuechterlein, K. H.; Dawson, M. E. (1984-01-01). "A Heuristic Vulnerability/Stress Model of Schizophrenic Episodes". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 10 (2): 300–312. doi:10.1093/schbul/10.2.300. ISSN 0586-7614. PMID 6729414.
^ Yank, Glenn R.; Bentley, Kia J.; Hargrove, David S. (1993). "The vulnerability-stress model of schizophrenia: Advances in psychosocial treatment". American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 63 (1): 55–69. doi:10.1037/h0079401. ISSN 1939-0025. PMID 8427312.
^ Cramer, Phebe (1998). "Coping and Defense Mechanisms: What's the Difference?". Journal of Personality. 66 (6): 919–946. doi:10.1111/1467-6494.00037. ISSN 0022-3506.
External links
Media related to Defence mechanisms at Wikimedia Commons
David McCandless. "Being Defensive: How psychotherapy sees you". Information is Beautiful (Figure). Retrieved 2023-10-07.
vteDefence mechanismsLevel 1: Pathological
Delusional projection
Denial or abnegation (German: Verneinung)
Psychotic denial or disavowal (German: Verleugnung)
Distortion
Foreclosure or repudiation (German: Verwerfung)
Extreme projection
Identification with the Aggressor
Splitting
Level 2: Immature
Acting out
Fantasy
Idealization
Introjection
Passive-aggression
Projection
Projective identification
Somatization
Level 3: Neurotic
Displacement
Dissociation
Hypochondriasis
Intellectualization
Isolation
Rationalization
Reaction formation
Regression
Repression (German: Verdrängung)
Undoing
Level 4: Mature
Altruism
Anticipation
Humour
Identification
Sublimation
Suppression
Other
Compartmentalization
Defensive pessimism
Minimisation
Postponement of affect
Authority control databases National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Japan
Czech Republic
Other
IdRef
2 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Biological defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_defense_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"psychoanalytic theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory"},{"link_name":"unconscious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconscious_mind"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"pathological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathology"},{"link_name":"anxiety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"repression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repression_(psychoanalysis)"},{"link_name":"identification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identification_(psychology)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"rationalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationalization_(psychology)"},{"link_name":"ego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ego_(Freudian)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"sublimation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimation_(psychology)"},{"link_name":"libido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libido"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"For the biological concept, see Biological defense.In psychoanalytic theory, a defence mechanism is an unconscious psychological operation that functions to protect a person from anxiety-producing thoughts and feelings related to internal conflicts and outer stressors.[1][2][3]According to this theory, healthy people normally use different defence mechanisms throughout life. A defence mechanism can potentially become pathological when its persistent use leads to maladaptive behaviour such that the physical or mental health of the individual is adversely affected. Among the purposes of ego defence mechanisms is to protect the mind/self/ego from anxiety or social sanctions or to provide a refuge from a situation with which one cannot currently cope.[4]Examples of defence mechanisms include: repression, the exclusion of unacceptable desires and ideas from consciousness; identification, the incorporation of some aspects of an object into oneself;[5] rationalization, the justification of one's behaviour by using apparently logical reasons that are acceptable to the ego, thereby further suppressing awareness of the unconscious motivations;[6] and sublimation, the process of channeling libido into \"socially useful\" disciplines, such as artistic, cultural, and intellectual pursuits, which indirectly provide gratification for the original drives.[7]Some psychologists follow a system that ranks defence mechanisms into seven levels, ranging from a high-adaptive defence level to a psychotic defence level. Assessments carried out when analyzing patients such as the Defence Mechanism Rating Scale (DMRS) and Vaillant's hierarchy of defense mechanisms have been used and modified for over 40 years to provide numerical data on the state of a person's defensive functioning.[8]","title":"Defence mechanism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1937-9"},{"link_name":"Anna Freud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Freud"},{"link_name":"Sigmund Freud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud"},{"link_name":"repression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_repression"},{"link_name":"regression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regression_(psychology)"},{"link_name":"reaction formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_formation"},{"link_name":"isolation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolation_(psychology)"},{"link_name":"undoing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undoing_(psychology)"},{"link_name":"projection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_projection"},{"link_name":"introjection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introjection"},{"link_name":"turning against one's own person","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-harm"},{"link_name":"sublimation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimation_(psychology)"},{"link_name":"displacement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displacement_(psychology)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Szondi1956-10"},{"link_name":"id","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Id_(psychology)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1937-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1937-9"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hock,_Roger_R_2013-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hock,_Roger_R_2013-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hock,_Roger_R_2013-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hock,_Roger_R_2013-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hock,_Roger_R_2013-12"},{"link_name":"Otto F. Kernberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_F._Kernberg"},{"link_name":"borderline personality disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borderline_personality_disorder"},{"link_name":"object relations theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_relations_theory"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid4861171-13"},{"link_name":"Robert Plutchik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Plutchik"},{"link_name":"emotions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotions"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"DSM-IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSM-IV"},{"link_name":"American Psychiatric Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"In the first definitive book on defence mechanisms, The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence (1936),[9] Anna Freud enumerated the ten defence mechanisms that appear in the works of her father, Sigmund Freud: repression, regression, reaction formation, isolation, undoing, projection, introjection, turning against one's own person, reversal into the opposite, and sublimation or displacement.[10]Sigmund Freud posited that defence mechanisms work by distorting id impulses into acceptable forms, or by unconscious or conscious blockage of these impulses.[9] Anna Freud considered defense mechanisms as intellectual and motor automatisms of various degrees of complexity, that arose in the process of involuntary and voluntary learning.[11]Anna Freud introduced the concept of signal anxiety; she stated that it was \"not directly a conflicted instinctual tension but a signal occurring in the ego of an anticipated instinctual tension\".[9] The signalling function of anxiety was thus seen as crucial, and biologically adapted to warn the organism of danger or a threat to its equilibrium. The anxiety is felt as an increase in bodily or mental tension, and the signal that the organism receives in this way allows for the possibility of taking defensive action regarding the perceived danger.Both Freuds studied defence mechanisms, but Anna spent more of her time and research on five main mechanisms: repression, regression, projection, reaction formation, and sublimation. All defence mechanisms are responses to anxiety and how the consciousness and unconscious manage the stress of a social situation.[12]Repression: the exclusion of unacceptable desires and ideas from consciousness, though in certain circumstances they may resurface in a disguised or distorted form\nRegression: falling back into an early state of mental/physical development seen as \"less demanding and safer\"[12]\nProjection: possessing a feeling that is deemed as socially unacceptable and instead of facing it, that feeling or \"unconscious urge\" is seen in the actions of other people[12]\nReaction formation: acting the opposite way that the unconscious instructs a person to behave, \"often exaggerated and obsessive\". For example, if a wife is infatuated with a man who is not her husband, reaction formation may cause her to – rather than cheat – become obsessed with showing her husband signs of love and affection.[12]\nSublimation: seen as the most acceptable of the mechanisms, an expression of anxiety in socially acceptable ways[12]Otto F. Kernberg (1967) developed a theory of borderline personality organization of which one consequence may be borderline personality disorder. His theory is based on ego psychological object relations theory. Borderline personality organization develops when the child cannot integrate helpful and harmful mental objects together. Kernberg views the use of primitive defence mechanisms as central to this personality organization. Primitive psychological defences are projection, denial, dissociation or splitting and they are called borderline defence mechanisms. Also, devaluation and projective identification are seen as borderline defences.[13]Robert Plutchik's (1979) theory views defences as derivatives of basic emotions, which in turn relate to particular diagnostic structures. According to his theory, reaction formation relates to joy (and manic features), denial relates to acceptance (and histrionic features), repression to fear (and passivity), regression to surprise (and borderline traits), compensation to sadness (and depression), projection to disgust (and paranoia), displacement to anger (and hostility) and intellectualization to anticipation (and obsessionality).[14]The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) published by the American Psychiatric Association (1994) includes a tentative diagnostic axis for defence mechanisms.[15] This classification is largely based on Vaillant's hierarchical view of defences, but has some modifications. Examples include: denial, fantasy, rationalization, regression, isolation, projection, and displacement.Different theorists have different categorizations and conceptualizations of defence mechanisms. Large reviews of theories of defence mechanisms are available from Paulhus, Fridhandler and Hayes (1997)[16] and Cramer (1991).[17] The Journal of Personality published a special issue on defence mechanisms (1998).[18]","title":"Theories and classifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Eman Vaillant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Eman_Vaillant"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cramer-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Psychiatrist George Eman Vaillant introduced a four-level classification of defence mechanisms:[19][20] Much of this is derived from his observations while overseeing the Grant study that began in 1937 and is on-going. In monitoring a group of men from their freshman year at Harvard until their deaths, the purpose of the study was to see longitudinally what psychological mechanisms proved to have impact over the course of a lifetime. The hierarchy was seen to correlate well with the capacity to adapt to life. His most comprehensive summary of the on-going study was published in 1977.[21] The focus of the study is to define mental health rather than disorder.Level I – pathological defences (psychotic denial, delusional projection)\nLevel II – immature defences (fantasy, projection, passive aggression, acting out)\nLevel III – neurotic defences (intellectualization, reaction formation, dissociation, displacement, repression)\nLevel IV – mature defences (humour, sublimation, suppression, altruism, anticipation)","title":"Vaillant's categorization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pathological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychopathology"},{"link_name":"insane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insanity"},{"link_name":"psychosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosis"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vaillant,_G._E._1986-22"},{"link_name":"Delusional projection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delusion"},{"link_name":"Denial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denial"},{"link_name":"Distortion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_distortion"}],"sub_title":"Level 1: pathological","text":"When predominant, the mechanisms on this level are almost always severely pathological. These defences, in conjunction, permit one effectively to rearrange external experiences to eliminate the need to cope with reality. Pathological users of these mechanisms frequently appear irrational or insane to others. These are the \"pathological\" defences, common in overt psychosis. However, they are normally found in dreams and throughout childhood as well.[22]\nThey include:Delusional projection: Delusions about external reality, usually of a persecutory nature\nDenial: Refusal to accept external reality because it is too threatening; arguing against an anxiety-provoking stimulus by stating it does not exist; resolution of emotional conflict and reduction of anxiety by refusing to perceive or consciously acknowledge the more unpleasant aspects of external reality\nDistortion: A gross reshaping of external reality to meet internal needs","title":"Vaillant's categorization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"major depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depression"},{"link_name":"personality disorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_disorders"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vaillant,_G._E._1986-22"},{"link_name":"Acting out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acting_out"},{"link_name":"Hypochondriasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypochondriasis"},{"link_name":"Passive-aggressive behavior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive-aggressive_behavior"},{"link_name":"Projection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_projection"},{"link_name":"paranoia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranoia"},{"link_name":"prejudice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prejudice"},{"link_name":"jealousy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envy"},{"link_name":"hypervigilance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypervigilance"},{"link_name":"Schizoid fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy_(psychology)"},{"link_name":"Splitting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splitting_(psychology)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McWilliams-23"}],"sub_title":"Level 2: immature","text":"These mechanisms are often present in adults. These mechanisms lessen distress and anxiety produced by threatening people or by an uncomfortable reality. Excessive use of such defences is seen as socially undesirable, in that they are immature, difficult to deal with and seriously out of touch with reality. These are the so-called \"immature\" defences and overuse almost always leads to serious problems in a person's ability to cope effectively. These defences are often seen in major depression and personality disorders.[22]\nThey include:Acting out: Direct expression of an unconscious wish or impulse in action, without conscious awareness of the emotion that drives the expressive behavior\nHypochondriasis: An excessive preoccupation or worry about having a serious illness\nPassive-aggressive behavior: Indirect expression of hostility\nProjection: A primitive form of paranoia. Projection reduces anxiety by allowing the expression of the undesirable impulses or desires without becoming consciously aware of them; attributing one's own unacknowledged, unacceptable, or unwanted thoughts and emotions to another; includes severe prejudice and jealousy, hypervigilance to external danger, and \"injustice collecting\", all with the aim of shifting one's unacceptable thoughts, feelings and impulses onto someone else, such that those same thoughts, feelings, beliefs and motivations are perceived as being possessed by the other.\nSchizoid fantasy: Tendency to retreat into fantasy in order to resolve inner and outer conflicts\nSplitting: A primitive defence. Both harmful and helpful impulses are split off and segregated, frequently projected onto someone else. The defended individual segregates experiences into all-good and all-bad categories, with no room for ambiguity and ambivalence. When \"splitting\" is combined with \"projecting\", the undesirable qualities that one unconsciously perceives oneself as possessing, one consciously attributes to another.[23]","title":"Vaillant's categorization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"neurotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosis"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vaillant,_G._E._1986-22"},{"link_name":"Displacement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displacement_(psychology)"},{"link_name":"Dissociation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociation_(psychology)"},{"link_name":"Intellectualization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectualization"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Isolation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolation_(psychology)"},{"link_name":"affect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affect_(psychology)"},{"link_name":"obsessive–compulsive disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Reaction formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_formation"},{"link_name":"Repression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_repression"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LaplancheP390-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Level 3: neurotic","text":"These mechanisms are considered neurotic, but fairly common in adults. Such defences have short-term advantages in coping, but can often cause long-term problems in relationships, work and in enjoying life when used as one's primary style of coping with the world.[22]\nThey include:Displacement: Defence mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses to a more acceptable or less threatening target; redirecting emotion to a safer outlet; separation of emotion from its real object and redirection of the intense emotion toward someone or something that is less offensive or threatening in order to avoid dealing directly with what is frightening or threatening.\nDissociation: Temporary drastic modification of one's personal identity or character to avoid emotional distress; separation or postponement of a feeling that normally would accompany a situation or thought.\nIntellectualization: Excessively analytical or abstract thought patterns, potentially leading to increased distance from one's emotions. Used to block out conflicting or disturbing feelings or thoughts.[24]\nIsolation of affect: The detachment of emotion from an idea, making it \"flat.\" Frequently observed in obsessive–compulsive disorder, and in non-disordered people following traumatic events.[25]\nReaction formation: Converting unconscious wishes or impulses that are perceived to be dangerous or unacceptable into their opposites; behaviour that is completely the opposite of what one really wants or feels; taking the opposite belief because the true belief causes anxiety\nRepression: The process of attempting to repel desires towards pleasurable instincts, caused by a threat of suffering if the desire is satisfied; the desire is moved to the unconscious in the attempt to prevent it from entering consciousness;[26] seemingly unexplainable naivety, memory lapse or lack of awareness of one's own situation and condition; the emotion is conscious, but the idea behind it is absent[27]","title":"Vaillant's categorization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"virtuous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtue"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vaillant,_G._E._1986-22"},{"link_name":"Altruism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altruism"},{"link_name":"Anticipation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticipation_(emotion)"},{"link_name":"Humour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humour"},{"link_name":"self-deprecation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-deprecation"},{"link_name":"Sublimation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimation_(psychology)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated483-28"},{"link_name":"Suppression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thought_suppression"}],"sub_title":"Level 4: mature","text":"These are commonly found among emotionally healthy adults and are considered mature, even though many have their origins in an immature stage of development. They are conscious processes, adapted through the years in order to optimise success in human society and relationships. The use of these defences enhances pleasure and feelings of control. These defences help to integrate conflicting emotions and thoughts, whilst still remaining effective. Those who use these mechanisms are usually considered virtuous.[22]\nMature defences include:Altruism: Constructive service to others that brings pleasure and personal satisfaction\nAnticipation: Realistic planning for future discomfort\nHumour: Overt expression of ideas and feelings (especially those that are unpleasant to focus on or too terrible to talk about directly) that gives pleasure to others. The thoughts retain a portion of their innate distress, but they are \"skirted around\" by witticism, for example, self-deprecation.\nSublimation: Transformation of unhelpful emotions or instincts into healthy actions, behaviours, or emotions; for example, playing a heavy contact sport such as football or rugby can transform aggression into a game[28]\nSuppression: The conscious decision to delay paying attention to a thought, emotion, or need in order to cope with the present reality; making it possible later to access uncomfortable or distressing emotions whilst accepting them","title":"Vaillant's categorization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"The defence Mechanism Rating Scale (DMRS) includes thirty processes of defence that are divided into 7 categories. Starting from the highest level of adaptiveness these levels include: high-adaptive, obsessional, neurotic, minor image-distorting, disavowal, major image-distorting, and action. The scale was originally created by J. Christopher Perry for the purpose of being able to provide patients with a \"defence diagnosis.\"[29] Additions have been made to modify and add to the scale over the years, creating the DMRS self report and DMRS-Q sort. [30]","title":"Perry's defence mechanism rating scale (DMRS)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"passive aggression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive-aggressive_behavior"},{"link_name":"acting out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acting_out"}],"sub_title":"Level 1: Action defences","text":"Action defence mechanisms are used unconsciously to help reduce stress. Examples include passive aggression, help-rejecting complaining, and acting out, which channel impulses into appropriate behaviors. These processes offer short-term relief but may prevent lasting improvements in the root causes.","title":"Perry's defence mechanism rating scale (DMRS)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"projective identification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projective_identification"}],"sub_title":"Level 2: Major image-distorting defences","text":"Major image-distorting mechanisms are used to guard a person's own image and their ego from perceived dangers, conflicts, or fears. These processes involve simplifying the way a person sees themselves and others. Splitting of one's self or other's image and projective identification both work on an unconscious level and help to alter reality, enabling these individuals to uphold a more positive view of their lives or situations.","title":"Perry's defence mechanism rating scale (DMRS)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rationalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationalization_(psychology)"},{"link_name":"denial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denial"},{"link_name":"projection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_projection"}],"sub_title":"Level 3: Disavowal defences","text":"Disavowal defence mechanisms include the rejection or denial of unpleasant ideas, emotions, or events. People sometimes distance themselves from certain parts of their identity, whether they are aware of it or not, in order to avoid feelings of unease or discomfort. Mechanisms such as autistic fantasy, rationalization, denial, and projection, can help shield one's ego from feelings of stress or guilt that arise when facing reality.","title":"Perry's defence mechanism rating scale (DMRS)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"devaluation and idealization of self-image and others-image","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devaluation_(psychology)"},{"link_name":"omnipotence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnipotence_(psychoanalysis)"}],"sub_title":"Level 4: Minor image-distorting defences","text":"Level four defence mechanisms serve the purpose of protecting an individual's self-esteem. There are several processes that people may use, such as devaluation and idealization of self-image and others-image, as well as omnipotence. These mechanisms assist in preserving a healthy self-perception during times of psychological instability.","title":"Perry's defence mechanism rating scale (DMRS)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"repression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repression_(psychoanalysis)"},{"link_name":"displacement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displacement_(psychology)"},{"link_name":"dissociation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociation_(psychology)"},{"link_name":"reaction formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_formation"}],"sub_title":"Level 5: Neurotic","text":"These defences are strategies that the mind uses without conscious awareness in order to manage anxiety, which is often a result of ongoing conflicts. There are several mechanisms that people use to cope with distressing thoughts and emotions. These include repression, displacement, dissociation, and reaction formation. These defences may offer brief relief; however, they can inhibit development in oneself and contribute to harmful habits.","title":"Perry's defence mechanism rating scale (DMRS)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"intellectualization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectualization"},{"link_name":"undoing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undoing_(psychology)"},{"link_name":"obsessive-compulsive behaviors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder"}],"sub_title":"Level 6: Obsessional defences","text":"Obsessional defences refer to mental techniques that individuals utilize to cope with anxiety by exerting control over their thoughts, emotions, or behaviors. People may rely on strict routines, a desire for perfection, or a strong need for order to maintain a sense of control and avoid facing uncertainty or undesirable impulses. These defences, such as isolation of affects, intellectualization, and undoing, provide a short-term solution but can result in the development of obsessive-compulsive behaviors and hinder one's capacity to express and adapt to emotions.","title":"Perry's defence mechanism rating scale (DMRS)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sublimation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimation_(psychology)"},{"link_name":"altruism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altruism"},{"link_name":"self-observation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-awareness"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Level 7: High-adaptative defences","text":"This level of defences allow individuals to cope with stressors, challenges, and trauma. Mechanisms, such as sublimation, affiliation, self-assertion, suppression, altruism, anticipation, humor, and self-observation play a role in building resilience. They allow individuals to redefine challenges in a beneficial way that maximizes positivity. In doing so, they enhance their psychological well-being and encourage adaptation.[31][32][33]","title":"Perry's defence mechanism rating scale (DMRS)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coping (psychology)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coping_(psychology)"},{"link_name":"coping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coping_(psychology)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"mental health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_health"},{"link_name":"depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_(mood)"},{"link_name":"anxiety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety"},{"link_name":"personality disorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_disorder"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"adaptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptation"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"text":"See also: Coping (psychology)There are multiple different perspectives on how the construct of defence relates to the construct of coping. While the two concepts share multiple similarities, there is a distinct difference between them that depends on the state of consciousness the process is carried out in. The process of coping involves using logic and ration to stabilize negative emotions and stressors. This differs from defence, which is driven by impulse and urges.[34][35]Similarities between coping and defense mechanisms have been extensively studied in relation to various mental health conditions, such as depression, anxiety, and personality disorders.[36] Research indicates that these mechanisms often follow specific patterns within different disorders, with some, like avoidant coping, potentially exacerbating future symptoms.[37] This aligns with the vulnerability-stress psychopathology model, which involves two core components: vulnerability (non-adaptive mechanisms and processes) and stress (life events).[38] These factors interact to create a threshold for the development of mental disorders. The types of coping and defense mechanisms used can either contribute to vulnerability or act as protective factors.[39] Coping and defence mechanisms work in tandem to balance out feelings of anxiety or guilt, categorizing them both as a \"mechanisms of adaptation.\"[40]","title":"Relation with coping"}] | [] | [{"title":"Coherence therapy § Symptom coherence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coherence_therapy#Symptom_coherence"},{"title":"Personality disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_disorder"},{"title":"Cognitive dissonance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance"},{"title":"Experiential avoidance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experiential_avoidance"},{"title":"List of cognitive biases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases"},{"title":"List of maladaptive schemas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_maladaptive_schemas"},{"title":"Motivated forgetting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivated_forgetting"},{"title":"Motivated reasoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivated_reasoning"},{"title":"Narcissistic defences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissistic_defences"},{"title":"Psychological resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_resistance"},{"title":"Self-enhancement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-enhancement"}] | [{"reference":"Mariagrazia DG, John CP, Ciro C, Omar CG, Alessandro G (December 2020). \"Defense Mechanisms, Gender, and Adaptiveness in Emerging Personality Disorders in Adolescent Outpatients\". The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 12 (208): 933–941. doi:10.1097/NMD.0000000000001230. PMID 32947450. S2CID 221797283.","urls":[{"url":"https://journals.lww.com/jonmd/abstract/2020/12000/defense_mechanisms,_gender,_and_adaptiveness_in.5.aspx","url_text":"\"Defense Mechanisms, Gender, and Adaptiveness in Emerging Personality Disorders in Adolescent Outpatients\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2FNMD.0000000000001230","url_text":"10.1097/NMD.0000000000001230"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32947450","url_text":"32947450"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221797283","url_text":"221797283"}]},{"reference":"Schacter, Daniel L. (2011). Psychology (2 ed.). New York: Worth Publishers. pp. 482–483]. ISBN 978-1-4292-3719-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/psychology0000scha/page/482","url_text":"Psychology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4292-3719-2","url_text":"978-1-4292-3719-2"}]},{"reference":"\"defence mechanisms -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia\". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2008-03-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9029737/defence-mechanism","url_text":"\"defence mechanisms -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rationalization\". American Psychological Association.","urls":[{"url":"https://dictionary.apa.org/rationalization","url_text":"\"Rationalization\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sublimation\". American Psychological Association.","urls":[{"url":"https://dictionary.apa.org/sublimation","url_text":"\"Sublimation\""}]},{"reference":"Perry, J. Christopher; Henry, Melissa (2004), \"Studying Defense Mechanisms in Psychotherapy using the Defense Mechanism Rating Scales\", Defense Mechanisms - Theoretical, Research and Clinical Perspectives, Advances in Psychology, vol. 136, Elsevier, pp. 165–192, doi:10.1016/s0166-4115(04)80034-7, ISBN 978-0-444-51263-5, retrieved 2024-05-02","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-4115(04)80034-7","url_text":"\"Studying Defense Mechanisms in Psychotherapy using the Defense Mechanism Rating Scales\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0166-4115%2804%2980034-7","url_text":"10.1016/s0166-4115(04)80034-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-51263-5","url_text":"978-0-444-51263-5"}]},{"reference":"Romanov, E.S. (1996). Mechanisms of psychological defense: genesis, functioning, diagnostics.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kernberg O (July 1967). \"Borderline personality organization\". J Am Psychoanal Assoc. 15 (3): 641–85. doi:10.1177/000306516701500309. PMID 4861171. S2CID 32199139.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000306516701500309","url_text":"10.1177/000306516701500309"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4861171","url_text":"4861171"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32199139","url_text":"32199139"}]},{"reference":"Briggs, Stephen; Hogan, Robert Goode; Johnson, John W. (1997). Handbook of personality psychology. Boston: Academic Press. pp. 543–579. ISBN 978-0-12-134646-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-134646-1","url_text":"978-0-12-134646-1"}]},{"reference":"Cramer, Phebe (May 2006). Protecting the Self. The Guilford Press. p. 17. ISBN 9781593855284.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FNsmzy-lLagC&pg=PA17","url_text":"17"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781593855284","url_text":"9781593855284"}]},{"reference":"Vaillant, George (1994). \"Ego mechanisms of defense and personality psychopathology\" (PDF). Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 103 (1): 44–50. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.103.1.44. PMID 8040479.","urls":[{"url":"http://web.vu.lt/uki/s.kontrimiene/files/2011/10/Vaillant.-Ego-mechanisms-of-defense.pdf","url_text":"\"Ego mechanisms of defense and personality psychopathology\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0021-843X.103.1.44","url_text":"10.1037/0021-843X.103.1.44"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8040479","url_text":"8040479"}]},{"reference":"Vailant, George (1977). Adaptation to Life. Boston: Little Brown. ISBN 0-316-89520-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-89520-2","url_text":"0-316-89520-2"}]},{"reference":"McWilliams, Nancy (2011). Psychoanalytic Diagnosis: Understanding Personality Structure in the Clinical Process, Second Edition. New York, NY: The Guilford Press. pp. 60, 63, 103. ISBN 978-1609184940.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1609184940","url_text":"978-1609184940"}]},{"reference":"Bailey, Ryan; Pico, Jose (2022), \"Defense Mechanisms\", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 32644532, retrieved 2022-06-28","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559106/","url_text":"\"Defense Mechanisms\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32644532","url_text":"32644532"}]},{"reference":"\"isolation of affect\". Oxford Reference. Retrieved 2022-06-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100012916","url_text":"\"isolation of affect\""}]},{"reference":"Perry, J. Christopher; Henry, Melissa (2004), \"Studying Defense Mechanisms in Psychotherapy using the Defense Mechanism Rating Scales\", Defense Mechanisms - Theoretical, Research and Clinical Perspectives, Advances in Psychology, vol. 136, Elsevier, pp. 165–192, doi:10.1016/s0166-4115(04)80034-7, ISBN 978-0-444-51263-5, retrieved 2024-05-02","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-4115(04)80034-7","url_text":"\"Studying Defense Mechanisms in Psychotherapy using the Defense Mechanism Rating Scales\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0166-4115%2804%2980034-7","url_text":"10.1016/s0166-4115(04)80034-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-51263-5","url_text":"978-0-444-51263-5"}]},{"reference":"Di Giuseppe, Mariagrazia; Perry, John Christopher; Lucchesi, Matilde; Michelini, Monica; Vitiello, Sara; Piantanida, Aurora; Fabiani, Matilde; Maffei, Sara; Conversano, Ciro (2020). \"Preliminary Reliability and Validity of the DMRS-SR-30, a Novel Self-Report Measure Based on the Defense Mechanisms Rating Scales\". Frontiers in Psychiatry. 11: 870. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00870. ISSN 1664-0640. PMC 7479239. PMID 33005160.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7479239","url_text":"\"Preliminary Reliability and Validity of the DMRS-SR-30, a Novel Self-Report Measure Based on the Defense Mechanisms Rating Scales\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyt.2020.00870","url_text":"10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00870"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1664-0640","url_text":"1664-0640"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7479239","url_text":"7479239"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33005160","url_text":"33005160"}]},{"reference":"Di Giuseppe, Mariagrazia; Perry, J. 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PMID 34721167.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8555762","url_text":"\"The Hierarchy of Defense Mechanisms: Assessing Defensive Functioning With the Defense Mechanisms Rating Scales Q-Sort\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2021.718440","url_text":"10.3389/fpsyg.2021.718440"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1664-1078","url_text":"1664-1078"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8555762","url_text":"8555762"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34721167","url_text":"34721167"}]},{"reference":"\"APA PsycNet\". psycnet.apa.org. Retrieved 2024-05-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2004-19502-009","url_text":"\"APA PsycNet\""}]},{"reference":"User, Super. \"The DMRS-Q\". dmrs-q.com (in Italian). Retrieved 2024-05-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://dmrs-q.com/dmrs-q","url_text":"\"The DMRS-Q\""}]},{"reference":"Haan, Norma (1977). Coping and defending : processes of self-environment organization. Internet Archive. New York : Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-312350-3.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/copingdefendingp0000haan","url_text":"Coping and defending : processes of self-environment organization"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-312350-3","url_text":"978-0-12-312350-3"}]},{"reference":"Cramer, Phebe (1998). \"Coping and Defense Mechanisms: What's the Difference?\". Journal of Personality. 66 (6): 919–946. doi:10.1111/1467-6494.00037. 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ISSN 0885-579X. PMID 23786269.","urls":[{"url":"http://guilfordjournals.com/doi/10.1521/pedi_2013_27_116","url_text":"\"Toward a Firmer Foundation for DSM-5.1 : Domains of Impairment in DSM-IV/DSM-5 Personality Disorders\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1521%2Fpedi_2013_27_116","url_text":"10.1521/pedi_2013_27_116"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0885-579X","url_text":"0885-579X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23786269","url_text":"23786269"}]},{"reference":"Nuechterlein, K. H.; Dawson, M. E. (1984-01-01). \"A Heuristic Vulnerability/Stress Model of Schizophrenic Episodes\". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 10 (2): 300–312. doi:10.1093/schbul/10.2.300. ISSN 0586-7614. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piscator_(disambiguation) | Piscator (disambiguation) | [] | Look up piscator in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Erwin Piscator was a German theatre director and producer.
Piscator may also refer to:
Piscator (surname)
Piscator (bird), a genus of extinct cormorant-like birds
Piscator (Paolozzi), a sculpture by Eduardo Paolozzi at Euston Station, London
the Chequered Keelback (Fowlea piscator)
the Red-footed Booby (Sula piscator)
the Western Plantain-eater (Crinifer piscator)
Topics referred to by the same term
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Piscator.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"piscator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/piscator"},{"link_name":"Erwin Piscator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Piscator"},{"link_name":"Piscator (surname)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piscator_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Piscator (bird)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piscator_(bird)"},{"link_name":"Piscator (Paolozzi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piscator_(Paolozzi)"},{"link_name":"Fowlea piscator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fowlea_piscator"},{"link_name":"Sula piscator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sula_piscator"},{"link_name":"Crinifer piscator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crinifer_piscator"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"link_name":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Piscator_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}],"text":"Look up piscator in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.Erwin Piscator was a German theatre director and producer.Piscator may also refer to:Piscator (surname)\nPiscator (bird), a genus of extinct cormorant-like birds\nPiscator (Paolozzi), a sculpture by Eduardo Paolozzi at Euston Station, London\nthe Chequered Keelback (Fowlea piscator)\nthe Red-footed Booby (Sula piscator)\nthe Western Plantain-eater (Crinifer piscator)Topics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Piscator.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.","title":"Piscator (disambiguation)"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Piscator_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Okonkov | Mikhail Ogonkov | ["1 References"] | Russian footballer
Olympic medal record
Representing Soviet Union
Men's Football
1956 Melbourne
Team Competition
Mikhail OgonkovPersonal informationFull name
Mikhail Pavlovich OgonkovDate of birth
(1932-06-24)24 June 1932Place of birth
Moscow, USSRDate of death
14 August 1979(1979-08-14) (aged 47)Place of death
Moscow, USSRPosition(s)
DefenderYouth career
Krasny Proletariy MoscowSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1953–1958
FC Spartak Moscow
1961
FC Spartak Moscow
International career1955–1958
USSR
23
(0)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Mikhail Pavlovich Ogonkov (Russian: Михаил Павлович Огоньков; 24 June 1932 in Moscow – 14 August 1979, Moscow) was a Russian footballer of the 1950s and 1960s. He played as a left-back for Spartak Moscow. According to the footballer Nikita Simonyan Mikhail Ogonkov was the best Soviet Full Back of all times
Ogonkov was a member of the USSR team that won the 1956 Olympic gold medal. His main attributes were his positioning, exceptional fitness and strong tackling.
In 1958 he was arrested, along with Eduard Streltsov and Boris Tatushin, over an alleged rape. The resulting indefinite ban later reduced to three-year ban from football deprived him of playing at his peak. Soon after his return from suspension in 1961 he was badly injured (his kidney was removed) and forced to retire from playing football. He then worked as a children coach in Spartak Moscow.
In 1979 his dead body was found in his Moscow apartment apparently two weeks after the death. The cause of the death was not properly investigated although murder was rumored.
References
^ a b c Gennady Larchikov Artist on the Field and in Life, Sovetsky Sport N109, 2002 "СПАРТАК'70 - официальный юбилейный сайт" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 19 July 2009. Retrieved 13 July 2008.
^ Spartak's Hall of Fame (in Russian)
^ "Mikhail Ogonkov". Olympedia. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
vteSoviet Union football squad – 1956 Summer Olympics – Gold medalists
GK Razinsky
GK Yashin
DF Tishchenko
DF Ogonkov
DF Maslyonkin
DF Kuznetsov
DF Bashashkin
MF Netto
MF Betsa
MF Paramonov
FW Tatushin
FW Ivanov
FW Isayev
FW Ryzhkin
FW Salnikov
FW Ilyin
FW Streltsov
FW Simonyan
Coach: Kachalin
This biographical article relating to Soviet association football is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SovSport-1"},{"link_name":"Spartak Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Spartak_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Nikita Simonyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Simonyan"},{"link_name":"Full Back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"1956 Olympic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Eduard Streltsov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Streltsov"},{"link_name":"Boris Tatushin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Tatushin"},{"link_name":"kidney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SovSport-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SovSport-1"}],"text":"Mikhail Pavlovich Ogonkov (Russian: Михаил Павлович Огоньков; 24 June 1932 in Moscow – 14 August 1979, Moscow) was a Russian footballer of the 1950s and 1960s.[1] He played as a left-back for Spartak Moscow. According to the footballer Nikita Simonyan Mikhail Ogonkov was the best Soviet Full Back of all times[2]Ogonkov was a member of the USSR team that won the 1956 Olympic gold medal. His main attributes were his positioning, exceptional fitness and strong tackling.[3]In 1958 he was arrested, along with Eduard Streltsov and Boris Tatushin, over an alleged rape. The resulting indefinite ban later reduced to three-year ban from football deprived him of playing at his peak. Soon after his return from suspension in 1961 he was badly injured (his kidney was removed) and forced to retire from playing football. He then worked as a children coach in Spartak Moscow.[1]In 1979 his dead body was found in his Moscow apartment apparently two weeks after the death. The cause of the death was not properly investigated although murder was rumored.[1]","title":"Mikhail Ogonkov"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"СПАРТАК'70 - официальный юбилейный сайт\" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 19 July 2009. Retrieved 13 July 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090719212538/http://www.spartak70.ru/football/stars/150.html","url_text":"\"СПАРТАК'70 - официальный юбилейный сайт\""},{"url":"http://www.spartak70.ru/football/stars/150.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mikhail Ogonkov\". Olympedia. Retrieved 1 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/27612","url_text":"\"Mikhail Ogonkov\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090719212538/http://www.spartak70.ru/football/stars/150.html","external_links_name":"\"СПАРТАК'70 - официальный юбилейный сайт\""},{"Link":"http://www.spartak70.ru/football/stars/150.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://fanat1k.ru/hall-of-fame/Ogonkov.Mikhail.php","external_links_name":"Spartak's Hall of Fame"},{"Link":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/27612","external_links_name":"\"Mikhail Ogonkov\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Ogonkov&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Tillamook_Bay_Railroad | Port of Tillamook Bay Railroad | ["1 History","1.1 Storms","2 Locomotive fleet","3 Oregon Coast Scenic Railroad","4 See also","5 References","6 Bibliography","7 External links"] | Coordinates: 45°25′09″N 123°48′19″W / 45.419171°N 123.805397°W / 45.419171; -123.805397Port of Tillamook Bay RailroadOverviewLocaleWashington and Tillamook counties, Oregon, United StatesDates of operation1952 (1952)–presentTechnicalTrack gauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gaugeLength101 miles (163 km)
The Port of Tillamook Bay Railroad (reporting mark POTB) is a shortline railroad in northwestern Oregon in the United States. It was established in 1952 to handle switching in Tillamook, Oregon, and came to greater prominence in 1986 when it leased 94 miles (151 km) of the Southern Pacific Railroad's Tillamook branch.
Purchased from the Southern Pacific Transportation Company in 1990 by the Port of Tillamook Bay, the railroad was used to transport lumber and agricultural products over the Northern Oregon Coast Range between the Oregon Coast and the Portland area until heavily damaged in a 2007 storm. The Port of Tillamook Bay began operating the unincorporated railroad on March 27, 1986, but the tracks were originally constructed by Oregon judge George R. Bagley and others in 1906. The railroad's main line, no longer in use due to storm damage, runs between Hillsboro and Tillamook.
History
The line to Tillamook was constructed by the Pacific Railway and Navigation Company between 1906–1911. The Pacific Railway and Navigation Company, whose reporting mark was "PR&N", was sometimes known as the "Punk, Rotten, and Nasty" because of the wet and muddy working conditions for crews building the railroad through the Coast Range. The Southern Pacific took control of the company in 1915, and the line became the Tillamook branch.
In 1943, the United States Navy established a short branch line within Tillamook to serve Naval Air Station Tillamook. The Port of Tillamook Bay created the Port of Tillamook Bay Railroad in 1952 to assume operation from the Navy.
Storms
In January 1990, the railroad was significantly damaged by a storm, and the cost of repairs was about $1.3 million. In February 1990, after having leased the railroad, the Port of Tillamook Bay purchased it from the Southern Pacific Transportation Company for nearly $2.9 million.
The Salmonberry River and the damaged Hillsboro–Tillamook line in February 2008
In February 1996, more storms damaged the Hillsboro–Tillamook line. About 7 miles (11 km) of line was "nearly completely destroyed", two bridges washed out, and the flooding Salmonberry River washed "boulders the size of cars" through one of the line's tunnels. A preliminary estimate of the damage, given by the Oregon Department of Transportation, was $5 million. In March, Oregon governor John Kitzhaber, convinced that repairing the railroad would not harm steelhead runs, permitted repairs to continue through the end of the month. In June, the state determined that the Port of Tillamook Bay had violated state environmental laws, such as by failing to control erosion in the Salmonberry River canyon.
During a storm on December 2 and 3, 2007, known as the Great Coastal Gale, the railroad was again significantly damaged in the Salmonberry River canyon. The cost of repairs to the railroad was first estimated at $20 million. Tillamook County logging companies faced increased costs because they had to transport timber by truck. When the repair cost estimate was revised to $57.3 million, fisheries groups suggested permanently abandoning the railroad because they thought "that economically, the railroad is not viable, and environmentally, rebuilding it would affect fish runs already hammered by last winter's storms". Workers began assessing the railroad damage in February 2008 in snowy, rugged terrain, and found that the flooding Salmonberry River had eroded steep embankments, damaging tunnels and collapsing trestles and bridges. Later that year, they hiked as far as 18 miles (29 km) each day to the canyon to further assess the damage. The Port of Tillamook Bay opted to not repair the damaged track over the mountains, but it still owns more than 101 miles (163 km) of railroad right-of-way, including main line, spurs, and sidings. The port also leases a 3.5-mile (5.6 km) section of track from Banks to Hillsboro to the Portland and Western Railroad and leases the coastal portion of the line to the Oregon Coast Scenic Railroad.
Locomotive fleet
The following locomotives listed here are locomotives used by the Port of Tillamook Bay Railroad (POTB).
Photograph
Road No.
Model
Build date
Serial No.
Former Nos.
Status
Notes
101
EMD GP9
12/1955
21190
INPR 101
H&E 101
C&O 6006
110
GE 80-ton switcher
1943
18059
-
111
GE 80-ton switcher
12/1943
18067
LP&N #80
3771
EMD GP9E
12/1956
22900
SP 3771
SP 3568
T&NO 446
4368
EMD SD9E
04/1955
20203
SP 4368
SP 3903
SP 5425
Scrapped in October 2010
4381
EMD SD9E
03/1955
19945
SP 4381
SP 3882
SP 5404
Involved in a wreck and scrapped in January 1999.
4405
EMD SD9E
04/1955
19986
SP 4405
SP 3899
SP 5421
Scrapped, front hood is at Astoria riverfront trolly shed
4406
EMD SD9E
04/1955
19983
SP 4406
SP 3896
SP 5418
Scrapped, October 2022
4414
EMD SD9E
05/1956
21314
SP 4414
SP 3962
SP 5489
Scrapped in October 2010
4432
EMD SD9E
04/1955
19951
SP 4432
SP 3888
SP 5410
Scrapped in October 2010
6113
EMD SD9
01/1957
22488
BNSF 6113
BN 6113
Great Northern 586
6114
EMD SD9
01/1957
22489
BNSF 6114
BN 6114
Great Northern 587
6116
EMD SD9
01/1957
22491
BNSF 6115
BN 6116
GN 589
6124
EMD SD9
04/1958
24099
BNSF 6124
BN 6124
GN 597
6139
EMD SD9
03/1954
18996
BNSF 6139
BN 6139
CB&Q 337
6157
EMD SD9
08/1955
20565
BNSF 6164
BN 6164
CB&Q 355
6164
EMD SD9
09/1955
20572
BNSF 6164
BN 6164
CB&Q 362
6178
EMD SD9
10/1955
23610
BNSF 6176
BN 6176
CB&Q 431
6196
EMD SD9
08/1955
23628
BNSF 6196
BN 6196
CB&Q 449
Oregon Coast Scenic Railroad
The Oregon Coast Scenic Railroad (OCSR), a non-profit museum group, operates a heritage railroad in conjunction with the POTB that runs tourist trains on a portion of POTB track from Garibaldi north to Rockaway Beach. as well as various excursions from Wheeler to Batterson, Oregon. As of 2011, OCSR was negotiating a contract with the port commission to perform track maintenance in exchange for controlling the scheduling along the portion of the line. There is disagreement between the port authority and OCSR about the percentage of ticket revenues to be paid to POTB. OCSR wanted an agreement with POTB as assurance that if the scenic railroad invests $30,000 to $40,000 in a building to house a new, larger train engine, that the tracks would not be used for another purpose. Meanwhile, the port commission said it had received an offer of more than $4 million to sell the railroad for scrap, an amount that would pay off the nearly $1.7 million in debts the port has accrued on the railroad. A former port commissioner speaking on behalf of OCSR believed, however, that the port would have trouble gaining federal approval to completely abandon the rail line.
In March 2012, OCSR agreed to lease from POTB 46 miles (74 km) of line from the Salmonberry River to Tillamook. This would effectively make the entire line a tourist railroad. OCSR plans to extend services to Tillamook as soon as practicable, with extension to the north a future possibility.
See also
Salmonberry Trail
References
^ a b c d Robertson, Donald B. (1995). Encyclopedia of Western Railroad History. Caldwell, Idaho: The Caxton Printers, Ltd. p. 133. ISBN 978-0-87004-366-6.
^ a b c d "Port of Tillamook Bay Railroad". Port of Tillamook Bay. Archived from the original on July 9, 2015. Retrieved June 18, 2015.
^ "Railroads operating in Oregon" (PDF). Oregon Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 3, 2011.
^ "Worst is over for storm victims in Oregon". The Spokesman-Review. Spokane, Washington. Associated Press. January 12, 1990. p. A4. Retrieved July 5, 2011.
^ Lockley, Fred (1928). History of the Columbia River Valley From the Dalles to the Sea. Chicago, Illinois: S. J. Clarke Publishing. pp. 709–710.
^ Hofsommer, Don L. (1986). The Southern Pacific, 1901-1985. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press. pp. 41–42. ISBN 978-0-89096-246-6.
^ "Port of Tillamook Bay Railroad". Active Short Lines of the Pacific Northwest. Retrieved October 11, 2014.
^ Interstate Commerce Commission (1933), Valuation Docket No. 1008: Southern Pacific Railroad, vol. 45 Val. Rep., p. 1
^ Lewis, Edward A. (1996). American Shortline Railway Guide (5th ed.). Waukesha, WI: Kalmbach Publishing. p. 253. ISBN 0-89024-290-9. OCLC 35286187.
^ "Coastal county to get storm aid". The Bulletin. Bend, Oregon. Associated Press. January 25, 1990. p. A4. Retrieved July 5, 2011.
^ "Tillamook port buys rail line". The Register-Guard. Eugene, Oregon. Associated Press. February 4, 1990. p. 2D. Retrieved July 5, 2011.
^ a b c "Flooding and mudslides cripple railroading in the Pacific Northwest". Pacific RailNews: 10–11. April 1996. Archived from the original on 2012-03-16. Retrieved 2011-07-16.
^ "In-stream railroad repairs to continue". The Register-Guard. Eugene, Oregon. March 23, 1996. p. 3B. Retrieved July 5, 2011.
^ "Tillamook Railroad needs oversight". The Register-Guard. Eugene, Oregon. Associated Press. June 4, 1996. p. 2E. Retrieved July 5, 2011.
^ "Tillamook port cuts back operations after railroad is devastated". The Daily Astorian. Astoria, Oregon. December 7, 2007. Retrieved October 11, 2014.
^ Milstein, Michael (September 30, 2008). "Tillamook RR repair cost tops $57 million". The Oregonian. Portland, Oregon. Retrieved July 1, 2011.
^ "Port of Tillamook Bay Railroad damages". CW Construction. Retrieved October 12, 2014.
^ "Port of Tillamook Bay". www.thedieselshop.us. Retrieved 2023-11-26.
^ Burkhardt (1994), p. 45
^ "POTB 4368". www.rrpicturearchives.net. Retrieved 2023-11-26.
^ LLC, Cyprezz. "POTB Port of Tillamook Bay railroad locomotives and rolling stock Minecraft Map". Planet Minecraft. Retrieved 2023-11-26.
^ Loveday, Gary (2010-10-10), PoTB No.4414, retrieved 2023-11-26
^ "Oregon Coast Scenic Railroad". Oregon Coast Scenic Railroad. Retrieved October 11, 2014.
^ "Special Excursions". Oregon Coast Scenic Railroad. Retrieved October 11, 2014.
^ a b c d e Swindler, Samantha (June 29, 2011). "Still no agreement between Port, OCSR". The Tillamook Headlight-Herald. Tillamook, Oregon. Retrieved July 5, 2011.
^ Rimel, Anthony (April 4, 2012). "Oregon Coast Scenic Railroad wins lease to extend track". The Daily Astorian. Astoria, Oregon. Coast River Business Journal. Retrieved October 12, 2014.
Bibliography
Burkhardt, D. C. Jesse (1994). Backwoods Railroads: Branchlines and Shortlines of Western Oregon (1st ed.). Washington State University Press. ISBN 9780874221046.
External links
Railways portal
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Port of Tillamook Bay Railroad.
Photos of the railroad from Flickr
Port of Tillamook Bay National Register of Historic Places Evaluation
vteRailroads of OregonCommon carriers
Albany and Eastern Railroad
BNSF Railway
City of Prineville Railway
Central Oregon and Pacific Railroad
Coos Bay Rail Line
Goose Lake Railway LLC
Hampton Railway
Idaho Northern and Pacific Railroad
Klamath Northern Railway
Mount Hood Railroad
Oregon Eastern Railroad
Oregon Pacific Railroad
Palouse River and Coulee City Railroad
Portland and Western Railroad
Port of Tillamook Bay Railroad
Peninsula Terminal Company
Portland Terminal Railroad
Rogue Valley Terminal Railroad Corporation
Union Pacific Railroad
Willamette and Pacific Railroad
Wallowa Union Railroad Authority
Willamette Valley Railway
Passenger carriers
Amtrak
MAX Light Rail
Portland Streetcar
WES Commuter Rail
Heritage railroads
Longview, Portland and Northern Railway
Oregon Coast Scenic Railroad
Oregon, Pacific and Eastern Railway
Sumpter Valley Railway
Willamette Shore Trolley
See also: Former carriers in Oregon
List of United States railroads by political division
45°25′09″N 123°48′19″W / 45.419171°N 123.805397°W / 45.419171; -123.805397 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"reporting mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reporting_mark"},{"link_name":"shortline railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortline_railroad"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon"},{"link_name":"switching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunting_(rail)"},{"link_name":"Tillamook, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillamook,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Southern Pacific Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Pacific_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Tillamook branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tillamook_branch&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Southern Pacific Transportation Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Pacific_Transportation_Company"},{"link_name":"Port of Tillamook Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Port_of_Tillamook_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Northern Oregon Coast Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Oregon_Coast_Range"},{"link_name":"Oregon Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Coast"},{"link_name":"Portland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-POTB_web-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Robertson-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODOT-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-worst_is_over-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Robertson-1"},{"link_name":"George R. Bagley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_R._Bagley"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lockley-5"},{"link_name":"Hillsboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillsboro,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Tillamook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillamook,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Robertson-1"}],"text":"The Port of Tillamook Bay Railroad (reporting mark POTB) is a shortline railroad in northwestern Oregon in the United States. It was established in 1952 to handle switching in Tillamook, Oregon, and came to greater prominence in 1986 when it leased 94 miles (151 km) of the Southern Pacific Railroad's Tillamook branch.Purchased from the Southern Pacific Transportation Company in 1990 by the Port of Tillamook Bay, the railroad was used to transport lumber and agricultural products over the Northern Oregon Coast Range between the Oregon Coast and the Portland area until heavily damaged in a 2007 storm.[2][1][3][4] The Port of Tillamook Bay began operating the unincorporated railroad on March 27, 1986,[1] but the tracks were originally constructed by Oregon judge George R. Bagley and others in 1906.[5] The railroad's main line, no longer in use due to storm damage, runs between Hillsboro and Tillamook.[1]","title":"Port of Tillamook Bay Railroad"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pacific Railway and Navigation Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Railway_and_Navigation_Company"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"reporting mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reporting_mark"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brians-7"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"Tillamook branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tillamook_branch&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Tillamook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillamook,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Naval Air Station Tillamook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Tillamook"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The line to Tillamook was constructed by the Pacific Railway and Navigation Company between 1906–1911.[6] The Pacific Railway and Navigation Company, whose reporting mark was \"PR&N\", was sometimes known as the \"Punk, Rotten, and Nasty\" because of the wet and muddy working conditions for crews building the railroad through the Coast Range.[7][better source needed] The Southern Pacific took control of the company in 1915, and the line became the Tillamook branch.[8]In 1943, the United States Navy established a short branch line within Tillamook to serve Naval Air Station Tillamook. The Port of Tillamook Bay created the Port of Tillamook Bay Railroad in 1952 to assume operation from the Navy.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bulletin-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-purchase-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salmonberry_River_and_POTB_line.jpg"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prn-apr96-12"},{"link_name":"Salmonberry River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonberry_River"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prn-apr96-12"},{"link_name":"Oregon Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prn-apr96-12"},{"link_name":"John Kitzhaber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kitzhaber"},{"link_name":"steelhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_trout"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kitzhaber_approval-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oversight-14"},{"link_name":"Great Coastal Gale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Coastal_Gale_of_2007"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-POTB_web-2"},{"link_name":"Tillamook County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillamook_County,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Astorian-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Milstein-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CW_Construction-17"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-POTB_web-2"},{"link_name":"Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banks,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Portland and Western Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_and_Western_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Oregon Coast Scenic Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Coast_Scenic_Railroad"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-POTB_web-2"}],"sub_title":"Storms","text":"In January 1990, the railroad was significantly damaged by a storm, and the cost of repairs was about $1.3 million.[10] In February 1990, after having leased the railroad, the Port of Tillamook Bay purchased it from the Southern Pacific Transportation Company for nearly $2.9 million.[11]The Salmonberry River and the damaged Hillsboro–Tillamook line in February 2008In February 1996, more storms damaged the Hillsboro–Tillamook line. About 7 miles (11 km) of line was \"nearly completely destroyed\",[12] two bridges washed out, and the flooding Salmonberry River washed \"boulders the size of cars\" through one of the line's tunnels.[12] A preliminary estimate of the damage, given by the Oregon Department of Transportation, was $5 million.[12] In March, Oregon governor John Kitzhaber, convinced that repairing the railroad would not harm steelhead runs, permitted repairs to continue through the end of the month.[13] In June, the state determined that the Port of Tillamook Bay had violated state environmental laws, such as by failing to control erosion in the Salmonberry River canyon.[14]During a storm on December 2 and 3, 2007, known as the Great Coastal Gale, the railroad was again significantly damaged in the Salmonberry River canyon.[2] The cost of repairs to the railroad was first estimated at $20 million. Tillamook County logging companies faced increased costs because they had to transport timber by truck.[15] When the repair cost estimate was revised to $57.3 million, fisheries groups suggested permanently abandoning the railroad because they thought \"that economically, the railroad is not viable, and environmentally, rebuilding it would affect fish runs already hammered by last winter's storms\".[16] Workers began assessing the railroad damage in February 2008 in snowy, rugged terrain, and found that the flooding Salmonberry River had eroded steep embankments, damaging tunnels and collapsing trestles and bridges. Later that year, they hiked as far as 18 miles (29 km) each day to the canyon to further assess the damage.[17] The Port of Tillamook Bay opted to not repair the damaged track over the mountains, but it still owns more than 101 miles (163 km) of railroad right-of-way, including main line, spurs, and sidings.[2] The port also leases a 3.5-mile (5.6 km) section of track from Banks to Hillsboro to the Portland and Western Railroad and leases the coastal portion of the line to the Oregon Coast Scenic Railroad.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-19"}],"text":"The following locomotives listed here are locomotives used by the Port of Tillamook Bay Railroad (POTB).[18][19]","title":"Locomotive fleet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oregon Coast Scenic Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Coast_Scenic_Railroad"},{"link_name":"heritage railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_railroad"},{"link_name":"Garibaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garibaldi,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Rockaway Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockaway_Beach,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AboutOCSR-23"},{"link_name":"Wheeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheeler,_Tillamook_County,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Specials-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swindler-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swindler-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swindler-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swindler-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swindler-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lease2012-26"}],"text":"The Oregon Coast Scenic Railroad (OCSR), a non-profit museum group, operates a heritage railroad in conjunction with the POTB that runs tourist trains on a portion of POTB track from Garibaldi north to Rockaway Beach.[23] as well as various excursions from Wheeler to Batterson, Oregon.[24] As of 2011, OCSR was negotiating a contract with the port commission to perform track maintenance in exchange for controlling the scheduling along the portion of the line.[25] There is disagreement between the port authority and OCSR about the percentage of ticket revenues to be paid to POTB.[25] OCSR wanted an agreement with POTB as assurance that if the scenic railroad invests $30,000 to $40,000 in a building to house a new, larger train engine, that the tracks would not be used for another purpose.[25] Meanwhile, the port commission said it had received an offer of more than $4 million to sell the railroad for scrap, an amount that would pay off the nearly $1.7 million in debts the port has accrued on the railroad.[25] A former port commissioner speaking on behalf of OCSR believed, however, that the port would have trouble gaining federal approval to completely abandon the rail line.[25]In March 2012, OCSR agreed to lease from POTB 46 miles (74 km) of line from the Salmonberry River to Tillamook.[26] This would effectively make the entire line a tourist railroad. OCSR plans to extend services to Tillamook as soon as practicable, with extension to the north a future possibility.","title":"Oregon Coast Scenic Railroad"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Backwoods Railroads: Branchlines and Shortlines of Western Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=AGTbAAAAMAAJ&q=%22EMD+SD9E%22+-wikipedia"},{"link_name":"Washington State University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_State_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780874221046","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780874221046"}],"text":"Burkhardt, D. C. Jesse (1994). Backwoods Railroads: Branchlines and Shortlines of Western Oregon (1st ed.). Washington State University Press. ISBN 9780874221046.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_text":"The Salmonberry River and the damaged Hillsboro–Tillamook line in February 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Salmonberry_River_and_POTB_line.jpg/220px-Salmonberry_River_and_POTB_line.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Salmonberry Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonberry_Trail"}] | [{"reference":"Robertson, Donald B. (1995). Encyclopedia of Western Railroad History. Caldwell, Idaho: The Caxton Printers, Ltd. p. 133. ISBN 978-0-87004-366-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2gC82vs_OHsC&q=Port+of+tillamook+bay","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Western Railroad History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caxton_Press_(United_States)","url_text":"The Caxton Printers, Ltd"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87004-366-6","url_text":"978-0-87004-366-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Port of Tillamook Bay Railroad\". Port of Tillamook Bay. Archived from the original on July 9, 2015. Retrieved June 18, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150709011926/http://www.potb.org/industrialpark/railroad.html","url_text":"\"Port of Tillamook Bay Railroad\""},{"url":"http://www.potb.org/industrialpark/railroad.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Railroads operating in Oregon\" (PDF). Oregon Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 3, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oregon.gov/ODOT/HWY/ROW/docs/freightrr.pdf?ga=t","url_text":"\"Railroads operating in Oregon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Oregon Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"\"Worst is over for storm victims in Oregon\". The Spokesman-Review. Spokane, Washington. Associated Press. January 12, 1990. p. A4. Retrieved July 5, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=11hYAAAAIBAJ&dq=port%20of%20tillamook%20bay%20railroad&pg=4980%2C1569733","url_text":"\"Worst is over for storm victims in Oregon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spokesman-Review","url_text":"The Spokesman-Review"}]},{"reference":"Lockley, Fred (1928). History of the Columbia River Valley From the Dalles to the Sea. Chicago, Illinois: S. J. Clarke Publishing. pp. 709–710.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._J._Clarke_Publishing_Company","url_text":"S. J. Clarke Publishing"}]},{"reference":"Hofsommer, Don L. (1986). The Southern Pacific, 1901-1985. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press. pp. 41–42. ISBN 978-0-89096-246-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University_Press","url_text":"Texas A&M University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89096-246-6","url_text":"978-0-89096-246-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Port of Tillamook Bay Railroad\". Active Short Lines of the Pacific Northwest. Retrieved October 11, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.brian894x4.com/POTBrailroad.html","url_text":"\"Port of Tillamook Bay Railroad\""}]},{"reference":"Interstate Commerce Commission (1933), Valuation Docket No. 1008: Southern Pacific Railroad, vol. 45 Val. Rep., p. 1","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_Commerce_Commission","url_text":"Interstate Commerce Commission"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Trains/ICC_valuations/Southern_Pacific_Railroad","url_text":"Valuation Docket No. 1008: Southern Pacific Railroad"}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Edward A. (1996). American Shortline Railway Guide (5th ed.). Waukesha, WI: Kalmbach Publishing. p. 253. ISBN 0-89024-290-9. OCLC 35286187.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmbach_Publishing","url_text":"Kalmbach Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89024-290-9","url_text":"0-89024-290-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35286187","url_text":"35286187"}]},{"reference":"\"Coastal county to get storm aid\". The Bulletin. Bend, Oregon. Associated Press. January 25, 1990. p. A4. Retrieved July 5, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=PFUPAAAAIBAJ&dq=port%20of%20tillamook%20bay%20railroad&pg=4047%2C5783766","url_text":"\"Coastal county to get storm aid\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bulletin_(Bend)","url_text":"The Bulletin"}]},{"reference":"\"Tillamook port buys rail line\". The Register-Guard. Eugene, Oregon. Associated Press. February 4, 1990. p. 2D. Retrieved July 5, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=v0NWAAAAIBAJ&dq=port%20of%20tillamook%20bay%20railroad&pg=2238%2C936042","url_text":"\"Tillamook port buys rail line\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Register-Guard","url_text":"The Register-Guard"}]},{"reference":"\"Flooding and mudslides cripple railroading in the Pacific Northwest\". Pacific RailNews: 10–11. April 1996. Archived from the original on 2012-03-16. Retrieved 2011-07-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120316141118/http://www.trainlife.com/magazines/pages/272/20276/april-1996-page-10","url_text":"\"Flooding and mudslides cripple railroading in the Pacific Northwest\""},{"url":"http://www.trainlife.com/magazines/pages/272/20276/april-1996-page-10","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"In-stream railroad repairs to continue\". The Register-Guard. Eugene, Oregon. March 23, 1996. p. 3B. Retrieved July 5, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=1kdWAAAAIBAJ&dq=port%20of%20tillamook%20bay%20railroad&pg=3911%2C5885559","url_text":"\"In-stream railroad repairs to continue\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tillamook Railroad needs oversight\". The Register-Guard. Eugene, Oregon. Associated Press. June 4, 1996. p. 2E. Retrieved July 5, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7khWAAAAIBAJ&dq=port%20of%20tillamook%20bay%20railroad&pg=5324%2C1103465","url_text":"\"Tillamook Railroad needs oversight\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tillamook port cuts back operations after railroad is devastated\". The Daily Astorian. Astoria, Oregon. December 7, 2007. Retrieved October 11, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dailyastorian.com/20071208/tillamook-port-cuts-back-operations-after-railroad-is-devastated","url_text":"\"Tillamook port cuts back operations after railroad is devastated\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Astorian","url_text":"The Daily Astorian"}]},{"reference":"Milstein, Michael (September 30, 2008). \"Tillamook RR repair cost tops $57 million\". The Oregonian. Portland, Oregon. Retrieved July 1, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oregonlive.com/environment/index.ssf/2008/09/tillamook_rr_repair_cost_tops.html","url_text":"\"Tillamook RR repair cost tops $57 million\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oregonian","url_text":"The Oregonian"}]},{"reference":"\"Port of Tillamook Bay Railroad damages\". CW Construction. Retrieved October 12, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cwconstruct.com/services/disaster-recovery-examples/","url_text":"\"Port of Tillamook Bay Railroad damages\""}]},{"reference":"\"Port of Tillamook Bay\". www.thedieselshop.us. Retrieved 2023-11-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thedieselshop.us/POTB.HTML","url_text":"\"Port of Tillamook Bay\""}]},{"reference":"\"POTB 4368\". www.rrpicturearchives.net. Retrieved 2023-11-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rrpicturearchives.net/showPicture.aspx?id=4817095","url_text":"\"POTB 4368\""}]},{"reference":"LLC, Cyprezz. \"POTB Port of Tillamook Bay railroad locomotives and rolling stock Minecraft Map\". Planet Minecraft. Retrieved 2023-11-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.planetminecraft.com/project/potb-port-of-tillamook-bay-railroad-locomotives-and-rolling-stock/","url_text":"\"POTB Port of Tillamook Bay railroad locomotives and rolling stock Minecraft Map\""}]},{"reference":"Loveday, Gary (2010-10-10), PoTB No.4414, retrieved 2023-11-26","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/the-legacy-collection/11374074903/","url_text":"PoTB No.4414"}]},{"reference":"\"Oregon Coast Scenic Railroad\". Oregon Coast Scenic Railroad. Retrieved October 11, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://oregoncoastscenic.org/","url_text":"\"Oregon Coast Scenic Railroad\""}]},{"reference":"\"Special Excursions\". Oregon Coast Scenic Railroad. Retrieved October 11, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oregoncoastscenic.org/special-excursions/","url_text":"\"Special Excursions\""}]},{"reference":"Swindler, Samantha (June 29, 2011). \"Still no agreement between Port, OCSR\". The Tillamook Headlight-Herald. Tillamook, Oregon. Retrieved July 5, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tillamookheadlightherald.com/news/article_078afd48-a267-11e0-ad79-001cc4c03286.html","url_text":"\"Still no agreement between Port, OCSR\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headlight-Herald_(Tillamook)","url_text":"The Tillamook Headlight-Herald"}]},{"reference":"Rimel, Anthony (April 4, 2012). \"Oregon Coast Scenic Railroad wins lease to extend track\". The Daily Astorian. Astoria, Oregon. Coast River Business Journal. Retrieved October 12, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dailyastorian.com/20120404/oregon-coast-scenic-railroad-wins-lease-to-extend-track","url_text":"\"Oregon Coast Scenic Railroad wins lease to extend track\""}]},{"reference":"Burkhardt, D. C. Jesse (1994). Backwoods Railroads: Branchlines and Shortlines of Western Oregon (1st ed.). Washington State University Press. ISBN 9780874221046.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AGTbAAAAMAAJ&q=%22EMD+SD9E%22+-wikipedia","url_text":"Backwoods Railroads: Branchlines and Shortlines of Western Oregon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_State_University_Press","url_text":"Washington State University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780874221046","url_text":"9780874221046"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Port_of_Tillamook_Bay_Railroad¶ms=45.419171_N_123.805397_W_type:railwaystation_region:US-OR_source:googlemaps","external_links_name":"45°25′09″N 123°48′19″W / 45.419171°N 123.805397°W / 45.419171; -123.805397"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2gC82vs_OHsC&q=Port+of+tillamook+bay","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Western Railroad 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oversight\""},{"Link":"http://www.dailyastorian.com/20071208/tillamook-port-cuts-back-operations-after-railroad-is-devastated","external_links_name":"\"Tillamook port cuts back operations after railroad is devastated\""},{"Link":"http://www.oregonlive.com/environment/index.ssf/2008/09/tillamook_rr_repair_cost_tops.html","external_links_name":"\"Tillamook RR repair cost tops $57 million\""},{"Link":"http://www.cwconstruct.com/services/disaster-recovery-examples/","external_links_name":"\"Port of Tillamook Bay Railroad damages\""},{"Link":"http://www.thedieselshop.us/POTB.HTML","external_links_name":"\"Port of Tillamook Bay\""},{"Link":"http://www.rrpicturearchives.net/showPicture.aspx?id=4817095","external_links_name":"\"POTB 4368\""},{"Link":"https://www.planetminecraft.com/project/potb-port-of-tillamook-bay-railroad-locomotives-and-rolling-stock/","external_links_name":"\"POTB Port of Tillamook Bay railroad locomotives and rolling stock Minecraft 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railroad"},{"Link":"http://www.aecom.com/What+We+Do/Design+and+Planning/Practice+Areas/Environmental+Ecological+Planning/Cultural+and+Historic+Resources/_carousel/Port+of+Tillamook+Bay+Railroad+Repair+Project+National+Register+of+Historic+Places+Evaluation","external_links_name":"Port of Tillamook Bay National Register of Historic Places Evaluation"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Port_of_Tillamook_Bay_Railroad¶ms=45.419171_N_123.805397_W_type:railwaystation_region:US-OR_source:googlemaps","external_links_name":"45°25′09″N 123°48′19″W / 45.419171°N 123.805397°W / 45.419171; -123.805397"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Rankin_(drummer) | Billy Rankin (drummer) | ["1 Discography","2 References"] | For the guitarist of the same name, see Billy Rankin (guitarist).
Billy RankinBirth nameWilliam Hector Rankin IIIBorn (1951-03-23) 23 March 1951 (age 73)OriginEnglandOccupation(s)MusicianInstrumentsDrumsMusical artist
William Hector Rankin III (born 23 March 1951) is an English rock drummer, active in the 1960s and 1970s.
He joined Kippington Lodge in 1968 and remained with them when they evolved into Brinsley Schwarz in 1969. He played on all Brinsley Schwarz's albums, and whilst with them, also drummed on albums for Ernie Graham, Chilli Willi and the Red Hot Peppers, Colin Scot and Frankie Miller.
After Brinsley Schwarz broke up in 1974, Rankin briefly joined Ducks Deluxe for their final tours, and played on their final album Last Night of a Pub Rock Band, recorded at London's 100 Club on 1 July 1975. He briefly joined Terraplane but did not record with them, and also appeared on two albums for Dave Edmunds. He joined Big Jim Sullivan's Tiger with whom he recorded two albums, before retiring from the music industry
In October 2007 Tyla, Belmont, Groome and Rankin reformed Ducks Deluxe, to celebrate the 35th anniversary of their formation, and performed at the 100 Club, the venue of their final performance in 1975.
Discography
With Brinsley Schwarz
Brinsley Schwarz
Despite It All
Nervous on the Road
Silver Pistol
Please Don't Ever Change
Original Golden Greats
Unknown Numbers (bootleg)
What IS So Funny About Peace Love & Understanding?
Cruel to Be Kind
The New Favourites of... Brinsley Schwarz
With Chilli Willi and the Red Hot Peppers
Kings of the Robot Rhythm
With Colin Scot
Colin Scot
With Dave Edmunds
Subtle as a Flying Mallet
Get It
With Ducks Deluxe
Last Night of a Pub Rock Band
With Ernie Graham
Ernie Graham
With Frankie Miller
Once in a Blue Moon
With Nick Lowe
Jesus of Cool (Bonus tracks only)
Quiet Please... The New Best of Nick Lowe
With Big Jim Sullivan's Tiger
Tiger
Going Down Laughing
References
^ Joynson, Vernon (2006). The Tapestry of Delights Revisited – Kippington Lodge (1st ed.). Telford: Borderline productions. p. 483. ISBN 1-899855-15-7.
^ Allmusic credits for Billy Rankin Retrieved 3 September 2009
^ Ducks Deluxe – The Manband Archive Archived 14 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 3 September 2009
^ Joynson, Vernon (2006). The Tapestry of Delights Revisited – Brinsley Schwarz (1st ed.). Telford: Borderline productions. p. 121. ISBN 1-899855-15-7.
^ "100 Club review". Record Collector Magazine. 2007. Retrieved 2 November 2009.
vteBrinsley Schwarz
Bob Andrews
Nick Lowe
Billy Rankin
Brinsley Schwarz
Ian Gomm
Studio albums
Brinsley Schwarz
Despite It All
Silver Pistol
Nervous on the Road
Please Don't Ever Change
The New Favourites of... Brinsley Schwarz
Singles
"Shining Brightly"
"Country Girl"
"Silver Pistol"
"Happy Doing What We're Doing"
"I've Cried My Last Tear Over You"
"Speedoo"
"Why Do We Hurt the One We Love?"
"(What's So Funny 'Bout) Peace, Love, and Understanding"
"Everybody"
Various artists albums
Glastonbury Fayre (live)
Greasy Truckers Party (live)
Compilation albums
Original Golden Greats
15 Thoughts of Brinsley Schwarz
Surrender to the Rhythm
Hen's Teeth
Rarities
What IS So Funny About Peace Love & Understanding?
Cruel to Be Kind
Authority control databases: Artists
MusicBrainz
This article on a British drummer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billy Rankin (guitarist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Rankin_(guitarist)"},{"link_name":"Kippington Lodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kippington_Lodge"},{"link_name":"Brinsley Schwarz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brinsley_Schwarz"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ernie Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernie_Graham"},{"link_name":"Chilli Willi and the Red Hot Peppers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilli_Willi_and_the_Red_Hot_Peppers"},{"link_name":"Colin Scot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Scot"},{"link_name":"Frankie Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankie_Miller"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ducks Deluxe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducks_Deluxe"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MBA-DD-3"},{"link_name":"100 Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_Club"},{"link_name":"Terraplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terraplane_(band)"},{"link_name":"Dave Edmunds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Edmunds"},{"link_name":"Big Jim Sullivan's Tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Jim_Sullivan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"For the guitarist of the same name, see Billy Rankin (guitarist).Musical artistWilliam Hector Rankin III (born 23 March 1951) is an English rock drummer, active in the 1960s and 1970s.He joined Kippington Lodge in 1968 and remained with them when they evolved into Brinsley Schwarz in 1969.[1] He played on all Brinsley Schwarz's albums, and whilst with them, also drummed on albums for Ernie Graham, Chilli Willi and the Red Hot Peppers, Colin Scot and Frankie Miller.[2]After Brinsley Schwarz broke up in 1974, Rankin briefly joined Ducks Deluxe[3] for their final tours, and played on their final album Last Night of a Pub Rock Band, recorded at London's 100 Club on 1 July 1975. He briefly joined Terraplane but did not record with them, and also appeared on two albums for Dave Edmunds. He joined Big Jim Sullivan's Tiger with whom he recorded two albums, before retiring from the music industry[4]In October 2007 Tyla, Belmont, Groome and Rankin reformed Ducks Deluxe, to celebrate the 35th anniversary of their formation, and performed at the 100 Club, the venue of their final performance in 1975.[5]","title":"Billy Rankin (drummer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brinsley Schwarz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brinsley_Schwarz"},{"link_name":"Brinsley Schwarz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brinsley_Schwarz_(album)"},{"link_name":"Despite It All","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despite_It_All"},{"link_name":"Nervous on the Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_on_the_Road"},{"link_name":"Silver Pistol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Pistol"},{"link_name":"Please Don't Ever Change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Please_Don%27t_Ever_Change"},{"link_name":"The New Favourites of... 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Retrieved 2 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.recordcollectormag.com/reviews/review-detail/1649","url_text":"\"100 Club review\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p20070/credits","external_links_name":"Allmusic credits for Billy Rankin"},{"Link":"http://www.manband-archive.com/evolution/history-roots-ducks-deluxe.php","external_links_name":"Ducks Deluxe – The Manband Archive"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110714025519/http://www.manband-archive.com/evolution/history-roots-ducks-deluxe.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.recordcollectormag.com/reviews/review-detail/1649","external_links_name":"\"100 Club review\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/d76e8143-8f84-41c3-b6a9-2c3a6c09404c","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Billy_Rankin_(drummer)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_Dokey | Cameron Dokey | ["1 Works","1.1 Hearts and Dreams","1.2 Fear Street Saga novels","1.3 Buffy & Angel novels","1.4 Charmed novels","1.5 Mystery Date Novels","1.6 The Blair Witch Files","1.7 Other works","2 References","3 External links"] | American author
Cameron Dokey (born 1956) is an American author. She lives in Seattle, Washington with her three cats and her husband.
Cameron was born in the Central Valley of California. Her father was a teacher of Philosophy, Creative Writing, and Western Literature, and perhaps for this reason, Cameron grew up reading classical literature and mythology. Both Cameron's parents are authors. Her mother's work is less well-known than that of her father. Cameron's grandmother, Mabel, was a singer on the radio in the early decades of the 20th century.
Cameron studied Archaeology at Sonoma State University just prior to extending her high school career as an actress by acting for several years at the Oregon Shakespeare Festival, in Ashland, Oregon. Cameron then moved to Seattle, where she continued acting at several locations including the Seattle Rep. It was in Seattle that Cameron met her husband, Jim Verdery.
After several years of acting and working in different capacities, Cameron has settled into writing.
Works
Hearts and Dreams
Katherine: Hearts and Dreams
Charlotte: Heart of Hope
Stephanie: Heart of Gold
Carrie: Heart of Courage
Fear Street Saga novels
Main article: Fear Street Sagas
The Sign of Fear
Dance of Death
Faces of Terror
The Hand of Power
The Raven Woman (Advertised but unpublished)
Buffy & Angel novels
Here Be Monsters (Buffy novel)
The Summoned (Angel novel)
How I Survived My Summer Vacation (Buffy story anthology; two stories)
Charmed novels
Haunted by Desire
Truth and Consequences
Picture Perfect
Once upon a Time
The Storyteller's Daughter (A Retelling of The Arabian Nights)
Beauty Sleep (A Retelling of Sleeping Beauty)
Sunlight and Shadow (A Retelling of The Magic Flute)
Golden (A Retelling of Rapunzel)
Before Midnight (A Retelling of Cinderella)
Belle (A Retelling of Beauty and the Beast)
Wild Orchid (A Retelling of The Ballad of Mulan) (2009)
Winter's Child (A Retelling of The Snow Queen)
The World Above (A Retelling of Jack and the Beanstalk and Robin Hood)
Mystery Date Novels
Love Me, Love Me Not
Blue Moon
Heart's Desire
The Blair Witch Files
Main article: The Blair Witch Files
The Prisoner
The Obsession
Other works
How NOT to Spend Your Senior Year
Forget Me Not (Mary-Kate and Ashley Sweet 16 series 17)
Hindenburg, 1937
The Talisman
Washington Avalanche, 1910
Together Forever
References
^ Demigods and Monsters ISBN 9780979233142 page 22
^ "Cameron Dokey". Archived from the original on 2016-02-22. Retrieved 2016-03-07.
^ "Cameron Dokey". Archived from the original on 2006-11-14. Retrieved 2006-03-11.
External links
Official website
Fantasticfiction.co.uk - Bookography
Cameron Dokey at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
United States
Czech Republic
Netherlands | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Central Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Valley_(California)"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Sonoma State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonoma_State_University"},{"link_name":"Oregon Shakespeare Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Shakespeare_Festival"},{"link_name":"Ashland, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashland,_Oregon"}],"text":"Cameron Dokey (born 1956) is an American author. 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It was in Seattle that Cameron met her husband, Jim Verdery.After several years of acting and working in different capacities, Cameron has settled into writing.","title":"Cameron Dokey"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Hearts and Dreams","text":"Katherine: Hearts and Dreams\nCharlotte: Heart of Hope\nStephanie: Heart of Gold\nCarrie: Heart of Courage","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Fear Street Saga novels","text":"The Sign of Fear\nDance of Death\nFaces of Terror\nThe Hand of Power\nThe Raven Woman (Advertised but unpublished)","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Here Be Monsters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here_Be_Monsters_(Buffy_novel)"},{"link_name":"The Summoned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Summoned_(Angel_novel)"},{"link_name":"How I Survived My Summer Vacation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_I_Survived_My_Summer_Vacation"}],"sub_title":"Buffy & Angel novels","text":"Here Be Monsters (Buffy novel)\nThe Summoned (Angel novel)\nHow I Survived My Summer Vacation (Buffy story anthology; two stories)","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Once upon a Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_upon_a_Time"},{"link_name":"The Arabian Nights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Arabian_Nights"},{"link_name":"Sleeping Beauty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeping_Beauty"},{"link_name":"The Magic Flute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magic_Flute"},{"link_name":"Rapunzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapunzel"},{"link_name":"Cinderella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinderella"},{"link_name":"Beauty and the Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast"},{"link_name":"The Ballad of Mulan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hua_Mulan"},{"link_name":"The Snow Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Snow_Queen"},{"link_name":"Jack and the Beanstalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_and_the_Beanstalk"}],"sub_title":"Charmed novels","text":"Haunted by Desire\nTruth and Consequences\nPicture PerfectOnce upon a TimeThe Storyteller's Daughter (A Retelling of The Arabian Nights)\nBeauty Sleep (A Retelling of Sleeping Beauty)\nSunlight and Shadow (A Retelling of The Magic Flute)\nGolden (A Retelling of Rapunzel)\nBefore Midnight (A Retelling of Cinderella)\nBelle (A Retelling of Beauty and the Beast)\nWild Orchid (A Retelling of The Ballad of Mulan) (2009)\nWinter's Child (A Retelling of The Snow Queen)\nThe World Above (A Retelling of Jack and the Beanstalk and Robin Hood)","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Mystery Date Novels","text":"Love Me, Love Me Not\nBlue Moon\nHeart's Desire","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"The Blair Witch Files","text":"The Prisoner\nThe Obsession","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Other works","text":"How NOT to Spend Your Senior Year\nForget Me Not (Mary-Kate and Ashley Sweet 16 series 17)\nHindenburg, 1937\nThe Talisman\nWashington Avalanche, 1910\nTogether Forever","title":"Works"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Cameron Dokey\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_77s | The 77s | ["1 History","2 Discography","2.1 Promotional singles","3 7&7iS","3.1 7&7iS discography","4 References","5 External links"] | American rock band
"Seventy sevens" redirects here. For the concept in biblical prophecy, see Prophecy of Seventy Weeks.
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The 77sOriginSacramento, California, U.S.GenresRock, Christian rock, Christian alternative rock, new waveYears active1979–presentLabels
Exit
Island
Broken
Myrrh
Brainstorm Artists, Intl
Galaxy21
Fools of the World
Lo-Fidelity
Members
Michael Roe
Mark Harmon
Bruce Spencer
Past members
Mark Proctor
Jan Eric Volz
Mark Tootle
Aaron Smith
David Leonhardt
Websitewww.77s.com
The 77s (alternatively spelled the Seventy Sevens, the 77's, or simply 77's) is an American rock band consisting of Michael Roe on vocals/guitar, Mark Harmon on bass guitar, and Bruce Spencer on drums.
History
The group was “formed at a church by a church” under the name Scratch Band in Sacramento, California, during the late 1970s according to Mike Roe. Accompanying him were Mark Tootle on guitar and keyboards, Jan Eric Volz on bass guitar, and Mark Proctor on drums. They were occasionally joined by singer Sharon McCall and guitarist Jimmy A. Their repertoire included originals and songs by English poet Steve Scott among others. The “church” that brought the players together was Sacramento's Warehouse Christian Ministries with the band being a part of the ministries artistic outreach, performing every weekend at the Warehouse. The name of the band was changed to The Seventy Sevens before the release of their first album, Ping Pong Over the Abyss in 1982, on WCM’s own Exit label. While the meaning of the group's name has never been revealed, it is thought to be derived from either Matt 18:22, Daniel 9 or, simply, a year – possibly 1977 – which holds some significance to the band. In 1984, the group toured with labelmate Vector and Resurrection Band with all 3 bands playing the very first Cornerstone festival.
When Proctor left the band, he was replaced by Aaron Smith, who appeared on the album All Fall Down (1984) and remained with the band until 1995. Smith had been a former sideman with Ray Charles and The Temptations and a member of Vector. The next album, The Seventy Sevens, was released by Island Records in 1987. While the album received favorable reviews, it did not sell as well as it might; the reason being The Joshua Tree by labelmate U2 was released that same year. In his article on the subject, John Thompson (True Tunes) thought it likely that Island put most of its resources into promoting The Joshua Tree while others on the label received less promotional support. The album received a positive review by Rolling Stone critic, Margot Mifflin: "the 77s have come up with a sound that suggests not only that they know where they’re coming from, but also that they’re going places". Mark Alan Powell called it "an artistic masterpiece – probably one of the ten best albums of the year not simply in the Christian market but in rock and roll, period".
A compilation album – Sticks and Stones (1990) and a live album – 88 (1991) (which contained a manic version of Over, Under, Sideways, Down) were released after their eponymous Island Records release. At some point in 1992 Tootle and Volz left the band which left Roe as the only original member. David Leonhardt (guitar) joined in early 1992 with Mark Harmon (bass) joining that year also, replacing Tootle and Volz.
Pray Naked was released in 1992 but the title was changed by the label, Word Records, to The Seventy Sevens. The album title change would cause confusion in the minds of consumers and marketers since the 1987 album on Island bore the same name. This was followed by Drowning with Land in Sight in 1994. Leonhardt and Smith left the band soon after, with Smith being replaced by former bandmate Bruce Spencer of Vector. This change brought about a new version of the band, namely a power trio line up with Harmon, Roe and Spencer which started referring to itself as “the band that won’t go away”. It also brought the release of Tom Tom Blues (1995).
At the end of the 1996, The 77s started the label Fools of the World and reissued some of its albums. New material was also released following the label's formation: Echoes o' Faith (1996 live acoustic material), EP (1999) and A Golden Field of Radioactive Crows (2001). Also, Scott Reams occasionally played in the band during concerts beginning in 2000.
In 2010, The 77's participated in the tribute album Mister Bolin's Late Night Revival, a compilation of 17 unreleased tracks written by Tommy Bolin.
Critically, the 77s are considered by fans and music critics; such as Dwight Ozzard (Prism magazine), Brian Quincy Newcomb (HM) and John Thompson (True Tunes), as the greatest – or “best” depending on whom one might quote, rock and roll band in the world.
Discography
1982 Ping Pong over the Abyss
1984 All Fall Down
1987 The 77s
1990 Sticks and Stones
1991 88
1992 Pray Naked
1994 Drowning with Land in Sight
1995 Tom Tom Blues
1996 Echos o' Faith
1999 EP
2000 Late
2000 88/When Numbers Get Serious, re-release of 88 w/bonus disc containing various live tracks (1987–1998)
2001 A Golden Field of Radioactive Crows
2002 Direct
2006 77s DVD Collection
2008 Holy Ghost Building
2014 Gimme a Kickstart.... (part of a two-disc set packaged with .....And a Phrase or Two by Michael Roe)
Promotional singles
Year
Single
CCMRockpeak pos
Album
1983
"Renaissance Man"
1
Ping Pong over the Abyss
"Ping Pong over the Abyss"
5
"A Different Kind of Light"
—
1984
"Someone New"
18
"Mercy Mercy"
—
All Fall Down
1985
"Ba-Ba-Ba-Ba"
4
"Caught in an Unguarded Moment"
14
1987
"Do It for Love"
13
The 77s
"I Can't Get Over It"
—
1990
"Miserable"
12
More Miserable Than You'll Ever Be
"This Is the Way Love Is"
1
Sticks and Stones
"M.T."
1
1991
"You Walked in the Room"
6
"The Lust, the Flesh, the Eyes & the Pride of Life"
6
The 77s
1992
"Woody"
4
Pray Naked
"Phony Eyes"
7
1993
"Nuts for You"
6
1994
"Snake"
1
Drowning with Land in Sight
"Nobody's Fault But Mine"
3
1995
"Cold, Cold Night"
14
1996
"Rocks in Your Head"
7
Tom Tom Blues
2001
"Related"
6
A Golden Field of Radioactive Crows
"Mr. Magoo"
—
"Genuine"
20
"—" denotes singles that did not chart.
7&7iS
Members of The 77s have used the moniker 7&7is to release projects that they do not see as fitting under their regular band name. The name comes from the title of a classic song by the 60s music group Love, called "7 and 7 Is."
The name was first used for Alternative Records' 1989 collection of rarities and outtakes (later released as More Miserable Than You'll Ever Be). The name was revived in 2004 for Fun with Sound, a collaboration between lead singer Michael Roe and bassist Mark Harmon. Harmon and Roe also toured that year under the name.
7&7iS discography
7&7iS (collector's edition box set - vinyl record, cassette, 3" CD, 1989)
More Miserable Than You'll Ever Be (album, 1990)
Fun with Sound (album, 2004)
Hymnshow (album, 2021)
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j Powell, Mark (2002). Encyclopedia of Contemporary Christian Music (Second 2003 ed.). Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers. pp. 811–817. ISBN 1-56563-679-1.
^ a b c Alfonso, Barry (2002). The Billboard Guide to Contemporary Christian Music (First ed.). New York, NY: Billboard Books/Watson-Guptill Publications. pp. 238–241. ISBN 0-8230-7718-7.
^ Mister Bolin's Late Night Revival, 2010
External links
Official website
vteThe 77s
Michael Roe
Mark Harmon
Bruce Spencer
Jan Eric Volz
Aaron Smith
Mark Tootle
Mark Proctor
David Leonhardt
Production
Steven Soles
Charlie Peacock
Robert Musso
Albums
Ping Pong over the Abyss
All Fall Down
The 77s
Sticks and Stones
Eighty Eight
Pray Naked
Drowning with Land in Sight
Tom Tom Blues
Echos o' Faith
Late
A Golden Field of Radioactive Crows
Holy Ghost Building
Extended plays
EP
Direct
Related articles
Lost Dogs
Fools of the World
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prophecy of Seventy Weeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophecy_of_Seventy_Weeks"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"Michael Roe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Roe"},{"link_name":"Mark Harmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Harmon_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Bruce Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Spencer"}],"text":"\"Seventy sevens\" redirects here. For the concept in biblical prophecy, see Prophecy of Seventy Weeks.The 77s (alternatively spelled the Seventy Sevens, the 77's, or simply 77's) is an American rock band consisting of Michael Roe on vocals/guitar, Mark Harmon on bass guitar, and Bruce Spencer on drums.","title":"The 77s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sacramento, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento,_California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Powell-1"},{"link_name":"Jimmy A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_A"},{"link_name":"Steve Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Scott_(poet)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Powell-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alfonso-2"},{"link_name":"Ping Pong Over the Abyss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ping_Pong_Over_the_Abyss"},{"link_name":"Vector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_(band)"},{"link_name":"Resurrection Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection_Band"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Powell-1"},{"link_name":"Aaron Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Smith_(musician)"},{"link_name":"All Fall Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Fall_Down_(The_77s_album)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Powell-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alfonso-2"},{"link_name":"Island Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_Records"},{"link_name":"The Joshua Tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Joshua_Tree_(album)"},{"link_name":"U2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Powell-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Powell-1"},{"link_name":"Word Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_Records"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Powell-1"},{"link_name":"Drowning with Land in Sight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drowning_with_Land_in_Sight"},{"link_name":"Bruce Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Spencer"},{"link_name":"Vector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_(band)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Powell-1"},{"link_name":"Fools of the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fools_of_the_World"},{"link_name":"Echoes o' Faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Echoes_o%27_Faith&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"A Golden Field of Radioactive Crows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Golden_Field_of_Radioactive_Crows"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alfonso-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Powell-1"},{"link_name":"Tommy Bolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Bolin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"HM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_magazine"},{"link_name":"True Tunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Tunes_News"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Powell-1"}],"text":"The group was “formed at a church by a church” under the name Scratch Band in Sacramento, California, during the late 1970s according to Mike Roe.[1] Accompanying him were Mark Tootle on guitar and keyboards, Jan Eric Volz on bass guitar, and Mark Proctor on drums. They were occasionally joined by singer Sharon McCall and guitarist Jimmy A. Their repertoire included originals and songs by English poet Steve Scott among others. The “church” that brought the players together was Sacramento's Warehouse Christian Ministries with the band being a part of the ministries artistic outreach, performing every weekend at the Warehouse.[1][2] The name of the band was changed to The Seventy Sevens before the release of their first album, Ping Pong Over the Abyss in 1982, on WCM’s own Exit label. While the meaning of the group's name has never been revealed, it is thought to be derived from either Matt 18:22, Daniel 9 or, simply, a year – possibly 1977 – which holds some significance to the band. In 1984, the group toured with labelmate Vector and Resurrection Band with all 3 bands playing the very first Cornerstone festival.[1]When Proctor left the band, he was replaced by Aaron Smith, who appeared on the album All Fall Down (1984) and remained with the band until 1995. Smith had been a former sideman with Ray Charles and The Temptations and a member of Vector.[1][2] The next album, The Seventy Sevens, was released by Island Records in 1987. While the album received favorable reviews, it did not sell as well as it might; the reason being The Joshua Tree by labelmate U2 was released that same year. In his article on the subject, John Thompson (True Tunes) thought it likely that Island put most of its resources into promoting The Joshua Tree while others on the label received less promotional support. The album received a positive review by Rolling Stone critic, Margot Mifflin: \"the 77s have come up with a sound that suggests not only that they know where they’re coming from, but also that they’re going places\". Mark Alan Powell called it \"an artistic masterpiece – probably one of the ten best albums of the year not simply in the Christian market but in rock and roll, period\".[1]A compilation album – Sticks and Stones (1990) and a live album – 88 (1991) (which contained a manic version of Over, Under, Sideways, Down) were released after their eponymous Island Records release. At some point in 1992 Tootle and Volz left the band which left Roe as the only original member. David Leonhardt (guitar) joined in early 1992 with Mark Harmon (bass) joining that year also, replacing Tootle and Volz.[1]Pray Naked was released in 1992 but the title was changed by the label, Word Records, to The Seventy Sevens. The album title change would cause confusion in the minds of consumers and marketers since the 1987 album on Island bore the same name.[1] This was followed by Drowning with Land in Sight in 1994. Leonhardt and Smith left the band soon after, with Smith being replaced by former bandmate Bruce Spencer of Vector. This change brought about a new version of the band, namely a power trio line up with Harmon, Roe and Spencer which started referring to itself as “the band that won’t go away”. It also brought the release of Tom Tom Blues (1995).[1]At the end of the 1996, The 77s started the label Fools of the World and reissued some of its albums. New material was also released following the label's formation: Echoes o' Faith (1996 live acoustic material), EP (1999) and A Golden Field of Radioactive Crows (2001).[2] Also, Scott Reams occasionally played in the band during concerts beginning in 2000.[1]In 2010, The 77's participated in the tribute album Mister Bolin's Late Night Revival, a compilation of 17 unreleased tracks written by Tommy Bolin. [3]Critically, the 77s are considered by fans and music critics; such as Dwight Ozzard (Prism magazine), Brian Quincy Newcomb (HM) and John Thompson (True Tunes), as the greatest – or “best” depending on whom one might quote, rock and roll band in the world.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ping Pong over the Abyss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ping_Pong_over_the_Abyss"},{"link_name":"All Fall Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Fall_Down_(The_77s_album)"},{"link_name":"The 77s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_77s_(album)"},{"link_name":"Sticks and Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticks_and_Stones_(The_77s_album)"},{"link_name":"88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/88_(album)"},{"link_name":"Pray Naked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pray_Naked"},{"link_name":"Drowning with Land in Sight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drowning_with_Land_in_Sight"},{"link_name":"Tom Tom Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Tom_Blues"},{"link_name":"Echos o' Faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echos_o%27_Faith"},{"link_name":"EP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EP_(The_77s_album)"},{"link_name":"88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8ighty_8ight"},{"link_name":"A Golden Field of Radioactive Crows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Golden_Field_of_Radioactive_Crows"},{"link_name":"Direct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_(EP)"},{"link_name":"Holy Ghost Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Ghost_Building"},{"link_name":"Michael Roe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Roe"}],"text":"1982 Ping Pong over the Abyss\n1984 All Fall Down\n1987 The 77s\n1990 Sticks and Stones\n1991 88\n1992 Pray Naked\n1994 Drowning with Land in Sight\n1995 Tom Tom Blues\n1996 Echos o' Faith\n1999 EP\n2000 Late\n2000 88/When Numbers Get Serious, re-release of 88 w/bonus disc containing various live tracks (1987–1998)\n2001 A Golden Field of Radioactive Crows\n2002 Direct\n2006 77s DVD Collection\n2008 Holy Ghost Building\n2014 Gimme a Kickstart.... 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgbaston_Cricket_Ground | Edgbaston Cricket Ground | ["1 History","1.1 Early history","1.2 Post-war development","2 Ground","2.1 Stands and spectator facilities","2.2 Gallery","2.3 Other facilities","3 Notable moments","4 See also","5 References","6 Bibliography","7 External links"] | Coordinates: 52°27′20.93″N 1°54′08.96″W / 52.4558139°N 1.9024889°W / 52.4558139; -1.9024889Cricket ground in the Edgbaston area of Birmingham, England
Edgbaston Cricket GroundDuring a test match against India in 2011Ground informationLocationEdgbaston, BirminghamEstablishment1882Capacity25,000End namesBirmingham End (previously City End) Pavilion EndInternational informationFirst Test29–31 May 1902: England v AustraliaLast Test16–20 June 2023: England v AustraliaFirst ODI28 August 1972: England v AustraliaLast ODI13 July 2021: England v PakistanFirst T20I5 July 2010: Australia v PakistanLast T20I25 May 2024: England v PakistanFirst women's Test15–18 June 1963: England v AustraliaLast women's Test1–3 July 1979: England v West IndiesOnly WODI28 July 1973: England v AustraliaFirst WT20I7 September 2014: England v South AfricaLast WT20I11 May 2024: England v PakistanTeam information
Warwickshire CCC
(1894 – present)Birmingham Bears
(2014 – present)Birmingham Phoenix
(2021 – present)Central Sparks
(2020 – present)As of 25 May 2024Source: ESPN Cricinfo
Edgbaston Cricket Ground, also known as the County Ground or Edgbaston Stadium, is a cricket ground in the Edgbaston area of Birmingham, England. It is home to Warwickshire County Cricket Club and its T20 team Birmingham Bears. Edgbaston has also been the venue for Test matches, One-Day Internationals and Twenty20 Internationals. Edgbaston has hosted the T20 Finals Day more than any other cricket ground. Edgbaston is the main home ground for the Birmingham Phoenix in The Hundred competition from 2021.
Edgbaston was the first English ground outside Lord's to host a major international one-day tournament final when it hosted the ICC Champions Trophy final in 2013. With permanent seating for approximately 25,000 spectators, it is the fourth-largest cricketing venue in England, after Lord's, Old Trafford and The Oval.
Edgbaston has played host to matches in major tournaments as it hosted matches in the ICC Cricket World Cup 2019 where England won its first World Cup and the ICC Champions Trophy 2017 where Pakistan won.
Edgbaston also hosted the first women's T20 event at the Birmingham 2022 Commonwealth Games where Australia won the gold medal match.
Edgbaston was the venue of the first senior game under floodlights in English cricket in July 1997 between Warwickshire and Somerset in the then AXA Life Sunday League and hosted the first day/night Test match in England in August 2017 when England played the West Indies.
History
Early history
The land that now makes up Edgbaston Cricket Ground was originally owned by the Calthorpe Estate, who have now sold the site onto Wylam Investments (Edgbaston Holdings) on a long lease. Calthorpe Estates had developed the manor of Edgbaston into an exclusive Birmingham suburb over the course of the 19th century, and believed that a cricket ground would be an asset that would add to the genteel image of the area. Warwickshire County Cricket Club had considered Rugby and Leamington Spa for their headquarters, but club secretary William Ansell believed that Birmingham's large population and comprehensive railway connections made it preferable – envisaging first-class status for the county and Test status for the ground.
The Pavilion and East Stand in 1895The club had initially favoured the Wycliffe Ground on Pershore Road, but were instead offered a 12-acre "meadow of rough grazing land" in an undeveloped area on the banks of the River Rea by the Calthorpe Estate – the less attractive development land having more to gain from association with the cricket ground. With the site only 20 minutes' walk from New Street Station, Warwickshire agreed in 1885 to lease the land for £5 per acre over a 21-year period. A further £1,250 was spent on draining and enclosing the site and building a wooden pavilion. The new ground's first match took place on 7 June 1886 against the MCC, watched by 3,000 spectators over two days, with 6,000 turning out on 9 and 10 August to watch Warwickshire play Australia.
Edgbaston's first Test match was the first in The Ashes series against Australia in 1902, for which the club erected a permanent stand, two temporary stands and facilities for 90 members of the press. These developments cost a total of £1,500, however, and Warwickshire's share of the tour funds was only £750.
Post-war development
Edgbaston in 2008: the former Pavilion, Leslie Deakins and R. V. Ryder Stands, all now demolishedThe first piece of development in the post-war era was the construction of the Rea Bank and the Thwaite Memorial Scoreboard in 1950. In 1956 an Indoor Cricket School was built and the Pavilion Suite was completed in the same year. By the time the William Ansell Stand opened in 1967 the facilities at Edgbaston were considered to rival those at Lord's.
In 1989 executive boxes were added to the rear of the Priory and Raglan Stands and the Stanley Barnes Stand was reconstructed and enlarged, expanding the ground capacity of 17,500.
In July 1997, Edgbaston was the scene of the first competitive floodlit day-night cricket match in Britain.
The pavilion end on the south side of the ground was completely redeveloped between 2010 and 2011 at a cost of £32 million, partly paid for from a £20 million loan from Birmingham City Council, bringing the ground's capacity up to 25,000. Demolition of the pavilion – parts of which dated back to the 1890s – and the Leslie Deakins, R. V. Ryder and William Ansell Stands took place in January 2010, with construction of the new South and West Stands starting in April 2010 and reaching completion 66 weeks later. 5 permanent floodlight pylons were erected around the ground at the same time, allowing up to 15 days of day-night cricket annually. The new development was officially opened by the Duke of Edinburgh on 25 July 2011. The first test match to be played at the redeveloped venue was the third Test vs India on 10 August 2011, which saw England reach the number 1 position in the ICC Test Championship for the first time with victory by an innings and 242 runs on the fourth day of the match.
Ground
The Eric Hollies and South Stands and the Press Box
Edgbaston is considered to be one of England's leading cricket grounds. Wisden's guide to cricket grounds in 1992 commented that "Lord's is really its only superior in the United Kingdom" with The Daily Telegraph agreeing in 2009 that "taken all in all, it is now the best ground outside Lord's". After the opening of the new South and West Stands in 2011 the England and Wales Cricket Board commented that "the spacious facilities are cutting edge, marginally better than the Home of Cricket".
The atmosphere at Edgbaston is reputed to be the most hostile in England for visiting teams. Former England captain Alec Stewart recalled "On a world level I would put it up there with Eden Gardens in Calcutta, which holds about 100,000. It inspires a team. It's like having another man in your side." and the former England wicketkeeper Geraint Jones describes how "The crowd here makes such a big noise when you are doing well ... it's a unique environment". After winning the 2015 Ashes Test Match with Australia at Edgbaston, England captain Alastair Cook commented "The Edgbaston crowd was up there with the loudest I can remember. With some of the chants, even guys who have played a fair bit of cricket were looking at each other and realising how special it was. Edgbaston has been a fantastic venue for us."
The record attendance at a County Championship match at Edgbaston is 28,000 against Lancashire in the championship-winning season of 1951, and the record for a single day of a test match is 32,000 against the West Indies in 1957.
For some years until 2000, Edgbaston had a distinctive motorized rain cover system, known as the Brumbrella.
Stands and spectator facilities
South Stand. Built over the site of the previous pavilion in 2011, the stand is a multi-tiered structure which holds the Press Box, hospitality suites, players changing rooms, administration offices, Visitor and Learning Centre, the Club shop and banqueting halls. The South Stand (Pavilion) has a seating capacity of over 4,000 spectators.
West Stand. Built in 2011 on the site of the previous William Ansell Stand, the West Stand has two large tiers of seating. Adjacent to the south is the Edgbaston Suite – a 750-seat banqueting and exhibition space whose bright blue presence is a distinctive feature of both the inside and the outside of the ground – above which facing the pitch is a large electronic scoreboard.
The Raglan and R. E. S. Wyatt Stands, with Birmingham City Centre in the distance
Drayton Manor Family Stand – (Priory Stand). This is the main family stand at Edgbaston and was renamed in 2014 with a sponsorship deal with Drayton Manor Theme Park. It has a single tier structure and is between the West and Raglan Stands. The environment of this stand is designed to be suitable for families with children.
Raglan Stand. This is a single tier structure and is parallel to the wicket on the opposite side to the Eric Hollies Stand. The Raglan Stand is the location of the Aylesford Hospitality Boxes situated at the rear overlooking the ground.
R. E. S. Wyatt Stand. Built at the City End in 1995 and named after the Warwickshire and England all-rounder Bob Wyatt, who died that year, the R. E. S. Wyatt Stand consists of a single tier of seating beneath two rows of executive boxes. Facilities in the stand include two pitch-view restaurants: the Marston's Suite and the Executive Club, together with the David Heath Suite, currently used by Warwickshire members.
Scrivens (Press Box) Stand. Built in 1957 and first used for that year's test match against the West Indies, this stand was given to the club by Langton Iliffe, 2nd Baron Iliffe and his fellow directors of the Coventry Evening Telegraph. It hosted the ground's press facilities until the opening of the new South Stand in 2011. A two tier stand, it is allocated as an alcohol-free family area for top-class matches. Now named the Scrivens Stand after a sponsorship deal with Scrivens Opticians.
Stanley Barnes Stand. A small single tier stand opened in 1989, the Stanley Barnes Stand is situated in front of the Thwaite Memorial Scoreboard, the ground's most distinctive feature.
Eric Hollies Stand. Formerly known as the Rea Bank, after the River Rea which runs immediately to its rear, this is traditionally the most raucous area of the ground. The stand was renamed after the Warwickshire and England leg-spinner Eric Hollies in 1989, and was rebuilt in 2003 with 5,900 seats, an increase of 1,300 over its predecessor. The design won a 2003 Civic Trust Award, and British Constructional Steelwork Association Structural Steel Award. It features a series of eight aluminium sunshades suspended over the single tier of seating on simple steel masts, appearing to hover over the crowd beneath.
Gallery
The main entrance on Edgbaston Road
The South and West Stands at close of play
The Eric Hollies Stand is the home of Edgbaston's most passionate and vociferous spectators.
Rain stops play, July 2012
Thwaite Memorial scoreboard
Entrance to the Indoor Cricket Centre
Other facilities
Indoor Cricket Centre. Fronting the Pershore Road side of the ground, the Indoor Cricket Centre was opened by the Duke of Edinburgh in 2000, replacing an earlier indoor cricket school of 1956. Its 41 m × 32 m main hall accommodates either eight net lanes for indoor cricket practice or two six-a-side pitches. The building also houses a small shop, a bar with an outdoor terrace and offices for regional, youth and disabled cricket boards.
Visitor & Learning Centre. Created by Museum Curator Phil Britt and opened in 2011 the V & L was situated on the mezzanine level of the South Stand, the 300 m2 Visitor & Learning Centre as an interactive display charting the history of Warwickshire County Cricket Club and of test match cricket at Edgbaston. The experience was introduced with a five-minute film giving a short overview of the history of the club and ground in a small theatre area, and included audio and film records of key moments and figures from Warwickshire's past, and interactive installations demonstrating cricketing techniques and allowing visitors to test their judgement against that of test match umpires. The centre was favourably reviewed by The Independent when it opened in 2011. Commenting on how "the rich history of the club and the ground are told simply, straightforwardly and accessibly", the review concluded by comparing it to the equivalent at Lord's: "The museum at Lord's is cramped and gives an air of scholarly dinginess ... maybe they could learn a lesson or two from Edgbaston now." Despite this the V & L Centre was closed in 2018 and the area used for Corporate entertainment
Museum and Library. This is now the only museum on site and is a more traditional museum, housing the club's collection of cricketing memorabilia – one of the largest and most important in the country – and its cricketing library, opened underneath the R. E. S. Wyatt Stand in 2012.
Colts' Ground. On the east side of the River Rea, to the rear of the Eric Hollies Stand, the smaller Colts' Ground is used for cricket practice and minor matches.
Notable moments
1886 – Warwickshire's first match at Edgbaston took place on 7 June against the MCC, watched by 3,000 spectators over two days.
1886 – 6,000 spectators turn out on 9 and 10 August to watch Warwickshire play Australia.
1902 – First Test match at Edgbaston was England v. Australia and was drawn due to rain, with England making Australia follow on after bowling them out in the first innings for 36. Wilfred Rhodes had bowling figures of 7 for 17.
1957 – Stand of 411 between Peter May and Colin Cowdrey against the West Indies, England's highest-ever partnership.
1973 – England women's cricket team beat Australia by 92 runs in the final group match at Edgbaston to win the first Women's World Cup. The limited overs tournament was a round robin event with the winners of the final scheduled match becoming champions. Australia were top and England were second in the group going into the match with a one-point difference.
1975 – Hosted group matches in the 1975 ICC Cricket World Cup
1979 – Hosted group matches in the 1979 ICC Cricket World Cup
1981 – England beat Australia to take a 2–1 lead in the Ashes. Australia needed 151 in their second innings to win but were bowled out for 121 with Ian Botham taking 5 wickets in 28 balls, later Botham said the Edgbaston crowd had inspired his performance in a match where no batsman on either side made a 50.
1983 – Hosted group matches in the 1983 ICC Cricket World Cup
1994 – Brian Lara scored 501* for Warwickshire against Durham, the highest score by a batsman in first-class cricket.
1997 – Warwickshire beat Somerset by 35 runs at Edgbaston in the first senior limited overs match to be played under floodlights in England.
1999 – Australia tie with South Africa in the 1999 ICC Cricket World Cup semi final.
2004 – Marcus Trescothick becomes the first player to score a century in both innings of a Test match at Edgbaston, against the West Indies, scoring 105 & 107 for England.
2005 – Australia lose to England by two runs in the second Test of the 2005 Ashes, the closest Ashes match ever.
2008 – South Africa secure their first series win in England since 1965, chasing down 281 to win the third Test, the highest ever successful pursuit at this ground. South African captain Graeme Smith scored 154* to lead his team to victory.
2011 – Alastair Cook scores 294 against India, as England become the number one ranked Test team. England also make the highest innings score in a Test match at Edgbaston, with 710 for 7.
2012 – Tino Best scores 95 for the West Indies against England, the then record highest score for a number 11 batsmen. This notably formed part of a 143 run partnership with Denesh Ramdin, the third-highest Test stand with one wicket remaining.
2013 – India crowned ICC Champions Trophy winners following a nail-biting 5-run victory over England.
2014 – Edgbaston hosts its sixth NatWest t20 Blast Finals Day, with Birmingham Bears being crowned champions on their home ground for the first time in Warwickshire's history.
2015 – England score 408, their highest score ever in a One-Day International (ODI) 50 overs match, against New Zealand. England also recorded their biggest margin of victory of 210 runs in the same match.
2015 – Brendon McCullum scores 158 not out off 64 balls for Birmingham Bears against Derbyshire in a domestic T20 group match. It was the highest score in English domestic T20 history and second-highest ever score in any T20 match.
2016 – The opening partnership of 256 by Jason Roy and Alex Hales for England against Sri Lanka is the highest successful run chase without losing a wicket in ODI history. It is also the highest partnership for England for any wicket in ODIs and only the second time both openers have scored a century for England in the same ODI.
2017 – Edgbaston co-hosts the 2017 ICC Champions Trophy and hosts 5 matches, including the semi-final between India and Bangladesh. The stadium's record attendance for an ODI was raised three times during the Champions Trophy, with the semi-final attracting a crowd of 24,340, which was the highest attendance for any match in the tournament, including the final.
2017 – Edgbaston hosted the first day/night Test match in England, between England and West Indies, starting on 17 August. It would also mark the debut for the pink Dukes ball. England beat the West Indies by an innings and 209 runs within 3 days with Alastair Cook and Joe Root both scoring centuries. Stuart Broad became the second-leading wicket-taker in Test matches for England. The West Indies lost 19 wickets on day 3 of the match, the first time they lost 19 wickets in a single day of a Test match. It was also the 50th Test match to be held at Edgbaston.
2018 – Jos Buttler hits the fastest Twenty20 International half-century by an England batsman to propel the home side to a 28-run win over Australia at Edgbaston. England score 221–5, their second-highest ever T20I score.
2018 – Hosted England's 1,000th Test match during India tour of England. England won the match by 32 runs.
2019 – Hosted 4 group matches and one semi-final in the 2019 ICC Cricket World Cup. All matches were sold out months in advance as England advanced to the final by beating Australia by 8 wickets in the semi-final.
2019 – Edgbaston hosts the first Test match in the 2019 Ashes where Australia beat England by 251 runs with Steven Smith getting 144 in the first and 142 in the second innings. Smith helped Australia recover from 122 for 8 in the first innings and became the second batsman to score a century in both innings of a Test match at Edgbaston. It was also the first time Australia had won at Edgbaston since 2001.
2021 - Warwickshire win the Country Championship for the 8th time on the final day of the season after beating Somerset by 118 runs at Edgbaston.
2022 - England beat India by 7 wickets in the fifth and final Test match of the delayed 2021 Indian tour of England to draw the series 2-2. England broke their record for the highest total in a 4th innings to win a Test match on the fifth day by scoring 378 for 3 at Edgbaston.
2022 - Edgbaston hosts the women's T20 event at the Birmingham Commonwealth Games. All group, semi-final and final matches were played at Edgbaston. Australia won the first gold medal in the event by beating India in the final and New Zealand the bronze by beating England.
2022 - Will Smeed becomes the first man to score a century in the Hundred competition scoring 101 off 49 balls for Birmingham Phoenix against Southern Brave at Edgbaston.
2023 - Australia beat England in the first Ashes Test match by 2 wickets after a 55 run 9th wicket stand in the second innings on the fifth day.
2023 - Australia beat England by 4 wickets in the second match of the women's Ashes and the first T-20 of the series. The match set an attendance record of 19,527 for a women's match outside the World Cup and was first with an all women grounds staff to prepare the pitch and outfield.
Highest Innings team score
Tests: England 710 for 7 v. India, August 2011
ODI: England 408 for 9 v. New Zealand, 9 June 2015
T20I: England 221 for 5 v. Australia, 27 June 2018
Lowest innings team score
Tests: South Africa 30 all out v. England, June 1924
ODI (50 overs): Australia 70 all out v. England, 4 June 1977
Highest individual score
Tests: Alastair Cook 294 for England v. India, August 2011
ODI (60 overs): Glenn Turner 171* for New Zealand v. East Africa, 7 June 1975
ODI (55 overs): Robin Smith 167* for England v. Australia, 21 May 1993
ODI (50 overs): Andrew Strauss 154 for England v. Bangladesh, 12 July 2010
T20I: Aaron Finch 84 for Australia v. England, 27 June 2018
Best bowling figures
Tests
Match: Fred Trueman 12 for 119 for England v. West Indies, July 1963
Innings: Wilfred Rhodes 7 for 17 for England v. Australia, May 1902
ODI: Shahid Afridi 5 for 11 for Pakistan v. Kenya, 14 September 2004
T20I: Saeed Ajmal 3 for 26 for Pakistan v. Australia, 5 July 2010
Highest partnerships
Tests: 411 Peter May and Colin Cowdrey for England v. West Indies, 30 May 1957
ODI: 256* Jason Roy and Alex Hales for England v. Sri Lanka, 24 June 2016
T20I: 95 Jos Buttler and Jason Roy for England v. Australia, 27 June 2018
Leading run-scorers
In Tests: Alastair Cook – 869 runs
In ODIs: Rohit Sharma – 447 runs
Leading wicket-takers
In Tests: James Anderson – 44 wickets
In ODIs: Darren Gough – 21 wickets
See also
List of cricket grounds in England and Wales
List of Test cricket grounds
List of international cricket centuries at Edgbaston
List of international cricket five-wicket hauls at Edgbaston
References
^ "The many shapes of England's cricket stadiums". BBC Sport. Retrieved 2 July 2019.
^ a b c Barnett, Rob (10 August 2011). "Edgbaston at the cutting edge". England and Wales Cricket Board. Archived from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
^ a b Hignell 2002, p. 63.
^ Hignell 2002, pp. 63–64.
^ Hignell 2002, p. 64.
^ a b c d e Pringle 1994.
^ a b Bannister 1990, p. 18.
^ Powell 1992, p. 443.
^ "Drip by drip". ESPN Cricinfo. 27 May 2007. Retrieved 3 June 2019.
^ Ryder, Rowland (1968). "Warwickshire the unpredictable – Where cricket is always played as it should be". In Preston, Norman (ed.). Wisden Cricketers' Almanack. London: Sporting Handbooks. ISBN 0-85020-017-2. Retrieved 30 January 2011.
^ a b Ryder 1973.
^ a b c d e Powell 1992, p. 445.
^ "Counter culture: Good venue guide: Edgbaston". The Guardian. Guardian Newspapers. 27 June 1998. p. 11.
^ Halford, Brian (18 March 2011). "It was new Edgbaston or nothing, says Warwickshire CCC chief". Birmingham Post. Trinity Mirror Midlands. Archived from the original on 2 October 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
^ a b "Edgbaston To Become World-Leading Test And County Ground". Cricket World. Cricket World Media Ltd. 23 May 2011. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
^ "Prince Philip marks Edgbaston Cricket Ground revamp". BBC News. BBC. 25 July 2011. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
^ "England thrash India to reach summit". International Edition. CNN. 14 August 2011. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
^ Henderson, Michael (30 July 2009). "The Ashes: patriotic Edgbaston makes England feel at home". Daily Telegraph. London: Telegraph Media Group. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
^ a b c Weaver, Paul (29 July 2009). "If Australia thought Cardiff and Lord's was noisy, they haven't heard anything yet". The Guardian. London: Guardian News and Media. p. 4. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
^ "England's Top 5 Test Performances – #4 - Edgbaston". 20 March 2016.
^ Engel, Matthew, ed. (1996). "Obituary – Bob Wyatt". Wisden Cricketers' Almanack. John Wisden & Co. ISBN 0-947766-31-6. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
^ Keith Prowse 2011, p. 6.
^ Edwards, Paul (2011). "One day at Edgbaston – Paul Edwards bades farewell to the old press box". Tales from 2011. Lancashire County Cricket Club. Archived from the original on 21 April 2013. Retrieved 3 June 2012.
^ "Match Tickets Information, Contact Us Information & FAQs". Warwickshire County Cricket Club. 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2012.
^ "Eric Hollies Stand, Edgbaston". Work. Bryant Priest Newman Architects. Archived from the original on 18 September 2011. Retrieved 20 August 2011.; "Eric Hollies Stand, Warwickshire County Cricket Club". www.SteelConstruction.org. British Constructional Steelwork Association. 2003. Archived from the original on 1 October 2011. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
^ "The Centre of Excellence". Warwickshire County Cricket Club. Archived from the original on 10 April 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2012.
^ "Description". Indoor Cricket Centre, Warwickshire CCC. Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment. Archived from the original on 18 January 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2012.
^ "Indoor Cricket Centre, Warwickshire CCC". Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment. Archived from the original on 18 January 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2012.
^ "Warwickshire County Cricket Club Museum". Mather and Co. Retrieved 3 June 2012.
^ "EDGBASTON CRICKET MUSEUM". Figment Productions. Retrieved 3 June 2012.
^ Brenkley, Stephen (14 August 2011). "On the Front Foot: Edgbaston's passion for the past is a lesson for the future". The Independent. Independent Digital News and Media. Retrieved 3 June 2012..
^ Halford, Brian (15 March 2012). "How dedicated trio resurrected Warwickshire CCC museum in old offices". Birmingham Mail. Trinity Mirror Midlands. Retrieved 3 June 2012.
^ Edgbaston International Stadium – Planning Statement (Report). Turley Associates. 2008. p. 22. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2011.
^ Phil Wattis and Julie Anderson. "Edgbaston – The Bears – History – Alumni – Brian Lara". thebears.co.uk. Archived from the original on 4 December 2007.
^ "Final: England v India at Birmingham, Jun 23, 2013 – Cricket Scorecard". ESPN Cricinfo.
^ "Final: Warwickshire v Lancashire at Birmingham, Aug 23, 2014 – Cricket Scorecard". ESPN Cricinfo.
^ "ICC Cricket World Cup 2019 schedule announced". ICC. 14 June 2019.
^ "Warwickshire win County Championship". BBC Sport. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
^ England v India: Joe Root and Jonny Bairstow complete record chase at Edgbaston - https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/62031210
^ "Morgan hails Smeed over The Hundred's first century". BBC Sport. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
^ "England Women vs Australia 2023 Ashes IT20 - Women's Ashes IT20". Edgbaston. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
^ matc (29 June 2023). "#HERstory: All-women ground staff prepare Edgbaston Ashes wicket". Edgbaston. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
Bibliography
"2011 Edgbaston" (PDF). Keith Prowse. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
Bannister, Jack (1990). The history of Warwickshire County Cricket Club. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 0-7470-0217-7.
Hignell, Andrew (2002). Rain stops play: cricketing climates. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-7146-5173-7. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
Powell, William (1992). The Wisden Guide to Cricket Grounds. London: Stanley Paul. ISBN 0-09-177188-9.
Pringle, Derek (7 August 1994). "Arena: Pioneers with grand ambition: 16 Edgbaston: Derek Pringle traces the history of a county and Test cricket ground which is laced with controversy". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 10 November 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
Ryder, Rowland (1973). "The Warwickshire way – What is it that makes Warwickshire tick?". In Preston, Norman (ed.). Wisden Cricketers' Almanack. London: Sporting Handbooks. ISBN 0-85020-028-8. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Edgbaston Cricket Ground.
Official web page
52°27′20.93″N 1°54′08.96″W / 52.4558139°N 1.9024889°W / 52.4558139; -1.9024889
vteWarwickshire County Cricket Club
Warwickshire County Cricket Club
Warwickshire Women
Players
Current squad
All players
Category:Warwickshire cricketers
GroundsCurrent grounds
Edgbaston Cricket Ground
Rugby School Ground
Previous grounds
Arlington Avenue
Bulls Head Ground
Courtaulds Ground
Griff and Coton Ground
Mitchells & Butlers' Ground
Morris Motors Ground
Swan's Nest Lane
The Butts Ground
Weddington Road
(Full list of grounds)
Captains
All captains
Category:Warwickshire cricket captains
Records
Records
vteCentral SparksHistory
Overview
Home grounds
Edgbaston Cricket Ground
New Road
Edgbaston Foundation Ground
Leagues
Rachael Heyhoe Flint Trophy
Charlotte Edwards Cup
Seasons
2020
2021
2022
2023
Coaches
Lloyd Tennant (2020–2024)
Darren Franklin & Justine Dunce (2024–present)
Captains
Evelyn Jones (2020–present)
Georgia Davis (2023–2024)
Players
List
See also
West Midlands Regional Cup
vte Buildings and structures in Birmingham, EnglandHighrise(in height order)
Sutton Coldfield mast
BT Tower
10 Holloway Circus
Chamberlain Clock Tower
Alpha Tower
Orion Building
Sentinels
Rotunda
103 Colmore Row
The Cube
Hyatt
Centre City Tower
Two Snowhill
One Snow Hill Plaza
Quayside Tower
Colmore Gate
McLaren Building
Metropolitan House
Edgbaston House
The Colmore Building
Jury's Inn
Lloyd House
Civic
Aston Library
Baskerville House
Central Police Station
Chamberlain Clock
Chamberlain Memorial
Council House
Edgbaston Waterworks
Energy from Waste Plant
Hall of Memory
Library of Birmingham
Moseley Road Baths
Other baths
Municipal Bank
Town Hall
Town Hall (Sutton Coldfield)
Birmingham Wildlife Conservation Park
Main railway stations
Moor Street
New Street
Snow Hill
Other stations
Universities
Aston University
Birmingham City University
Birmingham School of Art
Newman University
University College Birmingham
University of Birmingham
Barber Institute
Queen's College, Birmingham
HospitalsCurrent
Children's
City
Good Hope
Orthopaedic
Queen Elizabeth
Women's
Defunct
Accident
General
Old Queen Elizabeth
Selly Oak
Witton Isolation
ReligiousChristian
Ascension, Hall Green
St Agatha, Sparkbrook
St Agnes, Moseley
St Alban, Highgate
St Andrew, Handsworth
St Anne, Moseley
St Anne, Digbeth
St Augustine, Edgbaston
St Barnabas, Erdington
St Bartholomew, Edgbaston
St Benedict's, Bordesley
Bishop Latimer, Winson Green
St Catherine, Bristol Street
St Chad's Cathedral
St Cyprian, Hay Mills
St David, Shenley Green
St Edburgha, Yardley
St Edward, Selly Park
Erdington Abbey
SS Faith & Laurence, Harborne
St Francis, Bournville
St Francis, Handsworth
St Gabriel, Weoley Castle
St George, Edgbaston
St Giles, Sheldon
Handsworth Cemetery Chapel
Holy Trinity, Birchfield
Holy Trinity & St Luke
Holy Trinity, Sutton Coldfield
St James, Handsworth
St John, Ladywood
St John, Perry Barr
St John, Sparkhill
St Laurence, Northfield
St Lazar, Bournville
St Martin, Bull Ring
St Mark, Washwood Heath
St Mary, Acocks Green
St Mary, Handsworth
St Mary, Moseley
St Mary, Selly Oak
St Mary's Convent
Methodist Central Hall
St Michael & All Angels, Bartley Green
St Michael, Handsworth
St Michael, Moor Street
St Nicolas, Kings Norton
Oratory
St Paul, Birmingham
St Paul, Lozells
St Peter, Harborne
SS Peter & Paul, Aston
St Philip's Cathedral
St Silas, Lozells
Stechford Baptist
Islamic
Central Mosque
Darul Barakaat
Ghamkol Shariff
Green Lane
Jami
Jewish
Central Synagogue
Singers Hill
Sikh
Guru Nanak, Handsworth
Hindu
Shree Geeta Bhawan
Houses
Anchorage, The
Christopher Wray Lighting works
Edgbaston Hall
The Endwood
Hay Hall
Highbury Hall
Moat House
Moor Hall
Moseley Hall
New Hall Manor
Northfield Manor House
Peddimore Hall
Penns Hall
Pype Hayes Hall
Sheldon Hall
Stratford House
Winterbourne
Hotels
Grand Hotel
Hyatt Regency
Hotel Indigo (The Cube)
Jurys Inn
Radisson Blu
Resorts World Birmingham
Other hotels
Pubs
Adam & Eve
Anchor Inn
Antelope
Bartons Arms
Black Horse
Brookhill Tavern
Crown (closed)
Crown Inn
Fighting Cocks, Moseley
Fox and Grapes (demolished)
Golden Eagle (demolished)
Lad in the Lane
Old Crown
Queen's Arms
Red Lion (Handsworth; closed)
Woodman
Complexes
Brindleyplace
Bull Ring
Friends' Institute
International Convention Centre
Mailbox
Grand Central
Longbridge plant
Paradise
Swan Shopping Centre
Art and theatres
The Alexandra
Barber Institute
Birmingham Odeon
Crescent
Drum
Empire Cinema, Sutton Coldfield
Hippodrome
mac
Rep
Oak Cinema
Odeon, Kingstanding
Old Rep
Piccadilly
Symphony Hall
Museums
Aston Hall
Back to Backs
Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery
Blakesley Hall
New Hall Mill
Newman Bros Coffin Factory
Sarehole Mill
Selly Manor/ Minworth Greaves
Soho House
Weoley Castle
Sports venues
Alexander Stadium
Edgbaston (cricket)
Edgbaston Priory Club
St Andrew's
Villa Park
Other
1–7 Constitution Hill
17 & 19 Newhall Street
Arena Birmingham
Ashford & Son
Assay Office
Birmingham Banking Company
Birmingham Crematorium
Bromford Viaduct
Castle Bromwich Assembly
Chinese Pagoda
Fort Dunlop
Gas Retort House
Gas Street Studios
Great Western Arcade
Holliday Street Aqueduct
ICC
Millennium Point
New Street Signal Box
Perrott's Folly
Perry Bridge
Prison
Proof House
Ringway Centre
Roundhouse
Saracen's Head
Selfridges
St James's House
Victoria Square House
Victoria Law Courts
Victoria Works
Woodcock Street Baths
Demolished
Aston Hippodrome
Birmingham Manor House
Bishop's House
Bishop Ryder Church
Bordesley Hall
Central Goods railway station
Central Library
Christ Church
Church of the Messiah
The Crescent
The Exchange
Five Ways Tower
Fox Hollies Hall
Heathfield Hall
Highfield
Island House
St James the Less' Church
Langley Hall
Market Hall
St Mary's, Whittall St.
Metchley Fort
Pebble Mill Studios
Post & Mail Building
Public Office
Union Workhouse
Architecture
Tallest
Board schools
Listed
Scheduled
Category
vteMens Test cricket grounds in England and WalesPrimary Test grounds:
The Oval (1880)
Old Trafford (1884)
Lord's (1884)
Trent Bridge (1899)
Headingley (1899)
Edgbaston (1902)
Secondary Test grounds:
Riverside (2003)
Sophia Gardens (2009)
Rose Bowl (2011)
Former Test grounds:
Bramall Lane (1902)
Parentheses denote year of first Test match
vteVenues of the 2022 Commonwealth Games (Birmingham)Birmingham and the West Midlands
Alexander Stadium
Arena Birmingham
Birmingham City Centre
Cannock Chase
Coventry Arena
Edgbaston Cricket Ground
Myton Fields
National Exhibition Centre
Arena
Sandwell Aquatics Centre
Sutton Park
University of Birmingham
Victoria Park
Outside West Midlands
Lee Valley VeloPark
vteCricket in England and WalesEngland and Wales Cricket Board (ECB)National Teams
England cricket team
Wales cricket team (former & proposed)
England women's cricket team
England Lions
England U-19
England women U-19
Associations
Professional Cricketers' Association
Association of Cricket Officials
Men's First-Class Counties (18)
Derbyshire
Durham
Essex
Glamorgan
Gloucestershire
Hampshire
Kent
Lancashire
Leicestershire
Middlesex
Northamptonshire
Nottinghamshire
Somerset
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Women's Regional Teams (8)
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The Hundred Teams (8)(Men and Women)
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Men's National Counties (21)
Bedfordshire
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Women's Counties (34)
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Suffolk
Surrey
Sussex
Wales
Warwickshire
Wiltshire
Worcestershire
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Other Men's First-Class Teams (1)
Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC)
MCC Universities (6)
Cambridge UCCE
Cardiff UCCE
Durham UCCE
Leeds/Bradford UCCE
Loughborough UCCE
Oxford UCCE
Major Competitions
County Championship
One-Day Cup
T20 Blast
The Hundred
Rachael Heyhoe Flint Trophy
Charlotte Edwards Cup
Women's Twenty20 Cup
Defunct Major Competitions
ECB 40
National League
Benson & Hedges Cup
Friends Provident Trophy
Bob Willis Trophy
Women's County Championship
Women's Cricket Super League
Other Competitions
National Counties Championship
NCCA Knockout Trophy
National Counties T20
Second XI Championship
ECB Premier Leagues
ECB National Club Cricket Championship
ECB National Club Twenty20
Champion County match
Eton v Harrow
The University Match
Grounds
Derby
Riverside
Chelmsford
Sophia Gardens
Bristol
Rose Bowl
Canterbury
Old Trafford
Leicester
Lord's
Northampton
Trent Bridge
Taunton
The Oval
Hove
Edgbaston
Worcester
Headingley
Others
Lists
England captains
Men's Test cricket records
Men's Test cricketers
Men's Test wicket-keepers
Men's ODI cricket records
Men's ODI cricketers
Men's T20I cricket records
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Grounds by capacity
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Timeline of cricket on UK television
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cricket ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket_field"},{"link_name":"Edgbaston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgbaston"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Warwickshire County Cricket Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwickshire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Birmingham Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Bears_T20_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Test matches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_cricket"},{"link_name":"One-Day Internationals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-Day_International"},{"link_name":"Twenty20 Internationals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty20_International"},{"link_name":"T20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T20_Blast"},{"link_name":"Birmingham Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Phoenix"},{"link_name":"The Hundred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hundred_(cricket)"},{"link_name":"Lord's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%27s"},{"link_name":"ICC Champions Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_ICC_Champions_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Old Trafford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Trafford_Cricket_Ground"},{"link_name":"The Oval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oval"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ECB-2"},{"link_name":"ICC Cricket World Cup 2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICC_Cricket_World_Cup_2019"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"ICC Champions Trophy 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICC_Champions_Trophy_2017"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Birmingham 2022 Commonwealth Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_women%27s_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Warwickshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwickshire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"AXA Life Sunday League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro40"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies_cricket_team"}],"text":"Cricket ground in the Edgbaston area of Birmingham, EnglandEdgbaston Cricket Ground, also known as the County Ground or Edgbaston Stadium, is a cricket ground in the Edgbaston area of Birmingham, England. It is home to Warwickshire County Cricket Club and its T20 team Birmingham Bears. Edgbaston has also been the venue for Test matches, One-Day Internationals and Twenty20 Internationals. Edgbaston has hosted the T20 Finals Day more than any other cricket ground. Edgbaston is the main home ground for the Birmingham Phoenix in The Hundred competition from 2021.Edgbaston was the first English ground outside Lord's to host a major international one-day tournament final when it hosted the ICC Champions Trophy final in 2013. With permanent seating for approximately 25,000 spectators, it is the fourth-largest cricketing venue in England, after Lord's, Old Trafford and The Oval.[2]Edgbaston has played host to matches in major tournaments as it hosted matches in the ICC Cricket World Cup 2019 where England won its first World Cup and the ICC Champions Trophy 2017 where Pakistan won.Edgbaston also hosted the first women's T20 event at the Birmingham 2022 Commonwealth Games where Australia won the gold medal match.Edgbaston was the venue of the first senior game under floodlights in English cricket in July 1997 between Warwickshire and Somerset in the then AXA Life Sunday League and hosted the first day/night Test match in England in August 2017 when England played the West Indies.","title":"Edgbaston Cricket Ground"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Calthorpe Estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gough-Calthorpe_family"},{"link_name":"Edgbaston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgbaston"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHignell200263-3"},{"link_name":"Warwickshire County Cricket Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwickshire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby,_Warwickshire"},{"link_name":"Leamington Spa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Leamington_Spa"},{"link_name":"first-class status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_class_cricket"},{"link_name":"Test status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_cricket"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHignell200263-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edgbaston_Cricket_Ground_in_1895.jpg"},{"link_name":"River Rea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Rea"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHignell200263%E2%80%9364-4"},{"link_name":"New Street Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_New_Street_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHignell200264-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle1994-6"},{"link_name":"MCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marylebone_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBannister199018-7"},{"link_name":"The Ashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ashes"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell1992443-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle1994-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ryder1968-10"}],"sub_title":"Early history","text":"The land that now makes up Edgbaston Cricket Ground was originally owned by the Calthorpe Estate, who have now sold the site onto Wylam Investments (Edgbaston Holdings) on a long lease. Calthorpe Estates had developed the manor of Edgbaston into an exclusive Birmingham suburb over the course of the 19th century, and believed that a cricket ground would be an asset that would add to the genteel image of the area.[3] Warwickshire County Cricket Club had considered Rugby and Leamington Spa for their headquarters, but club secretary William Ansell believed that Birmingham's large population and comprehensive railway connections made it preferable – envisaging first-class status for the county and Test status for the ground.[3]The Pavilion and East Stand in 1895The club had initially favoured the Wycliffe Ground on Pershore Road, but were instead offered a 12-acre \"meadow of rough grazing land\" in an undeveloped area on the banks of the River Rea by the Calthorpe Estate – the less attractive development land having more to gain from association with the cricket ground.[4] With the site only 20 minutes' walk from New Street Station, Warwickshire agreed in 1885 to lease the land for £5 per acre over a 21-year period.[5] A further £1,250 was spent on draining and enclosing the site and building a wooden pavilion.[6] The new ground's first match took place on 7 June 1886 against the MCC, watched by 3,000 spectators over two days, with 6,000 turning out on 9 and 10 August to watch Warwickshire play Australia.[7]Edgbaston's first Test match was the first in The Ashes series against Australia in 1902,[8][9] for which the club erected a permanent stand, two temporary stands and facilities for 90 members of the press.[6] These developments cost a total of £1,500, however, and Warwickshire's share of the tour funds was only £750.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edgbaston_Cricket_Ground_Pavillion.jpg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle1994-6"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyder1973-11"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle1994-6"},{"link_name":"Lord's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%27s"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle1994-6"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell1992445-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Birmingham City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_City_Council"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cricket_World-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cricket_World-15"},{"link_name":"Duke of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"ICC Test Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICC_Test_Championship"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Post-war development","text":"Edgbaston in 2008: the former Pavilion, Leslie Deakins and R. V. Ryder Stands, all now demolishedThe first piece of development in the post-war era was the construction of the Rea Bank and the Thwaite Memorial Scoreboard in 1950.[6] In 1956 an Indoor Cricket School was built[11] and the Pavilion Suite was completed in the same year.[6] By the time the William Ansell Stand opened in 1967 the facilities at Edgbaston were considered to rival those at Lord's.[6]In 1989 executive boxes were added to the rear of the Priory and Raglan Stands and the Stanley Barnes Stand was reconstructed and enlarged, expanding the ground capacity of 17,500.[12]In July 1997, Edgbaston was the scene of the first competitive floodlit day-night cricket match in Britain.[13]The pavilion end on the south side of the ground was completely redeveloped between 2010 and 2011 at a cost of £32 million, partly paid for from a £20 million loan from Birmingham City Council, bringing the ground's capacity up to 25,000.[14] Demolition of the pavilion – parts of which dated back to the 1890s – and the Leslie Deakins, R. V. Ryder and William Ansell Stands took place in January 2010, with construction of the new South and West Stands starting in April 2010 and reaching completion 66 weeks later.[15] 5 permanent floodlight pylons were erected around the ground at the same time, allowing up to 15 days of day-night cricket annually.[15] The new development was officially opened by the Duke of Edinburgh on 25 July 2011.[16] The first test match to be played at the redeveloped venue was the third Test vs India on 10 August 2011, which saw England reach the number 1 position in the ICC Test Championship for the first time with victory by an innings and 242 runs on the fourth day of the match.[17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edgbaston---Hollies-and-South-Stands.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wisden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisden_Cricketers%27_Almanack"},{"link_name":"Lord's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%27s"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell1992445-12"},{"link_name":"The Daily Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"England and Wales Cricket Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_and_Wales_Cricket_Board"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ECB-2"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-Weaver-19"},{"link_name":"Alec Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alec_Stewart"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-Weaver-19"},{"link_name":"Geraint Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraint_Jones"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-Weaver-19"},{"link_name":"Alastair Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alastair_Cook"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"County Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Championship"},{"link_name":"Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"test match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_cricket"},{"link_name":"West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies_Cricket_Team"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell1992445-12"},{"link_name":"Brumbrella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brumbrella"}],"text":"The Eric Hollies and South Stands and the Press BoxEdgbaston is considered to be one of England's leading cricket grounds. Wisden's guide to cricket grounds in 1992 commented that \"Lord's is really its only superior in the United Kingdom\"[12] with The Daily Telegraph agreeing in 2009 that \"taken all in all, it is now the best ground outside Lord's\".[18] After the opening of the new South and West Stands in 2011 the England and Wales Cricket Board commented that \"the spacious facilities are cutting edge, marginally better than the Home of Cricket\".[2]The atmosphere at Edgbaston is reputed to be the most hostile in England for visiting teams.[19] Former England captain Alec Stewart recalled \"On a world level I would put it up there with Eden Gardens in Calcutta, which holds about 100,000. It inspires a team. It's like having another man in your side.\"[19] and the former England wicketkeeper Geraint Jones describes how \"The crowd here makes such a big noise when you are doing well ... it's a unique environment\".[19] After winning the 2015 Ashes Test Match with Australia at Edgbaston, England captain Alastair Cook commented \"The Edgbaston crowd was up there with the loudest I can remember. With some of the chants, even guys who have played a fair bit of cricket were looking at each other and realising how special it was. Edgbaston has been a fantastic venue for us.\"[20]The record attendance at a County Championship match at Edgbaston is 28,000 against Lancashire in the championship-winning season of 1951, and the record for a single day of a test match is 32,000 against the West Indies in 1957.[12]For some years until 2000, Edgbaston had a distinctive motorized rain cover system, known as the Brumbrella.","title":"Ground"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edgbaston---Raglan-and-RES-Wyatt-Stands.jpg"},{"link_name":"Birmingham City Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_City_Centre"},{"link_name":"Drayton Manor Theme Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drayton_Manor_Theme_Park"},{"link_name":"Bob Wyatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Wyatt"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeith_Prowse20116-22"},{"link_name":"Langton Iliffe, 2nd Baron Iliffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langton_Iliffe,_2nd_Baron_Iliffe"},{"link_name":"Coventry Evening Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry_Evening_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell1992445-12"},{"link_name":"River Rea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Rea"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ECB-2"},{"link_name":"Eric Hollies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Hollies"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell1992445-12"},{"link_name":"Civic Trust Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_Trust_Awards"},{"link_name":"British Constructional Steelwork Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Constructional_Steelwork_Association"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Stands and spectator facilities","text":"South Stand. Built over the site of the previous pavilion in 2011, the stand is a multi-tiered structure which holds the Press Box, hospitality suites, players changing rooms, administration offices, Visitor and Learning Centre, the Club shop and banqueting halls. The South Stand (Pavilion) has a seating capacity of over 4,000 spectators.\nWest Stand. Built in 2011 on the site of the previous William Ansell Stand, the West Stand has two large tiers of seating. Adjacent to the south is the Edgbaston Suite – a 750-seat banqueting and exhibition space whose bright blue presence is a distinctive feature of both the inside and the outside of the ground – above which facing the pitch is a large electronic scoreboard.The Raglan and R. E. S. Wyatt Stands, with Birmingham City Centre in the distanceDrayton Manor Family Stand – (Priory Stand). This is the main family stand at Edgbaston and was renamed in 2014 with a sponsorship deal with Drayton Manor Theme Park. It has a single tier structure and is between the West and Raglan Stands. The environment of this stand is designed to be suitable for families with children.\nRaglan Stand. This is a single tier structure and is parallel to the wicket on the opposite side to the Eric Hollies Stand. The Raglan Stand is the location of the Aylesford Hospitality Boxes situated at the rear overlooking the ground.\nR. E. S. Wyatt Stand. Built at the City End in 1995 and named after the Warwickshire and England all-rounder Bob Wyatt, who died that year,[21] the R. E. S. Wyatt Stand consists of a single tier of seating beneath two rows of executive boxes. Facilities in the stand include two pitch-view restaurants: the Marston's Suite and the Executive Club,[22] together with the David Heath Suite, currently used by Warwickshire members.\nScrivens (Press Box) Stand. Built in 1957 and first used for that year's test match against the West Indies, this stand was given to the club by Langton Iliffe, 2nd Baron Iliffe and his fellow directors of the Coventry Evening Telegraph. It hosted the ground's press facilities until the opening of the new South Stand in 2011.[23] A two tier stand, it is allocated as an alcohol-free family area for top-class matches.[24] Now named the Scrivens Stand after a sponsorship deal with Scrivens Opticians.\nStanley Barnes Stand. A small single tier stand opened in 1989, the Stanley Barnes Stand is situated in front of the Thwaite Memorial Scoreboard, the ground's most distinctive feature.[12]\nEric Hollies Stand. Formerly known as the Rea Bank, after the River Rea which runs immediately to its rear, this is traditionally the most raucous area of the ground.[2] The stand was renamed after the Warwickshire and England leg-spinner Eric Hollies in 1989,[12] and was rebuilt in 2003 with 5,900 seats, an increase of 1,300 over its predecessor. The design won a 2003 Civic Trust Award, and British Constructional Steelwork Association Structural Steel Award. It features a series of eight aluminium sunshades suspended over the single tier of seating on simple steel masts, appearing to hover over the crowd beneath.[25]","title":"Ground"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edgbaston_Cricket_Ground_2012.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edgbaston---close-of-play.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edgbaston_-_England_vs_Australia_2009.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edgbastonmaisema.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edgbaston---Thwaite-Memorial-Scoreboard.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edgbaston_Indoor_Cricket_Centre_3.JPG"}],"sub_title":"Gallery","text":"The main entrance on Edgbaston Road\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe South and West Stands at close of play\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Eric Hollies Stand is the home of Edgbaston's most passionate and vociferous spectators.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRain stops play, July 2012\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThwaite Memorial scoreboard\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEntrance to the Indoor Cricket Centre","title":"Ground"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Duke of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyder1973-11"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"The Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"River Rea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Rea"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Other facilities","text":"Indoor Cricket Centre. Fronting the Pershore Road side of the ground, the Indoor Cricket Centre was opened by the Duke of Edinburgh in 2000,[26] replacing an earlier indoor cricket school of 1956.[11] Its 41 m × 32 m main hall accommodates either eight net lanes for indoor cricket practice or two six-a-side pitches.[27] The building also houses a small shop, a bar with an outdoor terrace and offices for regional, youth and disabled cricket boards.[28]\nVisitor & Learning Centre. Created by Museum Curator Phil Britt and opened in 2011 the V & L was situated on the mezzanine level of the South Stand, the 300 m2 Visitor & Learning Centre as an interactive display charting the history of Warwickshire County Cricket Club and of test match cricket at Edgbaston.[29] The experience was introduced with a five-minute film giving a short overview of the history of the club and ground in a small theatre area, and included audio and film records of key moments and figures from Warwickshire's past, and interactive installations demonstrating cricketing techniques and allowing visitors to test their judgement against that of test match umpires.[30] The centre was favourably reviewed by The Independent when it opened in 2011. Commenting on how \"the rich history of the club and the ground are told simply, straightforwardly and accessibly\", the review concluded by comparing it to the equivalent at Lord's: \"The museum at Lord's is cramped and gives an air of scholarly dinginess ... maybe they could learn a lesson or two from Edgbaston now.\" Despite this the V & L Centre was closed in 2018 and the area used for Corporate entertainment[31]\nMuseum and Library. This is now the only museum on site and is a more traditional museum, housing the club's collection of cricketing memorabilia – one of the largest and most important in the country – and its cricketing library, opened underneath the R. E. S. Wyatt Stand in 2012.[32]\nColts' Ground. On the east side of the River Rea, to the rear of the Eric Hollies Stand, the smaller Colts' Ground is used for cricket practice and minor matches.[33]","title":"Ground"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warwickshire's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwickshire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"MCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marylebone_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Warwickshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwickshire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBannister199018-7"},{"link_name":"Test match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_cricket"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Wilfred Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfred_Rhodes"},{"link_name":"Peter May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_May_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Colin Cowdrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Cowdrey"},{"link_name":"West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"England women's cricket team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_women%27s_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_women%27s_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Women's World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICC_Women%27s_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"1975 ICC Cricket World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_ICC_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"1979 ICC Cricket World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_ICC_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Ashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ashes"},{"link_name":"Ian Botham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Botham"},{"link_name":"1983 ICC Cricket World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_ICC_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Brian Lara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Lara"},{"link_name":"Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham,_England"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"1999 ICC Cricket World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_ICC_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Marcus Trescothick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick"},{"link_name":"2005 Ashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Ashes"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Graeme Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graeme_Smith"},{"link_name":"Alastair Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alastair_Cook"},{"link_name":"Tino Best","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tino_Best"},{"link_name":"Denesh Ramdin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denesh_Ramdin"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"ICC Champions Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_ICC_Champions_Trophy"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"NatWest t20 Blast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_NatWest_t20_Blast"},{"link_name":"Birmingham Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Bears_T20_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"One-Day International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-Day_International"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Brendon McCullum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendon_McCullum"},{"link_name":"Derbyshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbyshire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"T20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty20"},{"link_name":"Jason Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Roy"},{"link_name":"Alex Hales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Hales"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"2017 ICC Champions Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_ICC_Champions_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"day/night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day/night_cricket"},{"link_name":"Dukes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_ball"},{"link_name":"Alastair Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alastair_Cook"},{"link_name":"Joe Root","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Root"},{"link_name":"Stuart Broad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Broad"},{"link_name":"Jos Buttler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos_Buttler"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"India tour of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_cricket_team_in_England_in_2018"},{"link_name":"2019 ICC Cricket World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_ICC_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"2019 Ashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Ashes_series"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Steven Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Smith_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Warwickshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwickshire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Birmingham Commonwealth Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_women%27s_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_women%27s_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_women%27s_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_women%27s_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Will Smeed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Smeed"},{"link_name":"Birmingham Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Phoenix"},{"link_name":"Southern Brave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Brave"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Ashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Ashes_series"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_women%27s_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_women%27s_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Ashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Women%27s_Ashes"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Alastair Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alastair_Cook"},{"link_name":"Glenn Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Turner"},{"link_name":"East Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Africa_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Robin Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Smith_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Andrew Strauss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Strauss"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Aaron Finch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Finch"},{"link_name":"Fred Trueman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Trueman"},{"link_name":"West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Wilfred Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfred_Rhodes"},{"link_name":"Shahid Afridi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahid_Afridi"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Saeed Ajmal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeed_Ajmal"},{"link_name":"Peter May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_May_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Colin Cowdrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Cowdrey"},{"link_name":"Jason Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Roy"},{"link_name":"Alex Hales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Hales"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Jos Buttler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos_Buttler"},{"link_name":"Alastair Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alastair_Cook"},{"link_name":"Rohit Sharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohit_Sharma"},{"link_name":"James Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Anderson_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Darren Gough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Gough"}],"text":"1886 – Warwickshire's first match at Edgbaston took place on 7 June against the MCC, watched by 3,000 spectators over two days.\n1886 – 6,000 spectators turn out on 9 and 10 August to watch Warwickshire play Australia.[7]\n1902 – First Test match at Edgbaston was England v. Australia and was drawn due to rain, with England making Australia follow on after bowling them out in the first innings for 36. Wilfred Rhodes had bowling figures of 7 for 17.\n1957 – Stand of 411 between Peter May and Colin Cowdrey against the West Indies, England's highest-ever partnership.\n1973 – England women's cricket team beat Australia by 92 runs in the final group match at Edgbaston to win the first Women's World Cup. The limited overs tournament was a round robin event with the winners of the final scheduled match becoming champions. Australia were top and England were second in the group going into the match with a one-point difference.\n1975 – Hosted group matches in the 1975 ICC Cricket World Cup\n1979 – Hosted group matches in the 1979 ICC Cricket World Cup\n1981 – England beat Australia to take a 2–1 lead in the Ashes. Australia needed 151 in their second innings to win but were bowled out for 121 with Ian Botham taking 5 wickets in 28 balls, later Botham said the Edgbaston crowd had inspired his performance in a match where no batsman on either side made a 50.\n1983 – Hosted group matches in the 1983 ICC Cricket World Cup\n1994 – Brian Lara scored 501* for Warwickshire against Durham, the highest score by a batsman in first-class cricket.[34]\n1997 – Warwickshire beat Somerset by 35 runs at Edgbaston in the first senior limited overs match to be played under floodlights in England.\n1999 – Australia tie with South Africa in the 1999 ICC Cricket World Cup semi final.\n2004 – Marcus Trescothick becomes the first player to score a century in both innings of a Test match at Edgbaston, against the West Indies, scoring 105 & 107 for England.\n2005 – Australia lose to England by two runs in the second Test of the 2005 Ashes, the closest Ashes match ever.\n2008 – South Africa secure their first series win in England since 1965, chasing down 281 to win the third Test, the highest ever successful pursuit at this ground. South African captain Graeme Smith scored 154* to lead his team to victory.\n2011 – Alastair Cook scores 294 against India, as England become the number one ranked Test team. England also make the highest innings score in a Test match at Edgbaston, with 710 for 7.\n2012 – Tino Best scores 95 for the West Indies against England, the then record highest score for a number 11 batsmen. This notably formed part of a 143 run partnership with Denesh Ramdin, the third-highest Test stand with one wicket remaining.\n2013 – India crowned ICC Champions Trophy winners following a nail-biting 5-run victory over England.[35]\n2014 – Edgbaston hosts its sixth NatWest t20 Blast Finals Day, with Birmingham Bears being crowned champions on their home ground for the first time in Warwickshire's history.[36]\n2015 – England score 408, their highest score ever in a One-Day International (ODI) 50 overs match, against New Zealand. England also recorded their biggest margin of victory of 210 runs in the same match.\n2015 – Brendon McCullum scores 158 not out off 64 balls for Birmingham Bears against Derbyshire in a domestic T20 group match. It was the highest score in English domestic T20 history and second-highest ever score in any T20 match.\n2016 – The opening partnership of 256 by Jason Roy and Alex Hales for England against Sri Lanka is the highest successful run chase without losing a wicket in ODI history. It is also the highest partnership for England for any wicket in ODIs and only the second time both openers have scored a century for England in the same ODI.\n2017 – Edgbaston co-hosts the 2017 ICC Champions Trophy and hosts 5 matches, including the semi-final between India and Bangladesh. The stadium's record attendance for an ODI was raised three times during the Champions Trophy, with the semi-final attracting a crowd of 24,340, which was the highest attendance for any match in the tournament, including the final.\n2017 – Edgbaston hosted the first day/night Test match in England, between England and West Indies, starting on 17 August. It would also mark the debut for the pink Dukes ball. England beat the West Indies by an innings and 209 runs within 3 days with Alastair Cook and Joe Root both scoring centuries. Stuart Broad became the second-leading wicket-taker in Test matches for England. The West Indies lost 19 wickets on day 3 of the match, the first time they lost 19 wickets in a single day of a Test match. It was also the 50th Test match to be held at Edgbaston.\n2018 – Jos Buttler hits the fastest Twenty20 International half-century by an England batsman to propel the home side to a 28-run win over Australia at Edgbaston. England score 221–5, their second-highest ever T20I score.\n2018 – Hosted England's 1,000th Test match during India tour of England. England won the match by 32 runs.\n2019 – Hosted 4 group matches and one semi-final in the 2019 ICC Cricket World Cup.[37] All matches were sold out months in advance as England advanced to the final by beating Australia by 8 wickets in the semi-final.\n2019 – Edgbaston hosts the first Test match in the 2019 Ashes where Australia beat England by 251 runs with Steven Smith getting 144 in the first and 142 in the second innings. Smith helped Australia recover from 122 for 8 in the first innings and became the second batsman to score a century in both innings of a Test match at Edgbaston. It was also the first time Australia had won at Edgbaston since 2001.\n2021 - Warwickshire win the Country Championship for the 8th time on the final day of the season after beating Somerset by 118 runs at Edgbaston.[38]\n2022 - England beat India by 7 wickets in the fifth and final Test match of the delayed 2021 Indian tour of England to draw the series 2-2. England broke their record for the highest total in a 4th innings to win a Test match on the fifth day by scoring 378 for 3 at Edgbaston.[39]\n2022 - Edgbaston hosts the women's T20 event at the Birmingham Commonwealth Games. All group, semi-final and final matches were played at Edgbaston. Australia won the first gold medal in the event by beating India in the final and New Zealand the bronze by beating England.\n2022 - Will Smeed becomes the first man to score a century in the Hundred competition scoring 101 off 49 balls for Birmingham Phoenix against Southern Brave at Edgbaston.[40]\n2023 - Australia beat England in the first Ashes Test match by 2 wickets after a 55 run 9th wicket stand in the second innings on the fifth day.\n2023 - Australia beat England by 4 wickets in the second match of the women's Ashes and the first T-20 of the series. The match set an attendance record of 19,527 for a women's match outside the World Cup[41] and was first with an all women grounds staff to prepare the pitch and outfield.[42]Highest Innings team scoreTests: England 710 for 7 v. India, August 2011\nODI: England 408 for 9 v. New Zealand, 9 June 2015\nT20I: England 221 for 5 v. Australia, 27 June 2018Lowest innings team scoreTests: South Africa 30 all out v. England, June 1924\nODI (50 overs): Australia 70 all out v. England, 4 June 1977Highest individual scoreTests: Alastair Cook 294 for England v. India, August 2011\nODI (60 overs): Glenn Turner 171* for New Zealand v. East Africa, 7 June 1975\nODI (55 overs): Robin Smith 167* for England v. Australia, 21 May 1993\nODI (50 overs): Andrew Strauss 154 for England v. Bangladesh, 12 July 2010\nT20I: Aaron Finch 84 for Australia v. England, 27 June 2018Best bowling figuresTests\nMatch: Fred Trueman 12 for 119 for England v. West Indies, July 1963\nInnings: Wilfred Rhodes 7 for 17 for England v. Australia, May 1902\nODI: Shahid Afridi 5 for 11 for Pakistan v. Kenya, 14 September 2004\nT20I: Saeed Ajmal 3 for 26 for Pakistan v. Australia, 5 July 2010Highest partnershipsTests: 411 Peter May and Colin Cowdrey for England v. West Indies, 30 May 1957\nODI: 256* Jason Roy and Alex Hales for England v. Sri Lanka, 24 June 2016\nT20I: 95 Jos Buttler and Jason Roy for England v. Australia, 27 June 2018Leading run-scorersIn Tests: Alastair Cook – 869 runs\nIn ODIs: Rohit Sharma – 447 runsLeading wicket-takersIn Tests: James Anderson – 44 wickets\nIn ODIs: Darren Gough – 21 wickets","title":"Notable moments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"2011 Edgbaston\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20111003172022/http://view.vcab.com/fs/00000320/00024975/00186191/_uploads/Egbaston%20Brochure%20-%20VCAB%204.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//view.vcab.com/fs/00000320/00024975/00186191/_uploads/Egbaston%20Brochure%20-%20VCAB%204.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7470-0217-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7470-0217-7"},{"link_name":"Rain stops play: cricketing climates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=A5BRrWToEVwC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7146-5173-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-5173-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-09-177188-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-177188-9"},{"link_name":"\"Arena: Pioneers with grand ambition: 16 Edgbaston: Derek Pringle traces the history of a county and Test cricket ground which is laced with controversy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20121110155301/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/arena-pioneers-with-grand-ambition-16-edgbaston-derek-pringle-traces-the-history-of-a-county-and-test-cricket-ground-which-is-laced-with-controversy-1374761.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.independent.co.uk/sport/arena-pioneers-with-grand-ambition-16-edgbaston-derek-pringle-traces-the-history-of-a-county-and-test-cricket-ground-which-is-laced-with-controversy-1374761.html"},{"link_name":"\"The Warwickshire way – What is it that makes Warwickshire tick?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/152469.html"},{"link_name":"Wisden Cricketers' Almanack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/155964.html?years=1973"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-85020-028-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85020-028-8"}],"text":"\"2011 Edgbaston\" (PDF). Keith Prowse. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2011.\nBannister, Jack (1990). The history of Warwickshire County Cricket Club. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 0-7470-0217-7.\nHignell, Andrew (2002). Rain stops play: cricketing climates. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-7146-5173-7. Retrieved 2 February 2011.\nPowell, William (1992). The Wisden Guide to Cricket Grounds. London: Stanley Paul. ISBN 0-09-177188-9.\nPringle, Derek (7 August 1994). \"Arena: Pioneers with grand ambition: 16 Edgbaston: Derek Pringle traces the history of a county and Test cricket ground which is laced with controversy\". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 10 November 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2011.\nRyder, Rowland (1973). \"The Warwickshire way – What is it that makes Warwickshire tick?\". In Preston, Norman (ed.). Wisden Cricketers' Almanack. London: Sporting Handbooks. ISBN 0-85020-028-8. Retrieved 2 February 2011.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_text":"The Pavilion and East Stand in 1895","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Edgbaston_Cricket_Ground_in_1895.jpg/220px-Edgbaston_Cricket_Ground_in_1895.jpg"},{"image_text":"Edgbaston in 2008: the former Pavilion, Leslie Deakins and R. V. Ryder Stands, all now demolished","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Edgbaston_Cricket_Ground_Pavillion.jpg/220px-Edgbaston_Cricket_Ground_Pavillion.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Eric Hollies and South Stands and the Press Box","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Edgbaston---Hollies-and-South-Stands.jpg/170px-Edgbaston---Hollies-and-South-Stands.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Raglan and R. E. S. Wyatt Stands, with Birmingham City Centre in the distance","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Edgbaston---Raglan-and-RES-Wyatt-Stands.jpg/220px-Edgbaston---Raglan-and-RES-Wyatt-Stands.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of cricket grounds in England and Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cricket_grounds_in_England_and_Wales"},{"title":"List of Test cricket grounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Test_cricket_grounds"},{"title":"List of international cricket centuries at Edgbaston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_cricket_centuries_at_Edgbaston"},{"title":"List of international cricket five-wicket hauls at Edgbaston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_cricket_five-wicket_hauls_at_Edgbaston"}] | [{"reference":"\"The many shapes of England's cricket stadiums\". BBC Sport. 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Retrieved 23 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2009/jul/29/ashes-edbaston-as-hostile-test-venue","url_text":"\"If Australia thought Cardiff and Lord's was noisy, they haven't heard anything yet\""}]},{"reference":"\"England's Top 5 Test Performances – #4 - Edgbaston\". 20 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.edgbaston.com/news/englands-top-5-test-performances-4-england-v-australia-2015","url_text":"\"England's Top 5 Test Performances – #4 - Edgbaston\""}]},{"reference":"Engel, Matthew, ed. (1996). \"Obituary – Bob Wyatt\". Wisden Cricketers' Almanack. John Wisden & Co. ISBN 0-947766-31-6. 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Retrieved 3 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130421021112/http://www.lccc.co.uk/news/tales-from-edgbaston/4253","url_text":"\"One day at Edgbaston – Paul Edwards bades farewell to the old press box\""},{"url":"http://www.lccc.co.uk/news/tales-from-edgbaston/4253","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Match Tickets Information, Contact Us Information & FAQs\". Warwickshire County Cricket Club. 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eticketing.co.uk/edgbaston/staticpages/faqs.aspx","url_text":"\"Match Tickets Information, Contact Us Information & FAQs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eric Hollies Stand, Edgbaston\". Work. Bryant Priest Newman Architects. Archived from the original on 18 September 2011. Retrieved 20 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110918023637/http://www.bryantpriestnewman.com/work/entry/eric_hollies_stand_edgbaston_county_cricket_ground","url_text":"\"Eric Hollies Stand, Edgbaston\""},{"url":"http://bryantpriestnewman.com/work/entry/eric_hollies_stand_edgbaston_county_cricket_ground","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Eric Hollies Stand, Warwickshire County Cricket Club\". www.SteelConstruction.org. British Constructional Steelwork Association. 2003. Archived from the original on 1 October 2011. Retrieved 20 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111001131406/http://www.steelconstruction.org/resources/design-awards/2003/certificate-of-merit/eric-hollies-stand-warwickshire-county-cricket-club.html","url_text":"\"Eric Hollies Stand, Warwickshire County Cricket Club\""},{"url":"http://www.steelconstruction.org/resources/design-awards/2003/certificate-of-merit/eric-hollies-stand-warwickshire-county-cricket-club.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Centre of Excellence\". Warwickshire County Cricket Club. Archived from the original on 10 April 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120410071410/http://www.edgbaston.com/venue/indoor-cricket-centre/","url_text":"\"The Centre of Excellence\""},{"url":"http://www.edgbaston.com/venue/indoor-cricket-centre/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Description\". Indoor Cricket Centre, Warwickshire CCC. Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment. Archived from the original on 18 January 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110118095356/http://www.cabe.org.uk/case-studies/indoor-cricket-centre-warwickshire-county-cricket-club/description","url_text":"\"Description\""},{"url":"http://www.cabe.org.uk/case-studies/indoor-cricket-centre-warwickshire-county-cricket-club/description","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Indoor Cricket Centre, Warwickshire CCC\". Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment. Archived from the original on 18 January 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110118095356/http://www.cabe.org.uk/case-studies/indoor-cricket-centre-warwickshire-county-cricket-club","url_text":"\"Indoor Cricket Centre, Warwickshire CCC\""},{"url":"http://www.cabe.org.uk/case-studies/indoor-cricket-centre-warwickshire-county-cricket-club","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Warwickshire County Cricket Club Museum\". Mather and Co. Retrieved 3 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.matherandco.com/work/museums/warwickshire-county-cricket-club-museum/","url_text":"\"Warwickshire County Cricket Club Museum\""}]},{"reference":"\"EDGBASTON CRICKET MUSEUM\". Figment Productions. Retrieved 3 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.figmentproductions.co.uk/?portfolio=edgbaston-cricket-museum","url_text":"\"EDGBASTON CRICKET MUSEUM\""}]},{"reference":"Brenkley, Stephen (14 August 2011). \"On the Front Foot: Edgbaston's passion for the past is a lesson for the future\". The Independent. Independent Digital News and Media. Retrieved 3 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/cricket/on-the-front-foot-edgbastons-passion-for-the-past-is-a-lesson-for-the-future-2337392.html","url_text":"\"On the Front Foot: Edgbaston's passion for the past is a lesson for the future\""}]},{"reference":"Halford, Brian (15 March 2012). \"How dedicated trio resurrected Warwickshire CCC museum in old offices\". Birmingham Mail. Trinity Mirror Midlands. Retrieved 3 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.birminghammail.net/birmingham-sport/cricket/warwickshire-ccc/2012/03/15/how-dedicated-trio-resurrected-warwickshire-ccc-museum-in-old-offices-97319-30541041/","url_text":"\"How dedicated trio resurrected Warwickshire CCC museum in old offices\""}]},{"reference":"Edgbaston International Stadium – Planning Statement (Report). Turley Associates. 2008. p. 22. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181215065942/http://eplanning.birmingham.gov.uk/Northgate/DocumentExplorer/documentstream/documentstream.aspx?name=public:0901487a8081d00f28112008113439.pdf&unique=362372&type=eplprod_DC_PLANAPP","url_text":"Edgbaston International Stadium – Planning Statement"},{"url":"http://eplanning.birmingham.gov.uk/Northgate/DocumentExplorer/documentstream/documentstream.aspx?name=public:0901487a8081d00f28112008113439.pdf&unique=362372&type=eplprod_DC_PLANAPP","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Phil Wattis and Julie Anderson. \"Edgbaston – The Bears – History – Alumni – Brian Lara\". thebears.co.uk. Archived from the original on 4 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071204030409/http://www.thebears.co.uk/history/alumni/brianlara.shtml","url_text":"\"Edgbaston – The Bears – History – Alumni – Brian Lara\""},{"url":"http://www.thebears.co.uk/history/alumni/brianlara.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Final: England v India at Birmingham, Jun 23, 2013 – Cricket Scorecard\". ESPN Cricinfo.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-champions-trophy-2013/engine/current/match/566948.html","url_text":"\"Final: England v India at Birmingham, Jun 23, 2013 – Cricket Scorecard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Final: Warwickshire v Lancashire at Birmingham, Aug 23, 2014 – Cricket Scorecard\". ESPN Cricinfo.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/county-cricket-2014/engine/match/693273.html","url_text":"\"Final: Warwickshire v Lancashire at Birmingham, Aug 23, 2014 – Cricket Scorecard\""}]},{"reference":"\"ICC Cricket World Cup 2019 schedule announced\". ICC. 14 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/672392","url_text":"\"ICC Cricket World Cup 2019 schedule announced\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Cricket_Council","url_text":"ICC"}]},{"reference":"\"Warwickshire win County Championship\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 29 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/58678705","url_text":"\"Warwickshire win County Championship\""}]},{"reference":"\"Morgan hails Smeed over The Hundred's first century\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 15 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/62498038","url_text":"\"Morgan hails Smeed over The Hundred's first century\""}]},{"reference":"\"England Women vs Australia 2023 Ashes IT20 - Women's Ashes IT20\". Edgbaston. Retrieved 3 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://edgbaston.com/fixtures/first-xi/england-women-v-australia-women-ashes-it20-2023/","url_text":"\"England Women vs Australia 2023 Ashes IT20 - Women's Ashes IT20\""}]},{"reference":"matc (29 June 2023). \"#HERstory: All-women ground staff prepare Edgbaston Ashes wicket\". Edgbaston. Retrieved 2 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://edgbaston.com/news/herstory-all-women-ground-staff-prepare-edgbaston-ashes-wicket/","url_text":"\"#HERstory: All-women ground staff prepare Edgbaston Ashes wicket\""}]},{"reference":"\"2011 Edgbaston\" (PDF). Keith Prowse. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111003172022/http://view.vcab.com/fs/00000320/00024975/00186191/_uploads/Egbaston%20Brochure%20-%20VCAB%204.pdf","url_text":"\"2011 Edgbaston\""},{"url":"http://view.vcab.com/fs/00000320/00024975/00186191/_uploads/Egbaston%20Brochure%20-%20VCAB%204.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bannister, Jack (1990). The history of Warwickshire County Cricket Club. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 0-7470-0217-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7470-0217-7","url_text":"0-7470-0217-7"}]},{"reference":"Hignell, Andrew (2002). Rain stops play: cricketing climates. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-7146-5173-7. Retrieved 2 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=A5BRrWToEVwC","url_text":"Rain stops play: cricketing climates"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-5173-7","url_text":"0-7146-5173-7"}]},{"reference":"Powell, William (1992). The Wisden Guide to Cricket Grounds. London: Stanley Paul. ISBN 0-09-177188-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-177188-9","url_text":"0-09-177188-9"}]},{"reference":"Pringle, Derek (7 August 1994). \"Arena: Pioneers with grand ambition: 16 Edgbaston: Derek Pringle traces the history of a county and Test cricket ground which is laced with controversy\". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 10 November 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121110155301/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/arena-pioneers-with-grand-ambition-16-edgbaston-derek-pringle-traces-the-history-of-a-county-and-test-cricket-ground-which-is-laced-with-controversy-1374761.html","url_text":"\"Arena: Pioneers with grand ambition: 16 Edgbaston: Derek Pringle traces the history of a county and Test cricket ground which is laced with controversy\""},{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/arena-pioneers-with-grand-ambition-16-edgbaston-derek-pringle-traces-the-history-of-a-county-and-test-cricket-ground-which-is-laced-with-controversy-1374761.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ryder, Rowland (1973). \"The Warwickshire way – What is it that makes Warwickshire tick?\". In Preston, Norman (ed.). Wisden Cricketers' Almanack. London: Sporting Handbooks. ISBN 0-85020-028-8. Retrieved 2 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/152469.html","url_text":"\"The Warwickshire way – What is it that makes Warwickshire tick?\""},{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/155964.html?years=1973","url_text":"Wisden Cricketers' Almanack"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85020-028-8","url_text":"0-85020-028-8"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Edgbaston_Cricket_Ground¶ms=52_27_20.93_N_1_54_08.96_W_type:landmark_scale:2000_region:GB","external_links_name":"52°27′20.93″N 1°54′08.96″W / 52.4558139°N 1.9024889°W / 52.4558139; -1.9024889"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/ground/56788.html","external_links_name":"ESPN Cricinfo"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/extra/vjVnELf6Ih/shapes_cricket_stadiums","external_links_name":"\"The many shapes of 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%BCster_Berg | Thüster Berg | ["1 Location","2 Geology and landscape","3 Towers","4 Walking","5 References"] | Coordinates: 52°03′28″N 9°37′25″E / 52.05778°N 9.62361°E / 52.05778; 9.62361Thüster BergThe Thüste in front of the Thüster BergHighest pointPeakKansteinElevation441 m above NNDimensionsLength7 km (4.3 mi)GeographyOverview map: The Thüster Berg is in the upper centre
StateLower SaxonyRange coordinates52°03′28″N 9°37′25″E / 52.05778°N 9.62361°E / 52.05778; 9.62361Parent rangeLeine Uplands, Lower Saxon HillsGeologyAge of rockUpper JurassicType of rockLimestone (Thüster limestone), claystone, marl
The Thüster Berg is a ridge, up to 441 m above NN, in the Lower Saxon Hills in central Germany. It is situated in the districts of Hameln-Pyrmont and Hildesheim in the federal state of Lower Saxony.
Location
The Thüster Berg lies within a triangle formed by the villages of Eime, Duingen and Salzhemmendorf in the western half of the Leine Uplands, which itself is in the northern part of the Lower Saxon Hills. It is about 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) long and its highest peak is the Kanstein. It lies between Hemmendorf and Oldendorf in the north, Ahrenfeld, Deilmissen and Deinsen in the south, Marienhagen in the southeast, Weenzen and Thüste in the south, Levedagsen and the Domäne Eggersen in the west and the village of Salzhemmendorf to the northwest.
North of the Thüster Berg is the Osterwald, to the east the Külf, to the southeast the Duinger Berg and to the west the Ith. The River Saale, a southwestern tributary of the Leine flows to the west and north of the ridge. Its northwestern part belongs to the Weser Uplands Schaumburg-Hamelin Nature Park.
The B 1 federal highway runs past the Thüster Berg to the north and the B 240 to the southeast.
Geology and landscape
Quarry on the Thüster Berg
The Thüster Berg is an upfold of Thüster limestone. On its steeply sloping northern flanks there are several limestone crags, mostly hidden in forest, which have names such as Eckturm, Dreckturm, Falkenturm and Liebesnadel (literally: "Corner Tower", "Mud Tower", "Falcon Tower" and "Needle of Love"). The rock ledge of the Eckturm (380 m above NN) juts out of the forest towards the northwest below the summit of the Kanstein and forms a natural observation platform. There are disused limestone quarries on the southwestern side of the ridge.
The Thüster Berg is densely wooded, especially with stands of deciduous trees. Amongst the species of tree that thrive here are birch and pine.
Towers
On the Kanstein, the main summit (441 m above NN) of the Thüster Berg, stands an observation tower, known as the Löns Tower (Lönsturm, 440 m above NN) and about 1 km further east-southeast is a telecommunication tower (433 m above NN).
Walking
Numerous forest tracks run over the Thüster Berg. One of them runs over the crest of the ridge from Salzhemmendorf to Marienhagen past the Eckturm, Löns Tower and telecommunication tower.
References
^ Landesvermessung und Geobasisinformation Niedersachsen | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NI-Nav-1"},{"link_name":"Lower Saxon Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Saxon_Hills"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Hameln-Pyrmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landkreis_Hameln-Pyrmont"},{"link_name":"Hildesheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landkreis_Hildesheim"},{"link_name":"Lower Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Saxony"}],"text":"The Thüster Berg is a ridge, up to 441 m above NN,[1] in the Lower Saxon Hills in central Germany. It is situated in the districts of Hameln-Pyrmont and Hildesheim in the federal state of Lower Saxony.","title":"Thüster Berg"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eime,_Lower_Saxony"},{"link_name":"Duingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duingen"},{"link_name":"Salzhemmendorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salzhemmendorf"},{"link_name":"Leine Uplands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leine_Uplands"},{"link_name":"Lower Saxon Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Saxon_Hills"},{"link_name":"Marienhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marienhagen"},{"link_name":"Weenzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weenzen"},{"link_name":"Osterwald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osterwald_(ridge)"},{"link_name":"Külf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BClf"},{"link_name":"Duinger Berg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duinger_Berg"},{"link_name":"Ith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ith"},{"link_name":"Saale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saale_(Leine)"},{"link_name":"tributary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributary"},{"link_name":"Leine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leine_(river)"},{"link_name":"Weser Uplands Schaumburg-Hamelin Nature Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weser_Uplands_Schaumburg-Hamelin_Nature_Park"},{"link_name":"B 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_1"},{"link_name":"B 240","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_240&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The Thüster Berg lies within a triangle formed by the villages of Eime, Duingen and Salzhemmendorf in the western half of the Leine Uplands, which itself is in the northern part of the Lower Saxon Hills. It is about 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) long and its highest peak is the Kanstein. It lies between Hemmendorf and Oldendorf in the north, Ahrenfeld, Deilmissen and Deinsen in the south, Marienhagen in the southeast, Weenzen and Thüste in the south, Levedagsen and the Domäne Eggersen in the west and the village of Salzhemmendorf to the northwest.North of the Thüster Berg is the Osterwald, to the east the Külf, to the southeast the Duinger Berg and to the west the Ith. The River Saale, a southwestern tributary of the Leine flows to the west and north of the ridge. Its northwestern part belongs to the Weser Uplands Schaumburg-Hamelin Nature Park.The B 1 federal highway runs past the Thüster Berg to the north and the B 240 to the southeast.","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Th%C3%BCster_Berg_Steinbruch.jpg"},{"link_name":"limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone"},{"link_name":"quarries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarries"},{"link_name":"birch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birch"},{"link_name":"pine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine"}],"text":"Quarry on the Thüster BergThe Thüster Berg is an upfold of Thüster limestone. On its steeply sloping northern flanks there are several limestone crags, mostly hidden in forest, which have names such as Eckturm, Dreckturm, Falkenturm and Liebesnadel (literally: \"Corner Tower\", \"Mud Tower\", \"Falcon Tower\" and \"Needle of Love\"). The rock ledge of the Eckturm (380 m above NN) juts out of the forest towards the northwest below the summit of the Kanstein and forms a natural observation platform. There are disused limestone quarries on the southwestern side of the ridge.The Thüster Berg is densely wooded, especially with stands of deciduous trees. Amongst the species of tree that thrive here are birch and pine.","title":"Geology and landscape"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"telecommunication tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication_tower"}],"text":"On the Kanstein, the main summit (441 m above NN) of the Thüster Berg, stands an observation tower, known as the Löns Tower (Lönsturm, 440 m above NN) and about 1 km further east-southeast is a telecommunication tower (433 m above NN).","title":"Towers"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Numerous forest tracks run over the Thüster Berg. One of them runs over the crest of the ridge from Salzhemmendorf to Marienhagen past the Eckturm, Löns Tower and telecommunication tower.","title":"Walking"}] | [{"image_text":"Quarry on the Thüster Berg","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Th%C3%BCster_Berg_Steinbruch.jpg/220px-Th%C3%BCster_Berg_Steinbruch.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Th%C3%BCster_Berg¶ms=52.05778_N_9.62361_E_region:DE_type:mountain_dim:4km","external_links_name":"52°03′28″N 9°37′25″E / 52.05778°N 9.62361°E / 52.05778; 9.62361"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Th%C3%BCster_Berg¶ms=52.05778_N_9.62361_E_region:DE_type:mountain_dim:4km","external_links_name":"52°03′28″N 9°37′25″E / 52.05778°N 9.62361°E / 52.05778; 9.62361"},{"Link":"http://www.lgn.niedersachsen.de/master/C18213905_N8077934_L20_D0_I7746208.html","external_links_name":"Landesvermessung und Geobasisinformation Niedersachsen"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkhedi | Berkhedi | ["1 Demographics","2 References"] | Coordinates: 23°45′49″N 77°27′00″E / 23.763530°N 77.450038°E / 23.763530; 77.450038Not to be confused with Barkhedi.
Village in Madhya Pradesh, IndiaBerkhedivillageBerkhediShow map of Madhya PradeshBerkhediShow map of IndiaCoordinates: 23°45′49″N 77°27′00″E / 23.763530°N 77.450038°E / 23.763530; 77.450038CountryIndiaStateMadhya PradeshDistrictBhopalTehsilBerasiaPopulation (2011) • Total428Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)ISO 3166 codeMP-INCensus code482150
Berkhedi is a village in the Bhopal district of Madhya Pradesh, India. It is located in the Berasia tehsil.
Demographics
According to the 2011 census of India, Berkhedi has 93 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 52.56%.
Demographics (2011 Census)
Total
Male
Female
Population
428
227
201
Children aged below 6 years
76
41
35
Scheduled caste
88
43
45
Scheduled tribe
0
0
0
Literates
185
102
83
Workers (all)
175
106
69
Main workers (total)
92
91
1
Main workers: Cultivators
62
62
0
Main workers: Agricultural labourers
30
29
1
Main workers: Household industry workers
0
0
0
Main workers: Other
0
0
0
Marginal workers (total)
83
15
68
Marginal workers: Cultivators
19
7
12
Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers
64
8
56
Marginal workers: Household industry workers
0
0
0
Marginal workers: Others
0
0
0
Non-workers
253
121
132
References
^ Lok Seva Kendra, Berasia
^ a b "District Census Handbook - Bhopal" (PDF). 2011 Census of India. Directorate of Census Operations, Madhya Pradesh. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
vteVillages in Berasia tehsil of Bhopal district
Agra
Ajabpura
Ajampur
Amalya
Amarpur
Ankia
Arjunkhedi
Arrai Rai Singh
Arrai Sardar Singh
Arrawati
Babachiya
Babdi Khar
Babukhedi
Badbeli Khurd
Badli
Bagapura
Bagraj
Bagsi
Bahrawal
Bairagarh
Bamhora
Bamhori
Bandikhedi (482082)
Bandikhedi (482303)
Bandrua
Barbeli Kalan
Barela Kheda
Barkheda Baramad
Barkheda Baramad Gunga
Barkheda Kalan
Barkheda Khurd
Barkheda Moji
Barkheda Yakub
Barkhedi
Barodi
Barrai
Barri Gujar
Barri Mustsil Bagraj
Barrichheer Kheda
Beelkhoh
Berkhedi
Berkhedi Kalan
Bhainsana
Bhakwaha
Bhatni
Bhaupura
Bhens Kheda
Bhesoda
Bhojapura
Bhonrasa
Bhujpura Kalan
Bhujpura Khurd
Bhungiyai
Bijapur
Bijawan Kalan
Bijawan Khurd
Bineka
Birha Shyam Khedi
Birhai
Borpura
Budhor Kalan
Chakkheda
Chanda Saloi
Chandan Khedi
Chandbad Kadim
Chandpura
Chapadiya
Charpahadi Bazyaft
Charpahari
Chatahedi
Chataua
Chhapryai
Daknai
Dam Kheda
Damila
Danderi
Dangroli
Dariyapur
Darwaji
Dewalkheda
Dhamantori
Dhamarra
Dhaturiya
Dhekpur
Dhokapura
Dhonoura
Dhoot Khedi
Dillod
Dohaya
Dojyai
Dolatpura
Dongargaon
Dungariya
Gana Khedi
Ganga Khedi
Ganga Pipaliya
Ganyari
Garenthiya Bazyft
Garentiyadangi
Garha Brahman
Garha Kalan
Garha Khurd
Ghogalpur
Gonda Khedi
Gondipura
Goria
Goria Sankheda
Gujartodi
Gunga
Habibganj
Hamid Khedi
Haripur
Harrakheda
Hingoni
Hinoti Sadak
Hinotiya Ghat
Hinotiya Jagir, Berasia
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Imaliya Swaroop
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Jamusar Kalan
Jamusar Khurd
Jangaliya Pura
Jetpura
Jhikariya Kalan
Jhikariya Khurd
Jhirniya
Jhironiya Kankad
Junapani (482215)
Junapani (482243)
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Khedi
Khedli
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Khejra Ghat (482058)
Khejra Ghat (482172)
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Kher Kheda
Kherkhedi
Khitwas
Khuja Khedi
Khukaria
Kolu Khedi (482219)
Kolu Khedi (482280)
Kolu Khedi Kalan
Kolu Khedi Khurd
Kotra
Kotra Chopra
Kulhor
Kutkipura
Laharpur
Lalariya
Laloi
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Madnai
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Mainapura
Majheda Majhedi
Majidgarh
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Manakund
Mangalgarh
Manikhedi (482098)
Mani Khedi (482297)
Mankhiyai
Manpur
Manpura
Megra Kalan
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Mithi Chhapri
Moondla Chattan
Mudia Kheda
Mundla Chand
Nalkheda
Namdarpura
Narela Bazyaft
Narela Damodar
Nay Samand
Nazirabad
Neem Khedi
Nekli
Netapura
Nidanpur
Padli
Parason
Pardi
Parsora
Parsoriya
Parwaria
Pasaiya
Patalpani
Patalpur (482201)
Patalpur (482334)
Pathariya
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Pipal Khedi
Pipalia Hasnabad
Pipaliya Junnardar
Pipaliya Kadim
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Pipalkhedi
Pura Khana
Ramaha
Ramgarha
Rampura Balachon
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Ramtek
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Rawatpura
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Richhai
Rondia
Ronjia Bazaft
Runaha
Rusalli
Sagoni Jora
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Sagoni Khurd
Saloi Sangraj
Sapaua
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Semra Bheropura
Semra Kalan
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Semri Khurd
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Sheshapura
Shukla
Sindhora
Sonkatch
Suhaya
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Sumer
Sunga
Surajpura
Surana
Syar Kalan
Tanda
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Tarawli Khurd
Thikariya Banramda
Thikariya Laxmanpur
Tinoniya
Umaraya
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Vichhnai | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barkhedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barkhedi"},{"link_name":"Bhopal district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhopal_district"},{"link_name":"Madhya Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Berasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berasia"},{"link_name":"tehsil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehsil"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Barkhedi.Village in Madhya Pradesh, IndiaBerkhedi is a village in the Bhopal district of Madhya Pradesh, India. It is located in the Berasia tehsil.[1]","title":"Berkhedi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2011 census of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_census_of_India"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census_2011-2"}],"text":"According to the 2011 census of India, Berkhedi has 93 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 52.56%.[2]","title":"Demographics"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"District Census Handbook - Bhopal\" (PDF). 2011 Census of India. Directorate of Census Operations, Madhya Pradesh. Retrieved 20 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2327_PART_B_DCHB_BHOPAL.pdf","url_text":"\"District Census Handbook - Bhopal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Census_of_India","url_text":"2011 Census of India"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Berkhedi¶ms=23.763530_N_77.450038_E_type:city(428)_region:IN-MP","external_links_name":"23°45′49″N 77°27′00″E / 23.763530°N 77.450038°E / 23.763530; 77.450038"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Berkhedi¶ms=23.763530_N_77.450038_E_type:city(428)_region:IN-MP","external_links_name":"23°45′49″N 77°27′00″E / 23.763530°N 77.450038°E / 23.763530; 77.450038"},{"Link":"http://bhopal.nic.in/rfplokseva/berasia.pdf","external_links_name":"Lok Seva Kendra, Berasia"},{"Link":"http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2327_PART_B_DCHB_BHOPAL.pdf","external_links_name":"\"District Census Handbook - Bhopal\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juli%C3%A1n_de_Cela | Cambre | ["1 Name","2 History","3 Pazos","4 Zones of interest","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 43°16′59″N 8°19′59″W / 43.283°N 8.333°W / 43.283; -8.333PlaceConcello de Cambre
FlagCoat of armsNickname: CambreLocation of Cambre within GaliciaParroquiasAnceis, Andeiro, Brexo, Bribes, Cambre, Cecebre, Cela, Meixigo, Pravio, Sigrás, O Temple & VigoGovernment • Alcalde (Mayor)Óscar A. García Patiño UxCArea • Total41 km2 (16 sq mi)Population (2018) • Total24,603 • Density600/km2 (1,600/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Websitehttp://www.cambre.org/
Cambre is a municipality in the Province of A Coruña, in the autonomous community of Galicia in northwestern Spain. It is located 12 km from the capital city of A Coruña and ten minutes away from the city's airport, Alvedro.
According to the 2010 census, the municipality of Cambre includes 23,621 inhabitants spread over its 12 parishes, which occupy 41 square kilometres. The parishes are those of O Temple, Cambre, Sigrás, Anceis, San Lorenzo, Cela, Andeiro, Santa María de Vigo, Bribes, Brexo-Lema, Cecebre and Pravio. It shares municipal boundaries with the neighbouring municipalities of Culleredo, Carral and Oleiros.
The town of Cambre has many sites of interest. Among them are:
The Church of Our Lady Mary of Cambre (Spanish: Iglesia de Santa María de Cambre, Galician: Igrexa de Santa María de Cambre), built around the 12th century; an archaeological museum with a permanent exhibition of the remains of a Roman bathroom and latrine; and the house of Galician writer Wenceslao Fernández Flórez (1885–1964).
The town is located on the Way of St. James (Camino de Santiago), though on the English Way (Camino inglés), used mainly by pilgrims coming from England and Ireland via ship to A Coruña or Ferrol, and from there on foot to Santiago de Compostela.
Name
Our Lady Mary of CambreCambre's name is considered to derive from "Calambre" or "Calamber", according to different sources. It is first mentioned during the construction of the Church of Santa María (12th century). The name was very possibly given to the area by Knights Templar, a Christian order created in the aftermath of the First Crusade of 1096. The Order ceased to exist two centuries later, but after they had built a fortress near the town's centre which has since ceased to exist. One of Cambre's parishes is called Temple in their honour.
However, there are other theories which give a different origin to Cambre's name. Carré Aldao suggests its name derives from "Cambria", which sounds relatively similar to Cymru (Wales). If this were true, it might suggest an early invasion of the region by Welsh vikings several centuries ago, though it may well be a semilegendary hypothesis derived from a romantic view of history to link the Celtic people with those of Galicia. Nevertheless, this theory might be supported by the fact that when the Romans arrived to the Northwestern region of the Iberian Peninsula (present day Galicia and Northern Portugal), they named the area Galicia, as they recognized the ethnic group that populated the region as different from the rest of the peninsula. The Latin derived terms Galicia or Galegos, derive from Gales, which in the majority of languages evolved from Latin translates to Wales.
History
The area of Cambre was already inhabited by members of the Castro culture, as indicated by the presence of several castros. However, Cambre's castros are not very well preserved and show but certain parts of these ancient constructions, such as defensive walls and pits. The Castro of Sigrás is the most impressive.
Roman remains throughout the area imply Cambre was located on the (Roman road) or via that connected Pharum (present day A Coruña) with Brigantium (Betanzos). Following the collapse of the Roman Empire and repeated invasions from barbarian tribes from the north, the area came under Suebi protection. However, Roman culture still prevailed, and Suebi influence is only present today in a few names of towns and parishes.
Shortly thereafter, the coastal areas of the province suffered major attacks from the Normans and later by conquering Muslims from the south who sacked the growing town. Cambre's splendour was triggered off thanks to the intervention of Knights Templar around the 12th century. One of Cambre's parishes called El Temple has a Romanic church dating from this period and a 14th-century bridge, which suggest great economic and social development in the area.
Following the devastating invasions and battles which took place in nearby A Coruña, most of the population moved inland, along the estuary of the River Mero, to a small village called "Burga do Faro" (today O Burgo). Cambre's splendour developed thanks to the aide of three Kings closely linked with Galicia, namely Alfonso VII, Ferdinand II and Alfonso IX, all of them educated by members of the Galician nobility. It was thanks to these three monarchs that a great number of churches were erected in the region and also several bridges throughout the area were built in a short span of time.
In the following centuries Cambre's fortune was similar to most Galician towns. Galicia was merged into the Crown of Castile and only saw a revival of its culture during the 19th century. This cultural development was frozen during the dictatorship of General Francisco Franco, but in recent years has been visited by millions of tourists, mostly visiting Santiago de Compostela.
Pazos
Among Cambre's beauties, one can count its Pazos (country estates of the ancient nobility). Among them, those of San Xiao de Cela, San Paio de Brexo, San Martiño de Andeiro or San Xoán de Pravio are the most impressive.
Zones of interest
Cambre Roman Villa, now converted into a small archaeological museum.
References
^ Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute.
External links
Weblog of Cambre
Website of Cambre (in Spanish and Galician only)
vteMunicipalities of the province of A Coruña
Abegondo
Ames
Aranga
Ares
Arteixo
Arzúa
A Baña
Bergondo
Betanzos
Boimorto
Boiro
Boqueixón
Brión
Cabana de Bergantiños
Cabanas
Camariñas
Cambre
A Capela
Carballo
Cariño
Carnota
Carral
Cedeira
Cee
Cerceda
Cerdido
Coirós
Corcubión
Coristanco
A Coruña
Culleredo
Curtis
Dodro
Dumbría
Fene
Ferrol
Fisterra
Frades
Irixoa
A Laracha
Laxe
Lousame
Malpica de Bergantiños
Mañón
Mazaricos
Melide
Mesía
Miño
Moeche
Monfero
Mugardos
Muros
Muxía
Narón
Neda
Negreira
Noia
Oleiros
Ordes
Oroso
Ortigueira
Outes
Oza-Cesuras
Paderne
Padrón
O Pino
A Pobra do Caramiñal
Ponteceso
Pontedeume
As Pontes de García Rodríguez
Porto do Son
Rianxo
Ribeira
Rois
Sada
San Sadurniño
Santa Comba
Santiago de Compostela
Santiso
Sobrado
As Somozas
Teo
Toques
Tordoia
Touro
Trazo
Val do Dubra
Valdoviño
Vedra
Vilarmaior
Vilasantar
Vimianzo
Zas
Authority control databases
VIAF
43°16′59″N 8°19′59″W / 43.283°N 8.333°W / 43.283; -8.333 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Province of A Coruña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Coru%C3%B1a_(province)"},{"link_name":"Galicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"A Coruña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Coru%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"city's airport, Alvedro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Coru%C3%B1a_Airport"},{"link_name":"Cecebre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecebre"},{"link_name":"Culleredo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culleredo"},{"link_name":"Carral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carral"},{"link_name":"Oleiros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleiros,_Galicia"},{"link_name":"Our Lady Mary of Cambre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Mary"},{"link_name":"Galician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galician_language"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"latrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latrine"},{"link_name":"Wenceslao Fernández Flórez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenceslao_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Fl%C3%B3rez"},{"link_name":"Way of St. James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Way_of_St._James"},{"link_name":"A Coruña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Coru%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Ferrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrol,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Santiago de Compostela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela"}],"text":"PlaceCambre is a municipality in the Province of A Coruña, in the autonomous community of Galicia in northwestern Spain. It is located 12 km from the capital city of A Coruña and ten minutes away from the city's airport, Alvedro.According to the 2010 census, the municipality of Cambre includes 23,621 inhabitants spread over its 12 parishes, which occupy 41 square kilometres. The parishes are those of O Temple, Cambre, Sigrás, Anceis, San Lorenzo, Cela, Andeiro, Santa María de Vigo, Bribes, Brexo-Lema, Cecebre and Pravio. It shares municipal boundaries with the neighbouring municipalities of Culleredo, Carral and Oleiros.The town of Cambre has many sites of interest. Among them are:The Church of Our Lady Mary of Cambre (Spanish: Iglesia de Santa María de Cambre, Galician: Igrexa de Santa María de Cambre), built around the 12th century; an archaeological museum with a permanent exhibition of the remains of a Roman bathroom and latrine; and the house of Galician writer Wenceslao Fernández Flórez (1885–1964).The town is located on the Way of St. James (Camino de Santiago), though on the English Way (Camino inglés), used mainly by pilgrims coming from England and Ireland via ship to A Coruña or Ferrol, and from there on foot to Santiago de Compostela.","title":"Cambre"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iglesia_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Cambre_2006.jpg"},{"link_name":"Knights Templar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Templar"},{"link_name":"Cymru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymru"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"vikings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikings"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"}],"text":"Our Lady Mary of CambreCambre's name is considered to derive from \"Calambre\" or \"Calamber\", according to different sources. It is first mentioned during the construction of the Church of Santa María (12th century). The name was very possibly given to the area by Knights Templar, a Christian order created in the aftermath of the First Crusade of 1096. The Order ceased to exist two centuries later, but after they had built a fortress near the town's centre which has since ceased to exist. One of Cambre's parishes is called Temple in their honour.However, there are other theories which give a different origin to Cambre's name. Carré Aldao suggests its name derives from \"Cambria\", which sounds relatively similar to Cymru (Wales). If this were true, it might suggest an early invasion of the region by Welsh vikings several centuries ago, though it may well be a semilegendary hypothesis derived from a romantic view of history to link the Celtic people with those of Galicia. 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However, Cambre's castros are not very well preserved and show but certain parts of these ancient constructions, such as defensive walls and pits. The Castro of Sigrás is the most impressive.Roman remains throughout the area imply Cambre was located on the (Roman road) or via that connected Pharum (present day A Coruña) with Brigantium (Betanzos). Following the collapse of the Roman Empire and repeated invasions from barbarian tribes from the north, the area came under Suebi protection. However, Roman culture still prevailed, and Suebi influence is only present today in a few names of towns and parishes.Shortly thereafter, the coastal areas of the province suffered major attacks from the Normans and later by conquering Muslims from the south who sacked the growing town. Cambre's splendour was triggered off thanks to the intervention of Knights Templar around the 12th century. One of Cambre's parishes called El Temple has a Romanic church dating from this period and a 14th-century bridge, which suggest great economic and social development in the area.Following the devastating invasions and battles which took place in nearby A Coruña, most of the population moved inland, along the estuary of the River Mero, to a small village called \"Burga do Faro\" (today O Burgo). Cambre's splendour developed thanks to the aide of three Kings closely linked with Galicia, namely Alfonso VII, Ferdinand II and Alfonso IX, all of them educated by members of the Galician nobility. It was thanks to these three monarchs that a great number of churches were erected in the region and also several bridges throughout the area were built in a short span of time.In the following centuries Cambre's fortune was similar to most Galician towns. Galicia was merged into the Crown of Castile and only saw a revival of its culture during the 19th century. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olcay_K%C4%B1lavuz | Olcay Kılavuz | ["1 Early years and education","2 Political career","3 References"] | Olcay Kılavuz (born 18 October 1985) is a Turkish politician. He was the chairman of the Grey Wolves between 2012 and 2018, and was elected as a Mersin deputy from the Nationalist Movement Party in the 2018 Turkish general election.
Early years and education
He was born on October 18, 1985, in the Azatlı town of Çiftlik District of Niğde Province. He completed his primary and secondary school education in Niğde and high school education in Faik Şahenk Anatolian Technical High School. He graduated from Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University's Department of Construction Technology and Department of Sports Management in 2015. In 2017, he received his master's degree from Düzce University.
Political career
He was appointed as the Chairman of the Grey Wolves on December 9, 2012. In the 2018 Turkish general elections, he was elected as Mersin Deputy from the MHP. At the same time, he became the first person to be both the chairman and deputy of Grey Wolves. He left his position as the Chairman of Grey Wolves on December 31, 2018. He was nominated in first place in the 2018 election, while he was nominated in fourth place for the 2023 elections and could not be elected.
In 2020, he punched Özgür Özel in the TBMM. Later, he apologized to Özel. In 2023, Tolgahan Demirbaş, the suspected killer of Sinan Ateş, was detained from Kılavuz's house, sparking theories about Kılavuz's involvement in the murder.
References
^ "Olcay Kılavuz -27. Dönem Mersin Milletvekili". Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi. Archived from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
^ "Olcay Kılavuz kimdir? - Yeni Akit". www.yeniakit.com.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 2023-12-10.
^ "Olcay Kılavuz kimdir? - Yeni Akit". www.yeniakit.com.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 2023-12-10.
^ Şafak, Yeni. "Bahçeli'nin Olcay Kılavuz kararı! Ülkü Ocakları Başkanı değişecek mi? | Politika Haberleri". Yeni Şafak (in Turkish). Retrieved 2023-12-10.
^ dayas (2018-12-13). "Görevinden ayrılan Olcay Kılavuz'dan açıklama". www.sozcu.com.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 2023-12-10.
^ "Sinan Ateş suikastıyla gündeme gelmişti: Olcay Kılavuz, Meclis dışı kaldı". www.cumhuriyet.com.tr (in Turkish). 2023-05-15. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
^ "MHP milletvekili aday listesini açıkladı: Olcay Kılavuz Mersin'de 4. sıradan aday gösterildi".
^ "Özgür Özel: TBMM'de yumruklu saldırıya maruz kaldım". BBC News Türkçe (in Turkish). Retrieved 2023-12-10.
^ "Özgür Özel'e TBMM'de saldırının fotoğraf karesi ortaya çıktı". www.cumhuriyet.com.tr (in Turkish). 2020-10-06. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
^ "Saldırgan vekil Olcay Kılavuz, Özgür Özel'den özür diledi". birgun.net (in Turkish). Retrieved 2023-12-10.
^ "Son dakika haberi: Bahçeli uyarınca MHP'li vekil CHP'li vekillerden özür diledi". CNN TÜRK (in Turkish). 2020-06-12. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
^ "İşte "o gece" MHP'li Kılavuz'un evinde yaşanan anlar | Kılavuz'dan şüpheliyi almaya gelen polis ekibine: "Siz gidin, sahibiniz gelsin"". T24 (in Turkish). Retrieved 2023-12-10. | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Olcay Kılavuz"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Azatlı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azatl%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Çiftlik District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87iftlik_District"},{"link_name":"Niğde Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C4%9Fde_Province"},{"link_name":"Niğde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C4%9Fde"},{"link_name":"Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C4%9Fde_%C3%96mer_Halisdemir_University"},{"link_name":"Düzce University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCzce_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"He was born on October 18, 1985, in the Azatlı town of Çiftlik District of Niğde Province. He completed his primary and secondary school education in Niğde and high school education in Faik Şahenk Anatolian Technical High School. He graduated from Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University's Department of Construction Technology and Department of Sports Management in 2015. In 2017, he received his master's degree from Düzce University.[1][2]","title":"Early years and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Özgür Özel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96zg%C3%BCr_%C3%96zel"},{"link_name":"TBMM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Sinan Ateş","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinan_Ate%C5%9F"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"He was appointed as the Chairman of the Grey Wolves on December 9, 2012. In the 2018 Turkish general elections, he was elected as Mersin Deputy from the MHP. At the same time, he became the first person to be both the chairman and deputy of Grey Wolves. He left his position as the Chairman of Grey Wolves on December 31, 2018.[3][4][5] He was nominated in first place in the 2018 election, while he was nominated in fourth place for the 2023 elections and could not be elected.[6][7]In 2020, he punched Özgür Özel in the TBMM.[8][9] Later, he apologized to Özel.[10][11] In 2023, Tolgahan Demirbaş, the suspected killer of Sinan Ateş, was detained from Kılavuz's house, sparking theories about Kılavuz's involvement in the murder.[12]","title":"Political career"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Olcay Kılavuz -27. Dönem Mersin Milletvekili\". Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi. Archived from the original on 10 March 2023. 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Retrieved 2023-12-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/turkiye/sinan-ates-suikastiyla-gundeme-gelmisti-olcay-kilavuz-meclis-disi-kaldi-2081468","url_text":"\"Sinan Ateş suikastıyla gündeme gelmişti: Olcay Kılavuz, Meclis dışı kaldı\""}]},{"reference":"\"MHP milletvekili aday listesini açıkladı: Olcay Kılavuz Mersin'de 4. sıradan aday gösterildi\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.evrensel.net/haber/486859/mhp-milletvekili-aday-listesini-acikladi-olcay-kilavuz-mersinde-4-siradan-aday-gosterildi","url_text":"\"MHP milletvekili aday listesini açıkladı: Olcay Kılavuz Mersin'de 4. sıradan aday gösterildi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Özgür Özel: TBMM'de yumruklu saldırıya maruz kaldım\". BBC News Türkçe (in Turkish). Retrieved 2023-12-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-52987861","url_text":"\"Özgür Özel: TBMM'de yumruklu saldırıya maruz kaldım\""}]},{"reference":"\"Özgür Özel'e TBMM'de saldırının fotoğraf karesi ortaya çıktı\". www.cumhuriyet.com.tr (in Turkish). 2020-10-06. Retrieved 2023-12-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/ozgur-ozele-tbmmde-saldirinin-fotograf-karesi-ortaya-cikti-1744300","url_text":"\"Özgür Özel'e TBMM'de saldırının fotoğraf karesi ortaya çıktı\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saldırgan vekil Olcay Kılavuz, Özgür Özel'den özür diledi\". birgun.net (in Turkish). Retrieved 2023-12-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.birgun.net/haber/saldirgan-vekil-olcay-kilavuz-ozgur-ozel-den-ozur-diledi-304218","url_text":"\"Saldırgan vekil Olcay Kılavuz, Özgür Özel'den özür diledi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Son dakika haberi: Bahçeli uyarınca MHP'li vekil CHP'li vekillerden özür diledi\". CNN TÜRK (in Turkish). 2020-06-12. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggie_Smith | Reggie Smith | ["1 Playing career","2 Career statistics","3 Coaching career","4 Personal life","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | American baseball player (born 1945)
For other people named Reggie Smith, see Reginald Smith (disambiguation).
Baseball player
Reggie SmithSmith in 1969Right fielder / Center fielderBorn: (1945-04-02) April 2, 1945 (age 79)Shreveport, Louisiana, U.S.Batted: SwitchThrew: RightMLB debutSeptember 18, 1966, for the Boston Red SoxLast MLB appearanceOctober 3, 1982, for the San Francisco GiantsMLB statisticsBatting average.287Hits2,020Home runs314Runs batted in1,092
Teams
Boston Red Sox (1966–1973)
St. Louis Cardinals (1974–1976)
Los Angeles Dodgers (1976–1981)
San Francisco Giants (1982)
Yomiuri Giants (1983–1984)
Career highlights and awards
7× All-Star (1969, 1972, 1974, 1975, 1977, 1978, 1980)
World Series champion (1981)
Gold Glove Award (1968)
Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame
Carl Reginald Smith (born April 2, 1945) is an American former professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) as an outfielder and afterwards served as a coach and front office executive. He also played in the Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) for two seasons at the end of his playing career. During a seventeen-year MLB career (1966–1982), Smith appeared in 1,987 games, hit 314 home runs with 1,092 RBI and batted .287. He was a switch-hitter who threw right-handed. In his prime, he had one of the strongest throwing arms of any outfielder in the MLB. Smith played at least seventy games in thirteen different seasons, and in every one of those thirteen seasons, his team had a winning record.
Playing career
Smith grew up in Los Angeles, California, and attended Centennial High School in Compton, California. He won the International League batting title in 1966 with a .320 average while playing for the Toronto Maple Leafs. He was called up to the MLB late in that season and played for the Boston Red Sox (1966–73), St. Louis Cardinals (1974–76), Los Angeles Dodgers (1976–81) and San Francisco Giants (1982). He appeared in four World Series, including during his rookie 1967 season for the Red Sox, and three (1977, 1978 and 1981) for the Dodgers. He hit three home runs in the 1977 series.
Smith was traded along with Ken Tatum from the Red Sox to the St. Louis Cardinals for Bernie Carbo and Rick Wise on October 26, 1973. He later called Boston a racist city, and was censured for his comments by Boston mayor Kevin White. On June 15, 1976, Smith was traded to the Los Angeles Dodgers for Bob Detherage, Joe Ferguson, and Freddie Tisdale.
In the 1978 season, Dodger pitcher Don Sutton went public with comments that Smith was a more valuable player to the Dodgers than the more-celebrated Steve Garvey. This led to an infamous clubhouse wrestling match between Sutton and Garvey. Tommy John, who also played with Smith in Los Angeles, thought that Smith was a great leader. "He was a Don Baylor type, an outspoken enforcer, a guy who played his fanny off for us."
In the 1981 season as a member of the Dodgers, Smith was taunted by Giants fan Michael Dooley, who then threw a batting helmet at him. Smith then jumped into the stands at Candlestick Park and started punching him. He was ejected from the game, and Dooley was arrested. Five months later, Smith joined the Giants as a free agent.
After one season in San Francisco, Smith then moved to NPB with the Yomiuri Giants, at a salary of close to a million dollars and the use of three automobiles. Smith was a productive power-hitter for the Giants for two seasons, but often bristled against the codified traditions of the Yomiuri organization in particular and baseball in Japan in general.
Career statistics
In 1,987 games over 17 Major League seasons, Smith posted a .287 batting average (2020-for-7033) with 2,020 hits, 1,123 runs, 363 doubles, 57 triples, 314 home runs, 1,092 RBI, 137 stolen bases, 890 base on balls, 1,030 strikeouts, a .366 on-base percentage, and a .489 slugging percentage. He recorded a career .978 fielding percentage. In four World Series and four playoff series covering 32 games, he hit .234 (25-for-107) with 17 runs, 6 home runs, and 17 RBI.
Coaching career
After his playing career ended, Smith rejoined the Dodgers, where he served as a coach under Tommy Lasorda, a minor league instructor, and a player development official.
Smith became involved with USA Baseball in 1999 as hitting coach on the 1999 Professional Team at the Pan American Games in Winnipeg, Manitoba (Silver, Olympic qualifiers). Smith again served as USA hitting coach in the 2000 Olympic Games in Sydney, Australia where the US Team took home Gold. He also served as hitting coach for the 2007 IBAF Baseball World Cup in Taiwan (Gold). Smith also served as hitting coach for Team USA during the 2006 World Baseball Classic, and served as hitting coach for the Bronze medal winning USA Baseball Olympic team at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing.
Smith runs a baseball academy in Encino, California, where he trains youth players, including Max Fried and Austin Wilson.
Smith helped coach the NL All Stars in 2021 as part of Dave Roberts' staff.
Personal life
Smith has a pilot's license and can play seven different musical instruments.
See also
Baseball portal
List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders
List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders
List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders
List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders
List of Major League Baseball annual doubles leaders
References
^ "Cards, Red Sox Confirm Trade of Wise for Smith," The New York Times, Saturday, October 27, 1973. Retrieved November 29, 2020
^ a b c Whiting, Robert. You Gotta Have Wa (Vintage Departures, 1989), pp. 177–178.
^ Fimrite, Ron (July 12, 1982). "God may be a football fan". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved February 2, 2014.
^ John, Tommy; Valenti, Dan (1991). TJ: My Twenty-Six Years in Baseball. New York: Bantam. p. 183. ISBN 0-553-07184-X.
^ Jeff Merron. "Players vs. Fans". ESPN. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
^ Whiting, Robert. "The Pain Of Perfection," Sports Illustrated (May 15, 1989). Archived at JapaneseBaseball.com.
^ "2008 USA Baseball Olympic Team". Retrieved 2008-08-12.
^ "Stanford baseball's Austin Wilson's big potential". SFGate. 2011-02-22. Retrieved 2013-05-17.
External links
Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors)
Preceded byBen Hines
Los Angeles Dodgers Hitting Coach 1994–1998
Succeeded byRick Down
vteLos Angeles Dodgers 1981 World Series champions
6 Steve Garvey
7 Steve Yeager (World Series MVP)
8 Reggie Smith
10 Ron Cey (World Series MVP)
12 Dusty Baker
14 Mike Scioscia
15 Davey Lopes
16 Rick Monday
18 Bill Russell
21 Jay Johnstone
26 Alejandro Pena
28 Pedro Guerrero (World Series MVP)
30 Derrel Thomas
34 Fernando Valenzuela (NL CYA)
35 Bob Welch
37 Bobby Castillo
38 Dave Goltz
41 Jerry Reuss
44 Ken Landreaux
46 Burt Hooton (NLCS MVP)
48 Dave Stewart
49 Tom Niedenfuer
51 Terry Forster
52 Steve Sax
57 Steve Howe
Manager
2 Tommy Lasorda
Coaches
11 Manny Mota
29 Ron Perranoski
33 Danny Ozark
54 Monty Basgall
58 Mark Cresse
Regular season
National League Division Series
National League Championship Series
Dodgers–Yankees rivalry
vteAmerican League Outfielder Gold Glove Award
1957: Kaline, Mays, Miñoso
1958: Kaline, Piersall, Siebern
1959: Jensen, Kaline, Miñoso
1960: Landis, Maris, Miñoso
1961: Kaline, Landis, Piersall
1962: Kaline, Landis, Mantle
1963: Kaline, Landis, Yastrzemski
1964: Davalillo, Kaline, Landis
1965: Kaline, Tresh, Yastrzemski
1966: Agee, Kaline, Oliva
1967: Blair, Kaline, Yastrzemski
1968: Smith, Stanley, Yastrzemski
1969: Blair, Stanley, Yastrzemski
1970: Berry, Blair, Stanley
1971: Blair, Otis, Yastrzemski
1972: Berry, Blair, Murcer
1973: Blair, Otis, Stanley
1974: Blair, Otis, Rudi
1975: Blair, Lynn, Rudi
1976: Evans, Manning, Rudi
1977: Beníquez, Cowens, Yastrzemski
1978: Evans, Lynn, Miller
1979: Evans, Lezcano, Lynn
1980: Lynn, Murphy, Wilson
1981: Evans, Henderson, Murphy
1982: Evans, Murphy, Winfield
1983: Evans, Murphy, Winfield
1984: Evans, Murphy, Winfield
1985: Evans, Murphy, Pettis, Winfield
1986: Barfield, Pettis, Puckett
1987: Barfield, Puckett, Winfield
1988: Pettis, Puckett, White
1989: Pettis, Puckett, White
1990: Burks, Griffey Jr., Pettis
1991: Griffey Jr., Puckett, White
1992: Griffey Jr., Puckett, White
1993: Griffey Jr., Lofton, White
1994: Griffey Jr., Lofton, White
1995: Griffey Jr., Lofton, White
1996: Buhner, Griffey Jr., Lofton
1997: Edmonds, Griffey Jr., Williams
1998: Edmonds, Griffey Jr., Williams
1999: Green, Griffey Jr., Williams
2000: Dye, Erstad, Williams
2001: Cameron, Hunter, Suzuki
2002: Erstad, Hunter, Suzuki
2003: Cameron, Hunter, Suzuki
2004: Hunter, Suzuki, Wells
2005: Hunter, Suzuki, Wells
2006: Hunter, Suzuki, Wells
2007: Hunter, Suzuki, Sizemore
2008: Hunter, Suzuki, Sizemore
2009: Hunter, Suzuki, Jones
2010: Crawford, Gutiérrez, Suzuki
2011: Ellsbury, Gordon, Markakis
2012: Gordon, Jones, Reddick
2013: Gordon, Jones, Victorino
2014: Gordon, Jones, Markakis
2015: Calhoun, Céspedes, Kiermaier
2016: Betts, Gardner, Kiermaier
2017: Betts, Buxton, Gordon
2018: Betts, Bradley Jr., Gordon
2019: Betts, Gordon, Kiermaier
2020: Gallo, Gordon, Robert
2021: Benintendi, Gallo, Taylor
2022: Kwan, Straw, Tucker
2023: García, Kiermaier, Kwan
vteUnited States roster – 2008 Olympic Bronze Medalists
2 Jason Donald
3 Jayson Nix
6 Lou Marson
7 John Gall
10 Mike Hessman
14 Nate Schierholtz
15 Brandon Knight
17 Matthew Brown
18 Brian Barden
19 Taylor Teagarden
21 Mike Koplove
24 Dexter Fowler
26 Terry Tiffee
29 Stephen Strasburg
30 Trevor Cahill
34 Jake Arrieta
35 Casey Weathers
37 Jeff Stevens
39 Kevin Jepsen
40 Brett Anderson
44 Matt LaPorta
45 Brian Duensing
47 Jeremy Cummings
49 Blaine Neal
Manager 5 Davey Johnson
Bench Coach 11 Rick Eckstein
Batting Coach 8 Reggie Smith
Pitching Coach 27 Marcel Lachemann
Coach Dick Cooke
Coach Roly de Armas
vteUnited States roster – 2009 World Baseball Classic
1 Jimmy Rollins
2 Derek Jeter
4 David Wright
6 Brian Roberts
7 Mark DeRosa
10 Chipper Jones
13 Evan Longoria
15 Dustin Pedroia
16 Brian McCann
17 Adam Dunn
18 Ryan Braun
21 Kevin Youkilis
22 Jake Peavy
23 J. J. Putz
26 Chris Iannetta
28 Curtis Granderson
29 Matt Lindstrom
31 Brad Ziegler
33 Ted Lilly
34 John Grabow
37 Matt Thornton
38 Joel Hanrahan
39 J. P. Howell
42 LaTroy Hawkins
44 Roy Oswalt
46 Jeremy Guthrie
50 Shane Victorino
51 Jonathan Broxton
62 Scot Shields
99 Heath Bell
Manager 5 Davey Johnson
Batting Coach 8 Reggie Smith
Pitching Coach 27 Marcel Lachemann
Coach 11 Barry Larkin
Coach 3 Billy Ripken
Coach 20 Mike Schmidt
Bullpen Coach 30 Mel Stottlemyre
vteMembers of the Boston Red Sox Hall of FameCharter inductees
Eddie Collins
Jimmy Collins
Joe Cronin
Bobby Doerr
Rick Ferrell
Jimmie Foxx
Lefty Grove
Harry Hooper
Herb Pennock
Red Ruffing
Babe Ruth
Tris Speaker
Ted Williams
Carl Yastrzemski
Tom Yawkey
Cy Young
Additional inductees(chronological)
Class of 1995: Tony Conigliaro
Dom DiMaggio
Frank Malzone
Johnny Pesky
Jim Rice
Smoky Joe Wood
Jean R. Yawkey
Class of 1997: Carlton Fisk
Dick O'Connell
Mel Parnell
Rico Petrocelli
Dick Radatz
Luis Tiant
Class of 2000: Ken Coleman
Dwight Evans
Larry Gardner
Curt Gowdy
Jackie Jensen
Ned Martin
Bill Monbouquette
Reggie Smith
Bob Stanley
Class of 2002: Rick Burleson
Boo Ferriss
Lou Gorman
John Harrington
Tex Hughson
Duffy Lewis
Jim Lonborg
Fred Lynn
Class of 2004: Wade Boggs
Bill Carrigan
Dennis Eckersley
Billy Goodman
Bruce Hurst
Ben Mondor
Pete Runnels
Haywood Sullivan
Class of 2006: Dick Bresciani
Ellis Kinder
Joe Morgan
Jerry Remy
George Scott
Vern Stephens
Dick Williams
Class of 2008: George Digby
Wes Ferrell
Mike Greenwell
Edward F. Kenney Sr.
Bill Lee
Everett Scott
Frank Sullivan
Mo Vaughn
Class of 2010: Tommy Harper
Eddie Kasko
Jimmy Piersall
John Valentin
Don Zimmer
Class of 2012: Marty Barrett
Ellis Burks
Joe Dobson
Dutch Leonard
Joe Mooney
Curt Schilling
John I. Taylor
Class of 2014: Joe Castiglione
Roger Clemens
Nomar Garciaparra
Pedro Martínez
Class of 2016: Ira Flagstead
Larry Lucchino
Jason Varitek
Tim Wakefield
Class of 2018: Buck Freeman
Al Green
Derek Lowe
Mike Lowell
Kevin Youkilis
Class of 2020: Bill Dinneen
Dan Duquette
Rich Gedman
David Ortiz
Manny Ramirez
Class of 2024: Trot Nixon
Jonathan Papelbon
Dustin Pedroia
Elaine Steward
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SNAC | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reginald Smith (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Smith_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_people"},{"link_name":"baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"outfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outfielder"},{"link_name":"coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Nippon Professional Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_Professional_Baseball"},{"link_name":"home runs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_run"},{"link_name":"RBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_batted_in"},{"link_name":"batted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batting_average_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"switch-hitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch-hitter"}],"text":"For other people named Reggie Smith, see Reginald Smith (disambiguation).Baseball playerCarl Reginald Smith (born April 2, 1945) is an American former professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) as an outfielder and afterwards served as a coach and front office executive. He also played in the Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) for two seasons at the end of his playing career. During a seventeen-year MLB career (1966–1982), Smith appeared in 1,987 games, hit 314 home runs with 1,092 RBI and batted .287. He was a switch-hitter who threw right-handed. In his prime, he had one of the strongest throwing arms of any outfielder in the MLB. Smith played at least seventy games in thirteen different seasons, and in every one of those thirteen seasons, his team had a winning record.","title":"Reggie Smith"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Centennial High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centennial_High_School_(Compton,_California)"},{"link_name":"Compton, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compton,_California"},{"link_name":"International League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_League"},{"link_name":"Toronto Maple Leafs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Maple_Leafs_(International_League)"},{"link_name":"Boston Red Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Dodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants"},{"link_name":"World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Series"},{"link_name":"season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_World_Series"},{"link_name":"1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_World_Series"},{"link_name":"1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_World_Series"},{"link_name":"1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_World_Series"},{"link_name":"Ken Tatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Tatum"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"Bernie Carbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Carbo"},{"link_name":"Rick Wise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Wise"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Kevin White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_White_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WhitingWa-2"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Dodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers"},{"link_name":"Bob Detherage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Detherage"},{"link_name":"Joe Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Ferguson_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Don Sutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Sutton"},{"link_name":"Steve Garvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Garvey"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fimrite-3"},{"link_name":"Tommy John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_John"},{"link_name":"Don Baylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Baylor"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants"},{"link_name":"Candlestick Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candlestick_Park"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"free agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_agent"},{"link_name":"Yomiuri Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yomiuri_Giants"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WhitingWa-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Smith grew up in Los Angeles, California, and attended Centennial High School in Compton, California. He won the International League batting title in 1966 with a .320 average while playing for the Toronto Maple Leafs. He was called up to the MLB late in that season and played for the Boston Red Sox (1966–73), St. Louis Cardinals (1974–76), Los Angeles Dodgers (1976–81) and San Francisco Giants (1982). He appeared in four World Series, including during his rookie 1967 season for the Red Sox, and three (1977, 1978 and 1981) for the Dodgers. He hit three home runs in the 1977 series.Smith was traded along with Ken Tatum from the Red Sox to the St. Louis Cardinals for Bernie Carbo and Rick Wise on October 26, 1973.[1] He later called Boston a racist city, and was censured for his comments by Boston mayor Kevin White.[2] On June 15, 1976, Smith was traded to the Los Angeles Dodgers for Bob Detherage, Joe Ferguson, and Freddie Tisdale.In the 1978 season, Dodger pitcher Don Sutton went public with comments that Smith was a more valuable player to the Dodgers than the more-celebrated Steve Garvey. This led to an infamous clubhouse wrestling match between Sutton and Garvey.[3] Tommy John, who also played with Smith in Los Angeles, thought that Smith was a great leader. \"He was a Don Baylor type, an outspoken enforcer, a guy who played his fanny off for us.\"[4]In the 1981 season as a member of the Dodgers, Smith was taunted by Giants fan Michael Dooley, who then threw a batting helmet at him. Smith then jumped into the stands at Candlestick Park and started punching him. He was ejected from the game, and Dooley was arrested.[5] Five months later, Smith joined the Giants as a free agent.After one season in San Francisco, Smith then moved to NPB with the Yomiuri Giants, at a salary of close to a million dollars and the use of three automobiles.[2] Smith was a productive power-hitter for the Giants for two seasons, but often bristled against the codified traditions of the Yomiuri organization in particular and baseball in Japan in general.[6]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"batting average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batting_average_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"runs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"doubles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"triples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"home runs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_runs"},{"link_name":"RBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_batted_in"},{"link_name":"stolen bases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolen_bases"},{"link_name":"base on balls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_on_balls"},{"link_name":"strikeouts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikeouts"},{"link_name":"on-base percentage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-base_percentage"},{"link_name":"slugging percentage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slugging_percentage"},{"link_name":"fielding percentage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fielding_percentage"}],"text":"In 1,987 games over 17 Major League seasons, Smith posted a .287 batting average (2020-for-7033) with 2,020 hits, 1,123 runs, 363 doubles, 57 triples, 314 home runs, 1,092 RBI, 137 stolen bases, 890 base on balls, 1,030 strikeouts, a .366 on-base percentage, and a .489 slugging percentage. He recorded a career .978 fielding percentage. In four World Series and four playoff series covering 32 games, he hit .234 (25-for-107) with 17 runs, 6 home runs, and 17 RBI.","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_(sport)"},{"link_name":"Tommy Lasorda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Lasorda"},{"link_name":"minor league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_leagues"},{"link_name":"Pan American Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg"},{"link_name":"Olympic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"Baseball World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"World Baseball Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Baseball_Classic"},{"link_name":"2008 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Encino, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encino,_California"},{"link_name":"Max Fried","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Fried"},{"link_name":"Austin Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Wilson"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Dave Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Roberts_(outfielder)"}],"text":"After his playing career ended, Smith rejoined the Dodgers, where he served as a coach under Tommy Lasorda, a minor league instructor, and a player development official.Smith became involved with USA Baseball in 1999 as hitting coach on the 1999 Professional Team at the Pan American Games in Winnipeg, Manitoba (Silver, Olympic qualifiers). Smith again served as USA hitting coach in the 2000 Olympic Games in Sydney, Australia where the US Team took home Gold. He also served as hitting coach for the 2007 IBAF Baseball World Cup in Taiwan (Gold). Smith also served as hitting coach for Team USA during the 2006 World Baseball Classic, and served as hitting coach for the Bronze medal winning USA Baseball Olympic team at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing.[7]Smith runs a baseball academy in Encino, California, where he trains youth players, including Max Fried and Austin Wilson.[8]Smith helped coach the NL All Stars in 2021 as part of Dave Roberts' staff.","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pilot's license","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot%27s_license"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WhitingWa-2"}],"text":"Smith has a pilot's license and can play seven different musical instruments.[2]","title":"Personal life"}] | [] | [{"title":"Baseball portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Baseball"},{"title":"List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_career_home_run_leaders"},{"title":"List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_career_hits_leaders"},{"title":"List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_career_runs_scored_leaders"},{"title":"List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_career_runs_batted_in_leaders"},{"title":"List of Major League Baseball annual doubles leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_annual_doubles_leaders"}] | [{"reference":"Fimrite, Ron (July 12, 1982). \"God may be a football fan\". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved February 2, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://si.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1125690/1/index.htm","url_text":"\"God may be a football fan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Illustrated","url_text":"Sports Illustrated"}]},{"reference":"John, Tommy; Valenti, Dan (1991). TJ: My Twenty-Six Years in Baseball. New York: Bantam. p. 183. ISBN 0-553-07184-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-553-07184-X","url_text":"0-553-07184-X"}]},{"reference":"Jeff Merron. \"Players vs. Fans\". ESPN. Retrieved 2008-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/page2/story?page=list/baseballviolence","url_text":"\"Players vs. Fans\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN","url_text":"ESPN"}]},{"reference":"\"2008 USA Baseball Olympic Team\". Retrieved 2008-08-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/events/olympics/y2008/index.jsp","url_text":"\"2008 USA Baseball Olympic Team\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stanford baseball's Austin Wilson's big potential\". SFGate. 2011-02-22. Retrieved 2013-05-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfgate.com/collegesports/article/Stanford-baseball-s-Austin-Wilson-s-big-potential-3242636.php","url_text":"\"Stanford baseball's Austin Wilson's big potential\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1973/10/27/archives/cards-red-sox-confirm-trade-of-wise-for-smith-baseball-transactions.html","external_links_name":"\"Cards, Red Sox Confirm Trade of Wise for Smith,\" The New York Times, Saturday, October 27, 1973."},{"Link":"http://si.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1125690/1/index.htm","external_links_name":"\"God may be a football fan\""},{"Link":"http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/page2/story?page=list/baseballviolence","external_links_name":"\"Players vs. Fans\""},{"Link":"http://vault.sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1068391/index.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Pain Of Perfection,\""},{"Link":"https://japanesebaseball.com/writers/display.gsp?id=18781","external_links_name":"Archived at JapaneseBaseball.com"},{"Link":"http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/events/olympics/y2008/index.jsp","external_links_name":"\"2008 USA Baseball Olympic Team\""},{"Link":"http://www.sfgate.com/collegesports/article/Stanford-baseball-s-Austin-Wilson-s-big-potential-3242636.php","external_links_name":"\"Stanford baseball's Austin Wilson's big potential\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/s/smithre06.shtml","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference"},{"Link":"https://www.fangraphs.com/statss.aspx?playerid=1012201","external_links_name":"Fangraphs"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=smith-004car","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference (Minors)"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1986114/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000053241423","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/46710554","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyWWFcXpMxgbWXP7YcXVC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/173886930","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr2004004958","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00456991","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w67j6qrb","external_links_name":"SNAC"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XHITC-FM | XHITC-FM | ["1 History","2 References"] | Radio station in Celaya, Guanajuato, Mexico
XHITC-FMCelayaFrequency89.9 MHzBrandingRadio TecnológicoProgrammingFormatUniversity radioOwnershipOwnerInstituto Tecnológico de Celaya(Patronato Pro-Estación Radiodifusora del Instituto Tecnológico de Celaya, A.C.)HistoryFirst air dateApril 14, 1978 (on AM)March 22, 2014 (on FM)Former frequencies1210 kHz1200 kHzCall sign meaningInstituto Tecnológico de CelayaTechnical informationClassAAERP6 kWTransmitter coordinates20°32′14.3″N 100°49′07.8″W / 20.537306°N 100.818833°W / 20.537306; -100.818833LinksWebsiteradio.itc.mx/php/Index.php
XHITC-FM is the radio station of the Instituto Tecnológico de Celaya in Celaya, Guanajuato. It broadcasts on 89.9 MHz and carries a college and cultural radio format under the name "Radio Tecnológico de Celaya".
History
The Instituto Tecnológico de Celaya had lobbied for a radio station since the late 1960s, with the authorization being awarded in 1974. However, the station had no equipment. It was not until April 14, 1978, as part of ITC's 20th anniversary celebrations, when XEITC-AM 1200 hit the air for the first time. The transmitter was donated by XEFG-AM.
The station moved to 1210 kHz in the early 2000s in order to increase power from 250 watts and to avoid interference to WOAI, which broadcasts on 1200 AM in San Antonio, Texas.
However, its largest move was its migration to FM, as XHITC-FM on 89.9 MHz with 6 kW ERP. The FM station debuted on March 22, 2014.
References
^ Instituto Federal de Telecomunicaciones. Infraestructura de Estaciones de Radio FM. Last modified 2018-05-16. Retrieved 2015-07-01. Technical information from the IFT Coverage Viewer.
vteRadio stations in the state of GuanajuatoIn-state regions
León
Other areasAM
XEZN 780
XEEMM 810
XERE 920
XESAG 1040
XECSEC 1130
XECSEG 1160
XEZH 1260
XESMA 1280
XESQ 1280
XEMAS 1560
XECSCA 1670
FM
XHRE 88.1
XHSJI 88.3
XHCN 88.5
XHEFG 89.1
XHAK 89.7
XHPECD 89.7
XHITC 89.9
XHPSJI 90.1
XHVW 90.5
XHSML 91.3
XHYA 91.9
XHSMA 92.1
XHGX 92.5
XHSAG 92.5
XHFAC 92.9
XHNY 93.5
XHJTA 94.3
XHNH 95.1
XHBV 95.7
XHEJE 96.3
XHCUE 96.5
XHY 96.7
XHAMO 98.9
XHSCBS 98.9
XHAF 99.5
XHSCBW 100.5
XHEOF 101.9
XHIRG 102.7
XHNC 102.9
XHSQ 103.3
XHCEL 103.7
XHZN 104.5
XHBO 105.5
XHMIG 105.9
XHITO 106.3
XHSCBN 107.3
XHQRO 107.5
XHWE 107.9
Adjacent states
Jalisco
Michoacán
Querétaro
San Luis Potosí
Zacatecas
See also
Radio stations in Mexico
This article about a radio station in Guanajuato is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Instituto Tecnológico de Celaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Instituto_Tecnol%C3%B3gico_de_Celaya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Celaya, Guanajuato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celaya,_Guanajuato"}],"text":"XHITC-FM is the radio station of the Instituto Tecnológico de Celaya in Celaya, Guanajuato. It broadcasts on 89.9 MHz and carries a college and cultural radio format under the name \"Radio Tecnológico de Celaya\".","title":"XHITC-FM"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"XEFG-AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XHEFG-FM"},{"link_name":"WOAI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WOAI_(AM)"},{"link_name":"1200 AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1200_AM"}],"text":"The Instituto Tecnológico de Celaya had lobbied for a radio station since the late 1960s, with the authorization being awarded in 1974. However, the station had no equipment. It was not until April 14, 1978, as part of ITC's 20th anniversary celebrations, when XEITC-AM 1200 hit the air for the first time. The transmitter was donated by XEFG-AM.The station moved to 1210 kHz in the early 2000s in order to increase power from 250 watts and to avoid interference to WOAI, which broadcasts on 1200 AM in San Antonio, Texas.However, its largest move was its migration to FM, as XHITC-FM on 89.9 MHz with 6 kW ERP. The FM station debuted on March 22, 2014.","title":"History"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=XHITC-FM¶ms=20_32_14.3_N_100_49_07.8_W_","external_links_name":"20°32′14.3″N 100°49′07.8″W / 20.537306°N 100.818833°W / 20.537306; -100.818833"},{"Link":"http://radio.itc.mx/php/Index.php","external_links_name":"radio.itc.mx/php/Index.php"},{"Link":"http://www.ift.org.mx/sites/default/files/contenidogeneral/industria/memoriafm160518.pdf","external_links_name":"Infraestructura de Estaciones de Radio FM"},{"Link":"http://mapasradiodifusion.ift.org.mx/CPCREL-web/","external_links_name":"IFT Coverage Viewer"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=XHITC-FM&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunavecse | Dunavecse | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Coordinates: 46°55′N 18°59′E / 46.917°N 18.983°E / 46.917; 18.983Town in Bács-Kiskun, HungaryDunavecseTown
FlagCoat of armsDunavecseCoordinates: 46°54′50″N 18°58′20″E / 46.91375°N 18.97236°E / 46.91375; 18.97236Country HungaryCountyBács-KiskunDistrictKunszentmiklósArea • Total66.77 km2 (25.78 sq mi)Population (2008) • Total4,079 • Density62.1/km2 (161/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code6087Area code(+36) 78Websitewww.dunavecse.hu
Dunavecse is a town and municipality in Bács-Kiskun County in southern Hungary.
Croats in Hungary call this town Večica.
References
^ "Folia onomastica croatica 14/2005". (462 KB) Živko Mandić: Hrvatska imena naseljenih mjesta u Madžarskoj,
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dunavecse.
Official website in Hungarian
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vteBács-Kiskun CountyCity with county rights
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46°55′N 18°59′E / 46.917°N 18.983°E / 46.917; 18.983
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Israel
United States
This Bács-Kiskun location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality"},{"link_name":"Bács-Kiskun County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1cs-Kiskun_County"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Croats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croats"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Town in Bács-Kiskun, HungaryDunavecse is a town and municipality in Bács-Kiskun County in southern Hungary.Croats in Hungary call this town Večica.[1]","title":"Dunavecse"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Folia onomastica croatica 14/2005\".","urls":[{"url":"http://hrcak.srce.hr/file/11541","url_text":"\"Folia onomastica croatica 14/2005\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dunavecse¶ms=46_55_N_18_59_E_region:HU_type:city","external_links_name":"46°55′N 18°59′E / 46.917°N 18.983°E / 46.917; 18.983"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dunavecse¶ms=46.91375_N_18.97236_E_region:HU_type:city(4079)","external_links_name":"46°54′50″N 18°58′20″E / 46.91375°N 18.97236°E / 46.91375; 18.97236"},{"Link":"http://www.dunavecse.hu/","external_links_name":"www.dunavecse.hu"},{"Link":"http://hrcak.srce.hr/file/11541","external_links_name":"\"Folia onomastica croatica 14/2005\""},{"Link":"http://www.dunavecse.hu/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dunavecse¶ms=46_55_N_18_59_E_region:HU_type:city","external_links_name":"46°55′N 18°59′E / 46.917°N 18.983°E / 46.917; 18.983"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/154820074","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJm4QBwrRt9cFBQHC7fKBP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007564771405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84094212","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dunavecse&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_Brentford_F.C._season | 1998–99 Brentford F.C. season | ["1 Season summary","2 League table","3 Results","3.1 Legend","3.2 Pre-season","3.3 Football League Third Division","3.4 FA Cup","3.5 Football League Cup","3.6 Football League Trophy","4 Playing squad","5 Coaching staff","6 Statistics","6.1 Appearances and goals","6.2 Goalscorers","6.3 Discipline","6.4 International caps","6.5 Management","6.6 Summary","7 Transfers & loans","8 Kit","9 Awards","10 Notes","11 References"] | 1998–99 season of Brentford F.C.
Brentford 1998–99 football seasonBrentford1998–99 seasonChairman-managerRon NoadesStadiumGriffin ParkThird Division1st (promoted)FA CupSecond roundLeague CupSecond roundFootball League TrophyQuarter-finalTop goalscorerLeague: Owusu (22)All: Owusu (25)Highest home attendance9,535Lowest home attendance3,674Average home league attendance5,445
Home colours
Away colours
← 1997–981999–2000 →
During the 1998–99 English football season, Brentford competed in the Football League Third Division. The club finished the season as champions after victory over runners-up Cambridge United on the final day.
Season summary
Lloyd Owusu, a £25,000 buy from non-League football, finished the season as top scorer with 25 goals.
After relegation to the Third Division at the end of the previous season, the ownership of Brentford changed hands for the second time in two summers, when Ron Noades took over the club as owner and chairman during the 1998 off-season. Noades installed himself as manager and appointed a three-man coaching team of Ray Lewington, Terry Bullivant and Brian Sparrow. Nearly £1.5 million was spent to assemble almost an entirely new starting lineup, with goalkeeper Jason Pearcey, defenders Danny Boxall, Darren Powell, Rob Quinn and Hermann Hreiðarsson (the club's then-record £750,000 signing), midfielders Martin Rowlands and Tony Folan and forwards Lloyd Owusu and Darren Freeman added to the ranks.
9 wins in the opening 13 league matches put the Bees firmly in control at the top of the table, though three successive defeats in the midst of the run temporarily dropped the club back to 7th place. There was some early-season excitement in the League Cup, with a 4–2 aggregate victory over First Division club West Bromwich Albion in the first round setting up a two-legged tie with Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur. 3–2 defeats in each of the two legs (with Brentford taking the lead in both matches) ended the cup run, with memorable goals being scored by Andy Scott, Darren Freeman and Lloyd Owusu.
Three league defeats in a four-match spell in November and injuries and suspensions to Andy Scott, Darren Powell, Danny Boxall, Jamie Bates and Martin Rowlands led Noades to further strengthen the squad with forward Leo Fortune-West and midfielder Gavin Mahon. Though Fortune-West would be sold on a matter of months later, Mahon replaced Warren Aspinall in midfield and remained an ever-present until the end of the season. Five wins in the following six league matches saw the club begin 1999 firmly placed in the automatic promotion places. A spell of just one win from a spell of seven league matches in January and February saw Noades reach for the chequebook again and sign forward Scott Partridge from Torquay United for £100,000.
With the purchase of new captain Paul Evans and buoyed by the goalscoring of Partridge and Owusu, the Bees went undefeated from late February through to early May. The club secured automatic promotion back to the Second Division with two matches to spare after a 3–0 victory over Exeter City on 1 May. A resounding 4–1 win over Swansea City in the following match returned Brentford to the top of the table for the first time since 20 October 1998. The victory set up a "winner takes all" match for the title on the final day at the Abbey Stadium versus nearest challengers Cambridge United. Lloyd Owusu's 25th goal of the season was enough for victory and for Brentford to win the Third Division championship.
League table
Main article: 1998–99 Football League Third Division
Pos
Team v t e
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GS
Pts
Promotion or relegation
1
Brentford
46
26
7
13
79
56
79
85
Division Champions, promoted
2
Cambridge United
46
23
12
11
78
48
78
81
Promoted
3
Cardiff City
46
22
14
10
60
39
60
80
4
Scunthorpe United
46
22
8
16
69
58
69
74
Promoted through play-offs
5
Rotherham United
46
20
13
13
79
61
79
73
Participated in play-offs
Source: Rules for classification: In the Football League goals scored (GF) takes precedence over goal difference (GD).
Results
Brentford's goal tally listed first.
Legend
Win
Draw
Loss
Pre-season
Date
Opponent
Venue
Result
Attendance
Scorer(s)
Notes
10 July 1998
Hampton
A
4–0
n/a
Taylor, Scott, Freeman
13 July 1998
Bashley
A
2–2
n/a
Rapley, McGhee
15 July 1998
Chesham United
A
6–0
n/a
McGhee (3), Thompson, Taylor, Anderson
18 July 1998
Millwall
H
2–0
0
Rapley, McGhee
28 July 1998
Queens Park Rangers
H
0–0
4,706
1 August 1998
Crawley Town
A
0–0
n/a
Football League Third Division
No.
Date
Opponent
Venue
Result
Attendance
Scorer(s)
1
8 August 1998
Mansfield Town
H
3–0
4,846
Rapley (2), Freeman
2
15 August 1998
Halifax Town
A
0–1
3,876
3
22 August 1998
Brighton & Hove Albion
H
2–0
6,355
Thomas (og), Scott
4
29 August 1998
Barnet
A
3–0
2,710
Quinn, Rowlands, Owusu
5
31 August 1998
Rochdale
H
2–1
4,873
Powell, Rapley
6
5 September 1999
Hull City
A
3–2
4,058
Owusu, Aspinall, Scott
7
8 September 1998
Torquay United
A
1–3
2,340
Bates
8
12 September 1998
Rotherham United
H
0–3
4,803
9
19 September 1998
Scarborough
A
1–3
2,028
Owusu
10
26 September 1998
Darlington
H
3–0
4,486
Powell, Rowlands, Owusu
11
3 October 1998
Peterborough United
A
4–2
6,056
Freeman, Scott (2), Folan
12
17 October 1998
Hartlepool United
H
3–1
4,883
Freeman, Aspinall (pen), Rowlands
13
20 October 1998
Scunthorpe United
H
2–1
4,700
Scott, Owusu
14
3 November 1998
Plymouth Argyle
A
0–3
4,650
15
7 November 1998
Shrewsbury Town
A
0–2
2,799
16
10 November 1998
Southend United
H
4–1
4,285
Owusu (3), Freeman
17
21 November 1998
Leyton Orient
A
1–2
6,340
Folan
18
28 November 1998
Chester City
H
2–1
5,173
Owusu, Rowlands
19
12 December 1998
Exeter City
A
1–0
2,793
Owusu
20
18 December 1998
Cambridge United
H
1–0
5,069
Folan
21
26 December 1998
Brighton & Hove Albion
A
1–3
4,838
Freeman
22
28 December 1998
Cardiff City
H
1–0
9,535
Hreiðarsson
23
2 January 1999
Barnet
H
3–1
6,011
Freeman, Bryan, Mahon
24
9 January 1999
Mansfield Town
A
1–3
4,095
Owusu
25
23 January 1999
Rochdale
A
0–2
2,113
26
30 January 1999
Cardiff City
A
1–4
11,509
Boxall
27
2 February 1999
Carlisle United
H
1–1
3,674
Barr (og)
28
6 February 1999
Hull City
H
0–2
5,086
29
13 February 1999
Torquay United
H
3–2
4,299
Owusu, Bryan, Hreiðarsson
30
16 February 1999
Swansea City
A
1–2
5,109
Hreiðarsson
31
20 February 1999
Rotherham United
A
4–2
3,899
Mahon, Owusu (3)
32
27 February 1999
Scarborough
H
1–1
4,783
Bryan
33
9 March 1999
Peterborough United
H
3–0
4,195
Partridge, Mahon, Owusu
34
13 March 1999
Shrewsbury Town
H
0–0
5,082
35
16 March 1999
Halifax Town
H
1–1
3,713
Partridge
36
20 March 1999
Carlisle United
A
1–0
2,564
Partridge
37
3 April 1999
Hartlepool United
A
1–0
2,719
Owusu
38
5 April 1999
Plymouth Argyle
H
3–1
6,979
Evans, Mahon, Folan
39
10 April 1999
Scunthorpe United
A
0–0
5,604
40
13 April 1999
Chester City
A
3–1
1,766
Anderson, Evans, Bryan
41
17 April 1999
Leyton Orient
H
0–0
8,245
42
24 April 1999
Southend United
A
4–1
5,248
Owusu (3), Partridge
43
27 April 1999
Darlington
A
2–2
2,514
Scott, Partridge
44
1 May 1999
Exeter City
H
3–0
6,977
Quinn, Scott, Partridge
45
4 May 1999
Swansea City
H
4–1
7,156
Owusu, Evans, Hreiðarsson, Partridge
46
8 May 1999
Cambridge United
A
1–0
8,936
Owusu
FA Cup
Main article: 1998–99 FA Cup
Round
Date
Opponent
Venue
Result
Attendance
Scorer(s)
Notes
R1
14 November 1998
Camberley Town
H
5–0
4,783
Bates, Quinn, Folan (2), Hreiðarsson
R2
5 December 1998
Oldham Athletic
A
1–1
4,217
Freeman (pen)
R2 (replay)
15 December 1998
Oldham Athletic
H
2–2 (a.e.t.), lost 4–2 on pens)
4,375
Owusu, Freeman
Football League Cup
Main article: 1998–99 Football League Cup
Round
Date
Opponent
Venue
Result
Attendance
Scorer(s)
R1 (1st leg)
11 August 1998
West Bromwich Albion
A
1–2
8,460
Rapley
R1 (2nd leg)
18 August 1998
West Bromwich Albion
H
3–0 (won 4–2 on aggregate)
4,664
Bates, Oatway, Owusu
R2 (1st leg)
15 September 1998
Tottenham Hotspur
H
2–3
11,831
Scott, Freeman
R2 (2nd leg)
23 September 1998
Tottenham Hotspur
A
2–3 (lost 6–4 on aggregate)
22,980
Scott, Owusu
Football League Trophy
Main article: 1998–99 Football League Trophy
Round
Date
Opponent
Venue
Result
Attendance
Scorer(s)
SR1
8 December 1998
Plymouth Argyle
H
2–0
1,580
Hreiðarsson, Rowlands
SR2
5 January 1999
Wycombe Wanderers
A
4–1
2,010
Fortune-West, Scott (2), Quinn
SR3
19 January 1999
Walsall
H
0–0 (a.e.t.), lost 4–3 on pens)
2,048
Sources: Soccerbase, 11v11, Brentford Official Matchday Magazine
Playing squad
Players' ages are as of the opening day of the 1998–99 season.
Position
Name
Nationality
Date of birth (age)
Signed from
Signed in
Notes
Goalkeepers
GK
Kevin Dearden
(1970-03-08)8 March 1970 (aged 28)
Tottenham Hotspur
1993
Loaned to Barnet and Huddersfield Town
GK
Jason Pearcey
(1971-07-23)23 July 1971 (aged 27)
Grimsby Town
1998
GK
Andy Woodman
(1971-08-11)11 August 1971 (aged 26)
Northampton Town
1999
Loaned from Northampton Town before transferring permanently
Defenders
DF
Ijah Anderson
(1975-12-30)30 December 1975 (aged 22)
Southend United
1995
DF
Danny Boxall
(1977-08-24)24 August 1977 (aged 20)
Crystal Palace
1998
DF
Danny Cullip
(1976-09-17)17 September 1976 (aged 21)
Fulham
1998
DF
Michael Dobson
(1981-04-09)9 April 1981 (aged 17)
Youth
1999
DF
Hermann Hreiðarsson
(1974-07-11)11 July 1974 (aged 24)
Crystal Palace
1998
DF
Darren Powell
(1976-03-10)10 March 1976 (aged 22)
Hampton
1998
DF
Rob Quinn
(1976-11-08)8 November 1976 (aged 21)
Crystal Palace
1998
DF
Paul Watson
(1975-01-04)4 January 1975 (aged 23)
Fulham
1997
Midfielders
MF
Dean Clark
(1980-03-31)31 March 1980 (aged 18)
Youth
1997
MF
Kevin Dennis
(1976-12-14)14 December 1976 (aged 21)
Arsenal
1996
Loaned to Chesham United and Welling United
MF
Paul Evans (c)
(1974-09-01)1 September 1974 (aged 23)
Shrewsbury Town
1999
MF
Tony Folan
(1978-09-18)18 September 1978 (aged 19)
Crystal Palace
1998
MF
Dirk Hebel
(1974-11-24)24 November 1974 (aged 23)
Tranmere Rovers
1998
MF
Gavin Mahon
(1977-01-02)2 January 1977 (aged 21)
Hereford United
1998
MF
Charlie Oatway
(1973-11-28)28 November 1973 (aged 24)
Torquay United
1997
Loaned to Lincoln City
MF
Martin Rowlands
(1979-02-08)8 February 1979 (aged 19)
Farnborough Town
1998
Forwards
FW
Derek Bryan
(1974-11-11)11 November 1974 (aged 23)
Hampton
1997
FW
Darren Freeman
(1973-08-22)22 August 1973 (aged 24)
Fulham
1998
FW
Lloyd Owusu
(1976-11-12)12 November 1976 (aged 21)
Slough Town
1998
FW
Scott Partridge
(1974-10-13)13 October 1974 (aged 23)
Torquay United
1999
FW
Andy Scott
(1972-08-02)2 August 1972 (aged 26)
Sheffield United
1997
Players who left the club mid-season
DF
Jamie Bates
(1968-02-24)24 February 1968 (aged 30)
Youth
1986
Transferred to Wycombe Wanderers
DF
Mohamed Berthé
(1972-09-12)12 September 1972 (aged 25)
Bournemouth
1999
Returned to Bournemouth after loan
DF
Chris Coyne
(1978-12-28)28 December 1978 (aged 19)
West Ham United
1998
Returned to West Ham United after loan
DF
Stephen Jenkins
(1980-01-02)2 January 1980 (aged 18)
Southampton
1999
Returned to Southampton after loan
MF
Warren Aspinall
(1967-09-13)13 September 1967 (aged 30)
Carlisle United
1997
Loaned to Colchester United, transferred to Colchester United
FW
Drewe Broughton
(1978-10-25)25 October 1978 (aged 19)
Norwich City
1998
Transferred to Peterborough United
FW
Leo Fortune-West
(1971-04-09)9 April 1971 (aged 27)
Lincoln City
1998
Transferred to Rotherham United
FW
Kevin Rapley
(1977-09-21)21 September 1977 (aged 20)
Youth
1997
Loaned to Southend United and Notts CountyTransferred to Notts County
Source: Soccerbase
Coaching staff
Name
Role
Ron Noades
Manager
Ray Lewington
First-team coach
Terry Bullivant
Assistant coach
Brian Sparrow
Assistant coach
John Griffin
Chief scout
Gerry Delahunt
Physiotherapist
Colin Martin
Medical Officer
Laurence Nathan
Medical Officer
Statistics
Appearances and goals
Substitute appearances in brackets.
Pos
Nat
Name
League
FA Cup
League Cup
FL Trophy
Total
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
GK
Kevin Dearden
7
0
1
0
1
0
2
0
11
0
GK
Jason Pearcey
17
0
2
0
3
0
1
0
23
0
GK
Andy Woodman
22
0
—
—
—
22
0
DF
Ijah Anderson
35 (3)
1
1 (1)
0
3
0
2
0
41 (4)
1
DF
Jamie Bates
27
1
3
1
4
1
2
0
36
3
DF
Danny Boxall
37 (1)
1
2
0
4
0
2
0
45 (1)
1
DF
Danny Cullip
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
4
0
DF
Hermann Hreiðarsson
33
4
2
1
—
3
1
38
6
DF
Darren Powell
33
2
0
0
3
0
0 (1)
0
36 (1)
2
DF
Rob Quinn
34 (9)
2
3
1
4
0
3
1
44 (9)
4
DF
Paul Watson
12
0
2
0
2
0
0 (1)
0
16 (1)
0
MF
Warren Aspinall
17 (2)
2
1 (1)
0
4
0
1
0
23 (3)
2
MF
Paul Evans
14
3
—
—
—
14
3
MF
Tony Folan
19 (1)
4
3
2
0 (1)
0
2
0
24 (11)
6
MF
Dirk Hebel
6 (9)
0
2 (1)
0
0
0
1
0
9 (10)
0
MF
Gavin Mahon
29
4
—
—
3
0
32
4
MF
Charlie Oatway
7 (17)
0
2
0
1 (2)
1
0 (1)
0
10 (20)
1
MF
Martin Rowlands
32 (4)
4
3
0
4
0
3 (1)
1
42 (4)
5
FW
Drewe Broughton
1
0
—
—
—
1
0
FW
Derek Bryan
9 (11)
4
0 (2)
0
0
0
1 (1)
0
10 (14)
4
FW
Leo Fortune-West
2 (9)
0
0 (1)
0
—
2 (1)
1
4 (11)
1
FW
Darren Freeman
16 (6)
6
3
2
4
1
1
0
24 (6)
9
FW
Lloyd Owusu
42 (4)
22
3
1
0 (4)
2
2 (1)
0
47 (9)
25
FW
Scott Partridge
12 (2)
7
—
—
—
12 (2)
7
FW
Kevin Rapley
3 (9)
3
0 (1)
0
0 (4)
1
—
3 (14)
4
FW
Andy Scott
31 (3)
7
0
0
4
2
2
2
37 (3)
11
Players loaned in during the season
DF
Chris Coyne
7
0
—
1
0
—
8
0
DF
Stephen Jenkins
0 (1)
0
—
—
—
0 (1)
0
Players listed in italics left the club mid-season.
Source: Soccerbase
Goalscorers
Pos
Nat
Player
FL3
FAC
FLC
FLT
Total
FW
Lloyd Owusu
22
1
2
0
25
FW
Andy Scott
7
0
2
2
11
FW
Darren Freeman
6
2
1
0
9
FW
Scott Partridge
7
—
—
—
7
DF
Hermann Hreiðarsson
4
1
—
1
6
MF
Tony Folan
4
2
0
0
6
DF
Martin Rowlands
4
0
0
1
5
MF
Gavin Mahon
4
0
—
0
4
FW
Derek Bryan
4
0
0
0
4
FW
Kevin Rapley
3
0
1
—
4
DF
Rob Quinn
2
1
0
1
4
MF
Paul Evans
3
—
—
—
3
DF
Jamie Bates
1
1
1
0
3
MF
Warren Aspinall
2
0
0
0
2
DF
Darren Powell
2
0
0
0
2
DF
Ijah Anderson
1
0
0
0
1
DF
Danny Boxall
1
0
0
0
1
MF
Charlie Oatway
0
0
1
0
1
FW
Leo Fortune-West
0
0
—
1
1
Opponents
2
0
0
0
2
Total
79
8
8
6
101
Players listed in italics left the club mid-season.
Source: Soccerbase
Discipline
Pos
Nat
Player
FL3
FAC
FLC
FLT
Total
Pts
DF
Jamie Bates
6
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
6
2
12
DF
Danny Boxall
7
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
8
0
8
FW
Darren Freeman
2
1
2
0
1
0
0
0
5
1
8
DF
Martin Rowlands
6
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
7
0
7
DF
Hermann Hreiðarsson
5
0
0
0
—
1
0
6
0
6
DF
Ijah Anderson
5
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
6
0
6
DF
Rob Quinn
5
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
6
0
6
DF
Darren Powell
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
5
FW
Lloyd Owusu
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
4
MF
Warren Aspinall
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
3
FW
Derek Bryan
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
3
DF
Paul Watson
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
3
FW
Leo Fortune-West
2
0
0
0
—
1
0
3
0
3
MF
Paul Evans
2
0
—
—
—
2
0
2
MF
Gavin Mahon
2
0
0
0
—
0
0
2
0
2
DF
Danny Cullip
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
2
0
2
FW
Scott Partridge
1
0
—
—
—
1
0
1
GK
Kevin Dearden
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
MF
Tony Folan
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
MF
Dirk Hebel
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
FW
Andy Scott
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
MF
Charlie Oatway
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
Total
66
2
2
1
6
0
2
0
76
3
85
Players listed in italics left the club mid-season.
Source: Soccerbase
International caps
Pos
Nat
Player
Caps
Goals
Ref
DF
Hermann Hreiðarsson
8
1
Management
Name
Nat
From
To
Record All Comps
Record League
P
W
D
L
W %
P
W
D
L
W %
Ron Noades
8 August 1998
8 May 1999
56
30
10
16
053.57
46
26
7
13
056.52
Summary
Games played
56 (46 Third Division, 3 FA Cup, 4 League Cup, 3 Football League Trophy)
Games won
30 (26 Third Division, 1 FA Cup, 1 League Cup, 2 Football League Trophy)
Games drawn
10 (7 Third Division, 2 FA Cup, 0 League Cup, 1 Football League Trophy)
Games lost
16 (13 Third Division, 0 FA Cup, 3 League Cup, 0 Football League Trophy)
Goals scored
101 (79 Third Division, 8 FA Cup, 8 League Cup, 6 Football League Trophy)
Goals conceded
68 (56 Third Division, 3 FA Cup, 8 League Cup, 1 Football League Trophy)
Clean sheets
18 (14 Third Division, 1 FA Cup, 1 League Cup, 2 Football League Trophy)
Biggest league win
3–0 on five occasions, 4–1 on three occasions
Worst league defeat
3–0 on two occasions, 4–1 versus Cardiff City, 30 January 1999
Most appearances
56, Lloyd Owusu (46 Third Division, 3 FA Cup, 4 League Cup, 3 Football League Trophy)
Top scorer (league)
22, Lloyd Owusu
Top scorer (all competitions)
25, Lloyd Owusu
Transfers & loans
Players transferred in
Date
Pos.
Name
Previous Club
Fee
Ref.
7 July 1998
FW
Darren Freeman
Fulham
Free
9 July 1998
DF
Danny Boxall
Crystal Palace
Free
9 July 1998
GK
Jason Pearcey
Grimsby Town
Free
9 July 1998
DF
Rob Quinn
Crystal Palace
£40,000
25 July 1998
DF
Darren Powell
Hampton
£15,000
29 July 1998
FW
Lloyd Owusu
Slough Town
£25,000
6 August 1998
MF
Martin Rowlands
Farnborough Town
£45,000
25 August 1998
MF
Dirk Hebel
Tranmere Rovers
Free
22 September 1998
MF
Tony Folan
Crystal Palace
£100,000
24 September 1998
DF
Hermann Hreiðarsson
Crystal Palace
£750,000
30 October 1998
FW
Drewe Broughton
Norwich City
£15,000
17 November 1998
FW
Leo Fortune-West
Lincoln City
£60,000
18 November 1998
MF
Gavin Mahon
Hereford United
£50,000
28 January 1999
GK
Andy Woodman
Northampton Town
£75,000
19 February 1998
FW
Scott Partridge
Torquay United
£100,000
3 March 1999
MF
Paul Evans
Shrewsbury Town
£110,000
Players loaned in
Date from
Pos.
Name
From
Date to
Ref.
21 August 1998
DF
Chris Coyne
West Ham United
21 September 1998
22 January 1999
GK
Andy Woodman
Northampton Town
27 January 1999
3 March 1999
DF
Mohamed Berthé
Bournemouth
10 March 1999
25 March 1999
DF
Stephen Jenkins
Southampton
4 April 1999
Players transferred out
Date
Pos.
Name
Subsequent club
Fee
Ref.
6 July 1998
GK
Carl Hutchings
Bristol City
£135,000
6 August 1998
MF
Robert Taylor
Gillingham
£400,000
10 August 1998
MF
Scott Canham
Leyton Orient
Free
17 November 1998
FW
Drewe Broughton
Peterborough United
£15,000
9 February 1999
MF
Warren Aspinall
Colchester United
Free
23 February 1999
FW
Kevin Rapley
Notts County
£50,000
26 February 1999
FW
Leo Fortune-West
Rotherham United
£35,000
25 March 1999
DF
Jamie Bates
Wycombe Wanderers
Free
Players loaned out
Date from
Pos.
Name
To
Date to
Ref.
21 October 1998
MF
Charlie Oatway
Lincoln City
16 November 1998
20 November 1998
FW
Kevin Rapley
Southend United
20 February 1999
November 1998
MF
Kevin Dennis
Chesham United
December 1998
5 February 1999
GK
Kevin Dearden
Barnet
10 March 1999
8 February 1999
MF
Warren Aspinall
Colchester United
24 March 1999
8 February 1999
MF
Kevin Dennis
Welling United
8 March 1999
26 February 1999
MF
Ryan Denys
Carshalton Athletic
End of season
11 March 1999
GK
Kevin Dearden
Huddersfield Town
End of season
Players released
Date
Pos.
Name
Subsequent club
Join date
Ref.
1 October 1998
FW
Niall Thompson
Vancouver 86ers
1998
January 1999
MF
David McGhee
Stevenage Borough
1 August 1999
30 June 1999
GK
Kevin Dearden
Wrexham
1 July 1999
30 June 1999
MF
Kevin Dennis
Hampton & Richmond Borough
1 July 1999
30 June 1999
MF
Ryan Denys
Hampton & Richmond Borough
1 July 1999
30 June 1999
MF
Dirk Hebel
Bonner SC
1999
30 June 1999
DF
Andy Walker
n/a
n/a
Kit
Supplier: Super LeagueSponsor(s): GMB
Home
Away
Source: Brentford F.C.
Awards
Supporters' Player of the Year: Darren Powell
Football League Third Division PFA Team of the Year: Paul Evans, Hermann Hreiðarsson
Football League Third Division Manager of the Month: Ron Noades (August 1998)
League Managers Association Performance of the Week: Ron Noades (Brentford 3–0 West Bromwich Albion, League Cup first round, second leg, 18 August 1998)
Notes
^ Match played behind closed doors.
^ Despite the match taking place at Griffin Park, Brentford wore their away strip, due to competition rules stating "where the colours (shirts, shorts or stockings) of the two competing clubs are similar, both clubs must change, unless arrangements are mutually agreed by the competing clubs".
References
^ a b c d Croxford, Lane & Waterman 2013, p. 270.
^ Brentford Football Club Official Matchday Magazine versus Hull City. 7 May 2005. pp. 46–47.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u "Premier and Football League transfers". www.11v11.com. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
^ a b c d e f g h i "Brentford results for the 1998–1999 season". Statto.com. Archived from the original on 26 April 2016. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
^ "Latest Brentford Results, Fixtures & Betting Odds". Soccer Base. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Premier and Football League transfers". www.11v11.com. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
^ Haynes, Graham; Coumbe, Frank (2006). Timeless Bees: Brentford F.C. Who's Who 1920–2006. Yore Publications. p. 99. ISBN 978-0955294914.
^ a b Brentford Matchday Magazine versus Exeter City. Charlton, London: Morganprint. 1 May 1999. pp. 30–31.
^ "English Division Three Table on Saturday 1st May 1999". Statto.com. Archived from the original on 26 April 2016. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
^ "Hermann Hreidarsson". 11v11.com. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
^ "Powell becomes a Bee". This Is Local London. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
^ Dirk Hebel at Soccerbase
^ Mohamed Berthé at Soccerbase
^ "Comeback Kenny is back in goal". Watford Observer. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
^ Warren Aspinall at Soccerbase
^ a b Kevin Dennis at Soccerbase
^ a b Ryan Denys at Soccerbase
^ Croxford, Lane & Waterman 2013, p. 294.
^ Croxford, Lane & Waterman 2013, p. 293.
^ Kevin Dearden at Soccerbase
^ a b Croxford, Lane & Waterman 2013, p. 295.
^ "Four players have received Free Transfers from the Club, Kevin Dennis, Ryan Denys, Dirk Hebel and Andy Walker, whilst Kevin Dearden who made a total of 254 appearances for the Club since signing from Tottenham in September 1993, has been released from his contract by mutual consent". brentfordfc.co.uk. 4 June 1999.
^ Sewell, Albert, ed. (1999). News Of The World Football Annual 1999–2000. Hammersmith, London: Invincible Press. p. 346. ISBN 000218883X.
^ Croxford, Mark; Lane, David; Waterman, Greville (2013). The Big Brentford Book Of The Nineties. Sunbury, Middlesex: Legends Publishing. p. 291. ISBN 9781906796723.
^ Brentford Matchday Magazine versus Brighton & Hove Albion. Charlton, London: Morganprint. 22 August 1998. p. 3.
vteBrentford F.C. seasons
1890–91
1891–92
1892–93
1893–94
1894–95
1895–96
1896–97
1897–98
1898–99
1899–1900
1900–01
1901–02
1902–03
1903–04
1904–05
1905–06
1906–07
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1910–11
1911–12
1912–13
1913–14
1914–15
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1916–17
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1918–19
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1920–21
1921–22
1922–23
1923–24
1924–25
1925–26
1926–27
1927–28
1928–29
1929–30
1930–31
1931–32
1932–33
1933–34
1934–35
1935–36
1936–37
1937–38
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1939–40
1940–41
1941–42
1942–43
1943–44
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1945–46
1946–47
1947–48
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1949–50
1950–51
1951–52
1952–53
1953–54
1954–55
1955–56
1956–57
1957–58
1958–59
1959–60
1960–61
1961–62
1962–63
1963–64
1964–65
1965–66
1966–67
1967–68
1968–69
1969–70
1970–71
1971–72
1972–73
1973–74
1974–75
1975–76
1976–77
1977–78
1978–79
1979–80
1980–81
1981–82
1982–83
1983–84
1984–85
1985–86
1986–87
1987–88
1988–89
1989–90
1990–91
1991–92
1992–93
1993–94
1994–95
1995–96
1996–97
1997–98
1998–99
1999–2000
2000–01
2001–02
2002–03
2003–04
2004–05
2005–06
2006–07
2007–08
2008–09
2009–10
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2019–20
2020–21
2021–22
2022–23
2023–24
2024–25
vte1998–99 in English football « 1997–98 1999–2000 » National teams
UEFA Euro 2000 qualifying (Qualification Group 5)
Glenn Hoddle
Howard Wilkinson (caretaker)
Kevin Keegan
League competitionsLevel 1
Premier League
Levels 2–4
Football League (First Division, Second Division, Third Division, play-offs)
Level 5
Football Conference
Levels 6–7
Isthmian League (Premier, One)
Northern Premier League (Premier, One)
Southern League (Premier, Midland, Southern)
Levels 8–9
Isthmian League (Two, Three)
Eastern Counties League (Premier, One)
Hellenic League (Premier, One)
Kent League (level 8 only)
Midland Alliance (level 8 only)
Midland Football Combination (level 9 only)
North West Counties League (One, Two)
Northern Counties East League (Premier, One)
Northern League (One, Two)
Sussex County League (One, Two)
United Counties League (Premier, One)
Wessex League (level 8 only)
West Midlands (Regional) League (level 9 only)
Western League (Premier, One)
Lower leagues
Combined Counties League
Essex Senior League
Spartan South Midlands League
Cup competitionsFA cups
FA Cup (Qualifying rounds, Final)
Charity Shield
FA Trophy (Final)
FA Vase
Football League cups
League Cup (Final)
Football League Trophy (Final)
European competitions
Champions League
UEFA Cup
Cup Winners' Cup
Intertoto Cup
Club seasonsPremier League
Arsenal
Aston Villa
Blackburn Rovers
Charlton Athletic
Chelsea
Coventry City
Derby County
Everton
Leeds United
Leicester City
Liverpool
Manchester United
Middlesbrough
Newcastle United
Nottingham Forest
Sheffield Wednesday
Southampton
Tottenham Hotspur
West Ham United
Wimbledon
First Division
Barnsley
Birmingham City
Bolton Wanderers
Bradford City
Bristol City
Bury
Crewe Alexandra
Crystal Palace
Grimsby Town
Huddersfield Town
Ipswich Town
Norwich City
Oxford United
Port Vale
Portsmouth
Queens Park Rangers
Sheffield United
Stockport County
Sunderland
Swindon Town
Tranmere Rovers
Watford
West Bromwich Albion
Wolverhampton Wanderers
Second Division
Bournemouth
Blackpool
Bristol Rovers
Burnley
Chesterfield
Colchester United
Fulham
Gillingham
Lincoln City
Luton Town
Macclesfield Town
Manchester City
Millwall
Northampton Town
Notts County
Oldham Athletic
Preston North End
Reading
Stoke City
Walsall
Wigan Athletic
Wrexham
Wycombe Wanderers
York City
Third Division
Barnet
Brentford
Brighton & Hove Albion
Cambridge United
Cardiff City
Carlisle United
Chester City
Darlington
Exeter City
Halifax Town
Hartlepool United
Hull City
Leyton Orient
Mansfield Town
Peterborough United
Plymouth Argyle
Rochdale
Rotherham United
Scarborough
Scunthorpe United
Shrewsbury Town
Southend United
Swansea City
Torquay United
List of transfers | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brentford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brentford_F.C."},{"link_name":"Football League Third Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Third_Division"},{"link_name":"Cambridge United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_United_F.C."}],"text":"Brentford 1998–99 football seasonDuring the 1998–99 English football season, Brentford competed in the Football League Third Division. The club finished the season as champions after victory over runners-up Cambridge United on the final day.","title":"1998–99 Brentford F.C. season"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lloyd_Owusu.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Owusu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Owusu"},{"link_name":"non-League football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-League_football"},{"link_name":"Third Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Third_Division"},{"link_name":"Brentford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brentford_F.C."},{"link_name":"Ron Noades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Noades"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroxfordLaneWaterman2013270-1"},{"link_name":"Ray Lewington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Lewington"},{"link_name":"Terry Bullivant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Bullivant"},{"link_name":"Brian Sparrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Sparrow"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroxfordLaneWaterman2013270-1"},{"link_name":"goalkeeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Jason Pearcey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Pearcey"},{"link_name":"defenders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Danny Boxall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Boxall"},{"link_name":"Darren Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Powell"},{"link_name":"Rob Quinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Quinn"},{"link_name":"Hermann Hreiðarsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gus_Hurdle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"midfielders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder"},{"link_name":"Martin Rowlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rowlands"},{"link_name":"Tony Folan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Folan"},{"link_name":"forwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Owusu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Owusu"},{"link_name":"Darren Freeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Freeman"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TransfersIn-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Statto-4"},{"link_name":"League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_First_Division"},{"link_name":"West Bromwich Albion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C."},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Tottenham Hotspur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C."},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Statto-4"},{"link_name":"Andy Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Scott_(footballer,_born_1972)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Jamie Bates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Bates_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Leo Fortune-West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Fortune-West"},{"link_name":"Gavin Mahon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Mahon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TransfersIn-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Statto-4"},{"link_name":"Warren Aspinall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Aspinall"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TransfersOut-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Statto-4"},{"link_name":"Scott Partridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Partridge"},{"link_name":"Torquay United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torquay_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TransfersIn-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Statto-4"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Paul Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Evans_(footballer,_born_1974)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TransfersIn-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Statto-4"},{"link_name":"Second Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Second_Division"},{"link_name":"Exeter City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Statto-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Swansea City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea_City_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Statto-4"},{"link_name":"Abbey Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Cambridge United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroxfordLaneWaterman2013270-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Statto-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroxfordLaneWaterman2013270-1"}],"text":"Lloyd Owusu, a £25,000 buy from non-League football, finished the season as top scorer with 25 goals.After relegation to the Third Division at the end of the previous season, the ownership of Brentford changed hands for the second time in two summers, when Ron Noades took over the club as owner and chairman during the 1998 off-season.[1] Noades installed himself as manager and appointed a three-man coaching team of Ray Lewington, Terry Bullivant and Brian Sparrow.[1] Nearly £1.5 million was spent to assemble almost an entirely new starting lineup, with goalkeeper Jason Pearcey, defenders Danny Boxall, Darren Powell, Rob Quinn and Hermann Hreiðarsson (the club's then-record £750,000 signing),[2] midfielders Martin Rowlands and Tony Folan and forwards Lloyd Owusu and Darren Freeman added to the ranks.[3]9 wins in the opening 13 league matches put the Bees firmly in control at the top of the table, though three successive defeats in the midst of the run temporarily dropped the club back to 7th place.[4] There was some early-season excitement in the League Cup, with a 4–2 aggregate victory over First Division club West Bromwich Albion in the first round setting up a two-legged tie with Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur.[4] 3–2 defeats in each of the two legs (with Brentford taking the lead in both matches) ended the cup run, with memorable goals being scored by Andy Scott, Darren Freeman and Lloyd Owusu.[5]Three league defeats in a four-match spell in November and injuries and suspensions to Andy Scott, Darren Powell, Danny Boxall, Jamie Bates and Martin Rowlands led Noades to further strengthen the squad with forward Leo Fortune-West and midfielder Gavin Mahon.[3][4] Though Fortune-West would be sold on a matter of months later, Mahon replaced Warren Aspinall in midfield and remained an ever-present until the end of the season.[6][7] Five wins in the following six league matches saw the club begin 1999 firmly placed in the automatic promotion places.[4] A spell of just one win from a spell of seven league matches in January and February saw Noades reach for the chequebook again and sign forward Scott Partridge from Torquay United for £100,000.[3][4]With the purchase of new captain Paul Evans and buoyed by the goalscoring of Partridge and Owusu,[3][8] the Bees went undefeated from late February through to early May.[4] The club secured automatic promotion back to the Second Division with two matches to spare after a 3–0 victory over Exeter City on 1 May.[4][9] A resounding 4–1 win over Swansea City in the following match returned Brentford to the top of the table for the first time since 20 October 1998.[4] The victory set up a \"winner takes all\" match for the title on the final day at the Abbey Stadium versus nearest challengers Cambridge United.[1][4] Lloyd Owusu's 25th goal of the season was enough for victory and for Brentford to win the Third Division championship.[1]","title":"Season summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Source: [citation needed]Rules for classification: In the Football League goals scored (GF) takes precedence over goal difference (GD).","title":"League table"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Brentford's goal tally listed first.","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Legend","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Pre-season","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Football League Third Division","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FA Cup","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Football League Cup","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soccerbase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.soccerbase.com/teams/team.sd?season_id=127&team_id=378&teamTabs=results&season_id=128"},{"link_name":"11v11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.11v11.com/teams/brentford/tab/matches/season/1999/"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"}],"sub_title":"Football League Trophy","text":"Sources: Soccerbase, 11v11, Brentford Official Matchday Magazine[8]","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soccerbase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.soccerbase.com/teams/team.sd?team_id=378&teamTabs=stats&season_id=128"}],"text":"Players' ages are as of the opening day of the 1998–99 season.Source: Soccerbase","title":"Playing squad"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Coaching staff"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soccerbase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.soccerbase.com/teams/team.sd?team_id=378&teamTabs=stats&season_id=128"}],"sub_title":"Appearances and goals","text":"Substitute appearances in brackets.Players listed in italics left the club mid-season.\nSource: Soccerbase","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soccerbase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.soccerbase.com/teams/team.sd?team_id=378&teamTabs=stats&season_id=128"}],"sub_title":"Goalscorers","text":"Players listed in italics left the club mid-season.\nSource: Soccerbase","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soccerbase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.soccerbase.com/teams/team.sd?team_id=378&teamTabs=stats&season_id=128"}],"sub_title":"Discipline","text":"Players listed in italics left the club mid-season.\nSource: Soccerbase","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"International caps","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Management","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Summary","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Transfers & loans"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GMB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMB_(trade_union)"},{"link_name":"Brentford F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.brentfordfc.co.uk"}],"text":"Supplier: Super LeagueSponsor(s): GMBSource: Brentford F.C.","title":"Kit"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Supporters' Player of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brentford_F.C._Player_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Darren Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Powell"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Football League Third Division PFA Team of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFA_Team_of_the_Year_(1990s)"},{"link_name":"Paul Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Evans_(footballer,_born_1974)"},{"link_name":"Hermann Hreiðarsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Hrei%C3%B0arsson"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroxfordLaneWaterman2013295-23"},{"link_name":"Football League Third Division Manager of the Month","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Third_Division_Manager_of_the_Month"},{"link_name":"Ron Noades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Noades"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"League Managers Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_Managers_Association"},{"link_name":"West Bromwich Albion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C."},{"link_name":"League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"Supporters' Player of the Year: Darren Powell[23]\nFootball League Third Division PFA Team of the Year: Paul Evans, Hermann Hreiðarsson[21]\nFootball League Third Division Manager of the Month: Ron Noades (August 1998)[24]\nLeague Managers Association Performance of the Week: Ron Noades (Brentford 3–0 West Bromwich Albion, League Cup first round, second leg, 18 August 1998)[25]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"behind closed doors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behind_closed_doors_(sport)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Griffin Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffin_Park"}],"text":"^ Match played behind closed doors.\n\n^ Despite the match taking place at Griffin Park, Brentford wore their away strip, due to competition rules stating \"where the colours (shirts, shorts or stockings) of the two competing clubs are similar, both clubs must change, unless arrangements are mutually agreed by the competing clubs\".","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Lloyd Owusu, a £25,000 buy from non-League football, finished the season as top scorer with 25 goals.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Lloyd_Owusu.jpg/170px-Lloyd_Owusu.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Brentford Football Club Official Matchday Magazine versus Hull City. 7 May 2005. pp. 46–47.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Premier and Football League transfers\". www.11v11.com. Retrieved 21 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.11v11.com/transfers/1999/t176/","url_text":"\"Premier and Football League transfers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brentford results for the 1998–1999 season\". Statto.com. Archived from the original on 26 April 2016. Retrieved 22 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160426234542/http://www.statto.com/football/teams/brentford/1998-1999/results","url_text":"\"Brentford results for the 1998–1999 season\""},{"url":"http://www.statto.com/football/teams/brentford/1998-1999/results","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Latest Brentford Results, Fixtures & Betting Odds\". Soccer Base. Retrieved 22 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.soccerbase.com/teams/team.sd?season_id=127&team_id=378&teamTabs=results&season_id=128","url_text":"\"Latest Brentford Results, Fixtures & Betting Odds\""}]},{"reference":"\"Premier and Football League transfers\". www.11v11.com. Retrieved 21 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.11v11.com/transfers/1999/f176/","url_text":"\"Premier and Football League transfers\""}]},{"reference":"Haynes, Graham; Coumbe, Frank (2006). Timeless Bees: Brentford F.C. Who's Who 1920–2006. Yore Publications. p. 99. ISBN 978-0955294914.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0955294914","url_text":"978-0955294914"}]},{"reference":"Brentford Matchday Magazine versus Exeter City. Charlton, London: Morganprint. 1 May 1999. pp. 30–31.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"English Division Three Table on Saturday 1st May 1999\". Statto.com. Archived from the original on 26 April 2016. Retrieved 22 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160426232858/http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/division-three/1998-1999/table/1999-05-01","url_text":"\"English Division Three Table on Saturday 1st May 1999\""},{"url":"http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/division-three/1998-1999/table/1999-05-01","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hermann Hreidarsson\". 11v11.com. Retrieved 11 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.11v11.com/players/hermann-hreidarsson-4263/","url_text":"\"Hermann Hreidarsson\""}]},{"reference":"\"Powell becomes a Bee\". This Is Local London. Retrieved 4 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thisislocallondon.co.uk/news/6502439.POWELL_BECOMES_A_BEE_/","url_text":"\"Powell becomes a Bee\""}]},{"reference":"\"Comeback Kenny is back in goal\". Watford Observer. Retrieved 21 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.watfordobserver.co.uk/news/5195378.Comeback_Kenny_is_back_in_goal/","url_text":"\"Comeback Kenny is back in goal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Four players have received Free Transfers from the Club, Kevin Dennis, Ryan Denys, Dirk Hebel and Andy Walker, whilst Kevin Dearden who made a total of 254 appearances for the Club since signing from Tottenham in September 1993, has been released from his contract by mutual consent\". brentfordfc.co.uk. 4 June 1999.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sewell, Albert, ed. (1999). News Of The World Football Annual 1999–2000. Hammersmith, London: Invincible Press. p. 346. ISBN 000218883X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/000218883X","url_text":"000218883X"}]},{"reference":"Croxford, Mark; Lane, David; Waterman, Greville (2013). The Big Brentford Book Of The Nineties. Sunbury, Middlesex: Legends Publishing. p. 291. ISBN 9781906796723.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781906796723","url_text":"9781906796723"}]},{"reference":"Brentford Matchday Magazine versus Brighton & Hove Albion. Charlton, London: Morganprint. 22 August 1998. p. 3.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.soccerbase.com/teams/team.sd?season_id=127&team_id=378&teamTabs=results&season_id=128","external_links_name":"Soccerbase"},{"Link":"http://www.11v11.com/teams/brentford/tab/matches/season/1999/","external_links_name":"11v11"},{"Link":"http://www.soccerbase.com/teams/team.sd?team_id=378&teamTabs=stats&season_id=128","external_links_name":"Soccerbase"},{"Link":"http://www.soccerbase.com/teams/team.sd?team_id=378&teamTabs=stats&season_id=128","external_links_name":"Soccerbase"},{"Link":"http://www.soccerbase.com/teams/team.sd?team_id=378&teamTabs=stats&season_id=128","external_links_name":"Soccerbase"},{"Link":"http://www.soccerbase.com/teams/team.sd?team_id=378&teamTabs=stats&season_id=128","external_links_name":"Soccerbase"},{"Link":"http://www.brentfordfc.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Brentford F.C."},{"Link":"http://www.11v11.com/transfers/1999/t176/","external_links_name":"\"Premier and Football League transfers\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160426234542/http://www.statto.com/football/teams/brentford/1998-1999/results","external_links_name":"\"Brentford results for the 1998–1999 season\""},{"Link":"http://www.statto.com/football/teams/brentford/1998-1999/results","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.soccerbase.com/teams/team.sd?season_id=127&team_id=378&teamTabs=results&season_id=128","external_links_name":"\"Latest Brentford Results, Fixtures & Betting Odds\""},{"Link":"http://www.11v11.com/transfers/1999/f176/","external_links_name":"\"Premier and Football League transfers\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160426232858/http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/division-three/1998-1999/table/1999-05-01","external_links_name":"\"English Division Three Table on Saturday 1st May 1999\""},{"Link":"http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/division-three/1998-1999/table/1999-05-01","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.11v11.com/players/hermann-hreidarsson-4263/","external_links_name":"\"Hermann Hreidarsson\""},{"Link":"http://www.thisislocallondon.co.uk/news/6502439.POWELL_BECOMES_A_BEE_/","external_links_name":"\"Powell becomes a Bee\""},{"Link":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=11878","external_links_name":"Dirk Hebel"},{"Link":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=14505","external_links_name":"Mohamed Berthé"},{"Link":"http://www.watfordobserver.co.uk/news/5195378.Comeback_Kenny_is_back_in_goal/","external_links_name":"\"Comeback Kenny is back in goal\""},{"Link":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=265","external_links_name":"Warren Aspinall"},{"Link":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=9813","external_links_name":"Kevin Dennis"},{"Link":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=10628","external_links_name":"Ryan Denys"},{"Link":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=1986","external_links_name":"Kevin Dearden"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Team_Unity | National Team Unity | ["1 References"] | This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "National Team Unity" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
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vte
National Team Unity (NTU) was a political party in Trinidad and Tobago led by Human Rights lawyer and former Attorney General Ramesh Lawrence Maharaj.
Founded as Team Unity, to contest party elections in the United National Congress in 2001, the slate of candidates was led by Maharaj. Team Unity won 21 of 24 contested executive posts including the Deputy Leadership (won by Maharaj).
Later that year a rift with UNC leader Basdeo Panday led Maharaj, together with Oropouche Member of Parliament Trevor Sudama and Naparima MP Ralph Maraj, to leave the party. This caused the UNC to lose its parliamentary majority, forcing national elections.
Renaming itself National Team Unity, the party contested the 2001 general elections, winning 2.5% of the vote but no seats. It did not contest the 2002 general elections, and remains more of a pressure group than a true national political party. In 2004 Ralph Maraj returned to the PNM (which he had left in 1995) as a speechwriter for Prime Minister Patrick Manning.
As of 2006 the NTU appears to be a moribund organization. Its leader Maharaj has rejoined the United National Congress.
References
vte Political parties in Trinidad and TobagoHouse of Representatives (41)
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Politics of Trinidad and Tobago | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"political party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_party"},{"link_name":"Trinidad and Tobago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago"},{"link_name":"Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"Attorney General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General"},{"link_name":"Ramesh Lawrence Maharaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesh_Maharaj"},{"link_name":"United National Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"Oropouche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oropouche_(constituency)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Trevor Sudama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trevor_Sudama&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Naparima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naparima_(ward)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ralph Maraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Maraj"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister"},{"link_name":"Patrick Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Manning"}],"text":"National Team Unity (NTU) was a political party in Trinidad and Tobago led by Human Rights lawyer and former Attorney General Ramesh Lawrence Maharaj.Founded as Team Unity, to contest party elections in the United National Congress in 2001, the slate of candidates was led by Maharaj. Team Unity won 21 of 24 contested executive posts including the Deputy Leadership (won by Maharaj).Later that year a rift with UNC leader Basdeo Panday led Maharaj, together with Oropouche Member of Parliament Trevor Sudama and Naparima MP Ralph Maraj, to leave the party. This caused the UNC to lose its parliamentary majority, forcing national elections.Renaming itself National Team Unity, the party contested the 2001 general elections, winning 2.5% of the vote but no seats. It did not contest the 2002 general elections, and remains more of a pressure group than a true national political party. In 2004 Ralph Maraj returned to the PNM (which he had left in 1995) as a speechwriter for Prime Minister Patrick Manning.As of 2006 the NTU appears to be a moribund organization. Its leader Maharaj has rejoined the United National Congress.","title":"National Team Unity"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22National+Team+Unity%22","external_links_name":"\"National Team Unity\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22National+Team+Unity%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22National+Team+Unity%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22National+Team+Unity%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22National+Team+Unity%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22National+Team+Unity%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaa_Mashzoub | Alaa Mashzoub | ["1 Life","2 Death","3 References"] | Iraqi writer and novelist (1968–2019)
Alaa Mashzoub (July 24, 1968 – February 2, 2019) was an Iraqi journalist, novelist, writer and historian. Many of Mashzoub's novels and writings focused on the history of Iraq, the city of Karbala, and the history of the Jews in Iraq. He was a frequent critic of sectarianism and the militias which hold sway in much of Iraq.
Life
Mashzoub was born in 1968. He graduated from the University of Baghdad in 1993. He received a Master of Fine Arts in 2009 and a doctorate in fine arts in 2014, both from the University of Baghdad. He wrote for several newspapers and won the Katara Prize for Arabic Fiction.
His novels include:
The Chaos of the Nation (2014)
Crime on Facebook (2015)
The Jewish Baths (Hamam al-Yahud, 2017)
He also made a documentary film, Doors and Windows.
The Jewish Baths focuses on the history of the Jews in Iraq. It is set a century earlier in Karbala during a relatively peaceful time.
Death
On February 2, 2019, after criticizing Iranian interference in Iraq, Mashzoub was shot and killed while riding his bicycle in Karbala. Mashzoub, who suffered 13 bullet wounds in the attack, was 50 years old. His death was the latest in a string of murders and assassinations targeting intellectuals. According to a report by Al Jazeera, more than 500 Iraqi academics and writers were killed between 2003 and 2013 and the murder of intellectuals has become even more common since 2017.
Following Mashzoub's death, Baghdad's annual international book fair that ran 7–18 February 2019 was named after him. Iraqi President Barham Salih addressed the book fair to express his "deep regret and condemnation" of the assassination, which "obligates us, as officials and as a society, to make an extraordinary effort to uncover the perpetrators, arrest them, and to bring them to justice, and to work diligently, in security, and in intelligence, as well as politically and socially, to make this crime another motivation to uproot violence and terrorism and any threat to the life, security and dignity of the citizen." Mashzoub's death was protested in the streets of Baghdad, including in one protest organized by the Union of Iraqi Writers.
References
^ a b c d e f g Frantzman, Seth J. (2019-02-04). "Chronicler of Iraq's Jewish history murdered in Karbala". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 2019-02-12. Retrieved 2019-02-12.
^ Aldroubi, Mina (2019-02-03). "Iraqi poet shot dead in Karbala". The National (Abu Dhabi). Archived from the original on 2019-02-04. Retrieved 2019-02-12.
^ "Iraqi Novelist Alaa Mashzoub Assassinated". ArabLit. 2019-02-03. Retrieved 2019-03-05.
^ a b JÓNSSON, ÖGMUNDUR (4 March 2019). "Iraqis proud of Baghdad booksellers' district that survived war, repression – The Militant". The Militant. Retrieved 2019-03-05.
^ "Baghdad Book Fair with slogan 'A Book for Multiple Life' with Iran's presence". Islamic Republic News Agency. Retrieved 2019-03-05.
^ Arwa Damon; Ghazi Balkiz; Muwafaq Mohammed; Brice Laine. "Iraq defeated ISIS more than a year ago. Its revival is already underway". CNN. Retrieved 2019-03-05.
^ "During the Inauguration of the Baghdad International Book Fair, the President Emphasizes the Need to Confront Extremist Ideology and Isolate it". Iraqi Presidency. 7 February 2019. Retrieved 2019-03-05.
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"history of Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Karbala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbala"},{"link_name":"history of the Jews in Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jp-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-national-2"}],"text":"Alaa Mashzoub (July 24, 1968 – February 2, 2019) was an Iraqi journalist, novelist, writer and historian. Many of Mashzoub's novels and writings focused on the history of Iraq, the city of Karbala, and the history of the Jews in Iraq.[1] He was a frequent critic of sectarianism and the militias which hold sway in much of Iraq.[2]","title":"Alaa Mashzoub"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jp-1"},{"link_name":"University of Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Baghdad"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jp-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"history of the Jews in Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jp-1"}],"text":"Mashzoub was born in 1968.[1] He graduated from the University of Baghdad in 1993.[1] He received a Master of Fine Arts in 2009 and a doctorate in fine arts in 2014, both from the University of Baghdad. He wrote for several newspapers and won the Katara Prize for Arabic Fiction.[3]His novels include:The Chaos of the Nation (2014)\nCrime on Facebook (2015)\nThe Jewish Baths (Hamam al-Yahud, 2017)He also made a documentary film, Doors and Windows.The Jewish Baths focuses on the history of the Jews in Iraq. It is set a century earlier in Karbala during a relatively peaceful time.[1]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Karbala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbala"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jp-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jp-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jp-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Barham Salih","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barham_Salih"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"text":"On February 2, 2019, after criticizing Iranian interference in Iraq,[4] Mashzoub was shot and killed while riding his bicycle in Karbala.[1] Mashzoub, who suffered 13 bullet wounds in the attack, was 50 years old.[1] His death was the latest in a string of murders and assassinations targeting intellectuals. According to a report by Al Jazeera, more than 500 Iraqi academics and writers were killed between 2003 and 2013 and the murder of intellectuals has become even more common since 2017.[1]Following Mashzoub's death, Baghdad's annual international book fair that ran 7–18 February 2019[5] was named after him.[6] Iraqi President Barham Salih addressed the book fair to express his \"deep regret and condemnation\" of the assassination, which \"obligates us, as officials and as a society, to make an extraordinary effort to uncover the perpetrators, arrest them, and to bring them to justice, and to work diligently, in security, and in intelligence, as well as politically and socially, to make this crime another motivation to uproot violence and terrorism and any threat to the life, security and dignity of the citizen.\"[7] Mashzoub's death was protested in the streets of Baghdad, including in one protest organized by the Union of Iraqi Writers.[4]","title":"Death"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Frantzman, Seth J. (2019-02-04). \"Chronicler of Iraq's Jewish history murdered in Karbala\". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 2019-02-12. Retrieved 2019-02-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Chronicler-of-Iraqs-Jewish-history-murdered-in-Karbala-579630","url_text":"\"Chronicler of Iraq's Jewish history murdered in Karbala\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post","url_text":"The Jerusalem Post"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190212024842/https://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Chronicler-of-Iraqs-Jewish-history-murdered-in-Karbala-579630","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Aldroubi, Mina (2019-02-03). \"Iraqi poet shot dead in Karbala\". The National (Abu Dhabi). Archived from the original on 2019-02-04. Retrieved 2019-02-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thenational.ae/world/mena/iraqi-poet-shot-dead-in-karbala-1.821147","url_text":"\"Iraqi poet shot dead in Karbala\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_(Abu_Dhabi)","url_text":"The National (Abu Dhabi)"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190204231112/https://www.thenational.ae/world/mena/iraqi-poet-shot-dead-in-karbala-1.821147","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Iraqi Novelist Alaa Mashzoub Assassinated\". ArabLit. 2019-02-03. Retrieved 2019-03-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://arablit.org/2019/02/03/iraqi-novelist-alaa-mashzoub-assassinated/","url_text":"\"Iraqi Novelist Alaa Mashzoub Assassinated\""}]},{"reference":"JÓNSSON, ÖGMUNDUR (4 March 2019). \"Iraqis proud of Baghdad booksellers' district that survived war, repression – The Militant\". The Militant. Retrieved 2019-03-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://themilitant.com/2019/02/23/iraqis-proud-of-baghdad-booksellers-district-that-survived-war-repression/","url_text":"\"Iraqis proud of Baghdad booksellers' district that survived war, repression – The Militant\""}]},{"reference":"\"Baghdad Book Fair with slogan 'A Book for Multiple Life' with Iran's presence\". Islamic Republic News Agency. Retrieved 2019-03-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irna.ir/en/News/83208497/","url_text":"\"Baghdad Book Fair with slogan 'A Book for Multiple Life' with Iran's presence\""}]},{"reference":"Arwa Damon; Ghazi Balkiz; Muwafaq Mohammed; Brice Laine. \"Iraq defeated ISIS more than a year ago. Its revival is already underway\". CNN. Retrieved 2019-03-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/05/middleeast/iraq-isis-return-intl/index.html","url_text":"\"Iraq defeated ISIS more than a year ago. Its revival is already underway\""}]},{"reference":"\"During the Inauguration of the Baghdad International Book Fair, the President Emphasizes the Need to Confront Extremist Ideology and Isolate it\". Iraqi Presidency. 7 February 2019. Retrieved 2019-03-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://presidency.iq/EN/Details.aspx?id=1225","url_text":"\"During the Inauguration of the Baghdad International Book Fair, the President Emphasizes the Need to Confront Extremist Ideology and Isolate it\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Chronicler-of-Iraqs-Jewish-history-murdered-in-Karbala-579630","external_links_name":"\"Chronicler of Iraq's Jewish history murdered in Karbala\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190212024842/https://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Chronicler-of-Iraqs-Jewish-history-murdered-in-Karbala-579630","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.thenational.ae/world/mena/iraqi-poet-shot-dead-in-karbala-1.821147","external_links_name":"\"Iraqi poet shot dead in Karbala\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190204231112/https://www.thenational.ae/world/mena/iraqi-poet-shot-dead-in-karbala-1.821147","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://arablit.org/2019/02/03/iraqi-novelist-alaa-mashzoub-assassinated/","external_links_name":"\"Iraqi Novelist Alaa Mashzoub Assassinated\""},{"Link":"https://themilitant.com/2019/02/23/iraqis-proud-of-baghdad-booksellers-district-that-survived-war-repression/","external_links_name":"\"Iraqis proud of Baghdad booksellers' district that survived war, repression – The Militant\""},{"Link":"http://www.irna.ir/en/News/83208497/","external_links_name":"\"Baghdad Book Fair with slogan 'A Book for Multiple Life' with Iran's presence\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/05/middleeast/iraq-isis-return-intl/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Iraq defeated ISIS more than a year ago. Its revival is already underway\""},{"Link":"http://presidency.iq/EN/Details.aspx?id=1225","external_links_name":"\"During the Inauguration of the Baghdad International Book Fair, the President Emphasizes the Need to Confront Extremist Ideology and Isolate it\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/177144647703972637679","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqKggtk3WRjKH7QYF9JjC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1121610463","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007600142205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2015122640","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/228881641","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fazel_Mand | Fazel Mand | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 34°53′00″N 59°21′41″E / 34.88333°N 59.36139°E / 34.88333; 59.36139Village in Razavi Khorasan, IranFazel Mand
فاضل مندvillageFazel MandCoordinates: 34°53′00″N 59°21′41″E / 34.88333°N 59.36139°E / 34.88333; 59.36139Country IranProvinceRazavi KhorasanCountyRoshtkharBakhshJangalRural DistrictShabehPopulation (2006) • Total587Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT)
Fazel Mand (Persian: فاضل مند, also Romanized as Fāẕel Mand, Fāzel Mand, and Fazlmand; also known as Fāzeh Mand and Fazīmand) is a village in Shabeh Rural District, Jangal District, Roshtkhar County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 587, in 134 families.
References
^ Fazel Mand can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3062906" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.
vte Roshtkhar CountyCapital
Rashtkhvar
DistrictsCentralCities
Roshtkhar
Rural Districts and villagesAstaneh
Abbasabad-e Faramishan
Ahmadabad
Aliabad-e Daman
Amidi-ye Kohneh
Basfar
Dowlatabad
Kat
Kazemabad
Malekabad
Mohammadabad
Rivand
Sangan-e Bala Khvaf
Roshtkhar
Ab Niyeh-ye Sofla
Absabad
Akbarabad-e Now Deh
Aminabad
Andanjerd
Barakuh
Bazeh-ye Asheqan
Dar Riz-e Olya
Dastjerd
Eshratabad
Eslamabad
Fardaq
Fathabad
Hoseynabad-e Rashtkhvar
Jafarabad
Karimabad
Khodaabad
Mehdiabad
Nuq
Qaderabad
Qalandarabad
Ruhabad
Saadatabad
Sadeqabad
Sar Asiab
Zari Zi
JangalCities
Jangal
Rural Districts and villagesJangal
Ahangaran
Alinaqi-ye Olya
Alinaqi-ye Sofla
Band-e Ozbak
Chah-e Shur
Do Chahi
Do Chahi-ye Bala
Howz-e Karam
Jannatabad-e Jangal
Kowdeh
Shabeh
Abbasabad-e Jadid
Aminabad
Ebrahimabad
Fazel Mand
Feyzabad
Haqnabad
Moharramabad
Sadabad
Shabeh
Iran portal
This Roshtkhar County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Shabeh Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabeh_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Jangal District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jangal_District"},{"link_name":"Roshtkhar County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roshtkhar_County"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Village in Razavi Khorasan, IranFazel Mand (Persian: فاضل مند, also Romanized as Fāẕel Mand, Fāzel Mand, and Fazlmand; also known as Fāzeh Mand and Fazīmand)[1] is a village in Shabeh Rural District, Jangal District, Roshtkhar County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 587, in 134 families.[2]","title":"Fazel Mand"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/09.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Center_of_Iran","url_text":"Statistical Center of Iran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/09.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fazel_Mand¶ms=34_53_00_N_59_21_41_E_region:IR_type:city(587)","external_links_name":"34°53′00″N 59°21′41″E / 34.88333°N 59.36139°E / 34.88333; 59.36139"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fazel_Mand¶ms=34_53_00_N_59_21_41_E_region:IR_type:city(587)","external_links_name":"34°53′00″N 59°21′41″E / 34.88333°N 59.36139°E / 34.88333; 59.36139"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/","external_links_name":"this link"},{"Link":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/09.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/09.xls","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fazel_Mand&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawa_Dam | Tawa Reservoir | ["1 Power plant details","2 Technical details","3 Machinery and equipment","4 History","5 References"] | This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
The factual accuracy of parts of this article (those related to article) may be compromised due to out-of-date information. The reason given is: A lot of information is missing, including the dispute of the oustees, fishing rights etc. This page has to be improved as it forms a significant part of Indian History.. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (May 2022)
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Tawa ReservoirTawa ReservoirShow map of IndiaTawa ReservoirShow map of Madhya PradeshLocationItarsi , Narmadapuram District, Madhya PradeshCoordinates22°33′44″N 77°58′38″E / 22.56222°N 77.97722°E / 22.56222; 77.97722TypeArtificial, Created by the Government of Madya Pradesh, India (Tawa Dam)Catchment area5,982.9 km2 (2,310.0 sq mi)Basin countriesIndiaSurface area225 km2 (87 sq mi)Water volume1.944 km3 (1,576,000 acre⋅ft)
Dam in Narmadapuram District, Madhya PradeshTawa DamLocationTawanagar, Itarsi, Narmadapuram District, Madhya PradeshConstruction began1956Opening date1974Operator(s)Water Resources Department, Madhya PradeshDam and spillwaysImpoundsTawa RiverHeight57.91 m (190.0 ft)Length1,815 m (5,955 ft)Spillway capacity20,500 m3/s (720,000 cu ft/s)ReservoirCreatesTawa Reservoir
Tawa Reservoir is a reservoir on the Tawa River in central India. It is located in Itarsi of Narmadapuram District of Madhya Pradesh state, above Betul district. The reservoir was formed by the construction of the Tawa Dam, which began in 1958 and was completed in 1978. The dam provides for irrigation to several thousand hectares of farming land in Narmadapuram and Harda districts. It is also a big tourist attraction during the monsoon months. A cruise boat service has been started by the tourism department for visitors to the dam and reservoir.
Tawa Reservoir forms the western boundary of Satpura National Park and Bori Wildlife Sanctuary.
Power plant details
It is a small hydropower plant which was set up on the left bank to utilize the tailrace water for irrigation purpose.
It is a private sector hydro-electric generation power plant. The two units of 2 × 6.75 MW were set up by LNJ Bhilwara group. The generated power is supplied to HEG Plant Mandideep via MPPTCL Power Line.
The power production in this plant was started in 1998.
The construction of project was completed in record time of 22 months and at a cost of about 65 crore. The early and efficient completion of this dam was made possible by RSWI, Canada.
07572272803 seems to be (Not verified) the official Government landline for any queries related to the Tawa Dam.
For any criminal queries (not verified) regarding the Tawa Dam, contact the nearest police station at 07572272880 (not verified).
Technical details
It is a canal head project. Catchment area spreads over approximately 6000 km2.
Full reservoir level (FRL) is 335.397 cubic metres (11,844.4 cu ft). Head range 7 to 21 m and discharge varying from 25 to 54 Cumecs.
Two turbo generators 6.75 MW rated capacity (20% overload).
Machinery and equipment
Vertical shaft kaplan turbines and auxiliaries
11 kV semi umbrella synchronous generator and auxiliaries
33 kV vacuum circuit breakers.
1 MV 33 kV / 415 V auxiliary transformer
Fire protection system
110 DC with battery backup
History
The Tawa Dam had been built by the Madhya Pradesh government on the Tawa river in the 1970s to ensure enough water supply and hydropower to millions of people in the state. The dam was made under the leadership of late Shri Vinay Kumar Diwan. He was also known as Denva Ke Gandhi for his work for public welfare. He was a public representative in the region for almost two decades serving as MLA. But, while the Dam was being built, the oustees were not resettled properly. They were given only Rs. 75 - 150 for an acre of land and were resettled just on higher ground without the adequate supplies that were promised by the Indian Government.
Over the years, the oustees lost its fishing rights. The Government took over fishing rights indefinitely. Later, the private sector got hold of the rights and threatened to kill the villagers. They fished recklessly to maximise their profits, while also policing the reservoir with hired bodyguards. So, a self-help co-operative was formed by the oustees. It was called the Tawa Matsya Sangh. They later got fishing rights and sustainably regrew the fish population that was destroyed by corporate companies, along with making a bit of profit for the benefit of the members.
Ironically, the group had to pay Rs. 12 lakh to the Govt to fish on their own land each year. Later, in 2006, the Government snatched away the rights due to its growing commercial importance. Later, a Government reserve took over the rights to protect the fish.
Enraged, the oustees fought for their rights in the Supreme Court, citing that they grew the fish there and had been sustainably fishing there for about a decade. Eventually, they lost the case and now the Tawa Reserve is protected from poaching.
It is now currently a popular tourist destination during the monsoon months. A cruise boat service has been started by the tourism department for visitors to the dam and reservoir.
References
^ "MP dam oustees demand right to fish in 'troubled waters' - India Environment Portal | News, reports, documents, blogs, data, analysis on environment & development | India, South Asia".
^ "Tribals of Tawa reservoir left leader-less | India Water Portal".
^ "Fighting for its survival, fishery co-op moves SC | India News - Times of India". The Times of India. 4 May 2007.
vteNarmada basinRiversMain river
Narmada
Tributaries
Ajnal
Balai
Banjar
Barna
Biranjo
Borad
Burhner
Chandrakeshar
Chhota Tawa
Choral
Deb
Dudhi
Ganjal
Gaur
Goi
Hather
Hathni
Hiran
Jamner
Karam
Karjan
Kaveri (MP)
Kenar
Khari
Kharmer
Khurkia
Kolar (MP)
Kundi
Machak
Man
Orsang
Sanair (Saner)
Shakkar
Sher
Silgi
Sip
Sukhri
Tawa
Temur
Tendoni
Uri
Sub-tributaries
Abna
Baghni
Barurewa
Denwa
Machna
Morand
Sitarewa
Sukhi
Veda
Dams, barrages
Bargi Dam
Barna Dam
Bhadbhut barrage
Indirasagar Dam
Kolar Dam (Bhopal)
Narmada Canal
Narmada Valley Development Authority
Omkareshwar Dam
Sardar Sarovar Dam
Sukhi Dam
Tawa Reservoir
Geographicalfeatures/ regions
Bagh Caves
Bhimbetka rock shelters
Bori Reserve Forest
Bori Wildlife Sanctuary
Deccan Plateau
Dhuandhar Falls
Gulf of Khambhat
Kanha Tiger Reserve
Malwa
Mandla Plant Fossils National Park
Marble Rocks
Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve
Patalpani waterfall
Satpura National Park
Satpura Range
Riparian districtsMadhya Pradesh
Alirajpur
Anuppur
Balaghat
Barwani
Betul
Bhopal
Burhanpur
Chhindwara
Damoh
Dewas
Dhar
Dindori
Harda
Indore
Jabalpur
Jhabua
Katni
Khandwa
Khargone
Maihar
Mandla
Narmadapuram
Narsinghpur
Raisen
Sagar
Sehore
Seoni
Umaria
Maharashtra
Nandurbar
Gujarat
Narmada
Vadodara
Bharuch
Chhota Udaipur
Chhattisgarh
Bilaspur
Kabeerdham
Rajnandgaon
Cities
Ankleshwar
Betul
Bharuch
Jabalpur
Khandwa
Khargone
Maihar
Narmadapuram
Narsinghpur
Languages/ people
Indo-Aryan languages
Hindi
Bhili
Khandeshi
Marathi
Gujarati
Nimadi
Controversies
Narmada Bachao Andolan
Transport
NH 3
NH 7
NH 8
Bhopal–Nagpur section
Jabalpur–Bhusaval section
Other basins
Damodar
Godavari
Koshi
Mahanadi–Brahmani–Baitarani
Son | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoir"},{"link_name":"Tawa River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawa_River"},{"link_name":"Itarsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itarsi"},{"link_name":"Narmadapuram District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmadapuram_District"},{"link_name":"Madhya Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"irrigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation"},{"link_name":"Harda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harda"},{"link_name":"monsoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoon"},{"link_name":"Satpura National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satpura_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Bori Wildlife Sanctuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bori_Wildlife_Sanctuary"}],"text":"Dam in Narmadapuram District, Madhya PradeshTawa Reservoir is a reservoir on the Tawa River in central India. It is located in Itarsi of Narmadapuram District of Madhya Pradesh state, above Betul district. The reservoir was formed by the construction of the Tawa Dam, which began in 1958 and was completed in 1978. The dam provides for irrigation to several thousand hectares of farming land in Narmadapuram and Harda districts. It is also a big tourist attraction during the monsoon months. A cruise boat service has been started by the tourism department for visitors to the dam and reservoir.Tawa Reservoir forms the western boundary of Satpura National Park and Bori Wildlife Sanctuary.","title":"Tawa Reservoir"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"}],"text":"It is a small hydropower plant which was set up on the left bank to utilize the tailrace water for irrigation purpose.It is a private sector hydro-electric generation power plant. The two units of 2 × 6.75 MW were set up by LNJ Bhilwara group. The generated power is supplied to HEG Plant Mandideep via MPPTCL Power Line.The power production in this plant was started in 1998.The construction of project was completed in record time of 22 months and at a cost of about 65 crore. The early and efficient completion of this dam was made possible by RSWI, Canada.07572272803 [needs update] [citation needed] seems to be (Not verified) the official Government landline for any queries related to the Tawa Dam.\nFor any criminal queries (not verified) regarding the Tawa Dam, contact the nearest police station at 07572272880 (not verified). [citation needed] [needs update]","title":"Power plant details"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"It is a canal head project. Catchment area spreads over approximately 6000 km2.\nFull reservoir level (FRL) is 335.397 cubic metres (11,844.4 cu ft). Head range 7 to 21 m and discharge varying from 25 to 54 Cumecs.Two turbo generators 6.75 MW rated capacity (20% overload).","title":"Technical details"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"kaplan turbines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaplan_turbine"}],"text":"Vertical shaft kaplan turbines and auxiliaries\n11 kV semi umbrella synchronous generator and auxiliaries\n33 kV vacuum circuit breakers.\n1 MV 33 kV / 415 V auxiliary transformer\nFire protection system\n110 DC with battery backup","title":"Machinery and equipment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Tawa Dam had been built by the Madhya Pradesh government on the Tawa river in the 1970s to ensure enough water supply and hydropower to millions of people in the state. The dam was made under the leadership of late Shri Vinay Kumar Diwan. He was also known as Denva Ke Gandhi for his work for public welfare. He was a public representative in the region for almost two decades serving as MLA. But, while the Dam was being built, the oustees were not resettled properly. They were given only Rs. 75 - 150 for an acre of land and were resettled just on higher ground without the adequate supplies that were promised by the Indian Government.[1]Over the years, the oustees lost its fishing rights. The Government took over fishing rights indefinitely. Later, the private sector got hold of the rights and threatened to kill the villagers. They fished recklessly to maximise their profits, while also policing the reservoir with hired bodyguards. So, a self-help co-operative was formed by the oustees. It was called the Tawa Matsya Sangh.[2] They later got fishing rights and sustainably regrew the fish population that was destroyed by corporate companies, along with making a bit of profit for the benefit of the members.Ironically, the group had to pay Rs. 12 lakh to the Govt to fish on their own land each year. Later, in 2006, the Government snatched away the rights due to its growing commercial importance. Later, a Government reserve took over the rights to protect the fish.Enraged, the oustees fought for their rights in the Supreme Court, citing that they grew the fish there and had been sustainably fishing there for about a decade. Eventually, they lost the case and now the Tawa Reserve is protected from poaching.[3]It is now currently a popular tourist destination during the monsoon months. A cruise boat service has been started by the tourism department for visitors to the dam and reservoir.","title":"History"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"MP dam oustees demand right to fish in 'troubled waters' - India Environment Portal | News, reports, documents, blogs, data, analysis on environment & development | India, South Asia\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/130632/mp-dam-oustees-demand-right-to-fish-in-troubled-waters/","url_text":"\"MP dam oustees demand right to fish in 'troubled waters' - India Environment Portal | News, reports, documents, blogs, data, analysis on environment & development | India, South Asia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tribals of Tawa reservoir left leader-less | India Water Portal\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiawaterportal.org/articles/tawa-matsya-sangh-loses-its-leader","url_text":"\"Tribals of Tawa reservoir left leader-less | India Water Portal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fighting for its survival, fishery co-op moves SC | India News - Times of India\". The Times of India. 4 May 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/fighting-for-its-survival-fishery-co-op-moves-sc/articleshow/1999864.cms","url_text":"\"Fighting for its survival, fishery co-op moves SC | India News - Times of India\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Tawa+Reservoir%22","external_links_name":"\"Tawa Reservoir\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Tawa+Reservoir%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Tawa+Reservoir%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Tawa+Reservoir%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Tawa+Reservoir%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Tawa+Reservoir%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tawa_Reservoir¶ms=22_33_44_N_77_58_38_E_region:IN_type:waterbody_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"22°33′44″N 77°58′38″E / 22.56222°N 77.97722°E / 22.56222; 77.97722"},{"Link":"http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/130632/mp-dam-oustees-demand-right-to-fish-in-troubled-waters/","external_links_name":"\"MP dam oustees demand right to fish in 'troubled waters' - India Environment Portal | News, reports, documents, blogs, data, analysis on environment & development | India, South Asia\""},{"Link":"https://www.indiawaterportal.org/articles/tawa-matsya-sangh-loses-its-leader","external_links_name":"\"Tribals of Tawa reservoir left leader-less | India Water Portal\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/fighting-for-its-survival-fishery-co-op-moves-sc/articleshow/1999864.cms","external_links_name":"\"Fighting for its survival, fishery co-op moves SC | India News - Times of India\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Mocktail | Love Mocktail | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Soundtrack","4 Release","4.1 Home media","5 Remake","6 Awards and nominations","7 References","8 External links"] | 2020 film directed by Krishna
Love MocktailPromotional posterDirected byDarling KrishnaWritten byDarling KrishnaProduced byDarling KrishnaMilana NagarajStarringDarling KrishnaMilana NagarajAmrutha IyengarCinematographySri Crazy MindzEdited bySri Crazy MindzMusic byRaghu DixitProductioncompanyKrishna TalkiesDistributed byMysore TalkiesRelease date
31 January 2020 (2020-01-31)
Running time147 minutesCountryIndiaLanguageKannada
Love Mocktail is a 2020 Indian Kannada-language romantic drama film directed and written by Darling Krishna in his directorial debut. The film was released on 31 January 2020. The film was produced by Krishna and Milana Nagaraj, who also star in the film alongside Amrutha Iyengar. The plot follows the story of Adhi on his quest to find true love.
The film released on 31 January 2020 and received positive reviews. It became one of the most successful film of 2020. Love Mocktail was remade in Telugu titled Gurthunda Seethakalam, released in December 2022. A sequel titled Love Mocktail 2 released in 2022.
Plot
Adi (Darling Krishna), a software engineer, rescues Aditi (Rachana Indar) from goons. He then agrees to drop her home as he is too going to her hometown Udupi. During the journey Aditi asks Adi about his romantic history. He responds by telling her about his past, from the high school to present.
The film flashes back to Adi's high school years, where he had a crush on a girl from his tuition, Reema (Vibha Kallianpur). His friend approaches her, but she rejects Adi, as her parents had a failed marriage. When he moved on to the engineering college, he met Joshita "Jo" (Amrutha Iyengar). She is from a well-to-do family, and even though she truly loved Adi, she had doubts about his financial ability to provide her with the lifestyle she desired. Determined to quell her doubts, Adi joins an IT company after completing school. Despite this, Jo breaks up with him due to parental pressure and his low income.
Meanwhile Adi meets Nidhima "Nidhi" (Milana Nagaraj), a fellow software employee and a down-to-earth woman, at his workplace. After Adi is left heartbroken by Jo, his friends Vijay and Sushma set him up with Nidhi. Adi and Nidhi formed a happy couple, and Nidhi's warm nature and love changed Adi. After Jo tries to be back with Adi on her birthday, Adi realise his love for Nidhi. Adi and Nidhi get married and lead a happy, peaceful life. They also becomes pregnant. Unfortunately, Nidhi suffers a miscarriage and loses her baby, ultimately being diagnosed with ovarian cancer. Nidhi eventually succumbs to the cancer, despite Adi's hopes that she will survive, leaving him devastated.
In the present time, Adi shows Nidhi's grave to Aditi, and the film ends with Adi driving Aditi home.
Cast
Darling Krishna as Aditya "Adi", Nidhi's husband
Dhanush Pranav as teenage Adi
Milana Nagaraj as Nidhima "Nidhi", Adi's wife
Amrutha Iyengar as Joshitha "Jo", Adi's former girlfriend
Abhilash as Vijay, Sushma's husband
Kushi Achar as Sushma, Vijay's wife
Rachana Inder as Aditi
Geetha Bharathi as Reema, Adi's teenage crush
Vibha Kallianpur as teenage Reema
Ramakrishna Ganesh as Interviewer
Vijeth Suvarna as Interviewer
Hitesh Shah as Doctor
Soundtrack
Love MocktailSoundtrack album by Raghu DixitReleased16 January 2020Recorded2019StudioRaghu Dixit StudioGenreFeature film soundtrackLength22:20LabelRaghu Dixit MusicRaghu Dixit chronology
Ninna Sanihake(2019)
Love Mocktail(2020)
External audio Official Audio Jukebox on YouTube
The soundtrack was composed by Raghu Dixit, with lyrics by Raghavendra V Kamath and Arun Kumar.
Track listNo.TitleLyricsSinger(s)Length1."Oh! Oh! Love Aagoithalla"Arun KumarRaghu Dixit4:272."Love you Chinna"Raghavendra V KamathShruthi VS and Nakul Abhyankar4:243."Janumagale Kaayuve"Raghavendra V KamathNakul Abhyankar3:504."Kanna Haniyondhu"Raghavendra V KamathRaghu Dixit5:275."Modala Prema"Arun KumarAshwin Sharma3:506."Neene Yendigu"Raghavendra V KamathNihal Tauro3:32Total length:22.20
Release
The film was released on 31 January 2020, in Karnataka and other screens in India.
Home media
The film was made available for streaming over Amazon Prime on 8 March 2020. Love Mocktail premiered on television on 29 March, on Star Suvarna.
Remake
The movie is being remade in Telugu starring Tamannaah and Satyadev Kancharana in the lead roles. The production will be led by Kannada director Nagashekar, who will also be co-producing the film with Bhavani Ravi. The film will be titled Gurthunda Seethakalam.
Awards and nominations
Award
Category
Recipient
Result
Ref.
2nd Chandanavana Film Critics Academy Awards
Best Film
Krishna Milana Nagaraj
Nominated
Best Director
Krishna
Nominated
Best Screenplay
Nominated
Best Dialogue Writer
KrishnaMilana Nagaraj
Nominated
Best Actor
Krishna
Nominated
Best Actress
Milana
Nominated
Best Supporting Actress
Khushi Acharya
Nominated
Amrutha Iyengar
Nominated
Best Child Actor
Dhanush Pranav
Nominated
Best Music Director
Raghu Dixit
Won
Best Lyrics
Raghavendra Kamath (Love you Chinna)
Nominated
Best Male Singer
Nakul Abhyankar (Love you Chinna)
Nominated
Best Female Singer
Shruthi VS (Love You Chinna)
Nominated
Best Cinematography
Sri Crazy mindz
Nominated
Best Editor
Sri Crazy mindz
Nominated
9th South Indian International Movie Awards
Best Film
Krishna Milana Nagaraj
Won
Best Director
Krishna
Nominated
Best Cinematographer
Sri Crazy Mindz
Nominated
Best Actor
Krishna
Nominated
Best Actress
Milana Nagaraj
Won
Best Supporting Actress
Amrutha Iyengar
Won
Best Music Director - Kannada
Raghu Dixit
Nominated
Best Lyricist
Nakul Abhyankar
Nominated
Best Female Playback Singer
Shruthi VS
Nominated
67th Filmfare Awards South
Best Director
Darling Krishna
Nominated
Best Actor
Nominated
Best Actress
Milana Nagaraj
Nominated
Critics Best Actress
Won
Best Supporting Actress
Amrutha Iyengar
Nominated
Best Music Director
Raghu Dixit
Nominated
Best Female Playback Singer
Shruthi VS- "Love you Chinna"
Nominated
References
^ "Love Mocktail Movie Review: Watch it if you're a fan of romance or nostalgia". times of india. 31 January 2020.
^ "'KRISHNA AND MILANA NAGARAJ'S LOVE MOCKTAIL IS A ROMANTIC DRAMA'". 31 January 2020.
^ "I was inspired by the Tamil film '96' to make 'Love Mocktail': Director Krishna". the new indian express.
^ "Love Mocktail Telugu remake titled Gurthunda Seethakalam". Cinema Express.
^ "'Love Mocktail 2 is best experienced as an individual film'". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
^ "Love Mocktail". binged. 12 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
^ "Love Mocktail world television premiere on Sunday 7pm". Times Of India. 25 March 2020. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
^ "Satyadev, Tamannaah in 'Love Mocktail' Telugu remake". The Hindu. 14 July 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
^ "Tamannaah pairs up with Satya Dev". Telugu Cinema. 14 July 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
^ "Love Mocktail Telugu remake titled Gurthunda Seethakalam". Cinema Express. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
^ "Chandanavana Film Critics Academy Awards: Love Mocktail, Dia, Gentleman Dominate Nomination List". ibtimes. 13 February 2021. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
^ "Winners: Chandanavana Film Critics Academy 2020: Dia, Popcorn Monkey Tiger, Gentleman Walk Away with Maximum Honours". ibtimes. 23 February 2021.
^ "CFCA Awards 2021 – Dhananjaya and Kushee win Best Actors award in lead role". cinimirror. 22 February 2021.
^ "SIIMA 2021: Mahesh Babu and Rashmika Mandanna win big for Maharshi and Dear Comrade, check out full winners list". The Indian Express. 19 September 2021. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
^ "67th Parle Filmfare Awards South 2022 with Kamar Film Factory". Filmfare. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
External links
Love Mocktail at IMDb | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kannada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada"},{"link_name":"romantic drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_drama_film"},{"link_name":"Darling Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_(Kannada_actor)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Milana Nagaraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milana_Nagaraj"},{"link_name":"Amrutha Iyengar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amrutha_Iyengar"},{"link_name":"Gurthunda Seethakalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurthunda_Seethakalam"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Love Mocktail 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Mocktail_2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Love Mocktail is a 2020 Indian Kannada-language romantic drama film directed and written by Darling Krishna in his directorial debut. The film was released on 31 January 2020.[2][3] The film was produced by Krishna and Milana Nagaraj, who also star in the film alongside Amrutha Iyengar. The plot follows the story of Adhi on his quest to find true love.The film released on 31 January 2020 and received positive reviews. It became one of the most successful film of 2020. Love Mocktail was remade in Telugu titled Gurthunda Seethakalam, released in December 2022.[4] A sequel titled Love Mocktail 2 released in 2022.[5]","title":"Love Mocktail"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Darling Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_(Kannada_actor)"},{"link_name":"software engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_engineer"},{"link_name":"Udupi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udupi"},{"link_name":"Amrutha Iyengar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amrutha_Iyengar"},{"link_name":"IT company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IT_company"},{"link_name":"Milana Nagaraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milana_Nagaraj"},{"link_name":"ovarian cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovarian_cancer"}],"text":"Adi (Darling Krishna), a software engineer, rescues Aditi (Rachana Indar) from goons. He then agrees to drop her home as he is too going to her hometown Udupi. During the journey Aditi asks Adi about his romantic history. He responds by telling her about his past, from the high school to present.The film flashes back to Adi's high school years, where he had a crush on a girl from his tuition, Reema (Vibha Kallianpur). His friend approaches her, but she rejects Adi, as her parents had a failed marriage. When he moved on to the engineering college, he met Joshita \"Jo\" (Amrutha Iyengar). She is from a well-to-do family, and even though she truly loved Adi, she had doubts about his financial ability to provide her with the lifestyle she desired. Determined to quell her doubts, Adi joins an IT company after completing school. Despite this, Jo breaks up with him due to parental pressure and his low income.Meanwhile Adi meets Nidhima \"Nidhi\" (Milana Nagaraj), a fellow software employee and a down-to-earth woman, at his workplace. After Adi is left heartbroken by Jo, his friends Vijay and Sushma set him up with Nidhi. Adi and Nidhi formed a happy couple, and Nidhi's warm nature and love changed Adi. After Jo tries to be back with Adi on her birthday, Adi realise his love for Nidhi. Adi and Nidhi get married and lead a happy, peaceful life. They also becomes pregnant. Unfortunately, Nidhi suffers a miscarriage and loses her baby, ultimately being diagnosed with ovarian cancer. Nidhi eventually succumbs to the cancer, despite Adi's hopes that she will survive, leaving him devastated.In the present time, Adi shows Nidhi's grave to Aditi, and the film ends with Adi driving Aditi home.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Darling Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_(Kannada_actor)"},{"link_name":"Milana Nagaraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milana_Nagaraj"},{"link_name":"Amrutha Iyengar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amrutha_Iyengar"},{"link_name":"Rachana Inder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachana_Inder"}],"text":"Darling Krishna as Aditya \"Adi\", Nidhi's husband\nDhanush Pranav as teenage Adi\nMilana Nagaraj as Nidhima \"Nidhi\", Adi's wife\nAmrutha Iyengar as Joshitha \"Jo\", Adi's former girlfriend\nAbhilash as Vijay, Sushma's husband\nKushi Achar as Sushma, Vijay's wife\nRachana Inder as Aditi\nGeetha Bharathi as Reema, Adi's teenage crush\nVibha Kallianpur as teenage Reema\nRamakrishna Ganesh as Interviewer\nVijeth Suvarna as Interviewer\nHitesh Shah as Doctor","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Raghu Dixit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghu_Dixit"},{"link_name":"Nakul Abhyankar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakul_Abhyankar"},{"link_name":"Raghu Dixit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghu_Dixit"}],"text":"The soundtrack was composed by Raghu Dixit, with lyrics by Raghavendra V Kamath and Arun Kumar.Track listNo.TitleLyricsSinger(s)Length1.\"Oh! Oh! Love Aagoithalla\"Arun KumarRaghu Dixit4:272.\"Love you Chinna\"Raghavendra V KamathShruthi VS and Nakul Abhyankar4:243.\"Janumagale Kaayuve\"Raghavendra V KamathNakul Abhyankar3:504.\"Kanna Haniyondhu\"Raghavendra V KamathRaghu Dixit5:275.\"Modala Prema\"Arun KumarAshwin Sharma3:506.\"Neene Yendigu\"Raghavendra V KamathNihal Tauro3:32Total length:22.20","title":"Soundtrack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka"}],"text":"The film was released on 31 January 2020, in Karnataka and other screens in India.","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amazon Prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Prime_Video"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Star Suvarna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Suvarna"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Home media","text":"The film was made available for streaming over Amazon Prime on 8 March 2020.[6] Love Mocktail premiered on television on 29 March, on Star Suvarna.[7]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tamannaah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamannaah"},{"link_name":"Satyadev Kancharana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyadev_Kancharana"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Gurthunda Seethakalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurthunda_Seethakalam"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The movie is being remade in Telugu starring Tamannaah and Satyadev Kancharana in the lead roles. The production will be led by Kannada director Nagashekar, who will also be co-producing the film with Bhavani Ravi.[8][9] The film will be titled Gurthunda Seethakalam.[10]","title":"Remake"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Love Mocktail Movie Review: Watch it if you're a fan of romance or nostalgia\". times of india. 31 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/love-mocktail/movie-review/73799200.cms","url_text":"\"Love Mocktail Movie Review: Watch it if you're a fan of romance or nostalgia\""}]},{"reference":"\"'KRISHNA AND MILANA NAGARAJ'S LOVE MOCKTAIL IS A ROMANTIC DRAMA'\". 31 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/love-mocktail-is-a-romantic-drama/articleshow/73780812.cms","url_text":"\"'KRISHNA AND MILANA NAGARAJ'S LOVE MOCKTAIL IS A ROMANTIC DRAMA'\""}]},{"reference":"\"I was inspired by the Tamil film '96' to make 'Love Mocktail': Director Krishna\". the new indian express.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/jan/30/i-was-inspired-by-the-tamil-film-96-to-make-love-mocktail-director-krishna-2096341.html","url_text":"\"I was inspired by the Tamil film '96' to make 'Love Mocktail': Director Krishna\""}]},{"reference":"\"Love Mocktail Telugu remake titled Gurthunda Seethakalam\". Cinema Express.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/aug/24/love-mocktail-remake-titled-gurthunda-seethakalam-19932.html","url_text":"\"Love Mocktail Telugu remake titled Gurthunda Seethakalam\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_Express","url_text":"Cinema Express"}]},{"reference":"\"'Love Mocktail 2 is best experienced as an individual film'\". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 10 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/feb/10/love-mocktail-2is-best-experienced-as-an-individual-film-2417474.html","url_text":"\"'Love Mocktail 2 is best experienced as an individual film'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Love Mocktail\". binged. 12 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.binged.com/streaming-premiere-dates/love-mocktail-kannada-movie-is-streaming-on-amazon-prime-release-date-12th-march/","url_text":"\"Love Mocktail\""}]},{"reference":"\"Love Mocktail world television premiere on Sunday 7pm\". Times Of India. 25 March 2020. Retrieved 5 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/love-mocktail-to-be-premiered-on-sunday-7pm/articleshow/74793432.cms","url_text":"\"Love Mocktail world television premiere on Sunday 7pm\""}]},{"reference":"\"Satyadev, Tamannaah in 'Love Mocktail' Telugu remake\". The Hindu. 14 July 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/satyadev-tamannaah-in-love-mocktail-telugu-remake/article32076567.ece","url_text":"\"Satyadev, Tamannaah in 'Love Mocktail' Telugu remake\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tamannaah pairs up with Satya Dev\". Telugu Cinema. 14 July 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telugucinema.com/news/tamannaah-pairs-satya-dev","url_text":"\"Tamannaah pairs up with Satya Dev\""}]},{"reference":"\"Love Mocktail Telugu remake titled Gurthunda Seethakalam\". Cinema Express. Retrieved 4 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/aug/24/love-mocktail-remake-titled-gurthunda-seethakalam-19932.html","url_text":"\"Love Mocktail Telugu remake titled Gurthunda Seethakalam\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_Express","url_text":"Cinema Express"}]},{"reference":"\"Chandanavana Film Critics Academy Awards: Love Mocktail, Dia, Gentleman Dominate Nomination List\". ibtimes. 13 February 2021. Retrieved 12 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ibtimes.co.in/chandanavana-film-critics-academy-awards-love-mocktail-dia-gentleman-dominate-nomination-list-833168","url_text":"\"Chandanavana Film Critics Academy Awards: Love Mocktail, Dia, Gentleman Dominate Nomination List\""}]},{"reference":"\"Winners: Chandanavana Film Critics Academy 2020: Dia, Popcorn Monkey Tiger, Gentleman Walk Away with Maximum Honours\". ibtimes. 23 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ibtimes.co.in/chandanavana-film-critics-academy-2020-dia-popcorn-monkey-tiger-gentleman-walk-away-maximum-833452","url_text":"\"Winners: Chandanavana Film Critics Academy 2020: Dia, Popcorn Monkey Tiger, Gentleman Walk Away with Maximum Honours\""}]},{"reference":"\"CFCA Awards 2021 – Dhananjaya and Kushee win Best Actors award in lead role\". cinimirror. 22 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://cinimirror.com/cfca-awards-2021-dhananjaya-and-kushee-win-best-actors-award-in-lead-role","url_text":"\"CFCA Awards 2021 – Dhananjaya and Kushee win Best Actors award in lead role\""}]},{"reference":"\"SIIMA 2021: Mahesh Babu and Rashmika Mandanna win big for Maharshi and Dear Comrade, check out full winners list\". The Indian Express. 19 September 2021. Retrieved 19 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/siima-2020-mahesh-babu-and-rashmika-mandanna-win-big-for-maharshi-and-dear-comrade-full-winners-list-7518519/","url_text":"\"SIIMA 2021: Mahesh Babu and Rashmika Mandanna win big for Maharshi and Dear Comrade, check out full winners list\""}]},{"reference":"\"67th Parle Filmfare Awards South 2022 with Kamar Film Factory\". Filmfare. Retrieved 18 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2022/kannada/nominations","url_text":"\"67th Parle Filmfare Awards South 2022 with Kamar Film Factory\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare","url_text":"Filmfare"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_cFr7XWUK-c","external_links_name":"Official Audio Jukebox"},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/love-mocktail/movie-review/73799200.cms","external_links_name":"\"Love Mocktail Movie Review: Watch it if you're a fan of romance or nostalgia\""},{"Link":"https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/love-mocktail-is-a-romantic-drama/articleshow/73780812.cms","external_links_name":"\"'KRISHNA AND MILANA NAGARAJ'S LOVE MOCKTAIL IS A ROMANTIC DRAMA'\""},{"Link":"https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/jan/30/i-was-inspired-by-the-tamil-film-96-to-make-love-mocktail-director-krishna-2096341.html","external_links_name":"\"I was inspired by the Tamil film '96' to make 'Love Mocktail': Director Krishna\""},{"Link":"https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/aug/24/love-mocktail-remake-titled-gurthunda-seethakalam-19932.html","external_links_name":"\"Love Mocktail Telugu remake titled Gurthunda Seethakalam\""},{"Link":"https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/feb/10/love-mocktail-2is-best-experienced-as-an-individual-film-2417474.html","external_links_name":"\"'Love Mocktail 2 is best experienced as an individual film'\""},{"Link":"https://www.binged.com/streaming-premiere-dates/love-mocktail-kannada-movie-is-streaming-on-amazon-prime-release-date-12th-march/","external_links_name":"\"Love Mocktail\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/love-mocktail-to-be-premiered-on-sunday-7pm/articleshow/74793432.cms","external_links_name":"\"Love Mocktail world television premiere on Sunday 7pm\""},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/satyadev-tamannaah-in-love-mocktail-telugu-remake/article32076567.ece","external_links_name":"\"Satyadev, Tamannaah in 'Love Mocktail' Telugu remake\""},{"Link":"https://www.telugucinema.com/news/tamannaah-pairs-satya-dev","external_links_name":"\"Tamannaah pairs up with Satya Dev\""},{"Link":"https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/aug/24/love-mocktail-remake-titled-gurthunda-seethakalam-19932.html","external_links_name":"\"Love Mocktail Telugu remake titled Gurthunda Seethakalam\""},{"Link":"https://www.ibtimes.co.in/chandanavana-film-critics-academy-awards-love-mocktail-dia-gentleman-dominate-nomination-list-833168","external_links_name":"\"Chandanavana Film Critics Academy Awards: Love Mocktail, Dia, Gentleman Dominate Nomination List\""},{"Link":"https://www.ibtimes.co.in/chandanavana-film-critics-academy-2020-dia-popcorn-monkey-tiger-gentleman-walk-away-maximum-833452","external_links_name":"\"Winners: Chandanavana Film Critics Academy 2020: Dia, Popcorn Monkey Tiger, Gentleman Walk Away with Maximum Honours\""},{"Link":"http://cinimirror.com/cfca-awards-2021-dhananjaya-and-kushee-win-best-actors-award-in-lead-role","external_links_name":"\"CFCA Awards 2021 – Dhananjaya and Kushee win Best Actors award in lead role\""},{"Link":"https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/siima-2020-mahesh-babu-and-rashmika-mandanna-win-big-for-maharshi-and-dear-comrade-full-winners-list-7518519/","external_links_name":"\"SIIMA 2021: Mahesh Babu and Rashmika Mandanna win big for Maharshi and Dear Comrade, check out full winners list\""},{"Link":"https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2022/kannada/nominations","external_links_name":"\"67th Parle Filmfare Awards South 2022 with Kamar Film Factory\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt10919132/","external_links_name":"Love Mocktail"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_thornbill | Grey thornbill | ["1 References"] | Species of bird
Grey thornbill
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Aves
Order:
Passeriformes
Family:
Acanthizidae
Genus:
Acanthiza
Species:
A. cinerea
Binomial name
Acanthiza cinerea(Salvadori, 1876)
Synonyms
Gerygone cinerea Salvadori, 1876
The grey thornbill, ashy gerygone or mountain gerygone (Acanthiza cinerea) is a species of bird in the family Acanthizidae. It is found in the New Guinea Highlands. Its habitat includes subtropical and tropical moist montane forests.
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Acanthiza cinerea.
^ BirdLife International (2017). "Acanthiza cinerea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22704665A118670096. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22704665A118670096.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
Taxon identifiersAcanthiza cinerea
Wikidata: Q27075277
Wikispecies: Acanthiza cinerea
ADW: Gerygone_cinerea
Avibase: BCF9128E7F03E4FA
BirdLife: 22704665
BOW: mouger1
eBird: mouger1
GBIF: 7525221
iNaturalist: 544593
IUCN: 22704665
NCBI: 2489339
Observation.org: 75120
Open Tree of Life: 6153071
Xeno-canto: Acanthiza-cinerea
Gerygone cinerea
Wikidata: Q1302461
GBIF: 2486562
iNaturalist: 13498
IRMNG: 10854786
ITIS: 560253
NCBI: 1158111
Open Tree of Life: 677553
This Acanthizidae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"link_name":"Acanthizidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthizidae"},{"link_name":"New Guinea Highlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea_Highlands"},{"link_name":"habitat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat"},{"link_name":"subtropical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropical"},{"link_name":"tropical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical"},{"link_name":"montane forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montane_forest"}],"text":"The grey thornbill, ashy gerygone or mountain gerygone (Acanthiza cinerea) is a species of bird in the family Acanthizidae. It is found in the New Guinea Highlands. Its habitat includes subtropical and tropical moist montane forests.","title":"Grey thornbill"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"BirdLife International (2017). \"Acanthiza cinerea\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22704665A118670096. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22704665A118670096.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22704665/118670096","url_text":"\"Acanthiza cinerea\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22704665A118670096.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22704665A118670096.en"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22704665/118670096","external_links_name":"\"Acanthiza cinerea\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22704665A118670096.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22704665A118670096.en"},{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Gerygone_cinerea/","external_links_name":"Gerygone_cinerea"},{"Link":"https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=BCF9128E7F03E4FA","external_links_name":"BCF9128E7F03E4FA"},{"Link":"https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22704665","external_links_name":"22704665"},{"Link":"https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/mouger1","external_links_name":"mouger1"},{"Link":"https://ebird.org/species/mouger1","external_links_name":"mouger1"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/7525221","external_links_name":"7525221"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/544593","external_links_name":"544593"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/22704665","external_links_name":"22704665"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=2489339","external_links_name":"2489339"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/75120/","external_links_name":"75120"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=6153071","external_links_name":"6153071"},{"Link":"https://xeno-canto.org/species/Acanthiza-cinerea","external_links_name":"Acanthiza-cinerea"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2486562","external_links_name":"2486562"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/13498","external_links_name":"13498"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10854786","external_links_name":"10854786"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=560253","external_links_name":"560253"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1158111","external_links_name":"1158111"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=677553","external_links_name":"677553"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grey_thornbill&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joura_(Vidhan_Sabha_constituency) | Joura Assembly constituency | ["1 Members of the Legislative Assembly","2 Election results","2.1 2018","3 See also","4 References"] | Coordinates: 26°20′N 77°49′E / 26.34°N 77.81°E / 26.34; 77.81Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India
JouraConstituency No. JOURA 04 for the Madhya Pradesh Legislative AssemblyConstituency detailsCountryIndiaRegionCentral IndiaStateMadhya PradeshDivisionChambal DivisionDistrictMorenaLS constituencyMorenaEstablished1951ReservationNoneMember of Legislative Assembly16th Madhya Pradesh Legislative AssemblyIncumbent Pankaj Upadhyay PartyIndian National Congress
Joura Assembly constituency is one of the 230 Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of Madhya Pradesh state in central India. This constituency came into existence in 1951, as one of the 79 Vidhan Sabha constituencies of the erstwhile Madhya Bharat state.
Joura (constituency number 4) is one of the six Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in Morena district. This constituency covers parts of Joura and Kailaras.
Members of the Legislative Assembly
As a constituency of Madhya Bharat:
1951: Ram Chandra Mishra, Indian National Congress
As a constituency of Madhya Pradesh:
1998: Soneram Kushwah, Bahujan Samaj Party
2003: Ummed Singh Bana, Indian National Congress
2008: maniram Kushwaha, Bahujan Samaj Party
2013: Subedar Singh Rajodha, Bharatiya Janata Party
2018: Banwari Lal Sharma, Indian National Congress
Election
Name
Party
2020 byelection
Subedar Singh Rajodha
Bharatiya Janata Party
2023
Pankaj Upadhyay
Indian National Congress
Election results
2018
2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election: Joura
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
INC
Banwari Lal Sharma
NOTA
None of the Above
Majority
Turnout
INC gain from
Swing
See also
Joura
References
^ "District/Assembly List". Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website. Archived from the original on 1 December 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2011.
^ "Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Bharat" (PDF). Election Commission of India website. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2011-01-31.
^ a b "Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha General Elections - 2008 (in Hindi)" (PDF). Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website. Retrieved 10 February 2011.
^ The Times of India (4 December 2023). "Madhya Pradesh Assembly Elections Results 2023: Check full and final list of winners here". Archived from the original on 13 December 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
^ Hindustan Times (3 December 2023). "Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2023: Full list of the winners constituency wise and seat wise". Archived from the original on 13 December 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
^ "Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh". Election Commission of India. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
vteLegislative Assembly constituencies of Madhya PradeshCurrentconstituencies
A
Agar
Alirajpur
Alot
Amarpatan
Amarwara
Ambah
Amla
Anuppur
Ashok Nagar
Ashta
Ater
B
Badnagar
Badnawar
Badwaha
Bagli
Bahoriband
Baihar
Balaghat
Bamori
Banda
Bandhavgarh
Barghat
Bargi
Barwani
Barwara
Basoda
Beohari
Berasia
Betul
Bhagwanpura
Bhainsdehi
Bhander
Bhikangaon
Bhind
Bhitarwar
Bhojpur
Bhopal Dakshin-Paschim
Bhopal Madhya
Bhopal Uttar
Biaora
Bichhiya
Bijawar
Bina
Budhni
Burhanpur
C
Chachoura
Chanderi
Chandla
Chhatarpur
Chhindwara
Chitrakoot
Chitrangi
Chourai
Churhat
D
Dabra
Damoh
Datia
Deori
Deotalab
Depalpur
Devsar
Dewas
Dhar
Dharampuri
Dhauhani
Dimani
Dindori
Dr. Ambedkar Nagar-Mhow
G
Gadarwara
Gandhwani
Garoth
Ghatiya
Ghoradongri
Gohad
Gotegaon
Govindpura
Guna
Gunnaor
Gurh
Gwalior
Gwalior East
Gwalior Rural
Gwalior South
H
Harda
Harsud
Hatpipliya
Hatta
Huzur
I
Ichhawar
Indore-1
Indore-2
Indore-3
Indore-4
Indore-5
J
Jabalpur Cantonment
Jabalpur West
Jabalpur East
Jabalpur North
Jabera
Jaisingnagar
Jaitpur
Jaora
Jatara
Jawad
Jhabua
Jobat
Joura
Junnardeo
K
Kalapipal
Karera
Kasrawad
Katangi
Keolari
Khandwa
Khargapur
Khargone
Khategaon
Khilchipur
Khurai
Kolaras
Kotma
Kukshi
Kurwai
L
Lahar
Lakhnadon
Lanji
M
Maharajpur
Maheshwar
Mahidpur
Maihar
Malhara
Malhargarh
Manasa
Manawar
Mandhata
Mandla
Mandsaur
Mangawan
Manpur
Mauganj
Mehgaon
Morena
Multai
Mungaoli
Murwara
N
Nagda-Khachrod
Nagod
Narela
Narsinghgarh
Narmadapuram
Narsingpur
Naryoli
Neemuch
Nepanagar
Niwari
Niwas
P
Panagar
Pandhana
Pandhurna
Panna
Pansemal
Parasia
Paraswada
Patan
Pathariya
Pawai
Petlawad
Pichhore
Pipariya
Pohari
Prithvipur
Pushprajgarh
R
Raghogarh
Raigaon
Rajgarh
Rajnagar
Rajpur
Rampur-Baghelan
Ratlam City
Ratlam Rural
Rau
Rehli
Rewa
S
Sabalgarh
Sagar
Sailana
Sanchi
Sanwer
Sarangpur
Sardarpur
Satna
Saunsar
Sehore
Semariya
Sendhawa
Seoni
Seoni-Malwa
Sewda
Shahpura
Shajapur
Shamshabad
Sheopur
Shivpuri
Shujalpur
Sidhi
Sihawal
Sihora
Silwani
Singrauli
Sirmour
Sironj
Sohagpur
Sonkatch
Sumawali
Surkhi
Susner
Suwasra
T
Tarana
Tendukheda
Teonthar
Thandla
Tikamgarh
Timarni
U
Udaipura
Ujjain North
Ujjain South
V
Vidisha
Vijaypur
Vijayraghavgarh
W
Waraseoni
Formerconstituencies
Kirnapur
Laundi
Morar
Nohata
Related topics
List of constituencies of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly
Elections in Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly
26°20′N 77°49′E / 26.34°N 77.81°E / 26.34; 77.81 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vidhan Sabha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh_Vidhan_Sabha"},{"link_name":"Madhya Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eci1-1"},{"link_name":"Madhya Bharat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Bharat"},{"link_name":"Morena district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morena_district"}],"text":"Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in IndiaJoura Assembly constituency is one of the 230 Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of Madhya Pradesh state in central India.[1] This constituency came into existence in 1951, as one of the 79 Vidhan Sabha constituencies of the erstwhile Madhya Bharat state.Joura (constituency number 4) is one of the six Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in Morena district. 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Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website. Archived from the original on 1 December 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151201083311/http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/(S(4ftawu55w1soru45gswzuz55))/DACList.aspx","url_text":"\"District/Assembly List\""},{"url":"http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/DACList.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Bharat\" (PDF). Election Commission of India website. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-21. 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Retrieved 13 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231213082108/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/madhya-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2023-full-list-of-leading-candidates-from-bjp-congress/articleshow/105701279.cms","url_text":"\"Madhya Pradesh Assembly Elections Results 2023: Check full and final list of winners here\""},{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/madhya-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2023-full-list-of-leading-candidates-from-bjp-congress/articleshow/105701279.cms","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hindustan Times (3 December 2023). \"Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2023: Full list of the winners constituency wise and seat wise\". Archived from the original on 13 December 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231213082157/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/madhya-pradesh-assembly-elections-results-2023-live-updates-winning-candidates-full-list-how-many-seats-bjp-congress-won-101701564801639.html","url_text":"\"Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2023: Full list of the winners constituency wise and seat wise\""},{"url":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/madhya-pradesh-assembly-elections-results-2023-live-updates-winning-candidates-full-list-how-many-seats-bjp-congress-won-101701564801639.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh\". Election Commission of India. Retrieved 30 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/","url_text":"\"Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_Commission_of_India","url_text":"Election Commission of India"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Joura_Assembly_constituency¶ms=26.34_N_77.81_E_","external_links_name":"26°20′N 77°49′E / 26.34°N 77.81°E / 26.34; 77.81"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151201083311/http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/(S(4ftawu55w1soru45gswzuz55))/DACList.aspx","external_links_name":"\"District/Assembly List\""},{"Link":"http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/DACList.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155640/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MB.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Bharat\""},{"Link":"http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MB.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/OtherLinks/Election_Result_2008.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha General Elections - 2008 (in Hindi)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231213082108/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/madhya-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2023-full-list-of-leading-candidates-from-bjp-congress/articleshow/105701279.cms","external_links_name":"\"Madhya Pradesh Assembly Elections Results 2023: Check full and final list of winners here\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/madhya-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2023-full-list-of-leading-candidates-from-bjp-congress/articleshow/105701279.cms","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231213082157/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/madhya-pradesh-assembly-elections-results-2023-live-updates-winning-candidates-full-list-how-many-seats-bjp-congress-won-101701564801639.html","external_links_name":"\"Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2023: Full list of the winners constituency wise and seat wise\""},{"Link":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/madhya-pradesh-assembly-elections-results-2023-live-updates-winning-candidates-full-list-how-many-seats-bjp-congress-won-101701564801639.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/","external_links_name":"\"Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Joura_Assembly_constituency¶ms=26.34_N_77.81_E_","external_links_name":"26°20′N 77°49′E / 26.34°N 77.81°E / 26.34; 77.81"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LB%26SCR_J1_class | LB&SCR J1 class | ["1 History","2 Locomotive summary","3 References","4 Sources","5 External links"] | LB&SCR J1 and J2 classesJ1 class 'Abergavenny'Type and originPower typeSteamDesignerD.E. MarshBuilderBrighton WorksBuild date1910 and 1912Total producedJ1: 1; J2: 1SpecificationsConfiguration: • Whyte4-6-2TGauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gaugeLeading dia.3 ft 6 in (1.067 m)Driver dia.6 ft 7+1⁄2 in (2.019 m)Trailing dia.4 ft 0 in (1.219 m)Loco weightJ1: 89 long tons (90.4 t; 99.7 short tons);J2: 87.25 long tons (88.7 t; 97.7 short tons)Fuel typeCoalBoiler pressure170 psi (11.72 bar; 1.17 MPa)CylindersTwo, outsideCylinder size21 in × 26 in (533 mm × 660 mm)Performance figuresTractive effort20,800 lbf (92.5 kN)CareerClassNo. 325: J1No. 326: J2Power classBR: 4PWithdrawn1951DispositionBoth scrapped
The LB&SCR J1 and J2 classes were 4-6-2 steam tank locomotives designed by D. E. Marsh for express passenger services on the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway.
History
Following the success of his I3 4-4-2 tank locomotive class, Douglas Earle Marsh decided to enlarge the class to create a tank locomotive capable of hauling the heaviest London-Brighton express trains. The first locomotive No. 325 was classified "J1" and completed by Brighton Works in December 1910. It incorporated a Schmidt superheater and inside Stephenson valve gear. After initial modifications to the firebox to improve its coal consumption, it proved to be a successful design. A second locomotive was therefore ordered in May 1911, but Marsh soon afterwards went on prolonged sick leave and all work ceased.
Marsh's successor Lawson Billinton made detailed changes to the design before work on the second locomotive recommenced, incorporating the Walschaerts valve gear. No. 326 was therefore classified as "J2" and completed in March 1912.
Both locomotives performed well, although No. 326 was considered the faster. They were used on the heaviest trains, together with the H1 and H2 classes until after the formation of Southern Railway in January 1923.
During 1925 and 1926, the two classes were gradually replaced on the heaviest London-Brighton express trains by the "King Arthur" and "River" classes, and were used on lighter express services until the electrification of the London to Brighton line in 1935. Thereafter they were transferred to Eastbourne and used on London expresses from that town until they ceased following the outbreak of the Second World War.
The two locomotives spent the early months of the War in store but were later transferred to Tunbridge Wells. They both survived into British Railways (BR) ownership in 1948, but in June 1951 they were both replaced by new LMS Fairburn designed 2-6-4T locomotives and were withdrawn and scrapped.
Locomotive summary
LB&SC No.
Name
Built
SR No.
B.R. No.
Withdrawal
325
Abergavenny
December 1910
2325
32325
June 1951
326
Bessborough
March 1912
2326
32326
June 1951
Loco No. 325 Abergavenny
Loco No. 326 Bessborough
J1 4-6-2T No. 325 at Tunbridge Wells West, 1946
References
^ Bradley, (1974) p.119
Sources
Bradley, D.L. (1974). Locomotives of the London Brighton and South Coast Railway: Part 3. Railway Correspondence and Travel Society.
External links
http://www.semgonline.com/steam/jclass.html
Marsh J class 4-6-2T at LB&SCR.org
vteLondon, Brighton and South Coast Railway locomotivesLondon and Brighton Railway (1841-1846)
Early locomotives
J. C. Craven (1847–1869)
Craven Locomotives
W. Stroudley (1870–1889)
A1 (list)
B1 (list)
C
C1
D1 (list)
D2 (list)
E1
G
Belgravia
Richmond
R. J. Billinton (1890–1904)
B2
B3
B4
C2
D3
E3
E4
E5
E6
D. E. Marsh (1905–1911)
A1X
B2X
C2X
C3
E4X
E5X
E6X
H1
H2
I1
I2
I3
I4
J1
L. B. Billinton (1911–1922)
B4X
E2
H2
J2
K
L
SE&CR locomotives
LSWR locomotives
Southern Railway locomotives
British Railways steam locomotives | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"4-6-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-6-2"},{"link_name":"steam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_locomotive"},{"link_name":"tank locomotives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_locomotive"},{"link_name":"D. E. Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._E._Marsh"},{"link_name":"London, Brighton and South Coast Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London,_Brighton_and_South_Coast_Railway"}],"text":"The LB&SCR J1 and J2 classes were 4-6-2 steam tank locomotives designed by D. E. Marsh for express passenger services on the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway.","title":"LB&SCR J1 class"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"I3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LB%26SCR_I3_class"},{"link_name":"4-4-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-4-2_(locomotive)"},{"link_name":"tank locomotive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_locomotive"},{"link_name":"Douglas Earle Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._E._Marsh"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Brighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton"},{"link_name":"Brighton Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_railway_works"},{"link_name":"Schmidt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Schmidt_(engineer)"},{"link_name":"superheater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superheater"},{"link_name":"Stephenson valve gear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephenson_valve_gear"},{"link_name":"Lawson Billinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawson_Billinton"},{"link_name":"Walschaerts valve gear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walschaerts_valve_gear"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"H1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LB%26SCR_H1_class"},{"link_name":"H2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LB%26SCR_H2_class"},{"link_name":"Southern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Railway_(UK)"},{"link_name":"\"King Arthur\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSWR_N15_class"},{"link_name":"\"River\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SR_K_class"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Brighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton"},{"link_name":"Eastbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastbourne"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Tunbridge Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunbridge_Wells"},{"link_name":"British Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Railways"},{"link_name":"Fairburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LMS_Fairburn_2-6-4T"}],"text":"Following the success of his I3 4-4-2 tank locomotive class, Douglas Earle Marsh decided to enlarge the class to create a tank locomotive capable of hauling the heaviest London-Brighton express trains. The first locomotive No. 325 was classified \"J1\" and completed by Brighton Works in December 1910. It incorporated a Schmidt superheater and inside Stephenson valve gear. After initial modifications to the firebox to improve its coal consumption, it proved to be a successful design. A second locomotive was therefore ordered in May 1911, but Marsh soon afterwards went on prolonged sick leave and all work ceased.Marsh's successor Lawson Billinton made detailed changes to the design before work on the second locomotive recommenced, incorporating the Walschaerts valve gear. No. 326 was therefore classified as \"J2\" and completed in March 1912.Both locomotives performed well, although No. 326 was considered the faster.[1] They were used on the heaviest trains, together with the H1 and H2 classes until after the formation of Southern Railway in January 1923.During 1925 and 1926, the two classes were gradually replaced on the heaviest London-Brighton express trains by the \"King Arthur\" and \"River\" classes, and were used on lighter express services until the electrification of the London to Brighton line in 1935. Thereafter they were transferred to Eastbourne and used on London expresses from that town until they ceased following the outbreak of the Second World War.The two locomotives spent the early months of the War in store but were later transferred to Tunbridge Wells. They both survived into British Railways (BR) ownership in 1948, but in June 1951 they were both replaced by new LMS Fairburn designed 2-6-4T locomotives and were withdrawn and scrapped.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cassier%27s_magazine_(1911)_(14783282993).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Railway_and_Locomotive_Engineering_(1904)_(14740455526).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LB%26%26SCR_Marsh_class_J1_4-6-2T_at_Tunbridge_Wells_West,_1946_(geograph_4827771).jpg"}],"text":"Loco No. 325 Abergavenny\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLoco No. 326 Bessborough\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJ1 4-6-2T No. 325 at Tunbridge Wells West, 1946","title":"Locomotive summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Railway Correspondence and Travel Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_Correspondence_and_Travel_Society"}],"text":"Bradley, D.L. (1974). Locomotives of the London Brighton and South Coast Railway: Part 3. Railway Correspondence and Travel Society.","title":"Sources"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Bradley, D.L. (1974). Locomotives of the London Brighton and South Coast Railway: Part 3. Railway Correspondence and Travel Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_Correspondence_and_Travel_Society","url_text":"Railway Correspondence and Travel Society"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.semgonline.com/steam/jclass.html","external_links_name":"http://www.semgonline.com/steam/jclass.html"},{"Link":"https://www.lbscr.org/Rolling-Stock/Locomotives/Marsh/J.xhtml","external_links_name":"Marsh J class 4-6-2T"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Villalobos | José Villalobos | ["1 Club career","2 International career","3 References","4 External links"] | Costa Rican footballer (born 1981)
José VillalobosPersonal informationFull name
José Miguel Villalobos ChanDate of birth
(1981-06-05) 5 June 1981 (age 43)Height
1.82 m (6 ft 0 in)Position(s)
Centre backTeam informationCurrent team
Uruguay de CoronadoSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)2000–2005
Cartaginés
2005–2008
Herediano
2008–2014
Cartaginés
2014
Pérez Zeledón
11
(0)2015–
Uruguay de Coronado
International career2004
Costa Rica U23
4
(1)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Villalobos and the second or maternal family name is Chan.
José Miguel Villalobos Chan (born June 5, 1981) is a Costa Rican professional footballer who plays as a defender for Uruguay de Coronado.
Club career
Villalobos made his debut for Cartaginés in 2000 and played for 10 years with the side during two spells, both sides of a couple of seasons at Herediano, before eventually moving to Pérez Zeledón in summer 2014. He signed for Uruguay de Coronado ahead of the 2015 Verano season.
International career
He was a member of the Costa Rica U23 team that competed at 2004 Summer Olympics, playing the full 90 minutes in all matches as Costa Rica lost to Argentina on the quarterfinals and scoring in the group stage match against Portugal. Villalobos was called up for the first time to the senior national team in August 2009, but has not yet made a competitive appearance for the full squad.
References
^ José Villalobos Chan: ‘A mí nadie me va a retirar, es una decisión mía’ - Al Día (in Spanish)
^ Pérez Zeledón es el destino de José Villalobos Chan - Nación (in Spanish)
^ José Villalobos Chan es el nuevo refuerzo del Uruguay de Coronado - Nación (in Spanish)
^ José Villalobos – FIFA competition record (archived)
^ "Costa Rica, Paraguay slay titans in Greek drama". FIFA. 18 August 2004. Archived from the original on January 29, 2008. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
^ Aguilar, Alexander (28 August 2009). "¿Le damos el chance a José?" (in Spanish). Diario al Dia.
External links
José Villalobos at playmakerstats.com (English version of ogol.com.br)
vteCosta Rica men's football squad – 2004 Summer Olympics
1 Bolívar
2 Rodríguez
3 Salazar
4 Umaña
5 Myrie
6 Wilson
7 Scott
8 López (c)
9 Brenes
10 Granados
11 Saborío
12 Araya
13 Vallejos
14 Villalobos
15 Díaz
16 Hernández
17 Arrieta
18 Drummond
Coach: Kenton
vteClub Sport Cartaginés – current squad
1 Torres
3 J. Leiva
4 Cabalceta
6 Sanabria
7 Jiménez
8 Fonseca
9 Herrera
12 Delgado
13 Scott
14 G. Leiva
16 Madrigal
17 Barquero
19 Quirós
20 Alvarado
22 Clunie
23 Lezcano
26 Vega
27 Johnson
29 Ronchetti
30 Hernández
31 Condega
33 Gómez
31 Garita
Manager: Meza
This biographical article related to Costa Rican association football is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Costa Rican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"defender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Uruguay de Coronado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Sport_Uruguay_de_Coronado"}],"text":"In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Villalobos and the second or maternal family name is Chan.José Miguel Villalobos Chan (born June 5, 1981) is a Costa Rican professional footballer who plays as a defender for Uruguay de Coronado.","title":"José Villalobos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cartaginés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.S._Cartagin%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Herediano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.S._Herediano"},{"link_name":"Pérez Zeledón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_P%C3%A9rez_Zeled%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Uruguay de Coronado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Sport_Uruguay_de_Coronado"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Villalobos made his debut for Cartaginés in 2000[1] and played for 10 years with the side during two spells, both sides of a couple of seasons at Herediano, before eventually moving to Pérez Zeledón in summer 2014.[2] He signed for Uruguay de Coronado ahead of the 2015 Verano season.[3]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Costa Rica U23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica_national_under-23_football_team"},{"link_name":"2004 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_tournament"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FIFA-4"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_national_under-23_football_team"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal_Olympic_football_team"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"He was a member of the Costa Rica U23 team that competed at 2004 Summer Olympics,[4] playing the full 90 minutes in all matches as Costa Rica lost to Argentina on the quarterfinals and scoring in the group stage match against Portugal.[5] Villalobos was called up for the first time to the senior national team in August 2009,[6] but has not yet made a competitive appearance for the full squad.","title":"International career"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Costa Rica, Paraguay slay titans in Greek drama\". FIFA. 18 August 2004. Archived from the original on January 29, 2008. Retrieved 19 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080129151944/http://fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=512/edition=8229/news/newsid=93776.html","url_text":"\"Costa Rica, Paraguay slay titans in Greek drama\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA","url_text":"FIFA"},{"url":"https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=512/edition=8229/news/newsid=93776.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Aguilar, Alexander (28 August 2009). \"¿Le damos el chance a José?\" [Do we give the chance to José?] (in Spanish). Diario al Dia.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aldia.cr/ad_ee/2009/agosto/28/ovacion2071905.html","url_text":"\"¿Le damos el chance a José?\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.aldia.cr/futbol-costa-rica/cartagines/Jose_Villalobos_Chan-Cartagines_0_358164214.html","external_links_name":"José Villalobos Chan: ‘A mí nadie me va a retirar, es una decisión mía’"},{"Link":"http://www.nacion.com/deportes/futbol-costa-rica/Jose-Villalobos-Chan-Perez-Zeledon_0_1418458270.html","external_links_name":"Pérez Zeledón es el destino de José Villalobos Chan"},{"Link":"http://www.nacion.com/deportes/futbol-costa-rica/Jose-Villalobos-Chan-Uruguay-Coronado_0_1457854342.html","external_links_name":"José Villalobos Chan es el nuevo refuerzo del Uruguay de Coronado"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150905/http://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/players-coaches/people=209939/index.html","external_links_name":"José Villalobos"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080129151944/http://fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=512/edition=8229/news/newsid=93776.html","external_links_name":"\"Costa Rica, Paraguay slay titans in Greek drama\""},{"Link":"https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=512/edition=8229/news/newsid=93776.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.aldia.cr/ad_ee/2009/agosto/28/ovacion2071905.html","external_links_name":"\"¿Le damos el chance a José?\""},{"Link":"https://www.playmakerstats.com/player.php?id=107789","external_links_name":"José Villalobos"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Villalobos&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline_Stewart | Jacqueline Stewart | ["1 Biography","1.1 Early years","1.2 Career","1.2.1 Author","1.2.2 Museum curator","1.2.3 Television career","2 References","3 External links","4 Further reading"] | American professor and television host (born 1970)
Jacqueline StewartBorn1970 (age 53–54)Chicago, Illinois, U.S.Education
Stanford University (BA)
University of Chicago (MA, PhD)
OccupationsFilm historianfilm archivistmuseum directortelevision hostuniversity professorYears active1999–present
Jacqueline Najuma Stewart is an American author, university professor, and television host for Turner Classic Movies. In 2022, she was appointed as director and president for the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures. She has served as University of Chicago professor of cinema studies and director of the nonprofit arts organization, Black Cinema House.
Stewart is an elected member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and a MacArthur Fellow.
Biography
Early years
Stewart was born and raised in Hyde Park, within South Side, Chicago. During her childhood, she remembered her aunt Constance introducing her to classic films on television. She stated, "...I always stayed up really late with her watching black and white films. She would talk to me during the commercial breaks about all the stars and the theaters that she used to go to. I was fascinated by the alternative world that I saw, the way that people talked and the way they dressed."
She graduated from Kenwood Academy High School. Afterwards, she enrolled into Stanford University, intent on becoming a journalist. There, she watched Spike Lee's She's Gotta Have It (1986). Impressed, she studied Lee's career and feminist film theory, in which she based her B. A. thesis on. In 1991, she graduated with a Bachelors in English. After this, Stewart enrolled as a graduate student at the University of Chicago (UC). Stewart reflected, "Film studies was just being formalized there and they hired a scholar named Miriam Hansen who wound up being my dissertation advisor and my mentor. And she specialized in silent cinema." In 1993, she graduated with a Master's degree, and in 1998 with a PhD, both in English from the University of Chicago.
Career
She taught at the University of Chicago from 1999 to 2006, serving in the Department of English and on the Committee on Cinema & Media Studies. In 2006, she joined the Department of Radio/Television/Film and the Department of African American Studies at Northwestern University as an associate professor. She returned to the University of Chicago in 2013 as a professor in the Department of Cinema and Media Studies. During the fall of 2020, she began an extended leave from the University of Chicago after she was selected as the artistic director for the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures.
Author
In 2005, Stewart published her first book titled Migrating to the Movies: Cinema and Black Urban Modernity. The Chicago Tribune reported she had spent a decade researching the topic, which focused on the role Hollywood cinema played in both influencing and reflecting the social mobility of Black Americans, particularly during the Great Migration when they began relocating to the Northeast after living in the South.
Ten years later, in 2015, she co-authored the book L.A. Rebellion: Creating a New Black Cinema, chronicling the film movement, with then-UCLA Film and Television Archive director Jan-Christopher Horak and then-UCLA cinema studies professor Allyson Nadia Field. In 2021, she published her third book William Greaves: Filmmaking as Mission, a biography of the documentary filmmaker, with Scott MacDonald, a professor at Hamilton College. For several years, Stewart has been researching for a biography on actor–director Spencer Williams.
Museum curator
In 2005, she founded the South Side Home Movie Project, which collects, preserves, as a cultural and historical resource, the 16 mm, 8 mm, and Super 8 homemade films of residents of South Side, Chicago, together with oral histories of the creators. The archive is headquartered in Evanston, Illinois, but after Stewart left for Northwestern University, she continued to collaborate with the university's Film Studies Center, the Center for the Study of Race, Politics & Culture, and several Chicago graduate students to continue the project.
By 2020, she was a third-term appointee to the National Film Preservation Board (NFPB), which advises the Librarian of Congress on policy. She also chairs the NFPB Diversity Task Force, ensuring the selected films chosen for the National Film Registry reflect diversity and inclusion.
In 2018, she was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 2021, she was awarded a MacArthur Fellows Program. Taking a sabbatical from the University of Chicago, in 2021, Stewart was appointed as the inaugural artistic director at the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures. On July 6, 2022, the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures announced Stewart's appointment as director and president of the institution.
Television career
In 2016, Stewart collaborated with Charles Musser on curating the DVD set Pioneers of African-American Cinema. During the summer of 2017, Stewart was invited on Turner Classic Movies to present a selection of films from the set, with future colleague Ben Mankiewicz. Soon after, she was invited to the 2018 TCM Classic Film Festival as a panelist to discuss the history of black images; in 2019, she was a guest speaker at a screening of The Defiant Ones (1958) and was a panelist for a discussion titled "The Complicated Legacy of Gone with the Wind".
In September 2019, Stewart became the first African-American host for Turner Classic Movies, as the host for the Silent Sunday Nights programming block. In 2020, she stated her first exposure to silent films was watching them at the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago, with her friends during weekends.
In June 2020, following the murder of George Floyd, writer–director John Ridley wrote an op-ed calling for the 1939 film Gone with the Wind to be pulled from HBO Max. The film was temporarily pulled and placed back on the service later that month, with a new commentary introduction from Stewart. In an op-ed for CNN, Stewart wrote: "Some complained that taking the film down was a form of censorship. For others, seeing Gone with the Wind featured so prominently in HBO Max's launch felt like salt rubbed into wounds that have never been permitted to heal ... But it is precisely because of the ongoing, painful patterns of racial injustice and disregard for Black lives that Gone with the Wind should stay in circulation and remain available for viewing, analysis and discussion."
In 2021, TCM debuted a new series titled Reframed Classics, reanalyzing 18 films with problematic racial and gender stereotypes, with Stewart as one of the co-hosts.
References
^ a b c Jones, Patrice M. (July 28, 2005). "Movies as Mirrors". Chicago Tribune. Section 2, pp. 1, 7. Archived from the original on May 14, 2024. Retrieved May 14, 2024. A 35-year-old academic, Stewart was courted by many of the nation's top universities.
^ Phillips, Michael (September 2, 2016). "Jacqueline Stewart, champion for African-American cinema". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on November 24, 2019. Retrieved November 1, 2017.
^ a b "The Academy Museum of Motion Pictures Appoints Jacqueline Stewart as New Director and President". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (Press release). Academy Museum of Motion Pictures. July 6, 2022. Archived from the original on July 12, 2022. Retrieved July 11, 2022. The Board of Trustees of the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures announced the appointment of Jacqueline Stewart as the director and president of the institution. Stewart has served as chief artistic and programming officer of the Academy Museum since 2020.
^ "Jacqueline Stewart—Department of Cinema and Media Studies". University of Chicago. Archived from the original on April 24, 2020. Retrieved November 1, 2017.
^ "Afronauts with Frances Bodomo and Jacqueline Stewart" (Press release). Graham Foundation. Archived from the original on December 11, 2019. Retrieved November 1, 2017. Jacqueline Stewart is ... co-curator of the L.A. Rebellion project at the UCLA Film and Television Archive. Her film work in Chicago includes founding the South Side Home Movie Project and serving as Curator of Black Cinema House, a neighborhood-based film exhibition venue run by Theaster Gates' Rebuild Foundation.
^ Grifiths, John (2020). "Class Acts". Emmy Magazine. No. 3. Archived from the original on April 24, 2024. Retrieved May 14, 2024.
^ Maine, Brooke (October 17, 2022). "Jacqueline Stewart Wants to Show You Another Side of Hollywood". W (Interview). Archived from the original on October 17, 2022. Retrieved May 14, 2024.
^ Alexander, Sonya (June 10, 2021). "From Hyde Park to Hollywood". South Side Weekly. Archived from the original on June 10, 2021. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
^ a b Ferdinand, Marilyn (January 1, 2022). "SPOTLIGHT January 2022: Jacqueline Stewart, Film Scholar, Archivist, and Curator". Alliance of Women Film Journalists. Archived from the original on January 4, 2022. Retrieved May 16, 2024.
^ "Jacqueline Stewart". University of Chicago (Press release). n.d. Archived from the original on May 2, 2020. Retrieved June 15, 2020.
^ Fluker, Dominque (March 17, 2024). "Jacqueline Stewart, Director And President Of The Academy Museum Of Motion Pictures, Leads With Purpose". Essence. Archived from the original on March 19, 2024. Retrieved May 14, 2024.
^ a b "Jacqueline Stewart". MacArthur Foundation. Archived from the original on September 28, 2021. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
^ a b Phillips, Michael (October 19, 2020). "Chicago's Jacqueline Stewart to head LA's Academy Museum of Motion Pictures". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on May 15, 2024. Retrieved May 14, 2024.
^ "'L.A. Rebellion: Creating a New Black Cinema". University of California Press. 2015. Archived from the original on April 2, 2024. Retrieved May 14, 2024.
^ "William Greaves: Filmmaking as Mission". Columbia University Press. 2020. Archived from the original on June 1, 2023. Retrieved May 14, 2024.
^ "University of Chicago Research Projects — Spencer Williams". University of Chicago. 2004. Archived from the original on November 29, 2023. Retrieved May 16, 2024.
^ "About South Side Home Movie Project". South Side Home Movie Project. Archived from the original on May 17, 2022. Retrieved July 12, 2022.
^ Gibson, Lydialyle (March–April 2007). "Cinéma vérité". University of Chicago Magazine. Vol. 99, no. 4. Archived from the original on March 16, 2024. Retrieved May 14, 2024.
^ a b Daniels, Karu F. (September 13, 2019). "Author, professor and film scholar Jacqueline Stewart becomes first African-American host of Turner Classic Movies". Daily News. Archived from the original on October 2, 2019. Retrieved September 16, 2019.
^ King, Loren (March 24, 2020). "Silent Sunday Nights Host Jacqueline Stewart's Easy Going Film Expertise". Motion Picture Association. Archived from the original on April 24, 2020. Retrieved May 14, 2024.
^ "Jacqueline Stewart". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Archived from the original on November 30, 2019. Retrieved July 7, 2021.
^ Thompson, Anne (October 20, 2020). "The Academy Museum Lucks Out with Chief Artistic Programmer Jacqueline Stewart". IndieWire. Archived from the original on October 23, 2020. Retrieved July 7, 2021.
^ Jacobs, Julia (July 6, 2022). "The Academy Museum Names Jacqueline Stewart as New Leader". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 6, 2022. Retrieved July 12, 2022.
^ Jevens, Darel (January 8, 2017). "Top Chicago Critics Circle awards go to 'Moonlight,' 'La La Land'". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on June 15, 2020. Retrieved November 1, 2017.
^ Coley, Jacqueline (October 21, 2019). "Jacqueline Stewart's Five Favorite Films". Rotten Tomatoes (Interview). Archived from the original on October 24, 2019. Retrieved May 29, 2024.
^ Bitran, Tara (September 9, 2019). "Jacqueline Stewart Becomes First African American Host at Turner Classic Movies". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on April 28, 2024. Retrieved May 29, 2019.
^ Ford, Anne (January 8, 2020). "Jacqueline Stewart Watches Movies Over Your Shoulder on Airplanes". Chicago (Interview). Archived from the original on January 8, 2020. Retrieved May 14, 2024.
^ Pallotta, Frank (June 10, 2020). "'Gone with the Wind' pulled from HBO Max until it can return with 'historical context'". CNN. Archived from the original on June 10, 2020. Retrieved May 14, 2024.
^ Spangler, Todd (June 24, 2020). "HBO Max Restores 'Gone With the Wind' With Disclaimer Saying Film 'Denies the Horrors of Slavery'". Variety. Archived from the original on June 25, 2020. Retrieved May 14, 2024.
^ Stewart, Jacqueline (June 12, 2020). "Why we can't turn away from 'Gone with the Wind'". CNN. Archived from the original on June 13, 2020. Retrieved May 14, 2024.
^ "In a new series, TCM takes a look at 'problematic' classics". Los Angeles Times. March 4, 2021. Archived from the original on March 4, 2021. Retrieved May 14, 2024.
External links
Jacqueline Stewart at IMDb
Further reading
Harris, Aisha (September 9, 2019). "Turner Classic Movies' First Black Host on Keeping Old Films Alive". The New York Times. Retrieved September 17, 2019.
Clark, Ashley (February 12, 2016). "Second showing: unearthing the lost history of African American cinema". The Guardian. Retrieved November 1, 2017.
"MCA Talk: On Painting, Lewis + Stewart". Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago. July 23, 2016. Archived from the original on May 21, 2019. Retrieved November 1, 2017.
Wang, Hansi Lo (March 4, 2016). "Restored 'Race Films' Find New Audiences". NPR. Archived from the original on June 12, 2020. Retrieved November 1, 2017.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
Belgium
United States
Academics
CiNii
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Turner Classic Movies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_Classic_Movies"},{"link_name":"Academy Museum of Motion Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Museum_of_Motion_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AcademyMuseum-3"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"MacArthur Fellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacArthur_Fellow"}],"text":"Jacqueline Najuma Stewart[2] is an American author, university professor, and television host for Turner Classic Movies. In 2022, she was appointed as director and president for the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures.[3] She has served as University of Chicago professor of cinema studies[4] and director of the nonprofit arts organization, Black Cinema House.[5]Stewart is an elected member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and a MacArthur Fellow.","title":"Jacqueline Stewart"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hyde Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park,_Chicago"},{"link_name":"South Side, Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Side,_Chicago"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EmmyMagazine-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Kenwood Academy High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenwood_Academy"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"Spike Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_Lee"},{"link_name":"She's Gotta Have It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She%27s_Gotta_Have_It"},{"link_name":"feminist film theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_film_theory"},{"link_name":"B. A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_literature"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Miriam Hansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miriam_Hansen"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AWFJ_January2022-9"},{"link_name":"Master's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"PhD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Early years","text":"Stewart was born and raised in Hyde Park, within South Side, Chicago.[6] During her childhood, she remembered her aunt Constance introducing her to classic films on television. She stated, \"...I always stayed up really late with her watching black and white films. She would talk to me during the commercial breaks about all the stars and the theaters that she used to go to. I was fascinated by the alternative world that I saw, the way that people talked and the way they dressed.\"[7]She graduated from Kenwood Academy High School. Afterwards, she enrolled into Stanford University, intent on becoming a journalist. There, she watched Spike Lee's She's Gotta Have It (1986). Impressed, she studied Lee's career and feminist film theory, in which she based her B. A. thesis on.[8] In 1991, she graduated with a Bachelors in English. After this, Stewart enrolled as a graduate student at the University of Chicago (UC). Stewart reflected, \"Film studies was just being formalized there and they hired a scholar named Miriam Hansen who wound up being my dissertation advisor and my mentor. And she specialized in silent cinema.\"[9] In 1993, she graduated with a Master's degree, and in 1998 with a PhD, both in English from the University of Chicago.[10][11]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MigratingtotheMovies-1"},{"link_name":"Northwestern University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_University"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacArthurFoundation-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StewartHeadstoLA-13"}],"sub_title":"Career","text":"She taught at the University of Chicago from 1999 to 2006, serving in the Department of English and on the Committee on Cinema & Media Studies.[1] In 2006, she joined the Department of Radio/Television/Film and the Department of African American Studies at Northwestern University as an associate professor. She returned to the University of Chicago in 2013 as a professor in the Department of Cinema and Media Studies.[12] During the fall of 2020, she began an extended leave from the University of Chicago after she was selected as the artistic director for the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures.[13]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicago Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune"},{"link_name":"Hollywood cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"social mobility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_mobility"},{"link_name":"Great Migration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)"},{"link_name":"Northeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_United_States"},{"link_name":"South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MigratingtotheMovies-1"},{"link_name":"film movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.A._Rebellion"},{"link_name":"UCLA Film and Television Archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCLA_Film_and_Television_Archive"},{"link_name":"UCLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"documentary filmmaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Greaves"},{"link_name":"Hamilton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_College"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Spencer Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_Williams_Jr."},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AWFJ_January2022-9"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Career - Author","text":"In 2005, Stewart published her first book titled Migrating to the Movies: Cinema and Black Urban Modernity. The Chicago Tribune reported she had spent a decade researching the topic, which focused on the role Hollywood cinema played in both influencing and reflecting the social mobility of Black Americans, particularly during the Great Migration when they began relocating to the Northeast after living in the South.[1]Ten years later, in 2015, she co-authored the book L.A. Rebellion: Creating a New Black Cinema, chronicling the film movement, with then-UCLA Film and Television Archive director Jan-Christopher Horak and then-UCLA cinema studies professor Allyson Nadia Field.[14] In 2021, she published her third book William Greaves: Filmmaking as Mission, a biography of the documentary filmmaker, with Scott MacDonald, a professor at Hamilton College.[15] For several years, Stewart has been researching for a biography on actor–director Spencer Williams.[9][16]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"16 mm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16_mm_film"},{"link_name":"8 mm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8_mm_film"},{"link_name":"Super 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_8_film"},{"link_name":"South Side, Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Side,_Chicago"},{"link_name":"oral histories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_history"},{"link_name":"Evanston, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evanston,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"National Film Preservation Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Preservation_Board"},{"link_name":"Librarian of Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian_of_Congress"},{"link_name":"National Film Registry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Registry"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daniels-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"MacArthur Fellows Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacArthur_Fellows_Program"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacArthurFoundation-12"},{"link_name":"Academy Museum of Motion Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Museum_of_Motion_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StewartHeadstoLA-13"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AcademyMuseum-3"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Career - Museum curator","text":"In 2005, she founded the South Side Home Movie Project, which collects, preserves, as a cultural and historical resource, the 16 mm, 8 mm, and Super 8 homemade films of residents of South Side, Chicago, together with oral histories of the creators. The archive is headquartered in Evanston, Illinois, but after Stewart left for Northwestern University, she continued to collaborate with the university's Film Studies Center, the Center for the Study of Race, Politics & Culture, and several Chicago graduate students to continue the project.[17][18]By 2020, she was a third-term appointee to the National Film Preservation Board (NFPB), which advises the Librarian of Congress on policy. She also chairs the NFPB Diversity Task Force, ensuring the selected films chosen for the National Film Registry reflect diversity and inclusion.[19][20]In 2018, she was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.[21] In 2021, she was awarded a MacArthur Fellows Program.[12] Taking a sabbatical from the University of Chicago, in 2021, Stewart was appointed as the inaugural artistic director at the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures.[13][22] On July 6, 2022, the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures announced Stewart's appointment as director and president of the institution.[3][23]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Musser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Musser"},{"link_name":"Pioneers of African-American Cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneers_of_African-American_Cinema"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Turner Classic Movies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_Classic_Movies"},{"link_name":"Ben Mankiewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Mankiewicz"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"The Defiant Ones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Defiant_Ones"},{"link_name":"Gone with the Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(film)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daniels-19"},{"link_name":"silent films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_films"},{"link_name":"Museum of Science and Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Science_and_Industry_(Chicago)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_George_Floyd"},{"link_name":"George Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd"},{"link_name":"John Ridley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ridley"},{"link_name":"op-ed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op-ed"},{"link_name":"HBO Max","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_(streaming_service)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"CNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Career - Television career","text":"In 2016, Stewart collaborated with Charles Musser on curating the DVD set Pioneers of African-American Cinema.[24] During the summer of 2017, Stewart was invited on Turner Classic Movies to present a selection of films from the set, with future colleague Ben Mankiewicz.[25] Soon after, she was invited to the 2018 TCM Classic Film Festival as a panelist to discuss the history of black images; in 2019, she was a guest speaker at a screening of The Defiant Ones (1958) and was a panelist for a discussion titled \"The Complicated Legacy of Gone with the Wind\".[26]In September 2019, Stewart became the first African-American host for Turner Classic Movies, as the host for the Silent Sunday Nights programming block.[19] In 2020, she stated her first exposure to silent films was watching them at the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago, with her friends during weekends.[27]In June 2020, following the murder of George Floyd, writer–director John Ridley wrote an op-ed calling for the 1939 film Gone with the Wind to be pulled from HBO Max.[28] The film was temporarily pulled and placed back on the service later that month, with a new commentary introduction from Stewart.[29] In an op-ed for CNN, Stewart wrote: \"Some complained that taking the film down was a form of censorship. For others, seeing Gone with the Wind featured so prominently in HBO Max's launch felt like salt rubbed into wounds that have never been permitted to heal ... But it is precisely because of the ongoing, painful patterns of racial injustice and disregard for Black lives that Gone with the Wind should stay in circulation and remain available for viewing, analysis and discussion.\"[30]In 2021, TCM debuted a new series titled Reframed Classics, reanalyzing 18 films with problematic racial and gender stereotypes, with Stewart as one of the co-hosts.[31]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Turner Classic Movies' First Black Host on Keeping Old Films Alive\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2019/09/09/arts/television/jacqueline-stewart-tcm.html"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"\"Second showing: unearthing the lost history of African American cinema\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theguardian.com/film/2016/feb/12/pioneers-african-american-cinema-oscar-micheaux"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"\"MCA Talk: On Painting, Lewis + Stewart\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mcachicago.org/Calendar/2016/07/MCA-Talk-On-Painting-Lewis-Stewart"},{"link_name":"Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190521210610/https://mcachicago.org/Calendar/2016/07/MCA-Talk-On-Painting-Lewis-Stewart"},{"link_name":"\"Restored 'Race Films' Find New Audiences\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2016/03/04/469149240/restored-movies-by-african-american-filmmakers-find-new-audiences"},{"link_name":"NPR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200612132706/https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2016/03/04/469149240/restored-movies-by-african-american-filmmakers-find-new-audiences"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47542147#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000109588494"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/19960906"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvMDwPJVDB6KKY86fbjmd"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/13068088"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb150281354"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb150281354"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/173885314"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007589957605171"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13971310"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n2004029431"},{"link_name":"CiNii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA19408800?l=en"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/095138579"}],"text":"Harris, Aisha (September 9, 2019). \"Turner Classic Movies' First Black Host on Keeping Old Films Alive\". The New York Times. Retrieved September 17, 2019.\nClark, Ashley (February 12, 2016). \"Second showing: unearthing the lost history of African American cinema\". The Guardian. Retrieved November 1, 2017.\n\"MCA Talk: On Painting, Lewis + Stewart\". Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago. July 23, 2016. Archived from the original on May 21, 2019. Retrieved November 1, 2017.\nWang, Hansi Lo (March 4, 2016). \"Restored 'Race Films' Find New Audiences\". NPR. Archived from the original on June 12, 2020. Retrieved November 1, 2017.Authority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nNorway\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nIsrael\nBelgium\nUnited States\nAcademics\nCiNii\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Jones, Patrice M. (July 28, 2005). \"Movies as Mirrors\". Chicago Tribune. Section 2, pp. 1, 7. Archived from the original on May 14, 2024. Retrieved May 14, 2024. A 35-year-old academic, Stewart was courted by many of the nation's top universities.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/2005/07/28/movies-as-mirrors/","url_text":"\"Movies as Mirrors\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240514152510/https://www.chicagotribune.com/2005/07/28/movies-as-mirrors/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Phillips, Michael (September 2, 2016). \"Jacqueline Stewart, champion for African-American cinema\". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on November 24, 2019. Retrieved November 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Phillips_(critic)","url_text":"Phillips, Michael"},{"url":"http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/movies/ct-fall-preview-2016-stewart-movies-profile-ae-0904-20160831-column.html","url_text":"\"Jacqueline Stewart, champion for African-American cinema\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191124134116/https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/movies/ct-fall-preview-2016-stewart-movies-profile-ae-0904-20160831-column.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Academy Museum of Motion Pictures Appoints Jacqueline Stewart as New Director and President\". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (Press release). Academy Museum of Motion Pictures. July 6, 2022. Archived from the original on July 12, 2022. Retrieved July 11, 2022. The Board of Trustees of the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures announced the appointment of Jacqueline Stewart as the director and president of the institution. Stewart has served as chief artistic and programming officer of the Academy Museum since 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://aframe.oscars.org/news/post/the-academy-museum-of-motion-pictures-jacqueline-stewart-director-president","url_text":"\"The Academy Museum of Motion Pictures Appoints Jacqueline Stewart as New Director and President\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220712050518/https://aframe.oscars.org/news/post/the-academy-museum-of-motion-pictures-jacqueline-stewart-director-president","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Jacqueline Stewart—Department of Cinema and Media Studies\". University of Chicago. Archived from the original on April 24, 2020. Retrieved November 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://cms.uchicago.edu/faculty/stewart","url_text":"\"Jacqueline Stewart—Department of Cinema and Media Studies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago","url_text":"University of Chicago"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200424174938/https://cms.uchicago.edu/profiles/jacqueline-stewart","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Afronauts with Frances Bodomo and Jacqueline Stewart\" (Press release). Graham Foundation. Archived from the original on December 11, 2019. Retrieved November 1, 2017. Jacqueline Stewart is ... co-curator of the L.A. Rebellion project at the UCLA Film and Television Archive. Her film work in Chicago includes founding the South Side Home Movie Project and serving as Curator of Black Cinema House, a neighborhood-based film exhibition venue run by Theaster Gates' Rebuild Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.grahamfoundation.org/events_archive/2016","url_text":"\"Afronauts with Frances Bodomo and Jacqueline Stewart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Foundation_for_Advanced_Studies_in_the_Fine_Arts","url_text":"Graham Foundation"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191211094101/http://www.grahamfoundation.org/events_archive/2016","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Grifiths, John (2020). \"Class Acts\". Emmy Magazine. No. 3. Archived from the original on April 24, 2024. Retrieved May 14, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.emmys.com/news/features/class-acts","url_text":"\"Class Acts\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240424055542/https://www.emmys.com/news/features/class-acts","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Maine, Brooke (October 17, 2022). \"Jacqueline Stewart Wants to Show You Another Side of Hollywood\". W (Interview). Archived from the original on October 17, 2022. Retrieved May 14, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wmagazine.com/culture/jacqueline-stewart-academy-museum-of-motion-pictures-interview-2022","url_text":"\"Jacqueline Stewart Wants to Show You Another Side of Hollywood\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_(magazine)","url_text":"W"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221017132222/https://www.wmagazine.com/culture/jacqueline-stewart-academy-museum-of-motion-pictures-interview-2022","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Alexander, Sonya (June 10, 2021). \"From Hyde Park to Hollywood\". South Side Weekly. Archived from the original on June 10, 2021. Retrieved September 30, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://southsideweekly.com/from-hyde-park-to-hollywood/","url_text":"\"From Hyde Park to Hollywood\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210610202432/https://southsideweekly.com/from-hyde-park-to-hollywood/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ferdinand, Marilyn (January 1, 2022). \"SPOTLIGHT January 2022: Jacqueline Stewart, Film Scholar, Archivist, and Curator\". Alliance of Women Film Journalists. Archived from the original on January 4, 2022. Retrieved May 16, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://awfj.org/blog/2022/01/01/spotlight-january-2022-jacqueline-stewart-film-scholar-archivist-and-curator/","url_text":"\"SPOTLIGHT January 2022: Jacqueline Stewart, Film Scholar, Archivist, and Curator\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_of_Women_Film_Journalists","url_text":"Alliance of Women Film Journalists"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220104222047/https://awfj.org/blog/2022/01/01/spotlight-january-2022-jacqueline-stewart-film-scholar-archivist-and-curator/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Jacqueline Stewart\". University of Chicago (Press release). n.d. Archived from the original on May 2, 2020. Retrieved June 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.uchicago.edu/profile/jacqueline-stewart","url_text":"\"Jacqueline Stewart\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200502180658/https://news.uchicago.edu/profile/jacqueline-stewart","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fluker, Dominque (March 17, 2024). \"Jacqueline Stewart, Director And President Of The Academy Museum Of Motion Pictures, Leads With Purpose\". Essence. Archived from the original on March 19, 2024. Retrieved May 14, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.essence.com/culture/jacqueline-stewart-academy-museum-of-motion-pictures/","url_text":"\"Jacqueline Stewart, Director And President Of The Academy Museum Of Motion Pictures, Leads With Purpose\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essence_(magazine)","url_text":"Essence"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240319225252/https://www.essence.com/culture/jacqueline-stewart-academy-museum-of-motion-pictures/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Jacqueline Stewart\". MacArthur Foundation. Archived from the original on September 28, 2021. Retrieved September 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.macfound.org/fellows/class-of-2021/jacqueline-stewart","url_text":"\"Jacqueline Stewart\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210928163817/https://www.macfound.org/fellows/class-of-2021/jacqueline-stewart","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Phillips, Michael (October 19, 2020). \"Chicago's Jacqueline Stewart to head LA's Academy Museum of Motion Pictures\". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on May 15, 2024. Retrieved May 14, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/2020/10/19/chicagos-jacqueline-stewart-to-head-las-academy-museum-of-motion-pictures/","url_text":"\"Chicago's Jacqueline Stewart to head LA's Academy Museum of Motion Pictures\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240515024314/https://www.chicagotribune.com/2020/10/19/chicagos-jacqueline-stewart-to-head-las-academy-museum-of-motion-pictures/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"'L.A. Rebellion: Creating a New Black Cinema\". University of California Press. 2015. Archived from the original on April 2, 2024. Retrieved May 14, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520284685/la-rebellion","url_text":"\"'L.A. Rebellion: Creating a New Black Cinema\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press","url_text":"University of California Press"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240402222811/https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520284685/la-rebellion","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"William Greaves: Filmmaking as Mission\". Columbia University Press. 2020. Archived from the original on June 1, 2023. Retrieved May 14, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://cup.columbia.edu/book/william-greaves/9780231199599","url_text":"\"William Greaves: Filmmaking as Mission\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University_Press","url_text":"Columbia University Press"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230601213447/https://cup.columbia.edu/book/william-greaves/9780231199599","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"University of Chicago Research Projects — Spencer Williams\". University of Chicago. 2004. Archived from the original on November 29, 2023. Retrieved May 16, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://blackfilm.uchicago.edu/research_projects/spencer_williams.shtml","url_text":"\"University of Chicago Research Projects — Spencer Williams\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231129220411/https://blackfilm.uchicago.edu/research_projects/spencer_williams.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"About South Side Home Movie Project\". South Side Home Movie Project. Archived from the original on May 17, 2022. Retrieved July 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://sshmp.uchicago.edu/our-story","url_text":"\"About South Side Home Movie Project\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220517180715/https://sshmp.uchicago.edu/our-story","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gibson, Lydialyle (March–April 2007). \"Cinéma vérité\". University of Chicago Magazine. Vol. 99, no. 4. Archived from the original on March 16, 2024. Retrieved May 14, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://magazine.uchicago.edu/0734/features/stewart.shtml","url_text":"\"Cinéma vérité\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240316211048/https://magazine.uchicago.edu/0734/features/stewart.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Daniels, Karu F. (September 13, 2019). \"Author, professor and film scholar Jacqueline Stewart becomes first African-American host of Turner Classic Movies\". Daily News. Archived from the original on October 2, 2019. Retrieved September 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nydailynews.com/snyde/ny-jacqueline-stewart-first-african-american-host-turner-classic-movie-20190914-ipycxw4jgraofaxk5vhqx6fhxq-story.html","url_text":"\"Author, professor and film scholar Jacqueline Stewart becomes first African-American host of Turner Classic Movies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Daily_News","url_text":"Daily News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191002074146/https://www.nydailynews.com/snyde/ny-jacqueline-stewart-first-african-american-host-turner-classic-movie-20190914-ipycxw4jgraofaxk5vhqx6fhxq-story.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"King, Loren (March 24, 2020). \"Silent Sunday Nights Host Jacqueline Stewart's Easy Going Film Expertise\". Motion Picture Association. Archived from the original on April 24, 2020. Retrieved May 14, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.motionpictures.org/2020/03/silent-sunday-nights-host-jacqueline-stewarts-easy-going-film-expertise/","url_text":"\"Silent Sunday Nights Host Jacqueline Stewart's Easy Going Film Expertise\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association","url_text":"Motion Picture Association"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200424025133/https://www.motionpictures.org/2020/03/silent-sunday-nights-host-jacqueline-stewarts-easy-going-film-expertise/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Jacqueline Stewart\". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Archived from the original on November 30, 2019. Retrieved July 7, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amacad.org/person/jacqueline-stewart","url_text":"\"Jacqueline Stewart\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191130221017/https://www.amacad.org/person/jacqueline-stewart","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Thompson, Anne (October 20, 2020). \"The Academy Museum Lucks Out with Chief Artistic Programmer Jacqueline Stewart\". IndieWire. Archived from the original on October 23, 2020. Retrieved July 7, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiewire.com/2020/10/academy-museum-chief-artistic-programmer-jacqueline-stewart-1234593721/","url_text":"\"The Academy Museum Lucks Out with Chief Artistic Programmer Jacqueline Stewart\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201023111542/https://www.indiewire.com/2020/10/academy-museum-chief-artistic-programmer-jacqueline-stewart-1234593721/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jacobs, Julia (July 6, 2022). \"The Academy Museum Names Jacqueline Stewart as New Leader\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 6, 2022. Retrieved July 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/06/arts/academy-museum-jacqueline-stewart.html","url_text":"\"The Academy Museum Names Jacqueline Stewart as New Leader\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220706195010/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/06/arts/academy-museum-jacqueline-stewart.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jevens, Darel (January 8, 2017). \"Top Chicago Critics Circle awards go to 'Moonlight,' 'La La Land'\". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on June 15, 2020. 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Retrieved May 29, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://editorial.rottentomatoes.com/article/jacqueline-stewarts-five-favorite-films/","url_text":"\"Jacqueline Stewart's Five Favorite Films\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191024073633/https://editorial.rottentomatoes.com/article/jacqueline-stewarts-five-favorite-films/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bitran, Tara (September 9, 2019). \"Jacqueline Stewart Becomes First African American Host at Turner Classic Movies\". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on April 28, 2024. Retrieved May 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/jacqueline-stewart-is-turner-classic-movies-first-african-american-host-1237214/","url_text":"\"Jacqueline Stewart Becomes First African American Host at Turner Classic Movies\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240428041005/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/jacqueline-stewart-is-turner-classic-movies-first-african-american-host-1237214/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ford, Anne (January 8, 2020). \"Jacqueline Stewart Watches Movies Over Your Shoulder on Airplanes\". Chicago (Interview). Archived from the original on January 8, 2020. 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Retrieved September 17, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/09/arts/television/jacqueline-stewart-tcm.html","url_text":"\"Turner Classic Movies' First Black Host on Keeping Old Films Alive\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Clark, Ashley (February 12, 2016). \"Second showing: unearthing the lost history of African American cinema\". The Guardian. Retrieved November 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/feb/12/pioneers-african-american-cinema-oscar-micheaux","url_text":"\"Second showing: unearthing the lost history of African American cinema\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"MCA Talk: On Painting, Lewis + Stewart\". Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago. July 23, 2016. Archived from the original on May 21, 2019. Retrieved November 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://mcachicago.org/Calendar/2016/07/MCA-Talk-On-Painting-Lewis-Stewart","url_text":"\"MCA Talk: On Painting, Lewis + Stewart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art_Chicago","url_text":"Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190521210610/https://mcachicago.org/Calendar/2016/07/MCA-Talk-On-Painting-Lewis-Stewart","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wang, Hansi Lo (March 4, 2016). \"Restored 'Race Films' Find New Audiences\". NPR. Archived from the original on June 12, 2020. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caerleon_Roman_Fortress_and_Baths | Caerleon Roman Fortress and Baths | ["1 Background and history","2 Caerleon's archaeological history","2.1 The Antiquarians","2.2 The Archaeologists","2.3 Post-war archaeology","3 The Roman Baths","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 51°36′36″N 2°57′19″W / 51.61005°N 2.95529°W / 51.61005; -2.95529For the nearby National Museum of Wales centre, see National Roman Legion Museum.
Archaeological museum in Newport, WalesCaerleon Roman Fortress and BathsMuseum location in Newport, WalesShow map of NewportCaerleon Roman Fortress and Baths (the United Kingdom)Show map of the United KingdomCaerleon Roman Fortress and Baths (Europe)Show map of EuropeLocationCaerleon, Newport, WalesCoordinates51°36′36″N 2°57′19″W / 51.61005°N 2.95529°W / 51.61005; -2.95529TypeArchaeological museumOwnerCadwWebsiteCaerleon Roman Fortress and Baths
Caerleon Roman Fortress and Baths encompass the archaeological ruins and sites of the Legionary Fortress of Isca Augusta spread across the town of Caerleon, near the city of Newport, South Wales. Notable for being one of only three permanent legionary fortresses from Roman Britain (the others being York and Chester), Caerleon has provided a unique opportunity to study the archaeology of a Roman Legionary fortress, less affected by the medieval and subsequent urban activity of most such fortresses. Having attracted the attention of eminent archaeologists throughout the 20th century it now has four major public archaeological venues, including the museum run by Cadw, called 'Caerleon Roman Fortress and Baths' (Welsh: Caer a Baddonau Rhufeinig Caerllion), featuring the excavated fortress bath-house. Also open to the public is the most complete excavated amphitheatre in Britain, a series of barracks and the National Roman Legion Museum. The fortress and its surrounding civil settlement have been the subject of continuing major archaeological investigations into the 21st century.
Background and history
Main articles: Isca Augusta and Caerleon
Roman Wales was the farthest point west that the Roman Empire in Roman Britain extended to, and as a defence point, the fortress at Caerleon built in AD 75 was one of only three permanent Roman Legionary fortresses in Roman Britain. It was occupied and operational for just over 200 years.
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Map of modern-day Caerleon, showing the line of the walls of the Roman Legionary Fortress of Isca Augusta. Red dots are sites open to the public, blue dots are other scheduled monuments within the fortress. Green dots are scheduled sites of the civil settlement (canabae).1 Roman Fortress Baths (Museum)2 Caerleon Amphitheatre3 National Roman Legion Museum4 Area of excavated Roman Barracks5 Barracks in the area of Myrtle Cottage6 Barrack Blocks in the former Garden of The Firs7 Area behind Caerleon House: site of the Porta Praetoria, the main entrance to the fortress.8 Area off White Hart Lane: Officers quarters and SW Barrack Blocks9 Area between Priory Hotel and Priory Lodge, identified as Tribune Houses and military warehouses10 Back Garden of No 4 Museum Street, with a Tribune's house, section of road and the north end of the Bath complex11 Site of the residence of the primus pilus, the senior centurion of the legion, in the grounds of the Endowed School.12 Site of domestic structures identified as Tribunes' houses, fronting onto the road now called Broadway13 Large building thought to be iron-working workshops under the Primary School playing fields14 Old Vicarage Garden: site of the central courtyard and basilica of the headquarters (principa) of the Roman fortress15 Town Hall Park: possible location of the Praetorium, the residence of the legate16 Barracks block site in the grounds of the Health Clinic17 Goldcroft Common Barracks block site18 Grounds of the Nursing Home: Continuation of the NE Barracks buildings19 Grounds of St Cadoc's Church: unexcavated site probably with workshops or graneries20 Part of the canabae at the former Ambulance Station Field21 Canabae (Caerleon Civil Settlement)22 Caerleon Civil Settlement: Area under Broadway Playing Fields23 Roman extra-mural baths under the bailey of the medieval castle24 Caerleon Civil Settlement: Site of Roman Building SE of Castle Street
Caerleon's archaeological history
The earliest description of Caerleon's Roman ruins is in Gerald of Wales's 12th century Itinerarium Cambriae. He was fully aware of the Roman historical significance of Caerleon and also gives extensive archaeological detail. Much may be fanciful or drawn from other locations however, and the features were certainly not apparent by later centuries. But his description confirmed Caerleon as a notable historical site:
Caerleon means the city of Legions, Caer, in the British language, signifying a city or camp, for there the Roman legions, sent into this island, were accustomed to winter, and from this circumstance it was styled the city of legions. This city was of undoubted antiquity, and handsomely built of masonry, with courses of bricks, by the Romans. Many vestiges of its former splendour may yet be seen; immense palaces, formerly ornamented with gilded roofs, in imitation of Roman magnificence, inasmuch as they were first raised by the Roman princes, and embellished with splendid buildings; a tower of prodigious size, remarkable hot baths, relics of temples, and theatres, all inclosed within fine walls, parts of which remain standing. You will find on all sides, both within and without the circuit of the walls, subterraneous buildings, aqueducts, underground passages; and what I think worthy of notice, stoves contrived with wonderful art, to transmit the heat insensibly through narrow tubes passing up the side walls.
There are further indications that significant ruins or building survived into the medieval period. The vast stone complex of the fortress baths are thought to have been destroyed in the 13th century, and the ditch at 10 Mill Street was identified as still standing open in the Middle Ages. An engraving of 1783 shows a crumbling tower and roman stonework.
The Antiquarians
Through the 1840s some ad hoc excavations were made, which, along with finds from construction works culminated in the foundation of the Caerleon Antiquarian Association in October 1847, with the twin aims of carrying out excavations and providing a museum to house the finds. An early project, possibly even predating the new Association was an excavation of the extramural bathhouse. This was alongside the medieval castle motte, within its bailey, on land owned by John Jenkins and it was undertaken by John Edward Lee, who became the secretary and initial driving force of the Association.
New finds from Lee's excavation along with finds from construction work on a (never completed) railway cutting gave urgency to the idea of a museum. An early plan was to lease an old market building owned by Sir Digby Mackworth, 4th Baronet and the first chairman of the Association. The building incorporated 4 Roman pillars and when this building was deemed an impracticable location it was demolished and the pillars given for re-use inside a new building on a new site. The museum opened to the public in the summer of 1850, to display the recently-found artifacts along with many items donated by the townspeople. It would eventually be expanded and become the National Roman Legionary Museum. Limited resources and structural difficulties meant all the society's efforts were rapidly taken up with the museum leaving little energy for further archaeological work.
Lee also produced a catalogue of the museum contents, and added a first attempt at a history of the fortress.
In the 1890s the Bristol-based Clifton Antiquarian Club began excavating at nearby Caerwent and this had the effect of raising the profile of Roman archaeology in Monmouthshire as a whole.
In the 1900s, another outside body, the 'Liverpool Committee for Excavation and Research in Wales and the Marches' began a program of excavations led by Robert Carr Bosanquet, including a corner turret of the fortress walls, a building near the Church, and in 1908 a preliminary excavation of the Amphitheatre, revealing some well-preserved walls and buttresses.
The Archaeologists
1926-27: Amphitheatre. Since 1913 there had been a ‘Caerleon Amphitheatre Fund’, although it is unclear if this was a local initiative to try and get national funds or an external initiative to circumvent local inaction. However, after the 1914-18 war it reformed as the ‘Caerleon Excavation Committee’ and gained momentum under the dynamic leadership of Mortimer Wheeler, recently appointed director the National Museum of Wales. It was able to acquire the amphitheatre site, and in 1926 work began on removing 30,000 tones of soil. Over 14 months, and under three different supervisors, they were able to expose the whole of the original flooring, entrances, retaining walls and banks of seating areas. First supervisor was V. E. Nash-Williams, who had worked with Mortimer Wheeler at Segontium. Mr Myers took over for 4 months, and for the remaining 8 months it was supervised by Mrs TC Wheeler, Mortimer's wife. When the work was completed the site was presented to the Office of Works for preservation as a national monument.
1927-29: Prysg Field was purchased by the Caerleon Excavation Committee and digs over three summers under V. E. Nash-Williams revealed the western corner ramparts and extensive barracks blocks. Following the example of the amphitheatre, the Barracks footings (and reconstructed ground plans) were laid out as public parkland on completion of the excavations.
1929: 'The Mount': C Hawkes (also a veteran of the Segontium dig) began an excavation at ‘The Mount’, acquired that year by Col Atwood Thorne, and made available to the Excavation Committee. This revealed the ramparts at the eastern corner
The two 1920s digs confirmed what was until then considered to be a conjectural line for the fortress walls and established a construction sequence of a 75AD ditch with clay rampart, which was faced with stone 25 years later and had a continued occupation until the end of the third century. The Western Barracks buildings had been exposed and showed that the original timber barracks were replaced by stone, around 115 AD.
In 1930 the Caerleon Antiquarian Association agreed to lend, and subsequently hand over, their museum to the National Museum of Wales, having devoted 80 years to keeping the troublesome roof repaired. In 1987 the museum building was almost entirely demolished, retaining just the classical portico. In its place, and built of glass, steel and concrete, is the new and significantly expanded National Roman Legion Museum. In 2018 the building had to close for 13 months while essential roof repairs were carried out.
Post-war archaeology
The 1970s saw a new wave of archaeological activity, culminating in the 1977 to 1981 excavation of the fortress baths by J. David Zienkiewicz. It is believed that the baths complex was the only stone-built building in the new fortress of 75 AD, which was otherwise timber-built initially. Although initially a rescue dig, significant parts of the Baths site were preserved in situ, and were first opened to the public in 1980 in the care of Cadw as a public archaeological attraction.
In the years 1984-90 the focus shifted outside the walls of the fortress to excavate areas of the canabae, the civil settlement that had grown up around the fortress. There had long been an awareness of extramural buildings, and some of the earliest excavations had looked at the medieval castle site, near the south-east gates. Property developments at an extensive site alongside Mill Street, on the north-east side of the fortress, provided an opportunity for more up to date archaeological methods to investigate the area and consider the status of the canabae as a whole. Led by Edith Evans, it demonstrated that the civil settlement was more extensive and varied than once thought. With the nearby town of Caerwent, plus civil settlements at Usk and Bulmore it was part of a settled romanised landscape, and over several centuries became a substantial garrison town. It was not promoted to regional capital status, as happened at York, but from the limited evidence available at both British and other examples, Caerleon's civil settlement in the 2nd and 3rd centuries would have looked recognisably comparable to most such fortress canabae.
In a long-established chronology for the fortress it was assumed the military had departed by the end of the third century. Mounting evidence of fourth century occupation was considered by Edith Evans in a wide-ranging review of 2004. She suggested a case for a reformed and reduced legionary presence into the fourth century, but stressed that the three options (Smaller fort, Smaller garrison or Civilian use only) were all possible explanations of the limited archaeological evidence.
From 2007 to 2010 Andrew Gardner of UCL and Peter Guest of Cardiff University led joint summer research and training excavations on Priory Field, in the south-west section of the fortress alongside a geophys survey of the open ground south and west of the fortress. The excavations focussed on a large square building fronting onto Broadway, that appears to have had Legionary storage functions. Built early in the fortress's history, it collapsed or was demolished around 350, and the 2010 excavation unearthed thousands of finds including entire sets of Roman armour. A stone inscription was found that recorded that the building had been constructed by Flavius Rufus, possibly a first-generation Roman citizen who had risen to be Primus Pilus, the first ranked centurian of the II Augustan Legion. Cottages subsequently built on the same site were then occupied from 400 to 650 AD, revealing more of Caerleon's post-Legionary occupation.
In 2011 Peter Guest led a follow-up investigation of the area ('the Southern Canabae') between the Amphitheatre and the river Usk. The earlier geophysical survey had identified substantial structures south of the amphitheatres, which were examined using test trenches. They confirmed the location of a port fronting (and in places eroded by) the River Usk - only the second Roman Port known in Britain, the other being London. They also found three huge public buildings arranged around vast central courtyards. The largest was 150 metres (490 ft) by 120 metres (390 ft) with a central courtyard bigger than the area of the amphitheatre. The dig was featured in an episode of Timeteam (series 19 episode 9, 23 March 2012). The 'southern canabae' area appears to have been abandoned much earlier than the fortress. By the end of the 2nd century buildings were just being used to dump rubbish, so whatever its early functions, they ceased to be relevant within 125 years of the troops first arriving. Analysis of the finds and excavations is still ongoing, but interim suggestions on the nature and purpose of these buildings indicate they could have been built in the very earliest phase of the fortress, although on a different alignment than the fortress walls. The test trenches leave most of the site unsampled, so the interpretation is necessarily uncertain. Amongst the possibilities considered, the buildings may have related to the administration of the legion or the area, and the courtyards might have been assembly yards for troops and animals arriving at the port.
Interior of the Roman Baths Museum
The Roman Baths
The Roman Baths Museum lies within the fortress walls, close to the National Roman Legion Museum, and were the principal baths for the legion. The baths museum has a covered walkway over part of the remains of the military bath house. There was a frigidarium, tepidarium and caldarium, as well as an open-air swimming pool. The baths museum is administered by Cadw and includes projected imagery to re-create the scenes of Roman bathers.
Within a short walk of the baths museum are:
The most complete Roman amphitheatre in Britain
Sections of the fortress walls
The only remains of a Roman legionary barracks on view anywhere in Europe at Prysg Field
There were over 40,000 visitors to the Baths in 2012.
See also
National Roman Legion Museum
Newport Museum
Venta Silurum
List of scheduled monuments in Newport
References
^ a b c Guest, Peter; Luke, Mike; Pudney, Caroline (2012). Archaeological evaluation of the extramural monumental complex ('the Southern Canabae') at Caerleon, 2011. Cardiff Studies in Archaeology: Specialist Report (Report). Vol. 33. Cardiff School of History, Archaeology and Religion, Cardiff University.
^ "Archwillio: Search the Historic Environment Record". Welsh Archaeological Trusts. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
^ Gerald of Wales (Giraldus Cambrensis) (1191). Itinerarium Cambriae: The Itinerary of Archbishop Baldwin through Wales (tr 1912) – via Project Gutenberg.
^ a b David Standing (3 October 2011). "The Fortress Baths at Isca". MonasticDave.
^ a b Evans, Edith (2004). The Roman fortress of Caerleon and its environs: A framework for research (Report). Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust.
^ "The Roman tower at Caerleon, Monmouthshire (engraving)". The National Library of Wales. 15 August 1783. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
^ a b c d e f g Andrew Green (2018). "The Monmouthshire and Caerleon Antiquarian Association". gwalter.com. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
^ Lee, John Edward (1862). Isca Silurum; or an Illustrated Catalogue of the Museum of Antiquities at Caerleon. Longman, Green, Longmans & Roberts, Paternoster Row.
^ "Excavation of the Amphitheatre - 1926 – 27". caerleon.net. Retrieved 14 January 2023.
^ Nash-Williams, V.E (1931). "The Roman Legionary fortress at Caerleon in Monmouthshire: Excavations in the Prysg Field, 1927-9". Archaeologia Cambrensis. 86: 99–157.
^ Hawkes, Christopher (1929). "The Roman Legionary fortress at Caerleon in Monmouthshire: Excavations in the eastern corner in 1929". Archaeologia Cambrensis. 85: 144–196.
^ Brooke Boucher (22 October 2019). "National Roman Legion Museum re-opens after a year". South Wales Argus.
^ J. David Zienkiewicz (1986). The Legionary Fortress Baths at Caerleon: The buildings. National Museum of Wales.
^ Evans, E (2000). The Caerleon canabae: excavations in the civil settlement 1984–90 (PDF) (Report). London: Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies.
^ Gardner, Andrew; Guest, Peter (2008). "Exploring Roman Caerleon: New excavations at the legionary fortress of Isca". Archaeology International. 12: 47–49. doi:10.5334/ai.1211.
^ Guest, Peter (2014). ""They came, they saw, they conquered". The Roman Legionary Fortress at Caerleon". History Magazine.
^ Peter Guest. "Roman Caerleon: Priory Field". Vianova Archaeology Services. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
^ "Timeteam, S19, E9: Caerleon, South Wales". IMDB. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
^ "Caerleon Roman Fortress and Baths". Archived from the original on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
^ "Caerleon's Roman baths get record visitor figures". South Wales Argus. 15 December 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
External links
Caerleon Roman Fortress and Baths Archived 12 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine – Cadw
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York Roman Baths | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Roman Legion Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Roman_Legion_Museum"},{"link_name":"Isca Augusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isca_Augusta"},{"link_name":"Caerleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caerleon"},{"link_name":"Newport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_Wales"},{"link_name":"South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Wales"},{"link_name":"York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York"},{"link_name":"Chester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester"},{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language"},{"link_name":"National Roman Legion Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Roman_Legion_Museum"}],"text":"For the nearby National Museum of Wales centre, see National Roman Legion Museum.Archaeological museum in Newport, WalesCaerleon Roman Fortress and Baths encompass the archaeological ruins and sites of the Legionary Fortress of Isca Augusta spread across the town of Caerleon, near the city of Newport, South Wales. Notable for being one of only three permanent legionary fortresses from Roman Britain (the others being York and Chester), Caerleon has provided a unique opportunity to study the archaeology of a Roman Legionary fortress, less affected by the medieval and subsequent urban activity of most such fortresses. Having attracted the attention of eminent archaeologists throughout the 20th century it now has four major public archaeological venues, including the museum run by Cadw, called 'Caerleon Roman Fortress and Baths' (Welsh: Caer a Baddonau Rhufeinig Caerllion), featuring the excavated fortress bath-house. Also open to the public is the most complete excavated amphitheatre in Britain, a series of barracks and the National Roman Legion Museum. The fortress and its surrounding civil settlement have been the subject of continuing major archaeological investigations into the 21st century.","title":"Caerleon Roman Fortress and Baths"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_in_the_Roman_Era"},{"link_name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Roman Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Britain"},{"link_name":"AD 75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AD_75"},{"link_name":"Roman Legionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Legion"},{"link_name":"Roman Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Britain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Map/15/51.6105/-2.9557/en"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.openstreetmap.org/copyright"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Maps_Terms_of_Use"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Roman_Legion_Museum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wales_relief_location_map.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Map/16/51.6105/-2.9557/en"},{"link_name":"Isca Augusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isca_Augusta"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guest2012-1"},{"link_name":"scheduled monuments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheduled_monuments"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"National Roman Legion Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Roman_Legion_Museum"}],"text":"Roman Wales was the farthest point west that the Roman Empire in Roman Britain extended to, and as a defence point, the fortress at Caerleon built in AD 75 was one of only three permanent Roman Legionary fortresses in Roman Britain. It was occupied and operational for just over 200 years.200m220ydsRiv\ne\nr UskTHE\n \nCANABAETHE\n \nCANABAE\nSOUTHERNCANABAE\n\n24\n23\n22\n21\n20\n19\n18\n17\n16\n15\n14\n13\n12\n11\n10\n9\n8\n7\n6\n5\n4\n3\n\n2\n\n1\n Map of modern-day Caerleon, showing the line of the walls of the Roman Legionary Fortress of Isca Augusta.[1] Red dots are sites open to the public, blue dots are other scheduled monuments within the fortress. Green dots are scheduled sites of the civil settlement (canabae).[2]1 Roman Fortress Baths (Museum)2 Caerleon Amphitheatre3 National Roman Legion Museum4 Area of excavated Roman Barracks5 Barracks in the area of Myrtle Cottage6 Barrack Blocks in the former Garden of The Firs7 Area behind Caerleon House: site of the Porta Praetoria, the main entrance to the fortress.8 Area off White Hart Lane: Officers quarters and SW Barrack Blocks9 Area between Priory Hotel and Priory Lodge, identified as Tribune Houses and military warehouses10 Back Garden of No 4 Museum Street, with a Tribune's house, section of road and the north end of the Bath complex11 Site of the residence of the primus pilus, the senior centurion of the legion, in the grounds of the Endowed School.12 Site of domestic structures identified as Tribunes' houses, fronting onto the road now called Broadway13 Large building thought to be iron-working workshops under the Primary School playing fields14 Old Vicarage Garden: site of the central courtyard and basilica of the headquarters (principa) of the Roman fortress15 Town Hall Park: possible location of the Praetorium, the residence of the legate16 Barracks block site in the grounds of the Health Clinic17 Goldcroft Common Barracks block site18 Grounds of the Nursing Home: Continuation of the NE Barracks buildings19 Grounds of St Cadoc's Church: unexcavated site probably with workshops or graneries20 Part of the canabae at the former Ambulance Station Field21 Canabae (Caerleon Civil Settlement)22 Caerleon Civil Settlement: Area under Broadway Playing Fields23 Roman extra-mural baths under the bailey of the medieval castle24 Caerleon Civil Settlement: Site of Roman Building SE of Castle Street","title":"Background and history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gerald of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"Itinerarium Cambriae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itinerarium_Cambriae"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-md-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Evans2004-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The earliest description of Caerleon's Roman ruins is in Gerald of Wales's 12th century Itinerarium Cambriae. He was fully aware of the Roman historical significance of Caerleon and also gives extensive archaeological detail. Much may be fanciful or drawn from other locations however, and the features were certainly not apparent by later centuries. But his description confirmed Caerleon as a notable historical site:Caerleon means the city of Legions, Caer, in the British language, signifying a city or camp, for there the Roman legions, sent into this island, were accustomed to winter, and from this circumstance it was styled the city of legions. This city was of undoubted antiquity, and handsomely built of masonry, with courses of bricks, by the Romans. Many vestiges of its former splendour may yet be seen; immense palaces, formerly ornamented with gilded roofs, in imitation of Roman magnificence, inasmuch as they were first raised by the Roman princes, and embellished with splendid buildings; a tower of prodigious size, remarkable hot baths, relics of temples, and theatres, all inclosed within fine walls, parts of which remain standing. You will find on all sides, both within and without the circuit of the walls, subterraneous buildings, aqueducts, underground passages; and what I think worthy of notice, stoves contrived with wonderful art, to transmit the heat insensibly through narrow tubes passing up the side walls.[3]There are further indications that significant ruins or building survived into the medieval period. The vast stone complex of the fortress baths are thought to have been destroyed in the 13th century,[4] and the ditch at 10 Mill Street was identified as still standing open in the Middle Ages.[5] An engraving of 1783 shows a crumbling tower and roman stonework.[6]","title":"Caerleon's archaeological history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-green-7"},{"link_name":"National Roman Legionary Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Roman_Legionary_Museum"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-green-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Clifton Antiquarian Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton_Antiquarian_Club"},{"link_name":"Caerwent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caerwent"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-green-7"},{"link_name":"Robert Carr Bosanquet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Carr_Bosanquet"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-green-7"}],"sub_title":"The Antiquarians","text":"Through the 1840s some ad hoc excavations were made, which, along with finds from construction works culminated in the foundation of the Caerleon Antiquarian Association in October 1847, with the twin aims of carrying out excavations and providing a museum to house the finds. An early project, possibly even predating the new Association was an excavation of the extramural bathhouse. This was alongside the medieval castle motte, within its bailey, on land owned by John Jenkins and it was undertaken by John Edward Lee, who became the secretary and initial driving force of the Association.[7]New finds from Lee's excavation along with finds from construction work on a (never completed) railway cutting gave urgency to the idea of a museum. An early plan was to lease an old market building owned by Sir Digby Mackworth, 4th Baronet and the first chairman of the Association. The building incorporated 4 Roman pillars and when this building was deemed an impracticable location it was demolished and the pillars given for re-use inside a new building on a new site. The museum opened to the public in the summer of 1850, to display the recently-found artifacts along with many items donated by the townspeople. It would eventually be expanded and become the National Roman Legionary Museum. Limited resources and structural difficulties meant all the society's efforts were rapidly taken up with the museum leaving little energy for further archaeological work.[7]Lee also produced a catalogue of the museum contents, and added a first attempt at a history of the fortress.[8]In the 1890s the Bristol-based Clifton Antiquarian Club began excavating at nearby Caerwent and this had the effect of raising the profile of Roman archaeology in Monmouthshire as a whole.[7]In the 1900s, another outside body, the 'Liverpool Committee for Excavation and Research in Wales and the Marches' began a program of excavations led by Robert Carr Bosanquet, including a corner turret of the fortress walls, a building near the Church, and in 1908 a preliminary excavation of the Amphitheatre, revealing some well-preserved walls and buttresses.[7]","title":"Caerleon's archaeological history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-green-7"},{"link_name":"Mortimer Wheeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortimer_Wheeler"},{"link_name":"National Museum of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"Segontium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segontium"},{"link_name":"Office of Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Works"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Segontium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segontium"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-green-7"},{"link_name":"National Museum of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amgueddfa_Cymru_%E2%80%93_Museum_Wales"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-green-7"},{"link_name":"National Roman Legion Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Roman_Legion_Museum"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"The Archaeologists","text":"1926-27: Amphitheatre. Since 1913 there had been a ‘Caerleon Amphitheatre Fund’, although it is unclear if this was a local initiative to try and get national funds or an external initiative to circumvent local inaction.[7] However, after the 1914-18 war it reformed as the ‘Caerleon Excavation Committee’ and gained momentum under the dynamic leadership of Mortimer Wheeler, recently appointed director the National Museum of Wales. It was able to acquire the amphitheatre site, and in 1926 work began on removing 30,000 tones of soil. Over 14 months, and under three different supervisors, they were able to expose the whole of the original flooring, entrances, retaining walls and banks of seating areas. First supervisor was V. E. Nash-Williams, who had worked with Mortimer Wheeler at Segontium. Mr Myers took over for 4 months, and for the remaining 8 months it was supervised by Mrs TC Wheeler, Mortimer's wife. When the work was completed the site was presented to the Office of Works for preservation as a national monument.[9]1927-29: Prysg Field was purchased by the Caerleon Excavation Committee and digs over three summers under V. E. Nash-Williams revealed the western corner ramparts and extensive barracks blocks. Following the example of the amphitheatre, the Barracks footings (and reconstructed ground plans) were laid out as public parkland on completion of the excavations.[10]1929: 'The Mount': C Hawkes (also a veteran of the Segontium dig) began an excavation at ‘The Mount’, acquired that year by Col Atwood Thorne, and made available to the Excavation Committee. This revealed the ramparts at the eastern corner [11]The two 1920s digs confirmed what was until then considered to be a conjectural line for the fortress walls and established a construction sequence of a 75AD ditch with clay rampart, which was faced with stone 25 years later and had a continued occupation until the end of the third century. The Western Barracks buildings had been exposed and showed that the original timber barracks were replaced by stone, around 115 AD.[7]In 1930 the Caerleon Antiquarian Association agreed to lend, and subsequently hand over, their museum to the National Museum of Wales, having devoted 80 years to keeping the troublesome roof repaired.[7] In 1987 the museum building was almost entirely demolished, retaining just the classical portico. In its place, and built of glass, steel and concrete, is the new and significantly expanded National Roman Legion Museum. In 2018 the building had to close for 13 months while essential roof repairs were carried out.[12]","title":"Caerleon's archaeological history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Cadw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadw"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-md-4"},{"link_name":"Caerwent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caerwent"},{"link_name":"Usk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usk"},{"link_name":"Bulmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulmore"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Evans2004-5"},{"link_name":"UCL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_London"},{"link_name":"Cardiff University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_University"},{"link_name":"geophys survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geophysical_survey_(archaeology)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Timeteam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeteam"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guest2012-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guest2012-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caerleon_bain2.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Roman_Baths_museum,_Caerleon_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1155322.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Post-war archaeology","text":"The 1970s saw a new wave of archaeological activity, culminating in the 1977 to 1981 excavation of the fortress baths by J. David Zienkiewicz.[13] It is believed that the baths complex was the only stone-built building in the new fortress of 75 AD, which was otherwise timber-built initially. Although initially a rescue dig, significant parts of the Baths site were preserved in situ, and were first opened to the public in 1980 in the care of Cadw as a public archaeological attraction.[4]In the years 1984-90 the focus shifted outside the walls of the fortress to excavate areas of the canabae, the civil settlement that had grown up around the fortress. There had long been an awareness of extramural buildings, and some of the earliest excavations had looked at the medieval castle site, near the south-east gates. Property developments at an extensive site alongside Mill Street, on the north-east side of the fortress, provided an opportunity for more up to date archaeological methods to investigate the area and consider the status of the canabae as a whole. Led by Edith Evans, it demonstrated that the civil settlement was more extensive and varied than once thought. With the nearby town of Caerwent, plus civil settlements at Usk and Bulmore it was part of a settled romanised landscape, and over several centuries became a substantial garrison town. It was not promoted to regional capital status, as happened at York, but from the limited evidence available at both British and other examples, Caerleon's civil settlement in the 2nd and 3rd centuries would have looked recognisably comparable to most such fortress canabae.[14]In a long-established chronology for the fortress it was assumed the military had departed by the end of the third century. Mounting evidence of fourth century occupation was considered by Edith Evans in a wide-ranging review of 2004. She suggested a case for a reformed and reduced legionary presence into the fourth century,[5] but stressed that the three options (Smaller fort, Smaller garrison or Civilian use only) were all possible explanations of the limited archaeological evidence.From 2007 to 2010 Andrew Gardner of UCL and Peter Guest of Cardiff University led joint summer research and training excavations on Priory Field, in the south-west section of the fortress alongside a geophys survey of the open ground south and west of the fortress. The excavations focussed on a large square building fronting onto Broadway, that appears to have had Legionary storage functions.[15] Built early in the fortress's history, it collapsed or was demolished around 350, and the 2010 excavation unearthed thousands of finds including entire sets of Roman armour. A stone inscription was found that recorded that the building had been constructed by Flavius Rufus, possibly a first-generation Roman citizen who had risen to be Primus Pilus, the first ranked centurian of the II Augustan Legion.[16] Cottages subsequently built on the same site were then occupied from 400 to 650 AD, revealing more of Caerleon's post-Legionary occupation.[17]In 2011 Peter Guest led a follow-up investigation of the area ('the Southern Canabae') between the Amphitheatre and the river Usk. The earlier geophysical survey had identified substantial structures south of the amphitheatres, which were examined using test trenches. They confirmed the location of a port fronting (and in places eroded by) the River Usk - only the second Roman Port known in Britain, the other being London. They also found three huge public buildings arranged around vast central courtyards. The largest was 150 metres (490 ft) by 120 metres (390 ft) with a central courtyard bigger than the area of the amphitheatre. The dig was featured in an episode of Timeteam (series 19 episode 9, 23 March 2012).[18] The 'southern canabae' area appears to have been abandoned much earlier than the fortress. By the end of the 2nd century buildings were just being used to dump rubbish, so whatever its early functions, they ceased to be relevant within 125 years of the troops first arriving.[1] Analysis of the finds and excavations is still ongoing, but interim suggestions on the nature and purpose of these buildings indicate they could have been built in the very earliest phase of the fortress, although on a different alignment than the fortress walls. The test trenches leave most of the site unsampled, so the interpretation is necessarily uncertain. Amongst the possibilities considered, the buildings may have related to the administration of the legion or the area, and the courtyards might have been assembly yards for troops and animals arriving at the port.[1]Interior of the Roman Baths Museum","title":"Caerleon's archaeological history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Roman Legion Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Roman_Legion_Museum"},{"link_name":"frigidarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigidarium"},{"link_name":"tepidarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepidarium"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cadw-19"},{"link_name":"Cadw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadw"},{"link_name":"amphitheatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphitheatre"},{"link_name":"Roman legionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Legion"},{"link_name":"barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barracks"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"The Roman Baths Museum lies within the fortress walls, close to the National Roman Legion Museum, and were the principal baths for the legion. The baths museum has a covered walkway over part of the remains of the military bath house. There was a frigidarium, tepidarium and caldarium, as well as an open-air swimming pool.[19] The baths museum is administered by Cadw and includes projected imagery to re-create the scenes of Roman bathers.Within a short walk of the baths museum are:The most complete Roman amphitheatre in Britain\nSections of the fortress walls\nThe only remains of a Roman legionary barracks on view anywhere in Europe at Prysg FieldThere were over 40,000 visitors to the Baths in 2012.[20]","title":"The Roman Baths"}] | [{"image_text":"Interior of the Roman Baths Museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Caerleon_bain2.JPG/220px-Caerleon_bain2.JPG"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/The_Roman_Baths_museum%2C_Caerleon_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1155322.jpg/220px-The_Roman_Baths_museum%2C_Caerleon_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1155322.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Aerial_view_of_Caerleon_Roman_amphitheatre.jpg/100px-Aerial_view_of_Caerleon_Roman_amphitheatre.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Caerleon-Roman_Prysg_Field_Barracks.JPG/100px-Caerleon-Roman_Prysg_Field_Barracks.JPG"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/River_usk_newport_-_panoramio.jpg/100px-River_usk_newport_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Wroxeter_baths%2C_2010.jpg/100px-Wroxeter_baths%2C_2010.jpg"}] | [{"title":"National Roman Legion Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Roman_Legion_Museum"},{"title":"Newport Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_Museum"},{"title":"Venta Silurum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venta_Silurum"},{"title":"List of scheduled monuments in Newport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scheduled_monuments_in_Newport"}] | [{"reference":"Guest, Peter; Luke, Mike; Pudney, Caroline (2012). Archaeological evaluation of the extramural monumental complex ('the Southern Canabae') at Caerleon, 2011. Cardiff Studies in Archaeology: Specialist Report (Report). Vol. 33. Cardiff School of History, Archaeology and Religion, Cardiff University.","urls":[{"url":"https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/37324/","url_text":"Archaeological evaluation of the extramural monumental complex ('the Southern Canabae') at Caerleon, 2011"}]},{"reference":"\"Archwillio: Search the Historic Environment Record\". Welsh Archaeological Trusts. Retrieved 12 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archwilio.org.uk/her/chi3/arch.php","url_text":"\"Archwillio: Search the Historic Environment Record\""}]},{"reference":"Gerald of Wales (Giraldus Cambrensis) (1191). Itinerarium Cambriae: The Itinerary of Archbishop Baldwin through Wales (tr 1912) – via Project Gutenberg.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_of_Wales","url_text":"Gerald of Wales"},{"url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/1148/1148-h/1148-h.htm#page50","url_text":"Itinerarium Cambriae: The Itinerary of Archbishop Baldwin through Wales (tr 1912)"}]},{"reference":"David Standing (3 October 2011). \"The Fortress Baths at Isca\". MonasticDave.","urls":[{"url":"https://monasticdave.wordpress.com/2011/10/03/the-fortress-baths-at-isca/","url_text":"\"The Fortress Baths at Isca\""}]},{"reference":"Evans, Edith (2004). The Roman fortress of Caerleon and its environs: A framework for research (Report). Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.walesher1974.org/herumd.php?group=GGAT&level=3&docid=301360163","url_text":"The Roman fortress of Caerleon and its environs: A framework for research"}]},{"reference":"\"The Roman tower at Caerleon, Monmouthshire (engraving)\". The National Library of Wales. 15 August 1783. Retrieved 19 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://viewer.library.wales/1128985","url_text":"\"The Roman tower at Caerleon, Monmouthshire (engraving)\""}]},{"reference":"Andrew Green (2018). \"The Monmouthshire and Caerleon Antiquarian Association\". gwalter.com. Retrieved 14 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://gwallter.com/archaeology/the-monmouthshire-and-caerleon-antiquarian-association.html","url_text":"\"The Monmouthshire and Caerleon Antiquarian Association\""}]},{"reference":"Lee, John Edward (1862). Isca Silurum; or an Illustrated Catalogue of the Museum of Antiquities at Caerleon. Longman, Green, Longmans & Roberts, Paternoster Row.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BI2wKzA7L3kC","url_text":"Isca Silurum; or an Illustrated Catalogue of the Museum of Antiquities at Caerleon"}]},{"reference":"\"Excavation of the Amphitheatre - 1926 – 27\". caerleon.net. Retrieved 14 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.caerleon.net/history/amphexcav/page8.html","url_text":"\"Excavation of the Amphitheatre - 1926 – 27\""}]},{"reference":"Nash-Williams, V.E (1931). \"The Roman Legionary fortress at Caerleon in Monmouthshire: Excavations in the Prysg Field, 1927-9\". Archaeologia Cambrensis. 86: 99–157.","urls":[{"url":"https://journals.library.wales/view/4718179/4734799/130#?xywh=202%2C440%2C2854%2C1882","url_text":"\"The Roman Legionary fortress at Caerleon in Monmouthshire: Excavations in the Prysg Field, 1927-9\""}]},{"reference":"Hawkes, Christopher (1929). \"The Roman Legionary fortress at Caerleon in Monmouthshire: Excavations in the eastern corner in 1929\". Archaeologia Cambrensis. 85: 144–196.","urls":[{"url":"https://journals.library.wales/view/4718179/4734246/177#?xywh=-284%2C281%2C3541%2C2335","url_text":"\"The Roman Legionary fortress at Caerleon in Monmouthshire: Excavations in the eastern corner in 1929\""}]},{"reference":"Brooke Boucher (22 October 2019). \"National Roman Legion Museum re-opens after a year\". South Wales Argus.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.southwalesargus.co.uk/news/17985921.national-roman-legion-museum-re-opens-year/","url_text":"\"National Roman Legion Museum re-opens after a year\""}]},{"reference":"J. David Zienkiewicz (1986). The Legionary Fortress Baths at Caerleon: The buildings. National Museum of Wales.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Evans, E (2000). The Caerleon canabae: excavations in the civil settlement 1984–90 (PDF) (Report). London: Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies.","urls":[{"url":"https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-3299-1/dissemination/brit_16/Britannia_Monograph_Series_No_16_The_Caerleon_Canabae.pdf","url_text":"The Caerleon canabae: excavations in the civil settlement 1984–90"}]},{"reference":"Gardner, Andrew; Guest, Peter (2008). \"Exploring Roman Caerleon: New excavations at the legionary fortress of Isca\". Archaeology International. 12: 47–49. doi:10.5334/ai.1211.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5334%2Fai.1211","url_text":"\"Exploring Roman Caerleon: New excavations at the legionary fortress of Isca\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5334%2Fai.1211","url_text":"10.5334/ai.1211"}]},{"reference":"Guest, Peter (2014). \"\"They came, they saw, they conquered\". The Roman Legionary Fortress at Caerleon\". History Magazine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/47859224","url_text":"\"\"They came, they saw, they conquered\". The Roman Legionary Fortress at Caerleon\""}]},{"reference":"Peter Guest. \"Roman Caerleon: Priory Field\". Vianova Archaeology Services. Retrieved 16 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://vianovaarchaeology.com/research-engagement/roman-caerleon/priory-field/","url_text":"\"Roman Caerleon: Priory Field\""}]},{"reference":"\"Timeteam, S19, E9: Caerleon, South Wales\". IMDB. Retrieved 17 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2362853/","url_text":"\"Timeteam, S19, E9: Caerleon, South Wales\""}]},{"reference":"\"Caerleon Roman Fortress and Baths\". Archived from the original on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160312024007/http://cadw.gov.wales/daysout/Caerleon-roman-fortress-baths/?lang=en","url_text":"\"Caerleon Roman Fortress and Baths\""},{"url":"http://cadw.gov.wales/daysout/Caerleon-roman-fortress-baths/?lang=en","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Caerleon's Roman baths get record visitor figures\". South Wales Argus. 15 December 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.southwalesargus.co.uk/news/10110966.Caerleon_s_Roman_baths_get_record_visitor_figures/","url_text":"\"Caerleon's Roman baths get record visitor figures\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Caerleon_Roman_Fortress_and_Baths¶ms=51.61005_N_2.95529_W_region:GB_type:landmark_dim:100","external_links_name":"51°36′36″N 2°57′19″W / 51.61005°N 2.95529°W / 51.61005; -2.95529"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Caerleon_Roman_Fortress_and_Baths¶ms=51.61005_N_2.95529_W_region:GB_type:landmark_dim:100","external_links_name":"51°36′36″N 2°57′19″W / 51.61005°N 2.95529°W / 51.61005; -2.95529"},{"Link":"http://cadw.gov.wales/daysout/Caerleon-roman-fortress-baths/?lang=en/","external_links_name":"Caerleon Roman Fortress and Baths"},{"Link":"https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/37324/","external_links_name":"Archaeological evaluation of the extramural monumental complex ('the Southern Canabae') at Caerleon, 2011"},{"Link":"https://archwilio.org.uk/her/chi3/arch.php","external_links_name":"\"Archwillio: Search the Historic Environment Record\""},{"Link":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/1148/1148-h/1148-h.htm#page50","external_links_name":"Itinerarium Cambriae: The Itinerary of Archbishop Baldwin through Wales (tr 1912)"},{"Link":"https://monasticdave.wordpress.com/2011/10/03/the-fortress-baths-at-isca/","external_links_name":"\"The Fortress Baths at Isca\""},{"Link":"http://www.walesher1974.org/herumd.php?group=GGAT&level=3&docid=301360163","external_links_name":"The Roman fortress of Caerleon and its environs: A framework for research"},{"Link":"https://viewer.library.wales/1128985","external_links_name":"\"The Roman tower at Caerleon, Monmouthshire (engraving)\""},{"Link":"https://gwallter.com/archaeology/the-monmouthshire-and-caerleon-antiquarian-association.html","external_links_name":"\"The Monmouthshire and Caerleon Antiquarian Association\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BI2wKzA7L3kC","external_links_name":"Isca Silurum; or an Illustrated Catalogue of the Museum of Antiquities at Caerleon"},{"Link":"http://www.caerleon.net/history/amphexcav/page8.html","external_links_name":"\"Excavation of the Amphitheatre - 1926 – 27\""},{"Link":"https://journals.library.wales/view/4718179/4734799/130#?xywh=202%2C440%2C2854%2C1882","external_links_name":"\"The Roman Legionary fortress at Caerleon in Monmouthshire: Excavations in the Prysg Field, 1927-9\""},{"Link":"https://journals.library.wales/view/4718179/4734246/177#?xywh=-284%2C281%2C3541%2C2335","external_links_name":"\"The Roman Legionary fortress at Caerleon in Monmouthshire: Excavations in the eastern corner in 1929\""},{"Link":"https://www.southwalesargus.co.uk/news/17985921.national-roman-legion-museum-re-opens-year/","external_links_name":"\"National Roman Legion Museum re-opens after a year\""},{"Link":"https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-3299-1/dissemination/brit_16/Britannia_Monograph_Series_No_16_The_Caerleon_Canabae.pdf","external_links_name":"The Caerleon canabae: excavations in the civil settlement 1984–90"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.5334%2Fai.1211","external_links_name":"\"Exploring Roman Caerleon: New excavations at the legionary fortress of Isca\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.5334%2Fai.1211","external_links_name":"10.5334/ai.1211"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/47859224","external_links_name":"\"\"They came, they saw, they conquered\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kainantu%E2%80%93Goroka_languages | Kainantu–Goroka languages | ["1 Languages","2 Pronouns","3 Evolution","4 Vocabulary","5 Proto-languages","6 See also","7 Bibliography","8 References","9 External links"] | Language family
This article should specify the language of its non-English content, using {{lang}}, {{transliteration}} for transliterated languages, and {{IPA}} for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate ISO 639 code. Wikipedia's multilingual support templates may also be used. See why. (January 2022)
Kainantu–GorokaEast HighlandsGeographicdistributionhighlands of Kainantu and Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New GuineaLinguistic classificationTrans–New GuineaMorobe – Eastern HighlandsKainantu–GorokaSubdivisions
Goroka
Kainantu
Glottologkain1273Map: The Kainantu–Goroka languages of New Guinea
The Kainantu–Goroka languages
Other Trans–New Guinea languages
Other Papuan languages
Austronesian languages
Uninhabited
The Kainantu–Goroka languages are a family of Papuan languages established by Arthur Capell in 1948 under the name East Highlands. They formed the core of Stephen Wurm's 1960 East New Guinea Highlands family (the precursor of Trans–New Guinea), and are one of the larger branches of Trans–New Guinea in the 2005 classification of Malcolm Ross.
Languages
The constituent Kainantu and Goroka families are clearly valid groups, and both William A. Foley and Timothy Usher consider their TNG identity to be established. The languages are:
Goroka family
Daulo
Siane, Yaweyuha
Gahuku: Alekano (Gahuku), Asaro River: Dano (Upper Asaro), Tokano (Lower Asaro)
Benabena
South Goroka: Fore, Gimi
Isabi, Gende
Henganofi
Abaga
Kamono (Kamano)
Fayatina River
Kanite, Inoke-Yate
Yagaria
(?Ke’yagana)
Kainantu family
Kenati
Tairoric (East Kainantu): Binumarien (Afaqina), Tairoa (North Tairora, Omwunra, Vinaata), Waffa
Gauwa (West Kainantu)
Gadsup (Oyana, Akuna, Ontenu), Agarabi, Kambaira
Awa, Oweina
Auyana: Awiyaana (incl. Kosena), Usarufa
Pronouns
The pronouns reconstructed by Ross (2005) for proto-Kainantu–Goroka, proto-Kainantu, and proto-Goroka are as follows:
proto-Kainantu–Goroka
sg
pl
1
*ná
*tá
2
*ká
*tá-na-
3
*á, *wá
*yá
proto-Kainantu
sg
du
pl
1
*né
*té-
*té
2
*é
*né-
3
*wé
proto-Goroka
sg
pl
1
*ná
*tá
2
*ká
*tá-na-gaza, *tí-na-gaza
3
*á
*á-na-gaza, *í-na-gaza
The possessive forms are:
proto-Kainantu–Goroka
sg
pl
1
*na-i
*ta-i
2
*ka
*tana-i
3
*a, *wa
*ya-i, *yana-i
Evolution
Kainantu–Goroka reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma are:
Awa language:
are 'ear' < *kand(e,i)k(V]
nu 'louse' < *niman
Tairora language:
ato 'ear' < *kand(e,i)k(V]
ir 'tree' < *inda
(n)am 'breast' < *amu
nume 'louse' < *niman
kubu 'short' < *k(a,u)tu(p,mb)aC
mi- 'give' < *mV-
Fore language:
na- 'eat' < *na-
numaa 'louse' < *niman
mi- 'give' < *mV-
amune 'egg' < *mun(a,i,u)ka
kasa 'new' < *kVndak
mone 'nose' < *mundu
Gende language:
ami 'breast' < *amu
mut 'belly' < *mundun 'internal organs'
mina- 'stay' < *mVna-
nogoi 'water < *ok
(tu)nima 'louse' < *niman
me- 'give' < *mV-
Innovations in proto-Kainantu-Goroka replacing proto-Trans-New Guinea forms:
*tá '1pl' replaces pTNG *ni, *nu
*tá-na '2pl' replaces pTNG *ŋgi, *ja
genitive forms ending in *-i
Vocabulary
Gorokan basic vocabulary from William A. Foley (1986):
gloss
Proto-Gorokan
Gende
Siane
Benabena
Kamono–Yagaria
Fore
'two'
*tote
ogondrari
lele
loe
lole
tara
'man'
*we
vei
we
vo
ve
wa
'water'
*no(k)
nogoi
no
nagami
ni(na)
wani
'fire'
tuva
yo
logo
hali
yakuʔ
'tree'
*ya
izo
ya
yafa
yava
yaː
'leaf'
kuruma
aila
haya(ʔa)
haeya
aʔyeʔ
'root'
*supa
tovaya
lufawa
lufusa(ʔa)
havu
aubu
'house'
*nom
nomu
numu(na)
no(hi)
yo(na)
naːmaʔ
'breast'
*ami
ami-
ami(na)
amiha(ʔa)
ami(maʔa)
nono
'tooth'
*wa
va(iza)
auma
yogo(ʔa)
(ä)vep
(a)wa
'bone'
*yampu
yami-
auma
felisa(ʔa)
(a)pu(va)
(a)yaːmpu
'ear'
*ke/a
ka-
ka(la)
(e)kesa(ʔa)
(ä)geta
(a)ge
'hair'
*yoka
yogo
yowa(la)
oka(ʔa)
(a)yokaʔ
(a)yaːʔ
'leg'
*kia
kia-
kiya(na)
gigusa(ʔa)
(a)gia
(a)gisaː
'blood'
*kota
mamia-
wanu
golaha(ʔa)
gola(na)
koraːʔ
'hand'
*ya
ya
a(na)
yaha(ʔa)
(ä)ya
ya
'egg'
*mut
mura
mula
mu(ʔa)
mu(na)
amuʔ
'sun'
*po
po
fo
yafi
yafo
yaːbu
'axe'
*tu
tu
luna
lu
lu
tuʔ
'netbag'
*ko
ko
owo
gu(ʔi)
gu(na)
koʔ
'eat'
*na-
na-
n-
na-
no-
na-
'die'
*puti-
pri-
fol-
fili-
fili-
puri-
'say'
*si-
ti-
l-
li-
hi-
i-
'give'
*mi-
imi-
om-
m-
mi-
mi-
'big'
*(n)ampa
namba
namba
napa
legepa
tabe
Kainantu basic vocabulary from William A. Foley (1986):
gloss
Awa
Auyana
Gadsup
Tairora
'two'
tɔtare
kaiʔa
kaantani
taaraʔanta
'man'
wɛ
waiya
banta
bainti
'water'
no
nomba
nomi
namari
'fire'
ira
irama
ikai
iha
'tree'
ta
taima
yaani
katari
'leaf'
ɔnɔ
anama
anai
mare
'root'
anuʔ
anuʔa
anuʔi
tuʔa
'house'
nɔ
naamba
maʔi
naabu
'breast'
nɔ
naamba
naami
naama
'tooth'
awɛ
awaiyamba
abakuni
aabai
'bone'
ayɔnta
ayaantamba
ayampai
buhaarima
'ear'
ɔre
aʔa
aakami
aato
'hair'
(a)yɔra
aayara
-nyoi
kauhi
'leg'
ai
aisamima
akani
aiʔu
'blood'
nɛe
naema
naarei
naare
'hand'
ayɔnobeh
ayamba
aayaami
kauʔu
'egg'
au
auma
amuʔi
auru
'sun'
popoʔnah
aabauma
ikona
kauri
'axe'
konaro
koraroba
kuntaʔi
kaarima
'netbag'
unɔ
unaamba
unaami
uta
'eat'
nɔno
nare
naano
naana
'die'
pukire
pukai
pukono
ʔutubiro
'say'
iraruwo
siyo
seʔu
tiena
'give'
awiʔ
ami
ameno
amina
'big'
aanotɔ
anomba
inoʔna
nora
Proto-languages
Some lexical reconstructions of Proto-East Kainantu and Proto-North Kainantu by Usher (2020) are:
gloss
Proto-East Kainantu
Proto-North Kainantu
head
*piᵄtɐ
*noːN
hair/feather
*jɐᵘsi
*jɐᵘ
ear
*ɑːtoː
*ɑːʔ
eye
*wu
*u
nose
*ipi
*siʔ
tooth
*wɐⁱ
*wɐj
tongue
*m₂ɑːpiɾi
*piɾ
leg
*ipu
*tɐɾ
blood
*wiipɐ
*nɑːɾeː
bone
*muʔjɑːni
*(ɐ-)jɐNpɐ
breast
*nɑːNmɐ
*nɑːN
louse
*numɐ
*nuN
dog
*w₂ɐⁱni
*ijɐN
pig
*p₂uᵄɾɐ
*poːɾ
bird
*inɑːmɐ; *uwini
*nuN
egg
*uɾu
*uɾ
tree
*jɐtɐɾi
*jɑːj
sun
*j₂uᵄni
*ɑːʔ
moon
*toːnɐ
*wioːN
water
*noːni
*noːN
fire
*iʔjɐ
*itɐ
stone
*oːni
*oː
path
*ɑːni
*ɑːj
man
*wɐⁱ-iNti
*wɑːⁱNsɐ
woman
*ɐnɑːjeː
*ɐnɑːsi
name
*utu
*wiʔ
eat
*nɐ-
one
*moːʔjɑː
*mɐnɑː
two
*tɑːɾɐ
*tɑːN
See also
East New Guinea Highlands languages, an expansion of Kainantu–Goroka in Wurm 1975, which was later abandoned by Ross due to a lack of unifying morphological data.
Bibliography
Ross, Malcolm (2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15–66. ISBN 0858835622. OCLC 67292782.
Ross, Malcolm. 2014. Proto-Kainantu-Goroka. TransNewGuinea.org.
Ross, Malcolm. 2014. Proto-Goroka. TransNewGuinea.org.
Ross, Malcolm. 2014. Proto-Kainantu. TransNewGuinea.org.
Proto-Eastern Kainantu-Goroka. TransNewGuinea.org. From Scott, G. 1978. The Fore language of Papua New Guinea. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
Proto-Eastern-Central Gorokan. TransNewGuinea.org. From Scott, G. 1978. The Fore language of Papua New Guinea. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
References
^ NewGuineaWorld
^ a b Pawley, Andrew; Hammarström, Harald (2018). "The Trans New Guinea family". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 21–196. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
^ a b Foley, William A. (1986). The Papuan Languages of New Guinea. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-28621-2.
^ Usher, Timothy. 2020. East Kainantu. New Guinea World. Accessed 20210-01-19.
^ Usher, Timothy. 2020. North Kainantu. New Guinea World. Accessed 20210-01-19.
External links
Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, Kainantu
vteKainantu–Goroka languagesGorokaGahuku
Alekano
Dano
Tokano
Kamono–Yagaria
Abaga
Inoke-Yate
Kamono
Kanite
Ke’yagana
Yagaria
Others
Benabena
Fore
Gende
Gimi
Isabi
Siane
Yaweyuha
KainantuTairora
Binumarien
Kambaira
Tairoa
Waffa
Gauwa
Agarabi
Awa
Awiyaana
Gadsup
Kosena
Ontenu
Oweina
Usarufa
Other
Kenati
vteTrans–New Guinea languagesWest Trans–New Guinea languagesDani
Grand Valley Dani
Hupla
Nduga
Nggem
Silimo
Walak
Wano
Western Dani
Yali
Paniai Lakes
Auye
Dao
Ekari
Moni
Wolani
West Bomberai
Baham
Iha
Karas
Timor–Alor–PantarEast Timor
Fataluku
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Makasae
Oirata
Rusenu
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Abui
Adang
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Kamang
Klon
Kui
Kula
Retta
Sawila
Wersing
Kaera
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Western Pantar
Others
Bunak
Central and South New Guinea languagesAsmat–KamoroAsmat
Asmat
Citak
Sabakor
Buruwai
Kamberau
Others
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Sempan
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Aghu
Mandobo
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Pisa
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Ok–OksapminWestern
Burumakok
Kopkaka
Lowland
Iwur
Muyu
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Yonggom
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Bimin
Faiwol
Mian
Setaman
Suganga
Tifal
Telefol
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Others
Nakai
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Tangko
Bayono–Awbono
Bayono
Awbono
Densar
Kovojab
Komolom
Koneraw
Mombum
Somahai
Momina
Momuna
Kutubuan languagesEast Kutubuan
Foe
Fiwaga
West Kutubuan
Fasu
Some
Namumi
Chimbu–Wahgi languagesJimi
Kandawo
Maring
Narak
Wahgi
Nii
Wahgi
Chimbu
Chuave
Dom
Golin
Kuman
Nomane
Salt-Yui
Sinasina
Hagen
Kaguel
Melpa
Tembagla
Kainantu–Goroka languagesGorokaGahuku
Alekano
Dano
Tokano
Kamono–Yagaria
Abaga
Inoke-Yate
Kamono
Kanite
Ke’yagana
Yagaria
Others
Benabena
Fore
Gende
Gimi
Isabi
Siane
Yaweyuha
KainantuTairora
Binumarien
Kambaira
Tairoa
Waffa
Gauwa
Agarabi
Awa
Awiyaana
Gadsup
Kosena
Ontenu
Oweina
Usarufa
Other
Kenati
Madang languagesCroisilles(Adelbert Range)Dimir-Malas
Dimir
Malas
Kaukombar
Mala
Maiani
Maia
Kowan
Korak
Waskia
Kumil
Bepour
Mauwake
Moere
Numugen
Bilakura
Parawen
Ukuriguma
Usan
Yaben
Yarawata
Omosan
Kobol
Pal
Tiboran
Kowaki
Mawak
Pamosu
other
Brem
Musar
Wanambre
Kalam
Kalam
Kobon
Tai
MabusoKokan
Girawa
Kein
Gum
Amele
Bau
Gumalu
Isebe
Panim
Sihan
Hanseman
Bagupi
Baimak
Gal
Garus
Kare
Matepi
Mawan
Mosimo
Murupi
Nake
Nobonob
Rempi
Rapting
Samosa
Saruga
Silopi
Utu
Wagi
Wamas
Yoidik
other
Munit
Mindjim
Anjam
Bongu
Male
Sam
Rai Coast (South Madang)Awung
Jilim
Rerau
Yangulam
Brahman
Biyom
Tauya
Evapia
Kesawai
Sinsauru
Sausi
Peka
Danaru
Sop
Sumau
Urigina
Nuru
Duduela
Kwato
Ogea
Uya
Kabenau
Arawum
Dumpu
Kolom
Lemio
Siroi
other
Pulabu
Southern AdelbertTomul (Josephstaal)
Anam
Anamgura
Moresada
Osum
Wadaginam
Sogeram (Wanang)
Apali
Atemble
Faita
Magɨyi
Musak
Nend
Mum
Paynamar
Sileibi
Yaganon
Dumun
Ganglau
Saep
Yabong
(unclear)
Amaimon
Bargam
Gants
Wasembo
Yamben
Finisterre–Huon languagesFinisterreErap
Finongan
Gusan
Mamaa
Munkip
Nakama
Nek
Nimi
Nuk
Numanggang
Sauk
Uri
Gusap–Mot
Iyo
Madi
Neko
Nekgini
Ngaing
Rawa
Ufim
Uruwa
Sakam
Som
Nukna
Yau
Weliki
Wantoat
Awara
Wantoat
Tuma-Irumu
Warup
Asaro'o
Bulgebi
Degenan
Forak
Guya
Gwahatike
Muratayak
Yupna
Bonkiman
Domung
Ma
Nankina
Yopno
Yout Wam
HuonEastern
Dedua
Kâte
Kovai
Kube
Mape
Migabac
Momare
Sene
Tobo
Western
Burum
Borong
Kinalakna
Komba
Kumokio
Mese
Nabak
Nomu
Ono
Selepet
Sialum
Timbe
Southeast Papuan languagesKoiarian
Grass Koiari
Mountain Koiari
Koitabu
Barai
Namiae
Ese
Ömie
Kwalean
Humene
Uare
Mulaha
Manubaran
Doromu
Maria
Yareban
Moikodi
Aneme Wake
Bariji
Nawaru
Yareba
Mailuan
Bauwaki
Domu
Binahari
Morawa
Mailu
Laua
Dagan
Daga
Mapena
Maiwa
Dima
Ginuman
Kanasi
Onjob
Umanakaina
Turaka
Anim languagesTirio (Lower Fly)
Baramu
Bitur
Makayam
Were
Boazi (Lake Murray)
Boazi
Zimakani
Marind–Yaqai
Bipim
Marind
Yaqay
Inland Gulf
Ipiko
Foia Foia
Hoia Hoia
Mubami
Other familiesAngan
Akoye
Angaataha
Ankave
Hamtai
Kamasa
Kawacha
Menya
Safeyoka
Simbari
Susuami
Tainae
Yagwoia
Yipma
Awin–Pa
Awin
Pa
Binanderean
Baruga
Binandere
Ewage
Korafe
Orokaiva
Suena
Yekora
Zia
Bosavi
Aimele
Beami
Edolo
Kaluli
Kasua
Onobasulu
Sonia
Duna–Pogaya
Duna
Pogaya
East Strickland
Fembe
Gobasi
Konai
Kubo
Odoodee
Samo
Engan
Angal
Bisorio
Enga
Huli
Ipili
Kewa
Kyaka
Lembena
Samberigi
Gogodala–Suki
Suki
Gogodala
Ari
Waruna
Goilalan
Fuyug
Tauade
Biangai
Kunimaipa
Weri
Kayagaric
Atohwaim (Kaugat)
Yogo (Tamagario)
Kayagar (Kaygir)
Tamagario
Kiwaian
Bami
Kerewo
Kiwai
Morigi
Waboda
Kolopom
Kimaama (Kimaghama)
Riantana
Ndom
Turama–Kikorian
Ikobi
Omati
Rumu
isolates
Moraori
Wiru
vtePapuan language families (Palmer 2018 classification)Trans-New Guinea subgroupsCentral Papua, Indonesia
Ok-Oksapmin
Dani
Asmat-Kamoro
Mek
Paniai Lakes
West Bomberai
Somahai
Southeast Papua, Indonesia
Anim
Greater Awyu
Kayagaric
Kolopom
Marori
Southwest Papua New Guinea
Gogodala-Suki
Turama-Kikori
Kiwaian
Awin-Pa
Central Papua New Guinea
Madang
Finisterre-Huon
Kainantu-Goroka
Chimbu-Wahgi
Enga-Kewa-Huli
Bosavi
East Strickland
Kutubu
Duna-Bogaya
Wiru
Papuan Peninsula
Angan
Greater Binanderean
Dagan
Mailuan
Koiarian
Goilalan
Yareban
Kwalean
Manubaran
Eastern Nusantara families and isolates
Timor-Alor-Pantar
North Halmahera
Tambora†
Bird's Head Peninsula families and isolates
South Bird's Head
Nuclear South Bird's Head
Inanwatan–Duriankere
Konda–Yahadian
East Bird's Head
Nuclear East Bird's Head
Hatam–Mansim
West Bird's Head
Abun
Mpur
Maybrat
Mor
Tanah Merah
Northern Western New Guinea families and isolates
Tor-Kwerba
Lakes Plain
Border
Sko
East Cenderawasih Bay
Pauwasi
East
West
Nimboran
Sentani
Mairasi
Kaure
Lepki-Murkim
Senagi (Angor-Dera)
Tofanma-Namla
Yapen
Abinomn
Burmeso
Elseng
Kapauri
Kembra
Keuw
Kimki
Massep
Mawes
Molof
Usku
Yetfa
Central Western New Guinea families and isolates
Bayono-Awbono
Dem
Uhunduni
Sepik-Ramu basin families and isolates
Torricelli
Sepik
Lower Sepik-Ramu
Lower Sepik
Ramu
Kwomtari
Leonhard Schultze (Walio-Papi)
Upper Yuat (Arafundi-Piawi)
Yuat
Left May
Amto-Musan
Busa
Tayap
Yadë
Torricelli subgroups
Marienberg
Arapesh
Urim
Maimai
Wapei
Palei
One (West Wapei)
Monumbo?
Sepik subgroups
Middle Sepik
Ndu
Nukuma
Yellow River
Yerakai
Upper Sepik
Wogamus
Iwam
Abau
Sepik Hill
Tama
Ram
Amal
Ramu subgroups
Lower Ramu
Ottilien
Misegian
Middle Ramu
Grass?
Tamolan
Ataitan (Tanggu)
Gulf of Papua and southern New Guinea families and isolates
Yam
Pahoturi River
Eleman
Oriomo
Teberan
Doso-Turumsa
Komolom
Yelmek-Maklew
Dibiyaso
Kaki Ae
Kamula
Karami
Pawaia
Porome
Purari
Tabo
Bismarck Archipelago and Solomon Islands families and isolates
Baining
North Bougainville
South Bougainville
Central Solomons
Butam-Taulil
Anêm
Ata
Kol
Kuot
Makolkol
Sulka
Rossel Island isolate
Yélî Dnye
Proposed groupings
West Papuan
Northwest Papuan
South Pauwasi
East Papuan
Southeast Papuan
Papuan Gulf
Binanderean–Goilalan
Arai–Samaia
Asmat–Mombum
Trans-Fly–Bulaka River
Trans-Fly
Dani–Kwerba
East Bird's Head – Sentani
Kwomtari–Fas
Left May – Kwomtari
Tor–Kwerba–Nimboran
West Trans–New Guinea
West Papuan Highlands
Central and South New Guinea
Central West New Guinea
East New Guinea Highlands
Yele – West New Britain
Sepik–Ramu
Indo-Pacific
Proto-language
Proto-Trans–New Guinea
vteLanguages of Papua New GuineaOfficial languages
English
Hiri Motu
Tok Pisin
Papua New Guinean Sign Language
Major Indigenouslanguages
Adzera
Amanab
Awad Bing
Barok
Bimin
Bola
Bugawac
Dedua
Dobu
Iatmul
Kâte
Kobon
Kovai
Kuanua
Kuman
Kuot
Kurti
Lihir
Mandara
Mangseng
Mbula
Mende
Mussau-Emira
Mutu
Nekgini
Ngaing
Niwer Mil
Nobonob
Numanggang
Nyindrou
Pele-Ata
Petats
Ramoaaina
Seimat
Solong
Somba-Siawari
Suau
Sulka
Tangga
Tobo
Uneapa
Ura
Vitu
Waris
Other PapuanlanguagesAngan
Akoye
Angaataha
Ankave
Hamtai
Kamasa
Kawacha
Menya
Safeyoka
Simbari
Susuami
Tainae
Yagwoia
Yipma
Awin–Pa
Awin
Pa
Binanderean
Baruga
Binandere
Ewage
Korafe
Orokaiva
Suena
Yekora
Zia
Bosavi
Aimele
Beami
Edolo
Kaluli
Kasua
Onobasulu
Sonia
Chimbu–Wahgi
Chuave
Dom
Golin
Kandawo
Kaugel
Kuman
Maring
Melpa
Narak
Nii
Nomane
Salt-Yui
Sinasina
Tembagla
Wahgi
New Ireland
Bilur
Fanamaket
Kandas
Konomala
Kuanua
Label
Niwer Mil
Patpatar
Ramoaaina
Siar
Sursurunga
Warwar Feni
Duna–Pogaya
Duna
Pogaya
East Kutubuan
Fasu
Fiwaga
Foi
East Strickland
Fembe
Gobasi
Konai
Kubo
Odoodee
Samo
Engan
Angal
Bisorio
Enga
Huli
Ipili
Kewa
Kyaka
Lembena
Samberigi
Eleman
Kaki Ae
Keoru
Opao
Orokolo
Toaripi
Tairuma
Ok–Oksapmin
Bimin
Faiwol
Mian
Ngalum
Ninggerum
Oksapmin
Setaman
Suganga
Telefol
Tifal
Urap
Yonggom
Teberan
Dadibi
Folopa
Tirio
Abom
Baramu
Bitur
Tirio
Were
Turama–Kikorian
Ikobi
Omati
Rumu
Larger families
Finisterre–Huon
Kainantu–Goroka
Madang
Ramu–Lower Sepik
Sepik
Southeast Papuan
Torricelli
Sign languages
Enga
Kailge
Mehek
Mount Avejaha
Rossel Island
Sinasina
Wanib | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_family"},{"link_name":"Papuan languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papuan_languages"},{"link_name":"Arthur Capell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Capell"},{"link_name":"Stephen Wurm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Wurm"},{"link_name":"East New Guinea Highlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_New_Guinea_Highlands"},{"link_name":"Trans–New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Malcolm Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Ross_(linguist)"}],"text":"The Kainantu–Goroka languages are a family of Papuan languages established by Arthur Capell in 1948 under the name East Highlands. They formed the core of Stephen Wurm's 1960 East New Guinea Highlands family (the precursor of Trans–New Guinea), and are one of the larger branches of Trans–New Guinea in the 2005 classification of Malcolm Ross.","title":"Kainantu–Goroka languages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William A. Foley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_A._Foley"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Siane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siane_language"},{"link_name":"Yaweyuha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaweyuha_language"},{"link_name":"Alekano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alekano_language"},{"link_name":"Asaro River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asaro_River"},{"link_name":"Dano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dano_language"},{"link_name":"Tokano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokano_language"},{"link_name":"Benabena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benabena_language"},{"link_name":"Fore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fore_language"},{"link_name":"Gimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimi_language"},{"link_name":"Isabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabi_language"},{"link_name":"Gende","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gende_language"},{"link_name":"Abaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaga_language"},{"link_name":"Kamono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamono_language"},{"link_name":"Fayatina River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fayatina_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kanite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanite_language"},{"link_name":"Inoke-Yate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inoke-Yate_language"},{"link_name":"Yagaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yagaria_language"},{"link_name":"Ke’yagana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyagana_language"},{"link_name":"Kenati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenati_language"},{"link_name":"Binumarien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binumarien_language"},{"link_name":"Tairoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tairoa_language"},{"link_name":"Waffa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waffa_language"},{"link_name":"Gadsup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadsup_language"},{"link_name":"Agarabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agarabi_language"},{"link_name":"Kambaira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambaira_language"},{"link_name":"Awa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awa_Papuan_language"},{"link_name":"Oweina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oweina_language"},{"link_name":"Awiyaana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awiyaana_language"},{"link_name":"Kosena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosena_language"},{"link_name":"Usarufa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usarufa_language"}],"text":"The constituent Kainantu and Goroka families are clearly valid groups, and both William A. Foley and Timothy Usher consider their TNG identity to be established. The languages are:[1]Goroka family\nDaulo\nSiane, Yaweyuha\nGahuku: Alekano (Gahuku), Asaro River: Dano (Upper Asaro), Tokano (Lower Asaro)\nBenabena\nSouth Goroka: Fore, Gimi\nIsabi, Gende\nHenganofi\nAbaga\nKamono (Kamano)\nFayatina River\nKanite, Inoke-Yate\nYagaria\n(?Ke’yagana) [subsumed under another language by Usher]\nKainantu family\nKenati\nTairoric (East Kainantu): Binumarien (Afaqina), Tairoa (North Tairora, Omwunra, Vinaata), Waffa\nGauwa (West Kainantu)\nGadsup (Oyana, Akuna, Ontenu), Agarabi, Kambaira\nAwa, Oweina\nAuyana: Awiyaana (incl. Kosena), Usarufa","title":"Languages"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The pronouns reconstructed by Ross (2005) for proto-Kainantu–Goroka, proto-Kainantu, and proto-Goroka are as follows:proto-Kainantu–Goroka\n\n\n\nsg\npl\n\n\n1\n\n*ná\n*tá[za]\n\n\n2\n\n*ká[za]\n*tá-na-\n\n\n3\n\n*[y]á, *wá\n*yá[na]\n\n\n\n\n\nproto-Kainantu\n\n\n\nsg\ndu\npl\n\n\n1\n\n*né\n*té[ze]-\n*té[ze]\n\n\n2\n\n*é[ze]\n*[te]né-\n\n\n\n3\n\n*wé\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nproto-Goroka\n\n\n\nsg\npl\n\n\n1\n\n*ná\n*tá[za]\n\n\n2\n\n*ká\n*tá-na-gaza, *tí-na-gaza\n\n\n3\n\n*[y]á\n*[y]á-na-gaza, *í-na-gazaThe possessive forms are:proto-Kainantu–Goroka\n\n\n\nsg\npl\n\n\n1\n\n*na-i\n*ta-i\n\n\n2\n\n*ka\n*tana-i\n\n\n3\n\n*[y]a, *wa\n*ya-i, *yana-i","title":"Pronouns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"proto-Trans-New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Trans-New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pawley-TNG-2"},{"link_name":"Awa language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awa_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)"},{"link_name":"Tairora language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tairora_language"},{"link_name":"Fore language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fore_language"},{"link_name":"Gende language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gende_language"},{"link_name":"proto-Trans-New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Trans-New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pawley-TNG-2"}],"text":"Kainantu–Goroka reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma are:[2]Awa language:are 'ear' < *kand(e,i)k(V]\nnu 'louse' < *nimanTairora language:ato 'ear' < *kand(e,i)k(V]\nir 'tree' < *inda\n(n)am 'breast' < *amu\nnume 'louse' < *niman\nkubu 'short' < *k(a,u)tu(p,mb)aC\nmi- 'give' < *mV-Fore language:na- 'eat' < *na-\nnumaa 'louse' < *niman\nmi- 'give' < *mV-\namune 'egg' < *mun(a,i,u)ka\nkasa 'new' < *kVndak\nmone 'nose' < *munduGende language:ami 'breast' < *amu\nmut 'belly' < *mundun 'internal organs'\nmina- 'stay' < *mVna-\nnogoi 'water < *[n]ok\n(tu)nima 'louse' < *niman\nme- 'give' < *mV-Innovations in proto-Kainantu-Goroka replacing proto-Trans-New Guinea forms:[2]*tá[za] '1pl' replaces pTNG *ni, *nu\n*tá-na '2pl' replaces pTNG *ŋgi, *ja\ngenitive forms ending in *-i","title":"Evolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William A. Foley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_A._Foley"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Foley1986-Papuan-3"},{"link_name":"Gende","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gende_language"},{"link_name":"Siane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siane_language"},{"link_name":"Benabena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benabena_language"},{"link_name":"Kamono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamono_language"},{"link_name":"Yagaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yagaria_language"},{"link_name":"Fore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fore_language"},{"link_name":"William A. Foley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_A._Foley"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Foley1986-Papuan-3"},{"link_name":"Awa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awa_Papuan_language"},{"link_name":"Auyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awiyaana_language"},{"link_name":"Gadsup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadsup_language"},{"link_name":"Tairora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tairoa_language"}],"text":"Gorokan basic vocabulary from William A. Foley (1986):[3]gloss\nProto-Gorokan\nGende\nSiane\nBenabena\nKamono–Yagaria\nFore\n\n\n'two'\n*tote\nogondrari\nlele\nloe\nlole\ntara\n\n\n'man'\n*we\nvei\nwe\nvo\nve\nwa\n\n\n'water'\n*no(k)\nnogoi\nno\nnagami\nni(na)\nwani\n\n\n'fire'\n\ntuva\nyo\nlogo\nhali\nyakuʔ\n\n\n'tree'\n*ya\nizo\nya\nyafa\nyava\nyaː\n\n\n'leaf'\n\nkuruma\naila\nhaya(ʔa)\nhaeya\naʔyeʔ\n\n\n'root'\n*supa\ntovaya\nlufawa\nlufusa(ʔa)\nhavu\naubu\n\n\n'house'\n*nom\nnomu\nnumu(na)\nno(hi)\nyo(na)\nnaːmaʔ\n\n\n'breast'\n*ami\nami-\nami(na)\namiha(ʔa)\nami(maʔa)\nnono\n\n\n'tooth'\n*wa\nva(iza)\nauma\nyogo(ʔa)\n(ä)vep\n(a)wa\n\n\n'bone'\n*yampu\nyami-\nauma\nfelisa(ʔa)\n(a)pu(va)\n(a)yaːmpu\n\n\n'ear'\n*ke/a\nka-\nka(la)\n(e)kesa(ʔa)\n(ä)geta\n(a)ge\n\n\n'hair'\n*yoka\nyogo\nyowa(la)\noka(ʔa)\n(a)yokaʔ\n(a)yaːʔ\n\n\n'leg'\n*kia\nkia-\nkiya(na)\ngigusa(ʔa)\n(a)gia\n(a)gisaː\n\n\n'blood'\n*kota\nmamia-\nwanu\ngolaha(ʔa)\ngola(na)\nkoraːʔ\n\n\n'hand'\n*ya\nya\na(na)\nyaha(ʔa)\n(ä)ya\nya\n\n\n'egg'\n*mut\nmura\nmula\nmu(ʔa)\nmu(na)\namuʔ\n\n\n'sun'\n*po\npo\nfo\nyafi\nyafo\nyaːbu\n\n\n'axe'\n*tu\ntu\nluna\nlu\nlu\ntuʔ\n\n\n'netbag'\n*ko\nko\nowo\ngu(ʔi)\ngu(na)\nkoʔ\n\n\n'eat'\n*na-\nna-\nn-\nna-\nno-\nna-\n\n\n'die'\n*puti-\npri-\nfol-\nfili-\nfili-\npuri-\n\n\n'say'\n*si-\nti-\nl-\nli-\nhi-\ni-\n\n\n'give'\n*mi-\nimi-\nom-\nm-\nmi-\nmi-\n\n\n'big'\n*(n)ampa\nnamba\nnamba\nnapa\nlegepa\ntabeKainantu basic vocabulary from William A. Foley (1986):[3]gloss\nAwa\nAuyana\nGadsup\nTairora\n\n\n'two'\ntɔtare\nkaiʔa\nkaantani\ntaaraʔanta\n\n\n'man'\nwɛ\nwaiya\nbanta\nbainti\n\n\n'water'\nno\nnomba\nnomi\nnamari\n\n\n'fire'\nira\nirama\nikai\niha\n\n\n'tree'\nta\ntaima\nyaani\nkatari\n\n\n'leaf'\nɔnɔ\nanama\nanai\nmare\n\n\n'root'\nanuʔ\nanuʔa\nanuʔi\ntuʔa\n\n\n'house'\nnɔ\nnaamba\nmaʔi\nnaabu\n\n\n'breast'\nnɔ\nnaamba\nnaami\nnaama\n\n\n'tooth'\nawɛ\nawaiyamba\nabakuni\naabai\n\n\n'bone'\nayɔnta\nayaantamba\nayampai\nbuhaarima\n\n\n'ear'\nɔre\naʔa\naakami\naato\n\n\n'hair'\n(a)yɔra\naayara\n-nyoi\nkauhi\n\n\n'leg'\nai\naisamima\nakani\naiʔu\n\n\n'blood'\nnɛe\nnaema\nnaarei\nnaare\n\n\n'hand'\nayɔnobeh\nayamba\naayaami\nkauʔu\n\n\n'egg'\nau\nauma\namuʔi\nauru\n\n\n'sun'\npopoʔnah\naabauma\nikona\nkauri\n\n\n'axe'\nkonaro\nkoraroba\nkuntaʔi\nkaarima\n\n\n'netbag'\nunɔ\nunaamba\nunaami\nuta\n\n\n'eat'\nnɔno\nnare\nnaano\nnaana\n\n\n'die'\npukire\npukai\npukono\nʔutubiro\n\n\n'say'\niraruwo\nsiyo\nseʔu\ntiena\n\n\n'give'\nawiʔ\nami\nameno\namina\n\n\n'big'\naanotɔ\nanomba\ninoʔna\nnora","title":"Vocabulary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Some lexical reconstructions of Proto-East Kainantu and Proto-North Kainantu by Usher (2020) are:[4][5]gloss\nProto-East Kainantu\nProto-North Kainantu\n\n\nhead\n*piᵄtɐ\n*noːN\n\n\nhair/feather\n*jɐᵘsi\n*jɐᵘ\n\n\near\n*ɑːtoː\n*ɑːʔ\n\n\neye\n*wu\n*u\n\n\nnose\n*ipi\n*siʔ\n\n\ntooth\n*wɐⁱ\n*wɐj\n\n\ntongue\n*m₂ɑːpiɾi\n*[m/n][ɐⁱ]piɾ\n\n\nleg\n*ipu\n*tɐɾ\n\n\nblood\n*wi[ʔt]ipɐ\n*nɑːɾeː\n\n\nbone\n*muʔjɑːni\n*(ɐ-)jɐNpɐ\n\n\nbreast\n*nɑːNmɐ\n*nɑːN\n\n\nlouse\n*numɐ\n*nuN\n\n\ndog\n*w₂ɐⁱni\n*ijɐN\n\n\npig\n*p₂uᵄɾɐ\n*poːɾ\n\n\nbird\n*inɑːmɐ; *uwini\n*nuN\n\n\negg\n*uɾu\n*uɾ\n\n\ntree\n*jɐtɐɾi\n*jɑːj\n\n\nsun\n*j₂uᵄni\n*ɑːʔ\n\n\nmoon\n*[u]toːnɐ\n*wi[ɾ]oːN\n\n\nwater\n*noːni\n*noːN\n\n\nfire\n*iʔjɐ\n*itɐ\n\n\nstone\n*oːni\n*oː[ɾ/j]\n\n\npath\n*ɑːni\n*ɑːj\n\n\nman\n*wɐⁱ-iNti\n*wɑːⁱNsɐ\n\n\nwoman\n*ɐnɑːjeː\n*ɐnɑːsi\n\n\nname\n*utu\n*wiʔ\n\n\neat\n*nɐ-\n\n\n\none\n*moːʔjɑː\n*mɐnɑː\n\n\ntwo\n*tɑːɾɐ\n*tɑːN","title":"Proto-languages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ross, Malcolm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Ross_(linguist)"},{"link_name":"Andrew Pawley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Pawley"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0858835622","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0858835622"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"67292782","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/67292782"},{"link_name":"Ross, Malcolm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Ross_(linguist)"},{"link_name":"Proto-Kainantu-Goroka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//transnewguinea.org/language/proto-kainantu-goroka"},{"link_name":"Ross, Malcolm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Ross_(linguist)"},{"link_name":"Proto-Goroka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//transnewguinea.org/language/proto-goroka"},{"link_name":"Ross, Malcolm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Ross_(linguist)"},{"link_name":"Proto-Kainantu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//transnewguinea.org/language/proto-kainantu"},{"link_name":"Proto-Eastern Kainantu-Goroka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//transnewguinea.org/language/proto-eastern"},{"link_name":"Proto-Eastern-Central Gorokan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//transnewguinea.org/language/proto-eastern-central"}],"text":"Ross, Malcolm (2005). \"Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages\". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15–66. ISBN 0858835622. OCLC 67292782.\nRoss, Malcolm. 2014. Proto-Kainantu-Goroka. TransNewGuinea.org.\nRoss, Malcolm. 2014. Proto-Goroka. TransNewGuinea.org.\nRoss, Malcolm. 2014. Proto-Kainantu. TransNewGuinea.org.\nProto-Eastern Kainantu-Goroka. TransNewGuinea.org. From Scott, G. 1978. The Fore language of Papua New Guinea. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.\nProto-Eastern-Central Gorokan. TransNewGuinea.org. From Scott, G. 1978. The Fore language of Papua New Guinea. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | [{"title":"East New Guinea Highlands languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_New_Guinea_Highlands_languages"}] | [{"reference":"Ross, Malcolm (2005). \"Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages\". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15–66. ISBN 0858835622. OCLC 67292782.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Ross_(linguist)","url_text":"Ross, Malcolm"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Pawley","url_text":"Andrew Pawley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0858835622","url_text":"0858835622"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/67292782","url_text":"67292782"}]},{"reference":"Pawley, Andrew; Hammarström, Harald (2018). \"The Trans New Guinea family\". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 21–196. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-028642-7","url_text":"978-3-11-028642-7"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/kain1273","external_links_name":"kain1273"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/67292782","external_links_name":"67292782"},{"Link":"http://transnewguinea.org/language/proto-kainantu-goroka","external_links_name":"Proto-Kainantu-Goroka"},{"Link":"http://transnewguinea.org/language/proto-goroka","external_links_name":"Proto-Goroka"},{"Link":"http://transnewguinea.org/language/proto-kainantu","external_links_name":"Proto-Kainantu"},{"Link":"http://transnewguinea.org/language/proto-eastern","external_links_name":"Proto-Eastern Kainantu-Goroka"},{"Link":"http://transnewguinea.org/language/proto-eastern-central","external_links_name":"Proto-Eastern-Central Gorokan"},{"Link":"https://sites.google.com/site/newguineaworld/families/trans-new-guinea/morobe-eastern-highlands/eastern-highlands","external_links_name":"NewGuineaWorld"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KCATREJERGoC","external_links_name":"The Papuan Languages of New Guinea"},{"Link":"https://sites.google.com/site/newguineaworld/families/trans-new-guinea/eastern-highlands-kratke-range/eastern-highlands/kainantu/east-kainantu","external_links_name":"East Kainantu"},{"Link":"https://sites.google.com/site/newguineaworld/families/trans-new-guinea/eastern-highlands-kratke-range/eastern-highlands/kainantu/west-kainantu/north-kainantu","external_links_name":"North Kainantu"},{"Link":"https://sites.google.com/site/newguineaworld/families/trans-new-guinea/morobe-eastern-highlands/eastern-highlands/kainantu","external_links_name":"Kainantu"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Hall_of_the_Winter_Palace | White Hall of the Winter Palace | ["1 Architectural features","2 References"] | Hall designed by Alexander Briullov
The White Hall in 1863, by Luigi Premazzi
The White Hall of the Winter Palace was designed by the architect Alexander Briullov to commemorate the marriage of the Tsarevich to Maria of Hesse in 1841. This period coincided with a large rebuilding of the Winter Palace following a severe fire in 1837. While the exterior of the palace was recreated in its original 18th-century style, much of the interior was rebuilt in a variety of styles, dependent on the whims and tastes of their intended occupants.
The hall and adjoining rooms formed the suite of the Tsarevich and Tsarevna, and remained their private rooms after their accession in 1855.
The hall is in a classical style, its vaulted ceiling supported by Corinthian columns crowned by statues representing the arts.
Today, as part of the State Hermitage Museum, this room retains its original decoration.
Architectural features
The space of the hall is divided into three unequal parts by the pylons projecting from the walls, on which the underpinning arches rest. The pylons are trimmed with paired pilasters of the Corinthian order. The wall plane between the pylons is in turn divided into three parts in Corinthian order by columns topped with a sculpture. The walls of the extreme compartments are dissected by smaller pilasters decorated with a stucco decoration; above them runs a wide band of bas-relief. At the Emperor's notice in the end wall, it was decided not to decorate the apertures with porticoes with columns and a triangular pediment, as Brullov had intended.
The sculptural decoration of the hall includes a round sculpture of female figures above the columns, symbolising various types of art, and bas-relief figures depicting the gods of Olympus: Juno and Jupiter, Diana and Apollo, Ceres and Mercury, Vesta and Neptune. The frieze is filled with numerous putti figures. The sculptural decoration was created as an embodiment of the reign program of the future emperor. The effect of the monochrome hall is also based on the combination of the differently shaped surfaces of the polished marble and the whitewashed stucco decorations. The relief ornamentation, enclosed in geometric frames, also covers the lunettes and the vaults of the room.
References
^ Pashkova, Tatyana; Пашкова, Татьяна (2014). Imperator Nikolaĭ I i ego semʹi︠a︡ v Zimnem dvort︠s︡e. Gosudarstvennyĭ Ėrmitazh, Государственный Эрмитаж. Sankt-Peterburg. ISBN 978-5-93572-585-3. OCLC 925534248.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
The State Hermitage Museum Archived 2007-02-08 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 23 September 2008. Published by The State Hermitage Museum.
Location of the White Hall within the Winter Palace
vteThe Winter PalaceRooms
Jordan Staircase
Field Marshals' Hall
Small Throne Room
Armorial Hall
Military Gallery
St George's Hall and Apollo Room
Grand Church
Alexander Hall
White Hall
Gold Drawing Room
Private Apartments
Rotunda
Arabian Hall
Malachite Room
Neva Enfilade
Gardens
Miscellaneous
Cabin of Peter the Great
Fire in the Winter Palace
Hermitage Museum | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%86%D0%B8.%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B,1865,.jpg"},{"link_name":"Luigi Premazzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Premazzi"},{"link_name":"Winter Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Palace"},{"link_name":"Alexander Briullov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Briullov"},{"link_name":"Tsarevich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Maria of Hesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Alexandrovna_(Marie_of_Hesse)"},{"link_name":"classical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_architecture"},{"link_name":"vaulted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vault_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"Corinthian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinthian_order"},{"link_name":"State Hermitage Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Hermitage_Museum"}],"text":"The White Hall in 1863, by Luigi PremazziThe White Hall of the Winter Palace was designed by the architect Alexander Briullov to commemorate the marriage of the Tsarevich to Maria of Hesse in 1841. This period coincided with a large rebuilding of the Winter Palace following a severe fire in 1837. While the exterior of the palace was recreated in its original 18th-century style, much of the interior was rebuilt in a variety of styles, dependent on the whims and tastes of their intended occupants.The hall and adjoining rooms formed the suite of the Tsarevich and Tsarevna, and remained their private rooms after their accession in 1855.The hall is in a classical style, its vaulted ceiling supported by Corinthian columns crowned by statues representing the arts.Today, as part of the State Hermitage Museum, this room retains its original decoration.","title":"White Hall of the Winter Palace"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brullov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Brullov"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Juno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Jupiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Diana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Apollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo"},{"link_name":"Ceres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceres_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Vesta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesta_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Neptune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptune_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"putti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putto"}],"text":"The space of the hall is divided into three unequal parts by the pylons projecting from the walls, on which the underpinning arches rest. The pylons are trimmed with paired pilasters of the Corinthian order. The wall plane between the pylons is in turn divided into three parts in Corinthian order by columns topped with a sculpture. The walls of the extreme compartments are dissected by smaller pilasters decorated with a stucco decoration; above them runs a wide band of bas-relief. At the Emperor's notice in the end wall, it was decided not to decorate the apertures with porticoes with columns and a triangular pediment, as Brullov had intended.[1]The sculptural decoration of the hall includes a round sculpture of female figures above the columns, symbolising various types of art, and bas-relief figures depicting the gods of Olympus: Juno and Jupiter, Diana and Apollo, Ceres and Mercury, Vesta and Neptune. The frieze is filled with numerous putti figures. The sculptural decoration was created as an embodiment of the reign program of the future emperor. 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The relief ornamentation, enclosed in geometric frames, also covers the lunettes and the vaults of the room.","title":"Architectural features"}] | [{"image_text":"The White Hall in 1863, by Luigi Premazzi","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%86%D0%B8.%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%2C1865%2C.jpg/225px-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%86%D0%B8.%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%2C1865%2C.jpg"},{"image_text":"Location of the White Hall within the Winter Palace","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/81/Whitehalllocation.jpg/175px-Whitehalllocation.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Pashkova, Tatyana; Пашкова, Татьяна (2014). Imperator Nikolaĭ I i ego semʹi︠a︡ v Zimnem dvort︠s︡e. Gosudarstvennyĭ Ėrmitazh, Государственный Эрмитаж. Sankt-Peterburg. ISBN 978-5-93572-585-3. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_First_Ministers_of_Catalonia | List of vice presidents of Catalonia | ["1 List of officeholders","1.1 Second Republic and exile (1931–1977)","1.2 Restored autonomy (2001–present)","1.3 Timeline","2 References"] | Vice President of CataloniaVicepresidència de CatalunyaSeal of the Generalitat of CataloniaFlag of CataloniaDepartment of the Vice PresidentMember ofExecutive Council of CataloniaReports toPresident of CataloniaSeatBarcelonaAppointerPresident of CataloniaInaugural holderJoan Casanovas i MaristanyFormation29 December 1931
Politics of Catalonia
Statute and lawsStatute of Autonomy
1932
1979
2006
Constitutions (13-18th c.)
Civil Code
GeneralitatPresident (list)
Pere Aragonès (ERC)
ExecutiveExecutive Council
President (list): Pere Aragonès (ERC)
Cabinet
International relations
LegislatureParliament (13th)
President: Anna Erra (Junts)
JudiciaryHigh Court of Justice
President: Jesús María Barrientos
Council of Statutarian Pledges
Ombudsman
Syndicate of Accounts
Audiovisual Council
Public order
Ministry of Justice (list)
Ministry of Home Affairs (list)
Police of Catalonia
Political partiesParliamentary parties
ERC
PSC
Junts
Vox
CUP
ECP
C's
PPC
ElectionsParliamentary elections
1932
1980
1984
1988
1992
1995
1999
2003
2006
2010
2012
2015
2017
2021
2024
Referendums
1931
1979
2006
2009–11
2014
2017
SubdivisionsRegional
Provinces
Vegueries
Comarques
Aran
Local
Metropolitan area
Municipalities
Other countries
vte
This article lists the vice presidents of Catalonia, the second most senior position in the Government of Catalonia. The position, previously known as First Minister (Catalan: Conseller Primer, lit. 'First Councillor'), Chief Advisor (Catalan: Conseller en Cap), Chief Executive Officer (Catalan: Conseller Delegat) and Head of the Executive Board (Catalan: Cap del Consell Executiu), is optional and is appointed by the president of Catalonia.
List of officeholders
Office name:
Vice Presidency of the Council of Ministers (1840–1841; 1925–1931; 1933–1934)
Vice Presidency of the Government (1938–1939; 1962–1973; 1982–1995; 2011–2020)
First Vice Presidency of the Government (1974–1975; 1976; 1977–1979; 1981–1982; 1996–2011; 2020–present)
Vice Presidency of the Government for Defence Affairs (1975–1976)
First Vice Presidency of the Government for Defence Affairs (1976–1977)
First Vice Presidency of the Government, in charge of the Coordination of the Security and National Defence Affairs (1979–1981)
Vice Presidency of the Government for Economic Affairs (1982; 2011)
Second Republic and exile (1931–1977)
Name
Portrait
Party
Took office
Left office
President
Ministerialtitle
Refs
Joan Casanovas i Maristany
Republican Left of Catalonia
29 December 1931
3 October 1932
Francesc Macià
Vice President
Joan Lluhí
Republican Left of Catalonia
19 December 1932
24 January 1933
Head of the Executive Board
Carles Pi i Sunyer
Republican Left of Catalonia
24 January 1933
4 October 1933
Chief Executive Officer
Miquel Santaló i Parvorell
Republican Left of Catalonia
4 October 1933
3 January 1934
First Minister
Joan Casanovas i Maristany
Republican Left of Catalonia
31 July 1936
26 September 1936
Lluís Companys
Josep Tarradellas
Republican Left of Catalonia
26 December 1936
5 May 1937
Restored autonomy (2001–present)
Portrait
Name(Birth–Death)
Term of office
Party
Government
Prime Minister(Tenure)
Ref.
Took office
Left office
Duration
Artur Mas(born 1956)
17 January2001
20 December2003
2 years and 337 days
CDC
Pujol VI
Jordi Pujol(1980–2003)
Josep-Lluís Carod-Rovira(born 1952)
20 December2003
20 February2004
62 days
ERC
Maragall
Pasqual Maragall(2003–2006)
Josep Bargalló(born 1958)
20 February2004
11 May2006
2 years and 80 days
ERC
Josep-Lluís Carod-Rovira(born 1952)
29 November2006
29 December2010
4 years and 30 days
ERC
Montilla
José Montilla(2006–2010)
Joana Ortega(born 1959)
29 December2010
27 December2012
4 years and 175 days
UDC
Mas I
Artur Mas(2010–2016)
27 December2012
22 June2015
Mas II
Neus Munté(born 1970)
22 June2015
14 January2016
206 days
CDC
Oriol Junqueras(born 1970)
14 January2016
28 October2017(removed)
1 year and 286 days
ERC
Puigdemont
Carles Puigdemont(2016–2017)
During this interval, the office was suspended.
Direct rule over Catalonia
Pere Aragonès(born 1982)
1 June2018
26 May2021
2 years and 358 days
ERC
Torra
Quim Torra(2018–2020)
Jordi Puigneró(born 1974)
26 May2021
29 September2022
1 year and 126 days
JxCat
Aragonès
Pere Aragonès(2021–present)
Office disestablished during this interval.
Laura Vilagrà(born 1976)
24 January2024
Incumbent
147 days
ERC
Aragonès
Pere Aragonès(2021–present)
Timeline
References
^ "DECRETO 202/2010, de 27 de diciembre, por el que se nombra a la vicepresidenta del Gobierno, a los consejeros y consejeras de los departamentos de la Generalidad de Cataluña y al secretario del Gobierno" (pdf). Diari Oficial de la Generalitat de Catalunya (in Spanish) (5785): 93816. 29 December 2012. ISSN 1988-298X.
^ "DECRETO 166/2012, de 27 de diciembre, por el que se nombran a la vicepresidenta del Gobierno, los consejeros y consejeras de los departamentos de la Generalidad de Cataluña y el secretario del Gobierno" (pdf). Diari Oficial de la Generalitat de Catalunya (in Spanish) (6281): 63942. 27 December 2012. ISSN 1988-298X.
^ "DECRETO 108/2015, de 22 de junio, de cese de la señora Joana Ortega i Alemany como titular del Departamento de Gobernación y Relaciones Institucionales y vicepresidenta del Gobierno" (pdf). Diari Oficial de la Generalitat de Catalunya (in Spanish) (6897A). 22 June 2015. ISSN 1988-298X.
^ "DECRETO 111/2015, de 22 de junio, por el que se nombra a la señora Neus Munté i Fernàndez vicepresidenta del Gobierno" (pdf). Diari Oficial de la Generalitat de Catalunya (in Spanish) (6897A). 22 June 2015. ISSN 1988-298X.
^ "DECRETO 3/2016, de 13 de enero, por el que se nombran el vicepresidente del Gobierno, los consejeros y consejeras de los departamentos de la Generalidad de Cataluña y el secretario del Gobierno" (pdf). Diari Oficial de la Generalitat de Catalunya (in Spanish) (7037). 14 January 2016. ISSN 1988-298X.
^ a b "Real Decreto 943/2017, de 27 de octubre, por el que se dispone, en virtud de las medidas autorizadas con fecha 27 de octubre de 2017 por el Pleno del Senado respecto de la Generalitat de Cataluña en aplicación del artículo 155 de la Constitución, el cese del Vicepresidente de la Generalitat de Cataluña y de los Consejeros integrantes del Consejo de Gobierno de la Generalitat de Cataluña" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish) (261). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado: 103564. 28 October 2017. ISSN 0212-033X.
^ "DECRETO 3/2018, de 29 de mayo, por el que se nombran el vicepresidente del Gobierno y los consejeros y las consejeras de los departamentos de la Generalidad de Cataluña" (pdf). Diari Oficial de la Generalitat de Catalunya (in Spanish) (7632). 1 June 2018. ISSN 1988-298X.
^ "DECRETO 22/2021, de 26 de mayo, por el que se nombran el vicepresidente del Gobierno y los consejeros y las consejeras de los departamentos de la Generalitat de Catalunya" (pdf). Diari Oficial de la Generalitat de Catalunya (in Spanish) (8418A): 1. 26 May 2021. ISSN 1988-298X.
^ "DECRETO 176/2022, de 29 de septiembre, de cese del señor Jordi Puigneró i Ferrer como titular del Departamento de Políticas Digitales y Territorio y vicepresidente del Gobierno" (pdf). Diari Oficial de la Generalitat de Catalunya (in Spanish) (8762A): 1. 29 September 2022. ISSN 1988-298X.
^ "DECRETO 16/2024, de 23 de enero, por el que se nombra a la señora Laura Vilagrà Pons vicepresidenta del Gobierno" (pdf). Diari Oficial de la Generalitat de Catalunya (in Spanish) (9086): 1. 24 January 2024. ISSN 1988-298X.
vteGeneralitat de CatalunyaInstitutionsParliament
Board
President
Assembly
Parliamentary groups
Sessions
13th
President
List
Executive Council
First Minister/Vice President
Culture
Economy & Finance
Education
Employment
Governance & Public Administration
Health
Institutional Relations & Participation
Interior
Justice
Territory & Sustainability
Legal framework
Constitutions (13th–18th c.)
1932
1979
2006
SymbolsSeats
Palau de la Generalitat
Palau del Parlament
Other
Seal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia"},{"link_name":"Government of Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Catalonia"},{"link_name":"Catalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_language"},{"link_name":"lit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"Catalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_language"},{"link_name":"Catalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_language"},{"link_name":"Catalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_language"},{"link_name":"president of Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Catalonia"}],"text":"This article lists the vice presidents of Catalonia, the second most senior position in the Government of Catalonia. The position, previously known as First Minister (Catalan: Conseller Primer, lit. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%C5%A1ka_Monastery | Beška Monastery | ["1 Church of St. George","2 St Mary's Church","3 Notes","4 See also"] | Coordinates: 42°09′53″N 19°13′46″E / 42.164722°N 19.229444°E / 42.164722; 19.229444Serbian Orthodox monastery on Beška island, Montenegro
Beška MonasteryМанастир БешкаReligionAffiliationSerbian Orthodox ChurchProvincePrincipality of ZetaEcclesiastical or organizational statusMetropolitanate of Montenegro and the LittoralLocationLocationBeška island on Skadar LakeStateSerbian Despotate (modern-day Montenegro)Shown within MontenegroGeographic coordinates42°09′53″N 19°13′46″E / 42.164722°N 19.229444°E / 42.164722; 19.229444ArchitectureFounderĐurađ II BalšićFunded byĐurađ II Balšić, Jelena BalšićCompleted1439/1440Designated as NHLThe Annunciation to the Blessed Virgin MaryWebsitehttp://www.manastirbeska.com/
The Beška Monastery (Serbian: Манастир Бешка, romanized: Manastir Beška) is a Serbian Orthodox monastery on Beška island on Skadar Lake built in the Principality of Zeta of the Serbian Despotate (modern-day Montenegro). It has two churches within its complex, the Church of St. George and the St Mary's Church. This church was uninhabited and owned by a local mosque until a negotiation led to ownership falling into the hands of the Serbian Orthodox Church. This church doesn’t represent the local communities who are majority Albanian Muslims.
Church of St. George
The Church of St. George (Serbian Cyrillic: Црква Светога Ђорђа) was built at the end of the 14th century by Đurađ II Balšić the Lord of Zeta from 1385 to 1403. His widow Jelena Balšić reconstructed it before she built St Mary's Church in 1439/1440.
St Mary's Church
The St Mary's Church or Church of Holy Mother (Serbian Cyrillic: Црква Благовештења) was built in 1439/1440 as the legacy of Jelena Balšić which is also confirmed by the inscription on the monastery. Jelena died in Beška monastery and was buried in the St Mary's Church.
The sacred bones of Jelena Balšić were placed in new relic case made of stone after the Church of Holy Mother she built on Beška island was reconstructed in 2002 by the Metropolitanate of Montenegro and the Littoral. By the decision of the 'Metropolitanate of Montenegro and the Littoral' in 2006 she was titled 'Blagovjerna' and named Blagovjerna Jelena Lazareva Balšić.
Notes
^ Евгениј Љвович Немировски (1996). Почеци штампарства у Црној Гори, 1492-1496. ЦНБ "Ђурђе Црнојевић". p. 137. Retrieved 27 January 2013. ... се налазиле развалине цркве Св. Ђорђе. Јелена Балшић обновила је ову цркву и недалеко од ње подигла цркву...
^ Mišo Vujović (2003). Crnja i Gora. Kulturni Centar "Sveti Sava". p. 89. Retrieved 24 January 2013. Манастир Бешка је задужбина Јелене Башић
^ "Митрополиту Амфилохију награда града Крушевца". Serbian Orthodox Church web site. 20 July 2009. Archived from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved January 14, 2013. Митрополија црногорско-приморска је 2002. године обновила манастир Бешку, а свете остатке Јелене Балшић похранила у нови камени ћивот.
^ Nedeljković, Marija Maja D. (2010). "Blagovjerna Jelena Lazareva Balšić, bogoljubna vladarka i pesnikinja" (in Serbian). Beška Monastery web site. Archived from the original on September 25, 2013. Retrieved January 20, 2013. Како по свом животу и животном подвигу несумњиво припада Сабору Светих богоугодивших душа она је по благослову Митрополита црногорско-приморског Амфилохија 2006. године названа Благовјерна Јелена – Лазарева Балшић.
See also
List of Serb Orthodox monasteries
vteSerbian Orthodox monasteriesSerbia
Banjska*
Bavanište
Berkasovo
Blagoveštenje
Bođani
Devič*
Gračanica*
Holy Archangels*
Banja
Beočin
Bukovo
Ćelije
Crna Reka
Đurđevi stupovi
Fenek
Gorioč*
Gornjak
Gradac
Hajdučica
Kalenić
Kastaljan
Koporin
Kovilj
Kovilje
Ljubostinja
Manasija
Mesić
Mileševa
Nimnik
Poganovo
Pokajnica
Pridvorica
Prohor Pčinjski
Pustinja
Rača
Rajinovac
Ravanica
Rukumija
St. Nicholas
Sopoćani
Studenica
Suvodol
Tronoša
Tuman
Vitovnica
Bešenovo
Divša
Grgeteg
Jazak
Krušedol
Kuveždin
Mala Remeta
Novo Hopovo
Nova Pavlica
Petkovica
Patriarchate of Peć*
Privina Glava
Rakovac
Staro Hopovo
Stara Pavlica
Šišatovac
Velika Remeta
Vrdnik-Ravanica
Holy Trinity
St. Melanija
Sombor
Središte
Vojlovica
Visoki Dečani*
Zemun
Žiča
Zočište*
Naupara
St. Roman
Blagoveštenje
Montenegro
Bijela
Beška
Cetinje
Ćelije
Dajbabe
Dobrilovina
Donji
Donji Brčeli
Dovolja
Dubočica
Duljevo
Đurđevi Stupovi
Gradište
Kaludra
Kom
Kosijerevo
Majstorovina
Miholjska Prevlaka
Morača
Moračnik
Nikoljac
Orahovo
Ostrog
Piva
Podmaine
Podmalinsko
Podostrog
Podvrh
Praskvica
Reževići
Savina
Stanjevići
Starčeva Gorica
St. Nicholas, Obod
Vranjina
Bosnia &Herzegovina
Bišnja
Detlak
Dobrićevo
Dobrun
Donja Bišnja
Dragaljevac
Dubokovac
Duga Njiva
Duži
Glogovac
Gomionica
Hercegovačka Gračanica
Ilinka
Karno
Klisina
Knežina
Krupa
Liplje
Lomnica
Moštanica
Ozerkovići
Ozren
Papraća
Petropavlov
Pjenovac
Rmanj
Rožanj
Sase
Sokolica
Stuplje
St. Nicholas
St. Basil of Ostrog
Tavna
Treskavac
Tvrdoš
Veselinje
Vozuća
Zavala
Žitomislić
Croatia
St. Ana
St. Basil of Ostrog
Bršljanac
Crnogorci
Dragović
Gomirje
Jasenovac
Komogovina
Krka
Krupa
Lazarica
Lepavina
Marča
Medak
Oćestovo
Orahovica
Pakra
St. Petka
Others
Hilandar (Mount Athos)
Saint Djuradj Monastery (Romania)
Saint Sava Serbian Orthodox Monastery (United States)
New Gračanica Monastery (United States)
Saint Herman of Alaska Monastery (United States)
Holy Transfiguration Monastery (Canada)
New Kalenić Monastery (Australia)
Notes* indicate monasteries in Kosovo, which is the subject of a territorial dispute between the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Kosovo.List of Serbian Orthodox monasteries | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Serbian"},{"link_name":"Serbian Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Serbian_monasteries"},{"link_name":"Beška island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%C5%A1ka_(Island)"},{"link_name":"Skadar Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skadar_Lake"},{"link_name":"Principality of Zeta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Zeta"},{"link_name":"Serbian Despotate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Despotate"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"}],"text":"Serbian Orthodox monastery on Beška island, MontenegroThe Beška Monastery (Serbian: Манастир Бешка, romanized: Manastir Beška) is a Serbian Orthodox monastery on Beška island on Skadar Lake built in the Principality of Zeta of the Serbian Despotate (modern-day Montenegro). It has two churches within its complex, the Church of St. George and the St Mary's Church. This church was uninhabited and owned by a local mosque until a negotiation led to ownership falling into the hands of the Serbian Orthodox Church. This church doesn’t represent the local communities who are majority Albanian Muslims.","title":"Beška Monastery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serbian Cyrillic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Đurađ II Balšić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90ura%C4%91_II_Bal%C5%A1i%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Lord of Zeta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_under_the_Bal%C5%A1i%C4%87i"},{"link_name":"Jelena Balšić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelena_Bal%C5%A1i%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B81996-1"}],"text":"The Church of St. George (Serbian Cyrillic: Црква Светога Ђорђа) was built at the end of the 14th century by Đurađ II Balšić the Lord of Zeta from 1385 to 1403. His widow Jelena Balšić reconstructed it before she built St Mary's Church in 1439/1440.[1]","title":"Church of St. George"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serbian Cyrillic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vujovi%C4%872003-2"},{"link_name":"Beška island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%C5%A1ka_island"},{"link_name":"Metropolitanate of Montenegro and the Littoral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitanate_of_Montenegro_and_the_Littoral"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Blagovjerna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Orthodox_saint_titles"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The St Mary's Church or Church of Holy Mother (Serbian Cyrillic: Црква Благовештења) was built in 1439/1440 as the legacy of Jelena Balšić which is also confirmed by the inscription on the monastery.[2] Jelena died in Beška monastery and was buried in the St Mary's Church.The sacred bones of Jelena Balšić were placed in new relic case made of stone after the Church of Holy Mother she built on Beška island was reconstructed in 2002 by the Metropolitanate of Montenegro and the Littoral.[3] By the decision of the 'Metropolitanate of Montenegro and the Littoral' in 2006 she was titled 'Blagovjerna' and named Blagovjerna Jelena Lazareva Balšić.[4]","title":"St Mary's Church"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B81996_1-0"},{"link_name":"Почеци штампарства у Црној Гори, 1492-1496","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=cV4VAQAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Vujovi%C4%872003_2-0"},{"link_name":"Crnja i Gora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=dXRpAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Митрополиту Амфилохију награда града Крушевца\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20220308203754/http://www.spc.rs/sr/mitropolitu_amfilohiju_nagrada_grada_krusevca"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.spc.rs/sr/mitropolitu_amfilohiju_nagrada_grada_krusevca"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Blagovjerna Jelena Lazareva Balšić, bogoljubna vladarka i pesnikinja\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130925151527/http://manastirbeska.com/istorija.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.manastirbeska.com/istorija.html"}],"text":"^ Евгениј Љвович Немировски (1996). Почеци штампарства у Црној Гори, 1492-1496. ЦНБ \"Ђурђе Црнојевић\". p. 137. Retrieved 27 January 2013. ... се налазиле развалине цркве Св. Ђорђе. Јелена Балшић обновила је ову цркву и недалеко од ње подигла цркву...\n\n^ Mišo Vujović (2003). Crnja i Gora. Kulturni Centar \"Sveti Sava\". p. 89. Retrieved 24 January 2013. Манастир Бешка је задужбина Јелене Башић\n\n^ \"Митрополиту Амфилохију награда града Крушевца\". Serbian Orthodox Church web site. 20 July 2009. Archived from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved January 14, 2013. Митрополија црногорско-приморска је 2002. године обновила манастир Бешку, а свете остатке Јелене Балшић похранила у нови камени ћивот.\n\n^ Nedeljković, Marija Maja D. (2010). \"Blagovjerna Jelena Lazareva Balšić, bogoljubna vladarka i pesnikinja\" (in Serbian). Beška Monastery web site. Archived from the original on September 25, 2013. Retrieved January 20, 2013. Како по свом животу и животном подвигу несумњиво припада Сабору Светих богоугодивших душа она је по благослову Митрополита црногорско-приморског Амфилохија 2006. године названа Благовјерна Јелена – Лазарева Балшић.","title":"Notes"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of Serb Orthodox monasteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Serb_Orthodox_monasteries"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Serbian_Orthodox_monasteries"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Serbian_Orthodox_monasteries"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Serbian_Orthodox_monasteries"},{"title":"Serbian Orthodox 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Petka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Petka_Monastery_(Zagreb)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Hilandar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilandar"},{"title":"Mount Athos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Athos"},{"title":"Saint Djuradj Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveti_%C4%90ura%C4%91_monastery"},{"title":"Saint Sava Serbian Orthodox Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Sava_Serbian_Orthodox_Monastery_and_Seminary"},{"title":"New Gračanica Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Gra%C4%8Danica_Monastery"},{"title":"Saint Herman of Alaska Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Herman_of_Alaska_Monastery"},{"title":"Holy Transfiguration Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Transfiguration_Monastery_(Milton,_Ontario)"},{"title":"New Kalenić Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Kaleni%C4%87_Monastery&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo"},{"title":"Republic of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"title":"Republic of Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Kosovo"},{"title":"List of Serbian Orthodox monasteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Serbian_Orthodox_monasteries"}] | [{"reference":"Евгениј Љвович Немировски (1996). Почеци штампарства у Црној Гори, 1492-1496. ЦНБ \"Ђурђе Црнојевић\". p. 137. Retrieved 27 January 2013. ... се налазиле развалине цркве Св. Ђорђе. Јелена Балшић обновила је ову цркву и недалеко од ње подигла цркву...","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cV4VAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Почеци штампарства у Црној Гори, 1492-1496"}]},{"reference":"Mišo Vujović (2003). Crnja i Gora. Kulturni Centar \"Sveti Sava\". p. 89. Retrieved 24 January 2013. Манастир Бешка је задужбина Јелене Башић","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dXRpAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Crnja i Gora"}]},{"reference":"\"Митрополиту Амфилохију награда града Крушевца\". Serbian Orthodox Church web site. 20 July 2009. Archived from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved January 14, 2013. Митрополија црногорско-приморска је 2002. године обновила манастир Бешку, а свете остатке Јелене Балшић похранила у нови камени ћивот.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220308203754/http://www.spc.rs/sr/mitropolitu_amfilohiju_nagrada_grada_krusevca","url_text":"\"Митрополиту Амфилохију награда града Крушевца\""},{"url":"http://www.spc.rs/sr/mitropolitu_amfilohiju_nagrada_grada_krusevca","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Nedeljković, Marija Maja D. (2010). \"Blagovjerna Jelena Lazareva Balšić, bogoljubna vladarka i pesnikinja\" (in Serbian). Beška Monastery web site. Archived from the original on September 25, 2013. Retrieved January 20, 2013. Како по свом животу и животном подвигу несумњиво припада Сабору Светих богоугодивших душа она је по благослову Митрополита црногорско-приморског Амфилохија 2006. године названа Благовјерна Јелена – Лазарева Балшић.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130925151527/http://manastirbeska.com/istorija.html","url_text":"\"Blagovjerna Jelena Lazareva Balšić, bogoljubna vladarka i pesnikinja\""},{"url":"http://www.manastirbeska.com/istorija.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Be%C5%A1ka_Monastery¶ms=42.164722_N_19.229444_E_region:ME_type:landmark","external_links_name":"42°09′53″N 19°13′46″E / 42.164722°N 19.229444°E / 42.164722; 19.229444"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Be%C5%A1ka_Monastery¶ms=42.164722_N_19.229444_E_region:ME_type:landmark","external_links_name":"42°09′53″N 19°13′46″E / 42.164722°N 19.229444°E / 42.164722; 19.229444"},{"Link":"http://www.manastirbeska.com/","external_links_name":"http://www.manastirbeska.com/"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cV4VAQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Почеци штампарства у Црној Гори, 1492-1496"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dXRpAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Crnja i Gora"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220308203754/http://www.spc.rs/sr/mitropolitu_amfilohiju_nagrada_grada_krusevca","external_links_name":"\"Митрополиту Амфилохију награда града Крушевца\""},{"Link":"http://www.spc.rs/sr/mitropolitu_amfilohiju_nagrada_grada_krusevca","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130925151527/http://manastirbeska.com/istorija.html","external_links_name":"\"Blagovjerna Jelena Lazareva Balšić, bogoljubna vladarka i pesnikinja\""},{"Link":"http://www.manastirbeska.com/istorija.html","external_links_name":"the original"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_for_Information_and_Decision_Systems | MIT Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems | ["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MA, USA
The MIT Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems (LIDS), which founded in 1940, is an interdisciplinary research laboratory of MIT, working on research in the areas of communications, control, and signal processing combining faculty from the School of Engineering (including the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics), the Department of Mathematics and the MIT Sloan School of Management. The lab is located in the Dreyfoos Tower of the Stata Center and shares some research duties with MIT's Lincoln Laboratory and the independent Draper Laboratory.
History
The laboratory traces its beginnings to the MIT Servomechanisms Laboratory in 1940, where work on guidance systems and early computation was done during World War II.
Known as LIDS, the laboratory has hosted several luminaries over the years, including Claude Shannon and David Forney. As of July 2021, the current acting director is Prof. Sertac Karaman.
See also
Gordon S. Brown
References
^ "Sertac Karaman's personal website". karaman.mit.edu. Retrieved 2023-12-21.
^ Alan S. Willsky, Edwin Sibley Webster Retired Professor of Electrical Engineering at M.I.T. Archived 2001-07-10 at the Wayback Machine
^ Biography of Alan S. Willsky.. Archived 2007-02-08 at the Wayback Machine
^ Alan S. Willsky was elected in 2010 as a member of National Academy of Engineering in Electronics, Communication & Information Systems Engineering for contributions to model-based signal processing and statistical inference.
External links
LIDS webpage
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United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MIT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT"},{"link_name":"communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_system"},{"link_name":"control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_theory"},{"link_name":"signal processing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signal_processing"},{"link_name":"School of Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_School_of_Engineering"},{"link_name":"Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_School_of_Engineering#Aeronautics_and_Astronautics"},{"link_name":"Department of Mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Mathematics_Department"},{"link_name":"MIT Sloan School of Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Sloan_School_of_Management"},{"link_name":"Dreyfoos Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_and_Maria_Stata_Center#Description"},{"link_name":"Stata Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_and_Maria_Stata_Center"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"Draper Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draper_Laboratory"}],"text":"The MIT Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems (LIDS), which founded in 1940, is an interdisciplinary research laboratory of MIT, working on research in the areas of communications, control, and signal processing combining faculty from the School of Engineering (including the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics), the Department of Mathematics and the MIT Sloan School of Management. The lab is located in the Dreyfoos Tower of the Stata Center and shares some research duties with MIT's Lincoln Laboratory and the independent Draper Laboratory.","title":"MIT Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Claude Shannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Shannon"},{"link_name":"David Forney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Forney"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MIT_Laboratory_for_Information_and_Decision_Systems&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NAE3-4"}],"text":"The laboratory traces its beginnings to the MIT Servomechanisms Laboratory in 1940, where work on guidance systems and early computation was done during World War II.Known as LIDS, the laboratory has hosted several luminaries over the years, including Claude Shannon and David Forney. As of July 2021[update], the current acting director is Prof. Sertac Karaman.[1][2][3][4]","title":"History"}] | [] | [{"title":"Gordon S. Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_S._Brown"}] | [{"reference":"\"Sertac Karaman's personal website\". karaman.mit.edu. Retrieved 2023-12-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://karaman.mit.edu/","url_text":"\"Sertac Karaman's personal website\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MIT_Laboratory_for_Information_and_Decision_Systems&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://karaman.mit.edu/","external_links_name":"\"Sertac Karaman's personal website\""},{"Link":"http://ssg.mit.edu/~willsky/","external_links_name":"Alan S. Willsky, Edwin Sibley Webster Retired Professor of Electrical Engineering at M.I.T."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010710015115/http://ssg.mit.edu/~willsky/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://ssg.mit.edu/~willsky/bio_short.htm","external_links_name":"Biography of Alan S. Willsky."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070208011414/http://ssg.mit.edu/~willsky/bio_short.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.nae.edu/MembersSection/MemberDirectory/31139.aspx","external_links_name":"Alan S. Willsky was elected in 2010"},{"Link":"https://lids.mit.edu/","external_links_name":"LIDS webpage"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80015259","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fleming_(naturalist) | John Fleming (naturalist) | ["1 Life","2 Career","3 Works","4 Described taxa","5 References","6 External links"] | Scottish minister and scientist (1785 – 1857)
Prof John Fleming's grave, Dean Cemetery
John Fleming FRSE FRS FSA (10 January 1785 – 18 November 1857) was a Scottish Free Church minister, naturalist, zoologist and geologist. He named and described several species of mollusc. During his life he tried to reconcile theology with science.
Fleming Fjord in Greenland was named after him.
Life
Fleming was born on Kirkroads Farm near Bathgate in Linlithgowshire, the son of Alexander Fleming and his wife Catherine Nimmo. After studying divinity at the University of Edinburgh he graduated in 1805. He was licensed to preach by the Church of Scotland and ordained as minister of Bressay in the Shetland Islands in 1808. In 1810 he translated to the parish of Flisk in Fife and in 1832 translated to Clackmannan. In 1808, he participated in founding the Wernerian Society, a learned society devoted to the study of natural history.
Fleming became a member of the Royal Society of London on 25 February 1813 (he was not granted fellowship). In 1814, he was awarded an honorary doctorate of divinity by the University of St Andrews, and in the same year he became a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers for the latter were John Playfair, David Brewster and Robert Jameson.
He was awarded the chair of natural philosophy (physics) at the University of Aberdeen's King's College in 1834. In the Disruption of 1843 he left the established Church of Scotland to join the Free Church. In 1845, he became professor of natural history at the Free Church's New College in Edinburgh. He was three times elected president of the Edinburgh Botanical Society (1847–48, 1849–50 and 1856–57). He was then living at 22 Walker Street in Edinburgh's West End.
He died at home, Seagrove House in Leith and is buried with his family in the western half of Dean Cemetery in Edinburgh. He is buried with his wife, Melville Christie (1796–1862) and son Andrew Fleming (1821–1901) (also a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh) who rose to be Depute Surgeon General of the Indian Army.
Career
Fleming was a vitalist who was strongly opposed to materialism. He believed that a 'vital principle' was inherent in the embryo with the capacity of "developing in succession the destined plan of existence." He was a close associate of Robert Edmond Grant, who considered that the same laws of life affected all organisms.
In 1824, Fleming became involved in a famous controversy with the geologist William Buckland about the nature of the flood as described in the Bible. In 1828, he published his History of British Animals. This book addressed both extant and fossil species. It explained the presence of fossils by climate change, suggesting that extinct species would have survived if weather conditions had been favorable. These theories contributed to the advancement of biogeography and exerted some influence on Charles Darwin. Flemings' comments on instinct in his book Philosophy of Zoology had influenced Darwin.
In 1831, Fleming found some fossils which he recognized as fish in the Old Red Sandstone units at Fife. This did not fit the generally accepted notion that the Earth was approximately 6,000 years old.
Works
1821: Insecta in Supplement to the fourth, fifth and sixth editions of the Encyclopae-dia Britannica, with preliminary dissertations on the history of the sciences
1822: Philosophy of Zoology (Volume 1, Volume 2)
1828: A History of British animals, exhibiting the descriptive characters and systematical arrangement of the genera and species of quadrupeds, birds, reptiles, fishes, mollusca, and radiata of the United Kingdom, including the indigenous, extirpated , and extinct kinds, together with periodical and occasional visitants Edinburgh: i–xxiii + 1–565.
1837: Molluscous Animals
1851: The Temperature of the Seasons, and Its Influence on Inorganic Objects, and on Plants and Animals
Described taxa
The standard author abbreviation Fleming is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.
Superfamily: Conoidea Fleming, 1822
Family: Conidae Fleming, 1822
Subfamily: Coninae Fleming, 1822
Species in the phylum Mollusca described by Fleming:
Chiton laevigatus Fleming 1813
Patella elongata Fleming 1813
Patella elliptica Fleming 1813
Doris nigricans Fleming 1820
Heterofusus retroversus Fleming 1823
Octopus octopodia (Linné 1758 : Sepia) Fleming, 1826
Bulla cranchii Fleming 1828
Eolidia plumosa Fleming 1828
Modiola vulgaris Fleming 1828
Lima fragilis Gmelin 1791 sensu Fleming, 1828
Lutraria vulgaris Fleming 1828
Gastrochaena hians Fleming 1828
Patella clealandi Fleming 1828
Assiminea grayana Fleming 1828
Scissurella crispata Fleming 1828
References
^ "Catalogue of place names in northern East Greenland". Geological Survey of Denmark. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
^ Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 0-902-198-84-X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2013. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
^ Ewing, William Annals of the Free Church
^ Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 0-902-198-84-X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2013. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
^ THE BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH 1836-1936 (PDF). p. 15. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 March 2017. Retrieved 11 August 2018.
^ Edinburgh Post Office Directory 1850
^ Edinburgh and Leith Post Office Directory 1857
^ Corsi, Pietro. (1978). The Importance of French Transformist Ideas for the Second Volume of Lyell's Principles of Geology. The British Journal for the History of Science 11 (3) 221-244.
^ Richards, Robert J. (1987). Darwin and the Emergence of Evolutionary Theories of Mind and Behavior. University of Chicago Press. pp. 103-104. ISBN 0-226-71200-1
^ International Plant Names Index. Fleming.
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prof_John_Fleming%27s_grave,_Dean_Cemetery.JPG"},{"link_name":"Dean Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"FRSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"FRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_London"},{"link_name":"Scottish Free Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Church_of_Scotland_(1843%E2%80%931900)"},{"link_name":"naturalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_history"},{"link_name":"zoologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoology"},{"link_name":"geologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologist"},{"link_name":"mollusc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusca"},{"link_name":"theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology"},{"link_name":"Fleming Fjord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleming_Fjord"},{"link_name":"Greenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cat-1"}],"text":"Prof John Fleming's grave, Dean CemeteryJohn Fleming FRSE FRS FSA (10 January 1785 – 18 November 1857) was a Scottish Free Church minister, naturalist, zoologist and geologist. He named and described several species of mollusc. During his life he tried to reconcile theology with science.Fleming Fjord in Greenland was named after him.[1]","title":"John Fleming (naturalist)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bathgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathgate"},{"link_name":"Linlithgowshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linlithgowshire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"University of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Church of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Bressay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bressay"},{"link_name":"Shetland Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetland_Islands"},{"link_name":"Flisk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flisk"},{"link_name":"Fife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fife"},{"link_name":"Clackmannan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clackmannan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Wernerian Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernerian_Society"},{"link_name":"natural history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_history"},{"link_name":"Royal Society of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_London"},{"link_name":"University of St Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews"},{"link_name":"Royal Society of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"John Playfair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Playfair"},{"link_name":"David Brewster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster"},{"link_name":"Robert Jameson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Jameson"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"University of Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen"},{"link_name":"Disruption of 1843","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disruption_of_1843"},{"link_name":"Free Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Church_of_Scotland_(1843%E2%80%931900)"},{"link_name":"New College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_College,_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh Botanical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Botanical_Society"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BSE-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Leith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leith"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Dean Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"}],"text":"Fleming was born on Kirkroads Farm near Bathgate in Linlithgowshire, the son of Alexander Fleming and his wife Catherine Nimmo.[2] After studying divinity at the University of Edinburgh he graduated in 1805. He was licensed to preach by the Church of Scotland and ordained as minister of Bressay in the Shetland Islands in 1808. In 1810 he translated to the parish of Flisk in Fife and in 1832 translated to Clackmannan.[3] In 1808, he participated in founding the Wernerian Society, a learned society devoted to the study of natural history.Fleming became a member of the Royal Society of London on 25 February 1813 (he was not granted fellowship). In 1814, he was awarded an honorary doctorate of divinity by the University of St Andrews, and in the same year he became a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers for the latter were John Playfair, David Brewster and Robert Jameson.[4]He was awarded the chair of natural philosophy (physics) at the University of Aberdeen's King's College in 1834. In the Disruption of 1843 he left the established Church of Scotland to join the Free Church. In 1845, he became professor of natural history at the Free Church's New College in Edinburgh. He was three times elected president of the Edinburgh Botanical Society (1847–48, 1849–50 and 1856–57).[5] He was then living at 22 Walker Street in Edinburgh's West End.[6]He died at home, Seagrove House in Leith[7] and is buried with his family in the western half of Dean Cemetery in Edinburgh. He is buried with his wife, Melville Christie (1796–1862) and son Andrew Fleming (1821–1901) (also a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh) who rose to be Depute Surgeon General of the Indian Army.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vitalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitalism"},{"link_name":"materialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materialism"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Robert Edmond Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Edmond_Grant"},{"link_name":"William Buckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Buckland"},{"link_name":"the flood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative"},{"link_name":"fossil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil"},{"link_name":"biogeography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeography"},{"link_name":"Charles Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Old Red Sandstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Red_Sandstone"},{"link_name":"Fife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fife"}],"text":"Fleming was a vitalist who was strongly opposed to materialism. He believed that a 'vital principle' was inherent in the embryo with the capacity of \"developing in succession the destined plan of existence.\"[8] He was a close associate of Robert Edmond Grant, who considered that the same laws of life affected all organisms.In 1824, Fleming became involved in a famous controversy with the geologist William Buckland about the nature of the flood as described in the Bible. In 1828, he published his History of British Animals. This book addressed both extant and fossil species. It explained the presence of fossils by climate change, suggesting that extinct species would have survived if weather conditions had been favorable. These theories contributed to the advancement of biogeography and exerted some influence on Charles Darwin. Flemings' comments on instinct in his book Philosophy of Zoology had influenced Darwin.[9]In 1831, Fleming found some fossils which he recognized as fish in the Old Red Sandstone units at Fife. This did not fit the generally accepted notion that the Earth was approximately 6,000 years old.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Volume 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/philosophyofzool11822flem"},{"link_name":"Volume 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/philosophyofzool21822flem"},{"link_name":"A History of British animals, exhibiting the descriptive characters and systematical arrangement of the genera and species of quadrupeds, birds, reptiles, fishes, mollusca, and radiata of the United Kingdom, including the indigenous, extirpated , and extinct kinds, together with periodical and occasional visitants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/historyofbritish00flem"},{"link_name":"Molluscous Animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/molluscousanimal00flemrich"}],"text":"1821: Insecta in Supplement to the fourth, fifth and sixth editions of the Encyclopae-dia Britannica, with preliminary dissertations on the history of the sciences\n1822: Philosophy of Zoology (Volume 1, Volume 2)\n1828: A History of British animals, exhibiting the descriptive characters and systematical arrangement of the genera and species of quadrupeds, birds, reptiles, fishes, mollusca, and radiata of the United Kingdom, including the indigenous, extirpated , and extinct kinds, together with periodical and occasional visitants Edinburgh: i–xxiii + 1–565.\n1837: Molluscous Animals\n1851: The Temperature of the Seasons, and Its Influence on Inorganic Objects, and on Plants and Animals","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"author abbreviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation_(A)"},{"link_name":"citing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)"},{"link_name":"botanical 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clealandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patella_clealandi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Assiminea grayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assiminea_grayana"},{"link_name":"Scissurella crispata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scissurella_crispata"}],"text":"The standard author abbreviation Fleming is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.[10]Superfamily: Conoidea Fleming, 1822\nFamily: Conidae Fleming, 1822\nSubfamily: Coninae Fleming, 1822Species in the phylum Mollusca described by Fleming:Chiton laevigatus Fleming 1813\nPatella elongata Fleming 1813\nPatella elliptica Fleming 1813\nDoris nigricans Fleming 1820\nHeterofusus retroversus Fleming 1823\nOctopus octopodia (Linné 1758 : Sepia) Fleming, 1826\nBulla cranchii Fleming 1828\nEolidia plumosa Fleming 1828\nModiola vulgaris Fleming 1828\nLima fragilis Gmelin 1791 sensu Fleming, 1828\nLutraria vulgaris Fleming 1828\nGastrochaena hians Fleming 1828\nPatella clealandi Fleming 1828\nAssiminea grayana Fleming 1828\nScissurella crispata Fleming 1828","title":"Described taxa"}] | [{"image_text":"Prof John Fleming's grave, Dean Cemetery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Prof_John_Fleming%27s_grave%2C_Dean_Cemetery.JPG/220px-Prof_John_Fleming%27s_grave%2C_Dean_Cemetery.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Catalogue of place names in northern East Greenland\". Geological Survey of Denmark. Retrieved 12 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.geus.dk/geusmap/?mapname=stednavnedb#baslay=baseMapGl&optlay=&extent=549832.8357720698,8582739.868248867,622444.3190166993,8680765.370629115&layers=grl_geus_north_east_higgins_map,grl_ne_higgins_placenames,grl_ne_placenames&filter_1=txt_search.part%3D%26placename%3D&filter_2=txt_search.part%3D%26placename%3D","url_text":"\"Catalogue of place names in northern East Greenland\""}]},{"reference":"Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 0-902-198-84-X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2013. 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Retrieved 9 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130124115814/http://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf","url_text":"Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-902-198-84-X","url_text":"0-902-198-84-X"},{"url":"https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"THE BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH 1836-1936 (PDF). p. 15. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 March 2017. Retrieved 11 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170311205404/http://www.botanical-society-scotland.org.uk/sites/default/files/%20.pdf","url_text":"THE BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH 1836-1936"},{"url":"http://www.botanical-society-scotland.org.uk/sites/default/files/%20.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"International Plant Names Index. Fleming.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index","url_text":"International Plant Names Index"},{"url":"http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=Fleming","url_text":"Fleming"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/philosophyofzool11822flem","external_links_name":"Volume 1"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/philosophyofzool21822flem","external_links_name":"Volume 2"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historyofbritish00flem","external_links_name":"A History of British animals, exhibiting the descriptive characters and systematical arrangement of the genera and species of quadrupeds, birds, reptiles, fishes, mollusca, and radiata of the United Kingdom, including the indigenous, extirpated , and extinct kinds, together with periodical and occasional visitants"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/molluscousanimal00flemrich","external_links_name":"Molluscous Animals"},{"Link":"https://data.geus.dk/geusmap/?mapname=stednavnedb#baslay=baseMapGl&optlay=&extent=549832.8357720698,8582739.868248867,622444.3190166993,8680765.370629115&layers=grl_geus_north_east_higgins_map,grl_ne_higgins_placenames,grl_ne_placenames&filter_1=txt_search.part%3D%26placename%3D&filter_2=txt_search.part%3D%26placename%3D","external_links_name":"\"Catalogue of place names in northern East Greenland\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130124115814/http://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf","external_links_name":"Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002"},{"Link":"https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130124115814/http://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf","external_links_name":"Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002"},{"Link":"https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170311205404/http://www.botanical-society-scotland.org.uk/sites/default/files/%20.pdf","external_links_name":"THE BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH 1836-1936"},{"Link":"http://www.botanical-society-scotland.org.uk/sites/default/files/%20.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=Fleming","external_links_name":"Fleming"},{"Link":"http://www.wku.edu/~smithch/chronob/FLEM1785.htm","external_links_name":"Brief biography/timeline"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/208573/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000030334176","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/12458291","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbRdkVTMFv4tCXfRPPvpP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/2121093","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13485955w","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13485955w","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/117513210","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/MILV239545","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007347215905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n87134481","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record255239","external_links_name":"Greece"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070370516","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=Fleming","external_links_name":"bis International Plant Names Index"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA16933156?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6c27ftq","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/035629460","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbe_(river) | Orbe (river) | ["1 Geography","2 History","3 Itinerary","4 Tributaries","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Coordinates: 46°44′14″N 6°33′47″E / 46.7373°N 6.5631°E / 46.7373; 6.5631River of the Rhine basinThis article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Orbe" river – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
OrbeLocationCountriesFrance and SwitzerlandPhysical characteristicsMouthThielle • coordinates46°44′14″N 6°33′47″E / 46.7373°N 6.5631°E / 46.7373; 6.5631Basin featuresProgressionThielle→ Lake Biel→ Aare→ Rhine→ North Sea
The Orbe (French pronunciation: ) is a river of the Rhine basin. It starts in France and flows to Switzerland where it forms the river Thielle at its confluence with the river Talent. Not to be mistaken with the Orbe, which is a tributary of the Arrats.
Geography
The Orbe has its source near Rousses, forms the lac des Rousses before flowing down to lac de Joux in canton of Vaud, Switzerland. It disappears naturally underground for a stretch of 4 km, to reappear in Vallorbe - where a special ecotourism site was created, the Vallorbe Caves (note, to re-edit - http://www.grottesdevallorbe.ch/). Soon after, in Orbe, the river merges with the Talent and takes the name of Thielle. Flowing through Yverdon-les-Bains, it joins the lac de Neuchâtel. It flows out of it through the Thielle channel to the Nidau-Büren channel in Nidau, just before the regulating dam Port established between Port and Brügg that controls the levels of the three lakes of Seeland.
The Orbe and Thielle drain all the waters from the Canton of Vaud to the Rhine, with the exception of the river Venoge, divided by the Mormont, watershed between the former and the Rhone basins.
History
See Jura water correction.
Itinerary
France
Les Rousses
Lac des Rousses
Bois-d'Amont Enters Swiss territory
Canton de Vaud
Le Chenit
Lac de Joux
Le Pont
underground stretch
Vallorbe
Les Clées
Orbe
Leaves the community's territory in the plain of Orbe
Tributaries
Ruisseau des Epoisats
La Jougnena
Le Talent
See also
List of rivers of Switzerland
References
^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - L'Orbe (V2400900)".
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to l'Orbe.
Production électrique
fr, de, it: Dictionnaire historique de la Suisse
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
Other
Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
This article related to a river in France is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article related to a river in Switzerland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ɔʁb]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine"},{"link_name":"basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basin"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Thielle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thielle"},{"link_name":"Talent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talent_(river)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Orbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orbe_(Arrats)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"tributary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributary"},{"link_name":"Arrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrats"}],"text":"River of the Rhine basinThe Orbe (French pronunciation: [ɔʁb]) is a river of the Rhine basin. It starts in France and flows to Switzerland where it forms the river Thielle at its confluence with the river Talent. Not to be mistaken with the Orbe, which is a tributary of the Arrats.","title":"Orbe (river)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rousses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Rousses"},{"link_name":"lac des Rousses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac_des_Rousses"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"lac de Joux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac_de_Joux"},{"link_name":"canton of Vaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_Vaud"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Vallorbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallorbe"},{"link_name":"Vallorbe Caves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vallorbe_Caves&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"http://www.grottesdevallorbe.ch/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.grottesdevallorbe.ch/"},{"link_name":"Orbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbe_(Vaud)"},{"link_name":"Talent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talent_(river)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yverdon-les-Bains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yverdon-les-Bains"},{"link_name":"lac de Neuchâtel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac_de_Neuch%C3%A2tel"},{"link_name":"Nidau-Büren channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nidau-B%C3%BCren_channel"},{"link_name":"Nidau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nidau"},{"link_name":"regulating dam Port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulating_Dam_Port,_Seeland,_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_(Berne)"},{"link_name":"Brügg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BCgg"},{"link_name":"Seeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seeland_(Switzerland)"},{"link_name":"Venoge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venoge_(river)"},{"link_name":"Mormont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormont"},{"link_name":"watershed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_divide"},{"link_name":"Rhone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhone"},{"link_name":"basins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basin"}],"text":"The Orbe has its source near Rousses, forms the lac des Rousses[1] before flowing down to lac de Joux in canton of Vaud, Switzerland. It disappears naturally underground for a stretch of 4 km, to reappear in Vallorbe - where a special ecotourism site was created, the Vallorbe Caves (note, to re-edit - http://www.grottesdevallorbe.ch/). Soon after, in Orbe, the river merges with the Talent and takes the name of Thielle. Flowing through Yverdon-les-Bains, it joins the lac de Neuchâtel. It flows out of it through the Thielle channel to the Nidau-Büren channel in Nidau, just before the regulating dam Port established between Port and Brügg that controls the levels of the three lakes of Seeland.The Orbe and Thielle drain all the waters from the Canton of Vaud to the Rhine, with the exception of the river Venoge, divided by the Mormont, watershed between the former and the Rhone basins.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jura water correction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jura_water_correction"}],"text":"See Jura water correction.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Les Rousses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Rousses"},{"link_name":"Lac des Rousses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac_des_Rousses"},{"link_name":"Bois-d'Amont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bois-d%27Amont"},{"link_name":"Swiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Canton de Vaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_de_Vaud"},{"link_name":"Le Chenit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Chenit"},{"link_name":"Lac de Joux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac_de_Joux"},{"link_name":"Le Pont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Abbaye"},{"link_name":"Vallorbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallorbe"},{"link_name":"Les Clées","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Cl%C3%A9es"},{"link_name":"Orbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbe_(Vaud)"}],"text":"France\nLes Rousses\nLac des Rousses\nBois-d'Amont Enters Swiss territory\nCanton de Vaud\nLe Chenit\nLac de Joux\nLe Pont\nunderground stretch\nVallorbe\nLes Clées\nOrbe\nLeaves the community's territory in the plain of Orbe","title":"Itinerary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Talent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talent_(river)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Ruisseau des Epoisats\nLa Jougnena\nLe Talent","title":"Tributaries"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of rivers of Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Switzerland"}] | [{"reference":"Sandre. \"Fiche cours d'eau - L'Orbe (V2400900)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_d%27administration_nationale_des_donn%C3%A9es_et_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rentiels_sur_l%27eau","url_text":"Sandre"},{"url":"https://www.sandre.eaufrance.fr/geo/CoursEau_Carthage2017/V2400900","url_text":"\"Fiche cours d'eau - L'Orbe (V2400900)\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Orbe_(river)¶ms=46.7373_N_6.5631_E_region:CH_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"46°44′14″N 6°33′47″E / 46.7373°N 6.5631°E / 46.7373; 6.5631"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Orbe%22+river","external_links_name":"\"Orbe\" river"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Orbe%22+river+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Orbe%22+river&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Orbe%22+river+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Orbe%22+river","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Orbe%22+river&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Orbe_(river)¶ms=46.7373_N_6.5631_E_region:CH_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"46°44′14″N 6°33′47″E / 46.7373°N 6.5631°E / 46.7373; 6.5631"},{"Link":"http://www.grottesdevallorbe.ch/","external_links_name":"http://www.grottesdevallorbe.ch/"},{"Link":"https://www.sandre.eaufrance.fr/geo/CoursEau_Carthage2017/V2400900","external_links_name":"\"Fiche cours d'eau - L'Orbe (V2400900)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110707002110/http://www.romande-energie.ch/wwwromande/pages/groupe/dialoguer_orbe.asp","external_links_name":"Production électrique"},{"Link":"http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F8759.php","external_links_name":"fr, de, it: Dictionnaire historique de la Suisse"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/9805170101392412500001","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/7604370-8","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/008759","external_links_name":"Historical Dictionary of Switzerland"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orbe_(river)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orbe_(river)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
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