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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mansoura
New Mansoura
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 31°28′11″N 31°26′43″E / 31.4697372°N 31.4452037°E / 31.4697372; 31.4452037City in Dakahlia, EgyptNew MansouracityNew MansouraLocation in EgyptCoordinates: 31°28′11″N 31°26′43″E / 31.4697372°N 31.4452037°E / 31.4697372; 31.4452037Country EgyptGovernorateDakahliaTime zoneUTC+02:00 (EST) New Mansoura, officially New Mansoura City, is a planned city in Egypt. It will lie on the Mediterranean coast, around 50 km north of Old Mansoura. The city represents one of several ambitious urban development projects of the government. With the help of which the problem of the congestion of the existing cities is to be solved. The development of the city will cost around 3.7 billion US dollar. It will cover 25.4 km2 stretching around 14 km along the coast and will have the capacity to house 1.5 million people when completed. The project is led by the New Urban Communities Authority. The city will include residential areas, touristic resorts, industrial areas, a water desalination plant, a commercial market, a waterfront promenade and a university. A 2 km long marina will be constructed on reclaimed land. It is also intended that the city will become a center of medical tourism. Construction of the city started in 2017 and will be implemented in phases. The city will be connected to Old Mansoura by a newly build electrified railway system. References ^ a b c "New Mansoura City". The Arab Republic of Egypt Presidency. ^ "First Phase of New Mansoura City is 98% Complete". CairoScene. ^ "New Mansoura City, another Egyptian achievement underway". EgyptToday. 2017-12-26. Retrieved 2020-11-28. vte New Egyptian citiesFirst generation 10th of Ramadan 15th of May Sadat 6th of October New Borg El Arab New Damietta El Salheya El Gedida Second generation Badr Obour New Beni Suef New Minya New Nubariya Sheikh Zayed City Third generation El Shorouk New Aswan New Cairo New Asyut New Thebes New Sohag New Qena New Faiyum New Akhmim New Luxor Fourth generation New Toshka East Port Said New Administrative Capital New Obour New Ismailia New Mansoura West Qena New 6th of October October Gardens New Rafah New Bir al-Abed New Alamein New El Fashn New Mallawi New Naser New Rosetta Al Galala Capital Gardens New Alexandria New Sphinx vteCities and towns of EgyptCairo GovernorateCairoGiza GovernorateGiza, 6th of October City, Sheikh Zayed City, El Hawamdeya, El Badrashein, El Saff, Atfih, El Ayyat, Bawiti, Manshiyat al Qanater, Awsim, Kerdasa, Abu El NumrusQalyubia GovernorateBenha, Qalyub, Shubra El Kheima, El Qanater El Khayreya, Khanka, Kafr Shukr, Toukh, Qaha, Obour City, Khusus, Shibin El Qanater, Saryaqos, El KulzomAlexandria GovernorateAlexandria, Borg El Arab, New Borg El ArabBeheira GovernorateDamanhur, Kafr El Dawwar, Rosetta, Edku, Abu El Matamir, Abu Hummus, El Delengat, El Mahmoudiyah, El Rahmaniya, Itay El Barud, Hosh Issa, Shubra Khit, Koum Hamada, Badr, Wadi El Natrun, New NubariyaMatrouh GovernorateMersa Matruh, El Hamam, El Alamein, El Dabaa, El Negaila, Sidi Barrani, Sallum, Siwa OasisDamietta GovernorateDamietta, New Damietta, Ras El Bar, Faraskur, Kafr Saad, El Zarqa, Assarw, Arrawda, Kafr El Battikh, Ezbet El Borg, Mit Abu GhalebDakahlia GovernorateMansoura, Talkha, Mit Ghamr, Dekernes, Aga, Minyat An-Nasr, El Senbellawein, El Kurdi, Bani Ebaid, El Manzala, Temay El Amdeed, El Gammalia, Sherbin, El Matareya, Dakahlia, Belqas, Mit Salsil, Gamasa, Mahallat Damana, NabaruhKafr El Sheikh GovernorateKafr El Sheikh, Desouk, Fuwwah, Metoubes, Baltim, El Hamool, Biyala, El Reyad, Sidi Salem, Qallin, Sidi Ghazi, Borg El BurulusGharbia GovernorateTanta, El Mahalla El Kubra, Kafr Az-Zayyat, Zefta, El Santa, Qutur, Basyoun, SebennytosMonufia GovernorateShibin El Kom, Sadat (city), Menouf, Sirs Al-Layyan, Ashmoun, El Bagour, Quesna, Birket El Sab, Tala, ShuhadaSharqia GovernorateZagazig, 10th of Ramadan (city), Minya El Qamh, Bilbeis, Mashtool El Souk, Al-Qinayat, Abu Hammad, El Qurein, Hihya, Abu Kebir, Faqous, El Salheya El Gedida, El Ibrahimiya, Diyarb Negm, Kafr Saqr, Awlad Saqr, El Husseiniya, Tanis, Minshat Abu Omar, QantirPort Said GovernoratePort Said, Port FuadIsmailia GovernorateIsmailia, Fayed, El Qantara, Tell El Kebir, Abu Suwir, KassassinSuez GovernorateSuezNorth Sinai GovernorateArish, Sheikh Zuweid, Rafah, Bir al-Abd, El Hasana, NekhelSouth Sinai GovernorateEl Tor, Sharm El Sheikh, Dahab, Nuweiba, Taba, Saint Catherine, Abou Redis, Abu Zenima, Ras SedrBeni Suef GovernorateBeni Suef, New Beni Suef, Al Wasta, Nasser, Heracleopolis Magna, Biba, Sumusta, El FashnFaiyum GovernorateFaiyum, New Faiyum, Tamiya, Sinnuris, Itsa, Ibsheway, Yousef El SeddikMinya GovernorateMinya, New Minya, El Idwa, Maghagha, Beni Mazar, Matai, Samalut, Mallawi, Dir Mawas, Aba al-Waqf, Dir Mawas, Dalga, Bahnasa, Idmo, Tuna el-Gebel, Al Madinah Al FikriyyahAsyut GovernorateAsyut, New Asyut, Dairut, Dayrut al-Sharif, Manfalut, El Quseyya, Abnub, Abu Tig, El Ghanayem, Sahel Selim, El Badari, Sidfa, Manqabad, MushaNew Valley GovernorateEl Kharga, Baris, Mut, Farafra, Balat, Abu MinqarRed Sea GovernorateHurghada, Ras Ghareb, Safaga, El Qoseir, Marsa Alam, Shalateen, HalayebSohag GovernorateSohag, New Sohag, Akhmim, New Akhmim, El Balyana, El Maragha, Ptolemais Hermiou, Dar El Salam, Girga, West Juhayna, Saqultah, Tima, TahtaQena GovernorateQena, New Qena, Abu Tesht, Nag Hammadi, Dishna, El Waqf, Qift, Naqada, Qus, Farshut, ShaaraniLuxor GovernorateLuxor, New Luxor, New Thebes, Zainiya, Bayadiya, Kurna, Armant, El-Tod, Esna, MedamudAswan GovernorateAswan, New Aswan, Daraw, Kom Ombo, Nasr Al-Nuba, Kalabsha, Edfu, Radisia, Busylia, Sebaiya, Abu SimbelCapital cities are in bold font.
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_at_the_PDC_World_Cup
List of PDC World Cup of Darts teams
[]
PDC World Cup participants   18 nations which have participated in every edition   14 current nations which have not participated in all editions   11 former participant nations In the thirteen editions of the World Cup of Darts tournament organized by the Professional Darts Corporation, 47 nations have competed. This is a list of all teams that have participated, organised by country. Contents A B C D E F G H I J L M N P R S T U W Overview References Overview As of 2023, of the 47 nations to have competed, 18 of them have played in all thirteen tournaments to date. Team Appearances Total First Last Best result Finals  Australia 13 2010 2023 Winners 2  Austria 13 2010 2023 Runners-up 1  Bahrain 1 2023 2023 Last 40 0  Belgium 13 2010 2023 Runners-up 1  Brazil 6 2017 2022 Last 16 0  Canada 13 2010 2023 Quarter-finalists 0  China 8 2014 2023 Last 16 0  Croatia 3 2012 2023 Quarter-finalists 0  Czech Republic 9 2015 2023 Last 32 0  Denmark 13 2010 2023 Last 16 0  England 13 2010 2023 Winners 6  Finland 13 2010 2023 Semi-finalists 0  France 2 2014 2023 Quarter- Finals 0  Germany 13 2010 2023 Semi-finalists 0  Gibraltar 13 2010 2023 Last 16 0  Greece 6 2016 2021 Last 16 0  Guyana 1 2023 2023 Last 40 0  Hong Kong 10 2014 2023 Quarter-finalists 0  Hungary 12 2012 2023 Last 16 0  Iceland 1 2023 2023 Last 40 0  India 3 2014 2023 Last 32 0  Ireland 13 2010 2023 Runners-up 1  Italy 11 2013 2023 Last 24 0  Japan 13 2010 2023 Semi-finalists 0  Latvia 3 2020 2023 Last 16 0  Lithuania 5 2019 2023 Last 16 0  Malaysia 2 2012 2014 Last 24 0  Netherlands 13 2010 2023 Winners 5  New Zealand 12 2010 2023 Quarter-finalists 0  Northern Ireland 13 2010 2023 Semi-finalists 0  Norway 3 2014 2016 Last 16 0  Philippines 8 2012 2023 Last 16 0  Poland 12 2010 2023 Last 16 0  Portugal 4 2020 2023 Last 16 0  Russia 9 2010 2021 Quarter-finalists 0  Scotland 13 2010 2023 Winners 4  Singapore 9 2014 2023 Quarter-finalists 0  Slovakia 1 2010 2010 Last 32 0  Slovenia 1 2010 2010 Last 32 0  South Africa 12 2012 2023 Quarter-finalists 0  Spain 13 2010 2023 Semi-finalists 0  Sweden 13 2010 2023 Last 16 0  Switzerland 4 2017 2023 Last 16 0  Thailand 6 2014 2023 Last 32 0  Ukraine 1 2023 2023 Last 40 0  United States 13 2010 2023 Quarter-finalists 0  Wales 13 2010 2023 Winners 4 Australia  AustraliaOverall record32–13Best performanceWinners: 2022Members (CR)Damon Heta (11) Simon Whitlock (49)Jerseys An ever present at the World Cup, Australia had their best performance in 2012 when they reached the final against England. The match went all the way, being decided by a sudden death leg where all four players had darts at double before Adrian Lewis reigned in victory for England. But in 2022, their 10-year agony came to an end when Damon Heta and Simon Whitlock beat Wales in the final to become the 5th different nation to win the trophy. Year Team Seed Result Defeated by Ref. 2010 Simon Whitlock Paul Nicholson 3 SF Wales 2012 2 RU England 2013 3 2R Belgium 2014 4 SF England 2015 4 QF Belgium 2016 Kyle Anderson 6 QF Netherlands 2017 5 2R Russia 2018 4 SF Scotland 2019 5 2R Canada 2020 Damon Heta — QF Wales 2021 7 QF Wales 2022 5 W — 2023 7 QF Belgium ^ a b c Kyle Anderson was ranked above Damon Heta at the time, but remained in Australia due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Austria  AustriaOverall record19–16Best performanceRunners-up: 2021Members (CR)Mensur Suljović (56) Rowby-John Rodriguez (53)Jerseys Mensur Suljović has led the Austrian team at every World Cup since its inception. The team's best performance was reaching the last eight, which "The Gentle" has achieved five times with three different partners, but in 2021, a fairytale run saw them reach the final before eventually losing to Scotland. Austria were also temporarily host of the event in 2020, during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Year Team Seed Result Defeated by Ref. 2010 Mensur Suljović Maik Langendorf 14 G8 Netherlands Canada Australia 2012 Dietmar Burger 12 2R Netherlands 2013 Maik Langendorf — G24 England Japan 2014 Rowby-John Rodriguez 10 2R Belgium 2015 8 2R Germany 2016 8 QF England 2017 7 QF England 2018 Zoran Lerchbacher 8 1R Japan 2019 8 QF Ireland 2020 Rowby-John Rodriguez 8 QF England 2021 — RU Scotland 2022 2R Wales 2023 10 G40 Denmark United States Bahrain  BahrainOverall record0–2Members (CR)Basem Mahmood (NR) Duda Durra (NR)Jerseys Bahrain became one of three new nations participating in the World Cup, when they made their debut in 2023. Year Team Seed Result Defeated by Ref. 2023 Bassim Mahmood Abdulnaser Yusuf — G40 Latvia New Zealand Belgium  BelgiumOverall record32–14Best performanceRunners-up: 2013Members (CR)Dimitri Van den Bergh (7) Kim Huybrechts (36)Jerseys Amongst teams that have never won the World Cup, Belgium has the best record, reaching the semi-finals seven times, including a loss to England in the 2013 final. The six semi-finals statistic is third only to the four-time champions of England and the Netherlands. The Belgian team is also unique in being the only team to be composed of brothers, being represented by Kim and Ronny Huybrechts from 2013 to 2017. Year Team Seed Result Defeated by Ref. 2010 Patrick Bulen Rocco Maes 21 2R Canada 2012 Kim Huybrechts Kurt van de Rijck 7 QF Australia 2013 Ronny Huybrechts — RU England 2014 7 QF Netherlands 2015 5 SF England 2016 7 SF Netherlands 2017 8 SF Wales 2018 Dimitri Van den Bergh 7 SF Netherlands 2019 7 QF Scotland 2020 5 SF England 2021 4 2R Austria 2022 4 QF Australia 2023 5 SF Wales Brazil  BrazilOverall record2–6Best performanceLast 16: 2017, 2018Members (CR)Diogo Portela (NR) Artur Valle (NR)Jerseys Brazil was one of two teams to debut in the 2017 World Cup and did so with a first round victory over other debutant Switzerland. Diogo Portela has been an ever-present for the team. Year Team Seed Result Defeated by Ref. 2017 Diogo Portela Alexandre Sattin — 2R Germany 2018 Bruno Rangel 2R Scotland 2019 Artur Valle 1R Sweden 2020 Bruno Rangel 1R Netherlands 2021 Artur Valle 1R England 2022 1R Netherlands Canada  CanadaOverall record14–15Best performanceLast 8: 2010, 2016, 2019, 2020Members (CR)David Cameron (NR) Matt Campbell (47)Jerseys Triple World champion John Part was an ever-present in this tournament until 2018, with the team reaching the quarter-finals on four separate occasions. Year Team Seed Result Defeated by Ref. 2010 John Part Ken MacNeil 7 G8 Netherlands Australia 2012 9 2R England 2013 Jeff Smith — 2R Wales 2014 Shaun Narain 11 1R Japan 2015 Ken MacNeil 11 1R New Zealand 2016 — QF N. Ireland 2017 John Norman Jnr 2R Austria 2018 Dawson Murschell 2R Japan 2019 Jim Long QF Netherlands 2020 Jeff Smith Matt Campbell QF Belgium 2021 1R Germany 2022 1R Ireland 2023 12 2R Sweden China  ChinaOverall record1–11Best performanceLast 16: 2016Members (CR)Zong Xiao Chen (NR) Chengan Liu (NR)Jerseys China was one of the seven teams to debut in the 2014 World Cup, when the tournament field was increased from 24 to 32 teams. They notably became the second team to have a female representative at the World Cup when Momo Zhou teamed with Zong Xiao Chen in 2018. Owing to COVID-19 restrictions, they had to withdraw from the 2020 tournament, and miss the 2022 tournament altogether. Year Team Seed Result Defeated by Ref. 2014 Yin Deng Jun Cai — 1R Austria 2015 Jun Chen Xuejie Huang 1R Japan 2016 Yuanjun Liu Wenge Xie 2R England 2017 Weihong Li 1R Austria 2018 Zong Xiao Chen Momo Zhou 1R Switzerland 2019 Yuanjun Liu 1R United States 2020 Zizhao Zheng Di Zhuang Withdrew 2021 Wenqing Liu Jianfeng Lu 1R Scotland 2022 Did not play 2023 Zong Xiao Chen Lihao Wen — G40 Belgium Finland Croatia  CroatiaOverall record5–4Best performanceLast 8: 2013Members (CR)Boris Krčmar (57) Romeo Grbavac (126)Jerseys Croatia didn't play in the inaugural World Cup, but were one of the 5 new teams to debut in the 2012 edition. Despite beating New Zealand and Northern Ireland to reach the quarter-finals in 2013, they hadn't been invited back to another World Cup, until a surprise recall in 2021, but they then had to withdraw owing to an illness to Boris Krčmar. Year Team Seed Result Defeated by Ref. 2012 Tonči Restović Boris Krčmar 18 2R Wales 2013 Robert Marijanović — QF Belgium 2014 Did not play 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Boris Krčmar Pero Ljubić — Withdrew 2022 Did not play 2023 Boris Krčmar Romeo Grbavac — 2R Australia Czech Republic  Czech RepublicOverall record1–9Best performanceLast 32: 2015–2022Members (CR)Adam Gawlas (66) Karel Sedláček (73)Jerseys After being forced to withdraw from the inaugural World Cup in 2010 due to inclement weather, the Czech Republic had to wait until 2015 to make their debut. They have been active in the tournament ever since, but have yet to win a match. Their average of 103.47 in their 2021 loss to Poland was the highest losing average in a first round match at the World Cup of Darts. Year Team Seed Result Defeated by Ref. 2010 Martin Kapucian Pavel Drtíl 23 Withdrew 2012 Did not play 2013 2014 2015 Michal Kočík Pavel Jirkal — 1R Austria 2016 Pavel Drtíl 1R China 2017 Karel Sedláček František Humpula 1R Netherlands 2018 Roman Benecký 1R England 2019 Pavel Jirkal 1R Poland 2020 Adam Gawlas 1R Belgium 2021 1R Poland 2022 1R England 2023 13 G40 Philippines Singapore Denmark  DenmarkOverall record5–14Best performanceLast 16: 2012, 2016, 2022Members (CR)Vladimir Andersen (NR) Benjamin Drue Reus (NR)Jerseys An ever-present in the competition, the Danes have never gone beyond the last 16 stage. Year Team Seed Result Defeated by Ref. 2010 Per Laursen Vladimir Andersen 19 1R Austria 2012 Jann Hoffmann 17 2R N. Ireland 2013 — G24 Ireland 2014 Dennis Lindskjold 1R Australia 2015 Per Skau 1R England 2016 Daniel Jensen 2R Australia 2017 Alex Jensen 1R Australia 2018 Henrik Primdal 1R Brazil 2019 Niels Heinsøe 1R Scotland 2020 1R New Zealand 2021 Andreas Toft Jørgensen 1R Netherlands 2022 Vladimir Andersen 2R Germany 2023 Benjamin Drue Reus 2R Wales England  EnglandOverall record41–9Best performanceWinners: 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016Members (CR)Michael Smith (3) Luke Humphries (1)Jerseys After the loss to Spain in the inaugural World Cup in 2010, England reached the final in the next 5 editions, winning 4 of them, thanks to the combination of Phil Taylor and Adrian Lewis. Since then, they only reached one final, in which they were whitewashed 3–0 by Wales. Year Team Seed Result Defeated by Ref. 2010 Phil Taylor James Wade 1 2R Spain 2012 Adrian Lewis 1 W — 2013 1 W — 2014 1 RU Netherlands 2015 1 W — 2016 1 W — 2017 Dave Chisnall 2 SF Netherlands 2018 Rob Cross 2 QF Belgium 2019 Michael Smith 1 2R Ireland 2020 1 RU Wales 2021 James Wade Dave Chisnall 1 SF Austria 2022 Michael Smith 1 SF Australia 2023 Rob Cross 1 QF Germany 2024 Luke Humphries 1 Finland  FinlandOverall record4–13Best performanceSemi-finals: 2013Members (CR)Marko Kantele (NR) Teemu Harju (156)Jerseys Another ever-present team, Finland's record is unspectacular with the exception of a surprise semi-final run in 2013, including an upset victory over the Dutch team of Michael van Gerwen and Raymond van Barneveld. Year Team Seed Result Defeated by Ref. 2010 Marko Kantele Jarkko Komula 12 1R Belgium 2012 Petri Korte 15 1R Croatia 2013 Jarkko Komula Jani Haavisto — SF Belgium 2014 12 1R Poland 2015 Marko Kantele Kim Viljanen — 1R South Africa 2016 1R Wales 2017 1R Wales 2018 2R Belgium 2019 1R Australia 2020 Veijo Viinikka 1R Germany 2021 1R Wales 2022 Aki Paavilainen 1R Austria 2023 Paavo Myller G40 Belgium China France  FranceOverall record3–2Best performanceLast 8: 2023Members (CR)Jacques Labre (117) Thibault Tricole (93)Jerseys France were one of seven teams to debut in the 2014 World Cup when the tournament field was increased from 24 to 32 teams. They lost 5–4 to Wales in the first round, and would not make a return to the tournament until 2023. Year Team Seed Result Defeated by Ref. 2014 Jacques Labre Lionel Maranhao — 1R Wales 2015 Did not play 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Jacques Labre Thibault Tricole — QF Scotland Germany  GermanyOverall record22–13Best performanceSemi-finals: 2020, 2023Members (CR)Gabriel Clemens (24) Martin Schindler (23)Jerseys Despite having home advantage for most of the tournaments, the German's best runs came in 2020 and 2023, when they reached the semi-finals in Austria and Germany respectively, which included wins over their rivals, The Netherlands and former winners, England. Year Team Seed Result Defeated by Ref. 2010 Jyhan Artut Andree Welge 10 2R Netherlands 2012 Bernd Roith 8 2R United States 2013 Andree Welge 7 QF Finland 2014 9 1R South Africa 2015 Max Hopp 9 QF England 2016 — 1R Australia 2017 Martin Schindler QF Netherlands 2018 QF Netherlands 2019 2R Belgium 2020 Gabriel Clemens 6 SF Wales 2021 8 QF England 2022 Martin Schindler 7 QF Wales 2023 6 SF Scotland Gibraltar  GibraltarOverall record2–14Best performanceLast 16: 2015Members (CR)Justin Hewitt (NR) Craig Galliano (NR)Jerseys The smallest nation in the tournaments by both size and population, Gibraltar's only win to date came in 2015, when they beat Italy. Year Team Seed Result Defeated by Ref. 2010 Dyson Parody Dylan Duo 17 1R Russia 2012 16 1R Denmark 2013 — G24 Netherlands Poland 2014 1R Sweden 2015 Manuel Vilerio 13 2R Australia 2016 — 1R Norway 2017 Dylan Duo 1R England 2018 Justin Broton 1R Netherlands 2019 Antony Lopez 1R Japan 2020 Craig Galliano Justin Hewitt 1R Lithuania 2021 Sean Negrette 1R Singapore 2022 Craig Galliano 1R N. Ireland 2023 G40 Australia Guyana Greece  GreeceOverall record2–6Best performanceLast 16: 2017, 2020Jerseys Greece were the only team to debut in the 2016 World Cup after John Michael secured a Tour Card at Q-School. Year Team Seed Result Defeated by Ref. 2016 John Michael Ioannis Selachoglou — 1R Canada 2017 2R Belgium 2018 Veniamin Symeonidis 1R Finland 2019 1R Ireland 2020 2R Germany 2021 1R Belgium Guyana  GuyanaOverall record0 - 2Members (CR)Sudesh Fitzgerald (NR) Norman Madhoo (NR)Jerseys Guyana will become one of four new nations participating in the World Cup, when they make their debut in 2023. Year Team Seed Result Defeated by Ref. 2023 Sudesh Fitzgerald Norman Madhoo — G40 Australia Gibraltar Hong Kong  Hong KongOverall record3–11Best performanceLast 8: 2015Members (CR)Lee Lok Yin (NR) Man Lok Leung (NR)Jerseys Hong Kong were one of the seven teams to debut in the 2014 World Cup (the only of which to be seeded) when the tournament field was increased from 24 to 32 teams. They reached the quarter-finals on their second appearance before succumbing to Scotland. Year Team Seed Result Defeated by Ref. 2014 Royden Lam Scott MacKenzie 13 2R Australia 2015 — QF Scotland 2016 1R Ireland 2017 Kai Fan Leung 1R Russia 2018 Ho-Yin Shek 1R Australia 2019 Kai Fan Leung 1R Belgium 2020 1R Latvia 2021 Man Lok Leung 1R N. Ireland 2022 Lee Lok Yin Ching Ho Tung 1R Scotland 2023 Man Lok Leung G40 Germany Japan Hungary  HungaryOverall record3–13Best performanceLast 16: 2015, 2016Members (CR)Nándor Major (NR) Gábor Jagicza (NR)Jerseys Hungary did not play in the first World Cup, but have been present for every edition since 2012, although they've never gone past the last 16. Year Team Seed Result Defeated by Ref. 2012 Nándor Bezzeg Kristian Kaufmann 24 1R Canada 2013 Zsolt Meszaros — G24 N. Ireland Belgium 2014 1R United States 2015 Gábor Tákacs 2R Scotland 2016 Patrik Kovács 2R Belgium 2017 János Végső Zoltán Mester 1R Canada 2018 Nándor Bezzeg Tamás Alexits 1R South Africa 2019 János Végső Pál Székely 1R Germany 2020 Patrik Kovács 1R Portugal 2021 1R Lithuania 2022 Gergely Lakatos Nándor Prés 1R Latvia 2023 Patrik Kovács Levente Sarái G40 Canada India Iceland  IcelandOverall record0–2Members (CR)Vitor Charrua (NR) Hallgrímur Egilsson (NR)Jerseys Iceland will become one of three new nations participating in the World Cup, when they make their debut in 2023. Year Team Seed Result Defeated by Ref. 2023 Vitor Charrua Hallgrímur Egilsson — G40 South Africa Spain India  IndiaOverall record0–4Best performanceLast 32: 2014, 2015Members (CR)Prakash Jiwa (NR) Amit Gilitwala (NR)Jerseys India were one of the seven teams to debut in the 2014 World Cup when the tournament field was increased from 24 to 32 teams. After averaging under 70 and failing to win a leg in 2014 and 2015, the latter would be their final year in the tournament. Year Team Seed Result Defeated by Ref. 2014 Nitin Kumar Amit Gilitwala — 1R Belgium 2015 Ashfaque Sayed 1R Germany 2016 Did not play 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Prakash Jiwa Amit Gilitwala — G40 Canada Hungary Ireland  IrelandOverall record12–13Best performanceRunners-up: 2019Members (CR)William O'Connor (45) Keane Barry (51)Jerseys After a relatively unspectacular record in the competition, the Irish reached the final in 2019 after impressive wins over England and the Netherlands, before Scotland claimed the title. Year Team Seed Result Defeated by Ref. 2010 William O'Connor Mick McGowan 9 2R Australia 2012 10 2R Australia 2013 Connie Finnan 8 2R Japan 2014 8 1R Singapore 2015 10 2R Hong Kong 2016 Mick McGowan — 2R N. Ireland 2017 2R Wales 2018 Steve Lennon 1R Belgium 2019 RU Scotland 2020 7 1R Australia 2021 — 1R Portugal 2022 2R Netherlands 2023 Keane Barry 9 G40 Croatia Thailand Italy  ItalyOverall record1–12Best performanceLast 24: 2013Members (CR)Massimo Dalla-Rossa (NR) Michele Turetta (133)Jerseys Italy did not participate in the first two World Cups, but joined the roster in 2013 as a replacement for the withdrawn Philippines. As of the 2022 tournament, they have the longest record of matches without ever recording a win at the World Cup, losing all eleven of their matches. Year Team Seed Result Defeated by Ref. 2013 Daniele Petri Matteo Dal Monte — G24 Wales Spain 2014 Marco Brentegani 1R Netherlands 2015 1R Gibraltar 2016 Michel Furlani 1R Austria 2017 Gabriel Rollo 1R United States 2018 Alessio Medaina Michel Furlani 1R Canada 2019 Stefano Tomassetti Andrea Micheletti 1R Canada 2020 Daniele Petri 1R Spain 2021 Michele Turetta Danilo Vigato 1R Australia 2022 Giuseppe di Rocco Gabriel Rollo 1R Portugal 2023 Massimo Dante Michele Turetta G40 Sweden Switzerland Japan  JapanOverall record11–14Best performanceSemi-finals: 2019Members (CR)Jun Matsuda (NR) Tomoya Goto (NR)Jerseys Another ever-present, Japan's run to the semi-finals in 2019 bettered their previous best of quarter-final runs in 2013 and 2018. Year Team Seed Result Defeated by Ref. 2010 Haruki Muramatsu Taro Yachi 22 1R Spain 2012 Morihiro Hashimoto 20 1R Sweden 2013 Sho Katsumi — QF England 2014 Morihiro Hashimoto 2R N. Ireland 2015 16 2R England 2016 Keita Ono — 1R N. Ireland 2017 Yuki Yamada 1R Spain 2018 Seigo Asada QF Scotland 2019 SF Scotland 2020 Yuki Yamada 1R Scotland 2021 Yoshihisa Baba Jun Matsuda 2R Germany 2022 Toru Suzuki Tomoya Goto 1R Belgium 2023 Jun Matsuda G40 Germany Hong Kong Latvia  LatviaOverall record4–3Best performanceLast 16: 2020, 2022Members (CR)Madars Razma (35) Dmitrijs Žukovs (NR)Jerseys Latvia were set to debut at the 2017 World Cup led by tour card holder Madars Razma along with Nauris Gleglu, but withdrew late on and were replaced by Switzerland. Following China's withdrawal from the 2020 tournament due to flight issues, Latvia finally made their long-awaited debut with a last leg victory over Hong Kong. Year Team Seed Result Defeated by Ref. 2017 Madars Razma Nauris Gleglu Withdrew 2018 Did not play 2019 2020 Madars Razma Janis Mustafejevs — 2R Belgium 2021 Did not play 2022 Madars Razma Nauris Gleglu — 2R England 2023 Dmitrijs Žukovs 15 2R Wales Lithuania  LithuaniaOverall record3–5Best performanceLast 16: 2020, 2021Members (CR)Darius Labanauskas (139) Mindaugas Barauskas (NR)Jerseys Lithuania were the only team to debut in the 2019 World Cup, taking the place of Switzerland after former WDF number one Darius Labanauskas secured a Tour Card at Q-School. Year Team Seed Result Defeated by Ref. 2019 Darius Labanauskas Mindaugas Barauskas — 1R New Zealand 2020 2R England 2021 2R Wales 2022 1R Australia 2023 G40 Poland Portugal Malaysia  MalaysiaOverall record0–2Best performanceLast 24: 2012Jerseys So far, Malaysia have only competed in the second and fourth editions of the tournament, losing to both Irish teams in the process. Year Team Seed Result Defeated by Ref. 2012 Lee Choon Peng Amin Abdul-Ghani 23 1R Ireland 2013 Did not play 2014 Kesava Roa Thomat Darus — 1R N. Ireland Netherlands  NetherlandsOverall record42–9Best performanceWinners: 2010, 2014, 2017, 2018Members (CR)Dirk van Duijvenbode (17) Danny Noppert (12)Jerseys The winners of the inaugural tournament, the Netherlands have won the event on three other occasions, and have only failed to reach the quarter-finals stage twice. Year Team Seed Result Defeated by Ref. 2010 Raymond van Barneveld Co Stompé 2 W — 2012 Vincent van der Voort 3 SF Australia 2013 Michael van Gerwen 2 2R Finland 2014 2 W — 2015 3 SF Scotland 2016 3 RU England 2017 3 W — 2018 3 W — 2019 Jermaine Wattimena 4 SF Ireland 2020 Danny Noppert 3 QF Germany 2021 Dirk van Duijvenbode 3 QF Scotland 2022 Danny Noppert 3 SF Wales 2023 3 2R Belgium New Zealand  New ZealandOverall record7–13Best performanceLast 8: 2019Members (CR)Ben Robb (NR) Haupai Puha (109)Jerseys The New Zealand team's only run of note came when they reached the quarter-finals in 2019. Due to COVID-19 travel restrictions, they couldn't participate in the 2021 tournament, ending their ever-present record. Year Team Seed Result Defeated by Ref. 2010 Phillip Hazel Warren Parry 13 2R Wales 2012 Warren French Preston Ridd 21 1R Austria 2013 Phillip Hazel Craig Caldwell — G24 Croatia Australia 2014 Rob Szabo 1R Spain 2015 Warren Parry 2R N. Ireland 2016 Cody Harris 1R Scotland 2017 Rob Szabo 1R Belgium 2018 Warren Parry 1R Singapore 2019 Haupai Puha QF Japan 2020 2R Canada 2021 Ben Robb Warren Parry Withdrew 2022 2R N. Ireland 2023 G40 Latvia Bahrain Northern Ireland  Northern IrelandOverall record18–13Best performanceSemi-finals: 2014, 2016Members (CR)Brendan Dolan (28) Josh Rock (18)Jerseys A team who have always been a top 8 seed, the Northern Irish team have only reached the semi-finals on two occasions. Year Team Seed Result Defeated by Ref. 2010 Brendan Dolan John MaGowan 6 2R Austria 2012 Mickey Mansell 6 QF Netherlands 2013 6 2R Croatia 2014 6 SF Netherlands 2015 6 QF Netherlands 2016 Daryl Gurney 4 SF England 2017 6 1R Germany 2018 6 2R Germany 2019 6 1R South Africa 2020 4 1R Canada 2021 5 QF Austria 2022 6 QF Netherlands 2023 8 G40 France Ukraine Norway  NorwayOverall record1–3Best performanceLast 16: 2016Jerseys Norway was one of the seven teams to debut in the 2014 World Cup when the tournament field was increased from 24 to 32 teams. Though they achieved their first match victory in 2016, it would be their last appearance in the tournament. Year Team Seed Result Defeated by Ref. 2014 Robert Wagner Vegar Elvevoll — 1R Hong Kong 2015 1R Spain 2016 Cor Dekker 2R Scotland Philippines  PhilippinesOverall record3–8Best performanceLast 16: 2016Members (CR)Christian Perez (97) Alexis Toylo (NR)Jerseys Philippines did not compete in the first World Cup, but debuted as one of the five new teams in the 2012 World Cup, and after missing the 2017 and 2018 tournaments, they returned in 2019. Year Team Seed Result Defeated by Ref. 2012 Lourence Ilagan Christian Perez 22 1R United States 2013 — Withdrew 2014 Did not play 2015 Lourence Ilagan Gilbert Ulang — 1R Belgium 2016 Alex Tagarao 2R Netherlands 2017 Did not play 2018 2019 Lourence Ilagan Noel Malicdem — 1R England 2020 1R England 2021 Christian Perez 1R Austria 2022 RJ Escaros 1R Wales 2023 Christian Perez 2R Scotland Poland  PolandOverall record8–13Best performanceLast 16: 2013, 2014, 2019–2022Members (CR)Krzysztof Ratajski (26) Radek Szagański (NR)Jerseys Appearing in all but the 2012 tournament, Poland have never gone beyond the last 16 stage. In 2023, Poland set the world record highest Pairs average of 118.10 against Lithuania in the group stage. Year Team Seed Result Defeated by Ref. 2010 Krzysztof Ratajski Krzysztof Kciuk 20 1R New Zealand 2012 Did not play 2013 Krzysztof Ratajski Krzysztof Kciuk — 2R Germany 2014 Krzysztof Chmielewski Krzysztof Stróżyk 2R Wales 2015 Tytus Kanik Mariusz Paul 1R Ireland 2016 Krzysztof Ratajski 1R Belgium 2017 Tytus Kanik 1R Ireland 2018 1R N. Ireland 2019 2R Netherlands 2020 Krzysztof Kciuk 2R Australia 2021 2R Scotland 2022 Sebastian Białecki 2R Belgium 2023 Krzysztof Kciuk 11 2R Germany Portugal  PortugalOverall record3–5Best performanceLast 16: 2020, 2021, 2022Members (CR)José de Sousa (30) David Gomes (NR)Jerseys Portugal were invited to play at their first World Cup of Darts in 2020, following the late withdrawal of Singapore. Year Team Seed Result Defeated by Ref. 2020 José de Sousa José Marquês — 2R Austria 2021 2R N. Ireland 2022 Vítor Jerónimo 2R Scotland 2023 Luis Almeixa G40 Poland Lithuania Russia  RussiaOverall record3–9Best performanceLast 8: 2017Jerseys After including Anastasia Dobromyslova in the inaugural tournament, Russia would miss the next 2 tournaments, before reaching the quarter-finals in 2017, where they beat Australia on the way. Year Team Seed Result Defeated by Ref. 2010 Anastasia Dobromyslova Roman Konchikov 16 2R Scotland 2012 Did not play 2013 2014 Evgenii Zhukov Evgenii Izotov — 1R Scotland 2015 Boris Koltsov Aleksei Kadochnikov 1R Australia 2016 Aleksandr Oreshkin 1R Netherlands 2017 QF Wales 2018 1R Spain 2019 Aleksei Kadochnikov 1R Austria 2020 1R Wales 2021 Evgenii Izotov 1R Japan Scotland  ScotlandOverall record32–12Best performanceWinners: 2019, 2021Members (CR)Peter Wright (10) Gary Anderson (21)Jerseys After succumbing to Spain (twice) and South Africa in the first three tournaments, Scotland reached the final in 2015 and 2018, before winning the title in 2019 and again in 2021. Year Team Seed Result Defeated by Ref. 2010 Gary Anderson Robert Thornton 4 G8 Wales Spain 2012 Peter Wright 4 2R South Africa 2013 Robert Thornton 4 2R Spain 2014 Peter Wright 3 QF N. Ireland 2015 Gary Anderson 2 RU England 2016 Robert Thornton 2 QF Belgium 2017 Peter Wright 1 1R Singapore 2018 1 RU Netherlands 2019 2 W — 2020 Robert Thornton John Henderson — 2R Wales 2021 Peter Wright 6 W — 2022 8 QF England 2023 Gary Anderson 4 RU Wales ^ a b c Reigning champions Peter Wright and Gary Anderson would have returned as the number two seeds in 2020, but withdrew due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Singapore  SingaporeOverall record7–10Best performanceLast 8: 2017Members (CR)Paul Lim (NR) Harith Lim (NR)Jerseys Singapore were one of the seven teams to debut in the 2014 World Cup when the tournament field was increased from 24 to 32 teams. They have consistently been represented by Paul Lim and Harith Lim (no relation). Singapore notably knocked out the number one seeded Scotland in the first round to kick off a run to the quarter-finals in 2017. Year Team Seed Result Defeated by Ref. 2014 Paul Lim Harith Lim — 2R South Africa 2015 1R Scotland 2016 2R Austria 2017 QF Belgium 2018 2R England 2019 2R Japan 2020 Withdrew 2021 2R Netherlands 2022 1R Denmark 2023 G40 Philippines Czech Republic Slovakia  SlovakiaOverall record0–1Best performanceLast 24: 2010Jerseys Slovakia have only been invited to play at the first World Cup of Darts in 2010, where they lost to Ireland 6–3 in the first round. Year Team Seed Result Defeated by Ref. 2010 Peter Martin Oto Zmelik 24 1R Ireland Slovenia  SloveniaOverall record0–1Best performanceLast 24: 2010Jerseys Slovenia have only been invited to play at the first World Cup of Darts in 2010, where they lost to Sweden 6–2 in the first round. Year Team Seed Result Defeated by Ref. 2010 Osmann Kijamet Sebastijan Pečjak 18 1R Sweden South Africa  South AfricaOverall record12–13Best performanceLast 8: 2012, 2014Members (CR)Cameron Carolissen (NR) Johan Geldenhuys (NR)Jerseys South Africa did not appear in the first World Cup, but debuted the second World Cup in 2012 with a quarter-final run, and have been present for every edition since, and have still been the only African representatives in the competition. They reached the quarter-finals in both 2012 and 2014. Year Team Seed Result Defeated by Ref. 2012 Devon Petersen Shawn Hogan 19 QF Wales 2013 Charl Pietersen — 2R England 2014 Devon Petersen Graham Filby QF England 2015 14 2R Netherlands 2016 — 1R Singapore 2017 Deon Oliver 2R England 2018 Liam O'Brien 2R Netherlands 2019 Vernon Bouwers 2R New Zealand 2020 Carl Gabriel 1R Poland 2021 2R England 2022 Stefan Vermaak 1R Sweden 2023 Vernon Bouwers 2R France Spain  SpainOverall record12–15Best performanceSemi-finals: 2010Members (CR)José Justicia (NR) Tony Martinez (NR)Jerseys Spain debuted in the inaugural World Cup with a second round upset of the top seed England in 2010, and progressing through the group stage eventually being swept by Netherlands in the semi-finals. Since then, they only progressed further than the last 16 only once in 10 years. Year Team Seed Result Defeated by Ref. 2010 Toni Alcinas Carlos Rodríguez 11 SF Netherlands 2012 14 1R South Africa 2013 — QF Wales 2014 15 2R Netherlands 2015 Cristo Reyes 12 2R Belgium 2016 — 1R England 2017 2R Singapore 2018 2R Australia 2019 1R Netherlands 2020 Jesús Noguera 2R Netherlands 2021 José Justicia 1R South Africa 2022 Tony Martinez 1R Germany 2023 14 G40 South Africa Iceland ^ a b Top ranked Spaniard Cristo Reyes was replaced by third ranked Spaniard Noguera for undisclosed reasons in the 2020 World Cup. Sweden  SwedenOverall record8–14Best performanceLast 16: 2010, 2012, 2014, 2019, 2022Members (CR)Jeffrey de Graaf (88) Oskar Lukasiak (129)Jerseys The ever-present Swedes have never been beyond the last 16 stage, until 2023, when they reached quarter finals in the new format tournament. Year Team Seed Result Defeated by Ref. 2010 Magnus Caris Pär Riihonen 15 2R United States 2012 Dennis Nilsson 13 2R Belgium 2013 Pär Riihonen — G24 Canada Scotland 2014 Peter Sajwani 14 2R Scotland 2015 Daniel Larsson — 1R  Hungary 2016 1R Denmark 2017 1R South Africa 2018 Dennis Nilsson 1R Germany 2019 Magnus Caris 2R Scotland 2020 Daniel Larsson 1R Greece 2021 Johan Engström 1R United States 2022 2R Australia 2023 Dennis Nilsson Oskar Lukasiak QF Wales Switzerland  SwitzerlandOverall record1–5Best performanceLast 16: 2018Members (CR)Stefan Bellmont (118) Marcel Walpen (NR)Jerseys Switzerland were one of two teams to debut in the 2017 World Cup as a last minute addition due to the withdrawal of Latvia. After only playing two editions of the tournament, they were replaced by Lithuania in 2019, but they returned to the tournament in 2022. Year Team Seed Result Defeated by Ref. 2017 Patrick Rey Philipp Ruckstuhl — 1R Brazil 2018 Alex Fehlmann Andy Bless 2R Wales 2019 Did not play 2020 2021 2022 Stefan Bellmont Thomas Junghans — 1R New Zealand 2023 Marcel Walpen 16 G40 Sweden Italy Thailand  ThailandOverall record0–7Best performanceLast 32: 2014–2018Members (CR)Thanawat Gaweenuntawong (NR) Attapol Eupakaree (NR)Jerseys Thailand were one of the seven teams to debut in the 2014 World Cup when the tournament field was increased from 24 to 32 teams. After failing to win a match in five tournament appearances, the 2018 World Cup would be their last until the tournament expanded to 40 teams in 2023. Year Team Seed Result Defeated by Ref. 2014 Thanawat Gaweenuntawong Watanyu Charoonroj — 1R England 2015 Attapol Eupakaree 1R N. Ireland 2016 1R  Hungary 2017 1R Greece 2018 1R Wales 2019 Did not play 2020 2021 2022 2023 Thanawat Gaweenuntawong Attapol Eupakaree — G40 Croatia Ireland Ukraine  UkraineOverall record0–2Members (CR)Vladyslav Omelchenko (NR) Ilya Pekaruk (NR)Jerseys Ukrain became one of three new nations participating in the World Cup, when they made their debut in 2023. Year Team Seed Result Defeated by Ref. 2023 Vladyslav Omelchenko Ilya Pekaruk — G40 France N. Ireland United States  United StatesOverall record9–15Best performanceLast 8: 2010, 2012Members (CR)Jules van Dongen (138) Danny Lauby (102)Jerseys The United States have appeared in every edition of the World Cup, reaching the last eight phase in each of the first two editions, but failing to progress further in subsequent years. Year Team Seed Result Defeated by Ref. 2010 Darin Young Bill Davis 8 G8 Spain Scotland 2012 Gary Mawson 11 QF England 2013 Larry Butler — G24 Germany Finland 2014 16 2R England 2015 — 1R Netherlands 2016 1R Philippines 2017 2R Netherlands 2018 1R Scotland 2019 Chuck Puleo 2R Austria 2020 Danny Lauby Jr. 1R Austria 2021 2R Australia 2022 Danny Baggish Jules van Dongen 1R Poland 2023 Leonard Gates G40 Denmark Austria ^ a b Darin Young was qualified to make his return and remain ever present at the 2020 World Cup but withdrew and was replaced by Lauby after being medically diagnosed with vertigo. Wales  WalesOverall record34–12Best performanceWinners (2): 2020, 2023Members (CR)Gerwyn Price (4) Jonny Clayton (9)Jerseys After three runners-up finishes in 2010, 2017, and 2022, the Welsh team have won the tournament twice in 2020, and 2023. Year Team Seed Result Defeated by Ref. 2010 Mark Webster Barrie Bates 5 RU Netherlands 2012 Richie Burnett 5 SF England 2013 5 SF England 2014 5 QF Australia 2015 Jamie Lewis 7 1R Hong Kong 2016 Gerwyn Price 5 2R Canada 2017 4 RU Netherlands 2018 Jonny Clayton 5 QF Australia 2019 3 1R Singapore 2020 2 W — 2021 2 SF Scotland 2022 2 RU Australia 2023 2 W — Legend Key W RU SF QF #R G# (W) winners; (RU) runners-up; (SF) semifinalists; (QF) quarterfinalist; (#R) rounds 2, 1; (G#) round-robin stage References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd "PDC Order of Merit". PDPA. 12 June 2024. Retrieved 12 June 2024. ^ "Taylor & Lewis lead England to World Cup glory". ESPN. 5 February 2012. Retrieved 5 November 2020. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x "World Cup of Darts Preview". PDC. Retrieved 27 October 2020. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z "2010 PDC World Cup of Darts Results". Darts Database. Retrieved 5 November 2020. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa "World Cup Competitors Confirmed". PDC. Retrieved 27 October 2020. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab "2012 PDC World Cup of Darts Results". Darts Database. Retrieved 5 November 2020. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab "Betfair World Cup of Darts Netzone". PDC. Retrieved 29 October 2020. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab "2013 PDC World Cup of Darts Results". Darts Database. Retrieved 5 November 2020. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao "bwin World Cup of Darts NetZone". PDC. Retrieved 29 October 2020. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai "2014 PDC World Cup of Darts Results". Darts Database. Retrieved 5 November 2020. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah "bwin World Cup of Darts NetZone". PDC. Retrieved 29 October 2020. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah "2015 PDC World Cup of Darts Results". Darts Database. Retrieved 5 November 2020. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai "Betway World Cup of Darts Teams". PDC. Retrieved 29 October 2020. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai "2016 PDC World Cup of Darts Results". Darts Database. Retrieved 5 November 2020. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am "Betway World Cup of Darts Teams". PDC. Retrieved 29 October 2020. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak "2017 PDC World Cup of Darts Results". Darts Database. Retrieved 5 November 2020. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al "New Faces To Star in Betway World Cup". PDC. Retrieved 29 October 2020. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak "2018 PDC World Cup of Darts Results". Darts Database. Retrieved 5 November 2020. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an "2019 BetVictor World Cup Teams Announced". PDC. Retrieved 29 October 2020. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al "2019 PDC World Cup of Darts Results". Darts Database. Retrieved 5 November 2020. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj "2020 BetVictor World Cup of Darts draw". PDC. Retrieved 29 October 2020. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Allen, Dave. "2020 BetVictor World Cup of Darts Finals Day". PDC. Retrieved 8 November 2020. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am "Wales to open Cazoo World Cup title defence against Finland". PDC. Retrieved 6 September 2021. ^ a b c d e f g h Allen, Dave. "2021 Cazoo World Cup of Darts Finals Day". Professional Darts Corporation. Retrieved 12 September 2021. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj "2022 Cazoo World Cup of Darts pairings confirmed". PDC. Retrieved 14 June 2022. ^ a b c d e f g h "Whitlock and Heta lead Australia to historic Cazoo World Cup success". PDC. Retrieved 19 June 2022. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao "World Cup of Darts expanded as radical new format announced". PDC. Retrieved 10 March 2023. ^ Gill, Samuel (15 October 2020). "WORLD CUP OF DARTS TEAMS CONFIRMED: NOPPERT SET FOR DEBUT, SMITH & CROSS TOP SEEDS". Darts News. Retrieved 6 November 2020. ^ a b c d e f g h "England, Wales & Scotland survive Doubles deciders at Cazoo World Cup". PDC. Retrieved 18 June 2022. ^ a b c d e f g h Allen, Dave. "Germany & Wales survive Doubles deciders at Cazoo World Cup". Professional Darts Corporation. Retrieved 12 September 2021. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Allen, Dave (6 November 2020). "Former champions progress on BetVictor World Cup of Darts Day One". PDC. Retrieved 8 November 2020. ^ a b c d e f g Allen, Dave. "England avoid Brazil upset in Cazoo World Cup of Darts opener". Professional Darts Corporation. Retrieved 11 September 2021. ^ a b c d e f g h "Wales, Netherlands & Germany advance on opening night at Cazoo World Cup". PDC. Retrieved 16 June 2022. ^ Phillips, Josh. "2022 Cazoo World Cup of Darts competing nations confirmed". Professional Darts Corporation. Retrieved 23 May 2022. ^ a b c Allen, Dave (6 November 2020). "China replaced by Latvia for BetVictor World Cup". PDC. Retrieved 5 November 2020. ^ a b c d e f g h Allen, Dave. "Wales, Netherlands & Scotland progress on Cazoo World Cup Day One". Professional Darts Corporation. Retrieved 9 September 2021. ^ a b c d e f Phillips, Josh. "Greece to replace Croatia at Cazoo World Cup of Darts". Professional Darts Corporation. Retrieved 7 September 2021. ^ a b c d e f g h "Scotland sail through on Day Two at World Cup as England impress". PDC. Retrieved 17 June 2022. ^ a b c d e f g h Allen, Dave (7 November 2020). "Wales & Australia set up BetVictor World Cup showdown". PDC. Retrieved 8 November 2020. ^ Allen, Dave (19 April 2017). "Betway World Cup Nations Confirmed". PDC. Retrieved 1 November 2020. ^ Hunold, Jonas. "World Cup of Darts: Germany 'focusing' on world record breakers Poland ahead of last 16 showdown". Planet Sport. Retrieved 24 September 2023. ^ a b c d Allen, Dace (2 November 2020). "BetVictor World Cup Update: Portugal replace Singapore". PDC. Retrieved 5 November 2020. ^ Allen, Dave. "Henderson & Thornton to team up in BetVictor World Cup". PDC. Retrieved 29 October 2020. ^ "2020 BetVictor World Cup of Darts teams confirmed". PDC. Retrieved 8 November 2020. Although also qualified for the 2021 edition, he was again forced to withdraw for personal reasons. ^ "World Cup of Darts: Wales beat England 3-0 to win their first title". BBC Sport. 8 November 2020. Retrieved 20 November 2020. vtePDC World Cup of Darts 2010 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 List of PDC World Cup of Darts teams
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PDC_World_Cup_of_Darts_Map.svg"},{"link_name":"World Cup of Darts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDC_World_Cup_of_Darts"},{"link_name":"Professional Darts Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Darts_Corporation"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"Overview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Overview"},{"link_name":"References","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#References"}],"text":"PDC World Cup participants   18 nations which have participated in every edition   14 current nations which have not participated in all editions   11 former participant nationsIn the thirteen editions of the World Cup of Darts tournament organized by the Professional Darts Corporation, 47 nations have competed. This is a list of all teams that have participated, organised by country.Contents \n\nA B C D E F G H I J L M N P R S T U W\nOverview\nReferences","title":"List of PDC World Cup of Darts teams"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"As of 2023, of the 47 nations to have competed, 18 of them have played in all thirteen tournaments to date.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#England"},{"link_name":"Adrian Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Lewis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-F2012-2"},{"link_name":"Damon Heta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damon_Heta"},{"link_name":"Simon Whitlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Whitlock"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Wales"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Au20_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Au20_13-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Au20_13-2"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"An ever present at the World Cup, Australia had their best performance in 2012 when they reached the final against England. The match went all the way, being decided by a sudden death leg where all four players had darts at double before Adrian Lewis reigned in victory for England.[2] But in 2022, their 10-year agony came to an end when Damon Heta and Simon Whitlock beat Wales in the final to become the 5th different nation to win the trophy.^ a b c Kyle Anderson was ranked above Damon Heta at the time, but remained in Australia due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[28]","title":"Australia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mensur Suljović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mensur_Suljovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Scotland"}],"text":"Mensur Suljović has led the Austrian team at every World Cup since its inception. The team's best performance was reaching the last eight, which \"The Gentle\" has achieved five times with three different partners, but in 2021, a fairytale run saw them reach the final before eventually losing to Scotland. Austria were also temporarily host of the event in 2020, during the COVID-19 Pandemic.","title":"Austria"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Bahrain became one of three new nations participating in the World Cup, when they made their debut in 2023.","title":"Bahrain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#England"},{"link_name":"2013 final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_PDC_World_Cup_of_Darts"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Kim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Huybrechts"},{"link_name":"Ronny Huybrechts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronny_Huybrechts"}],"text":"Amongst teams that have never won the World Cup, Belgium has the best record, reaching the semi-finals seven times, including a loss to England in the 2013 final. The six semi-finals statistic is third only to the four-time champions of England and the Netherlands. The Belgian team is also unique in being the only team to be composed of brothers, being represented by Kim and Ronny Huybrechts from 2013 to 2017.","title":"Belgium"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Diogo Portela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogo_Portela"}],"text":"Brazil was one of two teams to debut in the 2017 World Cup and did so with a first round victory over other debutant Switzerland. Diogo Portela has been an ever-present for the team.","title":"Brazil"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Part","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Part"}],"text":"Triple World champion John Part was an ever-present in this tournament until 2018, with the team reaching the quarter-finals on four separate occasions.","title":"Canada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WC2014-9"},{"link_name":"Zong Xiao Chen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zong_Xiao_Chen"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WC2018-18"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"China was one of the seven teams to debut in the 2014 World Cup, when the tournament field was increased from 24 to 32 teams.[9] They notably became the second team to have a female representative at the World Cup when Momo Zhou teamed with Zong Xiao Chen in 2018.[17] Owing to COVID-19 restrictions, they had to withdraw from the 2020 tournament, and miss the 2022 tournament altogether.[34]","title":"China"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Boris Krčmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Kr%C4%8Dmar"}],"text":"Croatia didn't play in the inaugural World Cup, but were one of the 5 new teams to debut in the 2012 edition. Despite beating New Zealand and Northern Ireland to reach the quarter-finals in 2013, they hadn't been invited back to another World Cup, until a surprise recall in 2021, but they then had to withdraw owing to an illness to Boris Krčmar.","title":"Croatia"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"After being forced to withdraw from the inaugural World Cup in 2010 due to inclement weather, the Czech Republic had to wait until 2015 to make their debut. They have been active in the tournament ever since, but have yet to win a match. Their average of 103.47 in their 2021 loss to Poland was the highest losing average in a first round match at the World Cup of Darts.","title":"Czech Republic"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"An ever-present in the competition, the Danes have never gone beyond the last 16 stage.","title":"Denmark"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phil Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Taylor_(darts_player)"},{"link_name":"Adrian Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Lewis"}],"text":"After the loss to Spain in the inaugural World Cup in 2010, England reached the final in the next 5 editions, winning 4 of them, thanks to the combination of Phil Taylor and Adrian Lewis. Since then, they only reached one final, in which they were whitewashed 3–0 by Wales.","title":"England"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Michael van Gerwen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_van_Gerwen"},{"link_name":"Raymond van Barneveld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_van_Barneveld"}],"text":"Another ever-present team, Finland's record is unspectacular with the exception of a surprise semi-final run in 2013, including an upset victory over the Dutch team of Michael van Gerwen and Raymond van Barneveld.","title":"Finland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WC2014-9"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Wales"}],"text":"France were one of seven teams to debut in the 2014 World Cup when the tournament field was increased from 24 to 32 teams.[9] They lost 5–4 to Wales in the first round, and would not make a return to the tournament until 2023.","title":"France"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Netherlands"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#England"}],"text":"Despite having home advantage for most of the tournaments, the German's best runs came in 2020 and 2023, when they reached the semi-finals in Austria and Germany respectively, which included wins over their rivals, The Netherlands and former winners, England.","title":"Germany"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Italy"}],"text":"The smallest nation in the tournaments by both size and population, Gibraltar's only win to date came in 2015, when they beat Italy.","title":"Gibraltar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Michael_(darts_player)"}],"text":"Greece were the only team to debut in the 2016 World Cup after John Michael secured a Tour Card at Q-School.","title":"Greece"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Guyana will become one of four new nations participating in the World Cup, when they make their debut in 2023.","title":"Guyana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Scotland"}],"text":"Hong Kong were one of the seven teams to debut in the 2014 World Cup (the only of which to be seeded) when the tournament field was increased from 24 to 32 teams. They reached the quarter-finals on their second appearance before succumbing to Scotland.","title":"Hong Kong"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Hungary did not play in the first World Cup, but have been present for every edition since 2012, although they've never gone past the last 16.","title":"Hungary"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Iceland will become one of three new nations participating in the World Cup, when they make their debut in 2023.","title":"Iceland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WC2014-9"}],"text":"India were one of the seven teams to debut in the 2014 World Cup when the tournament field was increased from 24 to 32 teams.[9] After averaging under 70 and failing to win a leg in 2014 and 2015, the latter would be their final year in the tournament.","title":"India"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#England"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Scotland"}],"text":"After a relatively unspectacular record in the competition, the Irish reached the final in 2019 after impressive wins over England and the Netherlands, before Scotland claimed the title.","title":"Ireland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Philippines"}],"text":"Italy did not participate in the first two World Cups, but joined the roster in 2013 as a replacement for the withdrawn Philippines. As of the 2022 tournament, they have the longest record of matches without ever recording a win at the World Cup, losing all eleven of their matches.","title":"Italy"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Another ever-present, Japan's run to the semi-finals in 2019 bettered their previous best of quarter-final runs in 2013 and 2018.","title":"Japan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Madars Razma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madars_Razma"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Switzerland"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WC2017alt-41"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WC2017-16"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CHN2020-36"}],"text":"Latvia were set to debut at the 2017 World Cup led by tour card holder Madars Razma along with Nauris Gleglu, but withdrew late on and were replaced by Switzerland.[40][15] Following China's withdrawal from the 2020 tournament due to flight issues, Latvia finally made their long-awaited debut with a last leg victory over Hong Kong.[35]","title":"Latvia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Switzerland"},{"link_name":"WDF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Darts_Federation"},{"link_name":"Darius Labanauskas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_Labanauskas"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WC2019-20"}],"text":"Lithuania were the only team to debut in the 2019 World Cup, taking the place of Switzerland after former WDF number one Darius Labanauskas secured a Tour Card at Q-School.[19]","title":"Lithuania"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"So far, Malaysia have only competed in the second and fourth editions of the tournament, losing to both Irish teams in the process.","title":"Malaysia"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The winners of the inaugural tournament, the Netherlands have won the event on three other occasions, and have only failed to reach the quarter-finals stage twice.","title":"Netherlands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"}],"text":"The New Zealand team's only run of note came when they reached the quarter-finals in 2019. Due to COVID-19 travel restrictions, they couldn't participate in the 2021 tournament, ending their ever-present record.","title":"New Zealand"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"A team who have always been a top 8 seed, the Northern Irish team have only reached the semi-finals on two occasions.","title":"Northern Ireland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WC2014-9"}],"text":"Norway was one of the seven teams to debut in the 2014 World Cup when the tournament field was increased from 24 to 32 teams.[9] Though they achieved their first match victory in 2016, it would be their last appearance in the tournament.","title":"Norway"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Philippines did not compete in the first World Cup, but debuted as one of the five new teams in the 2012 World Cup, and after missing the 2017 and 2018 tournaments, they returned in 2019.","title":"Philippines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"Appearing in all but the 2012 tournament, Poland have never gone beyond the last 16 stage. In 2023, Poland set the world record highest Pairs average of 118.10 against Lithuania in the group stage.[41]","title":"Poland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Singapore"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UP2020-43"}],"text":"Portugal were invited to play at their first World Cup of Darts in 2020, following the late withdrawal of Singapore.[42]","title":"Portugal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anastasia Dobromyslova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasia_Dobromyslova"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Australia"}],"text":"After including Anastasia Dobromyslova in the inaugural tournament, Russia would miss the next 2 tournaments, before reaching the quarter-finals in 2017, where they beat Australia on the way.","title":"Russia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Spain"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#South_Africa"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-S20_44-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-S20_44-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-S20_44-2"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"text":"After succumbing to Spain (twice) and South Africa in the first three tournaments, Scotland reached the final in 2015 and 2018, before winning the title in 2019 and again in 2021.^ a b c Reigning champions Peter Wright and Gary Anderson would have returned as the number two seeds in 2020, but withdrew due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[43]","title":"Scotland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WC2014-9"},{"link_name":"Paul Lim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lim"},{"link_name":"Harith Lim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harith_Lim"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Scotland"}],"text":"Singapore were one of the seven teams to debut in the 2014 World Cup when the tournament field was increased from 24 to 32 teams.[9] They have consistently been represented by Paul Lim and Harith Lim (no relation). Singapore notably knocked out the number one seeded Scotland in the first round to kick off a run to the quarter-finals in 2017.","title":"Singapore"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Ireland"}],"text":"Slovakia have only been invited to play at the first World Cup of Darts in 2010, where they lost to Ireland 6–3 in the first round.","title":"Slovakia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Sweden"}],"text":"Slovenia have only been invited to play at the first World Cup of Darts in 2010, where they lost to Sweden 6–2 in the first round.","title":"Slovenia"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"South Africa did not appear in the first World Cup, but debuted the second World Cup in 2012 with a quarter-final run, and have been present for every edition since, and have still been the only African representatives in the competition. They reached the quarter-finals in both 2012 and 2014.","title":"South Africa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#England"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBB2010-4"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sp20_46-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sp20_46-1"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UP2020-43"}],"text":"Spain debuted in the inaugural World Cup with a second round upset of the top seed England in 2010, and progressing through the group stage eventually being swept by Netherlands in the semi-finals.[4] Since then, they only progressed further than the last 16 only once in 10 years.^ a b Top ranked Spaniard Cristo Reyes was replaced by third ranked Spaniard Noguera for undisclosed reasons in the 2020 World Cup.[42]","title":"Spain"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The ever-present Swedes have never been beyond the last 16 stage, until 2023, when they reached quarter finals in the new format tournament.","title":"Sweden"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Latvia"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WC2017-16"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Lithuania"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WC2019-20"}],"text":"Switzerland were one of two teams to debut in the 2017 World Cup as a last minute addition due to the withdrawal of Latvia.[15] After only playing two editions of the tournament, they were replaced by Lithuania in 2019,[19] but they returned to the tournament in 2022.","title":"Switzerland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WC2014-9"}],"text":"Thailand were one of the seven teams to debut in the 2014 World Cup when the tournament field was increased from 24 to 32 teams.[9] After failing to win a match in five tournament appearances, the 2018 World Cup would be their last until the tournament expanded to 40 teams in 2023.","title":"Thailand"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Ukrain became one of three new nations participating in the World Cup, when they made their debut in 2023.","title":"Ukraine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBB2010-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBB2012-6"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-US20_47-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-US20_47-1"},{"link_name":"vertigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertigo"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WC2020con-48"}],"text":"The United States have appeared in every edition of the World Cup, reaching the last eight phase in each of the first two editions, but failing to progress further in subsequent years.[4][6]^ a b Darin Young was qualified to make his return and remain ever present at the 2020 World Cup but withdrew and was replaced by Lauby after being medically diagnosed with vertigo.[44]","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_PDC_World_Cup_of_Darts"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_PDC_World_Cup_of_Darts"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_PDC_World_Cup_of_Darts"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_PDC_World_Cup_of_Darts"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_PDC_World_Cup_of_Darts"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"text":"After three runners-up finishes in 2010, 2017, and 2022, the Welsh team have won the tournament twice in 2020, and 2023.[45]","title":"Wales"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"(W) winners; (RU) runners-up; (SF) semifinalists; (QF) quarterfinalist; (#R) rounds 2, 1; (G#) round-robin stage","title":"Legend"}]
[{"image_text":"PDC World Cup participants   18 nations which have participated in every edition   14 current nations which have not participated in all editions   11 former participant nations","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/PDC_World_Cup_of_Darts_Map.svg/220px-PDC_World_Cup_of_Darts_Map.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"PDC Order of Merit\". PDPA. 12 June 2024. Retrieved 12 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pdpa.co.uk/ranking-tables/","url_text":"\"PDC Order of Merit\""}]},{"reference":"\"Taylor & Lewis lead England to World Cup glory\". ESPN. 5 February 2012. Retrieved 5 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.espn.co.uk/darts/sport/story/134848.html","url_text":"\"Taylor & Lewis lead England to World Cup glory\""}]},{"reference":"\"World Cup of Darts Preview\". PDC. Retrieved 27 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pdc.tv/news/world-cup-of-darts-preview","url_text":"\"World Cup of Darts Preview\""}]},{"reference":"\"2010 PDC World Cup of Darts Results\". Darts Database. Retrieved 5 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dartsdatabase.co.uk/EventResults.aspx?EventKey=2965","url_text":"\"2010 PDC World Cup of Darts Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"World Cup Competitors Confirmed\". PDC. Retrieved 27 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pdc.tv/news/2012/01/09/world-cup-competitors-confirmed","url_text":"\"World Cup Competitors Confirmed\""}]},{"reference":"\"2012 PDC World Cup of Darts Results\". Darts Database. Retrieved 5 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dartsdatabase.co.uk/EventResults.aspx?EventKey=3076","url_text":"\"2012 PDC World Cup of Darts Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Betfair World Cup of Darts Netzone\". PDC. Retrieved 29 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pdc.tv/news/2013/01/22/betfair-world-cup-darts-netzone","url_text":"\"Betfair World Cup of Darts Netzone\""}]},{"reference":"\"2013 PDC World Cup of Darts Results\". Darts Database. Retrieved 5 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dartsdatabase.co.uk/EventResults.aspx?EventKey=4195","url_text":"\"2013 PDC World Cup of Darts Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"bwin World Cup of Darts NetZone\". PDC. Retrieved 29 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pdc.tv/news/2014/06/06/bwin-world-cup-darts-netzone","url_text":"\"bwin World Cup of Darts NetZone\""}]},{"reference":"\"2014 PDC World Cup of Darts Results\". Darts Database. Retrieved 5 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dartsdatabase.co.uk/EventResults.aspx?EventKey=5212","url_text":"\"2014 PDC World Cup of Darts Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"bwin World Cup of Darts NetZone\". PDC. Retrieved 29 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pdc.tv/news/2015/06/09/bwin-world-cup-darts-netzone","url_text":"\"bwin World Cup of Darts NetZone\""}]},{"reference":"\"2015 PDC World Cup of Darts Results\". Darts Database. Retrieved 5 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dartsdatabase.co.uk/EventResults.aspx?EventKey=6065","url_text":"\"2015 PDC World Cup of Darts Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Betway World Cup of Darts Teams\". PDC. Retrieved 29 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pdc.tv/news/2016/05/22/betway-world-cup-darts-teams","url_text":"\"Betway World Cup of Darts Teams\""}]},{"reference":"\"2016 PDC World Cup of Darts Results\". Darts Database. Retrieved 5 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dartsdatabase.co.uk/EventResults.aspx?EventKey=7546","url_text":"\"2016 PDC World Cup of Darts Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Betway World Cup of Darts Teams\". PDC. Retrieved 29 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pdc.tv/news/2017/05/22/betway-world-cup-darts-teams","url_text":"\"Betway World Cup of Darts Teams\""}]},{"reference":"\"2017 PDC World Cup of Darts Results\". Darts Database. Retrieved 5 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dartsdatabase.co.uk/EventResults.aspx?EventKey=11145","url_text":"\"2017 PDC World Cup of Darts Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Faces To Star in Betway World Cup\". PDC. Retrieved 29 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pdc.tv/news/2018/05/10/new-faces-set-star-betway-world-cup","url_text":"\"New Faces To Star in Betway World Cup\""}]},{"reference":"\"2018 PDC World Cup of Darts Results\". Darts Database. Retrieved 5 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dartsdatabase.co.uk/EventResults.aspx?EventKey=22673","url_text":"\"2018 PDC World Cup of Darts Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"2019 BetVictor World Cup Teams Announced\". PDC. Retrieved 29 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pdc.tv/news/2019/05/13/2019-betvictor-world-cup-teams-announced","url_text":"\"2019 BetVictor World Cup Teams Announced\""}]},{"reference":"\"2019 PDC World Cup of Darts Results\". Darts Database. Retrieved 5 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dartsdatabase.co.uk/EventResults.aspx?EventKey=23702","url_text":"\"2019 PDC World Cup of Darts Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"2020 BetVictor World Cup of Darts draw\". PDC. Retrieved 29 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pdc.tv/news/2020/10/16/2020-betvictor-world-cup-darts-draw","url_text":"\"2020 BetVictor World Cup of Darts draw\""}]},{"reference":"Allen, Dave. \"2020 BetVictor World Cup of Darts Finals Day\". PDC. Retrieved 8 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pdc.tv/news/2020/11/08/2020-betvictor-world-cup-darts-finals-day","url_text":"\"2020 BetVictor World Cup of Darts Finals Day\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wales to open Cazoo World Cup title defence against Finland\". PDC. Retrieved 6 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/09/06/wales-open-cazoo-world-cup-title-defence-against-finland","url_text":"\"Wales to open Cazoo World Cup title defence against Finland\""}]},{"reference":"Allen, Dave. \"2021 Cazoo World Cup of Darts Finals Day\". Professional Darts Corporation. Retrieved 12 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/09/12/2021-cazoo-world-cup-darts-finals-day","url_text":"\"2021 Cazoo World Cup of Darts Finals Day\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Darts_Corporation","url_text":"Professional Darts Corporation"}]},{"reference":"\"2022 Cazoo World Cup of Darts pairings confirmed\". PDC. Retrieved 14 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pdc.tv/news/2022/06/01/2022-cazoo-world-cup-darts-pairings-confirmed","url_text":"\"2022 Cazoo World Cup of Darts pairings confirmed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Whitlock and Heta lead Australia to historic Cazoo World Cup success\". PDC. Retrieved 19 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pdc.tv/news/2022/06/19/whitlock-and-heta-lead-australia-historic-cazoo-world-cup-success","url_text":"\"Whitlock and Heta lead Australia to historic Cazoo World Cup success\""}]},{"reference":"\"World Cup of Darts expanded as radical new format announced\". PDC. Retrieved 10 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pdc.tv/news/2023/03/09/world-cup-darts-expanded-radical-new-format-announced","url_text":"\"World Cup of Darts expanded as radical new format announced\""}]},{"reference":"Gill, Samuel (15 October 2020). \"WORLD CUP OF DARTS TEAMS CONFIRMED: NOPPERT SET FOR DEBUT, SMITH & CROSS TOP SEEDS\". Darts News. Retrieved 6 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://dartsnews.com/pdc/world-cup-of-darts-teams-confirmed-noppert-set-for-debut-smith-cross-top-seeds","url_text":"\"WORLD CUP OF DARTS TEAMS CONFIRMED: NOPPERT SET FOR DEBUT, SMITH & CROSS TOP SEEDS\""}]},{"reference":"\"England, Wales & Scotland survive Doubles deciders at Cazoo World Cup\". PDC. Retrieved 18 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pdc.tv/news/2022/06/18/england-wales-scotland-survive-doubles-deciders-cazoo-world-cup","url_text":"\"England, Wales & Scotland survive Doubles deciders at Cazoo World Cup\""}]},{"reference":"Allen, Dave. \"Germany & Wales survive Doubles deciders at Cazoo World Cup\". Professional Darts Corporation. Retrieved 12 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/09/11/germany-wales-survive-doubles-deciders-cazoo-world-cup","url_text":"\"Germany & Wales survive Doubles deciders at Cazoo World Cup\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Darts_Corporation","url_text":"Professional Darts Corporation"}]},{"reference":"Allen, Dave (6 November 2020). \"Former champions progress on BetVictor World Cup of Darts Day One\". PDC. Retrieved 8 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pdc.tv/news/2020/11/06/former-champions-progress-betvictor-world-cup-darts-day-one","url_text":"\"Former champions progress on BetVictor World Cup of Darts Day One\""}]},{"reference":"Allen, Dave. \"England avoid Brazil upset in Cazoo World Cup of Darts opener\". Professional Darts Corporation. Retrieved 11 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/09/10/england-avoid-brazil-upset-cazoo-world-cup-darts-opener","url_text":"\"England avoid Brazil upset in Cazoo World Cup of Darts opener\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Darts_Corporation","url_text":"Professional Darts Corporation"}]},{"reference":"\"Wales, Netherlands & Germany advance on opening night at Cazoo World Cup\". PDC. Retrieved 16 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pdc.tv/news/2022/06/16/wales-netherlands-germany-advance-opening-night-cazoo-world-cup","url_text":"\"Wales, Netherlands & Germany advance on opening night at Cazoo World Cup\""}]},{"reference":"Phillips, Josh. \"2022 Cazoo World Cup of Darts competing nations confirmed\". Professional Darts Corporation. Retrieved 23 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pdc.tv/news/2022/05/23/2022-cazoo-world-cup-darts-competing-nations-confirmed","url_text":"\"2022 Cazoo World Cup of Darts competing nations confirmed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Darts_Corporation","url_text":"Professional Darts Corporation"}]},{"reference":"Allen, Dave (6 November 2020). \"China replaced by Latvia for BetVictor World Cup\". PDC. Retrieved 5 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pdc.tv/news/2020/11/05/china-replaced-latvia-betvictor-world-cup","url_text":"\"China replaced by Latvia for BetVictor World Cup\""}]},{"reference":"Allen, Dave. \"Wales, Netherlands & Scotland progress on Cazoo World Cup Day One\". Professional Darts Corporation. Retrieved 9 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/09/09/wales-netherlands-scotland-progress-cazoo-world-cup-day-one","url_text":"\"Wales, Netherlands & Scotland progress on Cazoo World Cup Day One\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Darts_Corporation","url_text":"Professional Darts Corporation"}]},{"reference":"Phillips, Josh. \"Greece to replace Croatia at Cazoo World Cup of Darts\". Professional Darts Corporation. Retrieved 7 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/09/07/greece-replace-croatia-cazoo-world-cup-darts","url_text":"\"Greece to replace Croatia at Cazoo World Cup of Darts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Darts_Corporation","url_text":"Professional Darts Corporation"}]},{"reference":"\"Scotland sail through on Day Two at World Cup as England impress\". PDC. Retrieved 17 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pdc.tv/news/2022/06/17/scotland-sail-through-day-two-world-cup-england-impress","url_text":"\"Scotland sail through on Day Two at World Cup as England impress\""}]},{"reference":"Allen, Dave (7 November 2020). \"Wales & Australia set up BetVictor World Cup showdown\". PDC. Retrieved 8 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pdc.tv/news/2020/11/07/wales-australia-set-betvictor-world-cup-showdown","url_text":"\"Wales & Australia set up BetVictor World Cup showdown\""}]},{"reference":"Allen, Dave (19 April 2017). \"Betway World Cup Nations Confirmed\". PDC. Retrieved 1 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pdc.tv/news/2017/04/19/betway-world-cup-nations-confirmed","url_text":"\"Betway World Cup Nations Confirmed\""}]},{"reference":"Hunold, Jonas. \"World Cup of Darts: Germany 'focusing' on world record breakers Poland ahead of last 16 showdown\". Planet Sport. Retrieved 24 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.planetsport.com/darts/news/world-cup-darts-germany-focusing-world-record-breakers-poland-ahead-last-16-showdown","url_text":"\"World Cup of Darts: Germany 'focusing' on world record breakers Poland ahead of last 16 showdown\""}]},{"reference":"Allen, Dace (2 November 2020). \"BetVictor World Cup Update: Portugal replace Singapore\". PDC. Retrieved 5 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pdc.tv/news/2020/11/02/betvictor-world-cup-update-portugal-replace-singapore","url_text":"\"BetVictor World Cup Update: Portugal replace Singapore\""}]},{"reference":"Allen, Dave. \"Henderson & Thornton to team up in BetVictor World Cup\". PDC. Retrieved 29 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pdc.tv/news/2020/10/13/henderson-thornton-team-betvictor-world-cup","url_text":"\"Henderson & Thornton to team up in BetVictor World Cup\""}]},{"reference":"\"2020 BetVictor World Cup of Darts teams confirmed\". PDC. Retrieved 8 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pdc.tv/news/2020/10/15/2020-betvictor-world-cup-darts-teams-confirmed","url_text":"\"2020 BetVictor World Cup of Darts teams confirmed\""}]},{"reference":"\"World Cup of Darts: Wales beat England 3-0 to win their first title\". BBC Sport. 8 November 2020. Retrieved 20 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/darts/54866031","url_text":"\"World Cup of Darts: Wales beat England 3-0 to win their first title\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudorectes
Pseudorectes
["1 Pseudorectes","1.1 Extant species","1.2 Former species","2 References"]
Genus of birds Pseudorectes Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Family: Pachycephalidae Subfamily: Pachycephalinae Genus: PseudorectesSharpe, 1877 Type species Rectes ferrugineusBonaparte, 1850 Pseudorectes is a bird genus in the family Pachycephalidae endemic to New Guinea. Pseudorectes Extant species It contains the following species: White-bellied pitohui (Pseudorectes incertus) Rusty pitohui (Pseudorectes ferrugineus) Former species Formerly, some authorities also considered the following species (or subspecies) as species within the genus Pseudorectes: Oriole whistler (as Pseudorectes cinnamomeum) References ^ "Pachycephalidae". aviansystematics.org. The Trust for Avian Systematics. Retrieved 2023-07-16. ^ "Pachycephala orioloides cinnamomea - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2017-02-04. vteGenera of corvides and their extinct allies Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Order: Passeriformes Suborder: Passeri Infraorder: Corvides CorvidesCampephagidae Campephaga Campochaera Ceblepyris Celebesica Coracina Cyanograucalus Edolisoma Lalage Lobotos Malindangia Pericrocotus Cinclosomatidae Cinclosoma Ptilorrhoa Eulacestomatidae Eulacestoma Falcunculidae Falcunculus Mohouidae Mohoua Neosittidae Daphoenositta Oreoicidae Aleadryas Oreoica Ornorectes Oriolidae †Longmornis Oriolus Pitohui Sphecotheres †Turnagra Pachycephalidae Colluricincla Coracornis Melanorectes Pachycephala Pseudorectes Paramythiidae Oreocharis Paramythia Psophodidae Androphobus Psophodes Malaconotoidea See below ↓ Corvoidea See below ↓ MalaconotoideaAegithinidae Aegithina ArtamidaeArtaminae Artamus Craticinae Cracticus Gymnorhina †Kurrartapu Melloria Strepera Peltopsinae Peltops Machaerirhynchidae Machaerirhynchus Malaconotidae Chlorophoneus Dryoscopus Laniarius Malaconotus Nilaus Rhodophoneus Tchagra Telophorus Pityriasidae Pityriasis Platysteiridae Batis Lanioturdus Platysteira Rhagologidae Rhagologus Vangidae Artamella Bias Calicalicus Cyanolanius Euryceros Falculea Hemipus Hypositta Leptopterus Megabyas Mystacornis Newtonia Oriolia Philentoma Prionops Pseudobias Schetba Tephrodornis Tylas Vanga Xenopirostris CorvoideaCorcoracidae Corcorax Struthidea Corvidae Aphelocoma Calocitta Cissa Corvus Crypsirina Cyanocitta Cyanocorax Cyanolyca Cyanopica Dendrocitta Garrulus Gymnorhinus †Henocitta †Miocitta †Miocorvus †Miopica Nucifraga Perisoreus Pica Platysmurus Podoces †Protocitta Psilorhinus Ptilostomus Pyrrhocorax Temnurus Urocissa Zavattariornis Dicruridae Dicrurus Ifritidae Ifrita Laniidae Eurocephalus Lanius Melampittidae Megalampitta Melampitta MonarchidaeMonarchinae Arses Carterornis Chasiempis Clytorhynchus Grallina Mayrornis Metabolus Monarcha Myiagra Neolalage Pomarea Symposiachrus Terpsiphoninae Hypothymis Terpsiphone Trochocercus Paradisaeidae Astrapia Cicinnurus Diphyllodes Drepanornis Epimachus Lophorina Lycocorax Manucodia Paradigalla Paradisaea Paradisornis Parotia Phonygammus Pteridophora Ptiloris Seleucidis Semioptera Platylophidae Platylophus RhipiduridaeLamproliinae Chaetorhynchus Eutrichomyias Lamprolia Rhipidurinae Rhipidura Vireonidae Cyclarhis Erpornis Hylophilus Pachysylvia Pteruthius Tunchiornis Vireo Vireolanius Taxon identifiersPseudorectes Wikidata: Q14927582 BioLib: 1242688 BOLD: 750093 CoL: 73C6 GBIF: 4843303 IRMNG: 1412130 ITIS: 915816 NCBI: 1743253 Open Tree of Life: 3602763 Plazi: 59F221DF-11F8-9942-DCC8-2B50AD6D9A50 ZooBank: A5705349-389B-4BC0-8E0C-63833B05240B This Corvoidea-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"Pachycephalidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachycephalidae"},{"link_name":"New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea"}],"text":"Pseudorectes is a bird genus in the family Pachycephalidae endemic to New Guinea.","title":"Pseudorectes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Pseudorectes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"White-bellied pitohui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-bellied_pitohui"},{"link_name":"Rusty pitohui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusty_pitohui"}],"sub_title":"Extant species","text":"It contains the following species:White-bellied pitohui (Pseudorectes incertus)\nRusty pitohui (Pseudorectes ferrugineus)","title":"Pseudorectes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oriole whistler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriole_whistler"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Former species","text":"Formerly, some authorities also considered the following species (or subspecies) as species within the genus Pseudorectes:Oriole whistler (as Pseudorectes cinnamomeum)[2]","title":"Pseudorectes"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Price_Mark
The Price Mark
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Preservation status","4 References","5 External links"]
1917 American filmThe Price MarkDirected byRoy William NeillScreenplay byJohn B. RitchieProduced byThomas H. InceStarringDorothy DaltonWilliam ConklinThurston HallAdele FarringtonEdwin WallockDorcas MatthewsCinematographyJohn StumarProductioncompanyThomas H. Ince ProductionsDistributed byParamount PicturesRelease date October 21, 1917 (1917-10-21) Running time50 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish The Price Mark is a 1917 American drama silent film directed by Roy William Neill and written by John B. Ritchie. The film stars Dorothy Dalton, William Conklin, Thurston Hall, Adele Farrington, Edwin Wallock and Dorcas Matthews. The film was released on October 21, 1917, by Paramount Pictures. Plot This article needs a plot summary. Please add one in your own words. (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Cast Dorothy Dalton as Paula Lee William Conklin as Fielding Powell Thurston Hall as Dr. Daniel Melfi Adele Farrington as Marie Edwin Wallock as Hassan Dorcas Matthews as Nakhla Clio Ayres as Belle de Fargo Preservation status A print is preserved in the Library of Congress collection. References ^ "The Price Mark (1917) - Overview - TCM.com". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 4 January 2015. ^ "The Price Mark". AFI. Retrieved 4 January 2015. ^ The Library of Congress/FIAF American Silent Feature Film Survival Catalog:The Price Mark ^ Catalog of Holdings The American Film Institute Collection and The United Artists Collection at The Library of Congress (<-book title) p.145 c.1978 by The American Film Institute External links The Price Mark at IMDb synopsis at AllMovie vteFilms directed by Roy William Neill The Mother Instinct (1917) The Price Mark (1917) Vive la France! (1918) The Bandbox (1919) The Woman Gives (1920) Yes or No? (1920) Dangerous Business (1920) Something Different (1920) The Idol of the North (1921) The Conquest of Canaan (1921) The Iron Trail (1921) What's Wrong with the Women? (1922) The Man from M.A.R.S (1922) Toilers of the Sea (1923) By Divine Right (1924) Vanity's Price (1924) Broken Laws (1924) Percy (1925) Marriage in Transit (1925) The Kiss Barrier (1925) Greater Than a Crown (1925) The Cowboy and the Countess (1926) The Fighting Buckaroo (1926) A Man Four-Square (1926) Black Paradise (1926) The City (1926) Marriage (1927) The Arizona Wildcat (1927) The Olympic Hero (1928) Lady Raffles (1928) The Viking (1928) San Francisco Nights (1928) Wall Street (1929) Just Like Heaven (1930) The Melody Man (1930) Fifty Fathoms Deep (1931) The Menace (1932) That's My Boy (1932) Above the Clouds (1933) The Circus Queen Murder (1933) Fury of the Jungle (1933) The Ninth Guest (1934) Black Moon (1934) I'll Fix It (1934) Jealousy (1934) Eight Bells (1935) The Black Room (1935) Gypsy (1937) Doctor Syn (1937) The Viper (1938) Simply Terrific (1938) Thank Evans (1938) Many Tanks Mr. Atkins (1938) Everything Happens to Me (1938) A Gentleman's Gentleman (1939) Murder Will Out (1939) His Brother's Keeper (1940) Hoots Mon! (1940) The Good Old Days (1940) Eyes of the Underworld (1942) Madame Spy (1942) Sherlock Holmes and the Secret Weapon (1943) Sherlock Holmes in Washington (1943) Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man (1943) Rhythm of the Islands (1943) Sherlock Holmes Faces Death (1943) The Spider Woman (1944) The Scarlet Claw (1944) The Pearl of Death (1944) Gypsy Wildcat (1944) Sherlock Holmes and the House of Fear (1945) The Woman in Green (1945) Pursuit to Algiers (1945) Terror by Night (1946) Dressed to Kill (1946) Black Angel (1946) This 1910s drama film-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_film"},{"link_name":"silent film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_film"},{"link_name":"Roy William Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_William_Neill"},{"link_name":"John B. Ritchie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_B._Ritchie&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Dalton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Dalton"},{"link_name":"William Conklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Conklin"},{"link_name":"Thurston Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurston_Hall"},{"link_name":"Adele Farrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adele_Farrington"},{"link_name":"Edwin Wallock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Wallock"},{"link_name":"Paramount Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Price Mark is a 1917 American drama silent film directed by Roy William Neill and written by John B. Ritchie. The film stars Dorothy Dalton, William Conklin, Thurston Hall, Adele Farrington, Edwin Wallock and Dorcas Matthews. The film was released on October 21, 1917, by Paramount Pictures.[1][2]","title":"The Price Mark"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dorothy Dalton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Dalton"},{"link_name":"William Conklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Conklin"},{"link_name":"Thurston Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurston_Hall"},{"link_name":"Adele Farrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adele_Farrington"},{"link_name":"Edwin Wallock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Wallock"},{"link_name":"Dorcas Matthews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorcas_Matthews"}],"text":"Dorothy Dalton as Paula Lee\nWilliam Conklin as Fielding Powell\nThurston Hall as Dr. Daniel Melfi\nAdele Farrington as Marie\nEdwin Wallock as Hassan\nDorcas Matthews as Nakhla\nClio Ayres as Belle de Fargo","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"A print is preserved in the Library of Congress collection.[3][4]","title":"Preservation status"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A8sar_Martinell_i_Brunet
Cèsar Martinell i Brunet
["1 Artistic style","2 Photo gallery","3 Notes"]
Cèsar Martinell i BrunetInterior of one of Martinell's "cathedrals of wine". This is the cooperative wine cellar at Pinell de Brai, in Southern Catalonia.Born24 December 1888VallsDied19 November 1973 (1973-11-20) (aged 84)Barcelona, CataloniaOccupationArchitectPracticearti'cimoBuildingsWinery of Cornudella de Montsant Winery of Falset Winery of Nulles Winery of Barberà de la Conca Winery of Rocafort de Queralt Winery of Gandesa Winery of Pinell de BraiFlour making factory of Cervera Cèsar Martinell i Brunet (Valls, 24 December 1888 - Barcelona, 19 November 1973) was a Catalan modernista architect. He was part of the small and selected group of architects that were connected to Antoni Gaudí, his most important teacher. As a multifaceted person, Martinell was also a researcher and art historian. He became famous for the many wine cellars he made for the agriculture cooperatives of different towns throughout Catalonia, especially in the south, in the Province of Tarragona. These are known as "the cathedrals of wine". Artistic style Pinell de Brai's winery. Cèsar Martinell artistic style was primarily Modernisme, with some Noucentisme. His masterpieces were his designs for wineries, which are called the cathedrals of wine (les catedrals del vi) due to their magnificence. The use of traditional architectural techniques and materials helped to build these monumental buildings. His wine cathedrals are located in several cities of Catalonia such as Falset, Nulles, Cornudella de Montsant, Montblanc and Gandesa, and some of them can be visited. He also designed the flour mill of Cervera and he managed restoration projects, such as the Basilica of Santa Maria in Igualada. Photo gallery Wine Cathedrals Exterior of the cooperative winery in Gandesa, Terra Alta Interior of the Gandesa cooperative winery. Interior of the Gandesa cooperative winery, another view. Interior of the Nulles cooperative winery. Winery cooperative of Sant Cugat del Vallès, next to Barcelona. Notes ^ "CÈSAR MARTINELL I BRUNET (1888-1973)". Retrieved 2009-01-21. ^ "WINE CATHEDRALS". Archived from the original on 2009-02-15. Retrieved 2009-01-21. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cèsar Martinell i Brunet. Authority control databases International VIAF National Spain Catalonia Germany United States Artists ULAN
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He became famous for the many wine cellars he made for the agriculture cooperatives of different towns throughout Catalonia, especially in the south, in the Province of Tarragona. These are known as \"the cathedrals of wine\".","title":"Cèsar Martinell i Brunet"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:El_Pinell_de_Brai_-_Weinkellerei_der_Genossenschaft_-_Vorderseite.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pinell de Brai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinell_de_Brai"},{"link_name":"Modernisme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernisme"},{"link_name":"Noucentisme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noucentisme"},{"link_name":"wineries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winery"},{"link_name":"cathedrals of wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cathedrals_of_wine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia"},{"link_name":"Falset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falset,_Tarragona"},{"link_name":"Nulles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nulles"},{"link_name":"Cornudella de Montsant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornudella_de_Montsant"},{"link_name":"Montblanc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montblanc,_Tarragona"},{"link_name":"Gandesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandesa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"flour mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flour_mill"},{"link_name":"Cervera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervera"},{"link_name":"Basilica of Santa Maria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_Santa_Maria,_Igualada"},{"link_name":"Igualada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igualada"}],"text":"Pinell de Brai's winery.Cèsar Martinell artistic style was primarily Modernisme, with some Noucentisme. His masterpieces were his designs for wineries, which are called the cathedrals of wine (les catedrals del vi) due to their magnificence. The use of traditional architectural techniques and materials helped to build these monumental buildings. His wine cathedrals are located in several cities of Catalonia such as Falset, Nulles, Cornudella de Montsant, Montblanc and Gandesa, and some of them can be visited.[2] He also designed the flour mill of Cervera and he managed restoration projects, such as the Basilica of Santa Maria in Igualada.","title":"Artistic style"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:E06_Celler_de_la_Cooperativa_Agr%C3%ADcola,_de_C%C3%A8sar_Martinell.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gandesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandesa"},{"link_name":"Terra Alta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_Alta_(comarca)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Celler_Gandesa.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gandesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandesa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Celler_Cooperatiu_(Gandesa)_-_19.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gandesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandesa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nulles_-_Cooperativa_vin%C3%ADcola.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nulles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nulles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Celler_de_Sant_Cugat_lateral.JPG"},{"link_name":"Sant Cugat del Vallès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Cugat_del_Vall%C3%A8s"}],"text":"Wine Cathedrals\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tExterior of the cooperative winery in Gandesa, Terra Alta\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInterior of the Gandesa cooperative winery.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInterior of the Gandesa cooperative winery, another view.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInterior of the Nulles cooperative winery.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWinery cooperative of Sant Cugat del Vallès, next to Barcelona.","title":"Photo gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"CÈSAR MARTINELL I BRUNET (1888-1973)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gaudiallgaudi.com/AA300.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"WINE CATHEDRALS\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090215052942/http://gaudiallgaudi.com/AMWCatVi.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gaudiallgaudi.com/AMWCatVi.htm"},{"link_name":"Cèsar Martinell i Brunet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:C%C3%A8sar_Martinell_i_Brunet"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1150065#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/5871668"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX879225"},{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058513937206706"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/124664091"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n79079076"},{"link_name":"ULAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500264939"}],"text":"^ \"CÈSAR MARTINELL I BRUNET (1888-1973)\". Retrieved 2009-01-21.\n\n^ \"WINE CATHEDRALS\". Archived from the original on 2009-02-15. Retrieved 2009-01-21.Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cèsar Martinell i Brunet.Authority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nSpain\nCatalonia\nGermany\nUnited States\nArtists\nULAN","title":"Notes"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addy_Raj
Addy Raj
["1 Early life and career","2 Filmography","2.1 Television","2.2 Film","3 Awards and nominations","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Indian actor, model and singer Addy RajBorn (1995-08-30) 30 August 1995 (age 28)Ajmer, Rajasthan, IndiaNationalityIndianEducationGraphic and Website Designer, Bachelor of ArtsOccupation(s)Actor, model & singerYears active2015–presentAgents ABS-CBN (2015-2016; 2019) GMA Artist Center (2016–2019; 2020-2021)Powerhouse Arte Inc. (2019–2020)Firestarters Production Inc.(2021–2022) Freelance (2022–present) Known forI Love OPM, Jai Patel in Meant to BeHeight5 ft 9 in (175 cm)Websitewww.gmanetwork.com/artistcenter/talents/530/Addy-Raj Adhiraj Gaur (born 30 August 1995), popularly known as Addy Raj (/rɑːdʒ/; Tagalog pronunciation: ), is an Indian actor, singer, model and former track athlete living in the Philippines. He was introduced in showbiz by ABS-CBN's I Love OPM in 2016. He later transferred to rival network GMA and was offered a lead role in the TV series Meant to Be, a romantic-comedy drama. He portrays the role of Jai Patel, an Indian suitor to Billie Bendiola (portrayed by Barbie Forteza), in the show. Early life and career Addy was born in Ajmer, Rajasthan in India to Suchek Gaur and Anita Gaur. His father worked with the Government of India in the forest services for 40 years, retiring in 2019. His mother is a homemaker. He also has an older sister, Soumya Gaur, who runs a travel company based in Jaipur, Rajasthan known as Yaan Tours (yaantours.com) that specializes in organizing private tailor-made tours across India. Addy studied in a prestigious boarding school in India known as Mayo College, from 2006 – 2011. It was here that he took a keen interest in sports and went on to become the Athletics Captain of his batch. He later featured in the list of 20 fastest runners of India and the fastest man of New Delhi in a 100m event in the year 2014. Apart from this, Addy was also a lead guitarist at his school band and continues to play even now in his free time. Addy first arrived in the Philippines as an exchange student in Ateneo de Manila University, where he stayed for two months. He instantly fell in love with the country and upon finishing graduation back in India, decided to return to the Philippines to begin a career in showbiz. He soon started as a commercial model and was eventually discovered by ABS-CBN and appeared in a reality singing competition, I Love OPM. He later transferred to the rival network GMA and bagged one of the leading roles in the TV series, Meant to Be, a romantic –comedy drama where he played the role of Jai Patel, an Indian suitor to Billie Bendiola (portrayed by Barbie Forteza) in the show. Following the success of Meant to Be, Addy was nominated for the 31st PMPC Star Awards for Television as the ‘Best New Male TV Personality’. He also made it to the list of ‘Top 10 Hottest Male Celebrities’ by Cosmopolitan Magazine and landed the cover page for Garage, MEGA Man and Yes magazine. He also went on to receive an endorsement for Bench, a popular clothing brand in the Philippines and formed an ‘Addycted Fansclub’, wherein his fans call themselves Addycted. After his lead role in Meant to Be, Addy was seen in many of GMA Network's television series including Sirkus, Kapag Nahati ang Puso, The One That Got Away, Super Ma'am, One of the Baes and Descendants of the Sun. He also appeared in a variety of shows like Eat Bulaga!, Wowowin, Maynila, Daig Kayo ng Lola Ko, Unang Hirit, Sunday PinaSaya, Dear Uge, Celebrity Bluff and Taste Buddies. After being an exclusive artist of GMA Network for 2 years, Addy was spotted in many other projects like the movie The Panti Sisters (Black Sheep Productions), M.M.K. (ABS CBN), Hush (iWantTFC) as a freelance artist. He was also seen as the celebrity of the month for Playboy Philippines. Addy proudly calls himself an ally of the LGBTQ+ community and is one of the only straight male actor who is very vocal about his views on straight people standing up for their LGBTQ+ friends. He has worked in collaboration with the Village Pipol magazine, San Miguel Light and has also participated in the Metro Manila Pride march for the same cause. He says he loves Filipinos and would like to stay in the Philippines for the rest of his life. Filmography Television Year Title Role(s) Network 2016 I Love OPM Performer ABS-CBN 2017 Meant to Be Jai Patel GMA Network Full House Tonight Various roles Dear Uge: NPBSB Francis Daig Kayo ng Lola Ko Princes Kumar 3 Days of Summer Himself 2018 Super Ma'am Christian Dear Uge: Bongga Bonita Jerome Sirkus Sandino Kapag Nahati ang Puso Prince Hamesh Gupta Daig Kayo ng Lola Ko: Okay Ka, Genie Ko Genie Ralph 2019 Maynila: Lend Me your Love Talha Maalaala Mo Kaya: Tubig Saudi Police ABS-CBN One of the Baes Carlos Falcon GMA Network 2020 Descendants of the Sun Alif Fayad 2021 The Lost Recipe Addy GMA News TV Hush James iWantTFC Owe My Love Amir GMA Network 2023 Fit Check: Confessions of An Ukay Queen Addy Raj ABS-CBN Amazon Prime Film Year Title Role(s) Production Company 2019 The Panti Sisters Black Sheep Productions, IdealFirst, Quantum Films, ALV Films Awards and nominations Year Association Category Nominated work Result 2017 31st PMPC Star Awards for Television Best New Male TV Personality Meant to Be Nominated See also Ken Chan Jak Roberto Ivan Dorschner References ^ "GMA Artist Center welcomes Ivan Dorschner and Addy Raj – GMANetwork.com – Entertainment – Home of Kapuso shows and stars – Articles". ^ "Indian student charms with 'I Love OPM' song". ABS-CBN. 15 February 2016. Retrieved 12 September 2018. ^ a b c "Tunay na Buhay: Addy Raj, ikinuwento kung paano siya naging isang Kapuso". GMA Public Affairs. ^ Acar, Aedrianne. "Jak Roberto and Addy Raj join the list of 69 hottest hunks of lifestyle magazine". www.gmanetwork.com. Retrieved 10 September 2020. ^ Caligan, Michelle. "Look: 'Meant To Be' boys on the digital cover of men's fashion magazine". www.gmanetwork.com. Retrieved 10 September 2020. ^ "Look: 'Meant To Be' stars' summer adventure on the cover of entertainment magazine". www.gmanetwork.com. Retrieved 10 September 2020. ^ Interaksyon (14 November 2017). "'Under the Stars': Bench's 30th anniversary show promises heavenly bodies shining on the runway". Interaksyon. Retrieved 10 September 2020. ^ a b Pulumbarit, Oliver (28 June 2019). "Addy Raj on virginity, being an LGBT ally and breaking stereotypes". inquirer.net. Retrieved 10 September 2020. ^ "In Focus: Meet These Fab Celebrities Who Strode Fearlessly At The Metro Manila Pride March 2019". lifestyle.abs-cbn.com. Retrieved 9 September 2020. ^ Daria, Edo. "LGBTQ allies Luis Hontiveros and Addy Raj react to incident of transwoman denied use of female washroom". push.abs-cbn.com. Retrieved 9 September 2020. ^ "ABS-CBN, GMA-7 stars join forces for Pride March 2019". PEP.ph. Retrieved 10 September 2020. ^ "Addy Raj recalls breaking down language barrier, falling in love with PH". 18 January 2019. ^ "Nominees for 2017 Star Awards for TV revealed". news.abs-cbn.com. ABS-CBN News. 30 October 2017. Retrieved 13 November 2017. External links Addy Raj at IMDb Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/rɑːdʒ/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[ˈɾah, ˈɾadʒ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Tagalog"},{"link_name":"ABS-CBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS-CBN_(television_network)"},{"link_name":"I Love OPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Love_OPM"},{"link_name":"GMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMA_Network"},{"link_name":"Meant to Be","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meant_to_Be_(Philippine_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Barbie Forteza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbie_Forteza"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Adhiraj Gaur (born 30 August 1995), popularly known as Addy Raj (/rɑːdʒ/; Tagalog pronunciation: [ˈɾah, ˈɾadʒ]), is an Indian actor, singer, model and former track athlete living in the Philippines. He was introduced in showbiz by ABS-CBN's I Love OPM in 2016. He later transferred to rival network GMA and was offered a lead role in the TV series Meant to Be, a romantic-comedy drama. He portrays the role of Jai Patel, an Indian suitor to Billie Bendiola (portrayed by Barbie Forteza), in the show.[1][2]","title":"Addy Raj"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ajmer, Rajasthan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajmer"},{"link_name":"Jaipur, Rajasthan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaipur"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Mayo College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayo_College"},{"link_name":"New Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Ateneo de Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateneo_de_Manila"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"ABS-CBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS-CBN_(television_network)"},{"link_name":"I Love OPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Love_OPM"},{"link_name":"Meant to Be","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meant_to_Be_(Philippine_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Barbie Forteza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbie_Forteza"},{"link_name":"Meant to Be","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meant_to_Be_(Philippine_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"31st PMPC Star Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/31st_PMPC_Star_Awards_for_Television"},{"link_name":"Cosmopolitan Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Garage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garage_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Bench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bench_(Philippine_clothing_brand)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Meant to Be","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meant_to_Be_(Philippine_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"GMA Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMA_Network"},{"link_name":"Sirkus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirkus_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Kapag Nahati ang Puso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapag_Nahati_ang_Puso"},{"link_name":"The One That Got Away","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_One_That_Got_Away_(Philippine_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Super Ma'am","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Ma%27am"},{"link_name":"One of the Baes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_of_the_Baes"},{"link_name":"Descendants of the Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descendants_of_the_Sun_(Philippine_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Eat Bulaga!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eat_Bulaga!"},{"link_name":"Wowowin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wowowin"},{"link_name":"Maynila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maynila_(TV_program)"},{"link_name":"Daig Kayo ng Lola Ko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daig_Kayo_ng_Lola_Ko"},{"link_name":"Unang Hirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unang_Hirit"},{"link_name":"Sunday PinaSaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_PinaSaya"},{"link_name":"Dear Uge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dear_Uge"},{"link_name":"Celebrity Bluff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrity_Bluff"},{"link_name":"Taste Buddies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taste_Buddies"},{"link_name":"The Panti Sisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Panti_Sisters"},{"link_name":"Black Sheep Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sheep_Productions"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-op-8"},{"link_name":"M.M.K.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maalaala_Mo_Kaya"},{"link_name":"ABS CBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS-CBN"},{"link_name":"iWantTFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IWantTFC"},{"link_name":"Playboy Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playboy"},{"link_name":"ally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ally_(LGBTQ)"},{"link_name":"LGBTQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT"},{"link_name":"LGBTQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-op-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Addy was born in Ajmer, Rajasthan in India to Suchek Gaur and Anita Gaur. His father worked with the Government of India in the forest services for 40 years, retiring in 2019. His mother is a homemaker. He also has an older sister, Soumya Gaur, who runs a travel company based in Jaipur, Rajasthan known as Yaan Tours (yaantours.com) that specializes in organizing private tailor-made tours across India.[3]Addy studied in a prestigious boarding school in India known as Mayo College, from 2006 – 2011. It was here that he took a keen interest in sports and went on to become the Athletics Captain of his batch. He later featured in the list of 20 fastest runners of India and the fastest man of New Delhi in a 100m event in the year 2014. Apart from this, Addy was also a lead guitarist at his school band and continues to play even now in his free time.[3]Addy first arrived in the Philippines as an exchange student in Ateneo de Manila University, where he stayed for two months.[3] He instantly fell in love with the country and upon finishing graduation back in India, decided to return to the Philippines to begin a career in showbiz. He soon started as a commercial model and was eventually discovered by ABS-CBN and appeared in a reality singing competition, I Love OPM. He later transferred to the rival network GMA and bagged one of the leading roles in the TV series, Meant to Be, a romantic –comedy drama where he played the role of Jai Patel, an Indian suitor to Billie Bendiola (portrayed by Barbie Forteza) in the show.Following the success of Meant to Be, Addy was nominated for the 31st PMPC Star Awards for Television as the ‘Best New Male TV Personality’. He also made it to the list of ‘Top 10 Hottest Male Celebrities’ by Cosmopolitan Magazine[4] and landed the cover page for Garage, MEGA Man[5] and Yes[6] magazine. He also went on to receive an endorsement for Bench,[7] a popular clothing brand in the Philippines and formed an ‘Addycted Fansclub’, wherein his fans call themselves Addycted.After his lead role in Meant to Be, Addy was seen in many of GMA Network's television series including Sirkus, Kapag Nahati ang Puso, The One That Got Away, Super Ma'am, One of the Baes and Descendants of the Sun. He also appeared in a variety of shows like Eat Bulaga!, Wowowin, Maynila, Daig Kayo ng Lola Ko, Unang Hirit, Sunday PinaSaya, Dear Uge, Celebrity Bluff and Taste Buddies.After being an exclusive artist of GMA Network for 2 years, Addy was spotted in many other projects like the movie The Panti Sisters (Black Sheep Productions),[8] M.M.K. (ABS CBN), Hush (iWantTFC) as a freelance artist. He was also seen as the celebrity of the month for Playboy Philippines.Addy proudly calls himself an ally of the LGBTQ+ community and is one of the only straight male actor who is very vocal about his views on straight people standing up for their LGBTQ+ friends. He has worked in collaboration with the Village Pipol magazine, San Miguel Light and has also participated in the Metro Manila Pride march[9] for the same cause.[8][10][11]He says he loves Filipinos and would like to stay in the Philippines for the rest of his life.[12]","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"}]
[]
[{"title":"Ken Chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Chan_(Filipino_actor)"},{"title":"Jak Roberto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jak_Roberto"},{"title":"Ivan Dorschner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Dorschner"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest-Th%C3%A9odore_Hamy
Ernest Hamy
["1 Selected works","2 References","3 External links"]
French anthropologist and ethnologist You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (May 2012) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the French article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|fr|Ernest Hamy}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Ernest-Théodore Hamy Ernest-Théodore Hamy (22 June 1842, Boulogne-sur-Mer – 18 November 1908, Paris) was a French anthropologist and ethnologist. He studied medicine in Paris, earning his doctorate in 1868. Afterwards, he served as a préparateur under Paul Broca in the laboratory of anthropology at the Ecole pratique des hautes études. In 1872 he became an assistant naturalist at the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, where he worked closely with Armand de Quatrefages. He was elected an International Member of the American Philosophical Society in 1891. In 1892 he was appointed professor of anthropology at the Museum. He was founder and curator of the Musée d'Ethnographie du Trocadéro as well as creator of the Revue d’ethnographie. He was vice-president (1886) and president (1895) of the Société des traditions populaires , and a founding member of the Société des américanistes (1892). Also, he was a member of the Société d’Anthropologie de Paris and the Société de géographie. Selected works Précis de paléontologie humaine (1870). Les Origines du musée d'ethnographie (1890). References ^ a b Prosopo Sociétés savantes de France ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2024-04-02. ^ a b c Bérose Archived 2015-09-23 at the Wayback Machine Hamy, Ernest-Théodore (1842-1908) ^ OCLC WorldCat published works External links IDREF.fr Extensive bibliography Matthew R. Goodrum, "Ernest-Théodore Hamy (1842-1908)," Online Biographical Dictionary of the History of Paleoanthropology, Matthew R. Goodrum general editor (2015). Available at https://drive.google.com/file/d/13VdmR3-7R5b5oTleVblKrLsnRuA1Lf2O/view Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel Belgium United States Greece Netherlands Poland Portugal Vatican Academics International Plant Names Index People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other SNAC IdRef This article about a French scientist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Thour
Le Thour
["1 Population","2 See also","3 References"]
Coordinates: 49°32′23″N 4°05′25″E / 49.5397°N 4.0903°E / 49.5397; 4.0903 You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (December 2008) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the French article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|fr|Le Thour}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Commune in Grand Est, FranceLe ThourCommuneThe church in Le ThourLocation of Le Thour Le ThourShow map of FranceLe ThourShow map of Grand EstCoordinates: 49°32′23″N 4°05′25″E / 49.5397°N 4.0903°E / 49.5397; 4.0903CountryFranceRegionGrand EstDepartmentArdennesArrondissementRethelCantonChâteau-PorcienGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Ingrid BoucherArea116.62 km2 (6.42 sq mi)Population (2021)368 • Density22/km2 (57/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code08451 /08190Elevation80 m (260 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. Le Thour (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France. Population Historical populationYearPop.±%1962312—    1968377+20.8%1975333−11.7%1982303−9.0%1990351+15.8%1999317−9.7%2008325+2.5% See also Communes of the Ardennes department References ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020. ^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Le Thour. vteCommunes of the Ardennes department Acy-Romance Aiglemont Aire Alincourt Alland'Huy-et-Sausseuil Amagne Ambly-Fleury Anchamps Angecourt Annelles Antheny Aouste Apremont Ardeuil-et-Montfauxelles Arnicourt Arreux Artaise-le-Vivier Asfeld Attigny Aubigny-les-Pothées Auboncourt-Vauzelles Aubrives Auflance Auge Aure Aussonce Authe Autrecourt-et-Pourron Autruche Autry Auvillers-les-Forges Avançon Avaux Les Ayvelles Baâlons Bairon et ses environs Balan Balham Ballay Banogne-Recouvrance Barbaise Barby Bar-lès-Buzancy Bayonville Bazeilles Beaumont-en-Argonne Beffu-et-le-Morthomme Belleville-et-Châtillon-sur-Bar Belval Belval-Bois-des-Dames Bergnicourt La Berlière Bertoncourt La Besace Biermes Bièvres Bignicourt Blagny Blanchefosse-et-Bay Blanzy-la-Salonnaise Blombay Bogny-sur-Meuse Bossus-lès-Rumigny Bouconville Boult-aux-Bois Boulzicourt Bourcq Bourg-Fidèle Bouvellemont Brécy-Brières Brévilly Brienne-sur-Aisne Brieulles-sur-Bar Briquenay Brognon Bulson Buzancy Carignan Cauroy Cernion Chagny Chalandry-Elaire Challerange Champigneulle Champigneul-sur-Vence Champlin La Chapelle Chappes Charbogne Chardeny Charleville-Mézièrespref Charnois Château-Porcien Chatel-Chéhéry Le Châtelet-sur-Retourne Le Châtelet-sur-Sormonne Chaumont-Porcien Chémery-Chéhéry Chesnois-Auboncourt Cheveuges Chevières Chilly Chooz Chuffilly-Roche Clavy-Warby Cliron Condé-lès-Autry Condé-lès-Herpy Contreuve Cornay Corny-Machéroménil Coucy Coulommes-et-Marqueny La Croix-aux-Bois Daigny Damouzy Les Deux-Villes Deville Dom-le-Mesnil Dommery Donchery Doumely-Bégny Doux Douzy Draize Dricourt L'Écaille L'Échelle Écly Écordal Escombres-et-le-Chesnois Estrebay Étalle Éteignières Étrépigny Euilly-et-Lombut Évigny Exermont Fagnon Faissault Falaise Faux Fépin La Férée La Ferté-sur-Chiers Flaignes-Havys Fleigneux Fléville Fligny Flize Floing Foisches Fossé Fraillicourt Francheval La Francheville Le Fréty Fromelennes Fromy Fumay Germont Gernelle Gespunsart Girondelle Givet Givonne Givron Givry Glaire Gomont Grandchamp Les Grandes-Armoises Grandham Grandpré La Grandville Grivy-Loisy Gruyères Gué-d'Hossus Guignicourt-sur-Vence Guincourt Hagnicourt Ham-les-Moines Ham-sur-Meuse Hannappes Hannogne-Saint-Martin Hannogne-Saint-Rémy Haraucourt Harcy Hargnies Harricourt Haudrecy Haulmé Les Hautes-Rivières Hauteville Hauviné Haybes Herbeuval Herpy-l'Arlésienne Hierges La Horgne Houdilcourt Houldizy Illy Imécourt Inaumont Issancourt-et-Rumel Jandun Joigny-sur-Meuse Jonval Juniville Justine-Herbigny Laifour Lalobbe Lametz Lançon Landres-et-Saint-Georges Landrichamps Launois-sur-Vence Laval-Morency Leffincourt Lépron-les-Vallées Létanne Liart Linay Liry Logny-Bogny Longwé Lonny Lucquy Lumes Machault Maisoncelle-et-Villers Malandry Manre Maranwez Marby Marcq Margny Margut Marlemont Marquigny Mars-sous-Bourcq Marvaux-Vieux Matton-et-Clémency Maubert-Fontaine Mazerny Les Mazures Ménil-Annelles Ménil-Lépinois Mesmont Messincourt Mogues Moiry Mondigny Montcheutin Montcornet Montcy-Notre-Dame Le Mont-Dieu Montgon Monthermé Monthois Montigny-sur-Meuse Montigny-sur-Vence Mont-Laurent Montmeillant Mont-Saint-Martin Mont-Saint-Remy Mouron Mouzon Murtin-et-Bogny Nanteuil-sur-Aisne Neuflize Neufmaison Neufmanil La Neuville-à-Maire La Neuville-aux-Joûtes Neuville-Day La Neuville-en-Tourne-à-Fuy Neuville-lès-This La Neuville-lès-Wasigny Neuville-lez-Beaulieu Neuvizy Noirval Nouart Nouvion-sur-Meuse Nouzonville Novion-Porcien Novy-Chevrières Noyers-Pont-Maugis Oches Olizy-Primat Omicourt Omont Osnes Pauvres Perthes Les Petites-Armoises Poilcourt-Sydney Poix-Terron Pouru-aux-Bois Pouru-Saint-Remy Prez Prix-lès-Mézières Puilly-et-Charbeaux Puiseux Pure Quatre-Champs Quilly Raillicourt Rancennes Raucourt-et-Flaba Regniowez Remaucourt Remilly-Aillicourt Remilly-les-Pothées Renneville Renwez Rethelsubpr Revin Rilly-sur-Aisne Rimogne Rocquigny Rocroi Roizy La Romagne Rouvroy-sur-Audry Rubigny Rumigny La Sabotterie Sachy Sailly Saint-Aignan Saint-Clément-à-Arnes Sainte-Marie Saint-Étienne-à-Arnes Sainte-Vaubourg Saint-Fergeux Saint-Germainmont Saint-Jean-aux-Bois Saint-Juvin Saint-Lambert-et-Mont-de-Jeux Saint-Laurent Saint-Loup-en-Champagne Saint-Loup-Terrier Saint-Marceau Saint-Marcel Saint-Menges Saint-Morel Saint-Pierre-à-Arnes Saint-Pierremont Saint-Pierre-sur-Vence Saint-Quentin-le-Petit Saint-Remy-le-Petit Sapogne-et-Feuchères Sapogne-sur-Marche Saulces-Champenoises Saulces-Monclin Sault-lès-Rethel Sault-Saint-Remy Sauville Savigny-sur-Aisne Séchault Sécheval Sedansubpr Semide Semuy Senuc Seraincourt Sery Seuil Sévigny-la-Forêt Sévigny-Waleppe Signy-l'Abbaye Signy-le-Petit Signy-Montlibert Singly Sommauthe Sommerance Son Sorbon Sorcy-Bauthémont Sormonne Stonne Sugny Sury Suzanne Sy Tagnon Taillette Tailly Taizy Tannay Tarzy Tétaigne Thelonne Thénorgues Thilay Thin-le-Moutier This Le Thour Thugny-Trugny Toges Touligny Tourcelles-Chaumont Tournavaux Tournes Tourteron Tremblois-lès-Carignan Tremblois-lès-Rocroi Vandy Vaux-Champagne Vaux-en-Dieulet Vaux-lès-Mouron Vaux-lès-Mouzon Vaux-lès-Rubigny Vaux-Montreuil Vaux-Villaine Vendresse Verpel Verrières Viel-Saint-Remy Vieux-lès-Asfeld Villers-devant-le-Thour Villers-devant-Mouzon Villers-le-Tilleul Villers-le-Tourneur Villers-Semeuse Villers-sur-Bar Villers-sur-le-Mont Ville-sur-Lumes Ville-sur-Retourne Villy Vireux-Molhain Vireux-Wallerand Vivier-au-Court Voncq Vouzierssubpr Vrigne-aux-Bois Vrigne-Meuse Wadelincourt Wagnon Warcq Warnécourt Wasigny Wignicourt Williers Yoncq Yvernaumont pref: prefecture subpr: subprefecture This Ardennes geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvius_Julianus
Salvius Julianus
["1 Life and career","2 Legal works","2.1 The Praetor's Edict","2.2 His Digesta in 90 books","2.3 Other works","2.4 Excerpts in Corpus Juris Civilis","3 Influence and legacy","3.1 Among Roman jurists","3.2 Among modern scholars","4 See also","5 References"]
Roman jurist and politician Lucius Octavius Cornelius Publius Salvius Iulianus Aemilianus (c. 110 – c. 170), generally referred to as Salvius Julianus, or Julian the Jurist, or simply Julianus, was a well known and respected jurist, public official, and politician who served in the Roman imperial state. Of north African origin, he was active during the long reigns of the emperors Hadrian (r. 117–138), Antoninus Pius (r. 138–161), and Marcus Aurelius (r. 161–180), as well as the shorter reign of Marcus Aurelius' first co-Emperor, Lucius Verus (r. 161–169). In the Roman government, Julianus gradually rose in rank through a traditional series of offices. He was successively quaestor to the Emperor Hadrian (with double the usual salary), plebeian tribune, praetor, praefectus aerarii Saturni, and praefectus aerarii militaris, before assuming the high annual office of Roman consul in 148. Julianus also served in the emperor's inner circle, the consilium principis, which functioned something like a modern cabinet, directing new legislation, but also sometimes like a court of law. "Hadrian organized it as a permanent council composed of members (jurists, high imperial functionaries of equestrian rank, and senators) appointed for life (consiliarii)." In the 4th-century Historia Augusta, the Emperor Hadrian's consilium principis included Julianus. Though Julianus for decades served several emperors in succession, at high levels of the Roman imperial government, to investigate the details of his jurisprudence his written works on law are the primary sources. "The task of his life consisted, in the first place, in the final consolidation of the edictal law; and, secondly, in the composition of his great Digest in ninety books." Life and career Julianus was born during the last years of the Emperor Trajan (r. 98–117), probably at the village of Pupput near the Roman colony of Hadrumetum, on the east coast of Africa Province (now modern Sousse in Tunisia). Apparently he came from a Latin-speaking family. At Hadrumetum, an inscription has been discovered which describes his career in office. He studied law with Javolenus Priscus, the head of the Sabinian school of legal thought. Julianus refers to Javolenus in his mature legal writings. Even as a young man he was renowned for his learning. According to his contemporary the Roman jurist Sextus Pomponius, Julianus (along with Aburnius Valens and Tuscianus) eventually came to lead for a time this very influential school of jurisprudence. A student of Julianus, namely Sextus Caecilius Africanus, perhaps later followed as the head of this Sabinian school. During the Principate the classical Roman law flourished. Two schools of legal thought contended: the Proculian (earlier linked to Labeo) and the Sabinian. It appears there was some rivalry between Julianus, who led the Sabinian, and another Roman jurist, a contemporary named Publius Iuventius Celsus, who led the Proculian. Neither one quoted the other in his writings, apparently. Among long-standing, close colleagues of Julianus were the aforementioned jurists Africanus and Pomponius. During this period Hadrian (r.117–138) also appointed Julianus to revise into final form the Praetor's Edict, which up until then had been announced annually. Thereafter, Iulianus became occupied with writing his own substantial commentary on developments in Roman law, his celebrated Digestorum libri xc . Under the next emperor, Antoninus Pius, Julianus continued serving in the imperial council, the consilium principis. Subsequently, he became governor of Germania Inferior under Antoninus Pius, and later governor of Hispania Tarraconensis under the emperor Marcus Aurelius. Julianus then returned to his native region where, c. 168–169, he concluded his career as proconsul of Africa Province. He seems to have died during the co-reign of Lucius Verus (r.161-169). Little is known of his private life. Yet Julianus (whose own date of birth is uncertain) evidently was related to the emperor Didius Iulianus (133–193, r.193). Perhaps through his daughter from Hadrumetum, who married into "one of the most prominent families of Mediolanum" (modern Milan), he became the grandfather of Didius Iulianus, or else his uncle. Yet Didius was unfortunately a notorious scoundrel, who nonetheless was evidently raised by the mother of the noble Emperor Marcus Aurelius (r.161–180). Legal works Senatus Populusque Romanus. The Praetor's Edict Soon after 125, the emperor Hadrian appointed Julianus to collect and revise all the edicta praetorum or Praetors' Edicts available. For centuries each incoming praetor urbanus had issued these annual edicts, which announced his legal positions for the next year. "The contents of the praetorian Edict can be summed up as constituting the praetor's programme of office: he is announcing to the public, at the beginning of his term, how he intends to exercise his office." For centuries, until the end of the Republic (to 44 BC), this document had been a most influential and pervasive legal authority in Roman law. By the 2nd century, however, the Praetor's Edict merely might adopt novel procedures to enforce new legislation made elsewhere, e.g., by imperial enactment. In a senatus consultum, Hadrian directed that the revision by Iulianus thereafter be made perpetual. Professor Michael Grant writes that his revision proved to be of some use to the poor. Another scholar writes, "The Edict, that masterpiece of republican jurisprudence, became stabilized. ... By order of the famous jurist Julian settled the final form of the praetorian and aedilician Edicts." Yet our sources for this major reform are "meagre and late", so that it "is difficult to tell what Julianus in fact did." A key feature of the Praetor's Edict was its organisational scheme, the order in which the various subjects of the law are presented. This sequence had obviously "grown up gradually from one generation to another. How far Julian's final redaction departs from the hitherto traditional arrangement we have not the means of judging save in some exceptional cases." Nonetheless, certain changes in the Edict wrought by Julianus are well known, e.g., regarding intestate succession, that affecting shares of inheritance among children in the Bonorum possessio unde liberi. Moreover, his other alterations do not seem problematic. It was this received "edictal order of topics" that was already widely used in juristic works of the Principate, during the classical period of Roman Law. Among Roman jurists, "Julian's work on the Edict was traditionally regarded as of great importance he is repeatedly spoken of as compositor, conditor, ordinator of the Edict." His Digesta in 90 books Of his own writings, his principal work was the Digesta, a systematic treatise on civil and praetorian law which was often cited by Roman legal writers. “It is a comprehensive collection of responsa on real and hypothetical cases; in general, it followed the edictal system.” The works of Iulianus, in particular his Digesta, "are among the most highly appreciated products of Roman juristic literature." Prof. Schulz, however, notes the reluctance of classical Roman jurists to formulate principles. "Even in the more theoretical works, such as Julian's... Digesta, case law is dominant, and no attempt is made to translate the cases into abstract principles." This literature, however, does employ "casuistical form" rather than "simply strung together" responsa. "roblems are considered from the point of view of general theory, with the result that imagined cases play a considerable, perhaps even a predominant, part. But even so, a plain statement of the theoretical result of the cases, a formulation of the principle to be deduced from them, is avoided." Other scholars remark on the ascendancy that his writings earned Julianus. According to Prof. Buckland, his presence worked to transcend the opposing schools or sects of Roman law which had continued for several centuries. Prof. Sohm states: "His vast acquaintance with practical case-law, the ingenuity of his own countless decisions, his genius for bringing out, in each separate case, the general rule of law which, tersely and pithily put, strikes the mind with all the force of a brilliant aphorism and sheds its light over the whole subject around--these are the features which constitute the power of his work. Roman jurisprudence had completed its dialectic training under Labeo and Sabinus, and the time had now arrived for applying to the immense mass of materials the principles, categories, and points of view that had been thus worked out. Julian's Digest exhibited Roman jurisprudence in all its strength, and its success was proportionately great. ... From the time of Salvius Julianus, and as a consequence of his labors, there was but one jurisprudence, and the lines on which it was progressing were those marked out by him." The purpose of his Digesta was to expound the whole of Roman law. "It contains a collection of responsa of the most varied kinds: answers by letter, answers in disputations (to be inferred when the answer is introduced by dixi), true responsa in the technical sense, and answers to questions which occurred to the author in the course of theoretical speculation." Other works It is known that "Julianus also wrote commentaries on works of two earlier, little known jurists, Urseius Felix and Minicius , and a booklet De ambiguitatibus ." Excerpts in Corpus Juris Civilis Following are short quotations of Julianus (c. 110 – c. 170) presented, chiefly from his Digesta, also from his Minicius and his Urseius, taken from among Julian's hundreds found in the Corpus Juris Civilis (Byzantium 533), as commissioned and promulgated by the Emperor Justinian I (r.527–565), namely, in that part of the Corpus called the Digesta Iustiniani, in 50 books. These quotations are translated here by Alan Watson as The Digest of Justinian, published by the University of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia 1985), two volumes. Traditional Digest citation (book, chapter, source) follows the quotation. libri 7 digestorum: "If the seller has misrepresented the condition of a farm but not its measurements, he is still liable to the buyer; for example, suppose he said there were fifty jugera of vineyard and fifty of meadow, and the meadow is found to be larger but there are one hundred jugera in all." 19.1.22 libri 13 digestorum: "When we indeed agree on the thing delivered but differ over the grounds of delivery, I see no reason why the delivery should not be effective. ... Again, if I give you coined money as a gift and you receive it as a loan, it is settled law that the fact that we disagree on the grounds of delivery and acceptance is no barrier to the transfer of ownership to you." 41.1.36 libri 15 digestorum: "It is not possible for every point to be specifically dealt with either in statutes or in senatus consulta; but whenever in any case their sense is clear, the president of the tribunal ought to proceed by analogical reasoning and declare the law accordingly." 1.3.12 libri 27 digestorum: "We cannot follow a rule of law in instances where there has been a decision against the ratio juris. 1.3.15 libri 54 digestorum: "The nature of a cavil, which the Greeks call sorites, is this, that the argument leads by short steps from what is evidently true to what is evidently false." 50.17.65 libri 59 digestorum: " person conceived after his grandfather's death can neither take the estate on the latter's intestacy as suus heres nor receive bonorum possessio as cognate relative, because the Law of the Twelve Tables calls to the inheritance a person who has been alive at the time of the death of the man whose property is in question." 38.16.6 libri 84 digestorum: "Age-encrusted custom is not undeservedly cherished as having almost statutory force, and this is the kind of law which is said to be established by use and wont. For given that statutes themselves are binding upon us for no other reason than that they have been accepted by the judgment of the populace, certainly it is fitting that what the populace has accepted without any writing shall be binding upon everyone. What does it matter whether the people declares its will by voting or by the very substance of its actions? Accordingly, it is absolutely right to accept the point that statutes may be repealed not only by vote of the legislature but also by the silent agreement of everyone expressed through desuetude." 1.3.32:1 libri 88 digestorum: "Whenever anyone stipulates for oil under a time clause or other condition, its value ought to be assessed when the obligation vests; for from that moment it can be sued for. If it is otherwise, the loss is the debtor's." 45.1.59 libri 6 minicius: "If it is agreed that a landlord should not bring an action against a tenant and there was a lawful ground for the agreement, the tenant nevertheless can bring an action against the landlord." 2.14.56 libri 3 urseius ferax: "A man agreed to buy land from one who had mortgaged it to a third party, provided that the vendor discharged the encumbrance before the first of July. The question was whether the purchaser could effectively bring the action on purchase to require the vendor to redeem the land. The reply was: Let us consider what was agreed between the parties. If their agreement was that come what may, the vendor should redeem the land before the first of July, the action on purchase will lie for its redemption and the sale will not be regarded as conditional, as though the purchaser said, 'I will buy the land, if you redeem it by the first of July' or 'provided that you redeem it in that time from Titius.' But if the purchase were made under condition, there will be no action to get the condition realized." 18.1.41 Influence and legacy Among Roman jurists His opinions influenced many other jurists, thanks to the clarity and finesse of his reasoning, as is demonstrated by the fact that, in the Digest, there are 457 fragments written by Iulianus. His name also appears first in the list of contributing jurisprudents prepared by order of Justinian, the Index Florentinus. Centuries after his death, Emperor Justinianus would refer to him as legum et edicti perpetui suptilissimus conditor. The 2nd-century Digesta of Salvius Iulianus was repeatedly excerpted, hundreds of times, by the compilers of the 6th-century Pandectae (or Digest), created under the authority of the Byzantine emperor Justinian I (r. 527–565). This imperial Pandect or Digest (part of the Corpus Juris Civilis) was meant by the emperor to serve as a compendium of juristic experience and learning, being drawn from the works of prior Roman jurists. "It has been thought that Justinian's compilers used as the basis of their scheme: in any case nearly 500 passages are quoted from it." Julian died during the reign of the philosophical emperor Marcus Aurelius (r.161-180), who described him in a rescript as amicus noster. "His fame did not lessen as time went on, for later Emperors speak of him in the most laudatory terms. ... Justinian speaks of him as the most illustrious of the jurists." Among modern scholars "ome modern authorities would regard as the greatest of all the Roman jurists, not excluding even Papinian." "With Iulianus, the Roman jurisprudence reached its apogee." Professor William Warwick Buckland and Professor Peter Stein take stock of Iulianus, his rôle and style, and compare him to a great jurist who flourished during the 18th century: No other jurist exercised so great an influence on the destinies of the law." His Digest was a comprehensive treatise on both civil and praetorian law. ... The principal characteristics of Julian's work seem to be a very lucid style and a clear recognition of the fact that legal conceptions must move with the times. He seems to have played somewhat the part which Lord Mansfield did in English law. He did a great work of co-ordination and generalisation, sweeping away unreal and pedantic distinctions. Karlowa justly observes that the appearance of Julian was epoch-making. Professor Fritz Schulz places the Roman jurist Iulianus in the context of the growth and development of Roman law, praising his personal contribution made when Roman jurisprudence reached its full height: The heroic age of creative geniuses and daring pioneers had passed away with the Republic. Now their ideas were to be developed to the full and elaborated down to the last detail. The culminating point in the curve of this development lies unquestionably with the age of Trajan and Hadrian, when the Principate itself reached its zenith. Julian's Digesta are the greatest product of Roman jurisprudence; they dominate legal science till the end of the Principate. After Julian a slight decline is sometimes observable, but on the whole the science of law remained on the same high level till the middle of the third century. See also Africanus Pomponius Sabinus Labeo Celsus Papinian Ulpian Principate Hadrian References ^ H. F. Jolowicz and Barry Nicholas, Historical Introduction to the Study of Roman Law (Cambridge University 1932 by Jolowicz; 3d ed. 1972 by Nicholas) at 384–385. ^ Adolph Berger, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society 1953), "Consilium principis" at 408. ^ The Historia Augusta purports to be a 3rd-century collection of biographies on Roman emperors written by six different authors. Scholarly consensus now accepts Hermann Dessau's 1889 theory that it is a late 4th-century work by one author. Anthony Birley, "Introduction" 7–22, at 7–8, to the Lives of the later Caesars (Penguin 1976), a partial translation of the Historia August. Thus it was probably the fictitious "Aelius Spartianus" who purportedly wrote, e.g., the Vita Hadriani (at 57–87), and other biographies contained therein. ^ Rudolph Sohm, Institutionen. Ein Lehrbuch der Geschichte und System des römischen Privatrechts (Leipzig: Duncker und Humblot 1883, 12th ed. 1905), translated as The Institutes. A textbook of the History and System of Roman Private Law (London: Oxford University, Clarendon Press, 3d ed. 1907; reprint: Augustus Kelly 1970) at 97–98. ^ H. F. Jolowicz and Barry Nicholas, Historical Introduction to the Study of Roman Law (Cambridge University 1932 by Jolowicz; 3d ed. 1972 by Nicholas) at 384 text and note 4. ^ a b Diana Bowder, editor, Who Was Who in the Roman World (Ithaca: Cornell University 1980) at 119. ^ Julianus, his Digesta, at book 42; i.e., Iulianus, liber xlii, digestorum. ^ Centuries later this short text concerning manumissions was quoted in the Digest (or Pandectae) of Justinian (r.527–565); in it Iulianus refers to Javolenus as "praeceptorem meum" . ^ Digesta Iustiniani (Byzantium 533), edited by Theodor Mommsen (1818-1903), translated by Alan Watson as The Digest of Justinian (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania 1985), volume II: at 40.2.5 (book, chapter, source), "For my part, since I remember that my teacher, Javolenus, had manumitted... ." ^ a b c d Adolph Berger, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society 1953), "Iulianus" at 522. ^ Yet Prof. Buckland writes, "The last recorded chief of the Sabinians, was too strong to be bound by the traditions of any school." W. W. Buckland, A Text-Book of Roman Law from Augustus to Justinian (Cambridge University 1923, 3d ed. revised by Peter Stein, 1966) at 29. ^ Fritz Schulz, History of Roman Legal Science (Oxford University 1946, 1967) at 99, 126. Roman law's classical period is said to begin with Augustus (r.31 BC–AD 14) and end as Diocletian (r.284–305) was starting the next bureaucratic period. ^ H. F. Jolowicz and Barry Nicholas, Historical Introduction to the Study of Roman Law (Cambridge University 1932 by Jolowicz; 3d ed. 1972 by Nicholas) at 385. ^ Rudolph Sohm, The Institutes. History and system of Roman private law (Leipzig 1883; Oxford Univ. 3d ed. 1907; reprint 1970) at 98. ^ Of the opinions of Iulianus, many were published with commentary by his student Africanus. Adolph Berger, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society 1953), "Africanus" at 356. ^ Fritz Schulz, History of Roman Legal Science (Oxford University 1946, 1967) at 105 (offices held); 127, 148–152 (Edicta praetorum); 130–132, 229–30 (Digestorum libri xc). ^ Cf., Julius Capitolinus, "Antoninus Pius", 96-107, at 106, in the Historia Augusta translated by Anthony Birley as Lives of the later Caesars (Penguin 1976). ^ W. W. Buckland, A Text-Book of Roman Law (Cambridge University 1923, 3d ed. revised by Peter Stein, 1966) at 29. ^ Cf., Aelius Spartianus, "Didius Iulianus" in the Historia Augusta, translated as Lives of the later Caesars (Penguin 1976), 192–200, at 192 ("his maternal grandfather from the colony of Hadrumetum "). ^ Cf., Michael Grant, The Roman Emperors (New York: Scribner's 1985; reprint Barnes & Noble 1997), "Didius" at 105 ("his mother, a North African, was a close relative of Salvius Iulianus, the outstanding lawyer of Hadrian's reign"). ^ Compare: H. F. Jolowicz and Barry Nicholas, Historical Introduction to the Study of Roman Law (Cambridge University 1932 by Jolowicz; 3d ed. 1972 by Nicholas) at 384 note 4. Here: "great grandfather", "grandfather", or "uncle". ^ Michael Grant, The Roman Emperors (New York: Scribner's 1985; reprint Barnes & Noble 1997), "Didius Julianus" at 105–08. ^ Fritz Schulz, History of Roman Legal Science (Oxford University 1946, 1967) at 150. ^ Alan Watson, Law Making in the latter Roman Republic (Oxford University 1974), chapter 3, "Development of the Praetor's Edict", 31–62, e.g., at 35 (summarising the Edict from the 3rd century to 100 BC when follows the "main period of the Edict"). ^ W. W. Buckland, Text-book on Roman Law. From Augustus to Justinian (Cambridge University 1921, 3rd ed. 1963), the third edition (posthumous) as revised by Peter Stein, at 8-10. ^ Constitutio Tanta (533), per Buckland, A Text-Book of Roman Law (1921 3d ed. 1966 rev'd by Stein) at 10 note 5. ^ Michael Grant, The Roman Emperors (New York: Scribner's 1985; reprint Barnes & Noble 1997), at 79-80. ^ Fritz Schulz, History of Roman Legal Science (Oxford University 1946, 1967) at 127. "The edictal system is so important in the history of juristic systematization... ." Schulz (1946, 1967) at 148. ^ H. F. Jolowicz and Barry Nicholas, Historical Introduction to the Study of Roman Law (Cambridge University 1932 by Jolowicz; 3d ed. 1972 by Nicholas) at 356–57. ^ Called the nova clausula Juliani de conjungendis, &c. Rudolph Sohm, Institutionen (Leipzig 1883), translated as The Institutes. History and system of Roman private law (Oxford University 1907; reprint Kelly 1970), at 531–532 text and at note 3. ^ Fritz Schulz, History of Roman Legal Science (Oxford University 1946, 1967): Edicta, Edictum perpetuum at 126–127, 152 (quote); classical juristic works at 189–190. ^ W. W. Buckland, A Text-Book of Roman Law (Cambridge University 1923; 3d ed. revised by Peter Stein, 1966) at 10. ^ "'All abstract formulations in private law are dangerous; they generally prove fallacious': this saying of Iavolenus is more than a casual remark; it voices the intimate conviction of the second century jurist." In a later age, Justinian's compilers "cherished" and searched for reductions of "case law" to "abstract principles", precisely what "the classical jurists purposely refrained from doing". Fritz Schulz, History of Roman Legal Science (Oxford University 1946, 1967) at 130. ^ Fritz Schulz, History of Roman Legal Science (Oxford University 1946, 1967) at 130–131. ^ W. W. Buckland, A Text-Book of Roman Law (Cambridge University 1923; 3d ed. as revised by Peter Stein, 1966) at 26 (sects or schools), at 29 (Digesta of Julianus). ^ Rudolph Sohm, The Institutes. A Textbook of the History and System of Roman Private Law (Leipzig 1883, 1905; Oxford University, 3d ed. 1907; reprint 1970) at 98. ^ Fritz Schulz, History of Roman Legal Science (Oxford University 1946, 1967) at 229–30: the Digestorum libri xc of Julian. ^ The Digest of Justinian translated by Alan Watson (University of Pennsylvania 1985) at vol. I: lxxiii. ^ Fritz Schulz, History of Roman Legal Science (Oxford University 1946, 1967) at 230: the De ambiguitatibus liber singularis, "probably a post-classical abridgement of Julian's Digesta, with comments by the epitomist." ^ Constitutio Tanta 18. The Tanta was Justinian's enactment text of December 16, 533, which promulgated the Digest. Adolph Berger, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society 1953), "Digesta Iustiniani" at 436-437, "Tanta" at 730, "Dedoken" at 427. ^ W. W. Buckland, Text-book on Roman Law (Cambridge University 1921, 3rd ed. 1963 rev. by P. Stein), at 29. Yet in Justinian's 6th-century Digest many more passages are quoted from other Roman jurists, and Iulianus "is not one of the five singled out for citation in the Law of Citations ...no doubt due to his early date." Buckland (1963) at 29. ^ The Pandect, in addition to its official rôle as part of the controlling law of the eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire, also became a principal source for the medieval study of Roman Law in western Europe. Peter Stein, Roman Law in European History (Cambridge University 1999) at 43–45. Stein quotes from a letter of the famous, 19th-century English legal historian F. W. Maitland: "The Digest was the only book in which medieval students could obtain a knowledge of Roman law at its best. ...but for the Digest Roman law could never have reconquered the world. ...it was only in the Digest that could get any notion of keen and exact legal argument, precise definition etc." Stein (1999) at 44. ^ The Latin amicus noster signifies "our friend". ^ W. W. Buckland, Text-book on Roman Law. (Cambridge University 1921, 3rd ed. 1963 by P. Stein) at 29, at 29 n.5. ^ H. F. Jolowicz and Barry Nicholas, Historical Introduction to the Study of Roman Law (Cambridge University 1932, by Jolowicz; 3d ed. 1972, by Nicholas) at 385. ^ The work of Lord Mansfield, who was learned in the civil law derived from the Roman, helped to modernize the commercial law of England, despite his being somewhat 'heritical'. W. S. Holdsworth, Sources and Literature of English Law (Oxford University 1925, 1952) at 218–221. The analogy of Mansfield to Justinian pertains to their leadership rôle. ^ W. W. Buckland, Text-book on Roman Law (Cambridge University 1921, 3rd ed. 1963 rev'd by P. Stein) at p. 29. ^ W. W. Buckland, Text-book on Roman Law (Cambridge University Press 1921, 3rd ed. 1963 rev'd by P. Stein) at 29–30. ^ Fritz Schulz, History of Roman Legal Science (Oxford University 1946, 1967) at 99. Political offices Preceded bySextus Cocceius Severianus HonorinusGaius Popilius Carus Pedoas suffecti Roman consul AD 148with Gaius Bellicius Calpurnius Torquatus Succeeded bySatyrius FirmusGaius Salvius Capitoas suffecti Authority control databases International FAST ISNI 2 VIAF 2 3 4 5 6 National Norway Spain France BnF data Germany Italy United States Netherlands Vatican 2 3 4 People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"jurist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurist"},{"link_name":"public official","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_official"},{"link_name":"politician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politician"},{"link_name":"Roman imperial state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Hadrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian"},{"link_name":"Antoninus Pius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Pius"},{"link_name":"Marcus Aurelius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius"},{"link_name":"Lucius Verus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Verus"},{"link_name":"quaestor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaestor"},{"link_name":"plebeian tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebeian_tribune"},{"link_name":"praetor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetor"},{"link_name":"praefectus aerarii Saturni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerarium_Saturni"},{"link_name":"praefectus aerarii militaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerarium_militare"},{"link_name":"consul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consul"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"consilium principis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consilium_principis"},{"link_name":"cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_(government)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Historia Augusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Augusta"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Hadrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Lucius Octavius Cornelius Publius Salvius Iulianus Aemilianus (c. 110 – c. 170), generally referred to as Salvius Julianus, or Julian the Jurist, or simply Julianus, was a well known and respected jurist, public official, and politician who served in the Roman imperial state. Of north African origin, he was active during the long reigns of the emperors Hadrian (r. 117–138), Antoninus Pius (r. 138–161), and Marcus Aurelius (r. 161–180), as well as the shorter reign of Marcus Aurelius' first co-Emperor, Lucius Verus (r. 161–169).In the Roman government, Julianus gradually rose in rank through a traditional series of offices. He was successively quaestor to the Emperor Hadrian (with double the usual salary), plebeian tribune, praetor, praefectus aerarii Saturni, and praefectus aerarii militaris, before assuming the high annual office of Roman consul in 148.[1] Julianus also served in the emperor's inner circle, the consilium principis, which functioned something like a modern cabinet, directing new legislation, but also sometimes like a court of law. \"Hadrian organized it as a permanent council composed of members (jurists, high imperial functionaries of equestrian rank, and senators) appointed for life (consiliarii).\"[2] In the 4th-century Historia Augusta,[3] the Emperor Hadrian's consilium principis included Julianus.Though Julianus for decades served several emperors in succession, at high levels of the Roman imperial government, to investigate the details of his jurisprudence his written works on law are the primary sources. \"The task of his life consisted, in the first place, in the final consolidation of the edictal law; and, secondly, in the composition of his great Digest in ninety books.\"[4]","title":"Salvius Julianus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pupput","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupput"},{"link_name":"Hadrumetum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrumetum"},{"link_name":"Africa Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Province"},{"link_name":"Sousse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sousse"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Diana_Bowder_1980-6"},{"link_name":"Javolenus Priscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javolenus_Priscus"},{"link_name":"Sabinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masurius_Sabinus"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Sextus Pomponius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sextus_Pomponius"},{"link_name":"jurisprudence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisprudence"},{"link_name":"Sextus Caecilius Africanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sextus_Caecilius_Africanus"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Adolph_Berger_1953-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Principate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principate"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Labeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Antistius_Labeo"},{"link_name":"Publius Iuventius Celsus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Iuventius_Celsus"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Praetor's Edict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetor%27s_Edict"},{"link_name":"Roman law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_law"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Antoninus Pius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Pius"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"governor of Germania Inferior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_governors_of_Germania_Inferior"},{"link_name":"governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_governor"},{"link_name":"Hispania Tarraconensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispania_Tarraconensis"},{"link_name":"proconsul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proconsul"},{"link_name":"Africa Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Province"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Diana_Bowder_1980-6"},{"link_name":"Lucius Verus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Verus"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Didius Iulianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didius_Iulianus"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Marcus Aurelius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Julianus was born during the last years of the Emperor Trajan (r. 98–117), probably at the village of Pupput near the Roman colony of Hadrumetum, on the east coast of Africa Province (now modern Sousse in Tunisia). Apparently he came from a Latin-speaking family. At Hadrumetum, an inscription has been discovered which describes his career in office.[5][6]He studied law with Javolenus Priscus, the head of the Sabinian school of legal thought. Julianus refers to Javolenus in his mature legal writings.[7][8][9] Even as a young man he was renowned for his learning. According to his contemporary the Roman jurist Sextus Pomponius, Julianus (along with Aburnius Valens and Tuscianus) eventually came to lead for a time this very influential school of jurisprudence. A student of Julianus, namely Sextus Caecilius Africanus, perhaps later followed as the head of this Sabinian school.[10][11]During the Principate the classical Roman law flourished.[12] Two schools of legal thought contended: the Proculian (earlier linked to Labeo) and the Sabinian. It appears there was some rivalry between Julianus, who led the Sabinian, and another Roman jurist, a contemporary named Publius Iuventius Celsus, who led the Proculian. Neither one quoted the other in his writings, apparently.[13] Among long-standing, close colleagues of Julianus were the aforementioned jurists Africanus and Pomponius.[14][15]During this period Hadrian (r.117–138) also appointed Julianus to revise into final form the Praetor's Edict, which up until then had been announced annually. Thereafter, Iulianus became occupied with writing his own substantial commentary on developments in Roman law, his celebrated Digestorum libri xc [Digesta in 90 books].[16]Under the next emperor, Antoninus Pius, Julianus continued serving in the imperial council, the consilium principis.[17] Subsequently, he became governor of Germania Inferior under Antoninus Pius, and later governor of Hispania Tarraconensis under the emperor Marcus Aurelius. Julianus then returned to his native region where, c. 168–169, he concluded his career as proconsul of Africa Province.[6] He seems to have died during the co-reign of Lucius Verus (r.161-169).[18]Little is known of his private life. Yet Julianus (whose own date of birth is uncertain) evidently was related to the emperor Didius Iulianus (133–193, r.193). Perhaps through his daughter from Hadrumetum, who married into \"one of the most prominent families of Mediolanum\" (modern Milan), he became the grandfather of Didius Iulianus, or else his uncle.[19][20][21] Yet Didius was unfortunately a notorious scoundrel, who nonetheless was evidently raised by the mother of the noble Emperor Marcus Aurelius (r.161–180).[22]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_SPQR_banner.svg"}],"text":"Senatus Populusque Romanus.","title":"Legal works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Praetors' Edicts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetor%27s_Edict"},{"link_name":"praetor urbanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetor"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_republic"},{"link_name":"Roman law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_law"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"senatus consultum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senatus_consultum"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"aedilician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aedile"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"intestate succession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intestate_succession"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"The Praetor's Edict","text":"Soon after 125, the emperor Hadrian appointed Julianus to collect and revise all the edicta praetorum or Praetors' Edicts available. For centuries each incoming praetor urbanus had issued these annual edicts, which announced his legal positions for the next year. \"The contents of the praetorian Edict can be summed up as constituting the praetor's programme of office: he is announcing to the public, at the beginning of his term, how he intends to exercise his office.\"[23] For centuries, until the end of the Republic (to 44 BC), this document had been a most influential and pervasive legal authority in Roman law.[24] By the 2nd century, however, the Praetor's Edict merely might adopt novel procedures to enforce new legislation made elsewhere, e.g., by imperial enactment. In a senatus consultum, Hadrian directed that the revision by Iulianus thereafter be made perpetual.[25][26] Professor Michael Grant writes that his revision proved to be of some use to the poor.[27] Another scholar writes, \"The Edict, that masterpiece of republican jurisprudence, became stabilized. ... By order of [Hadrian] the famous jurist Julian settled the final form of the praetorian and aedilician Edicts.\"[28]Yet our sources for this major reform are \"meagre and late\", so that it \"is difficult to tell what Julianus in fact did.\"[29] A key feature of the Praetor's Edict was its organisational scheme, the order in which the various subjects of the law are presented. This sequence had obviously \"grown up gradually from one generation to another. How far Julian's final redaction departs from the hitherto traditional arrangement we have not the means of judging save in some exceptional cases.\" Nonetheless, certain changes in the Edict wrought by Julianus are well known, e.g., regarding intestate succession, that affecting shares of inheritance among children in the Bonorum possessio unde liberi.[30] Moreover, his other alterations do not seem problematic. It was this received \"edictal order of topics\" that was already widely used in juristic works of the Principate, during the classical period of Roman Law.[31] Among Roman jurists, \"Julian's work on the Edict was traditionally regarded as of great importance [as] he is repeatedly spoken of as compositor, conditor, ordinator of the Edict.\"[32]","title":"Legal works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"responsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responsa"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Adolph_Berger_1953-10"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Labeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Antistius_Labeo"},{"link_name":"Sabinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masurius_Sabinus"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"His Digesta in 90 books","text":"Of his own writings, his principal work was the Digesta, a systematic treatise on civil and praetorian law which was often cited by Roman legal writers. “It is a comprehensive collection of responsa on real and hypothetical cases; in general, it followed the edictal system.” The works of Iulianus, in particular his Digesta, \"are among the most highly appreciated products of Roman juristic literature.\"[10]Prof. Schulz, however, notes the reluctance of classical Roman jurists to formulate principles.[33] \"Even in the more theoretical works, such as Julian's... Digesta, case law is dominant, and no attempt is made to translate the cases into abstract principles.\" This literature, however, does employ \"casuistical form\" rather than \"simply strung together\" responsa.\"[P]roblems are considered from the point of view of general theory, with the result that imagined cases play a considerable, perhaps even a predominant, part. But even so, a plain statement of the theoretical result of the cases, a formulation of the principle to be deduced from them, is avoided.\"[34]Other scholars remark on the ascendancy that his writings earned Julianus. According to Prof. Buckland, his presence worked to transcend the opposing schools or sects of Roman law which had continued for several centuries.[35] Prof. Sohm states:\"His vast acquaintance with practical case-law, the ingenuity of his own countless decisions, his genius for bringing out, in each separate case, the general rule of law which, tersely and pithily put, strikes the mind with all the force of a brilliant aphorism and sheds its light over the whole subject around--these are the features which constitute the power of his work. Roman jurisprudence had completed its dialectic training under Labeo and Sabinus, and the time had now arrived for applying to the immense mass of materials the principles, categories, and points of view that had been thus worked out. Julian's Digest exhibited Roman jurisprudence in all its strength, and its success was proportionately great. ... From the time of Salvius Julianus, and as a consequence of his labors, there was but one jurisprudence, and the lines on which it was progressing were those marked out by him.\"[36]The purpose of his Digesta was to expound the whole of Roman law. \"It contains a collection of responsa of the most varied kinds: answers by letter, answers in disputations (to be inferred when the answer is introduced by dixi), true responsa in the technical sense, and answers to questions which occurred to the author in the course of theoretical speculation.\"[37]","title":"Legal works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Adolph_Berger_1953-10"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"Other works","text":"It is known that \"Julianus also wrote commentaries on works of two earlier, [now] little known jurists, Urseius Felix [Urseius, 4 books] and Minicius [Minicius, 6 books], and a booklet De ambiguitatibus [On doubtful questions].\"[10][38][39]","title":"Legal works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Corpus Juris Civilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Civilis"},{"link_name":"Justinian I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian_I"},{"link_name":"Digesta Iustiniani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digest_(Roman_law)"},{"link_name":"Alan Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Watson_(legal_scholar)"}],"sub_title":"Excerpts in Corpus Juris Civilis","text":"Following are short quotations of Julianus (c. 110 – c. 170) presented, chiefly from his Digesta, also from his Minicius and his Urseius, taken from among Julian's hundreds found in the Corpus Juris Civilis (Byzantium 533), as commissioned and promulgated by the Emperor Justinian I (r.527–565), namely, in that part of the Corpus called the Digesta Iustiniani, in 50 books. These quotations are translated here by Alan Watson as The Digest of Justinian, published by the University of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia 1985), two volumes. Traditional Digest citation (book, chapter, source) follows the quotation.libri 7 digestorum: \"If the seller has misrepresented the condition of a farm but not its measurements, he is still liable to the buyer; for example, suppose he said there were fifty jugera of vineyard and fifty of meadow, and the meadow is found to be larger but there are one hundred jugera in all.\" 19.1.22\nlibri 13 digestorum: \"When we indeed agree on the thing delivered but differ over the grounds of delivery, I see no reason why the delivery should not be effective. ... Again, if I give you coined money as a gift and you receive it as a loan, it is settled law that the fact that we disagree on the grounds of delivery and acceptance is no barrier to the transfer of ownership to you.\" 41.1.36\nlibri 15 digestorum: \"It is not possible for every point to be specifically dealt with either in statutes or in senatus consulta; but whenever in any case their sense is clear, the president of the tribunal ought to proceed by analogical reasoning and declare the law accordingly.\" 1.3.12\nlibri 27 digestorum: \"We cannot follow a rule of law in instances where there has been a decision against the ratio juris. 1.3.15 [Here, the latin text at the top of the article: In his, quae contra rationem iuris constituta sunt, non possumus sequi regulam iuris.]\nlibri 54 digestorum: \"The nature of a cavil, which the Greeks call sorites, is this, that the argument leads by short steps from what is evidently true to what is evidently false.\" 50.17.65\nlibri 59 digestorum: \"[A] person conceived after his grandfather's death can neither take the estate on the latter's intestacy as suus heres nor receive bonorum possessio as cognate relative, because the Law of the Twelve Tables calls to the inheritance a person who has been alive at the time of the death of the man whose property is in question.\" 38.16.6\nlibri 84 digestorum: \"Age-encrusted custom is not undeservedly cherished as having almost statutory force, and this is the kind of law which is said to be established by use and wont. For given that statutes themselves are binding upon us for no other reason than that they have been accepted by the judgment of the populace, certainly it is fitting that what the populace has accepted without any writing shall be binding upon everyone. What does it matter whether the people declares its will by voting or by the very substance of its actions? Accordingly, it is absolutely right to accept the point that statutes may be repealed not only by vote of the legislature but also by the silent agreement of everyone expressed through desuetude.\" 1.3.32:1\nlibri 88 digestorum: \"Whenever anyone stipulates for oil under a time clause or other condition, its value ought to be assessed when the obligation vests; for from that moment it can be sued for. If it is otherwise, the loss is the debtor's.\" 45.1.59\nlibri 6 minicius: \"If it is agreed that a landlord should not bring an action against a tenant and there was a lawful ground for the agreement, the tenant nevertheless can bring an action against the landlord.\" 2.14.56\nlibri 3 urseius ferax: \"A man agreed to buy land from one who had mortgaged it to a third party, provided that the vendor discharged the encumbrance before the first of July. The question was whether the purchaser could effectively bring the action on purchase to require the vendor to redeem the land. The reply was: Let us consider what was agreed between the parties. If their agreement was that come what may, the vendor should redeem the land before the first of July, the action on purchase will lie for its redemption and the sale will not be regarded as conditional, as though the purchaser said, 'I will buy the land, if you redeem it by the first of July' or 'provided that you redeem it in that time from Titius.' But if the purchase were made under condition, there will be no action to get the condition realized.\" 18.1.41","title":"Legal works"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Influence and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Justinianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinianus"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Pandectae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandectae"},{"link_name":"Byzantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine"},{"link_name":"Justinian I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian_I"},{"link_name":"Corpus Juris Civilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Civilis"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Marcus Aurelius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius"},{"link_name":"rescript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rescript"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"Among Roman jurists","text":"His opinions influenced many other jurists, thanks to the clarity and finesse of his reasoning, as is demonstrated by the fact that, in the Digest, there are 457 fragments written by Iulianus. His name also appears first in the list of contributing jurisprudents prepared by order of Justinian, the Index Florentinus. Centuries after his death, Emperor Justinianus would refer to him as legum et edicti perpetui suptilissimus conditor.[40]The 2nd-century Digesta of Salvius Iulianus was repeatedly excerpted, hundreds of times, by the compilers of the 6th-century Pandectae (or Digest), created under the authority of the Byzantine emperor Justinian I (r. 527–565). This imperial Pandect or Digest (part of the Corpus Juris Civilis) was meant by the emperor to serve as a compendium of juristic experience and learning, being drawn from the works of prior Roman jurists. \"It has been thought that Justinian's compilers used [Julian's Digest] as the basis of their scheme: in any case nearly 500 passages are quoted from it.\"[41][42]Julian died during the reign of the philosophical emperor Marcus Aurelius (r.161-180), who described him in a rescript as amicus noster.[43] \"His fame did not lessen as time went on, for later Emperors speak of him in the most laudatory terms. ... Justinian speaks of him as the most illustrious of the jurists.\"[44]","title":"Influence and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Papinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papinian"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"jurisprudence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisprudence"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Adolph_Berger_1953-10"},{"link_name":"William Warwick Buckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Warwick_Buckland"},{"link_name":"Peter Stein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Stein_(legal_scholar)"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"civil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_law"},{"link_name":"praetorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetor"},{"link_name":"Lord Mansfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Mansfield"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Fritz Schulz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Schulz_(jurist)"},{"link_name":"Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_republic"},{"link_name":"Principate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principate"},{"link_name":"Roman jurisprudence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_law"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"Among modern scholars","text":"\"[S]ome modern authorities would regard [Iulianus] as the greatest of all the Roman jurists, not excluding even Papinian.\"[45] \"With Iulianus, the Roman jurisprudence reached its apogee.\"[10] Professor William Warwick Buckland and Professor Peter Stein take stock of Iulianus, his rôle and style, and compare him to a great jurist who flourished during the 18th century:[46]No other jurist exercised so great an influence on the destinies of the law.\"[47]His Digest wasa comprehensive treatise on both civil and praetorian law. ... The principal characteristics of Julian's work seem to be a very lucid style and a clear recognition of the fact that legal conceptions must move with the times. He seems to have played somewhat the part which Lord Mansfield did in English law. He did a great work of co-ordination and generalisation, sweeping away unreal and pedantic distinctions. [Prof.] Karlowa justly observes that the appearance of Julian was epoch-making.[48]Professor Fritz Schulz places the Roman jurist Iulianus in the context of the growth and development of Roman law, praising his personal contribution made when Roman jurisprudence reached its full height:The heroic age of creative geniuses and daring pioneers had passed away with the Republic. Now their ideas were to be developed to the full and elaborated down to the last detail. The culminating point in the curve of this development lies unquestionably with the age of Trajan and Hadrian, when the Principate itself reached its zenith. Julian's Digesta are the greatest product of Roman jurisprudence; they dominate legal science till the end of the Principate. After Julian a slight decline is sometimes observable, but on the whole the science of law remained on the same high level till the middle of the third century.[49]","title":"Influence and legacy"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Hossack
Norman Hossack
["1 Early life","2 Inventions","3 Hossack suspension system","4 Racers","5 BMW K100","6 Triumph conversion","7 Post motorcycles","8 References","9 Further reading"]
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article is an autobiography or has been extensively edited by the subject or by someone connected to the subject. It may need editing to conform to Wikipedia's neutral point of view policy. There may be relevant discussion on the talk page. (March 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for biographies. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Norman Hossack" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Norman Hugh Hossack is a Scottish inventor and engineer, who invented the Hossack motorcycle front suspension system, used on some BMW Motorrad K series motorcycles. Early life This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately.Find sources: "Norman Hossack" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Norman Hossack was born in Bellshill, Scotland, and grew up in Rhodesia. Hossack's father, also an inventor, developed methods to pump water in Africa. Hossack's grandfather built and patented dry cell batteries as far back as 1910. Hossack learned to ride motorcycles at a young age on the uncluttered roads of Rhodesia. His first bikes were a BSA Bantam, a Greeves scrambler and a Ducati 250 Mach 1, which he raced. This racing bug took Hossack to the Isle of Man TT in 1969. The following year Hossack worked as mechanic for fellow Rhodesian and Manx winner Gordon Keith on a tour of the Continental racing circus. Hossack's talents were spotted by young Barry Sheene who offered him a job, but Hossack took a job with Bruce McLaren Motor Racing in 1972. Hossack spent the next three years learning his craft and honing his skills as chassis builder, mechanic, and pit crew member. Hossack worked 3 years on the Indy team, and in 1974 McLaren won the Indy 500, and the F1 championship. He was later involved with other motor racing projects including 3 stints at the 24 Hours of Le Mans, twice as race planner and manager. Inventions Hossack's first invention was his two-stroke engine, inspired by the Wankel engine, which was the holy grail of the automobile industry at the time. The first Hossack prototype engine was built in 1973 and was run in the McLaren work shop. The second engine, a more serious build, is still a runner today. The Hossack suspension system came into being in the years after Hossack left McLaren. It started with some sketches then moved to a wire coat hanger experiment. The next step was to turn it into metal which became Hossack 1, a championship winning racer. In 2001, Hossack moved to the USA designing scanners used in the medical industry. Hossack's name is on several patents in the medical devices industry. These IVUS scanners (Intra Vascular Ultrasound) are used to see inside the vessels around the heart. In 2010, Hossack turned his thinking to mountain bikes. Teased by his workmates in the Medical company he worked in, he took up the challenge. The motive here was to create an attachment to a standard bicycle frame rather than a Hossack type suspension system. Hossack suspension system The Hossack front suspension system consists of two wish-bones, an upright and steering linkage. Similar components are found on the front of all racing cars, the only significant difference being in the up-right which has its geometry rearranged. The wish-bones look and work exactly like their racing car equivalent. The up-right performs the same task as its racing car equivalent but has its axle rotated through 90 degrees and over hung. The steering link does the same job as its name sake in car suspension. There is a handle bar pivot but this carries none of the suspension loading and only has to handle the weight of the rider's upper half. The spring/damper element can be run in several different positions to achieve different conditions as is also common in the racing car world. Racers This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Norman Hossack" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) After leaving McLaren, Hossack started on motorcycle design, applying his accumulated knowledge to the design of his first machine, developing a unique front suspension system which he formulated using a wire coat hanger and a piece of wood. Wheels and parts were sourced from a scrap yard to build a rudimentary test-bed, and finally an XL500 Honda engine was donated by a friend. Although built only to test the theory, this very bike proved successful enough to graduate to the race track. Updated with Astralite wheels, it later went on to win the British Single Cylinder Championship in 1986, 1987 and 1988 ridden by Vernon Glashier, who still owns the bike. By late 1982 the third Hossack bike was ready to race and was designed to fit the 350cc Yamaha TZ and RD engines. During 1983 several well-known journalists had ridden Hossack 3, including Alan Cathcart, Ray Knight and Mat Oxley. Hossack went on to build more versions of his design for other engines which include Ducati, Suzuki and Laverda. BMW K100 Finding club racing changing towards production models Hossack next turned his hand to street models – first the PDQ Kawasaki and later a BMW K100. Hossack set himself the task with the K100 to use as many standard parts as practical and make it handle and stop better. In the process the final product was 12 lb (5.4 kg) lighter than the standard unit, and possessed all the advantages that BMW later claimed for the K series bikes. This Hossack-BMW conversion was popular in Germany where the design received a TUV type-approval for sale. One of Hossack's conversions was taken to BMW's headquarters in Munich where it was shown to their management and run on their test track. Unfortunately for Hossack, BMW were in the final stages of releasing their Telelever suspension system. Triumph conversion This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately.Find sources: "Norman Hossack" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Hossack's last bike conversion was a Triumph Trident 900 in 1994, commissioned by Formula 1 entrepreneur Keith Duckworth. This proved to be an ideal application, as the cylinder heads of the triple offered an ideal mounting point for the lower wishbone. The conversion worked well but never went further than that one prototype. Post motorcycles During the 1990s, after leaving the motorcycle design world behind, Hossack spent several years inventing machines for the packaging industry before taking a position in the medical device industry. He was involved in designing IVUS scanners which are used to visualize the vessels around the heart. That company called IRL was bought out, and the new company moved Hossack and his family to the US. Following his move to California in 2001, Hossack applied his inventiveness and engineering skills developing devices for the medical field, specializing in IVUS (Intra Vascular Ultra Sound) and is named on several patents in this field. During this time he also designed a mountain bike suspension system and applied his front suspension system to a Ducati SS 800. References ^ "BMW Motorrad International". Bmw-motorrad.com. 9 February 2015. Retrieved 26 June 2015. ^ Cameron, Kevin (January 2004). "Back to the Future". Cycle World. 43 (7): 45. ^ Holmstron Nelson, Darwin & Brian (2009). BMW Motorcycles. Motorbooks. p. 177. ISBN 9780760337486. ^ Crowe, Paul. "The Hossack Engine – a Square Piston Two Stroke". Thekneeslider.com. Retrieved 26 June 2015. ^ Foale, Tony (1984). Motorcycle Chassis Design. Osprey Publishing Ltd. pp. 91–93. ISBN 085045560X. ^ Motorcycle Sport, March 1987, pp. 123–124. Single cylinder road racing. Accessed 22 July 2018 ^ Cathcart, Alan (1988). Dream Bikes, First Edition. Macdonald Orbis. pp. 202–707. ISBN 0356155668. ^ Burr, Norman (15 June 2015). First principles : the official biography of Keith Duckworth OBE. pp. 289, 297, 300. ISBN 978-1-845845-28-5. ^ Crowe, Paul (27 August 2013). "Norman Hossack Builds a Mountain Bike Suspension". Thekneeslider.com. Retrieved 26 June 2015. ^ Crowe, Paul. "Norman Hossack Engineers a Trellis Front Suspension on a Trellis Frame Ducati 800". Thekneeslider.com. Retrieved 26 June 2015. ^ "Reportage Das Leben von Norman Hossack – Motorradnachrichten – MOTORRAD". Motorradonline.de. 30 January 2014. Retrieved 26 June 2015. Further reading Holmstrom, Darwin; Nelson, Brian J. BMW Motorcycles. MotorBooks International. pp. 177–. ISBN 978-1-61673-102-1. Cameron, Kevin (July 2004). Back to the Future; Before there was Duolever, there was Norman Hossack. p. 45. ISSN 0011-4286. {{cite book}}: |magazine= ignored (help) Foale, Tony (2006). Motorcycle Handling and Chassis Design: The Art and Science. Tony Foale. pp. 7–. ISBN 978-84-933286-3-4. Burr, Norman (15 June 2015). First principles : the official biography of Keith Duckworth OBE. pp. 289, 297, 300. ISBN 978-1-845845-28-5. Knight, Ray (June 1984). "The Hossack—A new British racer. Of frames and things; discussing, then testing, the Hossack chassis". Motorcycle Sport. pp. 271–273.
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Hossack's father, also an inventor, developed methods to pump water in Africa. Hossack's grandfather built and patented dry cell batteries as far back as 1910.Hossack learned to ride motorcycles at a young age on the uncluttered roads of Rhodesia. His first bikes were a BSA Bantam, a Greeves scrambler and a Ducati 250 Mach 1, which he raced. This racing bug took Hossack to the Isle of Man TT in 1969. The following year Hossack worked as mechanic for fellow Rhodesian and Manx winner Gordon Keith on a tour of the Continental racing circus. Hossack's talents were spotted by young Barry Sheene who offered him a job, but Hossack took a job with Bruce McLaren Motor Racing in 1972. Hossack spent the next three years learning his craft and honing his skills as chassis builder, mechanic, and pit crew member. Hossack worked 3 years on the Indy team, and in 1974 McLaren won the Indy 500, and the F1 championship. He was later involved with other motor racing projects including 3 stints at the 24 Hours of Le Mans, twice as race planner and manager.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wankel engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wankel_engine"},{"link_name":"McLaren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLaren"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"medical devices industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_device"},{"link_name":"IVUS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravascular_ultrasound"},{"link_name":"mountain bikes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_bike"}],"text":"Hossack's first invention was his two-stroke engine, inspired by the Wankel engine, which was the holy grail of the automobile industry at the time. The first Hossack prototype engine was built in 1973 and was run in the McLaren work shop. The second engine, a more serious build, is still a runner today.[4]The Hossack suspension system came into being in the years after Hossack left McLaren. It started with some sketches then moved to a wire coat hanger experiment. The next step was to turn it into metal which became Hossack 1, a championship winning racer.In 2001, Hossack moved to the USA designing scanners used in the medical industry. Hossack's name is on several patents in the medical devices industry. These IVUS scanners (Intra Vascular Ultrasound) are used to see inside the vessels around the heart.In 2010, Hossack turned his thinking to mountain bikes. Teased by his workmates in the Medical company he worked in, he took up the challenge. The motive here was to create an attachment to a standard bicycle frame rather than a Hossack type suspension system.","title":"Inventions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"wish-bones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_wishbone_suspension"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Hossack front suspension system consists of two wish-bones, an upright and steering linkage.[5] Similar components are found on the front of all racing cars, the only significant difference being in the up-right which has its geometry rearranged. The wish-bones look and work exactly like their racing car equivalent. The up-right performs the same task as its racing car equivalent but has its axle rotated through 90 degrees and over hung. The steering link does the same job as its name sake in car suspension. There is a handle bar pivot but this carries none of the suspension loading and only has to handle the weight of the rider's upper half. The spring/damper element can be run in several different positions to achieve different conditions as is also common in the racing car world.","title":"Hossack suspension system"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"contradictory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_self-contradictory_articles"}],"text":"After leaving McLaren, Hossack started on motorcycle design, applying his accumulated knowledge to the design of his first machine, developing a unique front suspension system which he formulated using a wire coat hanger and a piece of wood. Wheels and parts were sourced from a scrap yard to build a rudimentary test-bed, and finally an XL500 Honda engine was donated by a friend. Although built only to test the theory, this very bike proved successful enough to graduate to the race track. Updated with Astralite wheels, it later went on to win the British Single Cylinder Championship in 1986,[6] 1987 and 1988 ridden by Vernon Glashier, who still owns the bike.By late 1982[contradictory] the third Hossack bike was ready to race and was designed to fit the 350cc Yamaha TZ and RD engines. During 1983 several well-known journalists had ridden Hossack 3, including Alan Cathcart, Ray Knight and Mat Oxley. Hossack went on to build more versions of his design for other engines which include Ducati, Suzuki and Laverda.","title":"Racers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"vague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness"}],"text":"Finding club racing changing towards production models Hossack next turned his hand to street models – first the PDQ Kawasaki[7] and later a BMW K100. Hossack set himself the task with the K100 to use as many standard parts as practical and make it handle and stop better. In the process the final product was 12 lb (5.4 kg) lighter than the standard unit, and possessed all the advantages that BMW later claimed for the K series bikes. This Hossack-BMW conversion was popular in Germany where the design received a TUV type-approval for sale. One of Hossack's conversions was taken to BMW's headquarters in Munich where it was shown to their management and run on their test track. Unfortunately for Hossack, BMW were in the final stages of releasing their Telelever suspension system.[vague]","title":"BMW K100"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Triumph Trident 900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumph_Trident"},{"link_name":"Keith Duckworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Duckworth"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Hossack's last bike conversion was a Triumph Trident 900 in 1994, commissioned by Formula 1 entrepreneur Keith Duckworth.[8] This proved to be an ideal application, as the cylinder heads of the triple offered an ideal mounting point for the lower wishbone. The conversion worked well but never went further than that one prototype.","title":"Triumph conversion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"by whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"During the 1990s, after leaving the motorcycle design world behind, Hossack spent several years inventing machines for the packaging industry before taking a position in the medical device industry. He was involved in designing IVUS scanners which are used to visualize the vessels around the heart. That company called IRL was bought out,[by whom?] and the new company moved Hossack and his family to the US.Following his move to California in 2001, Hossack applied his inventiveness and engineering skills developing devices for the medical field, specializing in IVUS (Intra Vascular Ultra Sound) and is named on several patents in this field. During this time he also designed a mountain bike suspension system[9] and applied his front suspension system to a Ducati SS 800.[10][11]","title":"Post motorcycles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BMW Motorcycles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=yQnrSn8nNVUC&pg=PA177"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-61673-102-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61673-102-1"},{"link_name":"Back to the Future; Before there was Duolever, there was Norman Hossack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=VYB28ExdkSMC&pg=RA6-PA45"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0011-4286","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0011-4286"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored"},{"link_name":"Motorcycle Handling and Chassis Design: The Art and Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=84hF-qoR5I8C&pg=SA7-PA23"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-84-933286-3-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-933286-3-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-845845-28-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-845845-28-5"}],"text":"Holmstrom, Darwin; Nelson, Brian J. BMW Motorcycles. MotorBooks International. pp. 177–. ISBN 978-1-61673-102-1.\nCameron, Kevin (July 2004). Back to the Future; Before there was Duolever, there was Norman Hossack. p. 45. ISSN 0011-4286. {{cite book}}: |magazine= ignored (help)\nFoale, Tony (2006). Motorcycle Handling and Chassis Design: The Art and Science. Tony Foale. pp. 7–. ISBN 978-84-933286-3-4.\nBurr, Norman (15 June 2015). First principles : the official biography of Keith Duckworth OBE. pp. 289, 297, 300. ISBN 978-1-845845-28-5.\nKnight, Ray (June 1984). \"The Hossack—A new British racer. Of frames and things; discussing, then testing, the Hossack chassis\". Motorcycle Sport. pp. 271–273.","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
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Retrieved 26 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://thekneeslider.com/the-hossack-engine-a-square-piston-two-stroke/","url_text":"\"The Hossack Engine – a Square Piston Two Stroke\""}]},{"reference":"Foale, Tony (1984). Motorcycle Chassis Design. Osprey Publishing Ltd. pp. 91–93. ISBN 085045560X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/085045560X","url_text":"085045560X"}]},{"reference":"Cathcart, Alan (1988). Dream Bikes, First Edition. Macdonald Orbis. pp. 202–707. ISBN 0356155668.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dreambikes0000cath/page/202","url_text":"Dream Bikes, First Edition"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dreambikes0000cath/page/202","url_text":"202–707"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0356155668","url_text":"0356155668"}]},{"reference":"Burr, Norman (15 June 2015). First principles : the official biography of Keith Duckworth OBE. pp. 289, 297, 300. ISBN 978-1-845845-28-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-845845-28-5","url_text":"978-1-845845-28-5"}]},{"reference":"Crowe, Paul (27 August 2013). \"Norman Hossack Builds a Mountain Bike Suspension\". Thekneeslider.com. Retrieved 26 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://thekneeslider.com/norman-hossack-builds-a-mountain-bike-suspension/","url_text":"\"Norman Hossack Builds a Mountain Bike Suspension\""}]},{"reference":"Crowe, Paul. \"Norman Hossack Engineers a Trellis Front Suspension on a Trellis Frame Ducati 800\". Thekneeslider.com. Retrieved 26 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://thekneeslider.com/norman-hossack-engineers-a-trellis-front-suspension-on-a-trellis-frame-ducati/","url_text":"\"Norman Hossack Engineers a Trellis Front Suspension on a Trellis Frame Ducati 800\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reportage Das Leben von Norman Hossack – Motorradnachrichten – MOTORRAD\". Motorradonline.de. 30 January 2014. Retrieved 26 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.motorradonline.de/vermischtes/reportage-das-leben-von-norman-hossack/523236","url_text":"\"Reportage Das Leben von Norman Hossack – Motorradnachrichten – MOTORRAD\""}]},{"reference":"Holmstrom, Darwin; Nelson, Brian J. BMW Motorcycles. MotorBooks International. pp. 177–. ISBN 978-1-61673-102-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yQnrSn8nNVUC&pg=PA177","url_text":"BMW Motorcycles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61673-102-1","url_text":"978-1-61673-102-1"}]},{"reference":"Cameron, Kevin (July 2004). Back to the Future; Before there was Duolever, there was Norman Hossack. p. 45. ISSN 0011-4286.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VYB28ExdkSMC&pg=RA6-PA45","url_text":"Back to the Future; Before there was Duolever, there was Norman Hossack"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0011-4286","url_text":"0011-4286"}]},{"reference":"Foale, Tony (2006). Motorcycle Handling and Chassis Design: The Art and Science. Tony Foale. pp. 7–. ISBN 978-84-933286-3-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=84hF-qoR5I8C&pg=SA7-PA23","url_text":"Motorcycle Handling and Chassis Design: The Art and Science"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-933286-3-4","url_text":"978-84-933286-3-4"}]},{"reference":"Burr, Norman (15 June 2015). First principles : the official biography of Keith Duckworth OBE. pp. 289, 297, 300. ISBN 978-1-845845-28-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-845845-28-5","url_text":"978-1-845845-28-5"}]},{"reference":"Knight, Ray (June 1984). \"The Hossack—A new British racer. Of frames and things; discussing, then testing, the Hossack chassis\". Motorcycle Sport. pp. 271–273.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_scabrata
Carex scabrata
["1 References"]
Species of plant Carex scabrata At the Ecological-Botanical Garden of the University of Bayreuth Leaves Conservation status Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Monocots Clade: Commelinids Order: Poales Family: Cyperaceae Genus: Carex Species: C. scabrata Binomial name Carex scabrataSchwein. Carex scabrata, the eastern rough sedge, is a species of flowering plant in the family Cyperaceae. It is native to eastern Canada and the eastern United States (but in the southeast it is confined to the Appalachians), with one collection each in the Ozark and Ouachita mountains. A perennial reaching 90 cm (3 ft), it is found it wet areas with rich soils, particularly on seepage slopes. References ^ Lansdown, R.V. (2016). "Scabrous sedge Carex scabrata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T64273126A67729030. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T64273126A67729030.en. Retrieved 27 August 2023. ^ "Carex scabrata Schwein. Eastern Rough Sedge". Plant Database. Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. 25 October 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2023. ^ "Carex scabrata Schwein". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 27 August 2023. ^ a b Cochrane, Theodore S. (5 November 2020). "Carex scabrata Schweinitz Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York 1: 69. 1824. Common names: Carex scabre". Flora of North America. Flora of North America Association. Retrieved 27 August 2023. Taxon identifiersCarex scabrata Wikidata: Q15579836 Wikispecies: Carex scabrata BOLD: 121182 CoL: RBPZ EoL: 1123427 FNA: 242357447 GBIF: 2725516 iNaturalist: 160098 IPNI: 324482-2 IRMNG: 11419839 ITIS: 39795 IUCN: 64273126 MichiganFlora: 1043 NatureServe: 2.136459 NCBI: 312767 Open Tree of Life: 958321 Plant List: kew-230663 PLANTS: CASC13 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:324482-2 Tropicos: 9901715 VASCAN: 5071 WisFlora: 3000 WFO: wfo-0000351016 This Carex article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
[{"reference":"Lansdown, R.V. (2016). \"Scabrous sedge Carex scabrata\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T64273126A67729030. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T64273126A67729030.en. Retrieved 27 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/64273126/67729030","url_text":"\"Scabrous sedge Carex scabrata\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T64273126A67729030.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T64273126A67729030.en"}]},{"reference":"\"Carex scabrata Schwein. Eastern Rough Sedge\". Plant Database. Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. 25 October 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=CASC13","url_text":"\"Carex scabrata Schwein. Eastern Rough Sedge\""}]},{"reference":"\"Carex scabrata Schwein\". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 27 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/324482-2","url_text":"\"Carex scabrata Schwein\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online","url_text":"Plants of the World Online"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew","url_text":"Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew"}]},{"reference":"Cochrane, Theodore S. (5 November 2020). \"Carex scabrata Schweinitz Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York 1: 69. 1824. Common names: Carex scabre\". Flora of North America. Flora of North America Association. Retrieved 27 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://floranorthamerica.org/Carex_scabrata","url_text":"\"Carex scabrata Schweinitz Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York 1: 69. 1824. Common names: Carex scabre\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels_City_Museum
Brussels City Museum
["1 History","1.1 Medieval structures","1.2 Destruction and rebuilding","1.3 Neo-Gothic building","2 Highlights","3 See also","4 References","4.1 Citations","4.2 Bibliography","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 50°50′49″N 4°21′10″E / 50.84694°N 4.35278°E / 50.84694; 4.35278Museum and UNESCO World Heritage Site in Brussels, Belgium Brussels City MuseumMusée de la Ville de Bruxelles (French)Museum van de Stad Brussel (Dutch)The Maison du Roi/Broodhuis building housing the Brussels City MuseumInteractive fullscreen mapEstablished1887LocationGrand-Place/Grote Markt,1000 City of Brussels, Brussels-Capital Region, BelgiumCoordinates50°50′49″N 4°21′10″E / 50.84694°N 4.35278°E / 50.84694; 4.35278TypeHistory museumOwnerCity of BrusselsWebsiteOfficial website UNESCO World Heritage SitePart ofLa Grand-Place, BrusselsCriteriaCultural: ii, ivReference857Inscription1998 (22nd Session) The Brussels City Museum (French: Musée de la Ville de Bruxelles; Dutch: Museum van de Stad Brussel) is a municipal museum on the Grand-Place/Grote Markt of Brussels, Belgium. Conceived in 1860 and inaugurated in 1887, it is dedicated to the history and folklore of the City of Brussels from its foundation into modern times, which it presents through paintings, sculptures, tapestries, engravings, photos and models, including a notable scale-representation of the town during the Middle Ages. The museum is situated on the north side of the square, opposite Brussels' Town Hall, in the Maison du Roi ("King's House") or Broodhuis ("Bread House" or "Bread Hall"). This building, erected between 1504 and 1536, was rebuilt in the 19th century in its current neo-Gothic style by the architect Victor Jamaer . Since 1998, is also listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, as part of the square. It can be accessed from the premetro (underground tram) station Bourse/Beurs (on lines 3 and 4), as well as the bus stop Grand-Place/Grote Markt (on line 95). History Medieval structures Brussels' Town Hall was erected in stages, between 1401 and 1455, on the south side of the Grand-Place/Grote Markt, transforming the square into the seat of municipal power. To counter this, from 1504 to 1536, the Duke of Brabant ordered the construction of a large Flamboyant edifice across from the city hall to house his administrative services. It was erected on the site of the first cloth and bread markets, which were no longer in use. The building was first called the Duke's House (Middle Dutch: 's Hertogenhuys), but when Charles V, Duke of Brabant since 1506, was crowned King of Spain in 1516, it became known as the King's House (Middle Dutch: 's Conincxhuys). It is currently known as the Maison du Roi ("King's House") in French, although no king has ever lived there, though in Dutch it continues to be called the Broodhuis ("Bread House"), after the market whose place it took. During Charles' reign, the building was completely redone by his court architect Antoon II Keldermans  in a late Gothic style very similar to the contemporary design, although without towers or galleries. The projects were presented in 1514 and the construction took place between 1515 and 1536. In 1568, two statesmen, Lamoral, Count of Egmont and Philip de Montmorency, Count of Horn, who had spoken out against the policies of King Philip II in the Spanish Netherlands, were beheaded in front of the King's House. This triggered the beginning of the armed revolt against Spanish rule, of which William of Orange took the lead. The King's House in Brussels, designed by Antoon II Keldermans  in 1514 Execution of the Counts of Egmont and Horn in front of the King's House in 1568 Carousel in front of the King's House in 1565 to mark the wedding of the Duke of Parma and Maria of Portugal Destruction and rebuilding The King's House suffered extensive damage in 1695 from the bombardment of Brussels by a French army under Marshal François de Neufville, duc de Villeroy. The building was then roughly restored by the architect Jan Cosijn in 1697. A second more thorough restoration followed in 1767 when it received a neoclassical portal and a large roof pierced with three oeil-de-boeuf windows. The statues of saints accompanying the Virgin Mary were replaced by those of an imperial eagle and a heraldic lion. This also led to the disappearance of the fountain from the portal. In the late 18th century, the building served as a Maison du Peuple/Volkshuis ("House of the People") during the occupation of Brussels by French Revolutionaries. Having become national property, it was ceded to the City of Brussels, which sold it in 1811 to the Marquis Paul Arconati-Visconti . The latter did not keep it long; he resold it in 1817. The new owner rented it for the most diverse uses: from a court, to a temporary prison, a storage space for the British cavalry after the Battle of Waterloo, a rehearsal room of the School of Dance of the Theatre of La Monnaie, and a library. In 1864, a new fountain made by the sculptor Charles-Auguste Fraikin was installed, topped with statues of the Counts of Egmont and Horn, on the site of their execution. The Grand-Place in flames during the bombardment of Brussels in 1695. The King's House is on the right. The King's House burning during the bombardment The surroundings of the King's House after the bombardment The building following the neoclassical restoration Neo-Gothic building By the mid-19th century, the state of the building had deteriorated and a comprehensive renovation was sorely needed. Under the impulse of the city's then-mayor, Charles Buls, it was reconstructed once again between 1874 and 1896, in its current neo-Gothic form, by the architect Victor Jamaer , in the style of his mentor Eugène Viollet-le-Duc. On that occasion, Jamaer built two galleries and a central tower. He also adorned the facade with statues and other decorations. At the rear, he added a new, much more sober wing in Flemish neo-Renaissance style. The new King's House was officially inaugurated in 1896. During the works, the fountain-sculpture of the Counts of Egmont and Horn was moved to the Square du Petit Sablon/Kleine Zavelsquare, where it now has its back to the Egmont Palace. Despite the fountain's move, the memory of the martyrs is still present at the site of their execution through commemorative plaques in French and Dutch, present since 1911 on either side of the entrance to the building, and replacing a previous plaque written only in French and sealed in the sidewalk. The current building, whose interior was renovated in 1985, has housed the Brussels City Museum since 1887. From 1928, the entire building was assigned to the museum's collections. After transformations, it reopened its doors in 1935 on the occasion of the Brussels International Exposition. On 9 March 1936, it was designated a historic monument, at the same time as the Town Hall. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1998 as part of the registration of the Grand-Place. The building before the neo-Gothic reconstruction campaign The building in the late 19th century, after reconstruction The building as it appears today Highlights The Brussels City Museum features more than 7,000 items, including artefacts, paintings and tapestries from Brussels' history, such as the Town Hall's original sculptures. There are two dioramas of the city of Brussels in its early days and as it began to flourish in the 1500s. The museum's painting collections include works by the Flemish Primitive Aert van den Bossche (15th century) and the French historical painter Charles Meynier (18th century). The original statue of Manneken Pis is on view on the top floor. Many items of the statue's wardrobe, consisting of around one thousand different costumes, could also be viewed in a permanent exhibition inside the museum until February 2017, when a specially designed museum, called Garderobe MannekenPis, opened its doors nearby at 19, rue du Chêne/Eikstraat. The City Museum is open every day except Mondays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. On the first Sunday of every month, admission to the museum is free. Martyrdom of Saints Crispin and Crispinian, Aert van den Bossche, 1490 Martyrdom of Saints Crispin and Crispinian, Van den Bossche, 1490 The Grand-Place on fire during the night of 13th to 14th August 1695, Anonymous; 146 x 180 cm Heraldic lion, end of the 18th century Bonaparte first consul, Charles Meynier, 1804 The Botanical Garden, Paul Vitzthumb, 1828 Brussels' Town Hall and the Sunday market, Cornelis Christiaan Dommersen, 1887 See also Belgium portal List of museums in Brussels History of Brussels Culture of Belgium Belgium in the long nineteenth century References Citations ^ Staff writer (2013). "Museum of the City of Brussels". Museums of the City. City of Brussels. Retrieved 9 April 2013. ^ a b c Hennaut 2000, p. 44–45. ^ a b c State 2004, p. 147. ^ a b c "Présentation - Brussels City Museum". www.brusselscitymuseum.brussels (in French). Retrieved 30 May 2019. ^ a b Staff writer (2011). "Museum of Brussels City (Musée de la Ville de Bruxelles)". Museums. Brussels.info. Retrieved 9 April 2013. ^ a b "La Grand-Place, Brussels". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 30 May 2019. ^ "Ligne 95 vers GRAND-PLACE - STIB Mobile". m.stib.be. Retrieved 7 November 2021. ^ a b "History of the Grand Place of Brussels". Commune Libre de l'Îlot Sacré. Retrieved 25 August 2009. ^ a b Hennaut 2000, p. 19. ^ Hennaut 2000, p. 17. ^ Mardaga 1993, p. 122–123. ^ De Vries 2003, p. 36. ^ Heymans 2011, p. 16. ^ a b Des Marez 1918, p. 34. ^ a b Mardaga 1993, p. 123. ^ "Bruxelles Pentagone - Maison du Roi - Grand-Place 29". www.irismonument.be. Retrieved 12 May 2019. ^ Fun, Everything is (10 March 2017). "Brussels City Museum". Brussels Museums. Retrieved 30 May 2019. ^ "New Brussels museum displays costumes of Manneken Pis statue". Reuters. 3 February 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2019. Bibliography Culot, Maurice; Hennaut, Eric; Demanet, Marie; Mierop, Caroline (1992). Le bombardement de Bruxelles par Louis XIV et la reconstruction qui s'ensuivit, 1695–1700 (in French). Brussels: AAM éditions. ISBN 978-2-87143-079-7. De Vries, André (2003). Brussels: A Cultural and Literary History. Oxford: Signal Books. ISBN 978-1-902669-46-5. Des Marez, Guillaume (1918). Guide illustré de Bruxelles (in French). Vol. 1. Brussels: Touring Club Royal de Belgique. Hennaut, Eric (2000). La Grand-Place de Bruxelles. Bruxelles, ville d'Art et d'Histoire (in French). Vol. 3. Brussels: Éditions de la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale. Heymans, Vincent (2011). Les maisons de la Grand-Place de Bruxelles (in French). Brussels: CFC Éditions. ISBN 978-2-930018-89-8. State, Paul F. (2004). Historical dictionary of Brussels. Historical dictionaries of cities of the world. Vol. 14. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-5075-0. Le Patrimoine monumental de la Belgique: Bruxelles (PDF) (in French). Vol. 1B: Pentagone E-M. Liège: Pierre Mardaga. 1993. External links Media related to Museum of the City of Brussels at Wikimedia Commons Official website Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Germany United States Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"municipal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region"},{"link_name":"Grand-Place/Grote Markt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand-Place"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"City of Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Brussels"},{"link_name":"tapestries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels_tapestry"},{"link_name":"engravings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engraving"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brussels.be-1"},{"link_name":"Brussels' Town Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels_Town_Hall"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHennaut200044%E2%80%9345-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEState2004147-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"neo-Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"Victor Jamaer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victor_Jamaer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Jamaer"},{"link_name":"UNESCO World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brussels.info-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"premetro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trams_in_Brussels"},{"link_name":"Bourse/Beurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourse_premetro_station"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels_tram_route_3"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels_tram_route_4"},{"link_name":"bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels_buses"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Museum and UNESCO World Heritage Site in Brussels, BelgiumThe Brussels City Museum (French: Musée de la Ville de Bruxelles; Dutch: Museum van de Stad Brussel) is a municipal museum on the Grand-Place/Grote Markt of Brussels, Belgium. Conceived in 1860 and inaugurated in 1887, it is dedicated to the history and folklore of the City of Brussels from its foundation into modern times, which it presents through paintings, sculptures, tapestries, engravings, photos and models, including a notable scale-representation of the town during the Middle Ages.[1]The museum is situated on the north side of the square, opposite Brussels' Town Hall, in the Maison du Roi (\"King's House\") or Broodhuis (\"Bread House\" or \"Bread Hall\").[2][3][4] This building, erected between 1504 and 1536, was rebuilt in the 19th century in its current neo-Gothic style by the architect Victor Jamaer [fr]. Since 1998, is also listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, as part of the square.[5][6] It can be accessed from the premetro (underground tram) station Bourse/Beurs (on lines 3 and 4), as well as the bus stop Grand-Place/Grote Markt (on line 95).[7]","title":"Brussels City Museum"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brussels' Town Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels_Town_Hall"},{"link_name":"Grand-Place/Grote Markt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand-Place"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEState2004147-3"},{"link_name":"Duke of Brabant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Brabant"},{"link_name":"Flamboyant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamboyant"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-is-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHennaut200019-9"},{"link_name":"Charles V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"King of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHennaut200019-9"},{"link_name":"Antoon II Keldermans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antoon_II_Keldermans&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoon_II_Keldermans"},{"link_name":"late Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecture"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHennaut200017-10"},{"link_name":"Lamoral, Count of Egmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamoral,_Count_of_Egmont"},{"link_name":"Philip de Montmorency, Count of Horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_de_Montmorency,_Count_of_Horn"},{"link_name":"King Philip II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Spanish Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMardaga1993122%E2%80%93123-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Vries200336-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeymans201116-13"},{"link_name":"armed revolt against Spanish rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"William of Orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_the_Silent"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Broodhuis_1640.jpg"},{"link_name":"Antoon II Keldermans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antoon_II_Keldermans&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoon_II_Keldermans"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bor-Nederlantsche-Oorloghen_9150.tif"},{"link_name":"Egmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamoral,_Count_of_Egmont"},{"link_name":"Horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_de_Montmorency,_Count_of_Horn"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Floris_Carousel.jpg"},{"link_name":"Carousel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carousel"},{"link_name":"Duke of Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma"},{"link_name":"Maria of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_of_Portugal,_Hereditary_Princess_of_Parma"}],"sub_title":"Medieval structures","text":"Brussels' Town Hall was erected in stages, between 1401 and 1455, on the south side of the Grand-Place/Grote Markt, transforming the square into the seat of municipal power.[3] To counter this, from 1504 to 1536, the Duke of Brabant ordered the construction of a large Flamboyant edifice across from the city hall to house his administrative services.[8] It was erected on the site of the first cloth and bread markets, which were no longer in use.[9]The building was first called the Duke's House (Middle Dutch: 's Hertogenhuys), but when Charles V, Duke of Brabant since 1506, was crowned King of Spain in 1516, it became known as the King's House (Middle Dutch: 's Conincxhuys). It is currently known as the Maison du Roi (\"King's House\") in French, although no king has ever lived there, though in Dutch it continues to be called the Broodhuis (\"Bread House\"), after the market whose place it took.[9] During Charles' reign, the building was completely redone by his court architect Antoon II Keldermans [nl] in a late Gothic style very similar to the contemporary design, although without towers or galleries. The projects were presented in 1514 and the construction took place between 1515 and 1536.[10]In 1568, two statesmen, Lamoral, Count of Egmont and Philip de Montmorency, Count of Horn, who had spoken out against the policies of King Philip II in the Spanish Netherlands, were beheaded in front of the King's House.[11][12][13] This triggered the beginning of the armed revolt against Spanish rule, of which William of Orange took the lead.The King's House in Brussels, designed by Antoon II Keldermans [nl] in 1514\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tExecution of the Counts of Egmont and Horn in front of the King's House in 1568\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCarousel in front of the King's House in 1565 to mark the wedding of the Duke of Parma and Maria of Portugal","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bombardment of Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardment_of_Brussels_(1695)"},{"link_name":"François de Neufville, duc de Villeroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Neufville,_duc_de_Villeroy"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-is-8"},{"link_name":"Jan Cosijn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Cosijn"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDes_Marez191834-14"},{"link_name":"neoclassical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture"},{"link_name":"portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"oeil-de-boeuf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oeil-de-boeuf"},{"link_name":"Virgin Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"imperial eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_(heraldry)#Imperial_Eagle"},{"link_name":"heraldic lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion_(heraldry)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHennaut200044%E2%80%9345-2"},{"link_name":"French Revolutionaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDes_Marez191834-14"},{"link_name":"City of Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Brussels"},{"link_name":"Paul Arconati-Visconti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Arconati-Visconti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Arconati-Visconti"},{"link_name":"Battle of Waterloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo"},{"link_name":"Theatre of La Monnaie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Monnaie"},{"link_name":"Charles-Auguste Fraikin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Auguste_Fraikin"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMardaga1993123-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NIND_MVB-Bombardement_ISO200.jpg"},{"link_name":"bombardment of Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardment_of_Brussels_(1695)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bombardement_Bruxelles_1695_04.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Richard_van_Orley_(II),_Augustin_Coppens_-_Ruins_on_part_of_the_Grand_Place_from_the_corner_of_the_Heuvelstraat_to_St_Nicholas.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maison_du_Roi_1860.jpg"},{"link_name":"neoclassical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture"}],"sub_title":"Destruction and rebuilding","text":"The King's House suffered extensive damage in 1695 from the bombardment of Brussels by a French army under Marshal François de Neufville, duc de Villeroy.[8] The building was then roughly restored by the architect Jan Cosijn in 1697.[14] A second more thorough restoration followed in 1767 when it received a neoclassical portal and a large roof pierced with three oeil-de-boeuf windows. The statues of saints accompanying the Virgin Mary were replaced by those of an imperial eagle and a heraldic lion. This also led to the disappearance of the fountain from the portal.[2]In the late 18th century, the building served as a Maison du Peuple/Volkshuis (\"House of the People\") during the occupation of Brussels by French Revolutionaries.[14] Having become national property, it was ceded to the City of Brussels, which sold it in 1811 to the Marquis Paul Arconati-Visconti [nl]. The latter did not keep it long; he resold it in 1817. The new owner rented it for the most diverse uses: from a court, to a temporary prison, a storage space for the British cavalry after the Battle of Waterloo, a rehearsal room of the School of Dance of the Theatre of La Monnaie, and a library.In 1864, a new fountain made by the sculptor Charles-Auguste Fraikin was installed, topped with statues of the Counts of Egmont and Horn, on the site of their execution.[15]The Grand-Place in flames during the bombardment of Brussels in 1695. The King's House is on the right.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe King's House burning during the bombardment\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe surroundings of the King's House after the bombardment\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe building following the neoclassical restoration","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"city's then-mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_the_City_of_Brussels"},{"link_name":"Charles Buls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Buls"},{"link_name":"neo-Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"Victor Jamaer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victor_Jamaer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Jamaer"},{"link_name":"Eugène Viollet-le-Duc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Viollet-le-Duc"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brussels.info-5"},{"link_name":"neo-Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Square du Petit Sablon/Kleine Zavelsquare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sablon,_Brussels#Petit_Sablon"},{"link_name":"Egmont Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egmont_Palace"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMardaga1993123-15"},{"link_name":"martyrs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyr"},{"link_name":"commemorative plaques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commemorative_plaque"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEState2004147-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Brussels International Exposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels_International_Exposition_(1935)"},{"link_name":"historic monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_registers_in_Belgium"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Broodhuis.JPG"},{"link_name":"neo-Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bruxelles._Maison_du_Roi_LCCN2017659124.tif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:(Belgium)_Brussels_City_Museum_Aug_2009_(crop).jpg"}],"sub_title":"Neo-Gothic building","text":"By the mid-19th century, the state of the building had deteriorated and a comprehensive renovation was sorely needed. Under the impulse of the city's then-mayor, Charles Buls, it was reconstructed once again between 1874 and 1896, in its current neo-Gothic form, by the architect Victor Jamaer [fr], in the style of his mentor Eugène Viollet-le-Duc.[5] On that occasion, Jamaer built two galleries and a central tower. He also adorned the facade with statues and other decorations. At the rear, he added a new, much more sober wing in Flemish neo-Renaissance style. The new King's House was officially inaugurated in 1896.[citation needed]During the works, the fountain-sculpture of the Counts of Egmont and Horn was moved to the Square du Petit Sablon/Kleine Zavelsquare, where it now has its back to the Egmont Palace.[15] Despite the fountain's move, the memory of the martyrs is still present at the site of their execution through commemorative plaques in French and Dutch, present since 1911 on either side of the entrance to the building, and replacing a previous plaque written only in French and sealed in the sidewalk.[citation needed]The current building, whose interior was renovated in 1985, has housed the Brussels City Museum since 1887.[3][4] From 1928, the entire building was assigned to the museum's collections. After transformations, it reopened its doors in 1935 on the occasion of the Brussels International Exposition. On 9 March 1936, it was designated a historic monument, at the same time as the Town Hall.[16] It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1998 as part of the registration of the Grand-Place.[6]The building before the neo-Gothic reconstruction campaign\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe building in the late 19th century, after reconstruction\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe building as it appears today","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"artefacts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_artifact"},{"link_name":"tapestries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels_tapestry"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHennaut200044%E2%80%9345-2"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"dioramas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diorama"},{"link_name":"Flemish Primitive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Netherlandish_painting"},{"link_name":"Aert van den Bossche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aert_van_den_Bossche"},{"link_name":"Charles Meynier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Meynier"},{"link_name":"Manneken Pis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manneken_Pis"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aert_van_den_Bossche_-_Martyrdom_and_Beheading_of_Saints_Crispin_and_Crispinian_(Martyrdom_of_Saints_Crispin_and_Crispinian)(2).jpg"},{"link_name":"Aert van den Bossche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aert_van_den_Bossche"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aert_van_den_Bossche_-_Martyrdom_and_Beheading_of_Saints_Crispin_and_Crispinian_(Martyrdom_of_Saints_Crispin_and_Crispinian).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NIND_MVB-Bombardement_ISO200.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NIND_MVB-heraldicLion_ISO200.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Meynier_Bonaparte_premier_consul.jpg"},{"link_name":"Charles Meynier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Meynier"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NIND_MVB-JardinBotanique_ISO200.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NIND_MVB-1887GrandPlace_ISO200.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cornelis Christiaan Dommersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelis_Christiaan_Dommersen"}],"text":"The Brussels City Museum features more than 7,000 items, including artefacts, paintings and tapestries from Brussels' history, such as the Town Hall's original sculptures.[2][17] There are two dioramas of the city of Brussels in its early days and as it began to flourish in the 1500s. The museum's painting collections include works by the Flemish Primitive Aert van den Bossche (15th century) and the French historical painter Charles Meynier (18th century).The original statue of Manneken Pis is on view on the top floor. Many items of the statue's wardrobe, consisting of around one thousand different costumes, could also be viewed in a permanent exhibition inside the museum until February 2017, when a specially designed museum, called Garderobe MannekenPis, opened its doors nearby at 19, rue du Chêne/Eikstraat.[18]The City Museum is open every day except Mondays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. On the first Sunday of every month, admission to the museum is free.[4]Martyrdom of Saints Crispin and Crispinian, Aert van den Bossche, 1490\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMartyrdom of Saints Crispin and Crispinian, Van den Bossche, 1490\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Grand-Place on fire during the night of 13th to 14th August 1695, Anonymous; 146 x 180 cm\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHeraldic lion, end of the 18th century\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBonaparte first consul, Charles Meynier, 1804\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Botanical Garden, Paul Vitzthumb, 1828\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBrussels' Town Hall and the Sunday market, Cornelis Christiaan Dommersen, 1887","title":"Highlights"}]
[]
[{"title":"Belgium portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Belgium"},{"title":"List of museums in Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Brussels"},{"title":"History of Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Brussels"},{"title":"Culture of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Belgium"},{"title":"Belgium in the long nineteenth century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium_in_the_long_nineteenth_century"}]
[{"reference":"Staff writer (2013). \"Museum of the City of Brussels\". Museums of the City. City of Brussels. Retrieved 9 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.brussels.be/artdet.cfm/4202","url_text":"\"Museum of the City of Brussels\""}]},{"reference":"\"Présentation - Brussels City Museum\". www.brusselscitymuseum.brussels (in French). Retrieved 30 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brusselscitymuseum.brussels/en/discover/museum/presentation","url_text":"\"Présentation - Brussels City Museum\""}]},{"reference":"Staff writer (2011). \"Museum of Brussels City (Musée de la Ville de Bruxelles)\". Museums. Brussels.info. Retrieved 9 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.brussels.info/city-museum/","url_text":"\"Museum of Brussels City (Musée de la Ville de Bruxelles)\""}]},{"reference":"\"La Grand-Place, Brussels\". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 30 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/857/","url_text":"\"La Grand-Place, Brussels\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ligne 95 vers GRAND-PLACE - STIB Mobile\". m.stib.be. Retrieved 7 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.stib.be/line.php?lang=fr&line=95&iti=2","url_text":"\"Ligne 95 vers GRAND-PLACE - STIB Mobile\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of the Grand Place of Brussels\". Commune Libre de l'Îlot Sacré. Retrieved 25 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ilotsacre.be/site/en/curiosities/grand_place-brussels.htm","url_text":"\"History of the Grand Place of Brussels\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bruxelles Pentagone - Maison du Roi - Grand-Place 29\". www.irismonument.be. Retrieved 12 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irismonument.be/fr.Bruxelles_Pentagone.Grand-Place.29.html","url_text":"\"Bruxelles Pentagone - Maison du Roi - Grand-Place 29\""}]},{"reference":"Fun, Everything is (10 March 2017). \"Brussels City Museum\". Brussels Museums. Retrieved 30 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brusselsmuseums.be/en/museums/brussels-city-museum","url_text":"\"Brussels City Museum\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Brussels museum displays costumes of Manneken Pis statue\". Reuters. 3 February 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-belgium-mannekenpis-museum-idUSKBN15I1DW","url_text":"\"New Brussels museum displays costumes of Manneken Pis statue\""}]},{"reference":"Culot, Maurice; Hennaut, Eric; Demanet, Marie; Mierop, Caroline (1992). Le bombardement de Bruxelles par Louis XIV et la reconstruction qui s'ensuivit, 1695–1700 (in French). Brussels: AAM éditions. ISBN 978-2-87143-079-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-87143-079-7","url_text":"978-2-87143-079-7"}]},{"reference":"De Vries, André (2003). Brussels: A Cultural and Literary History. Oxford: Signal Books. ISBN 978-1-902669-46-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Sh4H3m-ztBAC","url_text":"Brussels: A Cultural and Literary History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902669-46-5","url_text":"978-1-902669-46-5"}]},{"reference":"Des Marez, Guillaume (1918). Guide illustré de Bruxelles (in French). Vol. 1. Brussels: Touring Club Royal de Belgique.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hennaut, Eric (2000). La Grand-Place de Bruxelles. Bruxelles, ville d'Art et d'Histoire (in French). Vol. 3. Brussels: Éditions de la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale.","urls":[{"url":"http://patrimoine.brussels/liens/publications-numeriques/versions-pdf/bvah/la-grand-place-de-bruxelles","url_text":"La Grand-Place de Bruxelles"}]},{"reference":"Heymans, Vincent (2011). Les maisons de la Grand-Place de Bruxelles (in French). Brussels: CFC Éditions. ISBN 978-2-930018-89-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-930018-89-8","url_text":"978-2-930018-89-8"}]},{"reference":"State, Paul F. (2004). Historical dictionary of Brussels. Historical dictionaries of cities of the world. Vol. 14. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-5075-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LErne3-05qoC","url_text":"Historical dictionary of Brussels"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5075-0","url_text":"978-0-8108-5075-0"}]},{"reference":"Le Patrimoine monumental de la Belgique: Bruxelles (PDF) (in French). Vol. 1B: Pentagone E-M. Liège: Pierre Mardaga. 1993.","urls":[{"url":"https://monument.heritage.brussels/files/cities/1000/documents/02-vol-b-fr-def_k.pdf","url_text":"Le Patrimoine monumental de la Belgique: Bruxelles"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Brussels_City_Museum&params=50_50_49_N_4_21_10_E_type:landmark_region:BE","external_links_name":"50°50′49″N 4°21′10″E / 50.84694°N 4.35278°E / 50.84694; 4.35278"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Brussels_City_Museum&params=50_50_49_N_4_21_10_E_type:landmark_region:BE","external_links_name":"50°50′49″N 4°21′10″E / 50.84694°N 4.35278°E / 50.84694; 4.35278"},{"Link":"http://www.brusselscitymuseum.brussels/en/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/857","external_links_name":"857"},{"Link":"http://www.brussels.be/artdet.cfm/4202","external_links_name":"\"Museum of the City of Brussels\""},{"Link":"https://www.brusselscitymuseum.brussels/en/discover/museum/presentation","external_links_name":"\"Présentation - Brussels City Museum\""},{"Link":"http://www.brussels.info/city-museum/","external_links_name":"\"Museum of Brussels City (Musée de la Ville de Bruxelles)\""},{"Link":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/857/","external_links_name":"\"La Grand-Place, Brussels\""},{"Link":"https://m.stib.be/line.php?lang=fr&line=95&iti=2","external_links_name":"\"Ligne 95 vers GRAND-PLACE - STIB Mobile\""},{"Link":"http://www.ilotsacre.be/site/en/curiosities/grand_place-brussels.htm","external_links_name":"\"History of the Grand Place of Brussels\""},{"Link":"http://www.irismonument.be/fr.Bruxelles_Pentagone.Grand-Place.29.html","external_links_name":"\"Bruxelles Pentagone - Maison du Roi - Grand-Place 29\""},{"Link":"https://www.brusselsmuseums.be/en/museums/brussels-city-museum","external_links_name":"\"Brussels City Museum\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-belgium-mannekenpis-museum-idUSKBN15I1DW","external_links_name":"\"New Brussels museum displays costumes of Manneken Pis statue\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Sh4H3m-ztBAC","external_links_name":"Brussels: A Cultural and Literary History"},{"Link":"http://patrimoine.brussels/liens/publications-numeriques/versions-pdf/bvah/la-grand-place-de-bruxelles","external_links_name":"La Grand-Place de Bruxelles"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LErne3-05qoC","external_links_name":"Historical dictionary of Brussels"},{"Link":"https://monument.heritage.brussels/files/cities/1000/documents/02-vol-b-fr-def_k.pdf","external_links_name":"Le Patrimoine monumental de la Belgique: Bruxelles"},{"Link":"https://www.brusselscitymuseum.brussels/en/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/134499505","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13576065x","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13576065x","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1227036-2","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80076556","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/156401967","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platte_County_School_District_Number_3
Platte County School District Number 3
["1 Geography","2 Schools","3 Student demographics","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
School district in Missouri Platte County School District #3 is a public school district based in Platte City, Missouri, United States. Geography Platte County School District #3 serves Platte County. The school district encloses some of Kansas City International Airport. Schools The school district is split into two campuses. The original campus is the Platte City campus, within the town limits of Platte City. It includes the following schools. Great Beginnings, Preschool & Early Childhood Compass Elementary, Grades K-5 Siegrist Elementary, Grades K-5 Platte City Middle School, Grades 6-8 Platte County High School, Grades 9-12 Northland Career Center, Area Vocational-Technical School The Barry Heights neighborhood in the south part of the county is the location of the Barry campus, which includes: Pathfinder Elementary, Grades K-4 Barry School, Grades 5-8 + Early Childhood Student demographics Up from 1,886 students in the 1996–1997 school year, the district currently serves 3,952 students in the 2015–2016 school year. See also List of school districts in Missouri References ^ "PCR-3 Boundary Map / PCR-3 Boundary Map". www.plattecountyschooldistrict.com. Retrieved June 1, 2016. ^ "About Our District / About Our District". www.plattecountyschooldistrict.com. Retrieved June 1, 2016. External links Official website This Missouri-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"school district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_district"}],"text":"Platte County School District #3 is a public school district based in Platte City, Missouri, United States.","title":"Platte County School District Number 3"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Platte County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platte_County,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Kansas City International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Platte County School District #3 serves Platte County. The school district encloses some of Kansas City International Airport.[1]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Platte County High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platte_County_High_School"}],"text":"The school district is split into two campuses. The original campus is the Platte City campus, within the town limits of Platte City. It includes the following schools.Great Beginnings, Preschool & Early Childhood\nCompass Elementary, Grades K-5\nSiegrist Elementary, Grades K-5\nPlatte City Middle School, Grades 6-8\nPlatte County High School, Grades 9-12\nNorthland Career Center, Area Vocational-Technical SchoolThe Barry Heights neighborhood in the south part of the county is the location of the Barry campus, which includes:Pathfinder Elementary, Grades K-4\nBarry School, Grades 5-8 + Early Childhood","title":"Schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Up from 1,886 students in the 1996–1997 school year, the district currently serves 3,952 students in the 2015–2016 school year.[2]","title":"Student demographics"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of school districts in Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_school_districts_in_Missouri"}]
[{"reference":"\"PCR-3 Boundary Map / PCR-3 Boundary Map\". www.plattecountyschooldistrict.com. Retrieved June 1, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.plattecountyschooldistrict.com/domain/759","url_text":"\"PCR-3 Boundary Map / PCR-3 Boundary Map\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Our District / About Our District\". www.plattecountyschooldistrict.com. Retrieved June 1, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.plattecountyschooldistrict.com/domain/783","url_text":"\"About Our District / About Our District\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Road_Research_Board
Australian Road Research Board
["1 History","2 Governance","3 Activities","4 References"]
Australian Road Research Board (ARRB) is an Australian not-for-profit company that provides independent, applied research and consulting services for Australian and New Zealand state road agencies and communities. ARRB provides consultancy services in areas such as road safety, pavement engineering, climate change adaptations, road network management, and future transport technology. ARRB also carries out road condition surveys for Australian and New Zealand road owners such as State Roads' Agencies and local councils at traffic speed using specially equipped vehicles. History ARRB was founded in 1960, with the purpose of serving the research needs of its members (largely state road agencies), on a cost recovery basis. It is currently a not-for-profit company that carries out paid consultancies. Since the appointment of Chief Executive Officer Michael Caltabiano, there has been a substantial increase in research activities. ARRB put its historic Vermont South headquarters on the market in 2017, its home since the early 1970s. The sale of this land was expected to generate significant revenue, with estimates ranging from $18 million to $25 million. The new head office is located in the former General Motors site at Fisherman's Bend in Melbourne. In 2017, ARRB sold off its equipment manufacturing and international operations divisions. This new business is ARRB Systems Pty Ltd. Governance The Australian Road Research Board is governed by a Board of Directors, all with backgrounds or positions in major transport organisations. The Board Chairman position is held by Peter Duncan, and the position of Chief Executive Officer by Michael Caltabiano. Caltabiano said he would lead the group towards a focus on innovation, industry collaboration and the next-generation of road and transport solutions. ARRB is in-part supported by its member organisations, who provide leadership and competitive funding. Member organisations include federal, state and local government bodies responsible for managing the nation’s transport and road networks. Activities In July 2015, the first trials of automated cars in the Southern Hemisphere were launched in Adelaide by a consortium, consisting of ARRB, Flinders University, Carnegie Mellon University, the RAA, Cohda Wireless and Bosch. Premier Jay Weatherill announced the trials, stating "Driverless cars have the ability to revolutionise transport in this country, and we want to be at the forefront of that paradigm shift." ARRB, along with partners including VicRoads, Keolis Downer, La Trobe University, and RACV, launched an autonomous bus (autonobus) trial at La Trobe University's Bundoora campus in late 2017. The electric bus will begin taking passengers in 2018, as a proof of concept of a 'last-mile' solution to mobility. References ^ a b "ARRB Group Limited – ITS Australia". ITS Australia. Archived from the original on 13 February 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2018. ^ Naughtin, Paddy (23 March 2017). "Australian Road Research Board to sell off its Vermont South headquarters". Whitehorse Leader. Archived from the original on 24 March 2017. Retrieved 12 February 2018. ^ Pierson, Natasha (9 March 2017). "Australian Road Research Board checks out of Melbourne's east & unlocks infill development opportunity". CBRE Media Centre. Archived from the original on 2 April 2017. Retrieved 12 February 2018. ^ Lindsay, Nicole (24 May 2017). "Townhouses likely on ARRB site sold to property developers for more than $25m". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 22 February 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2018. ^ "Australian Road Research Board Head Office Case Study". Retrieved 31 March 2023. ^ "Bereni to lead ARRB in Queensland". FullyLoaded.com.au. Archived from the original on 22 February 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2018. ^ "ARRB welcomes new State Technical Leader VIC/TAS | Logistics, Trucking & Transport News | Prime Mover Magazine". www.primemovermag.com.au. Archived from the original on 22 February 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2018. ^ "Caltabiano named ARRB Group CEO". FullyLoaded.com.au. Archived from the original on 12 December 2017. Retrieved 11 February 2018. ^ "Caltabiano named ARRB Group CEO". FullyLoaded.com.au. Archived from the original on 12 December 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2017. ^ "First driverless car trials in Southern Hemisphere to be held in Adelaide". ABC News. 21 July 2015. Archived from the original on 26 August 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2018. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"road safety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_safety"},{"link_name":"pavement engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavement_engineering"},{"link_name":"climate change adaptations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation"},{"link_name":"road network management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_management"}],"text":"Australian Road Research Board (ARRB) is an Australian not-for-profit company that provides independent, applied research and consulting services for Australian and New Zealand state road agencies and communities.[1]ARRB provides consultancy services in areas such as road safety, pavement engineering, climate change adaptations, road network management, and future transport technology.ARRB also carries out road condition surveys for Australian and New Zealand road owners such as State Roads' Agencies and local councils at traffic speed using specially equipped vehicles.","title":"Australian Road Research Board"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"ARRB was founded in 1960, with the purpose of serving the research needs of its members (largely state road agencies), on a cost recovery basis. It is currently a not-for-profit company that carries out paid consultancies. Since the appointment of Chief Executive Officer Michael Caltabiano, there has been a substantial increase in research activities.ARRB put its historic Vermont South headquarters on the market in 2017, its home since the early 1970s.[2] The sale of this land was expected to generate significant revenue, with estimates ranging from $18 million[3] to $25 million.[4] The new head office[5] is located in the former General Motors site at Fisherman's Bend in Melbourne.In 2017, ARRB sold off its equipment manufacturing and international operations divisions. This new business is ARRB Systems Pty Ltd.[6][7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Caltabiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Caltabiano"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"The Australian Road Research Board is governed by a Board of Directors, all with backgrounds or positions in major transport organisations. The Board Chairman position is held by Peter Duncan, and the position of Chief Executive Officer by Michael Caltabiano.[8] Caltabiano said he would lead the group towards a focus on innovation, industry collaboration and the next-generation of road and transport solutions.[9]ARRB is in-part supported by its member organisations, who provide leadership and competitive funding. Member organisations include federal, state and local government bodies responsible for managing the nation’s transport and road networks.[1]","title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flinders University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flinders_University"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University,_Australia"},{"link_name":"Bosch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bosch_GmbH"},{"link_name":"Jay Weatherill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Weatherill"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"VicRoads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VicRoads"},{"link_name":"Keolis Downer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keolis_Downer"},{"link_name":"RACV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Automobile_Club_of_Victoria"}],"text":"In July 2015, the first trials of automated cars in the Southern Hemisphere were launched in Adelaide by a consortium, consisting of ARRB, Flinders University, Carnegie Mellon University, the RAA, Cohda Wireless and Bosch. Premier Jay Weatherill announced the trials, stating \"Driverless cars have the ability to revolutionise transport in this country, and we want to be at the forefront of that paradigm shift.\"[10]ARRB, along with partners including VicRoads, Keolis Downer, La Trobe University, and RACV, launched an autonomous bus (autonobus) trial at La Trobe University's Bundoora campus in late 2017. The electric bus will begin taking passengers in 2018, as a proof of concept of a 'last-mile' solution to mobility.","title":"Activities"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"ARRB Group Limited – ITS Australia\". ITS Australia. Archived from the original on 13 February 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.its-australia.com.au/member/arrb-group-limited/","url_text":"\"ARRB Group Limited – ITS Australia\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180213021639/https://www.its-australia.com.au/member/arrb-group-limited/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Naughtin, Paddy (23 March 2017). \"Australian Road Research Board to sell off its Vermont South headquarters\". Whitehorse Leader. Archived from the original on 24 March 2017. Retrieved 12 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldsun.com.au/leader/east/road-researchers-on-move/news-story/26dbea98a937ee362e541a7f32202734","url_text":"\"Australian Road Research Board to sell off its Vermont South headquarters\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170324033320/http://www.heraldsun.com.au/leader/east/road-researchers-on-move/news-story/26dbea98a937ee362e541a7f32202734","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Pierson, Natasha (9 March 2017). \"Australian Road Research Board checks out of Melbourne's east & unlocks infill development opportunity\". CBRE Media Centre. Archived from the original on 2 April 2017. Retrieved 12 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbre.com.au/about/media-center/australian-road-research-board-checks-out-of-melbournes-east","url_text":"\"Australian Road Research Board checks out of Melbourne's east & unlocks infill development opportunity\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170402083938/http://www.cbre.com.au/about/media-center/australian-road-research-board-checks-out-of-melbournes-east","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lindsay, Nicole (24 May 2017). \"Townhouses likely on ARRB site sold to property developers for more than $25m\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 22 February 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smh.com.au/business/property/townhouses-likely-on-arrb-site-sold-to-property-developers-for-more-than-25m-20170523-gwbcm6.html","url_text":"\"Townhouses likely on ARRB site sold to property developers for more than $25m\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180222104901/http://www.smh.com.au/business/property/townhouses-likely-on-arrb-site-sold-to-property-developers-for-more-than-25m-20170523-gwbcm6.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Australian Road Research Board Head Office Case Study\". Retrieved 31 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amicus.com.au/projects/arrb-workspace","url_text":"\"Australian Road Research Board Head Office Case Study\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bereni to lead ARRB in Queensland\". FullyLoaded.com.au. Archived from the original on 22 February 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fullyloaded.com.au/industry-news/1709/bereni-to-lead-arrb-in-queensland","url_text":"\"Bereni to lead ARRB in Queensland\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180222110404/https://www.fullyloaded.com.au/industry-news/1709/bereni-to-lead-arrb-in-queensland","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"ARRB welcomes new State Technical Leader VIC/TAS | Logistics, Trucking & Transport News | Prime Mover Magazine\". www.primemovermag.com.au. Archived from the original on 22 February 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.primemovermag.com.au/news/article/arrb-welcomes-new-state-technical-leader-vic-tas","url_text":"\"ARRB welcomes new State Technical Leader VIC/TAS | Logistics, Trucking & Transport News | Prime Mover Magazine\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180222104906/http://www.primemovermag.com.au/news/article/arrb-welcomes-new-state-technical-leader-vic-tas","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Caltabiano named ARRB Group CEO\". FullyLoaded.com.au. Archived from the original on 12 December 2017. Retrieved 11 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fullyloaded.com.au/industry-news/1610/caltabiano-named-arrb-group-ceo","url_text":"\"Caltabiano named ARRB Group CEO\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171212034542/https://www.fullyloaded.com.au/industry-news/1610/caltabiano-named-arrb-group-ceo","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Caltabiano named ARRB Group CEO\". FullyLoaded.com.au. Archived from the original on 12 December 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fullyloaded.com.au/industry-news/1610/caltabiano-named-arrb-group-ceo","url_text":"\"Caltabiano named ARRB Group CEO\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171212034542/https://www.fullyloaded.com.au/industry-news/1610/caltabiano-named-arrb-group-ceo","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"First driverless car trials in Southern Hemisphere to be held in Adelaide\". ABC News. 21 July 2015. Archived from the original on 26 August 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-07-21/driverless-car-trials-held-in-adelaide/6636334","url_text":"\"First driverless car trials in Southern Hemisphere to be held in Adelaide\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170826135231/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-07-21/driverless-car-trials-held-in-adelaide/6636334","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ah_Suytok_Tutul_Xiu
Ah Suytok Tutul Xiu
[]
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Ah Suytok Tutul Xiu" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Ah Suytok Tutul XiuRuler of Tutul XiuReign6th–7th centuryPredecessor?Successor?Born6th centuryTula, Potonchán, or PetenDied7th century UxmalIssuefounded Uxmal Ah Suytok Tutul Xiu or Ah Zuytok Tutul Xiu was the spiritual leader of the Maya Tutul Xiu people. Founder of the city of Uxmal in the 7th century, he was from the Nonohual. Nonohual's location is unknown, but was probably in Peten, it also might have been another name for Potonchán in Tabasco or Tula. He was also known by his nickname coconut kaba or "Hun Uitzil Chac" ("the only mountain of Chac"). The Chilam Balam of Tizimín, describes Zuytok Ah Tutul Xiu as the founder of the city of Uxmal in the Katun 10 Ahau (669). However, the Chilam Balam of Mani describes the same fact in the Katun 2 Ahau (620). Three centuries later the priestly house of Tutul-Xiu of Uxmal was part of the League of Mayapan. This dynastic line of succession is believed to have begun around 435 AD. The eruption of a volcano in 430 AD may have disrupted the line of succession. This biographical article about an Indigenous person of North America is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funkia
Hosta
["1 Description","2 Taxonomy","2.1 Accepted hybrids","3 Cultivation","3.1 Cultivars","4 Toxicity","5 Pests and diseases","6 References","7 External links"]
Genus of flowering plants in the family Asparagaceae For other uses, see Hosta (disambiguation). Hosta 'Bressingham Blue', a Hosta cultivar Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Monocots Order: Asparagales Family: Asparagaceae Subfamily: Agavoideae Genus: HostaTratt., conserved name, not Jacq. (syn of Cornutia in Lamiaceae) nor Vell. ex Pfeiff. (Primulaceae) Synonyms Saussurea Salisb., illegitimate homonym, not DC. (Saussurea in Asteraceae) Bryocles Salisb. Niobe Salisb. Funkia Spreng., illegitimate homonym, not Willd. (syn of Astelia in Asteliaceae) Libertia Dumort., illegitimate homonym, not Spreng. (Libertia in Iridaceae) nor Lej. (syn of Bromus in Poaceae) Hosta sieboldiana by Abraham Jacobus Wendel, 1868 Hosta (/ˈhɒstə/, syn. Funkia) is a genus of plants commonly known as hostas, plantain lilies and occasionally by the Japanese name gibōshi. Hostas are widely cultivated as shade-tolerant foliage plants. The genus is currently placed in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Agavoideae, and is native to northeast Asia (China, Japan, Korea, and the Russian Far East). Like many "lilioid monocots", the genus was once classified in the Liliaceae. The genus was named by Austrian botanist Leopold Trattinnick in 1812, in honor of the Austrian botanist Nicholas Thomas Host. In 1817, the generic name Funkia was used by German botanist Kurt Sprengel in honor of Heinrich Christian Funck, a collector of ferns and alpines; this was later used as a common name and can be found in some older literature. Description Hostas are herbaceous perennial plants, growing from rhizomes which are sometimes stoloniferous, with broad lanceolate or ovate leaves varying widely in size by species from 1–18 in (2.5–45.7 cm) long and 0.75–12 in (2–30 cm) broad. The smallest varieties are called miniatures. Variation among the numerous cultivars is even greater, with clumps ranging from less than 4 in (10 cm) across and 3 in (7.6 cm) high to more than 6 ft (1.8 m) across and 4 ft (1.2 m) high. Leaf color in wild species is typically green, although some species (e.g., H. sieboldiana) are known for a glaucous waxy leaf coating that gives a blue appearance to the leaf. Some species have a glaucous white coating covering the underside of the leaves. Natural mutations of native species are known with yellow-green ("gold") colored leaves or with leaf variegation (either white/cream or yellowish edges or centers). Variegated plants very often give rise to sports that are the result of the reshuffling of cell layers during bud formation, producing foliage with mixed pigment sections. In seedlings variegation is generally maternally derived by chloroplast transfer and is not a genetically inheritable trait. The flowers of hosta are produced on upright scapes that are woody and remain on the plant throughout winter, they are generally taller than the leaf mound, and end in terminal racemes. The individual flowers are usually pendulous, 0.75–2 in (1.9–5.1 cm) long, with six tepals, white, lavender, or violet in color and usually scentless. The only strongly fragrant species is Hosta plantaginea, which has white flowers up to 4 in (10 cm) long; it is also unusual in that the flowers open in the evening and close by morning. This species blooms in late summer and is sometimes known as "August Lily". Taxonomy Taxonomists differ on the number of Hosta species; there may be as many as 45. Accordingly, the list of species given here may be taken loosely. The genus may be broadly divided into three subgenera. Interspecific hybridization occurs since all the species have the same chromosome number (2n = 2x = 60); except H. ventricosa which is a natural tetraploid that sets seed through apomixis. Many cultivated hostas formerly described as species have been reduced to cultivars; these often have their names conserved, and retain Latinized names which resemble species names (e.g., Hosta 'Fortunei'). Accepted species as of July 2021: Image Scientific name Distribution Hosta albofarinosa Anhui Hosta capitata Japan, Korea Hosta clausa Korea, Manchuria, Primorye Hosta hypoleuca Honshu Hosta jonesii Korean Islands Hosta kikutii Japan Hosta kiyosumiensis Honshu Hosta longipes Japan, Korea Hosta longissima Japan, Korea Hosta minor Kyushu, Korea Hosta plantaginea China Hosta pulchella Kyushu Hosta pycnophylla Honshu Hosta shikokiana Shikoku Hosta sieboldiana Japan, Korea Hosta sieboldii Japan Hosta tsushimensis Kyushu Hosta ventricosa S China Hosta venusta Jeju-do, Japan Hosta yingeri Korean Islands Accepted hybrids Hosta × alismifolia – Honshu Hosta × tardiva Cultivation Hosta Hostas are widely cultivated, being particularly useful in the garden as shade-tolerant plants whose striking foliage provides a focal point. The plants are long-lived perennials that are winter hardy in USDA Zones 3 to 8 and recommended for heat zones 8 to 1. Though Hosta plantaginea originates in China, most of the species that provide the modern plants were introduced from Japan to Europe by Philipp Franz von Siebold in the mid-19th century originating from shady locations with more moisture than they are generally cultivated. Newer species have been discovered on the Korean peninsula as well. Hybridization within and among species and cultivars has produced numerous cultivars. The American Hosta Society is the International Cultivar Registration Authority for Hosta, and recognises over 7,200 registered or reserved names. Cultivars with golden- or white-variegated leaves are especially prized. Popular cultivars include 'Francee' (green leaves with white edges), 'Gold Standard' (yellow leaves with green edges, discovered by Pauline Banyai) 'Undulata' (green leaves with white centers), 'June' (blue-green leaves with creamy centers), and 'Sum and Substance' (a huge plant with chartreuse-yellow leaves). Newer, fragrant cultivars such as 'Guacamole' are also popular. The American Hosta Society and the British Hosta and Hemerocallis Society support hosta display gardens, often within botanical gardens. Hostas are frequently exhibited at major shows such as the Chelsea Flower Show. Cultivars The following is a list of cultivars that have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. ‘Allegan Fog’ 'Aureomarginata' (ventricosa) 'Blue Angel' (sieboldiana) ’Blue Mouse Ears’ ‘Christmas Tree’ ’Cracker Crumbs’ ’Devon Green’ ‘El Niño’ (Tardiana Group) ‘Fire Island’ ’First Frost’ 'Francee' (fortunei) 'Frances Williams' 'Golden Tiara' 'Halcyon' (tardiana) H. fortunei var. aureomarginata H. plantaginea var. japonica H. sieboldiana var. elegans H. undulata var. undulata H. ventricosa H. venusta 'June' (tardiana) 'Krossa Regal' ’Liberty’ ’Orange Marmalade’ ’Paradise Puppet’ ’Patriot’ ’Paul’s Glory’ ’Praying Hands’ ’Revolution’ 'Royal Standard' 'Sagae' ’Shining Tot’ ’Stained Glass’ 'Sum and Substance' ’Touch of Class’ ’Whirlwind’ 'Wide Brim' Toxicity While usually grown for ornamental purposes, all species of hosta are edible, and are grown as vegetables in some Asian cultures. However, hostas may be toxic to dogs, cats, and horses if consumed in large quantities because some contain saponins. Symptoms include vomiting and diarrhea. Pests and diseases Hosta with virus X. Hosta leaves and stems are eaten by deer, rabbits, slugs and snails, and the roots and rhizomes are eaten by voles, all of these can cause extensive damage to collections in gardens. Some varieties seem more resistant to slug damage, which is more prevalent later in the growing season, than others. Insect pests include vine weevils and cutworms. Foliar nematodes, which leave streaks of dead tissue between veins, have become an increasing problem where pesticide use has decreased. A potexvirus called 'Hosta Virus X' was first identified in Minnesota in 1996. Plants that are infected are destroyed to prevent its spread as the disease can be transmitted from plant to plant by contaminated sap. Symptoms include dark green "ink bleed" marks in the veins of yellow-colored leaves, and/or tissue collapse between veins. It can take years for symptoms to show, so symptomless plants in infected batches should also be considered infected. Other viruses that infect Hosta include: Tomato Ringspot Virus, Impatiens Necrotic Spot Virus, Tobacco Rattle Virus, Cucumber Mosaic Virus and several unidentified viruses. Fungal diseases that affect Hosta include: crown rot caused by Fusarium hostae. It causes stunting and late emergence of the plants, leaf chlorosis, browning and necrosis. References ^ Tropicos, search for Hosta ^ a b c Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families ^ "Tropicos – Name Search". ^ Tropicos, search for Libertia ^ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607 ^ Stevens, P.F., Angiosperm Phylogeny Website: Asparagales: Agavoideae ^ Diana Wells 100 Flowers and How They Got Their Names, p. 96, at Google Books ^ Mikolajski, A. (1997). Hostas – The New Plant Library, Canada: Lorenz Books. ISBN 1-85967-388-0 ^ "Hostas – taxonomy". hostas.fr. Retrieved 24 March 2015. ^ "Hosta in Flora of North America @ efloras.org". ^ Wolfram George Schmid (1991). The Genus Hosta. Timber Press. p. 393. ISBN 978-0-88192-201-1. ^ Klaus Kubitzki (27 August 1998). Flowering Plants. Monocotyledons: Lilianae (except Orchidaceae). Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 256–. ISBN 978-3-540-64060-8. ^ Holmes, Roger (2001-10-18). Taylor's Master Guide to Gardening. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-618-15907-9. ^ "Hosta in Flora of China @ efloras.org". ^ Jim Wilson (1 October 1999). Bulletproof Flowers for the South. Taylor Trade Publishing. pp. 77–. ISBN 978-1-4617-0855-1. ^ Diana Grenfell; Michael Shadrack (23 January 2010). The New Encyclopedia of Hostas. Timber Press. pp. 14–. ISBN 978-0-88192-960-7. ^ "The Hosta Treasury". American Hosta Society. Retrieved 12 October 2023. ^ "American Hosta Society (AHS)". ^ "HOME page of the British Hosta and Hemerocallis Society". ^ "RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Allegan Fog'". Retrieved 7 March 2018. ^ "RHS Plant Selector – Hosta 'Aureomarginata' (ventricosa)". Retrieved 23 February 2020. ^ "RHS Plant Selector – Hosta 'Blue Angel' (sieboldiana)". Retrieved 5 August 2015. ^ "RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Blue Mouse Ears'". Retrieved 7 March 2018. ^ "RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Christmas Tree'". Retrieved 7 March 2018. ^ "RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Cracker Crumbs'". Retrieved 7 March 2018. ^ "RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Devon Green'". Retrieved 7 March 2018. ^ "RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'El Niño'". Retrieved 7 March 2018. ^ "RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Fire Island'". Retrieved 7 March 2018. ^ "RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'First Frost'". Retrieved 7 March 2018. ^ "RHS Plant Selector – Hosta' 'Francee' (fortunei)". Retrieved 23 February 2020. ^ "Hosta 'Frances Williams' (sieboldiana) (v)". ^ "RHS Plant Selector – Hosta 'Golden Tiara'". Retrieved 23 February 2020. ^ "RHS Plant Selector – Hosta (Tardiana Group) 'Halcyon'". Retrieved 23 February 2020. ^ "RHS Plant Selector – Hosta fortunei var. aureomarginata". Retrieved 23 February 2020. ^ "RHS Plant Selector – Hosta plantaginea var. japonica". Retrieved 23 February 2020. ^ "RHS Plant Selector – Hosta sieboldiana var. elegans". Retrieved 23 February 2020. ^ "RHS Plant Selector – Hosta undulata var. undulata". Retrieved 23 February 2020. ^ "RHS Plant Selector – Hosta ventricosa". Retrieved 23 February 2020. ^ "RHS Plant Selector – Hosta venusta". Retrieved 23 February 2020. ^ "RHS Plant Selector – Hosta (Tardiana Group) 'June'". Retrieved 23 February 2020. ^ "RHS Plant Selector – Hosta 'Krosse Regal'". Retrieved 23 February 2020. ^ "RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Liberty'". Retrieved 7 March 2018. ^ "RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Orange Marmalade'". Retrieved 7 March 2018. ^ "RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Paradise Puppet'". Retrieved 7 March 2018. ^ "RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Patriot'". Retrieved 7 March 2018. ^ "RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Paul's Glory'". Retrieved 7 March 2018. ^ "RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Praying Hands'". Retrieved 7 March 2018. ^ "RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Revolution'". Retrieved 7 March 2018. ^ "RHS Plant Selector – Hosta 'Royal Standard'". Retrieved 23 February 2020. ^ "RHS Plant Selector – Hosta 'Sagae'". Retrieved 23 February 2020. ^ "RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Shining Tot'". Retrieved 7 March 2018. ^ "RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Stained Glass'". Retrieved 7 March 2018. ^ "RHS Plant Selector – Hosta 'Sum and Substance'". Retrieved 23 February 2020. ^ "RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Touch of Class'". Retrieved 7 March 2018. ^ "RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Whirlwind'". Retrieved 7 March 2018. ^ "RHS Plant Selector – Hosta 'Wide Brim'". Retrieved 23 February 2020. ^ "Bacon-Wrapped Hosta?". Star Tribune. Archived from the original on 9 April 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2016. ^ Anthony Knight (1 January 2007). A Guide to Poisonous House and Garden Plants. CRC Press. pp. 139–. ISBN 978-1-4822-4104-4. ^ "Hosta". American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Retrieved 9 July 2014. ^ Diana Grenfell; Michael Shadrack (2009). The New Encyclopedia of Hostas. Timber Press. pp. 46–. ISBN 978-0-88192-960-7. ^ "Hosta virus X (Potexvirus)". eppo.int (European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization). Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 5 August 2015. ^ Lewandowski, Dennis J. (2008). "Hosta Virus X" (PDF). The Ohio State University. pp. 1–3. Retrieved 5 August 2015. ^ https://www.uaex.edu/publications/pdf/FSA-7548.pdf Archived 2020-09-19 at the Wayback Machine ^ P. Narayanasamy (8 October 2019). Soilborne Microbial Plant Pathogens and Disease Management, Volume Two: Management of Crop Diseases. CRC Press. pp. 62–. ISBN 978-0-429-60338-9. ^ Geiser, David M.; Juba, Jean H.; Wang, Bo; Jeffers, Steven N. (2001). "Fusarium hostae sp. nov., a Relative of F. redolens with a Gibberella Teleomorph". Mycologia. 93 (4): 670–678. doi:10.2307/3761821. JSTOR 3761821. Retrieved 14 September 2021. Pink, A. (2004). Gardening for the Million. Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hosta. Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Funkia". American Hosta Society Hosta Library 17000 Hosta Photographs, Articles, and Hosta Auction Hosta Virus X, Kansas State University HOSTAS Cubit (ID, Hybridizing, Sources databases; forums) Danish Hosta Society Plants for a Future Descriptions (from a Western perspective) of the edibility of several species Hosta Lists and Hosta Garden Themes Don Rawson's Hosta Lists, containing over 22,000 entries in 102 lists. Taxon identifiersHosta Wikidata: Q623347 Wikispecies: Hosta BOLD: 365979 CoL: 8VYCQ EoL: 33632 EPPO: 1HSTG FNA: 115795 FoC: 115795 GBIF: 9342215 GRIN: 5808 iNaturalist: 82095 IPNI: 331214-2 IRMNG: 1300445 ITIS: 42950 NBN: NHMSYS0000459763 NCBI: 13090 NZOR: 6ae830fd-c1cf-4125-8862-7a300d00ceca Open Tree of Life: 35794 PLANTS: HOSTA POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:331214-2 Tropicos: 40027793 VASCAN: 1258 WFO: wfo-4000018320 Authority control databases: National Israel United States Latvia Japan Czech Republic
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hosta (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosta_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Afbeelding-053-Hosta_sieboldiana.tif"},{"link_name":"Abraham Jacobus Wendel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Jacobus_Wendel"},{"link_name":"/ˈhɒstə/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"syn.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Asparagaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparagaceae"},{"link_name":"Agavoideae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agavoideae"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"native","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_plant"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea"},{"link_name":"Russian Far East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Far_East"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h-2"},{"link_name":"lilioid monocots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilioid_monocot"},{"link_name":"Liliaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liliaceae"},{"link_name":"Leopold Trattinnick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Trattinnick"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Thomas Host","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Thomas_Host"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Kurt Sprengel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Sprengel"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Christian Funck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Christian_Funck"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"For other uses, see Hosta (disambiguation).Hosta sieboldiana by Abraham Jacobus Wendel, 1868Hosta (/ˈhɒstə/,[5] syn. Funkia) is a genus of plants commonly known as hostas, plantain lilies and occasionally by the Japanese name gibōshi. Hostas are widely cultivated as shade-tolerant foliage plants. The genus is currently placed in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Agavoideae,[6] and is native to northeast Asia (China, Japan, Korea, and the Russian Far East).[2] Like many \"lilioid monocots\", the genus was once classified in the Liliaceae. The genus was named by Austrian botanist Leopold Trattinnick in 1812,[7] in honor of the Austrian botanist Nicholas Thomas Host.[8] In 1817, the generic name Funkia was used by German botanist Kurt Sprengel in honor of Heinrich Christian Funck, a collector of ferns and alpines;[9] this was later used as a common name and can be found in some older literature.","title":"Hosta"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"herbaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbaceous"},{"link_name":"perennial plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_plant"},{"link_name":"rhizomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizome"},{"link_name":"stoloniferous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolon"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"lanceolate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanceolate"},{"link_name":"ovate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_leaf_morphology#ovate"},{"link_name":"leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf"},{"link_name":"H. sieboldiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosta_sieboldiana"},{"link_name":"glaucous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaucous"},{"link_name":"variegation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variegation"},{"link_name":"sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_(botany)"},{"link_name":"chloroplast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast"},{"link_name":"scapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scape_(botany)"},{"link_name":"racemes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racemes"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schmid1991-11"},{"link_name":"tepals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepal"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kubitzki1998-12"},{"link_name":"Hosta plantaginea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosta_plantaginea"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Hostas are herbaceous perennial plants, growing from rhizomes which are sometimes stoloniferous,[10] with broad lanceolate or ovate leaves varying widely in size by species from 1–18 in (2.5–45.7 cm) long and 0.75–12 in (2–30 cm) broad. The smallest varieties are called miniatures. Variation among the numerous cultivars is even greater, with clumps ranging from less than 4 in (10 cm) across and 3 in (7.6 cm) high to more than 6 ft (1.8 m) across and 4 ft (1.2 m) high. Leaf color in wild species is typically green, although some species (e.g., H. sieboldiana) are known for a glaucous waxy leaf coating that gives a blue appearance to the leaf. Some species have a glaucous white coating covering the underside of the leaves. Natural mutations of native species are known with yellow-green (\"gold\") colored leaves or with leaf variegation (either white/cream or yellowish edges or centers). Variegated plants very often give rise to sports that are the result of the reshuffling of cell layers during bud formation, producing foliage with mixed pigment sections. In seedlings variegation is generally maternally derived by chloroplast transfer and is not a genetically inheritable trait.The flowers of hosta are produced on upright scapes that are woody and remain on the plant throughout winter, they are generally taller than the leaf mound, and end in terminal racemes.[11] The individual flowers are usually pendulous, 0.75–2 in (1.9–5.1 cm) long, with six tepals,[12] white, lavender, or violet in color and usually scentless. The only strongly fragrant species is Hosta plantaginea, which has white flowers up to 4 in (10 cm) long; it is also unusual in that the flowers open in the evening and close by morning. This species blooms in late summer and is sometimes known as \"August Lily\".[13]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taxonomists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomist"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"subgenera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subgenus"},{"link_name":"hybridization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)"},{"link_name":"chromosome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome"},{"link_name":"H. ventricosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosta_ventricosa"},{"link_name":"tetraploid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraploid"},{"link_name":"apomixis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apomixis"},{"link_name":"cultivars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar"},{"link_name":"Latinized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinisation_of_names"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h-2"}],"text":"Taxonomists differ on the number of Hosta species; there may be as many as 45.[14] Accordingly, the list of species given here may be taken loosely. The genus may be broadly divided into three subgenera. Interspecific hybridization occurs since all the species have the same chromosome number (2n = 2x = 60); except H. ventricosa which is a natural tetraploid that sets seed through apomixis. Many cultivated hostas formerly described as species have been reduced to cultivars; these often have their names conserved, and retain Latinized names which resemble species names (e.g., Hosta 'Fortunei').Accepted species[2] as of July 2021:","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hosta × alismifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hosta_%C3%97_alismifolia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Honshu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honshu"},{"link_name":"Hosta × tardiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosta_%C3%97_tardiva"}],"sub_title":"Accepted hybrids","text":"Hosta × alismifolia – Honshu\nHosta × tardiva","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hosta33.jpg"},{"link_name":"USDA Zones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USDA_Zone"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilson1999-15"},{"link_name":"Philipp Franz von Siebold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Franz_von_Siebold"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GrenfellShadrack2010-16"},{"link_name":"Hybridization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)"},{"link_name":"cultivars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar"},{"link_name":"International Cultivar Registration Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Cultivar_Registration_Authority"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"variegated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variegation"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Undulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosta_undulata"},{"link_name":"American Hosta Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Hosta_Society"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"botanical gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_garden"},{"link_name":"Chelsea Flower Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Flower_Show"}],"text":"HostaHostas are widely cultivated, being particularly useful in the garden as shade-tolerant plants whose striking foliage provides a focal point. The plants are long-lived perennials that are winter hardy in USDA Zones 3 to 8 and recommended for heat zones 8 to 1.[15] Though Hosta plantaginea originates in China, most of the species that provide the modern plants were introduced from Japan to Europe by Philipp Franz von Siebold in the mid-19th century originating from shady locations with more moisture than they are generally cultivated.[16] Newer species have been discovered on the Korean peninsula as well. Hybridization within and among species and cultivars has produced numerous cultivars. The American Hosta Society is the International Cultivar Registration Authority for Hosta, and recognises over 7,200 registered or reserved names.[17]Cultivars with golden- or white-variegated leaves are especially prized.[citation needed] Popular cultivars include 'Francee' (green leaves with white edges), 'Gold Standard' (yellow leaves with green edges, discovered by Pauline Banyai) 'Undulata' (green leaves with white centers), 'June' (blue-green leaves with creamy centers), and 'Sum and Substance' (a huge plant with chartreuse-yellow leaves). Newer, fragrant cultivars such as 'Guacamole' are also popular.The American Hosta Society[18] and the British Hosta and Hemerocallis Society[19] support hosta display gardens, often within botanical gardens. Hostas are frequently exhibited at major shows such as the Chelsea Flower Show.","title":"Cultivation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Horticultural Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society"},{"link_name":"Award of Garden Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Award_of_Garden_Merit"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"var.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(botany)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"Cultivars","text":"The following is a list of cultivars that have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.‘Allegan Fog’[20]\n'Aureomarginata' (ventricosa)[21]\n'Blue Angel' (sieboldiana)[22]\n’Blue Mouse Ears’[23]\n‘Christmas Tree’[24]\n’Cracker Crumbs’[25]\n’Devon Green’[26]\n‘El Niño’ (Tardiana Group)[27]\n‘Fire Island’[28]\n’First Frost’[29]\n'Francee' (fortunei)[30]\n'Frances Williams'[31]\n'Golden Tiara'[32]\n'Halcyon' (tardiana)[33]\nH. fortunei var. aureomarginata[34]\nH. plantaginea var. japonica[35]\nH. sieboldiana var. elegans[36]\nH. undulata var. undulata[37]\nH. ventricosa[38]\nH. venusta[39]\n'June' (tardiana)[40]\n'Krossa Regal'[41]\n’Liberty’[42]\n’Orange Marmalade’[43]\n’Paradise Puppet’[44]\n’Patriot’[45]\n’Paul’s Glory’[46]\n’Praying Hands’[47]\n’Revolution’[48]\n'Royal Standard'[49]\n'Sagae'[50]\n’Shining Tot’[51]\n’Stained Glass’[52]\n'Sum and Substance'[53]\n’Touch of Class’[54]\n’Whirlwind’[55]\n'Wide Brim'[56]","title":"Cultivation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"saponins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saponin"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Knight2007-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"}],"text":"While usually grown for ornamental purposes, all species of hosta are edible, and are grown as vegetables in some Asian cultures.[57]However, hostas may be toxic to dogs, cats, and horses if consumed in large quantities because some contain saponins.[58] Symptoms include vomiting and diarrhea.[59]","title":"Toxicity"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moonlightvar.jpg"},{"link_name":"slugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slugs"},{"link_name":"voles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vole"},{"link_name":"vine weevils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vine_weevil"},{"link_name":"cutworms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutworm"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GrenfellShadrack2009-60"},{"link_name":"Foliar nematodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foliar_nematodes"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"potexvirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potexvirus"},{"link_name":"Hosta Virus X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosta_Virus_X"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Tomato Ringspot Virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato_ringspot_virus"},{"link_name":"Impatiens Necrotic Spot Virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impatiens_necrotic_spot_orthotospovirus"},{"link_name":"Tobacco Rattle Virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_rattle_virus"},{"link_name":"Cucumber Mosaic Virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucumber_mosaic_virus"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Fusarium hostae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fusarium_hostae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Narayanasamy2019-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geiser_et_al_2001-65"}],"text":"Hosta with virus X.Hosta leaves and stems are eaten by deer, rabbits, slugs and snails, and the roots and rhizomes are eaten by voles, all of these can cause extensive damage to collections in gardens. Some varieties seem more resistant to slug damage, which is more prevalent later in the growing season, than others. Insect pests include vine weevils and cutworms.[60]Foliar nematodes, which leave streaks of dead tissue between veins, have become an increasing problem where pesticide use has decreased.[citation needed]A potexvirus called 'Hosta Virus X' was first identified in Minnesota in 1996. Plants that are infected are destroyed to prevent its spread as the disease can be transmitted from plant to plant by contaminated sap. Symptoms include dark green \"ink bleed\" marks in the veins of yellow-colored leaves, and/or tissue collapse between veins. It can take years for symptoms to show, so symptomless plants in infected batches should also be considered infected.[61][62]Other viruses that infect Hosta include: Tomato Ringspot Virus, Impatiens Necrotic Spot Virus, Tobacco Rattle Virus, Cucumber Mosaic Virus and several unidentified viruses.[63]Fungal diseases that affect Hosta include: crown rot caused by Fusarium hostae.[64][65] It causes stunting and late emergence of the plants, leaf chlorosis, browning and necrosis.","title":"Pests and diseases"}]
[{"image_text":"Hosta sieboldiana by Abraham Jacobus Wendel, 1868","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Afbeelding-053-Hosta_sieboldiana.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Afbeelding-053-Hosta_sieboldiana.tif.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hosta","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Hosta33.jpg/250px-Hosta33.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hosta with virus X.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Moonlightvar.jpg/220px-Moonlightvar.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Tropicos – Name Search\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tropicos.org/NameSearch.aspx?name=Saussurea&commonname=","url_text":"\"Tropicos – Name Search\""}]},{"reference":"Stevens, P.F., Angiosperm Phylogeny Website: Asparagales: Agavoideae","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/orders/asparagalesweb.htm#Agavaceae","url_text":"Angiosperm Phylogeny Website: Asparagales: Agavoideae"}]},{"reference":"\"Hostas – taxonomy\". hostas.fr. Retrieved 24 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hostas.fr/Taxonomie.htm","url_text":"\"Hostas – taxonomy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hosta in Flora of North America @ efloras.org\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=115795","url_text":"\"Hosta in Flora of North America @ efloras.org\""}]},{"reference":"Wolfram George Schmid (1991). The Genus Hosta. Timber Press. p. 393. ISBN 978-0-88192-201-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-201-1","url_text":"978-0-88192-201-1"}]},{"reference":"Klaus Kubitzki (27 August 1998). Flowering Plants. Monocotyledons: Lilianae (except Orchidaceae). Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 256–. ISBN 978-3-540-64060-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FyPVYzL76sMC&pg=PA256","url_text":"Flowering Plants. Monocotyledons: Lilianae (except Orchidaceae)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-64060-8","url_text":"978-3-540-64060-8"}]},{"reference":"Holmes, Roger (2001-10-18). Taylor's Master Guide to Gardening. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-618-15907-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sWrSM-4CoLoC&pg=PA404","url_text":"Taylor's Master Guide to Gardening"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-15907-9","url_text":"978-0-618-15907-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Hosta in Flora of China @ efloras.org\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=115795","url_text":"\"Hosta in Flora of China @ efloras.org\""}]},{"reference":"Jim Wilson (1 October 1999). Bulletproof Flowers for the South. Taylor Trade Publishing. pp. 77–. ISBN 978-1-4617-0855-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Qvw2AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA77","url_text":"Bulletproof Flowers for the South"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4617-0855-1","url_text":"978-1-4617-0855-1"}]},{"reference":"Diana Grenfell; Michael Shadrack (23 January 2010). The New Encyclopedia of Hostas. Timber Press. pp. 14–. ISBN 978-0-88192-960-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ln6I0gCok_0C&pg=PA14","url_text":"The New Encyclopedia of Hostas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-960-7","url_text":"978-0-88192-960-7"}]},{"reference":"\"The Hosta Treasury\". American Hosta Society. Retrieved 12 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hostaregistrar.org/search.php","url_text":"\"The Hosta Treasury\""}]},{"reference":"\"American Hosta Society (AHS)\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hosta.org/","url_text":"\"American Hosta Society (AHS)\""}]},{"reference":"\"HOME page of the British Hosta and Hemerocallis Society\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hostahem.org.uk/","url_text":"\"HOME page of the British Hosta and Hemerocallis Society\""}]},{"reference":"\"RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Allegan Fog'\". Retrieved 7 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/192985/i-Hosta-i-Allegan-Fog-(v)/Details","url_text":"\"RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Allegan Fog'\""}]},{"reference":"\"RHS Plant Selector – Hosta 'Aureomarginata' (ventricosa)\". Retrieved 23 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/68385/Hosta-Aureomarginata-(ventricosa)-(v)/Details","url_text":"\"RHS Plant Selector – Hosta 'Aureomarginata' (ventricosa)\""}]},{"reference":"\"RHS Plant Selector – Hosta 'Blue Angel' (sieboldiana)\". Retrieved 5 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/67486/i-Hosta-i-Blue-Angel-%28-i-sieboldiana-i-%29/Details","url_text":"\"RHS Plant Selector – Hosta 'Blue Angel' (sieboldiana)\""}]},{"reference":"\"RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Blue Mouse Ears'\". Retrieved 7 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/208880/i-Hosta-i-Blue-Mouse-Ears/Details","url_text":"\"RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Blue Mouse Ears'\""}]},{"reference":"\"RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Christmas Tree'\". Retrieved 7 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/44888/i-Hosta-i-Christmas-Tree-(v)/Details","url_text":"\"RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Christmas Tree'\""}]},{"reference":"\"RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Cracker Crumbs'\". Retrieved 7 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/209351/i-Hosta-i-Cracker-Crumbs-(v)/Details","url_text":"\"RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Cracker Crumbs'\""}]},{"reference":"\"RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Devon Green'\". Retrieved 7 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/73472/i-Hosta-i-Devon-Green/Details","url_text":"\"RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Devon Green'\""}]},{"reference":"\"RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'El Niño'\". Retrieved 7 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/193777/i-Hosta-i-(Tardiana-Group)-El-Nino-sup-(PBR)-sup-(v)/Details","url_text":"\"RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'El Niño'\""}]},{"reference":"\"RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Fire Island'\". Retrieved 7 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/210814/i-Hosta-i-Fire-Island/Details","url_text":"\"RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Fire Island'\""}]},{"reference":"\"RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'First Frost'\". Retrieved 7 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/222188/i-Hosta-i-First-Frost-(v)/Details","url_text":"\"RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'First Frost'\""}]},{"reference":"\"RHS Plant Selector – Hosta' 'Francee' (fortunei)\". Retrieved 23 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/71683/Hosta-Francee-(fortunei)-(v)/Details","url_text":"\"RHS Plant Selector – Hosta' 'Francee' (fortunei)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hosta 'Frances Williams' (sieboldiana) (v)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/90814/Hosta-Frances-Williams-(sieboldiana)-(v)/Details","url_text":"\"Hosta 'Frances Williams' (sieboldiana) (v)\""}]},{"reference":"\"RHS Plant Selector – Hosta 'Golden Tiara'\". Retrieved 23 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/96811/Hosta-Golden-Tiara-(v)/Details","url_text":"\"RHS Plant Selector – Hosta 'Golden Tiara'\""}]},{"reference":"\"RHS Plant Selector – Hosta (Tardiana Group) 'Halcyon'\". Retrieved 23 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/91303/Hosta-(Tardiana-Group)-Halcyon/Details","url_text":"\"RHS Plant Selector – Hosta (Tardiana Group) 'Halcyon'\""}]},{"reference":"\"RHS Plant Selector – Hosta fortunei var. aureomarginata\". Retrieved 23 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/69718/Hosta-fortunei-var-aureomarginata-(v)/Details","url_text":"\"RHS Plant Selector – Hosta fortunei var. aureomarginata\""}]},{"reference":"\"RHS Plant Selector – Hosta plantaginea var. japonica\". Retrieved 23 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/58129/Hosta-plantaginea-var-japonica/Details","url_text":"\"RHS Plant Selector – Hosta plantaginea var. japonica\""}]},{"reference":"\"RHS Plant Selector – Hosta sieboldiana var. elegans\". Retrieved 23 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/99289/Hosta-sieboldiana-var-elegans/Details","url_text":"\"RHS Plant Selector – Hosta sieboldiana var. elegans\""}]},{"reference":"\"RHS Plant Selector – Hosta undulata var. undulata\". Retrieved 23 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/99289/Hosta-sieboldiana-var-elegans/Details","url_text":"\"RHS Plant Selector – Hosta undulata var. undulata\""}]},{"reference":"\"RHS Plant Selector – Hosta ventricosa\". Retrieved 23 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/8838/Hosta-ventricosa/Details","url_text":"\"RHS Plant Selector – Hosta ventricosa\""}]},{"reference":"\"RHS Plant Selector – Hosta venusta\". Retrieved 23 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/8840/Hosta-venusta/Details","url_text":"\"RHS Plant Selector – Hosta venusta\""}]},{"reference":"\"RHS Plant Selector – Hosta (Tardiana Group) 'June'\". Retrieved 23 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/51451/Hosta-(Tardiana-Group)-June-(PBR)-(v)/Details","url_text":"\"RHS Plant Selector – Hosta (Tardiana Group) 'June'\""}]},{"reference":"\"RHS Plant Selector – Hosta 'Krosse Regal'\". Retrieved 23 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/94097/Hosta-Krossa-Regal/Details","url_text":"\"RHS Plant Selector – Hosta 'Krosse Regal'\""}]},{"reference":"\"RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Liberty'\". Retrieved 7 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/193012/i-Hosta-i-Liberty-sup-(PBR)-sup-(v)/Details","url_text":"\"RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Liberty'\""}]},{"reference":"\"RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Orange Marmalade'\". Retrieved 7 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/209390/i-Hosta-i-Orange-Marmalade-(v)/Details","url_text":"\"RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Orange Marmalade'\""}]},{"reference":"\"RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Paradise Puppet'\". Retrieved 7 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/127167/i-Hosta-i-Paradise-Puppet-(-i-venusta-i-)/Details","url_text":"\"RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Paradise Puppet'\""}]},{"reference":"\"RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Patriot'\". Retrieved 7 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/64893/i-Hosta-i-Patriot-(v)/Details","url_text":"\"RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Patriot'\""}]},{"reference":"\"RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Paul's Glory'\". Retrieved 7 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/66046/i-Hosta-i-Paul-s-Glory-(v)/Details","url_text":"\"RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Paul's Glory'\""}]},{"reference":"\"RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Praying Hands'\". Retrieved 7 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/193017/i-Hosta-i-Praying-Hands-(v)/Details","url_text":"\"RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Praying Hands'\""}]},{"reference":"\"RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Revolution'\". Retrieved 7 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/162011/i-Hosta-i-Revolution-sup-(PBR)-sup-(v)/Details","url_text":"\"RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Revolution'\""}]},{"reference":"\"RHS Plant Selector – Hosta 'Royal Standard'\". Retrieved 23 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/91937/Hosta-Royal-Standard/Details","url_text":"\"RHS Plant Selector – Hosta 'Royal Standard'\""}]},{"reference":"\"RHS Plant Selector – Hosta 'Sagae'\". Retrieved 23 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/47479/Hosta-Sagae-(v)/Details","url_text":"\"RHS Plant Selector – Hosta 'Sagae'\""}]},{"reference":"\"RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Shining Tot'\". Retrieved 7 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/57208/i-Hosta-i-Shining-Tot/Details","url_text":"\"RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Shining Tot'\""}]},{"reference":"\"RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Stained Glass'\". Retrieved 7 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/212303/i-Hosta-i-Stained-Glass-(v)/Details","url_text":"\"RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Stained Glass'\""}]},{"reference":"\"RHS Plant Selector – Hosta 'Sum and Substance'\". Retrieved 23 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/85672/Hosta-Sum-and-Substance/Details","url_text":"\"RHS Plant Selector – Hosta 'Sum and Substance'\""}]},{"reference":"\"RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Touch of Class'\". Retrieved 7 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/198950/i-Hosta-i-Touch-of-Class-sup-(PBR)-sup-(v)/Details","url_text":"\"RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Touch of Class'\""}]},{"reference":"\"RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Whirlwind'\". Retrieved 7 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/118021/i-Hosta-i-Whirlwind-(-i-fortunei-i-)-(v)/Details","url_text":"\"RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Whirlwind'\""}]},{"reference":"\"RHS Plant Selector – Hosta 'Wide Brim'\". Retrieved 23 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/40754/Hosta-Wide-Brim-(v)/Details","url_text":"\"RHS Plant Selector – Hosta 'Wide Brim'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bacon-Wrapped Hosta?\". Star Tribune. Archived from the original on 9 April 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160409172101/http://www.startribune.com/bacon-wrapped-hosta-the-perennial-plant-is-edible/375040231/","url_text":"\"Bacon-Wrapped Hosta?\""},{"url":"http://www.startribune.com/bacon-wrapped-hosta-the-perennial-plant-is-edible/375040231/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Anthony Knight (1 January 2007). A Guide to Poisonous House and Garden Plants. CRC Press. pp. 139–. ISBN 978-1-4822-4104-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Y4ebBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA139","url_text":"A Guide to Poisonous House and Garden Plants"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4822-4104-4","url_text":"978-1-4822-4104-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Hosta\". American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Retrieved 9 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aspca.org/pet-care/animal-poison-control/toxic-and-non-toxic-plants/hosta","url_text":"\"Hosta\""}]},{"reference":"Diana Grenfell; Michael Shadrack (2009). The New Encyclopedia of Hostas. Timber Press. pp. 46–. ISBN 978-0-88192-960-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ln6I0gCok_0C&pg=PA46","url_text":"The New Encyclopedia of Hostas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-960-7","url_text":"978-0-88192-960-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Hosta virus X (Potexvirus)\". eppo.int (European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization). Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 5 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924002016/http://www.eppo.int/QUARANTINE/Alert_List/viruses/HVX.htm","url_text":"\"Hosta virus X (Potexvirus)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_and_Mediterranean_Plant_Protection_Organization","url_text":"European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization"},{"url":"http://www.eppo.int/QUARANTINE/Alert_List/viruses/HVX.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lewandowski, Dennis J. (2008). \"Hosta Virus X\" (PDF). The Ohio State University. pp. 1–3. Retrieved 5 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/3000/pdf/3069.pdf","url_text":"\"Hosta Virus X\""}]},{"reference":"P. Narayanasamy (8 October 2019). Soilborne Microbial Plant Pathogens and Disease Management, Volume Two: Management of Crop Diseases. CRC Press. pp. 62–. ISBN 978-0-429-60338-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zZWzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT62","url_text":"Soilborne Microbial Plant Pathogens and Disease Management, Volume Two: Management of Crop Diseases"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-60338-9","url_text":"978-0-429-60338-9"}]},{"reference":"Geiser, David M.; Juba, Jean H.; Wang, Bo; Jeffers, Steven N. (2001). \"Fusarium hostae sp. nov., a Relative of F. redolens with a Gibberella Teleomorph\". Mycologia. 93 (4): 670–678. doi:10.2307/3761821. JSTOR 3761821. Retrieved 14 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3761821","url_text":"\"Fusarium hostae sp. nov., a Relative of F. redolens with a Gibberella Teleomorph\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3761821","url_text":"10.2307/3761821"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3761821","url_text":"3761821"}]},{"reference":"Pink, A. (2004). Gardening for the Million. Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/11892","url_text":"Gardening for the Million"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gutenberg","url_text":"Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.tropicos.org/NameSearch.aspx?name=Hosta&commonname=","external_links_name":"Tropicos, search for Hosta"},{"Link":"http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=278400","external_links_name":"Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families"},{"Link":"http://www.tropicos.org/NameSearch.aspx?name=Saussurea&commonname=","external_links_name":"\"Tropicos – Name Search\""},{"Link":"http://www.tropicos.org/NameSearch.aspx?name=Libertia&commonname=","external_links_name":"Tropicos, search for Libertia"},{"Link":"http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/orders/asparagalesweb.htm#Agavaceae","external_links_name":"Angiosperm Phylogeny Website: Asparagales: Agavoideae"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=be1dPv97Au0C&pg=PA96","external_links_name":"100 Flowers and How They Got Their Names"},{"Link":"http://www.hostas.fr/Taxonomie.htm","external_links_name":"\"Hostas – taxonomy\""},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=115795","external_links_name":"\"Hosta in Flora of North America @ efloras.org\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FyPVYzL76sMC&pg=PA256","external_links_name":"Flowering Plants. Monocotyledons: Lilianae (except Orchidaceae)"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sWrSM-4CoLoC&pg=PA404","external_links_name":"Taylor's Master Guide to Gardening"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=115795","external_links_name":"\"Hosta in Flora of China @ efloras.org\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Qvw2AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA77","external_links_name":"Bulletproof Flowers for the South"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ln6I0gCok_0C&pg=PA14","external_links_name":"The New Encyclopedia of Hostas"},{"Link":"http://www.hostaregistrar.org/search.php","external_links_name":"\"The Hosta Treasury\""},{"Link":"http://www.hosta.org/","external_links_name":"\"American Hosta Society (AHS)\""},{"Link":"http://www.hostahem.org.uk/","external_links_name":"\"HOME page of the British Hosta and Hemerocallis Society\""},{"Link":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/192985/i-Hosta-i-Allegan-Fog-(v)/Details","external_links_name":"\"RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Allegan Fog'\""},{"Link":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/68385/Hosta-Aureomarginata-(ventricosa)-(v)/Details","external_links_name":"\"RHS Plant Selector – Hosta 'Aureomarginata' (ventricosa)\""},{"Link":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/67486/i-Hosta-i-Blue-Angel-%28-i-sieboldiana-i-%29/Details","external_links_name":"\"RHS Plant Selector – Hosta 'Blue Angel' (sieboldiana)\""},{"Link":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/208880/i-Hosta-i-Blue-Mouse-Ears/Details","external_links_name":"\"RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Blue Mouse Ears'\""},{"Link":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/44888/i-Hosta-i-Christmas-Tree-(v)/Details","external_links_name":"\"RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Christmas Tree'\""},{"Link":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/209351/i-Hosta-i-Cracker-Crumbs-(v)/Details","external_links_name":"\"RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Cracker Crumbs'\""},{"Link":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/73472/i-Hosta-i-Devon-Green/Details","external_links_name":"\"RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Devon Green'\""},{"Link":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/193777/i-Hosta-i-(Tardiana-Group)-El-Nino-sup-(PBR)-sup-(v)/Details","external_links_name":"\"RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'El Niño'\""},{"Link":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/210814/i-Hosta-i-Fire-Island/Details","external_links_name":"\"RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Fire Island'\""},{"Link":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/222188/i-Hosta-i-First-Frost-(v)/Details","external_links_name":"\"RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'First Frost'\""},{"Link":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/71683/Hosta-Francee-(fortunei)-(v)/Details","external_links_name":"\"RHS Plant Selector – Hosta' 'Francee' (fortunei)\""},{"Link":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/90814/Hosta-Frances-Williams-(sieboldiana)-(v)/Details","external_links_name":"\"Hosta 'Frances Williams' (sieboldiana) (v)\""},{"Link":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/96811/Hosta-Golden-Tiara-(v)/Details","external_links_name":"\"RHS Plant Selector – Hosta 'Golden Tiara'\""},{"Link":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/91303/Hosta-(Tardiana-Group)-Halcyon/Details","external_links_name":"\"RHS Plant Selector – Hosta (Tardiana Group) 'Halcyon'\""},{"Link":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/69718/Hosta-fortunei-var-aureomarginata-(v)/Details","external_links_name":"\"RHS Plant Selector – Hosta fortunei var. aureomarginata\""},{"Link":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/58129/Hosta-plantaginea-var-japonica/Details","external_links_name":"\"RHS Plant Selector – Hosta plantaginea var. japonica\""},{"Link":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/99289/Hosta-sieboldiana-var-elegans/Details","external_links_name":"\"RHS Plant Selector – Hosta sieboldiana var. elegans\""},{"Link":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/99289/Hosta-sieboldiana-var-elegans/Details","external_links_name":"\"RHS Plant Selector – Hosta undulata var. undulata\""},{"Link":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/8838/Hosta-ventricosa/Details","external_links_name":"\"RHS Plant Selector – Hosta ventricosa\""},{"Link":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/8840/Hosta-venusta/Details","external_links_name":"\"RHS Plant Selector – Hosta venusta\""},{"Link":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/51451/Hosta-(Tardiana-Group)-June-(PBR)-(v)/Details","external_links_name":"\"RHS Plant Selector – Hosta (Tardiana Group) 'June'\""},{"Link":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/94097/Hosta-Krossa-Regal/Details","external_links_name":"\"RHS Plant Selector – Hosta 'Krosse Regal'\""},{"Link":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/193012/i-Hosta-i-Liberty-sup-(PBR)-sup-(v)/Details","external_links_name":"\"RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Liberty'\""},{"Link":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/209390/i-Hosta-i-Orange-Marmalade-(v)/Details","external_links_name":"\"RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Orange Marmalade'\""},{"Link":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/127167/i-Hosta-i-Paradise-Puppet-(-i-venusta-i-)/Details","external_links_name":"\"RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Paradise Puppet'\""},{"Link":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/64893/i-Hosta-i-Patriot-(v)/Details","external_links_name":"\"RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Patriot'\""},{"Link":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/66046/i-Hosta-i-Paul-s-Glory-(v)/Details","external_links_name":"\"RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Paul's Glory'\""},{"Link":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/193017/i-Hosta-i-Praying-Hands-(v)/Details","external_links_name":"\"RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Praying Hands'\""},{"Link":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/162011/i-Hosta-i-Revolution-sup-(PBR)-sup-(v)/Details","external_links_name":"\"RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Revolution'\""},{"Link":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/91937/Hosta-Royal-Standard/Details","external_links_name":"\"RHS Plant Selector – Hosta 'Royal Standard'\""},{"Link":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/47479/Hosta-Sagae-(v)/Details","external_links_name":"\"RHS Plant Selector – Hosta 'Sagae'\""},{"Link":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/57208/i-Hosta-i-Shining-Tot/Details","external_links_name":"\"RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Shining Tot'\""},{"Link":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/212303/i-Hosta-i-Stained-Glass-(v)/Details","external_links_name":"\"RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Stained Glass'\""},{"Link":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/85672/Hosta-Sum-and-Substance/Details","external_links_name":"\"RHS Plant Selector – Hosta 'Sum and Substance'\""},{"Link":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/198950/i-Hosta-i-Touch-of-Class-sup-(PBR)-sup-(v)/Details","external_links_name":"\"RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Touch of Class'\""},{"Link":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/118021/i-Hosta-i-Whirlwind-(-i-fortunei-i-)-(v)/Details","external_links_name":"\"RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Whirlwind'\""},{"Link":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/40754/Hosta-Wide-Brim-(v)/Details","external_links_name":"\"RHS Plant Selector – Hosta 'Wide Brim'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160409172101/http://www.startribune.com/bacon-wrapped-hosta-the-perennial-plant-is-edible/375040231/","external_links_name":"\"Bacon-Wrapped 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_spot
Liver spot
["1 Causes","2 Treatment","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Age-related skin blemish Medical conditionLiver spotLiver spots (solar lentigo) on the left hand of a 63-year-old light-skinned Caucasian manSpecialtyDermatology  Liver spots (also known as age spot, solar lentigo, "lentigo senilis",: 686  "old age spot", "senile freckle") are blemishes on the skin associated with aging and exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun. They range in color from light brown to red or black and are located in areas most often exposed to the sun, particularly the hands, face, shoulders, arms and forehead, and the scalp if bald. The spots derive their name from the fact that they were once incorrectly believed to be caused by liver problems, but they are physiologically unrelated to the liver, save for a similar color. From the age of 40, the skin is less able to regenerate from sun exposure, and liver spots are very common in this age group, particularly in those who spend time in the sun. In the overwhelming majority of cases, liver spots pose no threat and require no treatment, though they occasionally have been known to obscure the detection of skin cancer. However, despite being a benign condition, liver spots are sometimes considered unsightly and some people choose to have them removed. This can be done by electrosurgery, laser treatment, cryotherapy, or the use of depigmentation agents, such as hydroquinone, tretinoin, topical cysteamine, azelaic acid, or alpha hydroxy acids. Causes Histology slide of a solar lentigo Differently from the melanotic nevi and the verrucous nevi on the skin, age spots change in color and in shape with time. Michelitsch and Michelitsch propose a hypothesis inspired by their misrepair-accumulation aging theory for the development of age spots. They propose that aged basal cells contain lipofuscin bodies that cannot be removed and might promote the aging of neighboring cells, generating a feedback loop that causes more and more neighbor cells to become aged and contain lipofuscins. Such cells might then aggregate into a spot with an irregular shape. They propose that the protrusion of a flat spot is a result of the death of aged cells in the spot and release of lipofuscin bodies. The aggregating cells would form a capsule, and the dense lipofuscin bodies make the protruding spot soft and dark in color. However, this proposal appeared as a preprint in 2015, has little direct empirical support, and has never been published in a peer reviewed journal. Another group has reported that "age spots" taken from human skin biopsies of patients facial senile lentigo of Fitzpatrick skin type III or IV aged 55–62 are enriched with senescent fibroblasts compared to surrounding skin. The dark coloration appeared to be due to higher melanin levels and activity of tyrosinase in the senescent fibroblasts than in the controls, potentially related to lower SDF1 expression. Patients were then administered six weekly treatments of microneedle fractional radiofrequency aimed at eliminating dermal senescent fibroblasts; this led to a marked decrease in epidermal pigmentation compared to baseline, accompanied by a decrease in the synthesis of collagen and the normalization of suppressed SDF1 expression. Treatment Treatment for liver spots is almost never done for health-related reasons, though it is sometimes done for cosmetic ones. Skin-bleaching products that inhibit pigmentation or cosmetic creams containing the ingredients alpha hydroxy acids or retinoids are known to be effective. Liver spots can also be frozen off with liquid nitrogen; that is, via cryosurgery. See also Freckle Lentigo List of cutaneous conditions References ^ a b James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0. ^ a b Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007). Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. St. Louis: Mosby. pp. 1716–17. ISBN 978-1-4160-2999-1. ^ "Age spots (liver spots) - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic". www.mayoclinic.org. Retrieved 2020-07-07. ^ "Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation". www.cancer.org. Retrieved 2020-07-07. ^ Publishing, Harvard Health (5 August 2015). "5 skin spots you shouldn't worry about". Harvard Health. Retrieved 2020-07-07. ^ Karen J. Carlson, Stephanie A. Eisenstat, Terra Diane Ziporyn, The new Harvard guide to women's health, Harvard University Press, 2004, p. 337. ^ "Age spots: Causes, symptoms, and treatment". www.medicalnewstoday.com. 2018-10-09. Retrieved 2020-07-07. ^ a b "Age spots (liver spots) Treatments and drugs". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2017-02-12. ^ Mansouri, P.; Farshi, S.; Hashemi, Z.; Kasraee, B. (2015-07-01). "Evaluation of the efficacy of cysteamine 5% cream in the treatment of epidermal melasma: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial". The British Journal of Dermatology. 173 (1): 209–17. doi:10.1111/bjd.13424. ISSN 1365-2133. PMID 25251767. S2CID 21618233. ^ Rodríguez Prieto, M. A.; Manchado Lopez, P.; Ruiz Gonzalez, I.; Suarez, D. (1993-05-01). "Treatment of lentigo maligna with azelaic acid". International Journal of Dermatology. 32 (5): 363–64. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4362.1993.tb01475.x. ISSN 0011-9059. PMID 8505164. S2CID 29546141. ^ "Overview about liver spots/age spots". Beauty Natural Skin. Retrieved 3 July 2015. ^ Wang, Jicun; Michelitsch, Thomas; Wunderlin, Arne; Mahadeva, Ravi (2009). "Aging as a consequence of Misrepair – a novel theory of aging". 0904: 9. arXiv:0904.0575. Bibcode:2009arXiv0904.0575W. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ Wang-Michelitsch, Jicun; Michelitsch, Thomas (2015). "Aging as a process of accumulation of Misrepairs". 1503: 13. arXiv:1503.07163. Bibcode:2015arXiv150307163W. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ a b c d e Wang-Michelitsch, Jicun; Michelitsch, Thomas (2015). "Development of age spots as a result of accumulation of aged cells in aged skin". 1505: 9. arXiv:1505.07012. Bibcode:2015arXiv150507012W. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ a b c Yoon JE, Kim Y, Kwon S, Kim M, Kim YH, Kim JH, Park TJ, Kang HY (September 9, 2018). "Senescent fibroblasts drive ageing pigmentation: A potential therapeutic target for senile lentigo". Theranostics. 8 (17): 4620–4632. doi:10.7150/thno.26975. PMC 6160768. PMID 30279727. Retrieved 26 December 2019.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Karen J. Carlson; Stephanie A. Eisenstat (2004). The New Harvard Guide to Women's Health. p. 337. External links Media related to Solar lentigo at Wikimedia Commons ClassificationDICD-10: L81.4ICD-9-CM: 709.09MeSH: D007911DiseasesDB: 34327External resourcesMedlinePlus: 001141eMedicine: derm/221 vtePigmentation disorders/DyschromiaHypo-/leucismLoss ofmelanocytesVitiligo Quadrichrome vitiligo Vitiligo ponctué Syndromic Alezzandrini syndrome Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada syndrome Melanocytedevelopment Piebaldism Waardenburg syndrome Tietz syndrome Loss of melanin/amelanismAlbinism Oculocutaneous albinism Ocular albinism in humans Melanosometransfer Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome Chédiak–Higashi syndrome Griscelli syndrome Elejalde syndrome Griscelli syndrome type 2 Griscelli syndrome type 3 Other Cross syndrome ABCD syndrome Albinism–deafness syndrome Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis Phylloid hypomelanosis Progressive macular hypomelanosis Leukoderma w/ohypomelanosis Vasospastic macule Woronoff's ring Nevus anemicus Ungrouped Nevus depigmentosus Postinflammatory hypopigmentation Pityriasis alba Vagabond's leukomelanoderma Yemenite deaf-blind hypopigmentation syndrome Wende–Bauckus syndrome Hyper-Melanin/Melanosis/MelanismReticulated Dermatopathia pigmentosa reticularis Pigmentatio reticularis faciei et colli Reticulate acropigmentation of Kitamura Reticular pigmented anomaly of the flexures Naegeli–Franceschetti–Jadassohn syndrome Dyskeratosis congenita X-linked reticulate pigmentary disorder Galli–Galli disease Revesz syndrome Diffuse/circumscribed Lentigo/Lentiginosis: Lentigo simplex Liver spot Centrofacial lentiginosis Generalized lentiginosis Inherited patterned lentiginosis in black persons Ink spot lentigo Lentigo maligna Mucosal lentigines Partial unilateral lentiginosis PUVA lentigines Melasma Erythema dyschromicum perstans Lichen planus pigmentosus Café au lait spot Poikiloderma (Poikiloderma of Civatte Poikiloderma vasculare atrophicans) Riehl melanosis Linear Incontinentia pigmenti Scratch dermatitis Shiitake mushroom dermatitis Other/ungrouped Acanthosis nigricans Freckle Familial progressive hyperpigmentation Pallister–Killian syndrome Periorbital hyperpigmentation Photoleukomelanodermatitis of Kobori Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation Transient neonatal pustular melanosis OtherpigmentsIron Hemochromatosis Iron metallic discoloration Pigmented purpuric dermatosis Schamberg disease Majocchi's disease Gougerot–Blum syndrome Doucas and Kapetanakis pigmented purpura/Eczematid-like purpura of Doucas and Kapetanakis Lichen aureus Angioma serpiginosum Hemosiderin hyperpigmentation Othermetals Argyria Chrysiasis Arsenic poisoning Lead poisoning Titanium metallic discoloration Other Carotenosis Tar melanosis Dyschromia Dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria Dyschromatosis universalis hereditaria See also Skin color Skin whitening Tanning Sunless Tattoo removal Depigmentation
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However, despite being a benign condition, liver spots are sometimes considered unsightly and some people choose to have them removed. This can be done by electrosurgery, laser treatment, cryotherapy, or the use of depigmentation agents, such as hydroquinone,[8] tretinoin,[8] topical cysteamine,[9] azelaic acid,[10] or alpha hydroxy acids.[11]","title":"Liver spot"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skin_tumors_181.jpg"},{"link_name":"melanotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanocytic_nevus"},{"link_name":"verrucous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verrucous_carcinoma"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wang-Michelitsch2015-14"},{"link_name":"basal cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratum_basale"},{"link_name":"lipofuscin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipofuscin"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wang-Michelitsch2015-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wang-Michelitsch2015-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wang-Michelitsch2015-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wang-Michelitsch2015-14"},{"link_name":"preprint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preprint"},{"link_name":"peer reviewed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_review"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yoon2018-15"},{"link_name":"senescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_senescence"},{"link_name":"melanin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanin"},{"link_name":"tyrosinase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosinase"},{"link_name":"SDF1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stromal_cell-derived_factor_1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yoon2018-15"},{"link_name":"dermal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermis"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yoon2018-15"}],"text":"Histology slide of a solar lentigoDifferently from the melanotic nevi and the verrucous nevi on the skin, age spots change in color and in shape with time. Michelitsch and Michelitsch propose a hypothesis inspired by their misrepair-accumulation aging theory[12][13] for the development of age spots.[14] They propose that aged basal cells contain lipofuscin bodies that cannot be removed and might promote the aging of neighboring cells, generating a feedback loop that causes more and more neighbor cells to become aged and contain lipofuscins.[14] Such cells might then aggregate into a spot with an irregular shape.[14] They propose that the protrusion of a flat spot is a result of the death of aged cells in the spot and release of lipofuscin bodies.[14] The aggregating cells would form a capsule, and the dense lipofuscin bodies make the protruding spot soft and dark in color.[14] However, this proposal appeared as a preprint in 2015, has little direct empirical support, and has never been published in a peer reviewed journal.Another group[15] has reported that \"age spots\" taken from human skin biopsies of patients facial senile lentigo of Fitzpatrick skin type III or IV aged 55–62 are enriched with senescent fibroblasts compared to surrounding skin. The dark coloration appeared to be due to higher melanin levels and activity of tyrosinase in the senescent fibroblasts than in the controls, potentially related to lower SDF1 expression.[15] Patients were then administered six weekly treatments of microneedle fractional radiofrequency aimed at eliminating dermal senescent fibroblasts; this led to a marked decrease in epidermal pigmentation compared to baseline, accompanied by a decrease in the synthesis of collagen and the normalization of suppressed SDF1 expression.[15]","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"alpha hydroxy acids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_hydroxy_acid"},{"link_name":"retinoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinoid"},{"link_name":"liquid nitrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen"},{"link_name":"cryosurgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryosurgery"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Treatment for liver spots is almost never done for health-related reasons, though it is sometimes done for cosmetic ones. Skin-bleaching products that inhibit pigmentation or cosmetic creams containing the ingredients alpha hydroxy acids or retinoids are known to be effective. Liver spots can also be frozen off with liquid nitrogen; that is, via cryosurgery.[16]","title":"Treatment"}]
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Retrieved 2020-07-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/age-spots/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355864","url_text":"\"Age spots (liver spots) - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation\". www.cancer.org. Retrieved 2020-07-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-causes/radiation-exposure/uv-radiation.html","url_text":"\"Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation\""}]},{"reference":"Publishing, Harvard Health (5 August 2015). \"5 skin spots you shouldn't worry about\". Harvard Health. Retrieved 2020-07-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.health.harvard.edu/skin-and-hair/5-skin-spots-you-shouldnt-worry-about","url_text":"\"5 skin spots you shouldn't worry about\""}]},{"reference":"\"Age spots: Causes, symptoms, and treatment\". www.medicalnewstoday.com. 2018-10-09. Retrieved 2020-07-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323287","url_text":"\"Age spots: Causes, symptoms, and treatment\""}]},{"reference":"\"Age spots (liver spots) Treatments and drugs\". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2017-02-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/age-spots/basics/treatment/con-20030473","url_text":"\"Age spots (liver spots) Treatments and drugs\""}]},{"reference":"Mansouri, P.; Farshi, S.; Hashemi, Z.; Kasraee, B. (2015-07-01). \"Evaluation of the efficacy of cysteamine 5% cream in the treatment of epidermal melasma: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial\". The British Journal of Dermatology. 173 (1): 209–17. doi:10.1111/bjd.13424. ISSN 1365-2133. PMID 25251767. S2CID 21618233.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fbjd.13424","url_text":"10.1111/bjd.13424"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1365-2133","url_text":"1365-2133"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25251767","url_text":"25251767"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21618233","url_text":"21618233"}]},{"reference":"Rodríguez Prieto, M. A.; Manchado Lopez, P.; Ruiz Gonzalez, I.; Suarez, D. (1993-05-01). \"Treatment of lentigo maligna with azelaic acid\". International Journal of Dermatology. 32 (5): 363–64. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4362.1993.tb01475.x. ISSN 0011-9059. PMID 8505164. S2CID 29546141.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-4362.1993.tb01475.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1365-4362.1993.tb01475.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0011-9059","url_text":"0011-9059"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8505164","url_text":"8505164"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29546141","url_text":"29546141"}]},{"reference":"\"Overview about liver spots/age spots\". Beauty Natural Skin. Retrieved 3 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.beautynaturalskin.com/overview-about-liver-spots/","url_text":"\"Overview about liver spots/age spots\""}]},{"reference":"Wang, Jicun; Michelitsch, Thomas; Wunderlin, Arne; Mahadeva, Ravi (2009). \"Aging as a consequence of Misrepair – a novel theory of aging\". 0904: 9. arXiv:0904.0575. Bibcode:2009arXiv0904.0575W.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/0904.0575","url_text":"0904.0575"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009arXiv0904.0575W","url_text":"2009arXiv0904.0575W"}]},{"reference":"Wang-Michelitsch, Jicun; Michelitsch, Thomas (2015). \"Aging as a process of accumulation of Misrepairs\". 1503: 13. arXiv:1503.07163. Bibcode:2015arXiv150307163W.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1503.07163","url_text":"1503.07163"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015arXiv150307163W","url_text":"2015arXiv150307163W"}]},{"reference":"Wang-Michelitsch, Jicun; Michelitsch, Thomas (2015). \"Development of age spots as a result of accumulation of aged cells in aged skin\". 1505: 9. arXiv:1505.07012. Bibcode:2015arXiv150507012W.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1505.07012","url_text":"1505.07012"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015arXiv150507012W","url_text":"2015arXiv150507012W"}]},{"reference":"Yoon JE, Kim Y, Kwon S, Kim M, Kim YH, Kim JH, Park TJ, Kang HY (September 9, 2018). \"Senescent fibroblasts drive ageing pigmentation: A potential therapeutic target for senile lentigo\". Theranostics. 8 (17): 4620–4632. doi:10.7150/thno.26975. PMC 6160768. PMID 30279727. Retrieved 26 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thno.org/v08p4620.htm","url_text":"\"Senescent fibroblasts drive ageing pigmentation: A potential therapeutic target for senile lentigo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.7150%2Fthno.26975","url_text":"10.7150/thno.26975"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6160768","url_text":"6160768"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30279727","url_text":"30279727"}]},{"reference":"Karen J. Carlson; Stephanie A. Eisenstat (2004). The New Harvard Guide to Women's Health. p. 337.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Tiger_Corps
Wild Tiger Corps
["1 Ranks","2 Legacy","3 See also","4 References","5 Sources"]
Thai paramilitary unit Wild Tiger Corpsกองเสือป่า"Maha Saradul Dhvaj" (Great Tiger Flag),the main Standard of the Wild Tiger CorpsActive1 May 1911Disbanded1925CountrySiamAllegianceKing of SiamTypeParamilitaryRoleClose combatCounterintelligenceCrowd controlExecutive protectionForce protectionHand-to-hand combatHUMINTJungle warfareLaw enforcementRaidingReconnaissanceTrackingUndercover operationSizeAbout 4,000 membersPart ofRoyal HouseholdGarrison/HQSanam Suea Pa, Dusit Palace, BangkokMotto(s)Better to die than betray (Thai: เสียชีพอย่าเสียสัตย์) (Shown on the flag)MarchSansoen Suea PaMilitary unit The Wild Tiger Corps (Thai: กองเสือป่า) was a national paramilitary corps founded in Thailand in 1911 by King Vajiravudh (Rama VI). Inspired by the British Volunteer Force, the unit was intended to maintain civil order. The Wild Tiger Corps was founded on 1 May 1911 by King Vajiravudh.: 4  The corps was meant to be a nationwide paramilitary corps, answerable only to the monarch. At first a ceremonial guard, it became a military force of 4,000 within its first year. Filled with commoners, the king would often mess with them and socialize with them openly. The corps eventually rivalled the army in strength and the civil service in influence. The king even went so far as appointing some to high ranks in the army and nobility. The Wild Tiger Corps specialize in protecting the king and the royal family, protect the palace, hand-to-hand combat, melee combat with weapons, use of firearms, and some specialize in undercover operations in order to spy on intelligence that could pose a threat to the royal family. However, they also received combat training in infantry style such as hand and arm signals, raid, reconnaissance, tracking, and others related to infantry skills in those period. While the king socialized with members of the corps, the regular army and aristocrats were deeply dissatisfied. Army officers were not permitted to join the organization.: 148  They saw these new appointments and the corps as a threat to the honour of the army. Combined with the king's spending on new palaces and attention on dramatic productions, the kingdom was deeply in debt and was in danger of financial collapse. This dissatisfaction partially led to the Palace Revolt of 1912. The unit brought its Thai name from the Sua Pa Maew Mong Scout Corps founded by King Naresuan around 1600. It also included a junior division known as Luk Sua ("Tiger Cubs") based on the Boy Scout movement. Ranks King Vajiravudh as a General in the Wild Tiger Corps. The Wild Tiger Corps had a ranking like military rankings. Captain-General (นายกองใหญ่) This rank was exclusively for King Vajiravudh. But, in 1915, his majesty created a rank, General of the Wild Tiger Corps (นายพลเสือป่า) for members who are leaders of the corps. The rank was equivalent to Brigadier General. Colonel (นายกองเอก) Lieutenant Colonel (นายกองโท) Major (นายกองตรี) Captain (นายหมวดเอก) Lieutenant (นายหมวดโท) Second Lieutenant (นายหมวดตรี) Acting Second Lieutenant (ว่าที่นายหมวดตรี) Third Lieutenant (นายหมู่ใหญ่), This rank was the lowest commission officer rank but wearing uniforms like enlist rank. Sergeant (นายหมู่เอก), The highest rank of the enlisted. Corporal (นายหมู่โท) Lance Corporal (นายหมู่ตรี) Corp (พลเสือป่า) Legacy The ranks were reused in Volunteer Defense Corps but the Insignia are different. See also Palace Revolt of 1912 Vajiravudh Monarchy of Thailand References ^ Boontanondha, Thep. "King Vajiravudh and the Making his Military Image". Academia. Paper presented at the 8th Singapore Graduate Forum on SE Asian Studies. Retrieved 7 July 2016. ^ Kesboonchoo Mead, Kullada (2004). The Rise and Decline of Thai Absolutism (Paper ed.). London: RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN 978-0-415-65407-4. Retrieved 7 July 2016. Sources Thai Scouting – History
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[{"title":"Palace Revolt of 1912","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_Revolt_of_1912"},{"title":"Vajiravudh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajiravudh"},{"title":"Monarchy of Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeju_United
Jeju United FC
["1 History","1.1 Franchise relocation history","2 Kits","2.1 Kit suppliers","3 Players","3.1 Current squad","3.2 Out on loan","4 Honours","5 Season-by-season records","5.1 Domestic record","5.2 AFC Champions League record","6 Managerial history","7 References","8 External links"]
South Korean football club "Bucheon SK" redirects here. For the club founded by supporters, see Bucheon FC 1995. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Jeju United FC" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Football clubJeju UnitedFull nameJeju United Football Club제주 유나이티드 FCFounded1982; 42 years ago (1982) (as Yukong FC)GroundJeju World Cup StadiumCapacity35,657OwnerSK EnergyChairmanKoo Ja-youngManagerKim Hak-bumLeagueK League 12023K League 1, 9th of 12WebsiteClub website Home colours Away colours SK Sports Football Basketball Handball(men's) Handball(women's) Esports Jeju United Football Club (Korean: 제주 유나이티드) is a South Korean professional football club based in Jeju Province that competes in the K League 1, the top division in South Korea. In the past, the club has been known as the Yukong Elephants and Bucheon SK. History This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The club was founded on 17 December 1982 as Yukong Elephants, and became one of the founding members of the K League. The club was owned and financially supported by the Sunkyoung Group's subsidiary, Yukong (currently SK Group's "SK Energy"), along with Seoul, Incheon, and Gyeonggi as its franchise. Yukong Elephants won the league championship on only one occasion, in 1989. At the end of 1995, the team moved from the Dongdaemun Stadium in Seoul to the Mokdong Stadium on the western edge of the city, as part of the K League's decentralization policy. The three clubs based in Seoul (Yukong Elephants, LG Cheetahs and Ilhwa Chunma) didn't accept this policy, so the Seoul government gave an eviction order to the three clubs. However, they guaranteed that if clubs built a football-specific stadium in Seoul, they could have a Seoul franchise and return to Seoul. As a result, the three clubs were evicted from Seoul to other cities. The Yukong Elephants moved to the city of Bucheon, a satellite city of Seoul. Mid-way through the 1997 season, the club re-branded itself as Bucheon SK. Because the city of Bucheon lacked a stadium, they used the Mokdong Stadium in Seoul until 2000. At the start of the 2001 season, the team moved to the 35,545-capacity Bucheon Leports Complex. In 2006, Bucheon SK announced their move to Jeju without any fore notice, and renamed as Jeju United FC. They adopted the vacant Jeju World Cup Stadium as their new home ground. Franchise relocation history Club Name City / Area Period Yukong Elephants Seoul, Incheon, Gyeonggi 1983 Yukong Elephants Seoul 1984–1986 Yukong Elephants Incheon, Gyeonggi 1987–1990 Yukong Elephants Seoul – Dongdaemun Stadium 1991–1995 Bucheon YukongBucheon SK Seoul – Mokdong Stadium 1996 Bucheon SK Bucheon – Bucheon Stadium 1997–2005 Jeju United Jeju  – Jeju World Cup Stadium 2006–present ^ a b Between 1983 and 1986, K League didn't have a home and away system. ^ Bucheon SK held all home matches at Mokdong Stadium in Seoul until 2000, because Bucheon Stadium was under construction. Kits This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Kit suppliers 1983–99: Adidas 2000–01: Fila 2002–03: Puma 2004–08: Diadora 2009–12: Astore 2013–2019: Kika 2020–2022: Puma 2022–present: Fila Players Current squad As of 3 April 2024 Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. No. Pos. Nation Player 1 GK  KOR Kim Dong-jun (vice-captain) 4 DF  KOR Song Ju-hun 5 MF  BRA Italo 6 MF  KOR Kim Jung-min 7 MF  KOR Koo Ja-cheol 8 MF  KOR Kim Geon-woong 9 FW  BRA Yuri 10 FW  BRA Reis (vice-captain) 11 FW  BRA Tales 13 DF  KOR Chung Woon 14 FW  KOR Seo Jin-su 15 DF  KOR Hong Joon-ho 16 DF  KOR Kim Tae-hwan 17 FW  KOR Jegal Jae-min 18 FW  KOR Jin Seong-uk 19 FW  KOR Kim Ju-gong 20 DF  KOR Yeon Je-un 21 GK  KOR An Chan-gi 22 DF  KOR An Tae-hyun No. Pos. Nation Player 23 DF  KOR Rim Chang-woo 24 MF  KOR Han Jong-mu 25 MF  KOR Won Hui-do 26 DF  KOR Lim Chai-min (captain) 27 MF  KOR Jeon Sung-jin 28 MF  KOR Kim Jae-min 29 FW  KOR Kim Hyeon-woo 30 MF  KOR Choi Young-jun 32 DF  KOR Lee Ju-yong 33 FW  KOR Ji Sang-wook 34 FW  KOR Park Ju-seung 35 DF  KOR Jo In-jung 36 FW  KOR Kim Seung-sub 37 FW  KOR Ye Hong-gyu 38 DF  KOR Kwak Seung-min 39 FW  KOR Baek Seung-heon 40 GK  KOR Lim Jun-sub 41 GK  KOR Kim Geun-bae Out on loan Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. No. Pos. Nation Player — MF  KOR Lee Chang-min (to Geoje Citizen for military service) Honours K League 1 Winners (1): 1989 Runners-up (5): 1984, 1994, 2000, 2010, 2017 K League 2 Winners (1): 2020 Korean FA Cup Runners-up (1): 2004 Korean League Cup Winners (3): 1994, 1996, 2000s Runners-up (2): 1998, 1998s Season-by-season records Domestic record Season Division Tms. Pos. FA Cup 1983 1 5 3 — 1984 1 8 2 — 1985 1 8 5 — 1986 1 6 4 — 1987 1 5 3 — 1988 1 5 3 — 1989 1 6 1 — 1990 1 6 4 — 1991 1 6 4 — 1992 1 6 6 — 1993 1 6 5 — 1994 1 7 2 — 1995 1 8 4 — 1996 1 9 4 Semi-final 1997 1 10 10 Quarter-final 1998 1 10 7 Round of 16 1999 1 10 3 Quarter-final 2000 1 10 2 Semi-final 2001 1 10 7 Round of 16 2002 1 10 8 Round of 16 2003 1 12 12 Semi-final 2004 1 13 13 Runners-up 2005 1 13 5 Round of 16 2006 1 14 13 Round of 32 2007 1 14 11 Semi-final 2008 1 14 10 Round of 32 2009 1 15 14 Quarter-final 2010 1 15 2 Semi-final 2011 1 16 9 Round of 16 2012 1 16 6 Semi-final 2013 1 14 9 Semi-final 2014 1 12 5 Round of 32 2015 1 12 6 Quarter-final 2016 1 12 3 Round of 32 2017 1 12 2 Round of 16 2018 1 12 5 Quarter-final 2019 1 12 12 Round of 16 2020 2 10 1 Round of 16 2021 1 12 4 Third round 2022 1 12 5 Round of 16 2023 1 12 9 Semi-final Key Tms. = Number of teams Pos. = Position in league AFC Champions League record All results (home and away) list Jeju United's goal tally first. Season Round Opposition Home Away Agg. 2011 Group E Tianjin TEDA 0–1 0–3 3rd Melbourne Victory 1–1 2–1 Gamba Osaka 2–1 1–3 2017 Group H Jiangsu Suning 0–1 2–1 2nd Gamba Osaka 2–0 4–1 Adelaide United 1–3 3–3 Round of 16 Urawa Red Diamonds 2–0 0–3 (a.e.t.) 2–3 2018 Group G Guangzhou Evergrande 0–2 3–5 4th Cerezo Osaka 0–1 1–2 Buriram United 0–1 2–0 Managerial history No. Name Start End Season(s) Notes 1 Lee Jong-hwan 1982/04/20 1985/07/21 1983–1985 Resigned in the middle of season. 2 Kim Jung-nam 1985/07/21 1992/05/12 1985–1992 Resigned in the middle of season. C Park Young-hwan 1986/??/?? 1986/??/?? 1986 Kim Jung-nam was called up as a national team manager (1986 FIFA World Cup, 1986 Asian Games). C Choi Jong-duk 1988/07/13 1988/09/14 1988 Kim Jung-nam was called up as a national team manager (1988 Summer Olympics). C Park Sung-hwa Ham Heung-chul 1992/05/12 1992/12/19 1992 3 Park Sung-hwa 1992/12/20 1994/10/29 1993–1994 C Cho Yoon-hwan 1994/10/30 1994/12/31 1994 4 Valeri Nepomniachi 1995/01/01 1998/10/31 1995–1998 C Cho Yoon-hwan 1998/11/01 1998/12/31 1998 5 Cho Yoon-hwan 1999/01/01 2001/08/14 1999–2001 Resigned in the middle of season. C Choi Yun-kyum 2001/08/14 2001/08/31 2001 6 Choi Yun-kyum 2001/09/01 2002/09/01 2001–2002 Resigned in the middle of season. 7 Tınaz Tırpan 2002/09/02 2003/05/14 2002–2003 Resigned in the middle of season. C Ha Jae-hoon 2003/05/14 2003/07/18 2003 8 Ha Jae-hoon 2003/07/19 2003/12/31 2003 9 Jung Hae-seong 2004/01/01 2007/11/03 2004–2007 10 Arthur Bernardes 2008/01/04 2009/10/14 2008–2009 Resigned in the middle of season. C Cho Jin-ho 2009/10/14 2009/10/29 2009 11 Park Kyung-hoon 2009/10/30 2014/12/03 2010–2014 12 Jo Sung-hwan 2014/12/19 2016/10/14 2014–2016 13 Kim In-soo 2016/10/14 2016/12/15 2016 Appointed for the AFC Champions League matches. 14 Jo Sung-hwan 2016/12/30 2019/05/02 2017–2019 15 Choi Yun-kyum 2019/05/03 2019/11/30 2019 16 Nam Ki-il 2019/12/26 2023/09/26 2020–2023 C Jung Jo-gook 2023/09/26 2023/12/04 2023 17 Kim Hak-bum 2023/12/05 present 2024– References ^ "Official Club Profile at K League Website". kleague.com (in Korean). K League. Archived from the original on 30 December 2013. ^ "프로". jeju-utd.com (in Korean). Jeju United FC. Retrieved 3 April 2024. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jeju United FC. Official website (in Korean) vteJeju United FC Founded in 1982 Based in Seogwipo, Jeju The club History Players Managers International Home stadium Incheon Civic Stadium, Suwon Civic Stadium, Anyang Stadium (1987–1990) Dongdaemun Stadium (1991–1995) Mokdong Stadium (1996–2000) Bucheon Stadium (2001–2005) Jeju World Cup Stadium (2006–present) Jeju Stadium (2007–2010) HonoursK League 1 1989 League Cup 1994 1996 2000S Seasons 1983–1995 (Yukong Elephants) 1996–2005 (Puchon Yukong / Bucheon SK) 2006 2010 2011 2012 Website: www.jeju-utd.com vteK LeagueDivisions K League 1 K League 2 Clubs (2024)K League 1 Daegu FC Daejeon Hana Citizen Gangwon FC Gimcheon Sangmu Gwangju FC Incheon United Jeju United Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors Pohang Steelers FC Seoul Suwon FC Ulsan HD K League 2 Ansan Greeners FC Anyang Bucheon FC 1995 Busan IPark Cheonan City Chungbuk Cheongju Chungnam Asan Gimpo FC Gyeongnam FC Jeonnam Dragons Seongnam FC Seoul E-Land Suwon Samsung Bluewings Former Asan Mugunghwa Chonbuk Buffalo Chungju Hummel Kookmin Bank Goyang Zaicro Hallelujah FC Hanil Bank Associated competitions All-Star Game R League Championship play-offs League Cup Super Cup Awards Most Valuable Player Top goalscorer Top assist provider Young Player of the Year Best XI FANtastic Player Manager of the Year Other articles Records and statistics Champions Foreign players K League 1 2 Decentralization policy AFC Champions League Players K League 1 2 Clubs K League 1 2 Seasons vteK League 1 champions9 titles Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors 2009 2011 2014 2015 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 7 titles Seongnam FC 1993 1994 1995 2001 2002 2003 2006 6 titles FC Seoul 1985 1990 2000 2010 2012 2016 5 titles Pohang Steelers 1985 1988 1992 2007 2013 4 titles Busan IPark 1984 1987 1991 1997 Ulsan HD 1996 2005 2022 2023 Suwon Samsung Bluewings 1998 1999 2004 2008 1 title Hallelujah FC 1983 Jeju United 1989 vteSKOwnership SK Inc. Chey Tae-won SubsidiariesCurrent SK Hynix SK Inc. C&C SK Innovation SK Telecom SK Broadband SK Communications Nate SK Shieldus SK Planet Dreamus Former and defunct Loen Entertainment SK Wyverns Sports Jeju United Seoul SK Knights T1 SK Sugar Gliders Category Commons
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bucheon FC 1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucheon_FC_1995"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Jeju Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeju_Province"},{"link_name":"K League 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K_League_1"}],"text":"\"Bucheon SK\" redirects here. For the club founded by supporters, see Bucheon FC 1995.Football clubJeju United Football Club (Korean: 제주 유나이티드) is a South Korean professional football club based in Jeju Province that competes in the K League 1, the top division in South Korea. In the past, the club has been known as the Yukong Elephants and Bucheon SK.","title":"Jeju United FC"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"K League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K_League"},{"link_name":"Sunkyoung Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunkyoung_Group"},{"link_name":"Yukong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SK_Group"},{"link_name":"Seoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul"},{"link_name":"Incheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incheon"},{"link_name":"Gyeonggi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyeonggi"},{"link_name":"1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_K_League"},{"link_name":"Dongdaemun Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongdaemun_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Mokdong Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokdong_Stadium"},{"link_name":"K League's decentralization policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K_League%27s_decentralization_policy"},{"link_name":"LG Cheetahs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Seoul"},{"link_name":"Ilhwa Chunma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seongnam_Ilhwa_Chunma"},{"link_name":"football-specific stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer-specific_stadium"},{"link_name":"Bucheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucheon"},{"link_name":"satellite city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_town"},{"link_name":"Bucheon Leports Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucheon_Leports_Complex"},{"link_name":"Jeju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeju_Island"},{"link_name":"Jeju World Cup Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeju_World_Cup_Stadium"}],"text":"The club was founded on 17 December 1982 as Yukong Elephants, and became one of the founding members of the K League. The club was owned and financially supported by the Sunkyoung Group's subsidiary, Yukong (currently SK Group's \"SK Energy\"), along with Seoul, Incheon, and Gyeonggi as its franchise. Yukong Elephants won the league championship on only one occasion, in 1989.At the end of 1995, the team moved from the Dongdaemun Stadium in Seoul to the Mokdong Stadium on the western edge of the city, as part of the K League's decentralization policy. The three clubs based in Seoul (Yukong Elephants, LG Cheetahs and Ilhwa Chunma) didn't accept this policy, so the Seoul government gave an eviction order to the three clubs. However, they guaranteed that if clubs built a football-specific stadium in Seoul, they could have a Seoul franchise and return to Seoul. As a result, the three clubs were evicted from Seoul to other cities. The Yukong Elephants moved to the city of Bucheon, a satellite city of Seoul. Mid-way through the 1997 season, the club re-branded itself as Bucheon SK.Because the city of Bucheon lacked a stadium, they used the Mokdong Stadium in Seoul until 2000. At the start of the 2001 season, the team moved to the 35,545-capacity Bucheon Leports Complex.In 2006, Bucheon SK announced their move to Jeju without any fore notice, and renamed as Jeju United FC. They adopted the vacant Jeju World Cup Stadium as their new home ground.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-note_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-note_2-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Mokdong Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokdong_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Bucheon Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucheon_Stadium"}],"sub_title":"Franchise relocation history","text":"^ a b Between 1983 and 1986, K League didn't have a home and away system.\n\n^ Bucheon SK held all home matches at Mokdong Stadium in Seoul until 2000, because Bucheon Stadium was under construction.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Kits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adidas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adidas"},{"link_name":"Fila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fila_(company)"},{"link_name":"Puma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puma_SE"},{"link_name":"Diadora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diadora"},{"link_name":"Kika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%82%A4%EC%B9%B4"}],"sub_title":"Kit suppliers","text":"1983–99: Adidas\n2000–01: Fila\n2002–03: Puma\n2004–08: Diadora\n2009–12: Astore\n2013–2019: Kika\n2020–2022: Puma\n2022–present: Fila","title":"Kits"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"Current squad","text":"As of 3 April 2024[2]Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"Out on loan","text":"Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"K League 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K_League_1"},{"link_name":"1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_K_League"},{"link_name":"1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_K_League"},{"link_name":"1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_K_League"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_K_League"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_K_League"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_K_League_Classic"},{"link_name":"K League 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K_League_2"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_K_League_2"},{"link_name":"Korean FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Korean_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Korean League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Korean_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Korean_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"2000s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Korean_League_Cup_(Supplementary_Cup)"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Korean_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"1998s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Korean_League_Cup_(Supplementary_Cup)"}],"text":"K League 1\nWinners (1): 1989\nRunners-up (5): 1984, 1994, 2000, 2010, 2017\nK League 2\nWinners (1): 2020\nKorean FA Cup\nRunners-up (1): 2004\nKorean League Cup\nWinners (3): 1994, 1996, 2000s\nRunners-up (2): 1998, 1998s","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Season-by-season records"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Domestic record","text":"KeyTms. = Number of teams\nPos. = Position in league","title":"Season-by-season records"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"AFC Champions League record","text":"All results (home and away) list Jeju United's goal tally first.","title":"Season-by-season records"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Managerial history"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Official Club Profile at K League Website\". kleague.com (in Korean). K League. Archived from the original on 30 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235552/https://www.kleague.com/kr/sub.asp?avan=1006010000&league_id=2&team_id=K04&","url_text":"\"Official Club Profile at K League Website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K_League_1","url_text":"K League"},{"url":"http://www.kleague.com/kr/sub.asp?avan=1006010000&league_id=2&team_id=K04&","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"프로\". jeju-utd.com (in Korean). Jeju United FC. Retrieved 3 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jeju-utd.com/team/proList?tab=1","url_text":"\"프로\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Phoenix_mayoral_election
2020 Phoenix mayoral election
["1 Candidates","1.1 Declared","2 General election","2.1 Results","3 References","4 External links"]
2020 Phoenix mayoral election ← 2018–19 (special) November 3, 2020 2024 →   Candidate Kate Gallego Merissa Hamilton Popular vote 349,959 152,172 Percentage 60.9% 26.5%   Candidate Tim Seay Popular vote 72,280 Percentage 12.6% Precinct resultsGallego:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%Hamilton:      40–50%      >90%     No votes Mayor before election Kate Gallego Democratic Elected Mayor Kate Gallego Democratic Elections in Arizona Federal government Presidential elections 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Presidential primaries Democratic 2004 2008 2016 2020 2024 Republican 2008 2012 2016 2024 U.S. Senate elections 1912 1914 1916 1920 1922 1926 1928 1932 1934 1938 1940 1944 1946 1950 1952 1956 1958 1962 1964 1968 1970 1974 1976 1980 1982 1986 1988 1992 1994 1998 2000 2004 2006 2010 2012 2016 2018 2020 sp 2022 2024 2028 U.S. House of Representatives elections 1911 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1933 AL sp 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1961 2nd sp 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1991 2nd sp 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 8th 2008 2010 2012 8th sp 2014 2016 2018 8th sp 2020 2022 2024 State government State elections 2006 2010 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 Gubernatorial elections 1911 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 2026 Secretary of State elections 2014 2018 2022 Attorney General elections 2018 2022 Treasurer elections 2022 Superintendent elections 2018 2022 Senate elections 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 House of Representatives elections 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 2006 2018 2020 2022 2024 Ballot measures List of Arizona ballot propositions 2000 203 2004 200 2006 107 204 207 2008 102 2010 100 203 2020 207 Phoenix Mayoral elections 2011 2015 2018–19 (sp) 2020 2024 Tucson Mayoral elections 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 Other localities Gilbert 2012 Glendale 2012 2016 Maricopa County 2024 Mesa 2008 2012 2020 2024 Scottsdale 2008 2012 vte The 2020 Phoenix mayoral election took place on November 3, 2020, to elect the Mayor of Phoenix, Arizona. The election was held concurrently with elections to City Council Districts 1, 3, 5, and 7. The election was officially nonpartisan. Incumbent mayor Kate Gallego was re-elected with an absolute majority of the vote. Therefore, a runoff election was not held on March 9, 2021. Incumbent mayor Kate Gallego was first elected in a 2019 special election held due to the resignation of mayor Greg Stanton. Candidates Declared Kate Gallego, incumbent Mayor Merissa Hamilton, businesswoman and chair of the Arizona State Legislature sub-committee on policing Tim Seay, businessman Juan Schoville, indie music producer & martial artist (Write-in) Joshua "Crisco Kidd" Carmona, radio personality of 98.3 FM (Write-in) General election Results 2020 Phoenix mayoral election Candidate Votes % Kate Gallego (incumbent) 349,959 60.9% Merissa Hamilton 152,172 26.5% Tim Seay 72,280 12.6% Total votes 574,411 100.0% References ^ a b "City of Phoenix: November 3, 2020 election" (PDF). City of Phoenix, City Clerk Department, Records and Elections Division. Retrieved August 9, 2020. ^ Boehm, Jessica (March 12, 2019). "Latest numbers: Kate Gallego wins big in race for Phoenix mayor". The Arizona Republic. Gannett. Retrieved October 22, 2020. ^ Rodish, David (October 17, 2020). "Phoenix Mayor and City Council candidates". The State Press. Retrieved October 22, 2020. ^ Fifield, Jen (September 25, 2020). "Election: Meet the candidates for Phoenix mayor and City Council". The Arizona Republic. Gannett. Retrieved October 22, 2020. ^ Bartesaghi Mena, Diego Jesús (September 17, 2020). "22-Year-Old Juan Schoville Runs for Phoenix Mayor to 'Make Politics Sane Again'". Latino Rebels. The Futuro Media Group. Retrieved October 22, 2020. ^ "ABOUT". 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Phoenix"},{"link_name":"Phoenix, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_City_Council"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2020Election-1"},{"link_name":"Kate Gallego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Gallego"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2020Election-1"},{"link_name":"Kate Gallego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Gallego"},{"link_name":"Greg Stanton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Stanton"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The 2020 Phoenix mayoral election took place on November 3, 2020, to elect the Mayor of Phoenix, Arizona. The election was held concurrently with elections to City Council Districts 1, 3, 5, and 7.[1]The election was officially nonpartisan. Incumbent mayor Kate Gallego was re-elected with an absolute majority of the vote. Therefore, a runoff election was not held on March 9, 2021.[1]Incumbent mayor Kate Gallego was first elected in a 2019 special election held due to the resignation of mayor Greg Stanton.[2]","title":"2020 Phoenix mayoral election"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Candidates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Arizona State Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Declared","text":"Kate Gallego, incumbent Mayor[3]\nMerissa Hamilton, businesswoman and chair of the Arizona State Legislature sub-committee on policing[4]\nTim Seay, businessman\nJuan Schoville, indie music producer & martial artist (Write-in)[5]\nJoshua \"Crisco Kidd\" Carmona, radio personality of 98.3 FM (Write-in)[6]","title":"Candidates"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"General election"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Results","title":"General election"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronia
Toronia
["1 References","2 External links"]
Genus of tree in the family Proteaceae Toronia Toronia toru Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Order: Proteales Family: Proteaceae Subfamily: Persoonioideae Tribe: Persoonieae Genus: ToroniaL.A.S.Johnson & B.G.Briggs Species: T. toru Binomial name Toronia toru(A. Cunn.) L.A.S.Johnson & B.G.Briggs Toronia is a genus of tree in the family Proteaceae that contains a single species, Toronia toru, which is endemic to New Zealand. The genus is closely related to the large genus Persoonia, and in fact this species was long regarded as one until placed in its own new genus by Lawrie Johnson and Barbara G. Briggs in their 1975 monograph "On the Proteaceae: the evolution and classification of a southern family". However, phylogenetic studies indicate that Toronia is nested in the larger genus Persoonia, where it was once included. Toronia toru is an evergreen tree found in the northern half of the North Island and is one of only two members of the protea family occurring in New Zealand. Toronia toru grows to 7 – 11 metres and has long slender green leaves, small yellow flowers, and red to dark purple-blue fleshy fruits. References ^ L. A. S. Johnson and Briggs, B. G. (1975). "On the Proteaceae: the evolution and classification of a southern family". Journal of the Linnean Society of London. Botany. 70 (2): 83–182. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1975.tb01644.x. ^ Holmes, G. D., Weston, P. H., Murphy, D. J., Connelly, C., & Cantrill, D. J. (2018). The genealogy of geebungs: phylogenetic analysis of Persoonia (Proteaceae) and related genera in subfamily Persoonioideae. Australian Systematic Botany, 31(2), 166-189. ^ "Country, Farm & Garden - Agricultural & Horticultural Stock Photo Specialists". Retrieved 2011-07-12. External links Media related to Toronia at Wikimedia Commons vteGenera of Proteaceae Acidonia Adenanthos Agastachys Alloxylon Athertonia Aulax Austromuellera Banksia Beauprea Beaupreopsis Bellendena Bleasdalea Brabejum Buckinghamia Cardwellia Carnarvonia Catalepidia Cenarrhenes Conospermum Darlingia Diastella Dilobeia Eidothea Embothrium Eucarpha Euplassa Faurea Finschia Floydia Franklandia Garnieria Gevuina Grevillea Hakea Helicia Heliciopsis Hicksbeachia Hollandaea Isopogon Kermadecia Knightia Lambertia Lasjia Leucadendron Leucospermum Lomatia Macadamia Malagasia Megahertzia Mimetes Musgravea Neorites Nothorites Opisthiolepis Oreocallis Orites Orothamnus Panopsis Paranomus Persoonia Petrophile Placospermum Protea Roupala Serruria Sleumerodendron Sorocephalus Spatalla Sphalmium Stenocarpus Stirlingia Strangea Symphionema Synaphea Telopea Toronia Triunia Turrillia Vexatorella Virotia Xylomelum Taxon identifiersToronia Wikidata: Q7826244 Wikispecies: Toronia (Proteaceae) APNI: 190286 BOLD: 661704 CoL: 648J9 GBIF: 3232538 GRIN: 12200 iNaturalist: 379361 IPNI: 33008-1 IRMNG: 1079349 NCBI: 83746 NZOR: 4e6d86b4-0861-4233-bbd0-be50e2a5482c Open Tree of Life: 960460 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:33008-1 Tropicos: 40015508 WFO: wfo-4000038590 Toronia toru Wikidata: Q18201429 Wikispecies: Toronia toru APNI: 190287 BOLD: 661705 CoL: 7CJBN GBIF: 5638306 iNaturalist: 406557 IPNI: 706842-1 NCBI: 83747 NZOR: d1f6fb08-690b-4953-b7b2-fc91570e5577 NZPCN: 796 Open Tree of Life: 450922 Plant List: tro-50219641 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:706842-1 Tropicos: 50219641 WFO: wfo-0001265954 This Proteaceae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Proteaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteaceae"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"},{"link_name":"Persoonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persoonia"},{"link_name":"Lawrie Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Alexander_Sidney_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Barbara G. Briggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_G._Briggs"},{"link_name":"On the Proteaceae: the evolution and classification of a southern family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Proteaceae:_the_evolution_and_classification_of_a_southern_family"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lawrence_1975-1"},{"link_name":"Persoonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persoonia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"evergreen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen"},{"link_name":"tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree"},{"link_name":"North Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Island"},{"link_name":"protea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protea"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Toronia is a genus of tree in the family Proteaceae that contains a single species, Toronia toru, which is endemic to New Zealand. The genus is closely related to the large genus Persoonia, and in fact this species was long regarded as one until placed in its own new genus by Lawrie Johnson and Barbara G. Briggs in their 1975 monograph \"On the Proteaceae: the evolution and classification of a southern family\".[1]However, phylogenetic studies indicate that Toronia is nested in the larger genus Persoonia,[2] where it was once included.Toronia toru is an evergreen tree found in the northern half of the North Island and is one of only two members of the protea family occurring in New Zealand.[3]Toronia toru grows to 7 – 11 metres and has long slender green leaves, small yellow flowers, and red to dark purple-blue fleshy fruits.","title":"Toronia"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"L. A. S. Johnson and Briggs, B. G. (1975). \"On the Proteaceae: the evolution and classification of a southern family\". Journal of the Linnean Society of London. Botany. 70 (2): 83–182. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1975.tb01644.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Alexander_Sidney_Johnson","url_text":"L. A. S. Johnson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_G._Briggs","url_text":"Briggs, B. G."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.1975.tb01644.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1095-8339.1975.tb01644.x"}]},{"reference":"\"Country, Farm & Garden - Agricultural & Horticultural Stock Photo Specialists\". Retrieved 2011-07-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cfgphoto.com/img2590.htm","url_text":"\"Country, Farm & Garden - Agricultural & Horticultural Stock Photo Specialists\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgen_f%C3%A4llt_die_Schule_aus
Morgen fällt die Schule aus
["1 Cast","2 External links"]
1971 film This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Morgen fällt die Schule aus" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Morgen fällt die Schule aus is a 1971 West German comedy film directed by Werner Jacobs and starring Heintje Simons, Hansi Kraus and Rudolf Schündler. It was the sixth in the Die Lümmel von der ersten Bank series of comedy films. Cast Heintje Simons: Pit van Dongen Hansi Kraus: Pepe Nietnagel Theo Lingen: Headmaster Dr. Taft Rudolf Schündler: Teacher Dr. Knörz Ralf Wolter: Teacher Dr. Geis Fritz Tillmann: Kurt Nietnagel Heinz Reincke: Mr. van Dongen Hans Terofal: Pedell Georg Bloch Balduin Baas: Teacher Dr. Blaumeier Eva Maria Meineke: Mrs Dr. Knörz Monika Dahlberg: Mrs. Schmitz Evelyn Opela: Fräulein Dr. Lang Franz Muxeneder: Sergeant Carola Höhn: Mrs. Nietnagel Charlotte Witthauer: Mrs. Taft Hugo Lindinger: Hunter Jutta Speidel: Lydia Meier Otto Vogler: Herr Vogler Gerhard Acktun: Student Josef Moosholzer: Teacher Marc Nissimoff: Teacher Franz Seitz: Briefmarkenhändler External links Morgen fällt die Schule aus at IMDb vteFilms directed by Werner Jacobs The Blue and White Lion (1952) Street Serenade (1953) Guitars of Love (1954) André and Ursula (1955) Santa Lucia (1956) San Salvatore (1956) The Beggar Student (1956) The Simple Girl (1957) The Count of Luxemburg (1957) Munchhausen in Africa (1958) The Star of Santa Clara (1958) Here I Am, Here I Stay (1959) A Summer You Will Never Forget (1959) Conny and Peter Make Music (1960) The White Horse Inn (1960) Mariandl (1961) Drei Liebesbriefe aus Tirol (1962) Freddy and the Song of the South Pacific (1962) Mariandl's Homecoming (1962) The Merry Widow (1962) The Model Boy (1963) Homesick for St. Pauli (1963) ...denn die Musik und die Liebe in Tirol (1963) Help, My Bride Steals (1964) In Bed by Eight (1965) Heidi (1965) Aunt Frieda (1965) The Sinful Village (1966) Onkel Filser (1966) Murderers Club of Brooklyn (1967) When Ludwig Goes on Manoeuvres (1967) The Heathens of Kummerow (1967) Zur Hölle mit den Paukern (1968) Zum Teufel mit der Penne (1968) Charley's Uncle (1969) Heintje: A Heart Goes on a Journey (1969) Hurra, die Schule brennt! (1969) What Is the Matter with Willi? (1970) Heintje - Mein bester Freund (1970) Twenty Girls and the Teachers (1971) Morgen fällt die Schule aus (1971) Our Willi Is the Best (1971) Willi Manages the Whole Thing (1972) My Daughter, Your Daughter (1972) Old Barge, Young Love (1973) The Flying Classroom (1973) Schwarzwaldfahrt aus Liebeskummer (1974) Auch ich war nur ein mittelmäßiger Schüler(1974) Zwei himmlische Dickschädel (1974) This article related to a German film of the 1970s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comedy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_film"},{"link_name":"Werner Jacobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Jacobs"},{"link_name":"Heintje Simons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heintje_Simons"},{"link_name":"Hansi Kraus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Kraus_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Schündler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Sch%C3%BCndler"},{"link_name":"Die Lümmel von der ersten Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_L%C3%BCmmel_von_der_ersten_Bank"}],"text":"Morgen fällt die Schule aus is a 1971 West German comedy film directed by Werner Jacobs and starring Heintje Simons, Hansi Kraus and Rudolf Schündler. It was the sixth in the Die Lümmel von der ersten Bank series of comedy films.","title":"Morgen fällt die Schule aus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heintje Simons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heintje_Simons"},{"link_name":"Hansi Kraus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Kraus_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Theo Lingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theo_Lingen"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Schündler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Sch%C3%BCndler"},{"link_name":"Ralf Wolter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralf_Wolter"},{"link_name":"Fritz Tillmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Tillmann"},{"link_name":"Heinz Reincke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Reincke"},{"link_name":"Balduin Baas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balduin_Baas"},{"link_name":"Eva Maria Meineke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Maria_Meineke"},{"link_name":"Monika Dahlberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monika_Dahlberg"},{"link_name":"Evelyn Opela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evelyn_Opela"},{"link_name":"Franz Muxeneder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Muxeneder"},{"link_name":"Carola Höhn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carola_H%C3%B6hn"},{"link_name":"Jutta Speidel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jutta_Speidel"},{"link_name":"Franz Seitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Seitz,_Jr."}],"text":"Heintje Simons: Pit van Dongen\nHansi Kraus: Pepe Nietnagel\nTheo Lingen: Headmaster Dr. Taft\nRudolf Schündler: Teacher Dr. Knörz\nRalf Wolter: Teacher Dr. Geis\nFritz Tillmann: Kurt Nietnagel\nHeinz Reincke: Mr. van Dongen\nHans Terofal: Pedell Georg Bloch\nBalduin Baas: Teacher Dr. Blaumeier\nEva Maria Meineke: Mrs Dr. Knörz\nMonika Dahlberg: Mrs. Schmitz\nEvelyn Opela: Fräulein Dr. Lang\nFranz Muxeneder: Sergeant\nCarola Höhn: Mrs. Nietnagel\nCharlotte Witthauer: Mrs. Taft\nHugo Lindinger: Hunter\nJutta Speidel: Lydia Meier\nOtto Vogler: Herr Vogler\nGerhard Acktun: Student\nJosef Moosholzer: Teacher\nMarc Nissimoff: Teacher\nFranz Seitz: Briefmarkenhändler","title":"Cast"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterometrus_laoticus
Heterometrus laoticus
["1 Lethality","2 As food","3 References","4 External links"]
Species of scorpion Heterometrus laoticus Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum: Chelicerata Class: Arachnida Order: Scorpiones Family: Scorpionidae Genus: Heterometrus Species: H. laoticus Binomial name Heterometrus laoticusCouzijn, 1981 Heterometrus laoticus or Vietnam forest scorpion, is a scorpion species found in peaty areas of Vietnam and Laos. They can reach lengths of 12 cm (4.7 in). They are a communal species, but cannibalism has been known to occur, and if caught, they can be extremely violent even towards their own kind. Lethality Rather than being a lethal toxin, the giant scorpion's venom is paralytic. The venom is distilled into medicines against various kinds of microorganisms. It exhibits good results in disc diffusion assay for Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus, among others. As food The scorpion is farmed for consumption as a novelty food in Vietnam. They are also used to make snake wine (scorpion wine). References ^ "Crickets, scorpions on Saigonese plates". Tuoi Tre News. August 14, 2013. ^ Best Ever Food Review Show (11 Oct 2020), BUGS are Invading Street Food in Asia!! Extreme Vietnamese Street Food!! ^ Lachenmeier, Dirk W.; Anh, Pham Thi Hoang; Popova, Svetlana; Rehm, Jürgen (August 11, 2009). "The Quality of Alcohol Products in Vietnam and Its Implications for Public Health". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 6 (8): 2090–2101. doi:10.3390/ijerph6082090. PMC 2738875. PMID 19742208. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Heterometrus laoticus. "Scorpionidae: Heterometrus laoticus". Retrieved December 5, 2011. "Heterometrus laoticus". 2007. Archived from the original on April 26, 2012. Retrieved December 5, 2011. František Kovařík (2004). "A review of the genus Heterometrus Ehrenberg" (PDF). Euscorpius. 15: 1–60. Taxon identifiersHeterometrus laoticus Wikidata: Q353450 Wikispecies: Heterometrus laoticus BOLD: 29743 CoL: 6M4WW EoL: 12008607 GBIF: 6894876 iNaturalist: 578485 IRMNG: 11532228 NCBI: 217256 Open Tree of Life: 554995 This scorpion-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Hill_(theme_park)
Robin Hill Country Park
["1 Park attractions","2 References","3 External links"]
Coordinates: 50°41′16″N 1°14′37″W / 50.68778°N 1.24361°W / 50.68778; -1.24361Theme park in Downend,, Isle of Wight Robin Hill Country ParkPreviously known as Robin Hill Country ParkThe Colossus ride at Robin HillLocationDownend, Isle of Wight, United KingdomCoordinates50°41′16″N 1°14′37″W / 50.68778°N 1.24361°W / 50.68778; -1.24361Opened1971OwnerVectis Ventures LimitedThemeCountrysideOperating seasonMarch - OctoberArea88-acre (0.36 km2)WebsiteOfficial website Robin Hill Country Park is an 88-acre (36 ha) theme park located in Downend; outside Newport, Isle of Wight. Robin Hill is owned by the Dabell family, who also own Blackgang Chine; another Isle of Wight amusement Park located in Ventnor on the Isle of Wight. The park has four main rides: A quarter-mile downhill toboggan, 4D Motion Cinema, 'Cows Express' Junior train ride and the 'Colossus' a swinging galleon boat ride. On the site of Robin Hill is the buried farmstead of Combley Roman Villa. This is explained in the 'Romans at Robin Hill' exhibition when at the park. Robin Hill is also noted for wildlife, particularly the red squirrels. The park was the location for the annual Bestival music festival held every September, but has now moved to Lulworth Castle in Dorset. In 2009 it received a "Tourism & Leisure Business Award for Excellence" from the Isle of Wight Chamber of Commerce In 2016, it was announced that Bestival was changing location to Dorset. The park organises a number of regular events. "Electric Woods" events happen several times a year with different themes. February Half term Electric Woods 'Spirit of the Orient' (Chinese New Year), Summer Holidays Various themes, Summer 2015 'Carnival ' October Half Term 'Electric Woods' 'Festival of Light' inspired by Diwali. On the 2nd of October 2023, the Dabell family announced that the park was being put up for sale, citing financial difficulties due to the ongoing cost of living crisis, as well as a hope that the funds from the sale of the park could be reinvested into the further development of Blackgang Chine. The park has cafés, ice creams and snack kiosks, a gift shop and a car park. Park attractions This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Robin Hill Country Park" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The park owners claim to place less emphasis on thrill seeking rides and more upon rides which fit into its 'countryside ethos'. Colossus: A swinging galleon boat ride. Toboggan Run: A 300-metre twisting and turning alpine slide of metal half-pipe. 4D Motion Cinema (formerly the Time Machine): A 28-seat motion platform simulator. Wooden Maze: A large wooden maze with a centre and bridge. Tree Top Trail: A Children's Play area trail surrounded by trees close to the café. Troll Island Bridges: Bridges leading to several islands over a carp-filled pond. Carp Quay: A large lake with fish food available to buy and feed the fish living there. Duckdown Play Village: A small child-sized village. Run Rabbit: Various large underground rabbit tunnels. (closed) Activity Course: An activity course with various equipment including a zip wire and scramble net. Located in Toboggan Valley Snake and Hillbilly Slides: An area with slides set into the hillside. Splash Attack: game with buttons to press and fire water jets. Tot's Play: A special area designated for very young visitors which is located next to the Toboggan. Squirrel Tower: A tall tower themed around the island's red squirrels. Links with the Canopy Skywalk. African Adventure: Adventure playground, themed as an African village. Canopy Skywalk: A walk-along attraction which is 10 metres high and links with the Squirrel tower. Cows Express Junior Train Ride: A small train style ride. The Parting: A sunken walk way through a pond. Woodland Walks. Falconry: 3 Daily displays. The Ripple: 20m water pillow. References ^ Gittins, Ian (11 September 2007). "The Guardian - Bestival". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 20 July 2009. ^ http://www.iwchamber.co.uk/uploads/originals/awards-guidance-notes-2009.pdf I of W, Chamber of Commerce awards, 2009. ^ "Robin Hill up for sale and jobs at risk after long 'period of financial turbulence'". Isle of Wight County Press. 2 October 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2023. ^ "Robin Hill - Amusement Parks - Countryside Adventure Park". www.blooloop.com. Retrieved 20 July 2009. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Robin Hill Adventure Park. http://www.robin-hill.com/ Robin Hill official website http://www.electricwoods.co.uk/ Electric Woods website vteAmusement parks in the United KingdomOperated by Merlin Entertainments: Alton Towers Chessington World of Adventures Legoland Windsor Thorpe Park Operated by Gulliver's Theme Parks: Gulliver's Kingdom Gulliver's Land Gulliver's Valley Gulliver's World Other amusement parks:England Adventure Island Adventure Wonderland Blackgang Chine Blackpool Pleasure Beach Brean Leisure Park Camel Creek Adventure Park Clarence Pier Crealy Theme Park & Resort Drayton Manor Resort Dreamland Margate Fantasy Island Flambards Theme Park Flamingo Land Resort Funland Great Yarmouth Pleasure Beach Harbour Park Hidden Valley Discovery Park Joyland (Great Yarmouth) Lightwater Valley New Pleasureland Paultons Park Pleasurewood Hills Robin Hill Sundown Adventureland The Needles - Landmark Attraction Twinlakes Wheelgate Park Wicksteed Park Woodlands Family Theme Park Scotland Codonas Amusement Park Landmark Forest Adventure Park M&Ds Scotland's Theme Park Wales Barry Island Pleasure Park Coney Beach Pleasure Park Folly Farm Adventure Park and Zoo Oakwood Proposed parks: London Resort Universal Studios Great Britain Defunct parks The American Adventure Theme Park Barry's Amusements Battersea Park Belle Vue Zoological Gardens Brocklands Adventure Park Camelot Theme Park Children's Corner Dobwalls Adventure Park Frontierland, Morecambe Granada Studios Tour Killarney Springs Loudoun Castle Marine Gardens Ocean Beach, Rhyl Pleasure Island Family Theme Park Tucktonia Manchester Botanic Gardens
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bestival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bestival"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bestival_location-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"ongoing cost of living crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%93present_United_Kingdom_cost-of-living_crisis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Theme park in Downend,, Isle of WightRobin Hill Country Park is an 88-acre (36 ha) theme park located in Downend; outside Newport, Isle of Wight. Robin Hill is owned by the Dabell family, who also own Blackgang Chine; another Isle of Wight amusement Park located in Ventnor on the Isle of Wight. The park has four main rides: A quarter-mile downhill toboggan, 4D Motion Cinema, 'Cows Express' Junior train ride and the 'Colossus' a swinging galleon boat ride. On the site of Robin Hill is the buried farmstead of Combley Roman Villa. This is explained in the 'Romans at Robin Hill' exhibition when at the park. Robin Hill is also noted for wildlife, particularly the red squirrels.The park was the location for the annual Bestival music festival held every September, but has now moved to Lulworth Castle in Dorset. [1] In 2009 it received a \"Tourism & Leisure Business Award for Excellence\" from the Isle of Wight Chamber of Commerce[2] In 2016, it was announced that Bestival was changing location to Dorset.The park organises a number of regular events. \"Electric Woods\" events happen several times a year with different themes. February Half term Electric Woods 'Spirit of the Orient' (Chinese New Year), Summer Holidays Various themes, Summer 2015 'Carnival ' October Half Term 'Electric Woods' 'Festival of Light' inspired by Diwali.[citation needed]On the 2nd of October 2023, the Dabell family announced that the park was being put up for sale, citing financial difficulties due to the ongoing cost of living crisis, as well as a hope that the funds from the sale of the park could be reinvested into the further development of Blackgang Chine.[3]The park has cafés, ice creams and snack kiosks, a gift shop and a car park.","title":"Robin Hill Country Park"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Robin_hill_-_'history'-4"},{"link_name":"alpine slide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_slide"}],"text":"The park owners claim to place less emphasis on thrill seeking rides and more upon rides which fit into its 'countryside ethos'.[4]Colossus: A swinging galleon boat ride.\nToboggan Run: A 300-metre twisting and turning alpine slide of metal half-pipe.\n4D Motion Cinema (formerly the Time Machine): A 28-seat motion platform simulator.\nWooden Maze: A large wooden maze with a centre and bridge.\nTree Top Trail: A Children's Play area trail surrounded by trees close to the café.\nTroll Island Bridges: Bridges leading to several islands over a carp-filled pond.\nCarp Quay: A large lake with fish food available to buy and feed the fish living there.\nDuckdown Play Village: A small child-sized village.\nRun Rabbit: Various large underground rabbit tunnels. (closed)\nActivity Course: An activity course with various equipment including a zip wire and scramble net. Located in Toboggan Valley\nSnake and Hillbilly Slides: An area with slides set into the hillside.\nSplash Attack: game with buttons to press and fire water jets.\nTot's Play: A special area designated for very young visitors which is located next to the Toboggan.\nSquirrel Tower: A tall tower themed around the island's red squirrels. Links with the Canopy Skywalk.\nAfrican Adventure: Adventure playground, themed as an African village.\nCanopy Skywalk: A walk-along attraction which is 10 metres high and links with the Squirrel tower.\nCows Express Junior Train Ride: A small train style ride.\nThe Parting: A sunken walk way through a pond.\nWoodland Walks.\nFalconry: 3 Daily displays.\nThe Ripple: 20m water pillow.","title":"Park attractions"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_Bears
Art Bears
["1 Biography","1.1 Art Bears Songbook","2 Music","3 Name","4 Discography","4.1 Studio albums","4.2 Compilations","4.3 7\" singles and EPs","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
English avant-rock group Art BearsArt Bears in 1978(from left: Chris Cutler, Fred Frith, Dagmar Krause)Background informationOriginEnglandGenresAvant-rockYears active1978–1981LabelsRecommended, RalphSpinoffsNews from BabelSpinoff ofHenry CowPast membersChris CutlerFred FrithDagmar Krause Art Bears were an English avant-rock group formed during the disassembly of Henry Cow in 1978 by three of its members, Chris Cutler (percussion, texts), Fred Frith (guitar, bass guitar, violin, keyboards) and Dagmar Krause (vocals; previously of Slapp Happy). The group released three studio albums between 1978 and 1981, and toured Europe in 1979. In 2008 Cutler, Frith and others formed Art Bears Songbook, an Art Bears "review" project that performed at the Festival International de Musique Actuelle de Victoriaville in Quebec, Canada. Biography Art Bears were formed during the recording of Henry Cow's fifth album in January 1978. Disagreements had arisen over the album's content: Frith, Cutler and Krause favoured song-oriented material, while the rest of the band preferred instrumental compositions. As a compromise, Frith, Cutler and Krause agreed to release the songs already recorded on their own album, Hopes and Fears, under the name Art Bears, with the rest of Henry Cow credited as guests. The instrumental material appeared later on the final Henry Cow album, Western Culture (1979). Hopes and Fears (1978) thus consisted of Henry Cow songs with the addition of new Art Bears material recorded later by Frith, Cutler and Krause. Towards the end of 1978, Art Bears returned to the studio to record their first "true" album, Winter Songs (1979). It comprised fourteen short songs composed by Frith around texts by Cutler inspired by carvings on the stylobate of Amiens Cathedral. In December 1978, Art Bears joined Rock in Opposition (RIO), and toured Europe in April and May 1979. For the tour, they were joined by Peter Blegvad (ex-Slapp Happy, guitar, bass guitar, voice) and Marc Hollander (of Aksak Maboul, keyboards, clarinet). They rehearsed at the Cold Storage Recording Studios in Brixton, before leaving for Italy in late April. They performed in Italy, France, Belgium and Czechoslovakia, including an RIO festival on 1 May in Milan. Some of the songs recorded during the tour were later added to the CD release of Hopes and Fears and The Art Box (2004), a box set of Art Bears material. The band returned to the studio in 1980 to make one final album, The World as It Is Today (1981), before splitting up. In October 1983 Frith, Cutler and Krause reunited again when they joined Duck and Cover, a commission from the Berlin Jazz Festival, for a performance of the "Berlin Programme" in West Berlin, followed by another in February 1984 in East Berlin, and one at the ICA in London the following August. The "Berlin Programme" included fragments of three Art Bears songs. In 1993 Frith, Cutler and Krause worked together again on a song project, Domestic Stories (1993) by Chris Cutler and Lutz Glandien, with saxophonist Alfred Harth. While similar to Art Bears, the addition of Glandien's electronic music made Domestic Stories a distinctly different album. Art Bears Songbook An Art Bears "review" took place in May 2008 at the world premiere of the Art Bears Songbook at the 25th Festival International de Musique Actuelle de Victoriaville in Quebec. It was performed by Cutler (drums), Frith (guitar, bass guitar, violin, piano), Jewlia Eisenberg (voice), Carla Kihlstedt (violin, voice), Zeena Parkins (keyboards, accordion), Kristin Slipp (voice) and The Norman Conquest (sound manipulation). Krause was unable to participate, so Frith and Cutler decided to rework the trio's repertoire for an expanded group, with the voices of Eisenberg, Slipp and Kihlstedt replacing Krause's "eccentric and idiomatic delivery". The project was so-named because Frith and Cutler did not want it to be seen as an Art Bears reunion. According to All About Jazz the Art Bears Songbook was "not just a highlight, but the highlight of the festival." Another performance of the Art Bears Songbook took place at the third edition of the French Rock in Opposition event in Carmaux in September 2010. The line-up was the same as before, except that Krause, who had agreed to come out of retirement, replaced Eisenberg, who was ill. Music Art Bears's music was often deeply political in content (reflecting the band's socialist leanings) and frequently avant-garde and experimental. They were more "song oriented" than Henry Cow, although much of the material on their debut album was actually written with the intention of being performed by the latter band. Their music was "very dark in concept and in atmosphere". Reviewing The Art Box, BBC Music described it as: "Carefully wrought dissonances, angular folk tunes, sudden shifts in dynamics, dense layers of spectral drones, slabs of noise, topped off with Dagmar's strange, elastic Sprechstimme." Krause's voice contributed significantly to the mood and character of the songs. Cutler said: I don't write simple or obvious words, they are not easy to sing. Dagmar had the amazing ability to make them make sense, to make them sound obvious. She sings from the inside and her accent helps to lift words out of their slots and give them a slightly resonant displacement. No one else could have done what Dagmar did on those LPs. I'm still amazed by her. In "progressive" circles, the Art Bears were generally well received. AllMusic wrote: "Their life was fleeting, but the Art Bears wrote and recorded bold, challenging, idiosyncratic music that, despite its occasional difficulty, is ultimately very rewarding." Name Art Bears took their name from a sentence in Jane Ellen Harrison's book Ancient Art and Ritual (1913): "Even to-day, when individualism is rampant, art bears traces of its collective, social origin". Chris Cutler explains that it was a deliberate out-of-context quote, but that "not too much should be read into this; it just sounds intriguing, has an animal in it, plays with ambiguity and is mildly ridiculous". Discography Studio albums Hopes and Fears, 1978 Winter Songs, 1979 The World as It Is Today, 1981 Compilations The Art Box, 2004 (6-CD box-set of all Art Bears releases, with live and unreleased tracks, plus remixes by other musicians) Art Bears Revisited, 2004 (2-CD of Art Bears tracks, remixed by other musicians – discs 4 and 5 of The Art Box) 7" singles and EPs "Rats & Monkeys" / "Collapse", 1979 "Coda to Man and Boy", 1981 (single-sided screened 7") – given free to subscribers of The World as It Is Today (1981) "All Hail", 1982 (flexi-7") See also Romantic Warriors II: A Progressive Music Saga About Rock in Opposition References ^ "Chris Cutler interview". Chris Cutler. Retrieved 7 January 2018. ^ "25th Festival de Musique Actuelle de Victoriaville, 2008 Edition (May 15–19, 2008)". Festival International de Musique Actuelle de Victoriaville. Retrieved 5 March 2012. ^ a b c "Festival International Musique Actuelle Victoriaville: Day 5 – May 19, 2008". All About Jazz. 22 May 2008. Archived from the original on 30 May 2008. Retrieved 23 May 2008. ^ "Rock In Opposition 2010 – France Event". Progression Magazine. Archived from the original on 8 September 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2013. ^ "Dagmar to sing with Art Bears at RIO". Yahoo Groups. Archived from the original on 10 July 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2010. ^ Ohman, Mike. "Art Bears". New Gibraltar Encyclopedia of Progressive Rock. Archived from the original on 29 January 2008. Retrieved 5 February 2008. ^ Marsh, Peter (27 January 2004). "Art Bears, The Art Box". BBC Music. Archived from the original on 14 January 2009. Retrieved 5 June 2015. ^ Wu, Brandon. "Art Bears". Ground and Sky. Archived from the original on 14 November 2006. Retrieved 28 December 2006. ^ Dougan, John. "The Art Bears". AllMusic. Retrieved 28 December 2006. ^ Harrison, Jane. "Ancient Art and Ritual, Chapter VII: Ritual, Art and Life". The Internet Sacred Text Archive. Retrieved 21 December 2006. ^ Colli, Beppe. "An interview with Chris Cutler, February 8, 2004". Clouds and Clocks. Archived from the original on 4 February 2007. Retrieved 21 December 2006. External links Calyx – The Canterbury Website. Henry Cow and Art Bears chronology. Chris Cutler homepage. Art Bears. Art Bears Songbook review at FIMAV 2008. All About Jazz. vteArt Bears Chris Cutler Fred Frith Dagmar Krause Peter Blegvad Marc Hollander Studio albums Hopes and Fears Winter Songs The World as It Is Today Compilation albums The Art Box Art Bears Revisited Related articles Henry Cow Slapp Happy News from Babel Rock in Opposition Category vteFred Frith Henry Cow Art Bears Massacre Skeleton Crew Keep the Dog Cosa Brava Fred Frith Trio The Orckestra Duck and Cover French Frith Kaiser Thompson Death Ambient Fred Frith Guitar Quartet Maybe Monday Aksak Maboul Material Naked City Studio albums Guitar Solos Gravity Speechless Cheap at Half the Price Quartets Clearing Prints Eleventh Hour To Sail, to Sail Clearing Customs Guitar Solos / Fifty Music for Dance The Technology of Tears Allies The Previous Evening Accidental The Happy End Problem Nowhere, Sideshow, Thin Air Field Days (The Amanda Loops) Propaganda Music for Film The Top of His Head Step Across the Border Middle of the Moment Eye to Ear Rivers and Tides Eye to Ear II Eye to Ear III Composer only Pacifica Freedom in Fragments Back to Life Live albums Live in Japan Stone, Brick, Glass, Wood, Wire Impur II Storytelling All Is Always Now – Live at The Stone Woodwork Composer only Impur Collaborations With Friends Like These (with Henry Kaiser) Voice of America (with Bob Ostertag and Phil Minton) Live in Prague and Washington (with Chris Cutler) French Gigs (with Lol Coxhill) Who Needs Enemies? (with Henry Kaiser) Nous Autres (with René Lussier) Attention Span (with Bob Ostertag and John Zorn) Dropera (with Ferdinand Richard) Live Improvisations (with Tim Hodgkinson) Helter Skelter (with François-Michel Pesenti) Live in Trondheim, Berlin & Limoges, Vol. 2 (with Chris Cutler) The Art of Memory (with John Zorn) Traffic Continues (with Ensemble Modern) 2 Gentlemen in Verona (with Chris Cutler) Dalaba Frith Glick Rieman Kihlstedt (with Lesli Dalaba, Eric Glick Rieman and Carla Kihlstedt) What Leave Behind (with Toychestra) 50th Birthday Celebration Volume 5 (with John Zorn) The Compass, Log and Lead (with Carla Kihlstedt and Stevie Wishart) Duo (Victoriaville) 2005 (with Anthony Braxton) Ironic Universe (with Janet Feder) The Stone: Issue Two (with Chris Cutler) The Sugar Factory (with Evelyn Glennie) The Art of Memory II (with John Zorn) Still Urban (with ARTE Quartett) The Big Picture (with ARTE Quartett) Late Works (with John Zorn) Angels on the Edge of Time (with Lindsay Cooper, Gianni Gebbia and Lars Hollmer) Cut Up the Border (with Nicolas Humbert and Marc Parisotto) Laying Demons to Rest (with Susana Santos Silva) Compilations Friends & Enemies with Henry Kaiser Related Fred Frith discography Fred Records Step Across the Border Category vteChris Cutler Henry Cow Art Bears Cassiber News from Babel Pere Ubu The Orckestra Aksak Maboul Duck and Cover Les 4 Guitaristes de l'Apocalypso-Bar p53 The Science Group Years given below are for the recording(s), not first release, unless stated otherwise. Studio albums Three Suite Piece (released 1996) Live albums Live in Prague and Washington (1979) Live in Trondheim, Berlin & Limoges, Vol. 2 (1979 & 1991) 2 Gentlemen in Verona (1999) The Stone: Issue Two (2006) Related articles File Under Popular Recommended Records Category Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States Czech Republic Artists MusicBrainz
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"avant-rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-rock"},{"link_name":"group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_ensemble"},{"link_name":"Henry Cow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cow"},{"link_name":"Chris Cutler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Cutler"},{"link_name":"Fred Frith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Frith"},{"link_name":"Dagmar Krause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagmar_Krause"},{"link_name":"Slapp Happy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slapp_Happy"},{"link_name":"studio albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_album"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Festival International de Musique Actuelle de Victoriaville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festival_International_de_Musique_Actuelle_de_Victoriaville"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"}],"text":"Art Bears were an English avant-rock group formed during the disassembly of Henry Cow in 1978 by three of its members, Chris Cutler (percussion, texts), Fred Frith (guitar, bass guitar, violin, keyboards) and Dagmar Krause (vocals; previously of Slapp Happy). The group released three studio albums between 1978 and 1981, and toured Europe in 1979.In 2008 Cutler, Frith and others formed Art Bears Songbook, an Art Bears \"review\" project that performed at the Festival International de Musique Actuelle de Victoriaville in Quebec, Canada.","title":"Art Bears"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hopes and Fears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopes_and_Fears_(Art_Bears_album)"},{"link_name":"Western Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Culture_(album)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fiori-1"},{"link_name":"Winter Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Songs_(Art_Bears_album)"},{"link_name":"stylobate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylobate"},{"link_name":"Amiens Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiens_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Rock in Opposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_in_Opposition"},{"link_name":"Peter Blegvad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Blegvad"},{"link_name":"Slapp Happy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slapp_Happy"},{"link_name":"Marc Hollander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Hollander"},{"link_name":"Aksak Maboul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksak_Maboul"},{"link_name":"Brixton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brixton"},{"link_name":"The Art Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_Box"},{"link_name":"box set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_set"},{"link_name":"The World as It Is Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_as_It_Is_Today"},{"link_name":"Duck and Cover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck_and_Cover_(German_band)"},{"link_name":"Berlin Jazz Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Jazz_Festival"},{"link_name":"Berlin Programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck_and_Cover_(German_band)#%22Berlin_Programme%22"},{"link_name":"West Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Berlin"},{"link_name":"East Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Berlin"},{"link_name":"ICA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Contemporary_Arts"},{"link_name":"Lutz Glandien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutz_Glandien"},{"link_name":"Alfred Harth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Harth"}],"text":"Art Bears were formed during the recording of Henry Cow's fifth album in January 1978. Disagreements had arisen over the album's content: Frith, Cutler and Krause favoured song-oriented material, while the rest of the band preferred instrumental compositions. As a compromise, Frith, Cutler and Krause agreed to release the songs already recorded on their own album, Hopes and Fears, under the name Art Bears, with the rest of Henry Cow credited as guests. The instrumental material appeared later on the final Henry Cow album, Western Culture (1979).[1]Hopes and Fears (1978) thus consisted of Henry Cow songs with the addition of new Art Bears material recorded later by Frith, Cutler and Krause. Towards the end of 1978, Art Bears returned to the studio to record their first \"true\" album, Winter Songs (1979). It comprised fourteen short songs composed by Frith around texts by Cutler inspired by carvings on the stylobate of Amiens Cathedral.In December 1978, Art Bears joined Rock in Opposition (RIO), and toured Europe in April and May 1979. For the tour, they were joined by Peter Blegvad (ex-Slapp Happy, guitar, bass guitar, voice) and Marc Hollander (of Aksak Maboul, keyboards, clarinet). They rehearsed at the Cold Storage Recording Studios in Brixton, before leaving for Italy in late April. They performed in Italy, France, Belgium and Czechoslovakia, including an RIO festival on 1 May in Milan. Some of the songs recorded during the tour were later added to the CD release of Hopes and Fears and The Art Box (2004), a box set of Art Bears material.The band returned to the studio in 1980 to make one final album, The World as It Is Today (1981), before splitting up. In October 1983 Frith, Cutler and Krause reunited again when they joined Duck and Cover, a commission from the Berlin Jazz Festival, for a performance of the \"Berlin Programme\" in West Berlin, followed by another in February 1984 in East Berlin, and one at the ICA in London the following August. The \"Berlin Programme\" included fragments of three Art Bears songs.In 1993 Frith, Cutler and Krause worked together again on a song project, Domestic Stories (1993) by Chris Cutler and Lutz Glandien, with saxophonist Alfred Harth. While similar to Art Bears, the addition of Glandien's electronic music made Domestic Stories a distinctly different album.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Festival International de Musique Actuelle de Victoriaville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festival_International_de_Musique_Actuelle_de_Victoriaville"},{"link_name":"Jewlia Eisenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewlia_Eisenberg"},{"link_name":"Carla Kihlstedt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carla_Kihlstedt"},{"link_name":"Zeena Parkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeena_Parkins"},{"link_name":"Kristin Slipp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kristin_Slipp&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Norman Conquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Norman_Conquest_(musician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AAJ-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AAJ-3"},{"link_name":"All About Jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_About_Jazz"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AAJ-3"},{"link_name":"Rock in Opposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_in_Opposition"},{"link_name":"Carmaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmaux"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Art Bears Songbook","text":"An Art Bears \"review\" took place in May 2008 at the world premiere of the Art Bears Songbook at the 25th Festival International de Musique Actuelle de Victoriaville in Quebec. It was performed by Cutler (drums), Frith (guitar, bass guitar, violin, piano), Jewlia Eisenberg (voice), Carla Kihlstedt (violin, voice), Zeena Parkins (keyboards, accordion), Kristin Slipp (voice) and The Norman Conquest (sound manipulation).[2][3] Krause was unable to participate, so Frith and Cutler decided to rework the trio's repertoire for an expanded group, with the voices of Eisenberg, Slipp and Kihlstedt replacing Krause's \"eccentric and idiomatic delivery\".[3] The project was so-named because Frith and Cutler did not want it to be seen as an Art Bears reunion. According to All About Jazz the Art Bears Songbook was \"not just a highlight, but the highlight of the [five-day] festival.\"[3]Another performance of the Art Bears Songbook took place at the third edition of the French Rock in Opposition event in Carmaux in September 2010. The line-up was the same as before, except that Krause, who had agreed to come out of retirement, replaced Eisenberg, who was ill.[4][5]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"socialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist"},{"link_name":"avant-garde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-garde_music"},{"link_name":"experimental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_music"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"BBC Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Music"},{"link_name":"Sprechstimme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprechgesang"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"progressive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_rock"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Art Bears's music was often deeply political in content (reflecting the band's socialist leanings) and frequently avant-garde and experimental. They were more \"song oriented\" than Henry Cow, although much of the material on their debut album was actually written with the intention of being performed by the latter band.Their music was \"very dark in concept and in atmosphere\".[6] Reviewing The Art Box, BBC Music described it as: \"Carefully wrought dissonances, angular folk tunes, sudden shifts in dynamics, dense layers of spectral drones, slabs of noise, topped off with Dagmar's strange, elastic Sprechstimme.\"[7]Krause's voice contributed significantly to the mood and character of the songs. Cutler said:I don't write simple or obvious words, [...] they are not easy to sing. Dagmar had the amazing ability to make them make sense, to make them sound obvious. She sings from the inside and her accent helps to lift words out of their slots and give them a slightly resonant displacement. No one else could have done what Dagmar did on those LPs. I'm still amazed by her.[8]In \"progressive\" circles, the Art Bears were generally well received. AllMusic wrote: \"Their life was fleeting, but the Art Bears wrote and recorded bold, challenging, idiosyncratic music that, despite its occasional difficulty, is ultimately very rewarding.\"[9]","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jane Ellen Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Ellen_Harrison"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Art Bears took their name from a sentence in Jane Ellen Harrison's book Ancient Art and Ritual (1913): \"Even to-day, when individualism is rampant, art bears traces of its collective, social origin\".[10] Chris Cutler explains that it was a deliberate out-of-context quote, but that \"not too much should be read into this; it just sounds intriguing, has an animal in it, plays with ambiguity and is mildly ridiculous\".[11]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hopes and Fears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopes_and_Fears_(Art_Bears_album)"},{"link_name":"Winter Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Songs_(Art_Bears_album)"},{"link_name":"The World as It Is Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_as_It_Is_Today"}],"sub_title":"Studio albums","text":"Hopes and Fears, 1978\nWinter Songs, 1979\nThe World as It Is Today, 1981","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Art Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_Box"},{"link_name":"box-set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box-set"},{"link_name":"Art Bears Revisited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_Box#Art_Bears_Revisited"}],"sub_title":"Compilations","text":"The Art Box, 2004 (6-CD box-set of all Art Bears releases, with live and unreleased tracks, plus remixes by other musicians)\nArt Bears Revisited, 2004 (2-CD of Art Bears tracks, remixed by other musicians – discs 4 and 5 of The Art Box)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_in_music"},{"link_name":"1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_in_music"},{"link_name":"The World as It Is Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_as_It_Is_Today"},{"link_name":"1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_in_music"}],"sub_title":"7\" singles and EPs","text":"\"Rats & Monkeys\" / \"Collapse\", 1979\n\"Coda to Man and Boy\", 1981 (single-sided screened 7\") – given free to subscribers of The World as It Is Today (1981)\n\"All Hail\", 1982 (flexi-7\")","title":"Discography"}]
[]
[{"title":"Romantic Warriors II: A Progressive Music Saga About Rock in Opposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_Warriors_II:_A_Progressive_Music_Saga_About_Rock_in_Opposition"}]
[{"reference":"\"Chris Cutler interview\". Chris Cutler. Retrieved 7 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ccutler.co.uk/fiori.htm","url_text":"\"Chris Cutler interview\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Cutler","url_text":"Chris Cutler"}]},{"reference":"\"25th Festival de Musique Actuelle de Victoriaville, 2008 Edition (May 15–19, 2008)\". Festival International de Musique Actuelle de Victoriaville. Retrieved 5 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://fimav.qc.ca/en/archives/fimav-2008/","url_text":"\"25th Festival de Musique Actuelle de Victoriaville, 2008 Edition (May 15–19, 2008)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Festival International Musique Actuelle Victoriaville: Day 5 – May 19, 2008\". All About Jazz. 22 May 2008. Archived from the original on 30 May 2008. Retrieved 23 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/article.php?id=29539","url_text":"\"Festival International Musique Actuelle Victoriaville: Day 5 – May 19, 2008\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_About_Jazz","url_text":"All About Jazz"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080530105911/http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/article.php?id=29539","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rock In Opposition 2010 – France Event\". Progression Magazine. Archived from the original on 8 September 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140908175818/http://www.progressionmagazine.com/index.php?s=rocktime","url_text":"\"Rock In Opposition 2010 – France Event\""},{"url":"http://www.progressionmagazine.com/index.php?s=rocktime","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dagmar to sing with Art Bears at RIO\". Yahoo Groups. Archived from the original on 10 July 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120710192917/http://launch.groups.yahoo.com/group/avant-progressive/message/25363","url_text":"\"Dagmar to sing with Art Bears at RIO\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo_Groups","url_text":"Yahoo Groups"},{"url":"http://launch.groups.yahoo.com/group/avant-progressive/message/25363","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ohman, Mike. \"Art Bears\". New Gibraltar Encyclopedia of Progressive Rock. Archived from the original on 29 January 2008. Retrieved 5 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080129225043/http://www.gepr.net/ar.html#ARTBEARS","url_text":"\"Art Bears\""},{"url":"http://www.gepr.net/ar.html#ARTBEARS","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Marsh, Peter (27 January 2004). \"Art Bears, The Art Box\". BBC Music. Archived from the original on 14 January 2009. Retrieved 5 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090114204001/http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/release/4hdp/","url_text":"\"Art Bears, The Art Box\""},{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/release/4hdp/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wu, Brandon. \"Art Bears\". Ground and Sky. Archived from the original on 14 November 2006. Retrieved 28 December 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061114192031/http://www.progreviews.com/articles/blog.php?place=120304a","url_text":"\"Art Bears\""},{"url":"http://www.progreviews.com/articles/blog.php?place=120304a","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dougan, John. \"The Art Bears\". AllMusic. Retrieved 28 December 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-art-bears-mn0000039350/biography","url_text":"\"The Art Bears\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Harrison, Jane. \"Ancient Art and Ritual, Chapter VII: Ritual, Art and Life\". The Internet Sacred Text Archive. Retrieved 21 December 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/aar/aar09.htm","url_text":"\"Ancient Art and Ritual, Chapter VII: Ritual, Art and Life\""}]},{"reference":"Colli, Beppe. \"An interview with Chris Cutler, February 8, 2004\". Clouds and Clocks. Archived from the original on 4 February 2007. Retrieved 21 December 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070204015851/http://www.cloudsandclocks.net/interviews/CC_AB_interview.html","url_text":"\"An interview with Chris Cutler, February 8, 2004\""},{"url":"http://www.cloudsandclocks.net/interviews/CC_AB_interview.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_Wilson_(politician)
Godfrey Wilson (politician)
["1 Life","2 References","3 External links"]
Godfrey WilsonOBEMember of Parliamentfor Cambridge UniversityIn office1929–1935Serving with Sir John WithersPreceded bySir George ButlerSir John WithersSucceeded bySir Kenneth Pickthorn, BtSir John Withers Personal detailsBornGodfrey Harold Alfred Wilson(1871-10-29)29 October 1871Melbourne, AustraliaDied13 July 1958(1958-07-13) (aged 86)Political partyUnionist Godfrey Harold Alfred Wilson OBE (29 October 1871 – 13 July 1958) was an Australian-born politician and academic at Cambridge University. He was a decorated army officer during World War I, and was MP for the university from 1929 to 1935. Life Godfrey Wilson was born in Melbourne, the son of Daniel Wilson. He was educated at Melbourne Grammar School and at the University of Melbourne where he was resident at Trinity College from 1889, and later at Clare College, Cambridge, where he graduated BA as 5th Wrangler in 1895. From 1897 to 1929 he was a Fellow of Clare College. In 1899 he married Margaret Bartlett, eldest daughter of the Rev. John Edward Parker Bartlett, Rector of Barnham Broom. He served in the War Office during World War I, gaining two mentions in the Secretary of State's List for 'valuable services'. In the 1918 New Year Honours, he was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) and was later appointed an Officer of the Order. Following the 1919 New Year Honours in which Wilson was promoted from Major to Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel, General Earle stated that: Lieut.-Colonel Wilson has been concerned in the vast organisation for raising the corps of officers for the army, which now amounts to about a quarter of a million, the whole of which has been dependent on him. It is not too much to say that practically every officer that one sees now has been through his hands. From 1920 to 1926, he was secretary of Cambridge University's financial board, and served as its treasurer from 1926 to 1929. In 1929, he became Master of Clare, retiring from the mastership in 1939. From 1929 to 1935, he was also an MP for Cambridge University in the House of Commons. He resigned from Parliament on being appointed vice-chancellor of Cambridge University, a position he held from 1935 to 1937. References ^ a b "Wilson, Godfrey Harold Alfred (WL892GH)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge. ^ London Gazette, no. 30460 (4 Jan. 1918): 408. ^ Venn, John (2011). Alumni Cantabrigienses: A Biographical List of All Known Students. Cambridge University Press. p. 520. ISBN 9781108036160. Retrieved 18 March 2016. ^ "Personal", The Argus , 4 Apr. 1919, p. 6. ^ "Personal", The Advertiser , 31 Jan. 1935, p. 9. External links Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Godfrey Wilson Parliament of the United Kingdom Preceded bySir George ButlerSir John Withers Member of Parliament for Cambridge University 1929–1935 With: Sir John Withers Succeeded bySir Kenneth Pickthorn, BtSir John Withers vteMasters of Clare College, Cambridge Walter de Thaxted Ralph Kerdington Nicholas de Brunne John de Donewich John de Charteresse William Radwinter William Wymbyll William Gull William Wilflete John Millington Thomas Stoyll Richard Stubbs Gabriel Silvester William Woodruff Edmund Natures John Crayford Roland Swynbourne John Madew Roland Swynbourne Thomas Bayly Edward Leeds Thomas Byng William Smith Robert Scott Thomas Paske Ralph Cudworth Theophilus Dillingham Thomas Paske Theophilus Dillingham Samuel Blythe William Grigg Charles Morgan John Wilcox Peter Godard John Torkington William Webb Edward Atkinson William Mollison Godfrey Wilson Henry Thirkill Eric Ashby Robin Matthews Bob Hepple Anthony Badger Anthony Grabiner, Baron Grabiner Loretta Minghella This article about a Conservative Member of the Parliament of the United Kingdom representing an English constituency and born in the 1870s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5*
5Star
["1 History","1.1 2006–08: Five Life","1.2 2008–11: Fiver","1.3 2011–16: 5star","1.4 2016 to date: 5Star","2 Availability","2.1 Cable","2.2 IPTV","2.3 Online","2.4 Satellite","2.5 Terrestrial","3 Ratings","4 Current programming: 5Star","4.1 First–run","4.2 Second–run","5 Former programming: 5Star","5.1 First–run","5.2 Second–run","6 Former programming: Fiver and 5*","7 Notes","8 Former logos","9 References","10 External links"]
British digital television channel This article is about the British television channel. For other uses, see Five star. This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: tonal issues and cruft. Please help improve this article if you can. (November 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Television channel 5StarLogo used since 2019CountryUnited KingdomProgrammingLanguage(s)EnglishPicture format576i SDTVTimeshift service5Star +1OwnershipOwnerChannel 5 Broadcasting LimitedParentParamount Networks UK & AustraliaSister channels 5Action 5Select 5USA Channel 5 HistoryLaunched15 October 2006; 17 years ago (2006-10-15)Former namesFive Life (2006–08)Fiver (2008–11) 5* (2011–16)LinksWebsitechannel5.com/5starAvailabilityTerrestrialSee separate sectionStreaming mediaSee separate section 5Star (stylized as 5STAR) is a British free-to-air television channel owned by Channel 5 Broadcasting Limited, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Paramount Global, which is grouped under Paramount Networks UK & Australia division. It originally launched as the female-orientated Five Life on 15 October 2006, and was relaunched as Fiver on 28 April 2008 with a revised version of the same concept. The channel later re-branded as 5* on 7 March 2011, and later to its current name on 11 February 2016. The network focuses on documentaries, comedy and drama, with a range of original content such as Rich Kids Go Skint and Young, Dumb & Banged Up in the Sun, along with some American and Australian imports. History 2006–08: Five Life A collage of excerpt images from 5STAR's launch as Five Life c. October 2006. The channel was intended to be a female-orientated channel with an emphasis on lifestyle programming. Channel 5 announced that programming on launch would include The Ellen DeGeneres Show, Love My Way, Windfall, Angela's Eyes, and a weekday double-bill of the chat show Trisha Goddard. On 16 October 2006, a day following the channel's launch, Australian soap opera Home and Away began airing from episode 4212 (Season 19, Episode 112). New episodes are shown Monday to Friday in a 'First Look' screening with episodes following the Channel 5 airing. Repeats of popular female-skewing dramas, both nationally and internationally produced, were soon acquired. Following the channel's launch, a time-shift version of the channel was launched in summer 2007. 2008–11: Fiver Five Life was repositioned and relaunched as Fiver in April 28, 2008 while still targeting female audiences, the channel was re-positioned with a "younger, faster, louder" concept, meant to compete with Sky Living. On-air presentation reflected this shift with a "cursor" motif, typing out words reflecting programs and current events. 2011–16: 5star In 2011, the channel was re-launched again, as 5star (stylized as 5★ or 5*, pronounced "Five Star"). The new brand focused on a "fun-loving" concept, with initial acquisitions including $#*! My Dad Says, Better with You and Parenthood. On 11 April 2011, 5star reduced its broadcast hours to 13:00 to 00:00, replacing the hours withdrawn with more teleshopping. When some of these new programs failed to make much of an impact in the channel's ratings, several were dropped and replaced by new locally produced and acquired programming. These included the American series 8 Simple Rules, 10 Things I Hate About You, Alphas and The Lying Game. In 2012, in consort with C5's acquisition of the series, 5star began airing the Big Brother companion show Big Brother: Live from the House, which aired 60 minutes of live feed following every eviction show. In 2013, after Live from the House set ratings records for the channel, the programme was expanded to two hours nightly. However, ratings were at a share below that of the channel's average, with just 70,000 watching the first live feeds. Subsequently, the live feeds were shut down and the spin-off show last aired in June 2013. Also in 2013, American Idol moved to 5star from ITV2. Continuing the channel's venture into reality based programming, Tallafornia was acquired from Ireland's TV3 and this was soon joined by Bar Rescue, World's Worst Tenants and Top 20 Funniest in 2014. The 5star schedule included a variety of programming, including the aforementioned reality series, as well as the first-run rights to Helix, the second-run rights to American series Falling Skies, Under the Dome and The Walking Dead, and Australian soap operas Home & Away and Neighbours. Popular documentary series shared with C5 air throughout the daytime and primetime hours, such as The Gadget Show. The time-shift version of the channel was shut down on 3 February 2014 to make way for Channel 5 +24. The channel returned later, launching on Freesat on 16 September 2014 and Sky in the UK and Ireland on 4 November 2014, replacing BET +1 on the platform. The addition of the channel in Ireland was an error, thus it was removed on 6 November 2014. On 11 February 2016, as part of an overall re-branding of Channel 5's networks following their acquisition by Viacom, the channel was re-branded as 5Star. 2016 to date: 5Star After initially being positioned as a younger skewing channel (in a manner similar to E4), 5Star has dropped a lot of its drama and comedy programmes from the schedules and replaced them with blocks of reality TV programming with medical shows such as Skin A&E, 999: Critical Condition and Don't Tell The Doctor showing on Thursday nights in September 2021, and nights devoted to crime and cleaning showing on other days. The channel still had a number of drama shows listed in its schedules for 2021 with imports such as Departure and Wentworth: The Final Sentence broadcast after the watershed and its Australian soaps still broadcast in an hour block from 6pm (though the 3pm repeat has been replaced by episodes of Police Interceptors from Paramount Network). Also 5Star picked up the free-to-air television rights of streaming series The Act (from StarzPlay via Amazon) which increased its viewing figures on 5Star with each episode broadcast, and Dirty John (also available on Netflix). Australian soap opera Home & Away is a programme which has episodes debuting on the channel before being repeated on Channel 5, with other channel premieres including episodes of Killer at the Crime Scene and The Nightmare Neighbour Next Door, as well as a number of romcom films shown at lunchtime. 5Star have usually decided to schedule feature films each Friday, Saturday and Sunday night, with the whole Saturday daytime schedule usually given over to family films. However, the quality of some of the films broadcast by 5Star has been picked up by Kermode and Mayo's Film Review on BBC Radio 5 Live, who have nominated many titles due to be broadcast on the channel, for their 'TV Movie So Bad it's Bad' feature on the show. On 20 October 2021, their scheduled Love at Lunchtime TV movie premiere slot was discontinued and replaced by back-to-back repeats of various emergency services documentaries with episodes 6 and 7 of Traffic Cops replacing the already announced premiere of Love's Last Resort on that date. Programmes debuting new episodes on the channel in November 2021 included Filthy House SOS and Oxford Street 24/7, while Nick Knowles' Better Homes is a new show from the presenter of Channel 5's Big House Clearout and Our Secret World was a new commission produced by Viacom Studios UK, featuring Babestation stars like Atlanta Moreno and Jess West enjoying their leisure time in a reality TV format. New-to-Freeview episodes of drama series The Act (from American streaming service Hulu), are debuting weekly on 5Star at 10pm on a Thursday night before being repeated late night on 5Select a few days later. From 8 November 2021, after Ofcom approved an hour-long 5 News at 5 on the main channel to fit in Eggheads at 6.30pm, the early evening repeat of Home and Away moved to 5Star, with the Australian soap now being broadcast in an hour-long slot from 6pm, with the repeat scheduled back-to-back with the 'first look' episode (though the soap went on its regular winter break on Monday 22 November, with the slot being used for repeats of Shoplifters & Scammers: At War with the Law and family films, until a new episode of the soap was broadcast on New Year's Eve). From 4 December 2021 to 7 November 2022, 5Star began repeating season 11 of Judge Judy in the mornings, at the same time that season 17 was seen on CBS Reality and, due to a simulcast agreement, nine Local TV channels in the UK. A month later, on 4 January 2022, more retro programming from the archives of ViacomCBS appeared on the network, when Zalman King's Red Shoe Diaries (originally broadcast on the American Showtime channel in 1992 and then on Channel 5) started a repeat run in the United Kingdom on 5Star. Availability Cable Virgin Media UK: Channel 126 (SD) and Channel 326 (+1) IPTV Sky Glass UK: Channel 128 Online TVPlayer UK: Watch live Satellite Freesat UK: Channel 131 (SD) and Channel 141 (+1) Sky UK: Channel 128 (SD) and Channel 228 (+1) Terrestrial Freeview UK: Channel 32 Ratings The launch of Five Life was at the time ranked as the worst received multichannel launch for a terrestrial broadcaster, only managing to achieve a primetime share of 0.21%. Following the channel's relaunch as Fiver in 2008, the all-day share for the channel has been between 0.5–0.6%. The highest rated series airing on the channel are Home & Away, Neighbours and the weeknight showings of primetime movies. The highest rating for the channel is held by Big Brother: Live from the House, when it received just over one million viewers and an audience share of over five percent in 2013. Current programming: 5Star First–run The Act (2021) Adults Only (2020–present) (also repeated on Channel 5 and MTV in 2021, and known under the title XXXmas over the festive period) Ambulance: Code Red (2020–present) Bargain Brits on Benefits (2022–present) Cold Case Killers (2021–present) Dirty John (2021) Don't Tell The Doctor (2017–present) Drag Kids (also known as Kids in Drag: We're Fabulous!) (2019–present) Entertainment News (2020–present) Extreme Hair Wars (2018–present) Filthy House SOS Get Your Tatts Out: Kavos Ink (2017–present) Greatest Ever Movie Blunders (2018–present) (this series was re-edited as a new one-off show for broadcast on Channel 5 in November 2021) Greatest Ever TV Blunders (2018–present) Home and Away (16 October 2006 – present) (first look) Impact Wrestling (2019–present) Inside The Mind... (2021) (a celebrity documentary with Dr Bob Johnson) It's Your Fault I'm Fat (2019–present) Killer at the Crime Scene (2021–present) Nick Knowles' Better Home (2021) Old School For Lazy Kids (2019–present) Our Secret World (2021) Oxford Street 24/7 (2021) (a previous series was broadcast first on Channel 5) Plastic Surgery Knifemares (2019) Prison Life (2018–present) Rich Kids Go Homeless (2019–present) Rich Kids Go Skint (2018–present) Rich Kids, Skint Holiday (2019–present) Secret Admirer (2018–present) Sex Pod (2016–present) Skin A&E (2021–present) Top 20 Funniest (2014–present) Tower Block Kids (2018–present) The Shocking Truth About Food (2019–present) Undercover Twins (2019) When Kids Kill (2016–present) When Teens Kill (2018–present) World's Wildest Holidays (2018–present) Young, Dumb & Banged Up in the Sun (2018–present) Second–run Bargain-Loving Brits in the Sun Britain's Parking Hell (2018–present) Casualty 24/7: Every Second Counts Fights, Camera, Action! (previously shown on Paramount Network) Friends (2023-present) Departure (2021) Judge Judy (episodes from 2006–2007, that were previously shown on various CBS branded channels) Police Interceptors Red Shoe Diaries (episodes from 1992, that were previously shown on Channel 5) Suits (season 8 in 2022) Supermarket Wars Ten Years Younger In Ten Days (2021, Channel 5 series only) The Town the Gypsies Took Over: Appleby Horse Fair (repeated on 5Star on 3 January 2022) Wentworth Prison (2016–2021) (this drama debuted in the UK as a Channel 5 show before becoming an exclusive-to-5Star title during its fourth season) The World's Most Expensive Hotels Former programming: 5Star First–run 100% Hotter (2016–) Access (2011–2020) (replaced by Entertainment News) Airport 24/7: Thailand (2019–present) (moved to Paramount Network) Baby Ballroom (2017–) Baby Faced Mums (2016–) Badass Brides (2017–) Bad Teen to Ballroom Queen (2018–) Britain's Naughtiest Nursery (2019–) Celebrity Ghost Hunt (2017–) Celeb Road Trip: Lost in Transylvania (2018–) Celebs on the Farm (2018–present) (moved to MTV) Celebs on the Ranch (2019–) Channel Zero (2016–) Clink (2019–) Dirty Tricks (2019–) Sing It On (2016–) Strip Date (2016–) Second–run 3rd Rock from the Sun (2019–present) Will & Grace (2018–present) Gilmore Girls (2013–present) Falling Skies (2013–present) Under the Dome (2013–present) 16 and Pregnant (2015–present) Catfish: The TV Show (2015–present) Teen Mom (2015–present) American Horror Story (2015–present) My Wife and Kids (2015–present) That '70s Show (2015–present) Dance Moms (2016–present) Teen Wolf (2015–present) Finding Carter (2017–present) Dance Squad (2017–present) The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (2017–present) According to Jim (2017–present) 8 Simple Rules (2011, 2017–present) Two and a Half Men (2018–present) (Seasons 1–8 only) Smallville (2019–present) Empire (2017–present) Riverdale (2018–present) Celebrity Big Brother (2017) (first look episode on Saturdays) Aftermath (2016) Heroes Reborn (2016) The Magicians (2016–2018) The Shannara Chronicles (2016–2017) You're the Worst (2016–present) Emerald City (2017) Fresh Off the Boat (2017–2019) Star (2017–2018) Last Man Standing (2018–2020) House (2020) Neighbours (2008–2022) Former programming: Fiver and 5* Angela's Eyes (2006) The Ellen DeGeneres Show (2006–2007, 2008) Love My Way (2006–2007) Sofia's Diary (2008–2009) The Trisha Goddard Show (2006–2010) Windfall (2006) Trust Me - I'm a Beauty Therapist (2006) Dawson's Creek (2006–2009) Bad Girls (2007–2009) Footballers' Wives (2007–2010) Step It Up and Dance (2007) Fifth Gear (2007–2010) Stylista (2007–2008) Make Me a Supermodel Extra (2007–2008) Colin and Justin's How Not to Decorate (2007) My Name Is Earl (2013–2015) (moved to 5USA) Gay, Straight or Taken? (2008) Nice House, Shame About the Garden! (2008–2010) Ocean Force (2008–2010) Celebrity Rehab (2009) Joey (2009) Big Love (2009) Farmer Wants a Wife (2009–2010) Minder (2009) Dirt (2009–2011) Sex and the City (2009–2013) Almost Live from Studio Five (2009) Out of the Blue (2009–2010) Rich Bride, Poor Bride (2009) Vets in Action (2009–2011) The Wright Stuff (2009–2011) Better with You (2010) Parenthood (2010–2011) Pingu (2017–2018) Floogals (2017) $#*! My Dad Says (2010–2011) Malcolm in the Middle (2011–2013) (now on Comedy Central) Chuck (2011–2012) Archer (2011–2014) 10 Things I Hate About You (2011) Alphas (2011–2012) Californication (2011–2012) The Lying Game (2012–2013) The Walking Dead (2012–2014) (moved to 5Spike) Tallafornia (2014) BAMMA (2013–2015) (moved to 5Spike) Bar Rescue (2014–2015) (moved to 5Spike) World's Worst Tenants (2014–2015) Eye Candy (2015) Helix (2014) (moved to 5Spike) Scrubs (2015–2016) (moved from Viva) Ridiculousness (2015–2017) SpongeBob SquarePants (2017) South Park (2017) Big Brother: Live from the House (2013, 2015) Big Brother's Bit on the Side (2013, 2015) Celebrity Big Brother: Live from the House (2013, 2015) Celebrity Big Brother's Bit on the Side (2013, 2015) Notes ^1 Several documentary series shared with Channel 5 air on 5Star. However, the titles that come to 5Star change too sporadically to pinpoint what specifically airs first-run or second-run to the channel. Former logos Five Life logo(15 October 2006 – 27 April 2008) First Fiver logo(28 April – 6 October 2008) Final Fiver logo(7 October 2008 – 7 March 2011) 5* logo(7 March 2011 – 11 February 2016) 5Star logo(11 February 2016 – 1 September 2019) References ^ "Ofcom | TV Cable and Satellite". static.ofcom.org.uk. ^ "5STAR". ^ "five autumn highlights 2006" (PDF). Five. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 December 2006. Retrieved 12 October 2006. ^ Joanne Oatts (5 July 2007). "Five launches +1 services". Digital Spy. ^ Sweney, Mark (6 April 2008). "Five Life to relaunch as Fiver". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 23 March 2008. Retrieved 6 April 2008. ^ "Fiver rebrands as 5*, acquires new shows". Digital Spy. 3 February 2011. ^ Munn, Patrick (26 April 2013). "'The Lying Game' Makes The Jump Back To 5*". TVWise. Retrieved 5 May 2013. ^ Sperling, Daniel (14 May 2013). "Big Brother 2013 to have nightly live feed". Digital Spy. Retrieved 29 June 2013. ^ Darvill, Josh (15 June 2013). "Big Brother 2013: 70,000 watch first live streaming on 5*". Telly Mix. Retrieved 29 June 2013. ^ Nissim, Mayer (26 June 2013). "Big Brother live feed axed by Channel 5". Digital Spy. Retrieved 29 June 2013. ^ Plunkett, John (27 September 2012). "Channel 5 to show American Idol". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 27 September 2012. ^ "TV3 sells hit series 'Tallafornia' to UK's Channel 5". Independent.ie. ^ Eames, Tom (17 January 2014). "Channel 5 to launch catch-up channel +24". Digital Spy. Retrieved 3 February 2014. ^ Sherwin, Adam (11 February 2016). "Channel 5 tilts at Channel 4 with 'emotional' post-Richard Desmond rebrand". The Independent. Archived from the original on 10 February 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2016. ^ Radio Times 25 September-1 October 2021, page 109 ^ Radio Times 25 September-1 October 2021, page 79 ^ Radio Times 25 September-1 October 2021, page 89 ^ "The Act Season 1". Radio Times. Retrieved 27 November 2021. ^ "TV listings guide". Radio Times. Retrieved 27 November 2021. ^ "Dirty John Season 1". Radio Times. Retrieved 27 November 2021. ^ Radio Times 25 September-1 October 2021, page 99 ^ Kermode and Mayo's Film Review on BBC Radio 5 Live, various episode dates to Friday 17 September 2021 ^ "Hint of Love (2020)". Radio Times. Retrieved 23 January 2022. ^ "Cup of Love (2016)". Radio Times. Retrieved 23 January 2022. ^ "TV listings guide". Radio Times. Retrieved 23 January 2022. ^ "TV listings guide". Radio Times. Retrieved 23 January 2022. ^ a b "Traffic Cops Season 2". Radio Times. Retrieved 23 January 2022. ^ "TV listings guide". Radio Times. Retrieved 23 January 2022. ^ "My5". Channel5.com. Retrieved 27 November 2021. ^ "Filthy House SOS Season 3". Radio Times. Retrieved 27 November 2021. ^ "Filthy House SOS (TV Series)". Radio Times. Retrieved 27 November 2021. ^ "Oxford Street 24/7". Rare TV. Retrieved 27 November 2021. ^ "My5". Channel5.com. Retrieved 27 November 2021. ^ "Oxford Street 24/7 (TV Series)". Radio Times. Retrieved 27 November 2021. ^ "Nick Knowles' Better Homes Season 1". Radio Times. Retrieved 27 November 2021. ^ Heath, Olivia (17 August 2021). "EYNTK about Nick Knowles' Big House Clearout". House Beautiful. Retrieved 27 November 2021. ^ "Viacom International Studios UK". viacomstudiosuk.com. Retrieved 27 November 2021. ^ Herzog, Kenny (3 May 2019). "How The Act's Actors Compare to Their Real-Life Counterparts". Vulture. Retrieved 27 November 2021. ^ "My5". Channel5.com. Retrieved 27 November 2021. ^ "TV listings guide". Radio Times. Retrieved 27 November 2021. ^ TVZone (17 November 2021). "CHANNEL 5 ORDER SECOND SERVING OF EGGHEADS". TVZoneUK. Retrieved 27 November 2021. ^ "Ofcom Approve Changes to Channel 5 News". Tvzoneuk.com. 24 September 2021. ^ "Home and Away to lose evening slot on Channel 5". Digital Spy. 24 September 2021. ^ "Channel 5 extends evening news". Advanced-television.com. 24 September 2021. ^ "Home and Away (TV Series)". Radio Times. Retrieved 27 November 2021. ^ "Shoplifters & Scammers: At War with the Law Season 1". Radio Times. Retrieved 27 November 2021. ^ "TV listings guide". Radio Times. Retrieved 27 November 2021. ^ Radio Times Christmas Double Issue 2021, channel listings for 5 Star on 31 December 2021: page 243 ^ "Judge Judy Season 11". Radio Times. Retrieved 27 November 2021. ^ "Judge Judy Season 17". Radio Times. Retrieved 27 November 2021. ^ "TV listings guide". Radio Times. Retrieved 27 November 2021. ^ Radio Times 1–7 January 2022: 5Star listings for 4 January 2022, page 81 ^ "Slow start for Five Life". Digital Spy. 17 October 2006. Retrieved 9 November 2007. ^ "TV listings guide". Radio Times. Retrieved 27 November 2021. ^ "Adults Only! (TV Series)". Radio Times. Retrieved 27 November 2021. ^ "TV listings guide". Radio Times. Retrieved 27 November 2021. ^ Radio Times Christmas Double Issue 2021, channel listings for 5 Star: various dates ^ "Adults Only Season 1". Radio Times. Retrieved 27 November 2021. ^ "Ambulance: Code Red Season 2". Radio Times. Retrieved 27 November 2021. ^ "My5". www.channel5.com. Retrieved 18 December 2022. ^ "My5". www.channel5.com. Retrieved 18 December 2022. ^ "Cold Case Killers Season 1". Radio Times. Retrieved 27 November 2021. ^ "TV listings guide". Radio Times. Retrieved 27 November 2021. ^ "Greatest Ever Movie Blunders (TV Series)". Radio Times. Retrieved 27 November 2021. ^ "TV listings guide". Radio Times. Retrieved 27 November 2021. ^ Media, Bionic. "INSIDE THE MIND... – Abacus". Abacus Media Rights. Retrieved 27 November 2021. ^ "Inside The Mind... – World Content Market" (in Russian). Retrieved 27 November 2021. ^ "Inside the Mind of Michael Jackson". Radio Times. Retrieved 27 November 2021. ^ "TV listings guide". Radio Times. Retrieved 27 November 2021. ^ "Killer at the Crime Scene Season 1". Radio Times. Retrieved 27 November 2021. ^ "TV listings guide". Radio Times. Retrieved 23 January 2022. ^ "Plastic Surgery Knifemares Season 1". Radio Times. Retrieved 23 January 2022. ^ "Skin A&E Season 2". Radio Times. Retrieved 27 November 2021. ^ "Britain's Parking Hell (TV Series)". Radio Times. Retrieved 23 January 2022. ^ "My5". Channel5.com. Retrieved 23 January 2022. ^ "My5". Channel5.com. Retrieved 23 January 2022. ^ "Casualty 24/7: Every Second Counts Season 3". Radio Times. Retrieved 27 November 2021. ^ "Fights, Camera, Action! Season 3". Radio Times. Retrieved 23 January 2022. ^ "Red Shoe Diaries Season 1". Radio Times. Retrieved 23 January 2022. ^ "My5". www.channel5.com. Retrieved 18 December 2022. ^ Radio Times 1–7 January 2022: 5Star listings for 5 January 2022),: page 91 ^ a b "My5". Channel5.com. Retrieved 23 January 2022. ^ "10 Years Younger in 10 Days Season 2". Radio Times. Retrieved 23 January 2022. ^ Radio Times 1–7 January 2022: 5Star listings for Bank Holiday Monday (3 January 2022),: page 71 External links 5Star at Channel5.com vteChannel 5 Broadcasting LimitedChannels Channel 5 (Programmes) 5Action 5Select 5Star 5USA Defunct channels 5Spike Brands News: 5 News (provided by ITN) Entertainment News: Access Sport: Football on 5 Children: Milkshake! Shake! 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(30%) List of Paramount channels vteMedia in the United KingdomUK national newspapers, magazines, and other periodicalsNewspapers(History, Circulation)Broadsheet Financial Times The Daily Telegraph The Sunday Telegraph The Sunday Times Compact i The Times The Guardian The Observer Middle-market Daily Express Daily Mail The Mail on Sunday Tabloid Daily Mirror Sunday Mirror Morning Star The Sunday People Daily Star Daily Star Sunday The Sun Sunday Sport Weekend Sport Midweek Sport Magazines andother periodicals List of magazines in the United Kingdom List of magazines by circulation Radio in the UKNationalstationsBBC BBC Radio 1 BBC Radio 1Xtra BBC Radio 2 BBC Radio 3 BBC Radio 4 BBC Radio 4 Extra BBC Radio 5 Live BBC Radio 5 Sports Extra BBC Radio 6 Music BBC Asian Network BBC World Service BBC National DAB (multiplex) Independent/ commercial Absolute Radio Network BFBS Radio Classic FM Capital Digital One (multiplex) Gold Greatest Hits Radio Heart Hits Radio Jazz FM Kiss Network LBC LBC News Magic Premier Christian Radio Radio X RNIB Connect Radio Scala Radio Sound Digital (multiplex) Smooth Radio talkSPORT TalkRadio Times Radio UCB UK Virgin Radio UK Regionaland localstationsBBC List of BBC Local Radio stations BBC Radio Scotland BBC Radio nan Gàidheal BBC Radio Ulster BBC Radio Foyle BBC Radio Wales BBC Radio Cymru Cymru 2 Independent/ commercial List of community radio stations List of local commercial radio stations List of semi-national / regional analogue and digital radio stations Otherstations List of hospital radio stations Pirate radio Restricted Service Licence (RSL) List of RSL stations List of satellite radio stations List of student and schools radio Other Broadcasting House FM broadcasting Dock10 Radio Academy Radio Academy Awards Radio Independents Group RAJAR Most listened to programmes Television in the UKPrincipalchannels(List)BBC BBC One BBC Two BBC Three BBC Four BBC News BBC Parliament BBC Alba BBC Scotland CBBC CBeebies ITV ITV1/STV/UTV ITV2 ITV3 ITV4 ITVBe Channel 4/S4C Channel 4 S4C E4 E4 Extra Film4 More4 4seven 4Music The Box Kiss TV Magic TV Kerrang! 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Romance +1 HGTV Ideal World ITV1 +1 HD ITV2 +1 ITV3 +1 ITV4 ITVBe The Jewellery Channel Legend More4 PBS America Pop Pop Max Pop Player Quest +1 Quest Red QVC HD QVC2 Really RTÉ One RTÉ2 S4C Sky Arts Sky Mix Sky News STV +1 HD Talking Pictures TV TBN UK TG4 That's TV UK That's TV 2 That's 60's That's 80's That's 90's Together TV True Crime True Crime Xtra UTV +1 HD W Yesterday +1 Radio stations BBC Asian Network BBC Radio 1 BBC Radio 1Xtra BBC Radio 2 BBC Radio 3 BBC Radio 4 BBC Radio 4 Extra BBC Radio 5 Live BBC Radio 5 Sports Extra BBC Radio 6 Music BBC Radio Cymru BBC Radio Cymru 2 BBC Radio Foyle BBC Radio nan Gàidheal BBC Radio Scotland BBC Radio Ulster BBC Radio Wales BBC World Service Capital Classic FM Heart LBC Premier Christian Radio RNIB Connect Radio RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta Smooth Radio Talksport Trans World Radio Local channels Latest TV Local Television Limited London Live Notts TV NVTV Sheffield Live TV That's TV Streamed channels Channelbox (Africanews/Euronews/FashionTV/Qello/Hellenic TV) On Demand 365 Vision TV (Brit Asia TV/Spotlight TV/Sports Tonight/3ABN/JML Direct) TV platforms Analogue Analogue terrestrial Cable Digital Digital terrestrial High-definition IPTV Satellite Miscellaneous History of Freeview UK
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Five star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_star_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"free-to-air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-to-air"},{"link_name":"Channel 5 Broadcasting Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_5_Broadcasting_Limited"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Paramount Global","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Global"},{"link_name":"Paramount Networks UK & Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Networks_UK_%26_Australia"},{"link_name":"Rich Kids Go Skint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Kids_Go_Skint"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"This article is about the British television channel. For other uses, see Five star.Television channel5Star (stylized as 5STAR) is a British free-to-air television channel owned by Channel 5 Broadcasting Limited,[1] a wholly-owned subsidiary of Paramount Global, which is grouped under Paramount Networks UK & Australia division. It originally launched as the female-orientated Five Life on 15 October 2006, and was relaunched as Fiver on 28 April 2008 with a revised version of the same concept. The channel later re-branded as 5* on 7 March 2011, and later to its current name on 11 February 2016. The network focuses on documentaries, comedy and drama, with a range of original content such as Rich Kids Go Skint and Young, Dumb & Banged Up in the Sun, along with some American and Australian imports.[2]","title":"5Star"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:5STAR_launch,_Oct_2006.jpeg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"The Ellen DeGeneres Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ellen_DeGeneres_Show"},{"link_name":"Love My Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_My_Way"},{"link_name":"Windfall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windfall_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Angela's Eyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela%27s_Eyes"},{"link_name":"Trisha Goddard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trisha_Goddard_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Home and Away","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_and_Away"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"2006–08: Five Life","text":"A collage of excerpt images from 5STAR's launch as Five Life c. October 2006.The channel was intended to be a female-orientated channel with an emphasis on lifestyle programming.[3] Channel 5 announced that programming on launch would include The Ellen DeGeneres Show, Love My Way, Windfall, Angela's Eyes, and a weekday double-bill of the chat show Trisha Goddard. On 16 October 2006, a day following the channel's launch, Australian soap opera Home and Away began airing from episode 4212 (Season 19, Episode 112). New episodes are shown Monday to Friday in a 'First Look' screening with episodes following the Channel 5 airing. Repeats of popular female-skewing dramas, both nationally and internationally produced, were soon acquired. Following the channel's launch, a time-shift version of the channel was launched in summer 2007.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sky Living","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Living"},{"link_name":"\"cursor\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_cursor"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"2008–11: Fiver","text":"Five Life was repositioned and relaunched as Fiver in April 28, 2008 while still targeting female audiences, the channel was re-positioned with a \"younger, faster, louder\" concept, meant to compete with Sky Living. On-air presentation reflected this shift with a \"cursor\" motif, typing out words reflecting programs and current events.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"$#*! My Dad Says","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/$%E2%99%AF*!_My_Dad_Says"},{"link_name":"Better with You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Better_with_You"},{"link_name":"Parenthood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenthood_(2010_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"8 Simple Rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8_Simple_Rules"},{"link_name":"10 Things I Hate About You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_Things_I_Hate_About_You_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Alphas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphas"},{"link_name":"The Lying Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lying_Game"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Big Brother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Brother_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Big Brother: Live from the House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Big_Brother_(UK)_shows"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"American Idol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Idol"},{"link_name":"ITV2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV2"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Tallafornia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallafornia"},{"link_name":"Bar Rescue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Rescue"},{"link_name":"World's Worst Tenants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_Worst_Tenants"},{"link_name":"Top 20 Funniest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_20_Funniest"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Helix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helix_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Falling Skies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falling_Skies"},{"link_name":"Under the Dome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_the_Dome_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Walking Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walking_Dead_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Neighbours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighbours"},{"link_name":"The Gadget Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gadget_Show"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"BET +1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BET_International"},{"link_name":"Viacom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viacom_(2005%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-independent-newlogo2016-14"}],"sub_title":"2011–16: 5star","text":"In 2011, the channel was re-launched again, as 5star (stylized as 5★ or 5*, pronounced \"Five Star\"). The new brand focused on a \"fun-loving\" concept, with initial acquisitions including $#*! My Dad Says, Better with You and Parenthood.[6] On 11 April 2011, 5star reduced its broadcast hours to 13:00 to 00:00, replacing the hours withdrawn with more teleshopping.[citation needed] When some of these new programs failed to make much of an impact in the channel's ratings, several were dropped and replaced by new locally produced and acquired programming. These included the American series 8 Simple Rules, 10 Things I Hate About You, Alphas and The Lying Game.[7]In 2012, in consort with C5's acquisition of the series, 5star began airing the Big Brother companion show Big Brother: Live from the House, which aired 60 minutes of live feed following every eviction show. In 2013, after Live from the House set ratings records for the channel, the programme was expanded to two hours nightly.[8] However, ratings were at a share below that of the channel's average, with just 70,000 watching the first live feeds.[9] Subsequently, the live feeds were shut down and the spin-off show last aired in June 2013.[10] Also in 2013, American Idol moved to 5star from ITV2.[11] Continuing the channel's venture into reality based programming, Tallafornia was acquired from Ireland's TV3 and this was soon joined by Bar Rescue, World's Worst Tenants and Top 20 Funniest in 2014.[12]The 5star schedule included a variety of programming, including the aforementioned reality series, as well as the first-run rights to Helix, the second-run rights to American series Falling Skies, Under the Dome and The Walking Dead, and Australian soap operas Home & Away and Neighbours. Popular documentary series shared with C5 air throughout the daytime and primetime hours, such as The Gadget Show.The time-shift version of the channel was shut down on 3 February 2014 to make way for Channel 5 +24.[13] The channel returned later, launching on Freesat on 16 September 2014 and Sky in the UK and Ireland on 4 November 2014, replacing BET +1 on the platform. The addition of the channel in Ireland was an error, thus it was removed on 6 November 2014.On 11 February 2016, as part of an overall re-branding of Channel 5's networks following their acquisition by Viacom, the channel was re-branded as 5Star.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Departure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departure_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Wentworth: The Final Sentence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wentworth_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Police Interceptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_Interceptors"},{"link_name":"Paramount Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Network_(British_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"The Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Act_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Dirty John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirty_John_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"The Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Act_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Hulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulu"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Local TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Television_Limited"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Zalman King's Red Shoe Diaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Shoe_Diaries"},{"link_name":"Showtime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showtime_(TV_network)"}],"sub_title":"2016 to date: 5Star","text":"After initially being positioned as a younger skewing channel (in a manner similar to E4), 5Star has dropped a lot of its drama and comedy programmes from the schedules and replaced them with blocks of reality TV programming with medical shows such as Skin A&E, 999: Critical Condition and Don't Tell The Doctor showing on Thursday nights in September 2021,[15] and nights devoted to crime and cleaning showing on other days.The channel still had a number of drama shows listed in its schedules for 2021 with imports such as Departure[16] and Wentworth: The Final Sentence[17] broadcast after the watershed and its Australian soaps still broadcast in an hour block from 6pm (though the 3pm repeat has been replaced by episodes of Police Interceptors from Paramount Network). Also 5Star picked up the free-to-air television rights of streaming series The Act (from StarzPlay via Amazon) which increased its viewing figures on 5Star with each episode broadcast,[18][19] and Dirty John (also available on Netflix).[20]Australian soap opera Home & Away is a programme which has episodes debuting on the channel before being repeated on Channel 5, with other channel premieres including episodes of Killer at the Crime Scene[21] and The Nightmare Neighbour Next Door, as well as a number of romcom films shown at lunchtime. 5Star have usually decided to schedule feature films each Friday, Saturday and Sunday night, with the whole Saturday daytime schedule usually given over to family films. However, the quality of some of the films broadcast by 5Star has been picked up by Kermode and Mayo's Film Review on BBC Radio 5 Live, who have nominated many titles due to be broadcast on the channel, for their 'TV Movie So Bad it's Bad' feature on the show.[22]On 20 October 2021, their scheduled Love at Lunchtime TV movie premiere[23][24] slot[25][26] was discontinued and replaced by back-to-back repeats of various emergency services documentaries with episodes 6[27] and 7[27] of Traffic Cops[28] replacing the already announced premiere of Love's Last Resort on that date.Programmes debuting new episodes on the channel in November 2021 included Filthy House SOS[29][30][31] and Oxford Street 24/7,[32][33][34] while Nick Knowles' Better Homes[35] is a new show from the presenter of Channel 5's Big House Clearout[36] and Our Secret World was a new commission produced by Viacom Studios UK,[37] featuring Babestation stars like Atlanta Moreno and Jess West enjoying their leisure time in a reality TV format. New-to-Freeview episodes of drama series The Act[38][39] (from American streaming service Hulu), are debuting weekly on 5Star at 10pm on a Thursday night before being repeated late night on 5Select a few days later.[40]From 8 November 2021, after Ofcom approved an hour-long 5 News at 5 on the main channel to fit in Eggheads[41] at 6.30pm,[42][43][44] the early evening repeat of Home and Away[45] moved to 5Star, with the Australian soap now being broadcast in an hour-long slot from 6pm, with the repeat scheduled back-to-back with the 'first look' episode (though the soap went on its regular winter break on Monday 22 November, with the slot being used for repeats of Shoplifters & Scammers: At War with the Law and family films, until a new episode of the soap was broadcast on New Year's Eve).[46][47][48]From 4 December 2021 to 7 November 2022, 5Star began repeating season 11 of Judge Judy in the mornings, at the same time that season 17 was seen on CBS Reality and, due to a simulcast agreement, nine Local TV channels in the UK.[49][50][51] A month later, on 4 January 2022,[52] more retro programming from the archives of ViacomCBS appeared on the network, when Zalman King's Red Shoe Diaries (originally broadcast on the American Showtime channel in 1992 and then on Channel 5) started a repeat run in the United Kingdom on 5Star.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Availability"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Virgin Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Media"}],"sub_title":"Cable","text":"Virgin Media UK: Channel 126 (SD) and Channel 326 (+1)","title":"Availability"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sky Glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Glass"}],"sub_title":"IPTV","text":"Sky Glass UK: Channel 128","title":"Availability"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TVPlayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVPlayer"},{"link_name":"Watch live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.tvplayer.com/watch/5star"}],"sub_title":"Online","text":"TVPlayer UK: Watch live","title":"Availability"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Freesat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freesat"},{"link_name":"Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_UK"}],"sub_title":"Satellite","text":"Freesat UK: Channel 131 (SD) and Channel 141 (+1)\nSky UK: Channel 128 (SD) and Channel 228 (+1)","title":"Availability"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Freeview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeview_(UK)"}],"sub_title":"Terrestrial","text":"Freeview UK: Channel 32","title":"Availability"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Big Brother: Live from the House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Big_Brother_(UK)_shows"}],"text":"The launch of Five Life was at the time ranked as the worst received multichannel launch for a terrestrial broadcaster, only managing to achieve a primetime share of 0.21%.[53]\nFollowing the channel's relaunch as Fiver in 2008, the all-day share for the channel has been between 0.5–0.6%. The highest rated series airing on the channel are Home & Away, Neighbours and the weeknight showings of primetime movies. The highest rating for the channel is held by Big Brother: Live from the House, when it received just over one million viewers and an audience share of over five percent in 2013.","title":"Ratings"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Current programming: 5Star"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Home and Away","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_and_Away"},{"link_name":"Impact Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact!_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Rich Kids Go Skint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Kids_Go_Skint"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Top 20 Funniest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_20_Funniest"}],"sub_title":"First–run","text":"The Act (2021)\nAdults Only (2020–present)[54][55] (also repeated on Channel 5 and MTV[56] in 2021, and known under the title XXXmas over the festive period)[57][58]\nAmbulance: Code Red (2020–present)[59]\nBargain Brits on Benefits (2022–present)[60][61]\nCold Case Killers (2021–present)[62][63]\nDirty John (2021)\nDon't Tell The Doctor (2017–present)\nDrag Kids (also known as Kids in Drag: We're Fabulous!) (2019–present)\nEntertainment News (2020–present)\nExtreme Hair Wars (2018–present)\nFilthy House SOS\nGet Your Tatts Out: Kavos Ink (2017–present)\nGreatest Ever Movie Blunders (2018–present) (this series was re-edited as a new one-off show for broadcast on Channel 5 in November 2021)[64][65]\nGreatest Ever TV Blunders (2018–present)\nHome and Away (16 October 2006 – present) (first look)\nImpact Wrestling (2019–present)\nInside The Mind... (2021) (a celebrity documentary with Dr Bob Johnson)[66][67][68]\nIt's Your Fault I'm Fat (2019–present)\nKiller at the Crime Scene (2021–present)[69][70]\nNick Knowles' Better Home (2021)\nOld School For Lazy Kids (2019–present)\nOur Secret World (2021)[71]\nOxford Street 24/7 (2021) (a previous series was broadcast first on Channel 5)\nPlastic Surgery Knifemares (2019)[72]\nPrison Life (2018–present)\nRich Kids Go Homeless (2019–present)\nRich Kids Go Skint (2018–present)\nRich Kids, Skint Holiday (2019–present)\nSecret Admirer (2018–present)\nSex Pod (2016–present)\nSkin A&E (2021–present)[73]\nTop 20 Funniest (2014–present)\nTower Block Kids (2018–present)\nThe Shocking Truth About Food (2019–present)\nUndercover Twins (2019)\nWhen Kids Kill (2016–present)\nWhen Teens Kill (2018–present)\nWorld's Wildest Holidays (2018–present)\nYoung, Dumb & Banged Up in the Sun (2018–present)","title":"Current programming: 5Star"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends"},{"link_name":"Police Interceptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_Interceptors"},{"link_name":"Red Shoe Diaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Shoe_Diaries"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Suits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suits_(season_8)"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Ten Years Younger In Ten Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_Years_Younger_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-82"},{"link_name":"Wentworth Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wentworth_(TV_series)"}],"sub_title":"Second–run","text":"Bargain-Loving Brits in the Sun\nBritain's Parking Hell (2018–present)[74][75][76]\nCasualty 24/7: Every Second Counts[77]\nFights, Camera, Action![78] (previously shown on Paramount Network)\nFriends (2023-present)\nDeparture (2021)\nJudge Judy (episodes from 2006–2007, that were previously shown on various CBS branded channels)\nPolice Interceptors\nRed Shoe Diaries (episodes from 1992, that were previously shown on Channel 5)[79]\nSuits (season 8 in 2022)[80]\nSupermarket Wars\nTen Years Younger In Ten Days (2021, Channel 5 series only)[81][82][83]\nThe Town the Gypsies Took Over: Appleby Horse Fair (repeated on 5Star on 3 January 2022)[84][82]\nWentworth Prison (2016–2021) (this drama debuted in the UK as a Channel 5 show before becoming an exclusive-to-5Star title during its fourth season)\nThe World's Most Expensive Hotels","title":"Current programming: 5Star"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Former programming: 5Star"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Access","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_(British_TV_programme)"},{"link_name":"Celebs on the Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebs_on_the_Farm"},{"link_name":"Channel Zero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Zero_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Clink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clink_(TV_series)"}],"sub_title":"First–run","text":"100% Hotter (2016–)\nAccess (2011–2020) (replaced by Entertainment News)\nAirport 24/7: Thailand (2019–present) (moved to Paramount Network)\nBaby Ballroom (2017–)\nBaby Faced Mums (2016–)\nBadass Brides (2017–)\nBad Teen to Ballroom Queen (2018–)\nBritain's Naughtiest Nursery (2019–)\nCelebrity Ghost Hunt (2017–)\nCeleb Road Trip: Lost in Transylvania (2018–)\nCelebs on the Farm (2018–present) (moved to MTV)\nCelebs on the Ranch (2019–)\nChannel Zero (2016–)\nClink (2019–)\nDirty Tricks (2019–)\nSing It On (2016–)\nStrip Date (2016–)","title":"Former programming: 5Star"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"3rd Rock from the Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Rock_from_the_Sun"},{"link_name":"Will & Grace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_%26_Grace"},{"link_name":"Gilmore Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilmore_Girls"},{"link_name":"Falling Skies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falling_Skies"},{"link_name":"Under the Dome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_the_Dome_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"16 and Pregnant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16_and_Pregnant"},{"link_name":"Catfish: The TV Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catfish:_The_TV_Show"},{"link_name":"Teen Mom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen_Mom"},{"link_name":"American Horror Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Horror_Story"},{"link_name":"My Wife and Kids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Wife_and_Kids"},{"link_name":"That '70s Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That_%2770s_Show"},{"link_name":"Dance Moms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Moms"},{"link_name":"Teen Wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen_Wolf_(2011_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Finding Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finding_Carter"},{"link_name":"Dance Squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.A._Clippers_Dance_Squad"},{"link_name":"The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fresh_Prince_of_Bel-Air"},{"link_name":"According to Jim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/According_to_Jim"},{"link_name":"8 Simple Rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8_Simple_Rules"},{"link_name":"Two and a Half Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_and_a_Half_Men"},{"link_name":"Smallville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallville"},{"link_name":"Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_(2015_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Riverdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverdale_(2017_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Celebrity Big Brother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrity_Big_Brother_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Aftermath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_(2016_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Heroes Reborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroes_Reborn_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"The Magicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magicians_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Shannara Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shannara_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"You're the Worst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%27re_the_Worst"},{"link_name":"Emerald City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerald_City_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Fresh Off the Boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_Off_the_Boat"},{"link_name":"Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Last Man Standing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Man_Standing_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Neighbours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighbours"}],"sub_title":"Second–run","text":"3rd Rock from the Sun (2019–present)\nWill & Grace (2018–present)\nGilmore Girls (2013–present)\nFalling Skies (2013–present)\nUnder the Dome (2013–present)\n16 and Pregnant (2015–present)\nCatfish: The TV Show (2015–present)\nTeen Mom (2015–present)\nAmerican Horror Story (2015–present)\nMy Wife and Kids (2015–present)\nThat '70s Show (2015–present)\nDance Moms (2016–present)\nTeen Wolf (2015–present)\nFinding Carter (2017–present)\nDance Squad (2017–present)\nThe Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (2017–present)\nAccording to Jim (2017–present)\n8 Simple Rules (2011, 2017–present)\nTwo and a Half Men (2018–present) (Seasons 1–8 only)\nSmallville (2019–present)\nEmpire (2017–present)\nRiverdale (2018–present)\nCelebrity Big Brother (2017) (first look episode on Saturdays)\nAftermath (2016)\nHeroes Reborn (2016)\nThe Magicians (2016–2018)\nThe Shannara Chronicles (2016–2017)\nYou're the Worst (2016–present)\nEmerald City (2017)\nFresh Off the Boat (2017–2019)\nStar (2017–2018)\nLast Man Standing (2018–2020)\nHouse (2020)\nNeighbours (2008–2022)","title":"Former programming: 5Star"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Angela's Eyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela%27s_Eyes"},{"link_name":"The Ellen DeGeneres Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ellen_DeGeneres_Show"},{"link_name":"Love My Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_My_Way"},{"link_name":"Sofia's Diary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia%27s_Diary"},{"link_name":"The Trisha Goddard Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trisha_Goddard_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Windfall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windfall_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Trust Me - I'm a Beauty Therapist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_Me_-_I%27m_a_Beauty_Therapist"},{"link_name":"Dawson's Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawson%27s_Creek"},{"link_name":"Bad Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Girls_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Footballers' Wives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footballers%27_Wives"},{"link_name":"Step It Up and Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step_It_Up_and_Dance"},{"link_name":"Fifth Gear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Gear"},{"link_name":"Stylista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylista"},{"link_name":"Make Me a Supermodel Extra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make_Me_a_Supermodel_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Colin and Justin's How Not to Decorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_Not_to_Decorate"},{"link_name":"My Name Is Earl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Name_Is_Earl"},{"link_name":"5USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5USA"},{"link_name":"Gay, Straight or Taken?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay,_Straight_or_Taken%3F"},{"link_name":"Celebrity Rehab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrity_Rehab_with_Dr._Drew"},{"link_name":"Joey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Big Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Love"},{"link_name":"Farmer Wants a Wife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmer_Wants_a_Wife"},{"link_name":"Minder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minder_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Dirt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirt_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Sex and the City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_and_the_City"},{"link_name":"Almost Live from Studio Five","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_from_Studio_Five"},{"link_name":"Out of the Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_of_the_Blue_(2008_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Rich Bride, Poor Bride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Bride_Poor_Bride"},{"link_name":"The Wright Stuff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wright_Stuff"},{"link_name":"Better with You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Better_with_You"},{"link_name":"Parenthood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenthood_(2010_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Pingu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingu"},{"link_name":"Floogals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floogals"},{"link_name":"$#*! My Dad Says","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/$%E2%99%AF*!_My_Dad_Says"},{"link_name":"Malcolm in the Middle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_in_the_Middle"},{"link_name":"Comedy Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_Central_UK"},{"link_name":"Chuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Archer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archer_(2009_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"10 Things I Hate About You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_Things_I_Hate_About_You_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Alphas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphas"},{"link_name":"Californication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californication_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Lying Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lying_Game"},{"link_name":"The Walking Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walking_Dead_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"5Spike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5Spike"},{"link_name":"Tallafornia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallafornia"},{"link_name":"BAMMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAMMA"},{"link_name":"5Spike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5Spike"},{"link_name":"Bar Rescue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Rescue"},{"link_name":"5Spike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5Spike"},{"link_name":"World's Worst Tenants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_Worst_Tenants"},{"link_name":"Eye Candy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_Candy_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Helix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helix_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"5Spike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5Spike"},{"link_name":"Scrubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrubs_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Viva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viva_(UK_and_Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Ridiculousness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridiculousness_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"SpongeBob SquarePants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpongeBob_SquarePants"},{"link_name":"South Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Park"},{"link_name":"Big Brother: Live from the House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Big_Brother_(UK)_shows"},{"link_name":"Big Brother's Bit on the Side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Brother%27s_Bit_on_the_Side"},{"link_name":"Celebrity Big Brother: Live from the House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Big_Brother_(UK)_shows"},{"link_name":"Celebrity Big Brother's Bit on the Side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Brother%27s_Bit_on_the_Side"}],"text":"Angela's Eyes (2006)\nThe Ellen DeGeneres Show (2006–2007, 2008)\nLove My Way (2006–2007)\nSofia's Diary (2008–2009)\nThe Trisha Goddard Show (2006–2010)\nWindfall (2006)\nTrust Me - I'm a Beauty Therapist (2006)\nDawson's Creek (2006–2009)\nBad Girls (2007–2009)\nFootballers' Wives (2007–2010)\nStep It Up and Dance (2007)\nFifth Gear (2007–2010)\nStylista (2007–2008)\nMake Me a Supermodel Extra (2007–2008)\nColin and Justin's How Not to Decorate (2007)\nMy Name Is Earl (2013–2015) (moved to 5USA)\nGay, Straight or Taken? (2008)\nNice House, Shame About the Garden! (2008–2010)\nOcean Force (2008–2010)\nCelebrity Rehab (2009)\nJoey (2009)\nBig Love (2009)\nFarmer Wants a Wife (2009–2010)\nMinder (2009)\nDirt (2009–2011)\nSex and the City (2009–2013)\nAlmost Live from Studio Five (2009)\nOut of the Blue (2009–2010)\nRich Bride, Poor Bride (2009)\nVets in Action (2009–2011)\nThe Wright Stuff (2009–2011)\nBetter with You (2010)\nParenthood (2010–2011)\nPingu (2017–2018)\nFloogals (2017)\n$#*! My Dad Says (2010–2011)\nMalcolm in the Middle (2011–2013) (now on Comedy Central)\nChuck (2011–2012)\nArcher (2011–2014)\n10 Things I Hate About You (2011)\nAlphas (2011–2012)\nCalifornication (2011–2012)\nThe Lying Game (2012–2013)\nThe Walking Dead (2012–2014) (moved to 5Spike)\nTallafornia (2014)\nBAMMA (2013–2015) (moved to 5Spike)\nBar Rescue (2014–2015) (moved to 5Spike)\nWorld's Worst Tenants (2014–2015)\nEye Candy (2015)\nHelix (2014) (moved to 5Spike)\nScrubs (2015–2016) (moved from Viva)\nRidiculousness (2015–2017)\nSpongeBob SquarePants (2017)\nSouth Park (2017)\nBig Brother: Live from the House (2013, 2015)\nBig Brother's Bit on the Side (2013, 2015)\nCelebrity Big Brother: Live from the House (2013, 2015)\nCelebrity Big Brother's Bit on the Side (2013, 2015)","title":"Former programming: Fiver and 5*"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_1"}],"text":"^1 Several documentary series shared with Channel 5 air on 5Star. However, the titles that come to 5Star change too sporadically to pinpoint what specifically airs first-run or second-run to the channel.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Five_Life_logo.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fiver_(Five)_logo_2008.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fiver_logo.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Channel_5_Star.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:5_Star_logo_2016.svg"}],"text":"Five Life logo(15 October 2006 – 27 April 2008)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFirst Fiver logo(28 April – 6 October 2008)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFinal Fiver logo(7 October 2008 – 7 March 2011)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t5* logo(7 March 2011 – 11 February 2016)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t5Star logo(11 February 2016 – 1 September 2019)","title":"Former logos"}]
[{"image_text":"A collage of excerpt images from 5STAR's launch as Five Life c. October 2006.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c6/5STAR_launch%2C_Oct_2006.jpeg/220px-5STAR_launch%2C_Oct_2006.jpeg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Ofcom | TV Cable and Satellite\". static.ofcom.org.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://static.ofcom.org.uk/static/radiolicensing/html/tv/cs/tlcs001592ba2paramountnetwork.htm","url_text":"\"Ofcom | TV Cable and Satellite\""}]},{"reference":"\"5STAR\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.freeview.co.uk/get-freeview-play/channels/_star","url_text":"\"5STAR\""}]},{"reference":"\"five autumn highlights 2006\" (PDF). Five. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 December 2006. Retrieved 12 October 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061207220006/http://www.five.tv/media/pdf/11896740.pdf","url_text":"\"five autumn highlights 2006\""},{"url":"http://www.five.tv/media/pdf/11896740.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Joanne Oatts (5 July 2007). \"Five launches +1 services\". Digital Spy.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/broadcasting/a64300/five-launches-1-services.html","url_text":"\"Five launches +1 services\""}]},{"reference":"Sweney, Mark (6 April 2008). \"Five Life to relaunch as Fiver\". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 23 March 2008. Retrieved 6 April 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2008/mar/20/channelfive.television","url_text":"\"Five Life to relaunch as Fiver\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080323200142/http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2008/mar/20/channelfive.television","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Fiver rebrands as 5*, acquires new shows\". Digital Spy. 3 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/tv/news/a301972/fiver-rebrands-as-5-acquires-new-shows.html","url_text":"\"Fiver rebrands as 5*, acquires new shows\""}]},{"reference":"Munn, Patrick (26 April 2013). \"'The Lying Game' Makes The Jump Back To 5*\". TVWise. Retrieved 5 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tvwise.co.uk/2013/04/the-lying-game-makes-the-jump-back-to-5/","url_text":"\"'The Lying Game' Makes The Jump Back To 5*\""}]},{"reference":"Sperling, Daniel (14 May 2013). \"Big Brother 2013 to have nightly live feed\". Digital Spy. Retrieved 29 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/tv/s149/big-brother/news/a481234/big-brother-2013-to-have-nightly-live-feed.html","url_text":"\"Big Brother 2013 to have nightly live feed\""}]},{"reference":"Darvill, Josh (15 June 2013). \"Big Brother 2013: 70,000 watch first live streaming on 5*\". Telly Mix. Retrieved 29 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://tellymix.co.uk/ratings/151276-big-brother-2013-70000-watch-first-live-streaming-on-5.html","url_text":"\"Big Brother 2013: 70,000 watch first live streaming on 5*\""}]},{"reference":"Nissim, Mayer (26 June 2013). \"Big Brother live feed axed by Channel 5\". Digital Spy. Retrieved 29 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/tv/s149/big-brother/news/a493481/big-brother-live-feed-axed-by-channel-5.html","url_text":"\"Big Brother live feed axed by Channel 5\""}]},{"reference":"Plunkett, John (27 September 2012). \"Channel 5 to show American Idol\". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 27 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2012/sep/27/channel-5-american-idol?newsfeed=true","url_text":"\"Channel 5 to show American Idol\""}]},{"reference":"\"TV3 sells hit series 'Tallafornia' to UK's Channel 5\". Independent.ie.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.independent.ie/business/irish/tv3-sells-hit-series-tallafornia-to-uks-channel-5-29907748.html","url_text":"\"TV3 sells hit series 'Tallafornia' to UK's Channel 5\""}]},{"reference":"Eames, Tom (17 January 2014). \"Channel 5 to launch catch-up channel +24\". Digital Spy. Retrieved 3 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/tv/news/a544785/channel-5-to-launch-catch-up-channel-24.html","url_text":"\"Channel 5 to launch catch-up channel +24\""}]},{"reference":"Sherwin, Adam (11 February 2016). \"Channel 5 tilts at Channel 4 with 'emotional' post-Richard Desmond rebrand\". The Independent. Archived from the original on 10 February 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/channel-5-tilts-at-channel-4-with-emotional-post-richard-desmond-rebrand-a6863441.html","url_text":"\"Channel 5 tilts at Channel 4 with 'emotional' post-Richard Desmond rebrand\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160210064113/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/channel-5-tilts-at-channel-4-with-emotional-post-richard-desmond-rebrand-a6863441.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Act Season 1\". Radio Times. Retrieved 27 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiotimes.com/programme/b-6q2izq/the-act-season-1/","url_text":"\"The Act Season 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"TV listings guide\". Radio Times. Retrieved 27 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/tv-listings/?sd=04-11-2021%252022:00","url_text":"\"TV listings guide\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dirty John Season 1\". Radio Times. Retrieved 27 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiotimes.com/programme/b-did0o2/dirty-john-season-1/","url_text":"\"Dirty John Season 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hint of Love (2020)\". Radio Times. Retrieved 23 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiotimes.com/film/mmc2dq/hint-of-love/","url_text":"\"Hint of Love (2020)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Times","url_text":"Radio Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Cup of Love (2016)\". Radio Times. 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Retrieved 27 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiotimes.com/programme/b-yregfv/filthy-house-sos/","url_text":"\"Filthy House SOS (TV Series)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oxford Street 24/7\". Rare TV. Retrieved 27 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rare-tv.com/oxford-street-247","url_text":"\"Oxford Street 24/7\""}]},{"reference":"\"My5\". Channel5.com. Retrieved 27 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.channel5.com/show/oxford-street-24-7/season-1/oxford-street-24-7-at-christmas","url_text":"\"My5\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oxford Street 24/7 (TV Series)\". Radio Times. Retrieved 27 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiotimes.com/programme/b-noi46w/oxford-street-247/","url_text":"\"Oxford Street 24/7 (TV Series)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nick Knowles' Better Homes Season 1\". Radio Times. Retrieved 27 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiotimes.com/programme/b-7iykqj/nick-knowles-better-homes-season-1/","url_text":"\"Nick Knowles' Better Homes Season 1\""}]},{"reference":"Heath, Olivia (17 August 2021). \"EYNTK about Nick Knowles' Big House Clearout\". House Beautiful. Retrieved 27 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.housebeautiful.com/uk/lifestyle/a37316844/nick-knowles-big-house-clearout/","url_text":"\"EYNTK about Nick Knowles' Big House Clearout\""}]},{"reference":"\"Viacom International Studios UK\". viacomstudiosuk.com. Retrieved 27 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://viacomstudiosuk.com/reality-and-real-life/","url_text":"\"Viacom International Studios UK\""}]},{"reference":"Herzog, Kenny (3 May 2019). \"How The Act's Actors Compare to Their Real-Life Counterparts\". Vulture. Retrieved 27 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vulture.com/2019/05/the-act-the-true-story-of-gypsy-rose-and-dee-dee-blanchard.html","url_text":"\"How The Act's Actors Compare to Their Real-Life Counterparts\""}]},{"reference":"\"My5\". Channel5.com. Retrieved 27 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.channel5.com/show/the-act/season-1","url_text":"\"My5\""}]},{"reference":"\"TV listings guide\". Radio Times. Retrieved 27 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/tv-listings/?sd=23-11-2021%252001:00","url_text":"\"TV listings guide\""}]},{"reference":"TVZone (17 November 2021). \"CHANNEL 5 ORDER SECOND SERVING OF EGGHEADS\". TVZoneUK. Retrieved 27 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvzoneuk.com/post/c5-eggheads-s2commission","url_text":"\"CHANNEL 5 ORDER SECOND SERVING OF EGGHEADS\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ofcom Approve Changes to Channel 5 News\". Tvzoneuk.com. 24 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvzoneuk.com/post/ofcom-c5newsapproval","url_text":"\"Ofcom Approve Changes to Channel 5 News\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home and Away to lose evening slot on Channel 5\". Digital Spy. 24 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.digitalspy.com/soaps/home-and-away/a37721453/home-and-away-loses-channel-5-evening-slot/","url_text":"\"Home and Away to lose evening slot on Channel 5\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Spy","url_text":"Digital Spy"}]},{"reference":"\"Channel 5 extends evening news\". Advanced-television.com. 24 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://advanced-television.com/2021/09/24/channel-5-extends-evening-news/","url_text":"\"Channel 5 extends evening news\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home and Away (TV Series)\". Radio Times. Retrieved 27 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiotimes.com/programme/b-qlaf2h/home-and-away/episodes/","url_text":"\"Home and Away (TV Series)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shoplifters & Scammers: At War with the Law Season 1\". Radio Times. Retrieved 27 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiotimes.com/programme/b-obzct5/shoplifters-scammers-at-war-with-the-law-season-1/","url_text":"\"Shoplifters & Scammers: At War with the Law Season 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"TV listings guide\". Radio Times. Retrieved 27 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/tv-listings/?sd=22-11-2021%252016:00","url_text":"\"TV listings guide\""}]},{"reference":"\"Judge Judy Season 11\". Radio Times. Retrieved 27 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiotimes.com/programme/b-2f951s/judge-judy-season-11/","url_text":"\"Judge Judy Season 11\""}]},{"reference":"\"Judge Judy Season 17\". Radio Times. Retrieved 27 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiotimes.com/programme/b-kewjy4/judge-judy-season-17/","url_text":"\"Judge Judy Season 17\""}]},{"reference":"\"TV listings guide\". Radio Times. Retrieved 27 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/tv-listings/?sd=04-12-2021%252010:00","url_text":"\"TV listings guide\""}]},{"reference":"\"Slow start for Five Life\". Digital Spy. 17 October 2006. Retrieved 9 November 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/broadcasting/a38267/slow-start-to-life-for-five.html","url_text":"\"Slow start for Five Life\""}]},{"reference":"\"TV listings guide\". Radio Times. Retrieved 27 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/tv-listings/?sd=08-11-2021%252023:00","url_text":"\"TV listings guide\""}]},{"reference":"\"Adults Only! (TV Series)\". Radio Times. Retrieved 27 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiotimes.com/programme/b-lhdg5v/adults-only/episodes/","url_text":"\"Adults Only! (TV Series)\""}]},{"reference":"\"TV listings guide\". Radio Times. Retrieved 27 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/tv-listings/?sd=10-11-2021%252020:00","url_text":"\"TV listings guide\""}]},{"reference":"\"Adults Only Season 1\". Radio Times. Retrieved 27 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiotimes.com/programme/b-tdiuk1/adults-only-season-1/","url_text":"\"Adults Only Season 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ambulance: Code Red Season 2\". Radio Times. Retrieved 27 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiotimes.com/programme/b-kr1flr/ambulance-code-red-season-2/","url_text":"\"Ambulance: Code Red Season 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"My5\". www.channel5.com. Retrieved 18 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.channel5.com/show/bargain-brits-on-benefits/season-1/episode-1%7B%7BBare+URL+inline%7Cdate=December+2022%7D%7D","url_text":"\"My5\""}]},{"reference":"\"My5\". www.channel5.com. Retrieved 18 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.channel5.com/show/bargain-brits-on-benefits%7B%7BBare+URL+inline%7Cdate=December+2022%7D%7D","url_text":"\"My5\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cold Case Killers Season 1\". Radio Times. Retrieved 27 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiotimes.com/programme/b-915v5y/cold-case-killers-season-1/","url_text":"\"Cold Case Killers Season 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"TV listings guide\". Radio Times. Retrieved 27 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/tv-listings/?sd=04-11-2021%252020:00","url_text":"\"TV listings guide\""}]},{"reference":"\"Greatest Ever Movie Blunders (TV Series)\". Radio Times. Retrieved 27 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiotimes.com/programme/b-26ivwg/greatest-ever-movie-blunders/episodes/","url_text":"\"Greatest Ever Movie Blunders (TV Series)\""}]},{"reference":"\"TV listings guide\". Radio Times. Retrieved 27 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/tv-listings/?sd=28-11-2021%252023:00","url_text":"\"TV listings guide\""}]},{"reference":"Media, Bionic. \"INSIDE THE MIND... – Abacus\". Abacus Media Rights. Retrieved 27 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abacusmediarights.com/programme/3181/inside-the-mind","url_text":"\"INSIDE THE MIND... – Abacus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Inside The Mind... – World Content Market\" (in Russian). Retrieved 27 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldcontentmarket.com/2021/02/18/inside-the-mind/","url_text":"\"Inside The Mind... – World Content Market\""}]},{"reference":"\"Inside the Mind of Michael Jackson\". Radio Times. Retrieved 27 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiotimes.com/programme/b-vcae39/inside-the-mind-of-michael-jackson/","url_text":"\"Inside the Mind of Michael Jackson\""}]},{"reference":"\"TV listings guide\". Radio Times. Retrieved 27 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/tv-listings/?sd=04-11-2021%252023:00","url_text":"\"TV listings guide\""}]},{"reference":"\"Killer at the Crime Scene Season 1\". Radio Times. Retrieved 27 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiotimes.com/programme/b-xc1b4t/killer-at-the-crime-scene-season-1/","url_text":"\"Killer at the Crime Scene Season 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"TV listings guide\". Radio Times. Retrieved 23 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/tv-listings/?sd=01-11-2021%252022:00","url_text":"\"TV listings guide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Times","url_text":"Radio Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Plastic Surgery Knifemares Season 1\". Radio Times. Retrieved 23 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiotimes.com/programme/b-iyzxyv/plastic-surgery-knifemares-season-1/","url_text":"\"Plastic Surgery Knifemares Season 1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Times","url_text":"Radio Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Skin A&E Season 2\". Radio Times. Retrieved 27 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiotimes.com/programme/b-5smonp/skin-ae-season-2/","url_text":"\"Skin A&E Season 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"Britain's Parking Hell (TV Series)\". Radio Times. Retrieved 23 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiotimes.com/programme/b-bg06gd/britains-parking-hell/","url_text":"\"Britain's Parking Hell (TV Series)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Times","url_text":"Radio Times"}]},{"reference":"\"My5\". Channel5.com. Retrieved 23 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.channel5.com/show/britain-s-parking-hell/season-3","url_text":"\"My5\""}]},{"reference":"\"My5\". Channel5.com. Retrieved 23 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.channel5.com/show/britain-s-parking-hell/season-2/episode-6","url_text":"\"My5\""}]},{"reference":"\"Casualty 24/7: Every Second Counts Season 3\". Radio Times. Retrieved 27 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiotimes.com/programme/b-lsltsd/casualty-247-every-second-counts-season-3/","url_text":"\"Casualty 24/7: Every Second Counts Season 3\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fights, Camera, Action! Season 3\". Radio Times. Retrieved 23 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiotimes.com/programme/b-lrfyq5/fights-camera-action-season-3/","url_text":"\"Fights, Camera, Action! Season 3\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Times","url_text":"Radio Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Red Shoe Diaries Season 1\". Radio Times. Retrieved 23 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiotimes.com/programme/b-n6ozqt/red-shoe-diaries-season-1/","url_text":"\"Red Shoe Diaries Season 1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Times","url_text":"Radio Times"}]},{"reference":"\"My5\". www.channel5.com. Retrieved 18 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.channel5.com/show/suits%7B%7BBare+URL+inline%7Cdate=December+2022%7D%7D","url_text":"\"My5\""}]},{"reference":"\"My5\". Channel5.com. Retrieved 23 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.channel5.com/show/the-town-the-gypsies-took-over","url_text":"\"My5\""}]},{"reference":"\"10 Years Younger in 10 Days Season 2\". Radio Times. Retrieved 23 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiotimes.com/programme/b-u4n8qu/10-years-younger-in-10-days-season-2/","url_text":"\"10 Years Younger in 10 Days Season 2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Times","url_text":"Radio Times"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(Libya)
Minister of Defence (Libya)
["1 List of ministers","1.1 Kingdom of Libya (1951–1969)","1.2 Libyan Arab Republic (1969–1977)","1.3 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1977–2011)","1.4 National Transitional Council (2011–2012)","1.5 General National Congress (2012–2016)","1.6 Government of National Accord (2016–2021)","1.7 Government of National Unity (2021–present)","2 References"]
Minister of Defenceوزير الدفاعIncumbentAbdul Hamid Dbeibehsince 14 March 2021Ministry of DefenceStyleMr. MinisterTypeMinister of DefenceMember ofCabinet of LibyaReports toPrime MinisterSeatTripoli, LibyaTerm lengthNo fixed termAt the Prime Minister's behestFormation24 December 1951; 72 years ago (1951-12-24)First holderAli JerbiWebsitewww.defense.gov.ly The Minister of Defence of Libya (Arabic: وزير الدفاع, romanized: wazir aldifae) is the politically appointed head of the Libyan ministry of defence and is responsible for the Libyan Armed Forces. List of ministers Kingdom of Libya (1951–1969) No. Portrait Name(Birth–Death) Term Government Ref. Took office Left office Time in office 1 Ali Jerbi(1903–1969)24 December 195118 February 19542 years, 56 daysal-Muntasir 2 Khalil Al-Qalal18 February 195430 October 19562 years, 255 daysSakizli (1954)Ben Halim (1954-1956)- 3 Abdul Qadir al-Allam(1919–2003)30 October 195626 May 19573 years, 97 daysBen Halim 4 As-Siddig al-Mutassir(1912–1979)26 May 195724 April 1958333 daysBen Halim Libyan Arab Republic (1969–1977) No. Portrait Name(Birth–Death) Term Government Ref. Took office Left office Time in office 1 Adam al-Hawaz(1939–1984/1988?)8 September 19697 December 19692 monthsMaghribi Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1977–2011) No. Portrait Name(Birth–Death) Term Government Ref. Took office Left office Time in office 1 Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr(1940–2011)16 January 197020 October 2011 †41 years, 9 monthsGaddafi (1970-1972)Jalloud (1972-1977)General People's Committee (1977-2011) National Transitional Council (2011–2012) No. Portrait Name(Birth–Death) Term Government Ref. Took office Left office Time in office 1 Omar El-Hariri(1944–2015)23 March 201119 May 201157 days– 2 Jalal al-Digheily19 May 201122 November 2011187 days– 3 Osama al-Juwaili(born 1961)22 November 201114 November 2012358 daysEl-Keib General National Congress (2012–2016) No. Portrait Name(Birth–Death) Term Government Ref. Took office Left office Time in office 1 Mohammed Mahmoud Al Barghathi12 November 201227 June 2013227 daysZeidan 2 Abdullah al-Thani(born 1954)5 August 20138 April 2014246 daysZeidan- Government of National Accord (2016–2021) No. Portrait Name(Birth–Death) Term Government Ref. Took office Left office Time in office 1 Al-Mahdi Al-Barghathi5 January 201629 July 20182 years, 244 daysNational Accord 2 Fayez al-Sarraj(born 1960)6 September 201828 August 20201 year, 357 daysNational Accord- 3 Salah Eddine al-Namrush(born 1975)28 August 202015 March 2021199 daysNational Accord Government of National Unity (2021–present) No. Portrait Name(Birth–Death) Term Government Ref. Took office Left office Time in office 1 Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh(born 1958)15 March 2021Incumbent3 years, 92 daysNational Unity References ^ Salem el Kebti, "Libia..Maseerat al Istiqlal…Watha'iq Mahalliya wa Dawliya", Part 3, ad-Dar al-Arabiya lil Uloum Nashiroun, 1st ed., 2012. ^ Mohamed Yousef el-Magariaf, "Libia bain al Madi wal Hadir: Safahat men at Tarikh as Siyasi", vols. 2 & 3., Markaz ad Dirasat al Libiya, Oxford, 2004. ^ "Military Leadership". Global Security. Retrieved 8 February 2013. ^ "Accounts emerge of Gaddafi's final moments". Al Jazeera. 4 October 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2011. ^ a b "Libya: The colonel feels the squeeze". The Economist. 19 May 2011. Retrieved 6 August 2011. ^ Hill, Evan (28 July 2011). "General's death puts Libyan rebels in turmoil". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 29 July 2011. ^ Flood, Derek Henry (25 July 2011). "Special Commentary from Inside Western Libya-- On the Precipice: Libya's Amazigh in Revolt". The Jamestown Foundation. Retrieved 6 August 2011. ^ a b "Local commander made Libya defense minister: NTC source". The West Australian. 22 November 2011. Retrieved 22 November 2011. ^ "Libyan PM sacks defense minister following upsurge of violence". Asharq Alawsat. 28 June 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2013. ^ Fitzgerald, Mary. A quick guide to Libya's main players. European Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 16 July 2016. ^ Saleh, Heba. Libyan factions announce national unity government. Financial Times. 19 January 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2016. ^ Al-Jroushi: Sirraj would be branded terrorist if he refuses Haftar, threatens to arrest Al-Barghathi. The Libya Observer. Published 17 April 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2016. ^ "Libya: GNA's al-Sarraj appoints new defence minister, army chief". aljazeera.com. 29 August 2020. Archived from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2021. ^ Kalabalik, Aydogan (11 March 2021). "Names of Libya's new Cabinet released to public". Anadolu Agency. Retrieved 8 August 2021. This Libya-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Glorious_Unfolding
The Glorious Unfolding
["1 Critical reception","2 Chart performance","3 Track listing","4 Personnel","5 Production","6 Charts","7 References"]
2013 studio album by Steven Curtis ChapmanThe Glorious UnfoldingStudio album by Steven Curtis ChapmanReleasedSeptember 27, 2013 (2013-09-27)GenreCCMLength47:46LabelReunionProducerSteven Curtis Chapman, Brent MilliganSteven Curtis Chapman chronology Deep Roots(2013) The Glorious Unfolding(2013) Christmas Hymns(2015) The Glorious Unfolding is the 15th studio album by the contemporary Christian musician Steven Curtis Chapman, released on September 27, 2013, by Reunion Records, and produced by himself along with Brent Milligan. This was his first album released by Reunion Records, and it was his nineteenth album in his career. The album has seen commercial success as well as critical acclaim. Critical reception Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicCCM MagazineChristian Music ReviewThe Christian Music Review BlogChristian Music Zine4.75/5Cross RhythmsIndie Vision MusicJesus Freak HideoutJesus WiredLouder Than the MusicNew Release TuesdayThe Phantom TollboothWorship Leader The Glorious Unfolding earned critical acclaim from music critics. Andy Argyrakis of CCM magazine felt that "the veteran is still at the top of his game, once again redefining the contemporary pop sound he practically invented, alongside contemplative ballads the provide a strikingly vulnerable view of the singer/songwriter's soul." At New Release Tuesday, Dawn Teresa noted that this was "a landmark achievement and a career-defining record, an album for the ages that will take its place beside much acclaimed albums like The Great Adventure, Signs of Life, and Speechless", and called the release "nothing short of remarkable." At Worship Leader magazine, Mike Pueschell wrote that "There is a particular warmth and depth to this work—a master still creating masterful work." Lins Honeyman at Cross Rhythms stated that "the album as a whole, showcase a mature side to Chapman's work that comes only with personal experience and years in the business." Mark Rice of Jesus Freak Hideout felt that "It would be difficult to put it on par with his very best like Speechless, The Great Adventure, or Beauty will Rise, but it will find a good home in many year-end top 10 lists (this reviewer's included)." However, Rice affirmed that "Steven Curtis Chapman has put out another winner. It's spiritually deep, extremely personal, and musically sublime. Chapman fans will love it, as should any CCM fan." Also Jesus Freak Hideout's, John DiBiase wrote that "Ultimately, The Glorious Unfolding soars above most other projects from today's CCM artists (especially from the newer talent), but it doesn't quite continue with the steam that the first few songs lead off with. Regardless, Chapman has given us another rewarding listen with The Glorious Unfolding, one that indeed beautifully unfolds its thought-provoking layers with each listen" At Allmusic, Andree Farias called this "an album of encouragement". DeWayne Hamby, reviewing the album for Charisma, says, "The Glorious Unfolding...places the artist back in familiar territory as he alternates between up-tempo pop rock and heartfelt ballads interlaced with messages of hope and encouragement...not a reinvention but a new collection of songs that fits well in Chapman's impressive catalog of hits." At Indie Vision Music, Jonathan Andre affirmed that "The Glorious Unfolding is a grand masterpiece, and in time, will hopefully become one of the SCC greats alongside other standout albums in his career, from The Great Adventure to Speechless, This Moment, Signs of Life and Declaration." Louder Than the Music's Jono Davies affirmed "this album shows that Steven knows how to produce great songs that are heartfelt, meaningful and honest." Joshua Andre of Christian Music Zine highlighted that "after listening to this very musical diverse, compelling, heart-wrenching and personal album, I can truly say that Steven's work is beyond awesome, and his prowess as a songwriter once in a generation." In addition, Andre noted that "Moving labels after this long signifies a new beginning, a rebirth of sorts, and boy has Steven Curtis Chapman recorded a fine, vulnerable and touching new album, one that will capture the hearts and minds of all who will listen, and changes us all from the inside out." At Christian Music Review, Daniel Edgeman called it "a beautiful album with a strong message of hope and faith in God", and noted that "This album would break the hardest of hearts." The Christian Music Review Blog's Jim Wilkerson felt the title track was disappointing, and even though "One of the traps he can sometimes fall into is letting some of his songs sound the same" that "he threw in enough surprises that he was able to avoid that in this album." Furthermore, Wilkerson affirmed that "His voice is one of the best in the industry and his songs can really move the soul", which he used this in order to create "yet another great album". At The Phantom Tollbooth, Michael Dalton called "This sometimes wistful look at the present and future is elegant." Lauren Kleist of Jesus Wired noted that "although some of the spark of past albums is definitely missing, Chapman has something to say and, as usual, he says it with creativity and panache." Chart performance For the Billboard charting week of October 19, 2013, The Glorious Unfolding debuted at No. 27 on Billboard 200, and it was also the No. 2 Christian Albums that week. It also reached No. 20 on Top Digital Albums. Track listing All tracks are written by Steven Curtis ChapmanNo.TitleLength1."Glorious Unfolding"4:462."Love Take Me Over"3:013."Take Another Step"3:364."Something Beautiful"3:035."Finish What He Started"3:346."Only One and Only You"3:357."See You in a Little While"4:238."A Little More Time to Love"4:519."Sound of Your Voice"5:2410."Together"4:0211."Michael and Maria"3:4612."Feet of Jesus"3:45Total length:47:46 Personnel Steven Curtis Chapman – lead vocals, backing vocals (1-5, 7-9, 11), acoustic piano (1, 3, 5-7), acoustic guitar (1-4, 7, 8, 11, 12), mandola (1), stomps (4), claps (4, 9), electric guitar (5), baritone acoustic guitar (9), percussion (9) Brent Milligan – programming (1, 5, 7), electric guitar (1-5, 7, 8, 12), bass (1-4, 7, 8, 9, 11), acoustic piano (2, 11, 12), synth bass (2, 5), claps (2, 3, 4, 9), stomps (2-4), percussion (3, 5, 6, 9, 11), backing vocals (4, 8, 9), horns (6), string arrangements (7, 11), bells (8), acoustic guitar (9), cello (11, 12), pad (12) Joe Causey – synthesizer (1), programming (1-5), electric guitar (2-4), stomps (4), claps (4), backing vocals (4), baritone (5, 9), Yamaha CP-70 (7), music box (9) Blair Masters – acoustic piano (7, 8, 9), dulcimer (8), accordion (9) Ben Shive – additional acoustic piano (ending on 7) Stuart Garrard – electric guitar (8, 9), guitar textures (9) Andy Leftwich – mandolin (11), violin (11, 12), string arrangements (11) Will Franklin Chapman – drums (1-5), cymbals (6) Dan Needham – drums (7) Ken Lewis – drums (8, 9), percussion (8, 9), claps (9) Sam Levine – penny whistle (11, 12) The Love Sponge Strings – string players and arrangements (7) Scott Sheriff – backing vocals (1-3, 7-9, 11) Herb Chapman – backing vocals (3) Luke Brown – backing vocals (4) Jillian Edwards Chapman – backing vocals (9) Julia Chapman – backing vocals (9) Emily Richards – backing vocals (9) Mary Beth Chapman – backing vocals (9) Stevie Joy Chapman – backing vocals (9) String Section (Tracks 1, 6 & 10) Carl Marsh – string arrangements Stephen Lamb – music copyist (1) Craig Nelson and Joel Reist – bass Julia Emahiser, Kristen Greer, Sarighani Reist and Sara Sant'Ambrogio – cello Hari Bernstein, Seanad Chang, Chris Farrell and Kristin Wilkinson – viola Carrie Bailey, Zeneba Bowers, Janet Darnall, David Davidson, Conni Elisor, Erin Hall, Connie Heard, Betsy Lamb, Stefan Petrescu, Pamela Sixfin, Mary Kathryn Vanosdale and Karen Winkleman – violin Production Producers – Brent Milligan and Steven Curtis Chapman Executive Producer – Terry Hemmings A&R – Blaine Barcus Tracking Engineer – Andy Hunt Strings recorded by Russ Long at Ben Folds' Studio, assisted by Leslie Ritcher. Strings on track #7 recorded by Bobby Shin at Little Big Town (Nashville, TN). Tracks #1, 2 and 4 mixed by Chris Lord-Alge at MIX L.A. Tracks #3, 5-12 mixed by Sean Moffit, assisted by Warren David. Mastered by Dave McNair at Dave McNair Mastering. Photography – Jeremy Cowart Wardrobe – Jonathan Parker Grooming – Melanie Shelley Art Direction – Tim Parker and Beth Lee Design – Tim Parker A&R Production – Michelle Box Charts Chart (2013) Peakposition US Billboard 200 27 US Christian Albums (Billboard) 2 US Digital Albums (Billboard) 20 References ^ a b Farias, Andree (September 30, 2013). "The Glorious Unfolding - Steven Curtis Chapman". Allmusic. Retrieved December 16, 2013. ^ a b Argyrakis, Andy (November 1, 2013). "Steven Curtis Chapman: The Glorious Unfolding (Reunion Records)" (PDF). CCM Magazine. Salem Publishing. p. 69. ISSN 1524-7848. Retrieved November 1, 2013. ^ a b Edgeman, Daniel (October 1, 2013). "Steven Curtis Chapman "The Glorious Unfolding"". Christian Music Review. Retrieved October 2, 2013. ^ a b c Wilkerson, Jim (October 1, 2013). "Steven Curtis Chapman: The Glorious Unfolding". The Christian Music Review Blog. Retrieved October 2, 2013. ^ a b c Andre, Joshua (September 30, 2013). "Steven Curtis Chapman – The Glorious Unfolding (Review)". Christian Music Zine. Retrieved October 2, 2013. ^ a b Honeyman, Lins (November 3, 2013). "Review: The Glorious Unfolding - Steven Curtis Chapman". Cross Rhythms. Retrieved November 5, 2013. ^ a b Andre, Jonathan (October 2, 2013). "Steven Curtis Chapman – The Glorious Unfolding | Reviews". Indie Vision Music. Retrieved October 2, 2013. ^ a b c Rice, Mark (September 29, 2013). "Steven Curtis Chapman, "The Glorious Unfolding" Review". Jesus Freak Hideout. Retrieved October 2, 2013. ^ a b DiBiase, John (September 29, 2013). "Steven Curtis Chapman, "The Glorious Unfolding" Review: Second Staff Opinion". Jesus Freak Hideout. Retrieved October 2, 2013. ^ a b Kleist, Lauren (November 7, 2013). "Album Review: Steven Curtis Chapman – "The Glorious Unfolding"". Jesus Wired. Retrieved February 21, 2014. ^ a b Davies, Jono (October 7, 2013). "Reviews - Steven Curtis Chapman - The Glorious Unfolding". Louder Than the Music. Retrieved October 7, 2013. ^ a b Teresa, Dawn (September 24, 2013). "A Career-Defining Album". New Release Tuesday. Retrieved October 2, 2013. ^ a b Dalton, Michael (October 13, 2013). "Chapman, Steven Curtis - The Glorious Unfolding". The Phantom Tollbooth. Retrieved October 14, 2013. ^ a b Pueschell, Mike (October 1, 2013). "The Glorious Unfolding". Worship Leader. Retrieved October 2, 2013. ^ Hamby, DeWayne (October 1, 2013). Yoars, Marcus (ed.). "Music: The Glorious Unfolding - Steven Curtis Chapman (Reunion Records)". Charisma. Vol. 39, no. 3. Lake Mary, Florida: Stephen Strang and Joy Strang. p. 91. ISSN 0895-156X. Retrieved March 17, 2016. ^ "Steven Curtis Chapman Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved October 10, 2013. ^ "Steven Curtis Chapman Chart History (Christian Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved October 10, 2013. ^ "Steven Curtis Chapman Chart History (Digital Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved October 10, 2013. vteSteven Curtis ChapmanStudio albums First Hand Real Life Conversations More to This Life For the Sake of the Call The Great Adventure Heaven in the Real World Signs of Life Speechless Declaration All About Love All Things New This Moment Beauty Will Rise Re:creation The Glorious Unfolding Worship and Believe Still Christmas albums The Music of Christmas All I Really Want for Christmas Joy Other albums The Live Adventure Greatest Hits Deep Roots Songs "Dive" "Remembering You" "Miracle of the Moment" "Cinderella" "Yours" "Do Everything" "Long Way Home" Other Discography Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
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The album has seen commercial success as well as critical acclaim.","title":"The Glorious Unfolding"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"music critics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_journalism"},{"link_name":"CCM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCM_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ccm-2"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrt-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wl-14"},{"link_name":"Cross Rhythms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_Rhythms"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cr-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jfhone-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jfhone-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jfhtwo-9"},{"link_name":"Allmusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-am-1"},{"link_name":"Charisma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charisma_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CHARISMA-15"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ivm-7"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lttm-11"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cmz-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cmz-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cmr-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cmrb-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cmrb-4"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tpt-13"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jw-10"}],"text":"The Glorious Unfolding earned critical acclaim from music critics. Andy Argyrakis of CCM magazine felt that \"the veteran is still at the top of his game, once again redefining the contemporary pop sound he practically invented, alongside contemplative ballads the provide a strikingly vulnerable view of the singer/songwriter's soul.\"[2] At New Release Tuesday, Dawn Teresa noted that this was \"a landmark achievement and a career-defining record, an album for the ages that will take its place beside much acclaimed albums like The Great Adventure, Signs of Life, and Speechless\", and called the release \"nothing short of remarkable.\"[12] At Worship Leader magazine, Mike Pueschell wrote that \"There is a particular warmth and depth to this work—a master still creating masterful work.\"[14] Lins Honeyman at Cross Rhythms stated that \"the album as a whole, showcase a mature side to Chapman's work that comes only with personal experience and years in the business.\"[6]Mark Rice of Jesus Freak Hideout felt that \"It would be difficult to put it on par with his very best like Speechless, The Great Adventure, or Beauty will Rise, but it will find a good home in many year-end top 10 lists (this reviewer's included).\"[8] However, Rice affirmed that \"Steven Curtis Chapman has put out another winner. It's spiritually deep, extremely personal, and musically sublime. Chapman fans will love it, as should any CCM fan.\"[8] Also Jesus Freak Hideout's, John DiBiase wrote that \"Ultimately, The Glorious Unfolding soars above most other projects from today's CCM artists (especially from the newer talent), but it doesn't quite continue with the steam that the first few songs lead off with. Regardless, Chapman has given us another rewarding listen with The Glorious Unfolding, one that indeed beautifully unfolds its thought-provoking layers with each listen\"[9] At Allmusic, Andree Farias called this \"an album of encouragement\".[1] DeWayne Hamby, reviewing the album for Charisma, says, \"The Glorious Unfolding...places the artist back in familiar territory as he alternates between up-tempo pop rock and heartfelt ballads interlaced with messages of hope and encouragement...not a reinvention but a new collection of songs that fits well in Chapman's impressive catalog of hits.\"[15]At Indie Vision Music, Jonathan Andre affirmed that \"The Glorious Unfolding is a grand masterpiece, and in time, will hopefully become one of the SCC greats alongside other standout albums in his career, from The Great Adventure to Speechless, This Moment, Signs of Life and Declaration.\"[7] Louder Than the Music's Jono Davies affirmed \"this album shows that Steven knows how to produce great songs that are heartfelt, meaningful and honest.\"[11] Joshua Andre of Christian Music Zine highlighted that \"after listening to this very musical diverse, compelling, heart-wrenching and personal album, I can truly say that Steven's work is beyond awesome, and his prowess as a songwriter once in a generation.\"[5] In addition, Andre noted that \"Moving labels after this long signifies a new beginning, a rebirth of sorts, and boy has Steven Curtis Chapman recorded a fine, vulnerable and touching new album, one that will capture the hearts and minds of all who will listen, and changes us all from the inside out.\"[5]At Christian Music Review, Daniel Edgeman called it \"a beautiful album with a strong message of hope and faith in God\", and noted that \"This album would break the hardest of hearts.\"[3] The Christian Music Review Blog's Jim Wilkerson felt the title track was disappointing, and even though \"One of the traps he can sometimes fall into is letting some of his songs sound the same\" that \"he threw in enough surprises that he was able to avoid that in this album.\"[4] Furthermore, Wilkerson affirmed that \"His voice is one of the best in the industry and his songs can really move the soul\", which he used this in order to create \"yet another great album\".[4] At The Phantom Tollbooth, Michael Dalton called \"This sometimes wistful look at the present and future is elegant.\"[13] Lauren Kleist of Jesus Wired noted that \"although some of the spark of past albums is definitely missing, Chapman has something to say and, as usual, he says it with creativity and panache.\"[10]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"Christian Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Christian_Albums"},{"link_name":"Top Digital Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Digital_Albums"}],"text":"For the Billboard charting week of October 19, 2013, The Glorious Unfolding debuted at No. 27 on Billboard 200, and it was also the No. 2 Christian Albums that week. It also reached No. 20 on Top Digital Albums.","title":"Chart performance"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"All tracks are written by Steven Curtis ChapmanNo.TitleLength1.\"Glorious Unfolding\"4:462.\"Love Take Me Over\"3:013.\"Take Another Step\"3:364.\"Something Beautiful\"3:035.\"Finish What He Started\"3:346.\"Only One and Only You\"3:357.\"See You in a Little While\"4:238.\"A Little More Time to Love\"4:519.\"Sound of Your Voice\"5:2410.\"Together\"4:0211.\"Michael and Maria\"3:4612.\"Feet of Jesus\"3:45Total length:47:46","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mandola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandola"},{"link_name":"baritone acoustic guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baritone_guitar"},{"link_name":"Brent Milligan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brent_Milligan"},{"link_name":"cello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cello"},{"link_name":"baritone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baritone_horn"},{"link_name":"Yamaha CP-70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_grand_piano"},{"link_name":"music box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_box"},{"link_name":"dulcimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulcimer"},{"link_name":"accordion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accordion"},{"link_name":"Ben Shive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Shive"},{"link_name":"Stuart Garrard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stu_G"},{"link_name":"guitar textures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texture_(music)"},{"link_name":"Andy Leftwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Leftwich"},{"link_name":"mandolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandolin"},{"link_name":"cymbals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymbal"},{"link_name":"penny whistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny_whistle"},{"link_name":"Jillian Edwards Chapman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jillian_Edwards"}],"text":"Steven Curtis Chapman – lead vocals, backing vocals (1-5, 7-9, 11), acoustic piano (1, 3, 5-7), acoustic guitar (1-4, 7, 8, 11, 12), mandola (1), stomps (4), claps (4, 9), electric guitar (5), baritone acoustic guitar (9), percussion (9)\nBrent Milligan – programming (1, 5, 7), electric guitar (1-5, 7, 8, 12), bass (1-4, 7, 8, 9, 11), acoustic piano (2, 11, 12), synth bass (2, 5), claps (2, 3, 4, 9), stomps (2-4), percussion (3, 5, 6, 9, 11), backing vocals (4, 8, 9), horns (6), string arrangements (7, 11), bells (8), acoustic guitar (9), cello (11, 12), pad (12)\nJoe Causey – synthesizer (1), programming (1-5), electric guitar (2-4), stomps (4), claps (4), backing vocals (4), baritone (5, 9), Yamaha CP-70 (7), music box (9)\nBlair Masters – acoustic piano (7, 8, 9), dulcimer (8), accordion (9)\nBen Shive – additional acoustic piano (ending on 7)\nStuart Garrard – electric guitar (8, 9), guitar textures (9)\nAndy Leftwich – mandolin (11), violin (11, 12), string arrangements (11)\nWill Franklin Chapman – drums (1-5), cymbals (6)\nDan Needham – drums (7)\nKen Lewis – drums (8, 9), percussion (8, 9), claps (9)\nSam Levine – penny whistle (11, 12)\nThe Love Sponge Strings [David Angell, Monisa Angell, John Catchings and David Davidson] – string players and arrangements (7)\nScott Sheriff – backing vocals (1-3, 7-9, 11)\nHerb Chapman – backing vocals (3)\nLuke Brown – backing vocals (4)\nJillian Edwards Chapman – backing vocals (9)\nJulia Chapman – backing vocals (9)\nEmily Richards – backing vocals (9)\nMary Beth Chapman – backing vocals (9)\nStevie Joy Chapman – backing vocals (9)String Section (Tracks 1, 6 & 10)Carl Marsh – string arrangements\nStephen Lamb – music copyist (1)\nCraig Nelson and Joel Reist – bass\nJulia Emahiser, Kristen Greer, Sarighani Reist and Sara Sant'Ambrogio – cello\nHari Bernstein, Seanad Chang, Chris Farrell and Kristin Wilkinson – viola\nCarrie Bailey, Zeneba Bowers, Janet Darnall, David Davidson, Conni Elisor, Erin Hall, Connie Heard, Betsy Lamb, Stefan Petrescu, Pamela Sixfin, Mary Kathryn Vanosdale and Karen Winkleman – violin","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ben Folds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Folds"},{"link_name":"Chris Lord-Alge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Lord-Alge"}],"text":"Producers – Brent Milligan and Steven Curtis Chapman\nExecutive Producer – Terry Hemmings\nA&R – Blaine Barcus\nTracking Engineer – Andy Hunt\nStrings recorded by Russ Long at Ben Folds' Studio, assisted by Leslie Ritcher.\nStrings on track #7 recorded by Bobby Shin at Little Big Town (Nashville, TN).\nTracks #1, 2 and 4 mixed by Chris Lord-Alge at MIX L.A.\nTracks #3, 5-12 mixed by Sean Moffit, assisted by Warren David.\nMastered by Dave McNair at Dave McNair Mastering.\nPhotography – Jeremy Cowart\nWardrobe – Jonathan Parker\nGrooming – Melanie Shelley\nArt Direction – Tim Parker and Beth Lee\nDesign – Tim Parker\nA&R Production – Michelle Box","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Farias, Andree (September 30, 2013). \"The Glorious Unfolding - Steven Curtis Chapman\". Allmusic. Retrieved December 16, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/the-glorious-unfolding-mw0002569540","url_text":"\"The Glorious Unfolding - Steven Curtis Chapman\""}]},{"reference":"Argyrakis, Andy (November 1, 2013). \"Steven Curtis Chapman: The Glorious Unfolding (Reunion Records)\" (PDF). CCM Magazine. Salem Publishing. p. 69. ISSN 1524-7848. Retrieved November 1, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://ht.salemweb.net/ccm/ccmmagazine/pdf/2013/nov/azp3f/CCM_November_2013.pdf","url_text":"\"Steven Curtis Chapman: The Glorious Unfolding (Reunion Records)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCM_Magazine","url_text":"CCM Magazine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem_Publishing","url_text":"Salem Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1524-7848","url_text":"1524-7848"}]},{"reference":"Edgeman, Daniel (October 1, 2013). \"Steven Curtis Chapman \"The Glorious Unfolding\"\". Christian Music Review. Retrieved October 2, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://christianmusicreview.org/steven-curtis-chapman-the-glorious-appearing/","url_text":"\"Steven Curtis Chapman \"The Glorious Unfolding\"\""}]},{"reference":"Wilkerson, Jim (October 1, 2013). \"Steven Curtis Chapman: The Glorious Unfolding\". The Christian Music Review Blog. Retrieved October 2, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://thechristianmusicreviewblog.com/","url_text":"\"Steven Curtis Chapman: The Glorious Unfolding\""}]},{"reference":"Andre, Joshua (September 30, 2013). \"Steven Curtis Chapman – The Glorious Unfolding (Review)\". Christian Music Zine. Retrieved October 2, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://christianmusiczine.com/steven-curtis-chapman-the-glorious-unfolding-review/","url_text":"\"Steven Curtis Chapman – The Glorious Unfolding (Review)\""}]},{"reference":"Honeyman, Lins (November 3, 2013). \"Review: The Glorious Unfolding - Steven Curtis Chapman\". Cross Rhythms. Retrieved November 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.crossrhythms.co.uk/products/Steven_Curtis_Chapman/The_Glorious_Unfolding/143411/","url_text":"\"Review: The Glorious Unfolding - Steven Curtis Chapman\""}]},{"reference":"Andre, Jonathan (October 2, 2013). \"Steven Curtis Chapman – The Glorious Unfolding | Reviews\". Indie Vision Music. Retrieved October 2, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indievisionmusic.com/2013/10/02/steven-curtis-chapman-the-glorious-unfolding/","url_text":"\"Steven Curtis Chapman – The Glorious Unfolding | Reviews\""}]},{"reference":"Rice, Mark (September 29, 2013). \"Steven Curtis Chapman, \"The Glorious Unfolding\" Review\". Jesus Freak Hideout. Retrieved October 2, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jesusfreakhideout.com/cdreviews/GodofEveryStory.asp","url_text":"\"Steven Curtis Chapman, \"The Glorious Unfolding\" Review\""}]},{"reference":"DiBiase, John (September 29, 2013). \"Steven Curtis Chapman, \"The Glorious Unfolding\" Review: Second Staff Opinion\". Jesus Freak Hideout. Retrieved October 2, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jesusfreakhideout.com/cdreviews/GodofEveryStory.asp","url_text":"\"Steven Curtis Chapman, \"The Glorious Unfolding\" Review: Second Staff Opinion\""}]},{"reference":"Kleist, Lauren (November 7, 2013). \"Album Review: Steven Curtis Chapman – \"The Glorious Unfolding\"\". Jesus Wired. Retrieved February 21, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jesuswired.com/album-review-steven-curtis-chapman-glorious-unfolding/","url_text":"\"Album Review: Steven Curtis Chapman – \"The Glorious Unfolding\"\""}]},{"reference":"Davies, Jono (October 7, 2013). \"Reviews - Steven Curtis Chapman - The Glorious Unfolding\". Louder Than the Music. Retrieved October 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://louderthanthemusic.com/document.php?id=3999","url_text":"\"Reviews - Steven Curtis Chapman - The Glorious Unfolding\""}]},{"reference":"Teresa, Dawn (September 24, 2013). \"A Career-Defining Album\". New Release Tuesday. Retrieved October 2, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newreleasetuesday.com/userprofile_reviewssinglepost.php?review_id=21732&user_id=59301","url_text":"\"A Career-Defining Album\""}]},{"reference":"Dalton, Michael (October 13, 2013). \"Chapman, Steven Curtis - The Glorious Unfolding\". The Phantom Tollbooth. Retrieved October 14, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tollbooth.org/index.php/home/music-reviews/1011-chapman-steven-curtis-the-glorious-unfolding","url_text":"\"Chapman, Steven Curtis - The Glorious Unfolding\""}]},{"reference":"Pueschell, Mike (October 1, 2013). \"The Glorious Unfolding\". Worship Leader. Retrieved October 2, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://worshipleader.com/the-glorious-unfolding/","url_text":"\"The Glorious Unfolding\""}]},{"reference":"Hamby, DeWayne (October 1, 2013). Yoars, Marcus (ed.). \"Music: The Glorious Unfolding - Steven Curtis Chapman (Reunion Records)\". Charisma. Vol. 39, no. 3. Lake Mary, Florida: Stephen Strang and Joy Strang. p. 91. ISSN 0895-156X. Retrieved March 17, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://strang.imirus.com/Mpowered/book/vstr13/i10/p91","url_text":"\"Music: The Glorious Unfolding - Steven Curtis Chapman (Reunion Records)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charisma_(magazine)","url_text":"Charisma"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Mary,_Florida","url_text":"Lake Mary, Florida"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0895-156X","url_text":"0895-156X"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Raggedy_Ann_and_Andy
The Adventures of Raggedy Ann and Andy
["1 Overview","2 Voice cast","2.1 Main voices","2.2 Additional voices","3 Episodes","4 References","5 External links"]
American TV series or program The Adventures of Raggedy Ann and AndyGenre Children Adventure Fantasy Based onRaggedy Ann by Johnny GruelleDeveloped byJanis DiamondDirected byJeff HallStarring Christina Lange Josh Rodine Theme music composer Bobby Bennett David Storrs Country of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of episodes13ProductionExecutive producersPeter Aries, Jr.ProducerDavis DoiRunning time30 minutesProduction companies CBS Entertainment Productions Macmillan Inc. Original releaseNetworkCBSReleaseSeptember 17 (1988-09-17) –December 24, 1988 (1988-12-24) The Adventures of Raggedy Ann and Andy is an American animated television series that aired on CBS from September 17 to December 24, 1988. Based on the dolls Raggedy Ann and Andy by Johnny Gruelle, the series was produced directly by CBS in honor of the 70th anniversary of the characters. The series was cancelled in 1989, although CBS aired reruns during the 1989–90 television season, and in August 1991 when Pee-Wee's Playhouse was shelved. Overview The plot involved a little girl named Marcella whose Raggedy Ann and Andy dolls would come to life when no humans were present in her bedroom. Then they would be whisked off to a parallel world to save its inhabitants from the villain, an evil but inept sorcerer known as Cracklin. Also aiding Ann and Andy, besides the Camel with the Wrinkled Knees, were two of Marcella's other stuffed animals, a panda with a faux-British accent known as Grouchy Bear and a stuffed rabbit known as Sunny Bunny, as well as the Raggedy Cat and the Raggedy Dog. Sometimes they would be joined by more modern toys such as robots or toy soldiers. Often the plot involved the toys helping children in such places as Ancient Egypt or a Native American tribe. As the cartoon was meant for younger audiences it was unlike most other cartoons of the 1980s which had "morals to the story" at the end, although one episode lightly touched upon the issue of poaching when Raggedy Ann, Andy and their friends had to save endangered unicorns from cattle rustlers, who sought to steal their horns for personal gain. Voice cast Main voices Christina Lange as Raggedy Ann Josh Rodine as Raggedy Andy Charlie Adler as Grouchy Bear, Tick & Tack Kenneth Mars as The Camel with the Wrinkled Knees Katie Leigh as Sunny Bunny Dana Hill as Raggedy Dog Kath Soucie as Raggedy Cat Gaille Heidemann as Mother Tracy Rowe as Marcella Additional voices Michael Bell - Cracklin Bob Bergen Sheryl Bernstein - Helena P.L. Brown Ruth Buzzi William Callaway Hamilton Camp Nancy Cartwright - Little Chicken Chris Cavanaugh - Cody Cam Clarke Danny Cooksey - Cousin David Brian Cummings Jim Cummings - Trollit Jennifer Darling - Clea, Nephra Ellen Gerstell - Princess Astra Tony Jay - Ludlam Sherry Lynn - Lorelei Dave Mallow Danny Mann Allan Melvin Patty Parris Rob Paulsen - Tally Ho David Prince Hal Rayle Peter Reneday Neil Ross Maggie Roswell Frank Welker - Megamite Episodes Thirteen episodes were created: No.TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.code1"The Perriwonk Adventure"Jeff HallJanis DiamondSeptember 17, 1988 (1988-09-17)101 The toys track Marcella's missing locket to a village inhabited by hybrid alligator-anteater creatures called Perriwonks, who plan to sacrifice it to a dragon. 2"The Pirate Adventure"Jeff HallJanis DiamondSeptember 24, 1988 (1988-09-24)102 A treasure map leading to a pot of gold leads the toys to a crew of pirates who kidnap Andy. 3"The Mabbit Adventure"Jeff HallGeorge AtkinsOctober 1, 1988 (1988-10-01)103 Cracklin steals a book of spells from the Mabbits. 4"The Beastly Ghost Adventure"Jeff HallStory by : Linda WoolvertonTeleplay by : Janis Diamond and George AtkinsOctober 8, 1988 (1988-10-08)104 A ghost story told by Marcella becomes horrifyingly true when the ghost of the tale begins terrorizing the toys. 5"The Pixling Adventure"Jeff HallKaren Willson and Chris WeberOctober 15, 1988 (1988-10-15)105 Ann and Andy must return Luke, the infant prince of the Pixlings, to his home before his evil cousin Count Gerich takes over. 6"The Sunny Bunny Ransom Adventure"Jeff HallSheryl Scarborough and Kayte KuchOctober 22, 1988 (1988-10-22)106 Cracklin kidnaps Sunny Bunny. 7"The Megamite Adventure"Jeff HallGeorge AtkinsOctober 29, 1988 (1988-10-29)107 Marcella's cousin David has a robot named Megamite, who gets whisked off into the parallel world with Raggedy Ann. When Cracklin sees Megamite has the power to transform water into silver, he steals the robot and dries up the reservoir of a village of pixies, risking widespread dehydration unless Raggedy Ann can recapture Megamite. 8"The Boogeyman Adventure"Jeff HallStory by : Janis DiamondTeleplay by : Janis Diamond and George AtkinsNovember 12, 1988 (1988-11-12)108 Ann and Andy are sent to a wizarding world where there are reputed boogeymen. They encounter one, however he is akin to a child, saying that while he is of the same species of those monsters, he has been apprenticed under a good witch to help create good boogeymen. Cracklin kidnaps the "boogeykid" in an effort to get his own monster. 9"The Christmas Adventure"Jeff HallKaren Willson and Chris WeberNovember 19, 1988 (1988-11-19)109 Cracklin attempts to steal Santa's sleigh and ruin Christmas. 10"The Sacred Cat Adventure"Jeff HallStory by : George AtkinsTeleplay by : Sheryl Scarborough and Kayte KuchNovember 25, 1988 (1988-11-25)110 Ann and Andy are sent to Egypt, where they must find a cat who belongs to Clea, a little girl who was the daughter of a recent deceased pharaoh. The cat leads them to a magic lamp which contains a genie which can get them back to Marcella's room, but it is also sought out by the princess' wicked half-sister, Nephra, who seeks the lamp to usurp the princess' ascent to the throne. 11"The Little Chicken Adventure"Jeff HallStory by : Gordon BressackTeleplay by : George AtkinsDecember 10, 1988 (1988-12-10)111 Ann and Andy are sent to a desert in the Old West, where unicorns exist (although they are few in number). They encounter an Indian child named "Little Chicken", who is the tribe's laughingstock due to his name. An old legend says he can get a new name if he rides a white unicorn known as "Great White", but this is no simple task considering Great White can teleport at will.12"The Warrior Star Adventure"Jeff HallBuzz DixonDecember 17, 1988 (1988-12-17)112 Ann and Andy help Princess Astra to retrieve the Horn of Power from the evil wizard Ludlum. 13"The Magic Wings Adventure"Jeff HallJanis Diamond and George AtkinsDecember 24, 1988 (1988-12-24)113 Ann and Andy find an egg which takes them to the land of the Grunges. References ^ Perlmutter, David (2018). The Encyclopedia of American Animated Television Shows. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 12. ISBN 978-1538103739. ^ Hyatt, Wesley (1997). The Encyclopedia of Daytime Television. Watson-Guptill Publications. p. 8. ISBN 978-0823083152. Retrieved 19 March 2020. ^ Erickson, Hal (2005). Television Cartoon Shows: An Illustrated Encyclopedia, 1949 Through 2003 (2nd ed.). McFarland & Co. pp. 65–66. ISBN 978-1476665993. ^ "The Adventures of Raggedy Ann and Andy Episode Guide (1988)". BCDB. Archived from the original on 18 November 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2013. ^ US Copyright Office Registration No. PA0000404141 / 1988-12-09 External links The Adventures of Raggedy Ann and Andy at IMDb vteJohnny Gruelle's Raggedy AnnBooks Raggedy Ann Stories (1918) Raggedy Andy Stories (1920) Raggedy Ann and Andy and the Camel with the Wrinkled Knees (1924) Raggedy Andy's Number Book (1924) Raggedy Ann's Wishing Pebble (1925) Raggedy Ann's Alphabet Book (1925) Beloved Belindy (1926) The Paper Dragon: A Raggedy Ann Adventure (1926) Raggedy Ann's Fairy Stories (1928) Raggedy Ann's Magical Wishes (1928) Marcella: A Raggedy Ann Story (1929) Raggedy Ann in the Deep Deep Woods (1930) Raggedy Ann's Sunny Songs (1930) Raggedy Ann in Cookie Land (1931) Raggedy Ann's Lucky Pennies (1932) Raggedy Ann Cut-Out Paper Doll (1935) Raggedy Ann's Little Brother Andy Cut-Out Paper Doll (1935) Raggedy Ann in the Golden Meadow (1935) Raggedy Ann and the Left-Handed Safety Pin (1935) Raggedy Ann's Joyful Songs (1937) Raggedy Ann and Maizie Moocow (1937) Raggedy Ann in the Magic Book (1939) Raggedy Ann and the Laughing Brook (1940) Raggedy Ann and the Golden Butterfly (1940) Raggedy Ann and the Hoppy Toad (1940) Raggedy Ann Helps Grandpa Hoppergrass (1940) Raggedy Ann in the Garden (1940) Raggedy Ann Goes Sailing (1941) The Camel with the Wrinkled Knees (1941) Raggedy Ann and Andy and the Nice Fat Policeman (1942) Raggedy Ann and Betsy Bonnet String (1943) Raggedy Ann in the Snow White Castle (1946) Raggedy Ann's Adventures (1947) Raggedy Ann and the Slippery Slide (1947) Raggedy Ann's Mystery (1947) Raggedy Ann at the End of the Rainbow (1947) Raggedy Ann and Marcella's First Day At School (1952) Raggedy Ann's Merriest Christmas (1952) Raggedy Andy's Surprise (1953) Raggedy Ann's Tea Party (1954) A Puzzle for Raggedy Ann and Andy (1957) Raggedy Ann's Secret (1959) Raggedy Ann's Christmas Surprise (ca. 1960) Raggedy Ann's Stories to Read Aloud (1960) Raggedy Ann and the Golden Ring (1961) Raggedy Ann and the Hobby Horse (1961) Raggedy Ann and the Happy Meadow (1961) Raggedy Ann and the Wonderful Witch (1961) Raggedy Ann and Andy's Very Own Fairy Stories (1970) Raggedy Ann and Andy and the Kindly Ragman (1975) Raggedy Ann and Andy and the Witchie Kissabye (1975) Films Raggedy Ann and Raggedy Andy (1941) Suddenly It's Spring (1944) The Enchanted Square (1947) Raggedy Ann & Andy: A Musical Adventure (1977) Raggedy Ann and Andy in The Great Santa Claus Caper (1978) Raggedy Ann and Andy in The Pumpkin Who Couldn't Smile (1979) Television series The Adventures of Raggedy Ann and Andy (1988) Stage Raggedy Ann and Andy (1981) Raggedy Ann (1986) vteChildren's programming on CBS in the 1980sFirst-runanimated series The New Adventures of Mighty Mouse and Heckle & Jeckle (1979–81) The All New Popeye Hour (1978–82, 1983) Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids (1972–84) Tarzan and the Super 7 (1978–80) The Tom and Jerry Comedy Show (1980–82) Drak Pack (1980) The Tarzan/Lone Ranger Adventure Hour (1980–82) Tarzan, Lord of the Jungle The Lone Ranger The New Adventures of Zorro Blackstar (1981–83) The Kwicky Koala Show (1981) Trollkins (1981–82) Gilligan's Planet (1982–83) Pandamonium (1982–83) Meatballs & Spaghetti (1982–83) The Dukes (1983) The Biskitts (1983–84, 1985) Saturday Supercade (1983–85) Dungeons & Dragons (1983–86) The Charlie Brown and Snoopy Show (1983–86) The Get Along Gang (1984–85) Muppet Babies (1984–92) Pole Position (1984) The Berenstain Bears (1985–87) The Wuzzles (1985) Hulk Hogan's Rock 'n' Wrestling (1985–87) Wildfire (1986) Dennis the Menace (1986–88) Galaxy High School (1986–87, 1988) Teen Wolf (1986–88) Hello Kitty's Furry Tale Theater (1987–88) Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures (1987–89) Popeye and Son (1987–88, 1989) The Adventures of Raggedy Ann and Andy (1988–90) Superman (1988) Garfield and Friends (1988–94) Dink, the Little Dinosaur (1989–91) The California Raisin Show (1989–90) Rude Dog and the Dweebs (1989–90) First-runlive-action series Captain Kangaroo (1955–84) In the News (1971–86) 30 Minutes (1978–82) CBS Saturday Film Festival (1971–78; 1982–84) Benji, Zax & the Alien Prince (1983) Pryor's Place (1984–85) Little Muppet Monsters (1985) CBS Storybreak (1985–87) Pee-wee's Playhouse (1986–91) Hey Vern, It's Ernest! (1988–89) Rebroadcasts The Bugs Bunny Show/Road Runner Show (1975–85) Shazam! (1980–81) Speed Buggy (1982, 1988) Shirt Tales (1984) Land of the Lost (1985–86) He-Man and the Masters of the Universe (1985) The Transformers (1987) Kidd Video (1987–88) Related topics Garbage Pail Kids The Young Astronauts Animation in the United States in the television era Modern animation in the United States vteChildren's programming on CBS in the 1990sFirst-runanimated series Dink, the Little Dinosaur (1989–91) Muppet Babies (1984–91) The California Raisin Show (1989–90) Garfield and Friends (1988–94) Rude Dog and the Dweebs (1989–90) The Adventures of Raggedy Ann and Andy (1988–90) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990–97) Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventures (1990–91) Mother Goose and Grimm (1991–93) Back to the Future (1991–93) Where's Waldo? (1991–92) Fievel's American Tails (1992–93) The Little Mermaid (1992–95) Raw Toonage (1992–93) Marsupilami (1993–94) The All-New Dennis the Menace (1993–94) Cadillacs and Dinosaurs (1993–94) Conan and the Young Warriors (1994) Beethoven (1994–95) Aladdin (1994–96) Skeleton Warriors (1994) Wild C.A.T.s (1994–95) Stickin' Around (1994) The Adventures of Hyperman (1995–96) Timon & Pumbaa (1995–97) Santo Bugito (1995–96) The Twisted Tales of Felix the Cat (1995–97) The Mask (1995–97) Ace Ventura: Pet Detective (1995–97) Project G.e.e.K.e.R. (1996–97) Franklin (1998–99; 2000-02) Anatole (1998–2000) Dumb Bunnies (1998–99) Flying Rhino Junior High (1998–2000) Birdz (1998–99) Mythic Warriors (1998–2000) New Tales from the Cryptkeeper (1999–2000) Blaster's Universe (1999–2000) Rescue Heroes (1999–2000) First-runlive-action series Pee-wee's Playhouse (1986–91) Riders in the Sky (1991) The Amazing Live Sea Monkeys (1992) Beakman's World (1993–98) Fudge (1995–96) Really Wild Animals (1995–96) Bailey Kipper's P.O.V. (1996–97) Secrets of the Cryptkeeper's Haunted House (1996–97) The New Ghostwriter Mysteries (1997–98) Wheel 2000 (1997–98) The Weird Al Show (1997–98) The Sports Illustrated for Kids Show (1997–98) In the News (1997–98) Rebroadcasts Inspector Gadget (1991–92) Cyber C.O.P.S. (1993) CBS Storybreak (1993–95, 1996–98) Rupert (1999) Related topics Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue (1990) Modern animation in the United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Raggedy Ann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raggedy_Ann"},{"link_name":"Andy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raggedy_Ann"},{"link_name":"Johnny Gruelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Gruelle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daytime-2"},{"link_name":"Pee-Wee's Playhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pee-Wee%27s_Playhouse"}],"text":"American TV series or programThe Adventures of Raggedy Ann and Andy is an American animated television series that aired on CBS from September 17 to December 24, 1988.[1] Based on the dolls Raggedy Ann and Andy by Johnny Gruelle, the series was produced directly by CBS in honor of the 70th anniversary of the characters.[2] The series was cancelled in 1989, although CBS aired reruns during the 1989–90 television season, and in August 1991 when Pee-Wee's Playhouse was shelved.","title":"The Adventures of Raggedy Ann and Andy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"unicorns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicorn"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The plot involved a little girl named Marcella whose Raggedy Ann and Andy dolls would come to life when no humans were present in her bedroom. Then they would be whisked off to a parallel world to save its inhabitants from the villain, an evil but inept sorcerer known as Cracklin.[3]Also aiding Ann and Andy, besides the Camel with the Wrinkled Knees, were two of Marcella's other stuffed animals, a panda with a faux-British accent known as Grouchy Bear and a stuffed rabbit known as Sunny Bunny, as well as the Raggedy Cat and the Raggedy Dog. Sometimes they would be joined by more modern toys such as robots or toy soldiers. Often the plot involved the toys helping children in such places as Ancient Egypt or a Native American tribe. As the cartoon was meant for younger audiences it was unlike most other cartoons of the 1980s which had \"morals to the story\" at the end, although one episode lightly touched upon the issue of poaching when Raggedy Ann, Andy and their friends had to save endangered unicorns from cattle rustlers, who sought to steal their horns for personal gain.[4]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Voice cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charlie Adler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Adler"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Mars"},{"link_name":"Katie Leigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katie_Leigh"},{"link_name":"Dana Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana_Hill"},{"link_name":"Kath Soucie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kath_Soucie"},{"link_name":"Gaille Heidemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaille_Heidemann"}],"sub_title":"Main voices","text":"Christina Lange as Raggedy Ann\nJosh Rodine as Raggedy Andy\nCharlie Adler as Grouchy Bear, Tick & Tack\nKenneth Mars as The Camel with the Wrinkled Knees\nKatie Leigh as Sunny Bunny\nDana Hill as Raggedy Dog\nKath Soucie as Raggedy Cat\nGaille Heidemann as Mother\nTracy Rowe as Marcella","title":"Voice cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bell_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Bob Bergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Bergen"},{"link_name":"Ruth Buzzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Buzzi"},{"link_name":"William Callaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Callaway"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Camp"},{"link_name":"Nancy Cartwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Cartwright"},{"link_name":"Chris Cavanaugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Cavanaugh"},{"link_name":"Cam Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cam_Clarke"},{"link_name":"Danny Cooksey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Cooksey"},{"link_name":"Brian Cummings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Cummings"},{"link_name":"Jim Cummings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Cummings"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Darling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Darling"},{"link_name":"Ellen Gerstell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Gerstell"},{"link_name":"Tony Jay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Jay"},{"link_name":"Sherry Lynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherry_Lynn"},{"link_name":"Dave Mallow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Mallow"},{"link_name":"Allan Melvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Melvin"},{"link_name":"Patty Parris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Parris"},{"link_name":"Rob Paulsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Paulsen"},{"link_name":"David Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Prince"},{"link_name":"Hal Rayle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Rayle"},{"link_name":"Peter Reneday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Reneday"},{"link_name":"Neil Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Ross"},{"link_name":"Maggie Roswell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Roswell"},{"link_name":"Frank Welker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Welker"}],"sub_title":"Additional voices","text":"Michael Bell - Cracklin\nBob Bergen\nSheryl Bernstein - Helena\nP.L. Brown\nRuth Buzzi\nWilliam Callaway\nHamilton Camp\nNancy Cartwright - Little Chicken\nChris Cavanaugh - Cody\nCam Clarke\nDanny Cooksey - Cousin David\nBrian Cummings\nJim Cummings - Trollit\nJennifer Darling - Clea, Nephra\nEllen Gerstell - Princess Astra\nTony Jay - Ludlam\nSherry Lynn - Lorelei\nDave Mallow\nDanny Mann\nAllan Melvin\nPatty Parris\nRob Paulsen - Tally Ho\nDavid Prince\nHal Rayle\nPeter Reneday\nNeil Ross\nMaggie Roswell\nFrank Welker - Megamite","title":"Voice cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Thirteen episodes were created:","title":"Episodes"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahit_Arf
Cahit Arf
["1 Biography","2 Influence","3 Arf Lectures","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]
Turkish mathematician Cahit ArfBorn(1910-10-24)24 October 1910Thessaloniki, Ottoman EmpireDied26 December 1997(1997-12-26) (aged 87)Bebek, Istanbul, TurkeyNationalityTurkishAlma materÉcole Normale SupérieureUniversity of GöttingenKnown for Hasse–Arf theorem Arf invariant Arf semigroup Arf ring Scientific careerFieldsMathematicsInstitutionsGalatasaray High SchoolIstanbul UniversityBoğaziçi University (Robert College)University of California, BerkeleyMiddle East Technical UniversityScientific and Technological Research Council of TurkeyDoctoral advisorHelmut Hasse Cahit Arf (Turkish: ; 24 October 1910 – 26 December 1997) was a Turkish mathematician. He is known for the Arf invariant of a quadratic form in characteristic 2 (applied in knot theory and surgery theory) in topology, the Hasse–Arf theorem in ramification theory, Arf semigroups and Arf rings. Biography Cahit Arf was born on 11 October 1910 in Thessaloniki, which was then a part of the Ottoman Empire. His family migrated to Istanbul with the outbreak of the Balkan War in 1912. The family finally settled in İzmir where Cahit Arf received his primary education. Upon receiving a scholarship from the Turkish Ministry of Education he continued his education in Paris and graduated from École Normale Supérieure. Returning to Turkey, he taught mathematics at Galatasaray High School. In 1933 he joined the Mathematics Department of Istanbul University. In 1937 he went to Göttingen, where he received his PhD from the University of Göttingen and he worked with Helmut Hasse and Josue Cruz de Munoz. He returned to Istanbul University and worked there until his involvement with the foundation work of Scientific and Technological Research Council (TÜBİTAK) upon President Cemal Gürsel's appointment in 1962. After serving as the founding director of the council in 1963, he joined the Mathematics Department of Robert College in Istanbul. Arf spent the period of 1964–1966 working at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. He later visited University of California, Berkeley for one year. Upon his final return to Turkey, he joined the Mathematics Department of the Middle East Technical University and continued his studies there until his retirement in 1980. Arf received numerous awards for his contributions to mathematics, among them are: İnönü Award in 1948, Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK) Science Award in 1974, and Commandeur des Palmes Academiques (France) in 1994. Arf was a member of the Mainz Academy and the Turkish Academy of Sciences. He was the president of the Turkish Mathematical Society from 1985 until 1989. Arf died on December 26, 1997, in Bebek, Istanbul, at the age of 87. His collected works were published, in 1988, by the Turkish Mathematical Society. Influence Reverse of the 10 lira banknote (2009) Gravestone of Cahit Arf, Zincirlikuyu Cemetery, Istanbul Arf's influence on science in general and mathematics in particular was profound. Although he had very few formal students, many of the mathematicians of Turkey, at some time of their careers, had fruitful discussions on their field of interest with him and had received support and encouragement. He facilitated the now-celebrated visit of Robert Langlands to Turkey (now famous for the Langlands program, among many other things); during which Langlands worked out some arduous calculations on the epsilon factors of Artin L-functions. Arf's portrait is depicted on the reverse of the Turkish 10 lira banknote issued in 2009. Middle East Technical University Department of Mathematics organizes a special lecture session called the Cahit Arf lecture each year in memory of Arf. Arf Lectures Since 2001 the Arf lectures in honor of Cahit Arf have been held annually at the Cahit Arf Auditorium in the Department of Mathematics of Middle East Technical University. Each lecture is presented by a distinguished mathematician selected by the advisory board. Since 2006, the Arf Lecturers are invited to deliver their talks at IMBM (Istanbul Center for Mathematical Sciences) too. 2022: Andrew Sutherland of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2019: Geordie Williamson of The University of Sydney 2018: Fernando Rodriguez Villegas of The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics 2015: Vladimir Voevodsky of Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton 2013/14: Persi Diaconis of Stanford University 2012: David Nadler of Northwestern University and University of California, Berkeley 2011: Jonathan Pila of University of Oxford 2010: John W Morgan of Simons Center for Geometry and Physics at Stony Brook University 2009: Ben Joseph Green of University of Cambridge 2008: Günter Harder of Mathematisches Institut der Universitat Bonn and Max Planck Institute for Mathematics 2007: Hendrik Lenstra of Universiteit Leiden Mathematisch Instituut 2006: Jean-Pierre Serre of Collège de France 2005: Peter Sarnak of Princeton University and the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton 2004: Robert Langlands of the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton 2003: David Mumford of Brown University Division of Applied Mathematics 2002: Don Zagier of University of Utrecht / Collège de France 2001: Gerhard Frey of University of Essen Institute for Experimental Mathematics See also Hasse–Arf theorem Arf invariant Arf semigroup Arf ring Notes ^ Cahit Arf Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine, by J.J. O'Connor and E.F. Robertson, at MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive ^ Institute for Advanced Study: A Community of Scholars Archived 2013-01-06 at the Wayback Machine ^ Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey Archived 2009-06-15 at the Wayback Machine. Banknote Museum: 9. Emission Group – Ten Turkish Lira – I. Series Archived 2009-05-10 at the Wayback Machine. – Retrieved on 20 April 2009. ^ "Arf Lectures". Middle East Technical University. Retrieved 3 March 2020. References Arf, Cahit (1990), The collected papers of Cahit Arf, Turkish Mathematical Society, archived from the original on 2009-05-01 Ikeda, Masatoshi G. (1998), "Cahit Arf's contribution to algebraic number theory and related fields", Turkish Journal of Mathematics, 22 (1): 1–14, ISSN 1300-0098, MR 1631730, archived from the original on 2011-08-22 Sertöz, Ali Sinan (16 January 2013), A scientific biography of Cahit Arf (1910-1997), arXiv:1301.3699, Bibcode:2013arXiv1301.3699S Terzioğlu, Tosun; Yılmaz, A. (2005), Anlamak tutkunu bir matematikçi: Cahit Arf, TÜBA Further reading Roquette, Peter (2013), "Cahit Arf and his invariant", Contributions to the history of number theory in the 20th century, Heritage of European Mathematics, Zürich: European Mathematical Society, pp. 189–222, ISBN 978-3-03719-113-2, Zbl 1276.11001 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cahit Arf. Cahit Arf Lectures homepage Page and links on Cahit Arf A documentary on Cahit Arf O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Cahit Arf", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews Cahit Arf at the Mathematics Genealogy Project Author profile in the database zbMATH Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Netherlands Vatican Academics MathSciNet Mathematics Genealogy Project zbMATH People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[dʒaːhit aɾf]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Turkish"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_people"},{"link_name":"mathematician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematician"},{"link_name":"Arf invariant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arf_invariant"},{"link_name":"quadratic form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_form"},{"link_name":"characteristic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characteristic_(algebra)"},{"link_name":"knot theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knot_theory"},{"link_name":"surgery theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgery_theory"},{"link_name":"topology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topology"},{"link_name":"Hasse–Arf theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasse%E2%80%93Arf_theorem"},{"link_name":"ramification theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramification_theory"},{"link_name":"Arf semigroups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arf_semigroup"},{"link_name":"Arf rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arf_ring"}],"text":"Cahit Arf (Turkish: [dʒaːhit aɾf]; 24 October 1910 – 26 December 1997) was a Turkish mathematician. He is known for the Arf invariant of a quadratic form in characteristic 2 (applied in knot theory and surgery theory) in topology, the Hasse–Arf theorem in ramification theory, Arf semigroups and Arf rings.","title":"Cahit Arf"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Thessaloniki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaloniki"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Balkan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_War"},{"link_name":"İzmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0zmir"},{"link_name":"École Normale Supérieure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure"},{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"Galatasaray High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galatasaray_High_School"},{"link_name":"Istanbul University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_University"},{"link_name":"Göttingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen"},{"link_name":"University of Göttingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen"},{"link_name":"Helmut Hasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Hasse"},{"link_name":"Scientific and Technological Research Council (TÜBİTAK)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%9CB%C4%B0TAK"},{"link_name":"Cemal Gürsel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemal_G%C3%BCrsel"},{"link_name":"Robert College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_College"},{"link_name":"Institute for Advanced Study","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study"},{"link_name":"Princeton, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"University of California, Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"Middle East Technical University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_Technical_University"},{"link_name":"Commandeur des Palmes Academiques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commandeur_des_Palmes_Academiques"},{"link_name":"Mainz Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mainz_Academy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Turkish Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Turkish Mathematical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Mathematical_Society"},{"link_name":"Bebek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebek,_Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Turkish Mathematical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Mathematical_Society"}],"text":"Cahit Arf was born on 11 October 1910[1] in Thessaloniki, which was then a part of the Ottoman Empire. His family migrated to Istanbul with the outbreak of the Balkan War in 1912. The family finally settled in İzmir where Cahit Arf received his primary education. Upon receiving a scholarship from the Turkish Ministry of Education he continued his education in Paris and graduated from École Normale Supérieure.Returning to Turkey, he taught mathematics at Galatasaray High School. In 1933 he joined the Mathematics Department of Istanbul University. In 1937 he went to Göttingen, where he received his PhD from the University of Göttingen and he worked with Helmut Hasse and Josue Cruz de Munoz. He returned to Istanbul University and worked there until his involvement with the foundation work of Scientific and Technological Research Council (TÜBİTAK) upon President Cemal Gürsel's appointment in 1962. After serving as the founding director of the council in 1963, he joined the Mathematics Department of Robert College in Istanbul. Arf spent the period of 1964–1966 working at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey.[2] He later visited University of California, Berkeley for one year.Upon his final return to Turkey, he joined the Mathematics Department of the Middle East Technical University and continued his studies there until his retirement in 1980. Arf received numerous awards for his contributions to mathematics, among them are: İnönü Award in 1948, Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK) Science Award in 1974, and Commandeur des Palmes Academiques (France) in 1994. Arf was a member of the Mainz Academy and the Turkish Academy of Sciences. He was the president of the Turkish Mathematical Society from 1985 until 1989. Arf died on December 26, 1997, in Bebek, Istanbul, at the age of 87. His collected works were published, in 1988, by the Turkish Mathematical Society.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:10_T%C3%BCrk_Liras%C4%B1_reverse.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gravestone_of_Cahit_Arf.jpg"},{"link_name":"Zincirlikuyu Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zincirlikuyu_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Robert Langlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Langlands"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Langlands program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langlands_program"},{"link_name":"Artin L-functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artin_L-function"},{"link_name":"reverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse"},{"link_name":"lira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_lira"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Middle East Technical University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_Technical_University"},{"link_name":"Department of Mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.math.metu.edu.tr/"}],"text":"Reverse of the 10 lira banknote (2009)Gravestone of Cahit Arf, Zincirlikuyu Cemetery, IstanbulArf's influence on science in general and mathematics in particular was profound. Although he had very few formal students, many of the mathematicians of Turkey, at some time of their careers, had fruitful discussions on their field of interest with him and had received support and encouragement.He facilitated the now-celebrated visit of Robert Langlands to Turkey (now famous for the Langlands program, among many other things); during which Langlands worked out some arduous calculations on the epsilon factors of Artin L-functions.Arf's portrait is depicted on the reverse of the Turkish 10 lira banknote issued in 2009.[3]Middle East Technical University Department of Mathematics organizes a special lecture session called the Cahit Arf lecture each year in memory of Arf.","title":"Influence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Middle East Technical University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_Technical_University"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"IMBM (Istanbul Center for Mathematical Sciences)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMBM"},{"link_name":"Andrew Sutherland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Sutherland_(mathematician)"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Geordie Williamson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geordie_Williamson"},{"link_name":"The University of Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_University_of_Sydney"},{"link_name":"Fernando Rodriguez Villegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fernando_Rodriguez_Villegas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"International Centre for Theoretical Physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Centre_for_Theoretical_Physics"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Voevodsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Voevodsky"},{"link_name":"Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study,_Princeton"},{"link_name":"Persi Diaconis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persi_Diaconis"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"David Nadler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Nadler_(mathematician)"},{"link_name":"Northwestern University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_University"},{"link_name":"University of California, Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Pila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Pila"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"John W Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Morgan_(mathematician)"},{"link_name":"Simons Center for Geometry and Physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simons_Center_for_Geometry_and_Physics"},{"link_name":"Stony Brook University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stony_Brook_University"},{"link_name":"Ben Joseph Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Joseph_Green"},{"link_name":"University of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Günter Harder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Harder"},{"link_name":"Mathematisches Institut der Universitat Bonn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bonn"},{"link_name":"Max Planck Institute for Mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Mathematics"},{"link_name":"Hendrik Lenstra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Lenstra"},{"link_name":"Universiteit Leiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiteit_Leiden"},{"link_name":"Jean-Pierre Serre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Serre"},{"link_name":"Collège de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_France"},{"link_name":"Peter Sarnak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Sarnak"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study,_Princeton"},{"link_name":"Robert Langlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Langlands"},{"link_name":"Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study,_Princeton"},{"link_name":"David Mumford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Mumford"},{"link_name":"Brown University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University"},{"link_name":"Don Zagier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Zagier"},{"link_name":"University of Utrecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Utrecht"},{"link_name":"Collège de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_France"},{"link_name":"Gerhard Frey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Frey"},{"link_name":"University of Essen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Essen"}],"text":"Since 2001 the Arf lectures in honor of Cahit Arf have been held annually at the Cahit Arf Auditorium in the Department of Mathematics of Middle East Technical University.[4] Each lecture is presented by a distinguished mathematician selected by the advisory board. Since 2006, the Arf Lecturers are invited to deliver their talks at IMBM (Istanbul Center for Mathematical Sciences) too.2022: Andrew Sutherland of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology\n2019: Geordie Williamson of The University of Sydney\n2018: Fernando Rodriguez Villegas of The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics\n2015: Vladimir Voevodsky of Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton\n2013/14: Persi Diaconis of Stanford University\n2012: David Nadler of Northwestern University and University of California, Berkeley\n2011: Jonathan Pila of University of Oxford\n2010: John W Morgan of Simons Center for Geometry and Physics at Stony Brook University\n2009: Ben Joseph Green of University of Cambridge\n2008: Günter Harder of Mathematisches Institut der Universitat Bonn and Max Planck Institute for Mathematics\n2007: Hendrik Lenstra of Universiteit Leiden Mathematisch Instituut\n2006: Jean-Pierre Serre of Collège de France\n2005: Peter Sarnak of Princeton University and the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton\n2004: Robert Langlands of the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton\n2003: David Mumford of Brown University Division of Applied Mathematics\n2002: Don Zagier of University of Utrecht / Collège de France\n2001: Gerhard Frey of University of Essen Institute for Experimental Mathematics","title":"Arf Lectures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Cahit Arf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//turnbull.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Arf.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160304114455/http://turnbull.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Arf.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Institute for Advanced Study: A Community of Scholars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ias.edu/people/cos/frontpage?page=4"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130106144338/http://www.ias.edu/people/cos/frontpage?page=4"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/eng/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090615060512/http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/eng/"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"9. Emission Group – Ten Turkish Lira – I. Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E9/10tle.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090510005819/http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E9/10tle.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Arf Lectures\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//math.metu.edu.tr/en/arf-lectures"},{"link_name":"Middle East Technical University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_Technical_University"}],"text":"^ Cahit Arf Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine, by J.J. O'Connor and E.F. Robertson, at MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive\n\n^ Institute for Advanced Study: A Community of Scholars Archived 2013-01-06 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey Archived 2009-06-15 at the Wayback Machine. Banknote Museum: 9. Emission Group – Ten Turkish Lira – I. Series Archived 2009-05-10 at the Wayback Machine. – Retrieved on 20 April 2009.\n\n^ \"Arf Lectures\". Middle East Technical University. Retrieved 3 March 2020.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roquette, Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Roquette"},{"link_name":"European Mathematical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Mathematical_Society"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-03719-113-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03719-113-2"},{"link_name":"Zbl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1276.11001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:1276.11001"}],"text":"Roquette, Peter (2013), \"Cahit Arf and his invariant\", Contributions to the history of number theory in the 20th century, Heritage of European Mathematics, Zürich: European Mathematical Society, pp. 189–222, ISBN 978-3-03719-113-2, Zbl 1276.11001","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Reverse of the 10 lira banknote (2009)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/10_T%C3%BCrk_Liras%C4%B1_reverse.jpg/250px-10_T%C3%BCrk_Liras%C4%B1_reverse.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gravestone of Cahit Arf, Zincirlikuyu Cemetery, Istanbul","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Gravestone_of_Cahit_Arf.jpg/220px-Gravestone_of_Cahit_Arf.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Hasse–Arf theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasse%E2%80%93Arf_theorem"},{"title":"Arf invariant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arf_invariant"},{"title":"Arf semigroup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arf_semigroup"},{"title":"Arf ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arf_ring"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_Antarctica
Antarctic flora
["1 Origin","2 Flora of Antarctica","2.1 Antarctic palaeoflora","2.2 Present-day flora","3 See also","4 References","4.1 Works cited","5 Further reading","6 External links"]
Distinct community of plants which evolved on the supercontinent of Gondwana This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Antarctic flora" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Nothofagus fusca, New Zealand Antarctic flora are a distinct community of vascular plants which evolved millions of years ago on the supercontinent of Gondwana. Presently, species of Antarctica flora reside on several now separated areas of the Southern Hemisphere, including southern South America, southernmost Africa, New Zealand, Australia, and New Caledonia. Joseph Dalton Hooker (1817 – 1911) was the first to notice similarities in the flora and speculated that Antarctica had served as either a source or a transitional point, and that land masses now separated might formerly have been adjacent. Based on the similarities in their flora, botanist Ronald D'Oyley Good identified a separate Antarctic Floristic Kingdom that included southern South America, New Zealand, and some southern island groups. In addition, Australia was determined to be its own floristic kingdom because of the influx of tropical Eurasian flora that had mostly supplanted the Antarctic flora and included New Guinea and New Caledonia in the Paleotropical floristic kingdom. Origin Millions of years ago the climate in Antarctica was warmer, and was able to support flora well into the Neogene. This included forests of podocarps and southern beech. Antarctica was also part of the ancient supercontinent of Gondwana, which gradually broke up by plate tectonics starting 110 million years ago. The separation of South America from Antarctica 30–35 million years ago allowed the Antarctic Circumpolar Current to form, which isolated Antarctica climatically and caused it to become much colder. The Antarctic flora subsequently died out in Antarctica, but is still an important component of the flora of southern Neotropic (South America) and Australasian realms, which were also former parts of Gondwana. Some genera which originated in Antarctic Flora are still recognized as major components of New Caledonia, Tasmania, Madagascar, India, New Zealand, and southern South America. South America, Madagascar, Africa, India, Australia, New Zealand, and Antarctica were all part of the supercontinent Gondwana, which started to break up in the early Cretaceous period (145–66 million years ago). India was the first to break away, followed by Africa, and then New Zealand, which started to drift north. By the end of the Cretaceous, South America and Australia were still joined to Antarctica. Paleontologist Gilbert Brenner identified the emergence of a distinct southern Gondwanan flora by the late Cretaceous period in the cooler and humid southern hemisphere regions of Australia, southern South America, southern Africa, Antarctica, and New Zealand; it most resembled the flora of modern-day southern New Zealand. A drier northern Gondwanan flora had developed in northern South America and northern Africa. Nothofagus antarctica, Chile and Argentina Africa and India drifted north into the tropical latitudes, became hotter and drier, and ultimately connected with the Eurasian continent. Today, the flora of Africa and India have few remnants of the Antarctic flora. Australia drifted north and became drier as well; the humid Antarctic flora retreated to the east coast and Tasmania, while the rest of Australia became dominated by Acacia, Eucalyptus, and Casuarina, as well as xeric shrubs and grasses. Humans arrived in Australia 50–60,000 years ago and used fire to reshape the vegetation of the continent; as a result, the Antarctic flora, also known as the Rainforest flora in Australia, retreated to a few isolated areas composing less than 2% of Australia's land area. The woody plants of the Antarctic flora include conifers in the families Podocarpaceae, Araucariaceae and the subfamily Callitroideae of Cupressaceae, and angiosperms such as the families Proteaceae, Griseliniaceae, Cunoniaceae, Atherospermataceae, and Winteraceae, and genera like southern beech (Nothofagus) and fuchsia (Fuchsia). Many other families of flowering plants and ferns, including the tree fern Dicksonia, are characteristic of the Antarctic flora. Flora of Antarctica See also: Antarctica § Plants Antarctic palaeoflora A wide variety of plant life has resided in Antarctica throughout its history. Investigations of Upper Cretaceous and Early Tertiary sediments of Antarctica yield a rich assemblage of well-preserved fossil dicotyledonous angiosperm wood which provides evidence for the existence, since the Late Cretaceous, of temperate forests similar in composition to those found in present-day southern South America, New Zealand and Australia. It is suggested a paleobotanical habitat similar to the extant cool temperate Valdivian rainforests. During the colder Neogene (17–2.5 Ma), a low diversity tundra ecosystem dominated by angiosperms replaced the rainforests. There are two conifer and at least seven angiosperm morphotypes recorded in the Antarctica palaeoflora. Conifers include Cupressinoxylon, which is the more common, and Podocarpoxylon. The angiosperm component includes two species of Nothofagoxylon, one species of Myrceugenelloxylon (similar to Luma, in the extant family Myrtaceae), and one species of Weinmannioxylon (similar to Eucryphia in the extant family Cunoniaceae). Two other species are assigned to genera Hedycaryoxylon (Monimiaceae) and Atherospermoxylon (Atherospermataceae). A fossil water lily, Notonuphar (similar to Nuphar in the extant family Nympheaceae), was described from Eocene-aged sediments on Seymour Island in 2017. Present-day flora Antarctica's extant flora presently consists of around 250 lichens, 100 mosses, 25-30 liverworts, and around 700 terrestrial and aquatic algal species. Species of moss endemic to Antarctica include Grimmia antarctici, Schistidium antarctici, and Sarconeurum glaciale. Just two native flowering plants, Deschampsia antarctica (Antarctic hair grass) and Colobanthus quitensis (Antarctic pearlwort), are found on the northern and western parts of the Antarctic Peninsula. The continent of Antarctica itself has been too cold and dry to support any other vascular plants for millions of years. The scanty vegetation of Antarctica is a result of the chilling temperature, lack of sunlight, little rainfall, relatively poor soil quality, and a lack of moisture due to the inability of the plants to absorb water in the form of ice. See also Antarctic Floristic Kingdom Antarctic realm List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands Flora Antarctica Flora of Chile Flora and fauna of the Kerguelen Islands Flora of New Zealand Flora of Australia Meyer Desert Formation biota References ^ Hooker (1847), p. . ^ a b Rees-Owen et al. (2018). ^ a b c Poole (2001). ^ Poole & Gottwald (2001). ^ Friis et al. (2017). Works cited Friis, Else M.; Iglesias, Ari; Reguero, Marcelo A.; Mörs, Thomas (2017-08-01). "Notonuphar antarctica, an extinct water lily (Nymphaeales) from the Eocene of Antarctica". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 303 (7): 969–980. Bibcode:2017PSyEv.303..969F. doi:10.1007/s00606-017-1422-y. ISSN 2199-6881. S2CID 23846066. Poole, Imogen; Gottwald, Helmut (2001). "Monimiaceae sensu lato, an element of Gondwanan polar forests: Evidence from the late Cretaceous-early tertiary wood flora of Antarctica". Australian Systematic Botany. 14 (2): 207. doi:10.1071/SB00022. ISSN 1030-1887. Hooker, J.D. (1847). The Botany of the Antarctic Voyage of H. M. Discovery Ships Erebus and Terror in the Years 1839-1843: Under the Command of Captain Sir James Clark Ross. Vol. 1, part 2. Reeve Brothers. Poole, I (2001). "A Fossil Wood Flora from King George Island: Ecological Implications for an Antarctic Eocene Vegetation". Annals of Botany. 88 (1): 33–54. doi:10.1006/anbo.2001.1425. hdl:1874/31604. S2CID 86788384. Rees-Owen, Rhian L.; Gill, Fiona L.; Newton, Robert J.; Ivanović, Ruza F.; Francis, Jane E.; Riding, James B.; Vane, Christopher H.; Lopes dos Santos, Raquel A. (2018). "The last forests on Antarctica: Reconstructing flora and temperature from the Neogene Sirius Group, Transantarctic Mountains". Organic Geochemistry. 118: 4–14. Bibcode:2018OrGeo.118....4R. doi:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2018.01.001. hdl:10023/12701. ISSN 0146-6380. S2CID 46651929. Further reading Cox, C. Barry, Peter D. Moore (1985). Biogeography: An Ecological and Evolutionary Approach (4th ed.). Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford. External links Plants — Australian Antarctic Division Plants — British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council The Plants of Antarctica, a blog by Caitlyn Bishop, Oceanwide Expeditions
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Presently, species of Antarctica flora reside on several now separated areas of the Southern Hemisphere, including southern South America, southernmost Africa, New Zealand, Australia, and New Caledonia. Joseph Dalton Hooker (1817 – 1911) was the first to notice similarities in the flora and speculated that Antarctica had served as either a source or a transitional point, and that land masses now separated might formerly have been adjacent.[1]Based on the similarities in their flora, botanist Ronald D'Oyley Good identified a separate Antarctic Floristic Kingdom that included southern South America, New Zealand, and some southern island groups. In addition, Australia was determined to be its own floristic kingdom because of the influx of tropical Eurasian flora that had mostly supplanted the Antarctic flora and included New Guinea and New Caledonia in the Paleotropical floristic kingdom.","title":"Antarctic flora"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neogene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogene"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees-OwenGillNewtonIvanovi%C4%872018-2"},{"link_name":"podocarps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podocarpaceae"},{"link_name":"southern beech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_beech"},{"link_name":"plate tectonics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_tectonics"},{"link_name":"Antarctic Circumpolar Current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current"},{"link_name":"Neotropic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neotropic"},{"link_name":"Australasian realms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasian_realm"},{"link_name":"Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmania"},{"link_name":"Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nothofagus_antarctica_D.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nothofagus antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothofagus_antarctica"},{"link_name":"Acacia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia"},{"link_name":"Eucalyptus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus"},{"link_name":"Casuarina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casuarinaceae"},{"link_name":"Humans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human"},{"link_name":"woody plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woody_plant"},{"link_name":"conifers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conifer"},{"link_name":"Podocarpaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podocarpaceae"},{"link_name":"Araucariaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araucariaceae"},{"link_name":"Callitroideae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callitroideae"},{"link_name":"Cupressaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupressaceae"},{"link_name":"angiosperms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperm"},{"link_name":"Proteaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteaceae"},{"link_name":"Griseliniaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griselinia"},{"link_name":"Cunoniaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunoniaceae"},{"link_name":"Atherospermataceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherospermataceae"},{"link_name":"Winteraceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winteraceae"},{"link_name":"Nothofagus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothofagus"},{"link_name":"Fuchsia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuchsia"},{"link_name":"Dicksonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicksonia"}],"text":"Millions of years ago the climate in Antarctica was warmer, and was able to support flora well into the Neogene.[2] This included forests of podocarps and southern beech. Antarctica was also part of the ancient supercontinent of Gondwana, which gradually broke up by plate tectonics starting 110 million years ago. The separation of South America from Antarctica 30–35 million years ago allowed the Antarctic Circumpolar Current to form, which isolated Antarctica climatically and caused it to become much colder. The Antarctic flora subsequently died out in Antarctica, but is still an important component of the flora of southern Neotropic (South America) and Australasian realms, which were also former parts of Gondwana.Some genera which originated in Antarctic Flora are still recognized as major components of New Caledonia, Tasmania, Madagascar, India, New Zealand, and southern South America.South America, Madagascar, Africa, India, Australia, New Zealand, and Antarctica were all part of the supercontinent Gondwana, which started to break up in the early Cretaceous period (145–66 million years ago). India was the first to break away, followed by Africa, and then New Zealand, which started to drift north. By the end of the Cretaceous, South America and Australia were still joined to Antarctica. Paleontologist Gilbert Brenner identified the emergence of a distinct southern Gondwanan flora by the late Cretaceous period in the cooler and humid southern hemisphere regions of Australia, southern South America, southern Africa, Antarctica, and New Zealand; it most resembled the flora of modern-day southern New Zealand. A drier northern Gondwanan flora had developed in northern South America and northern Africa.Nothofagus antarctica, Chile and ArgentinaAfrica and India drifted north into the tropical latitudes, became hotter and drier, and ultimately connected with the Eurasian continent. Today, the flora of Africa and India have few remnants of the Antarctic flora. Australia drifted north and became drier as well; the humid Antarctic flora retreated to the east coast and Tasmania, while the rest of Australia became dominated by Acacia, Eucalyptus, and Casuarina, as well as xeric shrubs and grasses. Humans arrived in Australia 50–60,000 years ago and used fire to reshape the vegetation of the continent; as a result, the Antarctic flora, also known as the Rainforest flora in Australia, retreated to a few isolated areas composing less than 2% of Australia's land area.The woody plants of the Antarctic flora include conifers in the families Podocarpaceae, Araucariaceae and the subfamily Callitroideae of Cupressaceae, and angiosperms such as the families Proteaceae, Griseliniaceae, Cunoniaceae, Atherospermataceae, and Winteraceae, and genera like southern beech (Nothofagus) and fuchsia (Fuchsia). Many other families of flowering plants and ferns, including the tree fern Dicksonia, are characteristic of the Antarctic flora.","title":"Origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antarctica § Plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica#Plants"}],"text":"See also: Antarctica § Plants","title":"Flora of Antarctica"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Valdivian rainforests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdivian_temperate_forests"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole2001-3"},{"link_name":"Neogene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogene"},{"link_name":"tundra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees-OwenGillNewtonIvanovi%C4%872018-2"},{"link_name":"Cupressinoxylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cupressinoxylon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Podocarpoxylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Podocarpoxylon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole2001-3"},{"link_name":"Nothofagoxylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nothofagoxylon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Myrceugenelloxylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Myrceugenelloxylon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Luma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luma_(plant)"},{"link_name":"Myrtaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrtaceae"},{"link_name":"Weinmannioxylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Weinmannioxylon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eucryphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucryphia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole2001-3"},{"link_name":"Hedycaryoxylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hedycaryoxylon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Monimiaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monimiaceae"},{"link_name":"Atherospermoxylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atherospermoxylon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Atherospermataceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherospermataceae"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPooleGottwald2001-4"},{"link_name":"water lily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphaeaceae"},{"link_name":"Notonuphar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notonuphar"},{"link_name":"Nuphar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuphar"},{"link_name":"Nympheaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphaeaceae"},{"link_name":"Eocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocene"},{"link_name":"Seymour Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymour_Island"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriisIglesiasRegueroM%C3%B6rs2017-5"}],"sub_title":"Antarctic palaeoflora","text":"A wide variety of plant life has resided in Antarctica throughout its history. Investigations of Upper Cretaceous and Early Tertiary sediments of Antarctica yield a rich assemblage of well-preserved fossil dicotyledonous angiosperm wood which provides evidence for the existence, since the Late Cretaceous, of temperate forests similar in composition to those found in present-day southern South America, New Zealand and Australia. It is suggested a paleobotanical habitat similar to the extant cool temperate Valdivian rainforests.[3] During the colder Neogene (17–2.5 Ma), a low diversity tundra ecosystem dominated by angiosperms replaced the rainforests.[2]There are two conifer and at least seven angiosperm morphotypes recorded in the Antarctica palaeoflora. Conifers include Cupressinoxylon, which is the more common, and Podocarpoxylon.[3] The angiosperm component includes two species of Nothofagoxylon, one species of Myrceugenelloxylon (similar to Luma, in the extant family Myrtaceae), and one species of Weinmannioxylon (similar to Eucryphia in the extant family Cunoniaceae).[3] Two other species are assigned to genera Hedycaryoxylon (Monimiaceae) and Atherospermoxylon (Atherospermataceae).[4] A fossil water lily, Notonuphar (similar to Nuphar in the extant family Nympheaceae), was described from Eocene-aged sediments on Seymour Island in 2017.[5]","title":"Flora of Antarctica"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lichens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichen"},{"link_name":"mosses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss"},{"link_name":"liverworts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marchantiophyta"},{"link_name":"algal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alga"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"},{"link_name":"Grimmia antarctici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimmia_antarctici"},{"link_name":"Schistidium antarctici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schistidium_antarctici"},{"link_name":"Sarconeurum glaciale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarconeurum_glaciale"},{"link_name":"Deschampsia antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deschampsia_antarctica"},{"link_name":"Colobanthus quitensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colobanthus_quitensis"},{"link_name":"Antarctic Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"soil quality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_quality"}],"sub_title":"Present-day flora","text":"Antarctica's extant flora presently consists of around 250 lichens, 100 mosses, 25-30 liverworts, and around 700 terrestrial and aquatic algal species. Species of moss endemic to Antarctica include Grimmia antarctici, Schistidium antarctici, and Sarconeurum glaciale. Just two native flowering plants, Deschampsia antarctica (Antarctic hair grass) and Colobanthus quitensis (Antarctic pearlwort), are found on the northern and western parts of the Antarctic Peninsula. The continent of Antarctica itself has been too cold and dry to support any other vascular plants for millions of years. The scanty vegetation of Antarctica is a result of the chilling temperature, lack of sunlight, little rainfall, relatively poor soil quality, and a lack of moisture due to the inability of the plants to absorb water in the form of ice.","title":"Flora of Antarctica"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Cox, C. Barry, Peter D. Moore (1985). Biogeography: An Ecological and Evolutionary Approach (4th ed.). Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Nothofagus fusca, New Zealand","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/NothofagusFusca.jpg/260px-NothofagusFusca.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nothofagus antarctica, Chile and Argentina","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Nothofagus_antarctica_D.jpg/260px-Nothofagus_antarctica_D.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Antarctic Floristic Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_Floristic_Kingdom"},{"title":"Antarctic realm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_realm"},{"title":"List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands"},{"title":"Flora Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_Antarctica"},{"title":"Flora of Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_Chile"},{"title":"Flora and fauna of the Kerguelen Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_and_fauna_of_the_Kerguelen_Islands"},{"title":"Flora of New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_New_Zealand"},{"title":"Flora of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_Australia"},{"title":"Meyer Desert Formation biota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meyer_Desert_Formation_biota"}]
[{"reference":"Friis, Else M.; Iglesias, Ari; Reguero, Marcelo A.; Mörs, Thomas (2017-08-01). \"Notonuphar antarctica, an extinct water lily (Nymphaeales) from the Eocene of Antarctica\". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 303 (7): 969–980. Bibcode:2017PSyEv.303..969F. doi:10.1007/s00606-017-1422-y. ISSN 2199-6881. S2CID 23846066.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00606-017-1422-y","url_text":"\"Notonuphar antarctica, an extinct water lily (Nymphaeales) from the Eocene of Antarctica\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PSyEv.303..969F","url_text":"2017PSyEv.303..969F"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00606-017-1422-y","url_text":"10.1007/s00606-017-1422-y"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2199-6881","url_text":"2199-6881"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23846066","url_text":"23846066"}]},{"reference":"Poole, Imogen; Gottwald, Helmut (2001). \"Monimiaceae sensu lato, an element of Gondwanan polar forests: Evidence from the late Cretaceous-early tertiary wood flora of Antarctica\". Australian Systematic Botany. 14 (2): 207. doi:10.1071/SB00022. ISSN 1030-1887.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=SB00022","url_text":"\"Monimiaceae sensu lato, an element of Gondwanan polar forests: Evidence from the late Cretaceous-early tertiary wood flora of Antarctica\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1071%2FSB00022","url_text":"10.1071/SB00022"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1030-1887","url_text":"1030-1887"}]},{"reference":"Hooker, J.D. (1847). The Botany of the Antarctic Voyage of H. M. Discovery Ships Erebus and Terror in the Years 1839-1843: Under the Command of Captain Sir James Clark Ross. Vol. 1, part 2. Reeve Brothers.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9Y0LAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"The Botany of the Antarctic Voyage of H. M. Discovery Ships Erebus and Terror in the Years 1839-1843: Under the Command of Captain Sir James Clark Ross"}]},{"reference":"Poole, I (2001). \"A Fossil Wood Flora from King George Island: Ecological Implications for an Antarctic Eocene Vegetation\". Annals of Botany. 88 (1): 33–54. doi:10.1006/anbo.2001.1425. hdl:1874/31604. S2CID 86788384.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fanbo.2001.1425","url_text":"\"A Fossil Wood Flora from King George Island: Ecological Implications for an Antarctic Eocene Vegetation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fanbo.2001.1425","url_text":"10.1006/anbo.2001.1425"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1874%2F31604","url_text":"1874/31604"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86788384","url_text":"86788384"}]},{"reference":"Rees-Owen, Rhian L.; Gill, Fiona L.; Newton, Robert J.; Ivanović, Ruza F.; Francis, Jane E.; Riding, James B.; Vane, Christopher H.; Lopes dos Santos, Raquel A. (2018). \"The last forests on Antarctica: Reconstructing flora and temperature from the Neogene Sirius Group, Transantarctic Mountains\". Organic Geochemistry. 118: 4–14. Bibcode:2018OrGeo.118....4R. doi:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2018.01.001. hdl:10023/12701. ISSN 0146-6380. S2CID 46651929.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.orggeochem.2018.01.001","url_text":"\"The last forests on Antarctica: Reconstructing flora and temperature from the Neogene Sirius Group, Transantarctic Mountains\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018OrGeo.118....4R","url_text":"2018OrGeo.118....4R"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.orggeochem.2018.01.001","url_text":"10.1016/j.orggeochem.2018.01.001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10023%2F12701","url_text":"10023/12701"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0146-6380","url_text":"0146-6380"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46651929","url_text":"46651929"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Loredan_(11th_century)
Marco Loredan (11th century)
["1 References"]
11th-century Venetian nobleman Marco LoredanNationalityVenetianResidenceCastle of Loredo, VeniceFamily House of Loredan Marco Loredan was an 11th-century Venetian nobleman of the Loredan family. He is possibly the oldest known ancestor of the family, besides Gaius Mucius Scaevola, who is considered the traditional progenitor of the family. According to the 16th-century Italian philosopher Jacopo Zabarella, he was the first member of the Loredan family to be ascribed to the Great Council of the Republic of Venice in 1080, due to his family's nobility, as well as for the wealth they possessed. References ^ Venezia, Conoscere. "Famiglia Loredano | Conoscere Venezia" (in Italian). Retrieved 2021-03-03. ^ Zabarella, Jacopo (1646). Trasea Peto (in Italian). Padua.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Venetian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"Loredan family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Loredan"},{"link_name":"Gaius Mucius Scaevola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Mucius_Scaevola"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Jacopo Zabarella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacopo_Zabarella"},{"link_name":"Great Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Council_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"Republic of Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Marco Loredan was an 11th-century Venetian nobleman of the Loredan family. He is possibly the oldest known ancestor of the family, besides Gaius Mucius Scaevola, who is considered the traditional progenitor of the family.[1] According to the 16th-century Italian philosopher Jacopo Zabarella, he was the first member of the Loredan family to be ascribed to the Great Council of the Republic of Venice in 1080, due to his family's nobility, as well as for the wealth they possessed.[2]","title":"Marco Loredan (11th century)"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Venezia, Conoscere. \"Famiglia Loredano | Conoscere Venezia\" (in Italian). Retrieved 2021-03-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.conoscerevenezia.it/?p=9697","url_text":"\"Famiglia Loredano | Conoscere Venezia\""}]},{"reference":"Zabarella, Jacopo (1646). Trasea Peto (in Italian). Padua.","urls":[]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.conoscerevenezia.it/?p=9697","external_links_name":"\"Famiglia Loredano | Conoscere Venezia\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player_of_the_Match_awards_(cricket)
Player of the Match awards (cricket)
["1 Test cricket","1.1 Most Player of the Match awards","1.2 Most Player of the Series awards","2 One Day International cricket","2.1 Most Player of the Match awards","2.2 Most Player of the Series awards","3 Twenty20 International cricket","3.1 Most Player of the Match awards","3.2 Most Player of the Series awards","4 All formats","4.1 Most Player of the Match awards","4.2 Most Player of the Series awards","5 Shared awards","5.1 Team Man of the Match awards","5.2 Joint awards in Tests","5.3 Joint awards in One Day Internationals","6 References"]
Sporting award In the sport of cricket, a Man of the Match or Player of the Match award is given to an outstanding player, almost always the one who makes the most impact in the match. The term was originally used in cricket before being adopted by other sports. The award will usually be given to a player from the winning team, but if a team has lost but a player from the losing team has had an incredible performance then he can also be named as Man of the Match. In Test cricket, the man of the match award became a regular feature in the mid-1980s. It is usually awarded to the player whose contribution is seen as the most important in winning the game, but there have been many instances of a player on the losing team receiving the award. In Test matches, Jacques Kallis holds the record for the highest number of awards, with 23 in 166 matches, followed by Muttiah Muralitharan with 19 awards. In ODI matches Sachin Tendulkar holds the record for the highest number of man of the match awards, with 62 in 463 matches. Sanath Jayasuriya is second with 48. In Twenty20 Internationals, Virat Kohli leads with 15 awards. Andrea-Mae Zepeda of Austria completed a clean sweep of POTM awards in a WT20I series against Belgium in September 2021. Hayley Matthews achieved the same feat for the West Indies against Australian in October 2023, despite her team losing the series 2–1. Test cricket Note: Players in bold are still active in international cricket. Most Player of the Match awards Awards Player Team Matches Career 23 Jacques Kallis  South Africa 166 1995–2014 19 Muttiah Muralitharan  Sri Lanka 133 1992–2010 17 Wasim Akram  Pakistan 104 1985–2002 Shane Warne  Australia 145 1992–2007 16 Kumar Sangakkara  Sri Lanka 134 2000–2015 Ricky Ponting  Australia 168 1995–2012 14 Curtly Ambrose  West Indies 98 1988–2000 Steve Waugh  Australia 168 1985–2004 Sachin Tendulkar  India 200 1989–2013 13 Joe Root  England 127 2012–present Mahela Jayawardene  Sri Lanka 149 1997–2014 Steve Smith  Australia 106 2006–2024 Last updated: 21 January 2024 Most Player of the Series awards Awards Player Team Series Career 11 Muttiah Muralitharan  Sri Lanka 61 1992–2010 10 Ravichandran Ashwin  India 37 2011–present 9 Jacques Kallis  South Africa 61 1995–2013 8 Imran Khan  Pakistan 28 1971–1992 Richard Hadlee  New Zealand 33 1973–1990 Shane Warne  Australia 46 1992–2007 7 Wasim Akram  Pakistan 43 1985–2002 Shivnarine Chanderpaul  West Indies 60 1994–2015 6 Malcolm Marshall  West Indies 21 1978–1991 Curtly Ambrose  West Indies 27 1988–2000 Steve Waugh  Australia 54 1985–2004 Last updated: 7 January 2023 One Day International cricket Note: Players in bold are still active in international cricket. Most Player of the Match awards Awards Player Team Matches Career 62 Sachin Tendulkar  India 463 1989–2012 48 Sanath Jayasuriya  Sri Lanka 445 1989–2011 41 Virat Kohli  India 289 2008–present 32 Jacques Kallis  South Africa 328 1996–2014 Ricky Ponting  Australia 375 1995–2012 Shahid Afridi  Pakistan 398 1996–2015 31 Vivian Richards  West Indies 187 1975–1991 Sourav Ganguly  India 311 1992–2007 Kumar Sangakkara  Sri Lanka 404 2000–2015 30 Brian Lara  West Indies 299 1990–2007 Aravinda de Silva  Sri Lanka 308 1984–2003 Last updated: 5 November 2023 Most Player of the Series awards Awards Player Team Series Career 15 Sachin Tendulkar  India 108 1989–2012 11 Virat Kohli  India 120 2008–present Sanath Jayasuriya  Sri Lanka 111 1989–2011 9 Shaun Pollock  South Africa 60 1996–2008 8 Chris Gayle  West Indies 71 1999–2019 7 Vivian Richards  West Indies 40 1975–1991 Hashim Amla  South Africa 49 2008–2019 Yuvraj Singh  India 71 2000–2019 Shakib Al Hasan  Bangladesh 73 2006–present Sourav Ganguly  India 75 1992–2007 Ricky Ponting  Australia 77 1995–2012 Mahendra Singh Dhoni  India 80 2004–2019 Last updated: 19 November 2023 Twenty20 International cricket Note: Players in bold are still active in international cricket. Most Player of the Match awards Awards Player Team Matches Career 15 Virat Kohli  India 117 2010–present 14 Suryakumar Yadav  India 60 2021–present Sikandar Raza  Zimbabwe 81 2013–2024 Mohammad Nabi  Afghanistan 115 2010–2024 13 Rohit Sharma  India 151 2007–2024 11 Virandeep Singh  Malaysia 67 2019–present Mohammad Rizwan  Pakistan 89 2015–present Shahid Afridi  Pakistan 99 2006–2018 David Warner  Australia 99 2009–present Shakib Al Hasan  Bangladesh 117 2006–present Mohammad Hafeez  Pakistan 119 2006–2021 Shadab Khan  Pakistan 92 2017–present Last updated: 5 November 2023 Most Player of the Series awards Awards Player Team Series Career 7 Virat Kohli  India 50 2010–present 5 David Warner  Australia 40 2009–present Babar Azam  Pakistan 31 2016–present Shakib Al Hasan  Bangladesh 42 2006–present 4 Suryakumar Yadav  India 18 2021–present Mohammad Rizwan  Pakistan 28 2015–present Glenn Maxwell  Australia 36 2012–present Mohammad Hafeez  Pakistan 48 2006-2021 Last updated: 7 January 2023 All formats Note: Players in bold are still active in international cricket. Most Player of the Match awards Awards Player Team Matches Tests ODIs T20Is 76 Sachin Tendulkar  India 664 14 62 0 66 Virat Kohli  India 522 10 41 15 58 Sanath Jayasuriya  Sri Lanka 586 4 48 6 57 Jacques Kallis  South Africa 519 23 32 2 50 Kumar Sangakkara  Sri Lanka 594 16 31 3 49 Ricky Ponting  Australia 560 16 32 1 44 Shakib Al Hasan  Bangladesh 430 6 27 11 43 Shahid Afridi  Pakistan 524 0 32 11 42 Brian Lara  West Indies 430 12 30 0 41 Vivian Richards  West Indies 308 10 31 0 Aravinda de Silva  Sri Lanka 401 11 30 0 Rohit Sharma  India 467 4 24 13 Chris Gayle  West Indies 483 8 23 10 Mahela Jayawardene  Sri Lanka 652 13 22 6 Last updated: 5 November 2023 Most Player of the Series awards Awards Player Team Series Tests ODIs T20Is 21 Virat Kohli  India 159 3 11 7 20 Sachin Tendulkar  India 183 5 15 0 17 Shakib Al Hasan  Bangladesh 155 5 7 5 15 Jacques Kallis  South Africa 148 9 6 0 13 Sanath Jayasuriya  Sri Lanka 176 2 11 0 12 David Warner  Australia 123 5 3 4 Chris Gayle  West Indies 141 2 8 2 11 Ravichandran Ashwin  India 100 10 0 1 Shaun Pollock  South Africa 107 2 9 0 Shivnarine Chanderpaul  West Indies 136 7 4 0 Ricky Ponting  Australia 147 4 7 0 Muttiah Muralitharan  Sri Lanka 155 11 0 0 Last updated: 19 November 2023 Shared awards Occasionally in international cricket awards are shared, sometimes between two players of the same side or players of both sides. On these occasions, the commentators and other awarding authorities held on to share the awards, without giving the award to a player of the winning team. In Test cricket there have been rare instances when a joint award for man of the match or man of the series has been announced. However, in ODIs and Twenty20 internationals this is usually when a member of the losing team is the highest scorer, such as when Charles Coventry (194) and Tamim Iqbal (154) shared the award after Zimbabwe lost the match. In another interesting match held on 3 April 1996, the whole New Zealand team was awarded the Man of the Match award by adjudicator Basil Butcher who pronounced it a team performance. It was the first time that a whole team had been given the Man of the Match award. There have been only three occasions, one in test cricket and two in ODI cricket, when the whole team has been awarded the man of the match by considering the team performance rather than individual performances. Team Man of the Match awards In Test cricket, South Africa has been awarded Team man of the match award, in the West Indies tour in 1998/99 season. The match was won by South Africa by 351 runs and whole 11 players awarded the man of the match award. 15–18 January Scorecard South Africa  v  West Indies 313 (92.5 overs)Mark Boucher 100 (183)Courtney Walsh 6/80 (24.5 overs) 144 (47.1 overs)Brian Lara 68 (77)Allan Donald 5/49 (13 overs) 399/5d (115.2 overs)Gary Kirsten 134 (305)Carl Hooper 3/117 (36.2 overs) 217 (75.2 overs)Ridley Jacobs 78 (92)Paul Adams 4/64 (21.2 overs) South Africa won by 351 runsSuperSport Park, Centurion Umpires: Aleem Dar (Pak) and Billy Bowden (NZ) Player of the match: South Africa West Indies won the toss and elected to field. This is the first time that the West Indies lost a series 5–0. In ODI cricket, New Zealand team has been awarded man of the match award for their team performances to 4 run victory against the West Indies on 3 April 1996. On 1 September 1996, Pakistan team has been awarded man of the match for their team performance against England for their 2 wicket win. 3 April 1996 Scorecard New Zealand 158 (35.5 overs) v  West Indies154 (49.1 overs) Craig Spearman 41 (39) Laurie Williams 3/16 (4.5 overs) Roland Holder 49* (86) Chris Cairns 2/17 (5.1 overs) New Zealand won by 4 runs Bourda, Georgetown, Guyana Umpires: Clyde Duncan (WI) and Eddie Nicholls (WI) Player of the match: New Zealand West Indies won the toss and elected to field. 1 September 1996 Scorecard England 246 (50 overs) v  Pakistan247/8 (49.4 overs) Nick Knight 125* (145) Wasim Akram 3/45 (10 overs) Saeed Anwar 61 (59) Adam Hollioake 4/45 (8.4 overs) Pakistan won by 2 wickets Trent Bridge, Nottingham Umpires: John Holder (Eng) and David Shepherd (Eng) Player of the match: Pakistan England won the toss and elected to bat. Shahid Anwar, Shadab Kabir and Shahid Nazir (All Pak) made their ODI debuts. Joint awards in Tests Joint awards are sometimes given to two players, either from the same team or one from each team. As of 2017, there have been 14 instances where two players from the same team were given the Man of the Match award in Test cricket. # Match Venue Date MoM 1 MoM 2 Result 1 India v Sri Lanka Nagpur 27 December 1986 Dilip Vengsarkar Maninder Singh  India won 2 New Zealand v West Indies Christchurch 12 March 1987 Richard Hadlee Ewen Chatfield  New Zealand won 3 New Zealand v Sri Lanka Hamilton 22 February 1991 Ian Smith Andrew Jones Drawn 4 New Zealand v Australia Auckland 12 March 1993 Ken Rutherford Danny Morrison  New Zealand won 5 New Zealand v Pakistan Christchurch 24 February 1994 Shane Thomson Bryan Young  New Zealand won 6 Zimbabwe v Pakistan Harare 31 January 1995 Andy Flower Grant Flower  Zimbabwe won 7 England v South Africa Johannesburg 30 November 1995 Jack Russell Mike Atherton Drawn 8 Australia v South Africa Johannesburg 28 February 1997 Steve Waugh Greg Blewett  Australia won 9 South Africa v Zimbabwe Harare 11 November 1999 Shaun Pollock Mark Boucher  South Africa won 10 South Africa v Zimbabwe Bloemfontein 17 November 2000 Jacques Kallis Makhaya Ntini  South Africa won 11 Australia v South Africa Sydney 2 January 2002 Justin Langer Matthew Hayden  Australia won 12 South Africa v England London 31 January 2003 Makhaya Ntini Graeme Smith  South Africa won 13 Pakistan v South Africa Lahore 17 October 2003 Taufeeq Umar Danish Kaneria  Pakistan won 14 South Africa v England Johannesburg 14 January 2010 Dale Steyn Morne Morkel  South Africa won Until 2017, there have been 26 instances where one player from each team was given the Man of the Match award in Test cricket. # Match Venue Date MoM 1 MoM 2 Result 1 Pakistan v West Indies Port of Spain 4 March 1977 Wasim Raja Colin Croft  West Indies won 2 New Zealand v India Wellington 21 February 1981 Geoff Howarth Sandeep Patil  New Zealand won 3 New Zealand v India Auckland 13 March 1981 John Wright Ravi Shastri Drawn 4 England v West Indies London 28 June 1984 Ian Botham Gordon Greenidge  West Indies won 5 West Indies v New Zealand Port of Spain 29 March 1985 Vivian Richards Ewen Chatfield Drawn 6 India v Australia Chepauk 18 September 1986 Kapil Dev Dean Jones Tied 7 Pakistan v India Chepauk 3 February 1987 Imran Khan Kris Srikkanth Drawn 8 England v Sri Lanka London 25 August 1988 Phil Newport Ravi Ratnayeke  England won 9 Australia v Pakistan Faisalabad 23 September 1988 Allan Border Ijaz Ahmed Drawn 10 West Indies v Australia Kingston 1 March 1991 Gus Logie David Boon Drawn 11 England v Sri Lanka London 22 August 1991 Alec Stewart Ravi Ratnayeke  England won 12 West Indies v South Africa Bridgetown 18 April 1992 Curtly Ambrose Andrew Hudson  West Indies won 13 England v New Zealand Auckland 24 January 1997 Alec Stewart Nathan Astle Drawn 14 West Indies v India Georgetown 17 April 1997 Shiv Chanderpaul Rahul Dravid Drawn 15 South Africa v Pakistan Johannesburg 14 February 1998 Pat Symcox Azhar Mahmood Drawn 16 Pakistan v India Kolkata 16 February 1999 Saeed Anwar Javagal Srinath  Pakistan won 17 Sri Lanka v Australia Kandy 9 September 1999 Aravinda de Silva Ricky Ponting  Sri Lanka won 18 Zimbabwe v Sri Lanka Harare 4 December 1999 Andy Flower Russell Arnold Drawn 19 England v South Africa Durban 26 December 1999 Andy Caddick Gary Kirsten Drawn 20 Sri Lanka v South Africa Kandy 30 July 2000 Arjuna Ranatunga Lance Klusener  South Africa won 21 India v Australia Chepauk 18 March 2001 Harbhajan Singh Matthew Hayden  India won 22 Sri Lanka v Bangladesh Colombo 6 September 2001 Muttiah Muralitharan Mohammad Ashraful  Sri Lanka won 23 Sri Lanka v West Indies Colombo 29 November 2001 Chaminda Vaas Brian Lara  Sri Lanka won 24 South Africa v Pakistan Faisalabad 24 October 2003 Gary Kirsten Taufeeq Umar Drawn 25 Sri Lanka v Pakistan Colombo 12 July 2009 Nuwan Kulasekara Fawad Alam  Sri Lanka won 26 Pakistan v Australia London 13 July 2010 Salman Butt Simon Katich  Australia won There was one rare instance where three players were given the man of the match award in Test cricket. This happened between New Zealand and Sri Lanka in February 1991 at Hamilton. # Match Venue Date MoM 1 MoM 2 MoM 3 Result 1 New Zealand v Sri Lanka Hamilton 4 March 1977 Ian Smith Andrew Jones Asanka Gurusinha Drawn In one occasion in international cricket, man of the match was given to a non-player, specifically to the ground staff. In the third Test match between South Africa and New Zealand on 8 December 2000 at Johannesburg, the fifth day was delayed due to rain. However, with the help of the ground staff, managed by Chris Scott, the Head Groundsman, the play continued and the match ended in a draw. # Match Venue Date MoM Result 1 South Africa v New Zealand Johannesburg 8 December 2000 Chris Scott (Head Groundsman) and his crew Drawn Joint awards in One Day Internationals As of 2020, there have been 18 instances where two players from the same team were given the Man of the Match award in ODI cricket. # Match Venue Date MoM 1 MoM 2 Result 1 New Zealand v Australia Dunedin 19 March 1986 Martin Crowe Richard Hadlee  New Zealand won 2 New Zealand v Australia Wellington 26 March 1986 Wayne Phillips Steve Waugh  Australia won 3 India v New Zealand Nagpur 31 October 1987 Sunil Gavaskar Chetan Sharma  India won 4 Australia v India Sydney 20 January 1992 David Boon Geoff Marsh  Australia won 5 Pakistan v New Zealand Port Elizabeth 13 December 1994 Aqib Javed Waqar Younis  Pakistan won 6 Australia v Sri Lanka Sydney 20 January 1996 Mark Taylor Shane Warne  Australia won 7 India v Zimbabwe Centurion 7 February 1997 Craig Evans Paul Strang  Zimbabwe won 8 New Zealand v England Auckland 2 March 1997 Nathan Astle Gavin Larsen  New Zealand won 9 Pakistan v India Sharjah 26 March 2000 Inzamam-ul-Haq Waqar Younis  Pakistan won 10 New Zealand v Sri Lanka Sharjah 17 April 2001 Kyle Mills Mathew Sinclair  New Zealand won 11 Pakistan v New Zealand Rawalpindi 7 December 2003 Yasir Hameed Imran Farhat  Pakistan won 12 South Africa v New Zealand Port Elizabeth 30 November 2007 Jamie How Brendon McCullum  New Zealand won 13 South Africa v Pakistan Johannesburg 17 March 2013 Hashim Amla AB de Villiers  South Africa won 14 New Zealand v Sri Lanka Dunedin 23 January 2015 Luke Ronchi Grant Elliott  New Zealand won 15 New Zealand v Zimbabwe Harare 4 August 2015 Martin Guptill Tom Latham  New Zealand won 16 Zimbabwe v Afghanistan Harare 21 February 2017 Tendai Chatara Sean Williams  Zimbabwe won 17 Afghanistan v Ireland Greater Noida 10 March 2017 Najeeb Tarakai Rashid Khan  Afghanistan won 18 South Africa v Australia Bloemfontein 4 March 2020 Lungi Ngidi Janneman Malan  South Africa won Until 2018, there have been 14 instances where one player from each team was given the Man of the Match awards in ODI cricket. # Match Venue Date MoM 1 MoM 2 Result 1 Australia v England Melbourne 1 January 1975 Ian Chappell Dennis Amiss  England won 2 India v England Pune 5 December 1984 Dilip Vengsarkar Mike Gatting  England won 3 Australia v West Indies Sydney 12 February 1985 Allan Border Michael Holding  West Indies won 4 India v South Africa Kolkata 10 November 1991 Sachin Tendulkar Allan Donald  India won 5 Zimbabwe v Pakistan Harare 22 February 1995 Bryan Strang Saeed Anwar Tied 6 Zimbabwe v England Harare 1 January 1997 Paul Strang John Crawley  Zimbabwe won 7 South Africa v India East London 4 February 1997 Gary Kirsten Saurav Ganguly  South Africa won 8 West Indies v Australia Georgetown 21 April 1999 Mervyn Dillon Steve Waugh Tied 9 South Africa v Australia Johannesburg 12 March 2006 Herschelle Gibbs Ricky Ponting  South Africa won 10 South Africa v Sri Lanka Georgetown 28 March 2007 Charl Langeveldt Lasith Malinga  South Africa won 11 Zimbabwe v Bangladesh Bulawayo 16 August 2009 Charles Coventry Tamim Iqbal  Bangladesh won 12 England v India London 11 September 2011 Ravi Bopara Suresh Raina Tied 13 West Indies v Pakistan Gros Islet 19 July 2013 Lendl Simmons Misbah-ul-Haq Tied 14 Zimbabwe v Afghanistan Bulawayo 24 October 2015 Sean Williams Dawlat Zadran  Afghanistan won References ^ a b "Records / Test matches / Individual records (captains, players, umpires) /Most player-of-the-match awards". ESPN Cricinfo. ESPN Sports Media. Retrieved 2 January 2014. ^ "Man-of-the-Match monopoly". Cricinfo. Retrieved 2 May 2016. ^ "Records / One-Day Internationals / Individual records (captains, players, umpires) /Most player-of-the-match awards". ESPN Cricinfo. ESPN Sports Media. Retrieved 2 January 2014. ^ "Records / Twenty20 Internationals / Individual records (captains, players, umpires) /Most player-of-the-match awards". ESPN Cricinfo. ESPN Sports Media. Retrieved 2 January 2014. ^ "Records / Test matches / Individual records (captains, players, umpires) / Most player-of-the-match awards". Cricinfo. ESPN. Retrieved 18 November 2015. ^ "Records / Test matches / Individual records (captains, players, umpires) / Most player-of-the-series awards". Cricinfo. ESPN. Retrieved 18 November 2015. ^ "Records / One-Day Internationals / Individual records (captains, players, umpires) / Most player-of-the-match awards". Cricinfo. ESPN. Retrieved 18 November 2015. ^ "Records / One-Day Internationals / Individual records (captains, players, umpires) / Most player-of-the-series awards". Cricinfo. ESPN. Retrieved 18 November 2015. ^ "Records / Twenty20 Internationals / Individual records (captains, players, umpires) / Most player-of-the-match awards". Cricinfo. ESPN. Retrieved 4 April 2023. ^ "Records / Twenty20 Internationals / Individual records (captains, players, umpires) / Most player-of-the-series awards". Cricinfo. ESPN. Retrieved 5 March 2022. ^ "Records / Combined Test, ODI and T20I records / Individual records (captains, players, umpires) / Most player-of-the-match awards". Cricinfo. ESPN. Retrieved 18 November 2015. ^ "Records / Combined Test, ODI and T20I records / Individual records (captain , players, umpires) / Most player-of-the-serves awards". Cricinfo. ESPN. Retrieved 18 November 2015. ^ a b c "Stats: Shared Man of the Match awards". sportskeeda.com. 18 December 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2017. ^ "Fourth One-Day International – West Indies v New Zealand". Wisden 1997. Retrieved 2 May 2016. ^ "4th ODI: West Indies v New Zealand at Georgetown, Apr 3, 1996 | Cricket Scorecard | ESPN Cricinfo". ESPN Cricinfo. ESPN. Retrieved 24 March 2015. ^ "1995–1996 West Indies v New Zealand – 4th Match – Georgetown, Guyana". HowStat. Retrieved 11 March 2017. ^ "4th ODI, New Zealand tour of West Indies at Georgetown, Apr 3 1996". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 11 March 2017. ^ a b "Two players sharing the Man of the Match award in Tests". Cricket Country. 31 January 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2017. ^ "2nd Test, Sri Lanka tour of New Zealand at Hamilton, Feb 22–26 1991". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 11 March 2017. ^ "3rd Test, New Zealand tour of South Africa at Johannesburg, Dec 8–12 2000". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"Test cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_cricket"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-test_motm-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Jacques Kallis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Kallis"},{"link_name":"Muttiah Muralitharan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muttiah_Muralitharan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-test_motm-1"},{"link_name":"Sachin Tendulkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachin_Tendulkar"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Sanath Jayasuriya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanath_Jayasuriya"},{"link_name":"Twenty20 Internationals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty20_International"},{"link_name":"Virat Kohli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virat_Kohli"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Andrea-Mae Zepeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea-Mae_Zepeda"},{"link_name":"WT20I series against Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium_women%27s_cricket_team_in_Austria_in_2021"},{"link_name":"Hayley Matthews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayley_Matthews"},{"link_name":"for the West Indies against Australian in October 2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies_women%27s_cricket_team_in_Australia_in_2023%E2%80%9324"}],"text":"In the sport of cricket, a Man of the Match or Player of the Match award is given to an outstanding player, almost always the one who makes the most impact in the match. The term was originally used in cricket before being adopted by other sports. The award will usually be given to a player from the winning team, but if a team has lost but a player from the losing team has had an incredible performance then he can also be named as Man of the Match.In Test cricket, the man of the match award became a regular feature in the mid-1980s.[1] It is usually awarded to the player whose contribution is seen as the most important in winning the game, but there have been many instances of a player on the losing team receiving the award.[2]In Test matches, Jacques Kallis holds the record for the highest number of awards, with 23 in 166 matches, followed by Muttiah Muralitharan with 19 awards.[1]In ODI matches Sachin Tendulkar holds the record for the highest number of man of the match awards, with 62 in 463 matches.[3] Sanath Jayasuriya is second with 48.In Twenty20 Internationals, Virat Kohli leads with 15 awards.[4]Andrea-Mae Zepeda of Austria completed a clean sweep of POTM awards in a WT20I series against Belgium in September 2021. Hayley Matthews achieved the same feat for the West Indies against Australian in October 2023, despite her team losing the series 2–1.","title":"Player of the Match awards (cricket)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Note: Players in bold are still active in international cricket.","title":"Test cricket"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Most Player of the Match awards","title":"Test cricket"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Most Player of the Series awards","title":"Test cricket"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Note: Players in bold are still active in international cricket.","title":"One Day International cricket"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Most Player of the Match awards","title":"One Day International cricket"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Most Player of the Series awards","title":"One Day International cricket"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Note: Players in bold are still active in international cricket.","title":"Twenty20 International cricket"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Most Player of the Match awards","title":"Twenty20 International cricket"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Most Player of the Series awards","title":"Twenty20 International cricket"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Note: Players in bold are still active in international cricket.","title":"All formats"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Most Player of the Match awards","title":"All formats"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Most Player of the Series awards","title":"All formats"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sharedawards-13"},{"link_name":"ODIs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Day_International"},{"link_name":"Twenty20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty20"},{"link_name":"Charles Coventry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Coventry_(Zimbabwean_cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Tamim Iqbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamim_Iqbal"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Basil Butcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_Butcher"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sharedawards-13"}],"text":"Occasionally in international cricket awards are shared, sometimes between two players of the same side or players of both sides. On these occasions, the commentators and other awarding authorities held on to share the awards, without giving the award to a player of the winning team.[13] In Test cricket there have been rare instances when a joint award for man of the match or man of the series has been announced. However, in ODIs and Twenty20 internationals this is usually when a member of the losing team is the highest scorer, such as when Charles Coventry (194) and Tamim Iqbal (154) shared the award after Zimbabwe lost the match. In another interesting match held on 3 April 1996, the whole New Zealand team was awarded the Man of the Match award by adjudicator Basil Butcher who pronounced it a team performance.[14] It was the first time that a whole team had been given the Man of the Match award.[15]There have been only three occasions, one in test cricket and two in ODI cricket, when the whole team has been awarded the man of the match by considering the team performance rather than individual performances.[13]","title":"Shared awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sharedawards-13"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.espncricinfo.com/series/15874/scorecard/63823/South-Africa-vs-West-Indies-5th-Test"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Mark Boucher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Boucher"},{"link_name":"Courtney Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtney_Walsh"},{"link_name":"Brian Lara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Lara"},{"link_name":"Allan Donald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Donald"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_and_forfeiture"},{"link_name":"Gary Kirsten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Kirsten"},{"link_name":"Carl Hooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Hooper"},{"link_name":"Ridley Jacobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridley_Jacobs"},{"link_name":"Paul Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Adams_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"SuperSport Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SuperSport_Park"},{"link_name":"Centurion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centurion,_Gauteng"},{"link_name":"Aleem Dar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleem_Dar"},{"link_name":"Billy Bowden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Bowden"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.espncricinfo.com/series/16203/game/64524/West-Indies-vs-New-Zealand-4th-ODI"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Craig Spearman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Spearman"},{"link_name":"Laurie Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurie_Williams_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Roland Holder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Holder"},{"link_name":"*","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_out"},{"link_name":"Chris Cairns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Cairns"},{"link_name":"Bourda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourda"},{"link_name":"Georgetown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown,_Guyana"},{"link_name":"Guyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana"},{"link_name":"Clyde Duncan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde_Duncan_(umpire)"},{"link_name":"Eddie Nicholls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Nicholls"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.espncricinfo.com/series/16177/scorecard/65022/England-vs-Pakistan-3rd-ODI"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Nick Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Knight_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"*","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_out"},{"link_name":"Wasim Akram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasim_Akram"},{"link_name":"Saeed Anwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeed_Anwar"},{"link_name":"Adam Hollioake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Hollioake"},{"link_name":"Trent Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trent_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Nottingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham"},{"link_name":"John Holder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Holder_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"David Shepherd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Shepherd_(umpire)"},{"link_name":"Shahid Anwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahid_Anwar"},{"link_name":"Shadab Kabir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadab_Kabir"},{"link_name":"Shahid Nazir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahid_Nazir"}],"sub_title":"Team Man of the Match awards","text":"In Test cricket, South Africa has been awarded Team man of the match award, in the West Indies tour in 1998/99 season. The match was won by South Africa by 351 runs and whole 11 players awarded the man of the match award.[13]15–18 January Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nSouth Africa \n\nv\n\n West Indies\n\n\n313 (92.5 overs)Mark Boucher 100 (183)Courtney Walsh 6/80 (24.5 overs)\n\n\n\n144 (47.1 overs)Brian Lara 68 (77)Allan Donald 5/49 (13 overs)\n\n\n399/5d (115.2 overs)Gary Kirsten 134 (305)Carl Hooper 3/117 (36.2 overs)\n\n\n\n217 (75.2 overs)Ridley Jacobs 78 (92)Paul Adams 4/64 (21.2 overs)\n\n\n\nSouth Africa won by 351 runsSuperSport Park, Centurion Umpires: Aleem Dar (Pak) and Billy Bowden (NZ) Player of the match: South Africa\n\n\nWest Indies won the toss and elected to field.\nThis is the first time that the West Indies lost a series 5–0.In ODI cricket, New Zealand team has been awarded man of the match award for their team performances to 4 run victory against the West Indies on 3 April 1996.[16][17] On 1 September 1996, Pakistan team has been awarded man of the match for their team performance against England for their 2 wicket win.3 April 1996 Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nNew Zealand 158 (35.5 overs)\n\nv\n\n West Indies154 (49.1 overs)\n\n\nCraig Spearman 41 (39) Laurie Williams 3/16 (4.5 overs)\n\n\n\nRoland Holder 49* (86) Chris Cairns 2/17 (5.1 overs)\n\n\n\nNew Zealand won by 4 runs Bourda, Georgetown, Guyana Umpires: Clyde Duncan (WI) and Eddie Nicholls (WI) Player of the match: New Zealand\n\n\nWest Indies won the toss and elected to field.1 September 1996 Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nEngland 246 (50 overs)\n\nv\n\n Pakistan247/8 (49.4 overs)\n\n\nNick Knight 125* (145) Wasim Akram 3/45 (10 overs)\n\n\n\nSaeed Anwar 61 (59) Adam Hollioake 4/45 (8.4 overs)\n\n\n\nPakistan won by 2 wickets Trent Bridge, Nottingham Umpires: John Holder (Eng) and David Shepherd (Eng) Player of the match: Pakistan\n\n\nEngland won the toss and elected to bat.\nShahid Anwar, Shadab Kabir and Shahid Nazir (All Pak) made their ODI debuts.","title":"Shared awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jointawards-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jointawards-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Joint awards in Tests","text":"Joint awards are sometimes given to two players, either from the same team or one from each team. As of 2017, there have been 14 instances where two players from the same team were given the Man of the Match award in Test cricket.[18]Until 2017, there have been 26 instances where one player from each team was given the Man of the Match award in Test cricket.[18]There was one rare instance where three players were given the man of the match award in Test cricket. This happened between New Zealand and Sri Lanka in February 1991 at Hamilton.[19]In one occasion in international cricket, man of the match was given to a non-player, specifically to the ground staff. In the third Test match between South Africa and New Zealand on 8 December 2000 at Johannesburg, the fifth day was delayed due to rain. However, with the help of the ground staff, managed by Chris Scott, the Head Groundsman, the play continued and the match ended in a draw.[20]","title":"Shared awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Joint awards in One Day Internationals","text":"As of 2020, there have been 18 instances where two players from the same team were given the Man of the Match award in ODI cricket.Until 2018, there have been 14 instances where one player from each team was given the Man of the Match awards in ODI cricket.","title":"Shared awards"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Records / Test matches / Individual records (captains, players, umpires) /Most player-of-the-match awards\". ESPN Cricinfo. ESPN Sports Media. Retrieved 2 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283704.html","url_text":"\"Records / Test matches / Individual records (captains, players, umpires) /Most player-of-the-match awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Man-of-the-Match monopoly\". Cricinfo. Retrieved 2 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/361147.html","url_text":"\"Man-of-the-Match monopoly\""}]},{"reference":"\"Records / One-Day Internationals / Individual records (captains, players, umpires) /Most player-of-the-match awards\". ESPN Cricinfo. ESPN Sports Media. Retrieved 2 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283705.html","url_text":"\"Records / One-Day Internationals / Individual records (captains, players, umpires) /Most player-of-the-match awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Records / Twenty20 Internationals / Individual records (captains, players, umpires) /Most player-of-the-match awards\". ESPN Cricinfo. ESPN Sports Media. Retrieved 2 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283472.html","url_text":"\"Records / Twenty20 Internationals / Individual records (captains, players, umpires) /Most player-of-the-match awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Records / Test matches / Individual records (captains, players, umpires) / Most player-of-the-match awards\". Cricinfo. ESPN. Retrieved 18 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://stats.espncricinfo.com/wi/content/records/283704.html","url_text":"\"Records / Test matches / Individual records (captains, players, umpires) / Most player-of-the-match awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Records / Test matches / Individual records (captains, players, umpires) / Most player-of-the-series awards\". Cricinfo. ESPN. Retrieved 18 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283469.html","url_text":"\"Records / Test matches / Individual records (captains, players, umpires) / Most player-of-the-series awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Records / One-Day Internationals / Individual records (captains, players, umpires) / Most player-of-the-match awards\". Cricinfo. ESPN. Retrieved 18 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283705.html","url_text":"\"Records / One-Day Internationals / Individual records (captains, players, umpires) / Most player-of-the-match awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Records / One-Day Internationals / Individual records (captains, players, umpires) / Most player-of-the-series awards\". Cricinfo. ESPN. Retrieved 18 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283468.html","url_text":"\"Records / One-Day Internationals / Individual records (captains, players, umpires) / Most player-of-the-series awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Records / Twenty20 Internationals / Individual records (captains, players, umpires) / Most player-of-the-match awards\". Cricinfo. ESPN. Retrieved 4 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283472.html","url_text":"\"Records / Twenty20 Internationals / Individual records (captains, players, umpires) / Most player-of-the-match awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Records / Twenty20 Internationals / Individual records (captains, players, umpires) / Most player-of-the-series awards\". Cricinfo. ESPN. Retrieved 5 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/1219894.html","url_text":"\"Records / Twenty20 Internationals / Individual records (captains, players, umpires) / Most player-of-the-series awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Records / Combined Test, ODI and T20I records / Individual records (captains, players, umpires) / Most player-of-the-match awards\". Cricinfo. ESPN. Retrieved 18 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283470.html","url_text":"\"Records / Combined Test, ODI and T20I records / Individual records (captains, players, umpires) / Most player-of-the-match awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Records / Combined Test, ODI and T20I records / Individual records (captain , players, umpires) / Most player-of-the-serves awards\". Cricinfo. ESPN. Retrieved 18 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283467.html","url_text":"\"Records / Combined Test, ODI and T20I records / Individual records (captain , players, umpires) / Most player-of-the-serves awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stats: Shared Man of the Match awards\". sportskeeda.com. 18 December 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/stats-shared-man-match-awards-instance-11-players-jointly-awarded-mom","url_text":"\"Stats: Shared Man of the Match awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fourth One-Day International – West Indies v New Zealand\". Wisden 1997. Retrieved 2 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/151262.html","url_text":"\"Fourth One-Day International – West Indies v New Zealand\""}]},{"reference":"\"4th ODI: West Indies v New Zealand at Georgetown, Apr 3, 1996 | Cricket Scorecard | ESPN Cricinfo\". ESPN Cricinfo. ESPN. Retrieved 24 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64524.html","url_text":"\"4th ODI: West Indies v New Zealand at Georgetown, Apr 3, 1996 | Cricket Scorecard | ESPN Cricinfo\""}]},{"reference":"\"1995–1996 West Indies v New Zealand – 4th Match – Georgetown, Guyana\". HowStat. Retrieved 11 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.howstat.com/cricket/Statistics/Matches/MatchScorecard_ODI.asp?MatchCode=1153","url_text":"\"1995–1996 West Indies v New Zealand – 4th Match – Georgetown, Guyana\""}]},{"reference":"\"4th ODI, New Zealand tour of West Indies at Georgetown, Apr 3 1996\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 11 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/16203/game/64524/West-Indies-vs-New-Zealand-4th-ODI","url_text":"\"4th ODI, New Zealand tour of West Indies at Georgetown, Apr 3 1996\""}]},{"reference":"\"Two players sharing the Man of the Match award in Tests\". Cricket Country. 31 January 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/two-players-sharing-the-man-of-the-match-award-in-tests-243390","url_text":"\"Two players sharing the Man of the Match award in Tests\""}]},{"reference":"\"2nd Test, Sri Lanka tour of New Zealand at Hamilton, Feb 22–26 1991\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 11 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/16552/scorecard/63550/New-Zealand-vs-Sri-Lanka-2nd-Test","url_text":"\"2nd Test, Sri Lanka tour of New Zealand at Hamilton, Feb 22–26 1991\""}]},{"reference":"\"3rd Test, New Zealand tour of South Africa at Johannesburg, Dec 8–12 2000\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 11 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/15608/scorecard/63904/South-Africa-vs-New-Zealand-3rd-Test","url_text":"\"3rd Test, New Zealand tour of South Africa at Johannesburg, Dec 8–12 2000\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjartd%C3%B8la
Hjartdøla
["1 See also","2 References"]
Coordinates: 59°36′49″N 8°57′20″E / 59.61366°N 8.955423°E / 59.61366; 8.955423River in Telemark, Norway HjartdølaView of the river near Hjartdal ChurchLocation of mouthShow map of TelemarkHjartdøla (Norway)Show map of NorwayLocationCountryNorwayCountyTelemarkMunicipalitiesHjartdal MunicipalityPhysical characteristicsSource  • locationStusshøl, Hjartdal • coordinates59°38′15″N 8°35′18″E / 59.6374°N 8.5884°E / 59.6374; 8.5884 • elevation620 metres (2,030 ft) MouthHeddøla river • locationSauland, Hjartdal • coordinates59°36′49″N 8°57′20″E / 59.61366°N 8.955423°E / 59.61366; 8.955423 • elevation78 metres (256 ft)Length26 km (16 mi)Basin size825 km2 (319 sq mi) Hjartdøla is a river in Hjartdal municipality in Telemark, Norway. The 26-kilometre (16 mi) long river is part of the Skien watershed. The river is formed at the confluence of the river Bjordøla and some smaller rivers coming from the lakes Skjesvatnet and Breidvatnet, about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) north of the village of Hjartdal. From here, it runs through the village of Hjartdal, then through the lake Hjartsjåvatnet, and through the village of Sauland. At Sauland, the river meets the river Skogsåa and after this confluence, the two rivers form the river Heddøla which then continues on to Heddal and the lake Heddalsvatnet. See also List of rivers in Norway References ^ Lundbo, Sten, ed. (24 May 2023). "Hjartdøla". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 14 August 2023. ^ "Heddøla-hjartdøla". nve.no (in Norwegian). Retrieved 14 August 2023. This Telemark location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article related to a river in Norway is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hjartdal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjartdal"},{"link_name":"Telemark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemark"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Skien watershed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skien_watershed"},{"link_name":"confluence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confluence"},{"link_name":"village of Hjartdal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjartdal_(village)"},{"link_name":"village of Hjartdal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjartdal_(village)"},{"link_name":"Sauland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauland"},{"link_name":"confluence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confluence"},{"link_name":"Heddøla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedd%C3%B8la"},{"link_name":"Heddal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heddal"},{"link_name":"Heddalsvatnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heddalsvatnet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snl-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"River in Telemark, NorwayHjartdøla is a river in Hjartdal municipality in Telemark, Norway. The 26-kilometre (16 mi) long river is part of the Skien watershed. The river is formed at the confluence of the river Bjordøla and some smaller rivers coming from the lakes Skjesvatnet and Breidvatnet, about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) north of the village of Hjartdal. From here, it runs through the village of Hjartdal, then through the lake Hjartsjåvatnet, and through the village of Sauland. At Sauland, the river meets the river Skogsåa and after this confluence, the two rivers form the river Heddøla which then continues on to Heddal and the lake Heddalsvatnet.[1][2]","title":"Hjartdøla"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of rivers in Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_in_Norway"}]
[{"reference":"Lundbo, Sten, ed. (24 May 2023). \"Hjartdøla\". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 14 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://snl.no/Hjartd%C3%B8la","url_text":"\"Hjartdøla\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon","url_text":"Store norske leksikon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunnskapsforlaget","url_text":"Kunnskapsforlaget"}]},{"reference":"\"Heddøla-hjartdøla\". nve.no (in Norwegian). Retrieved 14 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://temakart.nve.no/tema/elvenett","url_text":"\"Heddøla-hjartdøla\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nve.no","url_text":"nve.no"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Nostrum_(board_game)
Mare Nostrum (board game)
["1 Gameplay","2 Game interest","3 Expansions","4 External links"]
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Mare Nostrum" board game – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Mare NostrumBox coverPlayers3–5Setup time20 minutesPlaying time120–180 minutesChanceLowAge range12 +SkillsStrategic thought, Trading, Diplomacy Mare Nostrum is a board game for 3 to 5 players, designed by Serge Laget and published in 2003 by Eurogames. It was also the name of a 1983 board game in the Fronte Mare series. Gameplay Players assume the roles of one of five Mediterranean empires - Rome, Greece, Babylon, Egypt or Carthage. Units are placed on a game board representing the Mediterranean and the surrounding area, divided into provinces which contain one or more resources. Players take turns in rounds of three phases: Commerce Phase Players receive cards for each resource they control. Once the players have taken their resources, the player who controls most caravans and markets (the Director of Commerce) chooses how many cards will be traded, and each player puts down that many resource cards from their hand. The Director of Commerce then chooses a card from an opponent's face-up cards and adds it to their hand. That player picks an opponent's card, and so on until all cards have been taken. Political Phase The player who controls the most cities and temples (the Political Leader) chooses the order in which players may make purchases. Players may buy buildings which improve resource production, military units (see Military Phase, below), or buy Heroes or Wonders which confer special advantages and count towards winning the game. Military Phase The player with the most military units on the board (the Military Leader) chooses the order in which players may make military moves. Players may move units around the board in order to control provinces or to attack other players' units. Travel by sea is accomplished using ships as bridges. Combat is resolved by rolling one six-sided dice per unit attacking, adding them together, and then dividing by five (rounding down). That many of the opponent's units are destroyed. The first player to do any of the following wins the game: hold four Hero and/or Wonder cards build the Pyramids Game interest Mare Nostrum is intended by the designer to be a more playable version of Civilization. The goal of the game is to bring glory to your civilization by acquiring great heroes and by building architectural wonders in your kingdom. Prominently featured in the game are historic personalities such as Julius Caesar, Cleopatra, Hammurabi, as well as the Seven Wonders of the World. The game incorporates many features found in other games, for example: Resource production, management and trading (The Settlers of Catan) Military strategy (Risk) Diplomacy and sea travel bridging (Diplomacy) Player asymmetry (Citadels) The game itself supports three to five players, but it is best played with all five. The game has been criticised as being too inflexible in the player's roles; for example, Rome must play aggressively while Egypt must trade. Further, players are forced (to a certain extent) into certain actions early in the game; if Egypt is allowed to acquire too many resource cards they will quickly build the Pyramids; if Rome is not then held in check they will achieve military victory. However, once the game has been played a few times these strategies become less effective and the game opens out again. Expansions Mare Nostrum: Mythology Expansion adds mythological and religious elements to the game. These include: A sixth civilization (the legendary Atlantis), including an add on map board and pieces for a sixth player Gods such as Isis and Baal who grant powerful favors A High Priest role and phase in which offerings can be made to the gods Mythological creatures such as the griffin, the centaur, and the phoenix A variety of mythological heroes such as Ulysses, Medusa, and Hercules A thirteenth resource (Pottery) A thoroughly revised rulebook External links Mare Nostrum and the Mythology Expansion at BoardGameGeek
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"board game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_game"},{"link_name":"Serge Laget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serge_Laget"},{"link_name":"Eurogames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogames_(game_publisher)"},{"link_name":"Fronte Mare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fronte_Mare&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Mare Nostrum is a board game for 3 to 5 players, designed by Serge Laget and published in 2003 by Eurogames. It was also the name of a 1983 board game in the Fronte Mare series.","title":"Mare Nostrum (board game)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean"},{"link_name":"empires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Babylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Carthage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthage"},{"link_name":"six-sided dice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six-sided_dice"}],"text":"Players assume the roles of one of five Mediterranean empires - Rome, Greece, Babylon, Egypt or Carthage.\nUnits are placed on a game board representing the Mediterranean and the surrounding area, divided into provinces which contain one or more resources.Players take turns in rounds of three phases:Commerce Phase\nPlayers receive cards for each resource they control. Once the players have taken their resources, the player who controls most caravans and markets (the Director of Commerce) chooses how many cards will be traded, and each player puts down that many resource cards from their hand. The Director of Commerce then chooses a card from an opponent's face-up cards and adds it to their hand. That player picks an opponent's card, and so on until all cards have been taken.\nPolitical Phase\nThe player who controls the most cities and temples (the Political Leader) chooses the order in which players may make purchases. Players may buy buildings which improve resource production, military units (see Military Phase, below), or buy Heroes or Wonders which confer special advantages and count towards winning the game.\nMilitary Phase\nThe player with the most military units on the board (the Military Leader) chooses the order in which players may make military moves. Players may move units around the board in order to control provinces or to attack other players' units. Travel by sea is accomplished using ships as bridges. Combat is resolved by rolling one six-sided dice per unit attacking, adding them together, and then dividing by five (rounding down). That many of the opponent's units are destroyed.The first player to do any of the following wins the game:hold four Hero and/or Wonder cards\nbuild the Pyramids","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Civilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilization_(1980_board_game)"},{"link_name":"Julius Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar"},{"link_name":"Cleopatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra"},{"link_name":"Hammurabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammurabi"},{"link_name":"Seven Wonders of the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_the_Ancient_World"},{"link_name":"The Settlers of Catan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Settlers_of_Catan"},{"link_name":"Risk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_(board_game)"},{"link_name":"Diplomacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacy_(board_game)"},{"link_name":"Citadels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citadels_(game)"}],"text":"Mare Nostrum is intended by the designer to be a more playable version of Civilization. The goal of the game is to bring glory to your civilization by acquiring great heroes and by building architectural wonders in your kingdom. Prominently featured in the game are historic personalities such as Julius Caesar, Cleopatra, Hammurabi, as well as the Seven Wonders of the World.The game incorporates many features found in other games, for example:Resource production, management and trading (The Settlers of Catan)\nMilitary strategy (Risk)\nDiplomacy and sea travel bridging (Diplomacy)\nPlayer asymmetry (Citadels)The game itself supports three to five players, but it is best played with all five.The game has been criticised as being too inflexible in the player's roles; for example, Rome must play aggressively while Egypt must trade. Further, players are forced (to a certain extent) into certain actions early in the game; if Egypt is allowed to acquire too many resource cards they will quickly build the Pyramids; if Rome is not then held in check they will achieve military victory. However, once the game has been played a few times these strategies become less effective and the game opens out again.","title":"Game interest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mythological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythology"},{"link_name":"religious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion"},{"link_name":"Atlantis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis"},{"link_name":"Gods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deity"},{"link_name":"Isis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isis"},{"link_name":"Baal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal"},{"link_name":"High Priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/High_Priest"},{"link_name":"offerings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrifice"},{"link_name":"Mythological creatures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythological_creature"},{"link_name":"griffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffin"},{"link_name":"centaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centaur"},{"link_name":"phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Ulysses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odysseus"},{"link_name":"Medusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medusa"},{"link_name":"Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules"},{"link_name":"Pottery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottery"},{"link_name":"rulebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rulebook"}],"text":"Mare Nostrum: Mythology Expansion adds mythological and religious elements to the game. These include:A sixth civilization (the legendary Atlantis), including an add on map board and pieces for a sixth player\nGods such as Isis and Baal who grant powerful favors\nA High Priest role and phase in which offerings can be made to the gods\nMythological creatures such as the griffin, the centaur, and the phoenix\nA variety of mythological heroes such as Ulysses, Medusa, and Hercules\nA thirteenth resource (Pottery)\nA thoroughly revised rulebook","title":"Expansions"}]
[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_MacLeod_(footballer)
Duncan MacLeod (footballer)
["1 Playing career","2 References","3 External links"]
Scottish footballer This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Duncan MacLeod" footballer – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Duncan MacLeodPersonal informationDate of birth (1949-05-23) 23 May 1949 (age 75)Place of birth Tobermory, ScotlandPosition(s) MidfielderSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1968–1971 Southampton 0 (0)1971–1973 Dundee 0 (0)1973–1975 Dundee United 25 (3)1975–1976 St Johnstone 2 (0)1976–1981 Brechin City 124 (3) *Club domestic league appearances and goalsDuncan MacLeod (born 23 May 1949) is a Scottish footballer who played as a midfielder. His clubs included Southampton, Dundee, Dundee United, St Johnstone and Brechin City. Playing career MacLeod was born in Tobermory on the Isle of Mull. He began his career with English club Southampton in 1968, where he played in the reserve team. Returning to Scotland, he signed for Dundee in 1971. His only first team appearance for the club came in a Texaco Cup tie against Norwich City. Released by Dundee after eighteen months, MacLeod joined Dundee United in April 1973. He made his debut in a Scottish League Cup match against East Fife on 11 August 1973, going on to make 36 appearances over the next two seasons without establishing himself as a regular. His three league goals for the club all came in the same match, against Morton on the final day of the 1973–74 season. In June 1975, MacLeod was transferred to St Johnstone as part-exchange in United's purchase of Henry Hall. He then joined Brechin City in 1976, where he made 124 league appearances before retiring in 1981. References ^ a b Gracie, Steve (2009). The Rise of the Terrors : Dundee United F.C., a Comprehensive History 1945-1979. Dundee: Arabest Publishing. p. 327. ISBN 9780955834110. External links Duncan MacLeod career at Post War English & Scottish Football League A–Z Player's Database
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder"},{"link_name":"Southampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton_F.C."},{"link_name":"Dundee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee_F.C."},{"link_name":"Dundee United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"St Johnstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Johnstone_F.C."},{"link_name":"Brechin City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brechin_City_F.C."}],"text":"Duncan MacLeod (born 23 May 1949) is a Scottish footballer who played as a midfielder. His clubs included Southampton, Dundee, Dundee United, St Johnstone and Brechin City.","title":"Duncan MacLeod (footballer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tobermory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobermory,_Mull"},{"link_name":"Isle of Mull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Mull"},{"link_name":"Southampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton_F.C."},{"link_name":"Dundee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee_F.C."},{"link_name":"Texaco Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texaco_Cup"},{"link_name":"Norwich City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Dundee United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Scottish League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"East Fife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Fife_F.C."},{"link_name":"Morton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenock_Morton_F.C."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gracie-1"},{"link_name":"St Johnstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Johnstone_F.C."},{"link_name":"Henry Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Hall_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gracie-1"},{"link_name":"Brechin City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brechin_City_F.C."}],"text":"MacLeod was born in Tobermory on the Isle of Mull. He began his career with English club Southampton in 1968, where he played in the reserve team. Returning to Scotland, he signed for Dundee in 1971. His only first team appearance for the club came in a Texaco Cup tie against Norwich City.Released by Dundee after eighteen months, MacLeod joined Dundee United in April 1973. He made his debut in a Scottish League Cup match against East Fife on 11 August 1973, going on to make 36 appearances over the next two seasons without establishing himself as a regular. His three league goals for the club all came in the same match, against Morton on the final day of the 1973–74 season.[1]In June 1975, MacLeod was transferred to St Johnstone as part-exchange in United's purchase of Henry Hall.[1] He then joined Brechin City in 1976, where he made 124 league appearances before retiring in 1981.","title":"Playing career"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galletas_de_bato
Rosquillo
["1 See also","2 References"]
This article is about the Philippine cookie. For the Spanish doughnut sometimes known as "rosquillas", see Rosca. RosquilloCoursePastriesPlace of originPhilippinesRegion or stateCebuMain ingredientsFlour, eggs, shortening, sugar, and baking powder  Media: Rosquillo "Titay's" Rosquillos Rosquillos are Philippine cookies made from flour, eggs, shortening, sugar, and baking powder. They were originally created by Margarita “Titay” T. Frasco in 1907 in Liloan, Cebu. The name means "ringlet" in Spanish (from rosca, "ring") and was reputedly coined by Philippine President Sergio Osmeña. Despite sharing the name, Philippine rosquillos are not related to the Spanish rosquillos (better known as rosquillas, roscos, or rosquillos de vino), which are more akin to baked doughnuts. There are two notable variants of rosquillos, differing in shape. The first is galletas del Carmen, which is flower-shaped and does not have a hole in the center. The other is galletas de bato (lit. "stone cracker"), which has a hole in the center but does not have a crenelated edge. See also Roscas Galletas de patatas Galletas pesquera Cuisine of the Philippines Filipinos (snack food) References ^ Angelo Comsti (2014). The Filipino Family Cookbook: Recipes and stories from our home kitchen. Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. p. 132–133. ISBN 9789814634946. ^ "Rosquillos". Cebu Tourism. Archived from the original on December 26, 2014. Retrieved December 26, 2014. ^ Pia Lim-Castillo (2007). "Eggs in Philippine Church Architecture and its Cuisine". In Richard Hosking (ed.). Eggs in Cookery: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium of Food and Cookery 2006. Oxford Symposium. p. 122–123. ISBN 9781903018545. ^ Lovebel G. Talisic. "Titay's Liloan Rosquillos and Delicacies: Liloan Pride". OneCebu. Retrieved July 9, 2012. ^ Burt Lao. "Titay's Rosquillos". Everything Cebu. Archived from the original on July 14, 2012. Retrieved July 9, 2012. ^ Christopher Howse (2011). A Pilgrim in Spain. A&C Black. p. 72. ISBN 9780826497697. ^ "Cebu". Pinoy Food Recipes. Retrieved December 26, 2014. ^ Polistico, Edgie (2017). Philippine Food, Cooking, & Dining Dictionary. Anvil Publishing, Incorporated. ISBN 9786214200870. ^ Orillos, Jenny. "Top 10 Favorite Pinoy Biskwit". Spot.ph. Retrieved March 26, 2019. vte Filipino cuisineMain dishes Adobo Afritada Asado matua pork Balbacua Balut Bicol express/Sinilihan Binagoongan kangkong Binalot Bistek Biyaring Bola-bola Bopis Burong isda Burong mangga Carne norte guisado Chicken galantina/Relyenong manok Chicken pastel/Pastel de pollo Chori burger Coconut burger Curacha Alavar Decho Dinakdakan/Warek-Warek Dinengdeng Dinuguan Embutido Escabeche Estofado Everlasting Giniling Ginisang kangkóng Goto Halabós Hamonado Hardinera Humbà Igado Inasal Inihaw/Filipino barbecue Inubaran Isaw Kaldereta Kare-kare Kilawin Kinilnat Kinilaw Kulawo Laing/Pinangat Inulukan Linapay/Tinamuk Tinumok Lechon baboy baka manok Lengua estofado Lengua pastel Lengua Sevillana Linagpang Linarang Linat-an Lumlom Mechado Menudo/Ginamay Waknatoy Morcón Nilagang saging Paklay Papaitan Pares Pares kanto Pata tim Piaparan Picadillo Pinais Pinapaitan Pinakbet Pinangat na isda Pinatisan Pininyahang hipon Pininyahang manok Pinsec frito Piyanggang manok Piutu Poqui poqui Proben Pudpod Putsero Rendang Ropa vieja Sarsa na uyang Satti Sinanglay Sinantolan Siomai Tamale Talunan Tapa Tinapa Tinapayan Tinola Tuslob buwa Fried dishes Bagnet Calamares Camaron rebosado Carne frita Chicharon Crispy kangkóng Crispy pata Crispy tadyang ng baka Daing Fish balls Kikiam Lechon kawali Nilasing na hipon Okoy Pudpod Sisig Tapa Tocino Tokneneng Kwek kwek Tokwa’t baboy Torta carne norte kalabasa sardinas talong Rice dishes Aligue fried rice Arroz a la cubana Arroz valenciana Arroz caldo Bagoong fried rice Balao-balao Java rice Junay Kiampong Kuning Lugaw Morisqueta tostada Oko-oko Paelya Bringhe Nasing biringyi Pastil Pusô/Tamu Silog Sinangág Sinigapuna Soups Batchoy Tagalog/Batsoy Binakol Bulalo Cansi Ginataan ampalaya hipon isda kalabasa kuhol labong langka manok sugpo ubod Ginisang munggo Gising-gising Kadyos, baboy, kag langka Kadyos, manok, kag ubad Kinamatisang manok (Sarciadong manok) Nilaga Paksiw Inun-unan Pinikpikan Sarsiado Sinabawang corned beef Sinabawang gulay Sinampalukan Sinigang Sorol Soup Number Five Suam na mais Tiyula itum Noodles and pasta Balbacua con misua Batchoy Batchoy Tagalog Filipino spaghetti Kinalas Macaroni salad Maki mi Odong Pancit bihon buko canton choca estacion lomi luglug Malabon mami miki Molo palabok sotanghon Pares mami Sinigáng sa misô Sopa de fideo Sopas Sausages Longganisa Alaminos Baguio Cabanatuan/Batutay Calumpit Chicken Fish Guagua/Candaba Guinobatan Longganisang dugo Lucban Pampanga Tuguegarao Vigan Chorizo de Bilbao de Cebu de Macao Negrense pudpud Pinuneg Lumpia and turón Daral Dinamita Lumpia adobo gulay hubad isda keso labong prito sariwa Shanghai singkamas togue ubod Vegetarian lumpia Ngohiong Turón Breads, cakes,and pastries Alfajor Asado roll Banada Banana cake Bicho Binangkal Biscocho Kinihad Brazo de Mercedes Buko pandan cake Buko pie Buñuelo Churro Crema de Fruta Egg pie Empanada Ensaymada Flan cake Hopia Inipit Kumukunsi Mamón Broas Puto mamón Taisan tostado Mango cake Mango float Napoleones Ohaldre Pan de coco Pan de monggo Pan de monja/Monáy Putok Pan de regla Pan de siosa/Pan de leche Pandesal Pastel de Camiguín Pianono Piaya Pilipit Pinagong Polvorón Sans rival Señorita bread/Spanish bread Shakoy Shing-a-ling Silvana Siopao Ube cake Ube cheesecake Waffle dog Yema cake Biscuits/cookies Aparon Apas Barquillos Barquiron Camachile cookies Caycay Galletas de bato de patatas/Egg cracklets del Carmen pesquera Gorgoria Half-moon cookie Jacobina Lengua de gato Linga Masa podrida Otap Paciencia Paborita Puto seco Roscas Rosquillo Ube crinkles Ugoy-ugoy Uraró/Arrowroot cookies Desserts Ampaw Banana cue Baye baye Binagol Binaki Buko salad Buko halo Buko melon Buko pandan Camote cue Camote halaya Cascaron Cassava cake Pitsi-pitsî Champóy Coconut macaroon Cornick Daral Dodol Duman Ginanggang Kalamay Kiamoy Leche flan Lokot-lokot Maja blanca Maruya Masareal Membrilyo Minatamis na saging Nilupak/Nilusak Pinipig Pritong saging Salukara Taho Tamales Tibok-tibok Tocino de cielo Turón Turrón de casúy Turrón de pili Ube halaya macapuno Candies and confections Pastillas Balikucha Belekoy Coconut toffee Peanut Brittle Panocha mani Sampalok candy Yema Chips and crackers Banana chips Kabkab/Cassava cracker Kropek Kiping Pinasugbo/Consilva Frozen desserts Avocado and milk in ice/Abukado lamaw Guinomis Halo-halo Ice buko Ice scramble Knickerbocker Maíz con hielo Queso ice cream Saba con hielo Sili ice cream Sorbetes Ube ice cream Kakanin (ricecakes) Bibingka Bibingkoy Binakle Biko Espasol Kutsinta Mache Masi Moche Morón Palitaw Panyalam Putli mandi Puto Puto bumbong Puto maya Sapin-sapin Sayongsong Suman Tikoy Tupig Soup desserts Bilo-bilo Binatog Binignit Champorado Ginataan mais munggo/Lelot balatong saba Lamaw Condimentsand ingredients Agre dulce/sweet and sour sauce Achuete Asín tibuok Atchara Bagoong alamang monamon terong Banana ketchup Biasong Bukayo Burô/tapay Calamansi Dayap Dayok Dungon Galapóng Gamet Gatâ Giniling Gulaman Gusô Kakang gatâ Kamias Kaong Kasubha Keso de bola Kesong puti Labóng Landang Latik Latô Lemongrass Liver spread/Lechon sauce Luyang dilaw Macapuno Minatamís na báo Muscovado Nata de coco Nata de piña Pakô Palapa Pandan Panutsa Patis Pili nut Saba banana Sago Sakurab/Sibujing Siling haba Siling labuyo Taba ng talangka Tabon-tabon Toyomansi Toyo, suka, at sili Túltul Ube Ubad Ubod Vinegar cane coconut kaong palm nipa palm spiced BeveragesNon-alcoholic Avocado milkshake Calamansi juice Coffee Barako Benguet Sagada Sulu Salabat Samalamig Buko pandan drink Sago at gulaman Tsokolate Tubho tea Alcoholic Agkud Anisado Bahalina Bais Basi Bignay wine Byais Dubado Duhat wine Intus Kabarawan Kinutil Laksoy/Dalisay de nipa/Barik Lambanog/Dalisay de coco Mallorca Palek Pangasi Tapuy/Baya Tubâ Tuhak Tunggang Food portal See also: Philippine condiments Filipino Chinese cuisine Kamayan Kapampangan cuisine List of restaurant chains in the Philippines
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rosca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosca"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rosquillo1.jpg"},{"link_name":"\"Titay's\" Rosquillos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liloan,_Cebu"},{"link_name":"Philippine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine"},{"link_name":"Liloan, Cebu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liloan,_Cebu"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-comsti-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ct-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cast-3"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Spanish"},{"link_name":"Sergio Osmeña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Osme%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oc-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lao-5"},{"link_name":"rosquillos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosca"},{"link_name":"doughnuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doughnut"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howse-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pfr-7"},{"link_name":"stone [mill]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millstone"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Polistico-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"This article is about the Philippine cookie. For the Spanish doughnut sometimes known as \"rosquillas\", see Rosca.\"Titay's\" RosquillosRosquillos are Philippine cookies made from flour, eggs, shortening, sugar, and baking powder. They were originally created by Margarita “Titay” T. Frasco in 1907 in Liloan, Cebu.[1][2][3] The name means \"ringlet\" in Spanish (from rosca, \"ring\") and was reputedly coined by Philippine President Sergio Osmeña.[4][5]Despite sharing the name, Philippine rosquillos are not related to the Spanish rosquillos (better known as rosquillas, roscos, or rosquillos de vino), which are more akin to baked doughnuts.[6][7]There are two notable variants of rosquillos, differing in shape. The first is galletas del Carmen, which is flower-shaped and does not have a hole in the center. The other is galletas de bato (lit. \"stone [mill] cracker\"), which has a hole in the center but does not have a crenelated edge.[8][9]","title":"Rosquillo"}]
[{"image_text":"\"Titay's\" Rosquillos","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/eb/Rosquillo1.jpg/200px-Rosquillo1.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Roscas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscas_(Filipino_cuisine)"},{"title":"Galletas de patatas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galletas_de_patatas"},{"title":"Galletas pesquera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galletas_pesquera"},{"title":"Cuisine of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Philippines"},{"title":"Filipinos (snack food)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinos_(snack_food)"}]
[{"reference":"Angelo Comsti (2014). The Filipino Family Cookbook: Recipes and stories from our home kitchen. Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. p. 132–133. ISBN 9789814634946.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789814634946","url_text":"9789814634946"}]},{"reference":"\"Rosquillos\". Cebu Tourism. Archived from the original on December 26, 2014. Retrieved December 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141226070348/http://www.cebu-tourism.techcellar.net/77/","url_text":"\"Rosquillos\""},{"url":"http://www.cebu-tourism.techcellar.net/77/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pia Lim-Castillo (2007). \"Eggs in Philippine Church Architecture and its Cuisine\". In Richard Hosking (ed.). Eggs in Cookery: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium of Food and Cookery 2006. Oxford Symposium. p. 122–123. ISBN 9781903018545.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781903018545","url_text":"9781903018545"}]},{"reference":"Lovebel G. Talisic. \"Titay's Liloan Rosquillos and Delicacies: Liloan Pride\". OneCebu. Retrieved July 9, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.onecebu.com/travel/destination-guide-reviews/information-3532.html","url_text":"\"Titay's Liloan Rosquillos and Delicacies: Liloan Pride\""}]},{"reference":"Burt Lao. \"Titay's Rosquillos\". Everything Cebu. Archived from the original on July 14, 2012. Retrieved July 9, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120714013457/http://www.everythingcebu.com/bits-and-pieces/rosquillos-from-cebu/","url_text":"\"Titay's Rosquillos\""},{"url":"http://www.everythingcebu.com/bits-and-pieces/rosquillos-from-cebu/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Christopher Howse (2011). A Pilgrim in Spain. A&C Black. p. 72. ISBN 9780826497697.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826497697","url_text":"9780826497697"}]},{"reference":"\"Cebu\". Pinoy Food Recipes. Retrieved December 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://pinoy-cooking.com/recipes/regional/cebu","url_text":"\"Cebu\""}]},{"reference":"Polistico, Edgie (2017). Philippine Food, Cooking, & Dining Dictionary. Anvil Publishing, Incorporated. ISBN 9786214200870.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iz8_DwAAQBAJ&q=Galletas+de+patatas+philippines&pg=PT283","url_text":"Philippine Food, Cooking, & Dining Dictionary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786214200870","url_text":"9786214200870"}]},{"reference":"Orillos, Jenny. \"Top 10 Favorite Pinoy Biskwit\". Spot.ph. Retrieved March 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.spot.ph/newsfeatures/46373/top-10-favorite-pinoy-biskwit","url_text":"\"Top 10 Favorite Pinoy Biskwit\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141226070348/http://www.cebu-tourism.techcellar.net/77/","external_links_name":"\"Rosquillos\""},{"Link":"http://www.cebu-tourism.techcellar.net/77/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.onecebu.com/travel/destination-guide-reviews/information-3532.html","external_links_name":"\"Titay's Liloan Rosquillos and Delicacies: Liloan Pride\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120714013457/http://www.everythingcebu.com/bits-and-pieces/rosquillos-from-cebu/","external_links_name":"\"Titay's Rosquillos\""},{"Link":"http://www.everythingcebu.com/bits-and-pieces/rosquillos-from-cebu/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://pinoy-cooking.com/recipes/regional/cebu","external_links_name":"\"Cebu\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iz8_DwAAQBAJ&q=Galletas+de+patatas+philippines&pg=PT283","external_links_name":"Philippine Food, Cooking, & Dining Dictionary"},{"Link":"https://www.spot.ph/newsfeatures/46373/top-10-favorite-pinoy-biskwit","external_links_name":"\"Top 10 Favorite Pinoy Biskwit\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_Independent_Pitching_Statistics
Fielding independent pitching
["1 Formulae","1.1 DICE","1.2 FIP","1.3 xFIP","1.4 SIERA","2 Origins","3 Controversy","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Type of baseball statistic In baseball, fielding independent pitching (FIP) (also referred to as defense independent pitching) is intended to measure a pitcher's effectiveness based only on statistics that do not involve fielders (except the catcher). These include home runs allowed, strikeouts, hit batters, walks, and, more recently, fly ball percentage, ground ball percentage, and (to a much lesser extent) line drive percentage. By focusing on these statistics and ignoring what happens once a ball is put in play, which – on most plays – the pitcher has little control over, DIPS claims to offer a clearer picture of the pitcher's true ability. The most controversial part of DIPS is the idea that pitchers have little influence over what happens to balls that are put into play. Some people believe this has been well-established (see below), primarily by showing the large variability of most pitchers' BABIP from year to year. However, there is a wide variation in career BABIP among pitchers, and this seems to correlate with career success. For instance, no pitcher in the Hall of Fame has a below-average career BABIP. Formulae Each of the following formulae uses innings pitched (IP), a measure of the number of outs a team made while a pitcher was in the game. Since most outs rely on fielding, the results from calculations using innings pitched are not truly independent of team defense. While the creators of DICE, FIP and similar statistics all suggest they are "defense independent", others have pointed out that their formulas involve innings pitched (IP). Innings pitched is a statistical measure of how many outs were made while a pitcher was pitching. This includes those made by fielders who are typically involved in more than two thirds of the outs. These critics claim this makes pitchers' DICE or FIP highly dependent on the defensive play of their fielders. DICE A simple formula, known as Defense-Independent Component ERA (DICE), was created by Clay Dreslough in 1998: D I C E = 3.00 + 13 H R + 3 ( B B + H B P ) − 2 K I P {\displaystyle DICE=3.00+{\frac {13HR+3(BB+HBP)-2K}{IP}}} In that equation, "HR" is home runs, "BB" is walks, "HBP" is hit batters, "K" is strikeouts, and "IP" is innings pitched. That equation gives a number that is better at predicting a pitcher's ERA in the following year than the pitcher's actual ERA in the current year. FIP Tom Tango independently derived a similar formula, known as Fielding Independent Pitching, which is very close to the results of dERA and DICE. F I P = 13 H R + 3 B B − 2 K I P {\displaystyle FIP={\frac {13HR+3BB-2K}{IP}}} In that equation, "HR" is home runs, "BB" is walks, "K" is strikeouts, and "IP" is innings pitched. That equation usually gives a number that is nothing close to a normal ERA (this is the FIP core), so the equation used is more often (but not always) this one: F I P = 13 H R + 3 B B − 2 K I P + C {\displaystyle FIP={\frac {13HR+3BB-2K}{IP}}+C} where C is a constant that renders league FIP for the time period in question equal to league ERA for the same period. It is calculated as: C = l g E R A − 13 ( l g H R ) + 3 ( l g B B ) − 2 ( l g K ) l g I P {\displaystyle C=lgERA-{13(lgHR)+3(lgBB)-2(lgK) \over lgIP}} where lgERA is the league average ERA, lgHR is the number of home runs in the league, lgBB is the number of walks in the league, lgK is the number of strikeouts in the league, and lgIP is the number of innings played in the league. The Hardball Times, a popular baseball statistics website, uses a slightly different FIP equation, instead using 3*(BB+HBP-IBB) rather than simply 3*(BB) where "HBP" stands for batters hit by pitch and "IBB" stands for intentional base on balls. xFIP Dave Studeman of The Hardball Times derived Expected Fielding Independent Pitching (xFIP), a regressed version of FIP. Calculated like FIP, it differs in that it normalizes the number of home runs the pitcher allows, replacing a pitcher's actual home run total with an expected home run total (xHR). x F I P = 13 ( x H R ) + 3 B B − 2 K I P + C {\displaystyle xFIP={\frac {13(xHR)+3BB-2K}{IP}}+C} where xHR is calculated using the league average home run per fly ball rate (lgHR/FB) multiplied by the number of fly balls the pitcher has allowed. x H R = F l y B a l l s ∗ l g H R / F B {\displaystyle xHR=FlyBalls*lgHR/FB} Typically, the lgHR/FB is around 10.5%, meaning 10.5% of fly balls go for home runs. In 2015, it was 11.4%. SIERA Baseball Prospectus invented this statistic, which takes into account balls in play and adjusts for balls in play. For example, if a pitcher has a high xFIP, but also induces a lot of ground balls and popups, his SIERA will be lower than his xFIP. The calculations for it are as follows: S I E R A = 6.145 − 16.986 ( S O / P A ) + 11.434 ( B B / P A ) − 1.858 ( ( G B − F B − P U ) / P A ) + 7.653 ( ( S O / P A ) 2 ) + / − 6.664 ( ( ( G B − F B − P U ) / P A ) 2 ) + 10.130 ( S O / P A ) ( ( G B − F B − P U ) / P A ) − 5.195 ( B B / P A ) ∗ ( ( G B − F B − P U ) / P A ) {\displaystyle SIERA=6.145-16.986(SO/PA)+11.434(BB/PA)-1.858((GB-FB-PU)/PA)+7.653((SO/PA)^{2})+/-6.664(((GB-FB-PU)/PA)^{2})+10.130(SO/PA)((GB-FB-PU)/PA)-5.195(BB/PA)*((GB-FB-PU)/PA)} Origins In 1999, Voros McCracken became the first to detail and publicize these effects to the baseball research community when he wrote on rec.sport.baseball, "I've been working on a pitching evaluation tool and thought I'd post it here to get some feedback. I call it 'Defensive Independent Pitching' and what it does is evaluate a pitcher base strictly on the statistics his defense has no ability to affect..." Until the publication of a more widely read article in 2001, however, on Baseball Prospectus, most of the baseball research community believed that individual pitchers had an inherent ability to prevent hits on balls in play. McCracken reasoned that if this ability existed, it would be noticeable in a pitcher's 'Batting Average on Balls In Play' (BABIP). His research found the opposite to be true: that while a pitcher's ability to cause strikeouts or prevent home runs remained somewhat constant from season to season, his ability to prevent hits on balls in play did not. To better evaluate pitchers in light of his theory, McCracken developed "Defense-Independent ERA" (dERA), the most well-known defense-independent pitching statistic. McCracken's formula for dERA is very complicated, with a number of steps. DIPS ERA is not as useful for knuckleballers and other "trick" pitchers, a factor that McCracken mentioned a few days after his original announcement of his research findings in 1999, in a posting on the rec.sport.baseball.analysis Usenet site on November 23, 1999, when he wrote: "Also to is that, anecdotally, I believe pitchers with trick deliveries (e.g. Knuckleballers) might post consistently lower $H numbers than other pitchers. I looked at Tim Wakefield's career and that seems to bear out slightly". In later postings on the rec.sport.baseball site during 1999 and 2000 (prior to the publication of his widely read article on BaseballProspectus.com in 2001), McCracken also discussed other pitcher characteristics that might influence BABIP. In 2002 McCracken created and published version 2.0 of dERA, which incorporates the ability of knuckleballers and other types of pitchers to affect the number of hits allowed on balls hit in the field of play (BHFP). Controversy Controversy over DIPS was heightened when Tom Tippett at Diamond Mind published his own findings in 2003. Tippett concluded that the differences between pitchers in preventing hits on balls in play were at least partially the result of the pitcher's skill. Tippett analyzed certain groups of pitchers that appear to be able to reduce the number of hits allowed on balls hit into the field of play (BHFP). Like McCracken, Tippett found that pitchers' BABIP was more volatile on an annual basis than the rates at which they gave up home runs or walks. It was this greater volatility that had led McCracken to conclude pitchers had "little or no control" over hits on balls in play. But Tippett also found large and significant differences between pitchers' career BABIP. In many cases, it was these differences that accounted for the pitchers' relative success. However, improvements to DIPS that look at more nuanced defense-independent stats than strikeouts, home runs, and walks (such as groundball rate), have been able to account for many of the BABIP differences that Tippet identified without reintroducing the noise from defense variability. Despite other criticisms, the work by McCracken on DIPS is regarded by many in the sabermetric community as the most important piece of baseball research in many years. As Jonah Keri wrote in 2012, "When Voros McCracken wrote his seminal piece on pitching and defense 11 years ago, he helped change the way people—fans, writers, even general managers—think about run prevention in baseball. Where once we used to throw most of the blame for a hit on the pitcher who gave it up, McCracken helped us realize that a slew of other factors go into whether a ball hit into play falls for a hit. For many people in the game and others who simply watch it, our ability to recognize the influence of defense, park effects, and dumb luck can be traced back to that one little article". DIPS ERA was added to ESPN.com's Sortable Stats in 2004. See also Baseball statistics Defense-Independent ERA Defense-Independent Component ERA Pitch quantification Sabermetrics Voros McCracken References ^ For an extended overview of the development of DIPS and alternative formulas, see Dan Basco and Michael Davies, "The Many Flavors of DIPS: A History and an Overview," Society for American Baseball Research, Baseball Research Journal, Fall 2010, Vol. 32, Issue 2. ^ "Granny Baseball: Fielding Independent Pitching (FIP) Isn't Fielding Independent". June 10, 2010. ^ "Sports Mogul | Official Site for Baseball Mogul and Football Mogul | Online Multi-Player Games for Fantasy, Rotisserie and Computer Sports Fans". Archived from the original on 2007-05-28. Retrieved 2006-02-13. ^ "Defense-Independent Component ERA (DICE) Calculator (Baseball)". Captain Calculator. ^ "Archived copy". www.tangotiger.net. Archived from the original on 4 August 2004. Retrieved 13 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "FIP". Fangraphs. Retrieved 25 August 2016. ^ FIP — Hardball Times Glossary. ^ "xFIP". Fangraphs. Retrieved 25 August 2016. ^ "Fangraphs - Pitching League Stats - Batted Ball". Fangraphs. Retrieved 25 August 2016. ^ "Google Groups". Google Groups. Retrieved 2020-08-23. ^ Voros McCracken, "Pitching and Defense: How Much Control Do Hurlers Have?," BaseballProspectus.com, January 23, 2001. ^ "Defense Independent Pitching Stats Part II". www.futilityinfielder.com. ^ "Google Groups". Google Groups. Retrieved 2020-08-23. ^ "BBTF's Newsblog Discussion :: vorosmccracken: Me Being Arrogant Again". Baseball Think Factory. 2007-11-16. Retrieved 2020-08-23. ^ "BBTF's Primate Studies Discussion :: DIPS Version 2.0". www.baseballthinkfactory.org. ^ "Defense Independent Pitching Stats, Version 2.0 Formula". www.baseballthinkfactory.org. ^ "Baseball Articles". Diamond Mind Baseball. ^ "GB%, LD%, FB% | Sabermetrics Library". ^ Jonah Keri, "Fantasy Fiesta: Pitching Stock Tips," Grantland, June 7, 2012. ^ "2020 MLB Stat Leaders". ESPN. External links Fielding independent pitching (FIP) - MLB.com vteBaseball statisticsBatting Batting average On-base percentage Slugging percentage Hit Single Double Triple Home run Extra-base hit Hits per run Grand slam Total bases RBI Game-winning RBI Walk Bunt Sacrifice bunt Sacrifice fly On-base plus slugging Times on base Walk-to-strikeout ratio Walk percentage Base running Run Stolen base Stolen base percentage Caught stealing Pitching Win–loss record Innings pitched Pitchers of record Save Hold Run Earned ERA Strikeout Walk Perfect game No-hitter WHIP BB/9 K/9 Quality start Complete game Shutout Wild pitch Strikeout-to-walk ratio Maddux Fielding Fielding percentage Assist Putout Error Total chances Fielder's choice Defensive indifference Passed ball Sabermetrics Adjusted ERA+ Base runs Batting average on balls in play Batting park factor Catcher's ERA Defensive Runs Saved Exit velocity Extrapolated Runs Fielding independent pitching Game score Isolated Power Jaffe Wins Above Replacement Score Pop time Power–speed number Range factor Runs created Runs produced Secondary average Speed Score NERD Out of zone plays made Ultimate zone rating Value over replacement player Weighted on-base average Wins Above Replacement Win probability added Win Shares
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball"},{"link_name":"pitcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcher"},{"link_name":"fielders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_positions"},{"link_name":"catcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catcher"},{"link_name":"home runs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_run"},{"link_name":"strikeouts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikeout"},{"link_name":"hit batters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_by_pitch"},{"link_name":"walks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_on_balls"},{"link_name":"BABIP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BABIP"}],"text":"In baseball, fielding independent pitching (FIP) (also referred to as defense independent pitching) is intended to measure a pitcher's effectiveness based only on statistics that do not involve fielders (except the catcher). These include home runs allowed, strikeouts, hit batters, walks, and, more recently, fly ball percentage, ground ball percentage, and (to a much lesser extent) line drive percentage. By focusing on these statistics and ignoring what happens once a ball is put in play, which – on most plays – the pitcher has little control over, DIPS claims to offer a clearer picture of the pitcher's true ability.The most controversial part of DIPS is the idea that pitchers have little influence over what happens to balls that are put into play. Some people believe this has been well-established (see below), primarily by showing the large variability of most pitchers' BABIP from year to year. However, there is a wide variation in career BABIP among pitchers, and this seems to correlate with career success. For instance, no pitcher in the Hall of Fame has a below-average career BABIP.","title":"Fielding independent pitching"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Each of the following formulae uses innings pitched (IP), a measure of the number of outs a team made while a pitcher was in the game.[1] Since most outs rely on fielding, the results from calculations using innings pitched are not truly independent of team defense. While the creators of DICE, FIP and similar statistics all suggest they are \"defense independent\", others have pointed out that their formulas involve innings pitched (IP). Innings pitched is a statistical measure of how many outs were made while a pitcher was pitching. This includes those made by fielders who are typically involved in more than two thirds of the outs. These critics claim this makes pitchers' DICE or FIP highly dependent on the defensive play of their fielders.[2]","title":"Formulae"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Clay Dreslough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_Dreslough"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"DICE","text":"A simple formula, known as Defense-Independent Component ERA (DICE),[3] was created by Clay Dreslough in 1998:D\n I\n C\n E\n =\n 3.00\n +\n \n \n \n 13\n H\n R\n +\n 3\n (\n B\n B\n +\n H\n B\n P\n )\n −\n 2\n K\n \n \n I\n P\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle DICE=3.00+{\\frac {13HR+3(BB+HBP)-2K}{IP}}}In that equation, \"HR\" is home runs, \"BB\" is walks, \"HBP\" is hit batters, \"K\" is strikeouts, and \"IP\" is innings pitched. That equation gives a number that is better at predicting a pitcher's ERA in the following year than the pitcher's actual ERA in the current year.[4]","title":"Formulae"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tom Tango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Tango"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"ERA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earned_run_average"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"The Hardball Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hardball_Times"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"FIP","text":"Tom Tango independently derived a similar formula, known as Fielding Independent Pitching,[5] which is very close to the results of dERA and DICE.F\n I\n P\n =\n \n \n \n 13\n H\n R\n +\n 3\n B\n B\n −\n 2\n K\n \n \n I\n P\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle FIP={\\frac {13HR+3BB-2K}{IP}}}In that equation, \"HR\" is home runs, \"BB\" is walks, \"K\" is strikeouts, and \"IP\" is innings pitched. That equation usually gives a number that is nothing close to a normal ERA (this is the FIP core), so the equation used is more often (but not always) this one:[6]F\n I\n P\n =\n \n \n \n 13\n H\n R\n +\n 3\n B\n B\n −\n 2\n K\n \n \n I\n P\n \n \n \n +\n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle FIP={\\frac {13HR+3BB-2K}{IP}}+C}where C is a constant that renders league FIP for the time period in question equal to league ERA for the same period. It is calculated as:C\n =\n l\n g\n E\n R\n A\n −\n \n \n \n 13\n (\n l\n g\n H\n R\n )\n +\n 3\n (\n l\n g\n B\n B\n )\n −\n 2\n (\n l\n g\n K\n )\n \n \n l\n g\n I\n P\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle C=lgERA-{13(lgHR)+3(lgBB)-2(lgK) \\over lgIP}}where lgERA is the league average ERA, lgHR is the number of home runs in the league, lgBB is the number of walks in the league, lgK is the number of strikeouts in the league, and lgIP is the number of innings played in the league.The Hardball Times, a popular baseball statistics website, uses a slightly different FIP equation, instead using 3*(BB+HBP-IBB) rather than simply 3*(BB) where \"HBP\" stands for batters hit by pitch and \"IBB\" stands for intentional base on balls.[7]","title":"Formulae"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"xFIP","text":"Dave Studeman of The Hardball Times derived Expected Fielding Independent Pitching (xFIP), a regressed version of FIP. Calculated like FIP, it differs in that it normalizes the number of home runs the pitcher allows, replacing a pitcher's actual home run total with an expected home run total (xHR).[8]x\n F\n I\n P\n =\n \n \n \n 13\n (\n x\n H\n R\n )\n +\n 3\n B\n B\n −\n 2\n K\n \n \n I\n P\n \n \n \n +\n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle xFIP={\\frac {13(xHR)+3BB-2K}{IP}}+C}where xHR is calculated using the league average home run per fly ball rate (lgHR/FB) multiplied by the number of fly balls the pitcher has allowed.x\n H\n R\n =\n F\n l\n y\n B\n a\n l\n l\n s\n ∗\n l\n g\n H\n R\n \n /\n \n F\n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle xHR=FlyBalls*lgHR/FB}Typically, the lgHR/FB is around 10.5%, meaning 10.5% of fly balls go for home runs. In 2015, it was 11.4%.[9]","title":"Formulae"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"SIERA","text":"Baseball Prospectus invented this statistic, which takes into account balls in play and adjusts for balls in play. For example, if a pitcher has a high xFIP, but also induces a lot of ground balls and popups, his SIERA will be lower than his xFIP. The calculations for it are as follows:S\n I\n E\n R\n A\n =\n 6.145\n −\n 16.986\n (\n S\n O\n \n /\n \n P\n A\n )\n +\n 11.434\n (\n B\n B\n \n /\n \n P\n A\n )\n −\n 1.858\n (\n (\n G\n B\n −\n F\n B\n −\n P\n U\n )\n \n /\n \n P\n A\n )\n +\n 7.653\n (\n (\n S\n O\n \n /\n \n P\n A\n \n )\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n +\n \n /\n \n −\n 6.664\n (\n (\n (\n G\n B\n −\n F\n B\n −\n P\n U\n )\n \n /\n \n P\n A\n \n )\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n +\n 10.130\n (\n S\n O\n \n /\n \n P\n A\n )\n (\n (\n G\n B\n −\n F\n B\n −\n P\n U\n )\n \n /\n \n P\n A\n )\n −\n 5.195\n (\n B\n B\n \n /\n \n P\n A\n )\n ∗\n (\n (\n G\n B\n −\n F\n B\n −\n P\n U\n )\n \n /\n \n P\n A\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle SIERA=6.145-16.986(SO/PA)+11.434(BB/PA)-1.858((GB-FB-PU)/PA)+7.653((SO/PA)^{2})+/-6.664(((GB-FB-PU)/PA)^{2})+10.130(SO/PA)((GB-FB-PU)/PA)-5.195(BB/PA)*((GB-FB-PU)/PA)}","title":"Formulae"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Voros McCracken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voros_McCracken"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Baseball Prospectus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_Prospectus"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"BABIP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BABIP"},{"link_name":"Defense-Independent ERA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense-Independent_ERA"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"knuckleballers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knuckleball"},{"link_name":"Tim Wakefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Wakefield"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"In 1999, Voros McCracken became the first to detail and publicize these effects to the baseball research community when he wrote on rec.sport.baseball, \"I've been working on a pitching evaluation tool and thought I'd post it here to get some feedback. I call it 'Defensive Independent Pitching' and what it does is evaluate a pitcher base[d] strictly on the statistics his defense has no ability to affect...\"[10] Until the publication of a more widely read article in 2001, however, on Baseball Prospectus, most of the baseball research community believed that individual pitchers had an inherent ability to prevent hits on balls in play.[11] McCracken reasoned that if this ability existed, it would be noticeable in a pitcher's 'Batting Average on Balls In Play' (BABIP). His research found the opposite to be true: that while a pitcher's ability to cause strikeouts or prevent home runs remained somewhat constant from season to season, his ability to prevent hits on balls in play did not.To better evaluate pitchers in light of his theory, McCracken developed \"Defense-Independent ERA\" (dERA), the most well-known defense-independent pitching statistic. McCracken's formula for dERA is very complicated, with a number of steps.[12] DIPS ERA is not as useful for knuckleballers and other \"trick\" pitchers, a factor that McCracken mentioned a few days after his original announcement of his research findings in 1999, in a posting on the rec.sport.baseball.analysis Usenet site on November 23, 1999, when he wrote: \"Also to [note] is that, anecdotally, I believe pitchers with trick deliveries (e.g. Knuckleballers) might post consistently lower $H numbers than other pitchers. I looked at Tim Wakefield's career and that seems to bear out slightly\".[13]In later postings on the rec.sport.baseball site during 1999 and 2000 (prior to the publication of his widely read article on BaseballProspectus.com in 2001), McCracken also discussed other pitcher characteristics that might influence BABIP.[14] In 2002 McCracken created and published version 2.0 of dERA, which incorporates the ability of knuckleballers and other types of pitchers to affect the number of hits allowed on balls hit in the field of play (BHFP).[15][16]","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diamond Mind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Mind"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"BABIP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BABIP"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Jonah Keri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonah_Keri"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Controversy over DIPS was heightened when Tom Tippett at Diamond Mind published his own findings in 2003. Tippett concluded that the differences between pitchers in preventing hits on balls in play were at least partially the result of the pitcher's skill.[17] Tippett analyzed certain groups of pitchers that appear to be able to reduce the number of hits allowed on balls hit into the field of play (BHFP). Like McCracken, Tippett found that pitchers' BABIP was more volatile on an annual basis than the rates at which they gave up home runs or walks. It was this greater volatility that had led McCracken to conclude pitchers had \"little or no control\" over hits on balls in play. But Tippett also found large and significant differences between pitchers' career BABIP. In many cases, it was these differences that accounted for the pitchers' relative success.However, improvements to DIPS that look at more nuanced defense-independent stats than strikeouts, home runs, and walks (such as groundball rate), have been able to account for many of the BABIP differences that Tippet identified without reintroducing the noise from defense variability.[18]Despite other criticisms, the work by McCracken on DIPS is regarded by many in the sabermetric community as the most important piece of baseball research in many years. As Jonah Keri wrote in 2012, \"When Voros McCracken wrote his seminal piece on pitching and defense 11 years ago, he helped change the way people—fans, writers, even general managers—think about run prevention in baseball. Where once we used to throw most of the blame for a hit on the pitcher who gave it up, McCracken helped us realize that a slew of other factors go into whether a ball hit into play falls for a hit. For many people in the game and others who simply watch it, our ability to recognize the influence of defense, park effects, and dumb luck can be traced back to that one little article\".[19]DIPS ERA was added to ESPN.com's Sortable Stats in 2004.[20]","title":"Controversy"}]
[]
[{"title":"Baseball statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_statistics"},{"title":"Defense-Independent ERA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense-Independent_ERA"},{"title":"Defense-Independent Component ERA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense-Independent_Component_ERA"},{"title":"Pitch quantification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch_quantification"},{"title":"Sabermetrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabermetrics"},{"title":"Voros McCracken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voros_McCracken"}]
[{"reference":"\"Granny Baseball: Fielding Independent Pitching (FIP) Isn't Fielding Independent\". June 10, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://grannybaseball.blogspot.com/2010/06/fielding-independent-pitching-fip-isnt.html","url_text":"\"Granny Baseball: Fielding Independent Pitching (FIP) Isn't Fielding Independent\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sports Mogul | Official Site for Baseball Mogul and Football Mogul | Online Multi-Player Games for Fantasy, Rotisserie and Computer Sports Fans\". Archived from the original on 2007-05-28. Retrieved 2006-02-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070528164743/http://www.sportsmogul.com/content/dice.htm","url_text":"\"Sports Mogul | Official Site for Baseball Mogul and Football Mogul | Online Multi-Player Games for Fantasy, Rotisserie and Computer Sports Fans\""},{"url":"http://www.sportsmogul.com/content/dice.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Defense-Independent Component ERA (DICE) Calculator (Baseball)\". Captain Calculator.","urls":[{"url":"https://captaincalculator.com/sports/baseball/defense-independent-component-era-calculator/","url_text":"\"Defense-Independent Component ERA (DICE) Calculator (Baseball)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". www.tangotiger.net. Archived from the original on 4 August 2004. Retrieved 13 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040804215058/http://www.tangotiger.net/drspectrum.html","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.tangotiger.net/drspectrum.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"FIP\". Fangraphs. Retrieved 25 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fangraphs.com/library/pitching/fip/","url_text":"\"FIP\""}]},{"reference":"\"xFIP\". Fangraphs. Retrieved 25 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fangraphs.com/library/pitching/xfip/","url_text":"\"xFIP\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fangraphs - Pitching League Stats - Batted Ball\". Fangraphs. Retrieved 25 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fangraphs.com/leaders.aspx?pos=all&stats=pit&lg=all&qual=0&type=2&season=2015&month=0&season1=2002&ind=0&team=0,ss&rost=0&age=&filter=&players=0","url_text":"\"Fangraphs - Pitching League Stats - Batted Ball\""}]},{"reference":"\"Google Groups\". Google Groups. Retrieved 2020-08-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://groups.google.com/group/rec.sport.baseball.analysis/msg/b450fe58c05a5a82?hl=en&lr=","url_text":"\"Google Groups\""}]},{"reference":"\"Defense Independent Pitching Stats Part II\". www.futilityinfielder.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.futilityinfielder.com/dips2.html","url_text":"\"Defense Independent Pitching Stats Part II\""}]},{"reference":"\"Google Groups\". Google Groups. Retrieved 2020-08-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://groups.google.com/group/rec.sport.baseball.analysis/browse_thread/thread/f9f708f94ccb8696/b450fe58c05a5a82?lnk=st&q=+voros+%EE%8A%B7nse-independent-pitching-stats#b450fe58c05a5a82","url_text":"\"Google Groups\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBTF's Newsblog Discussion :: vorosmccracken: Me Being Arrogant Again\". Baseball Think Factory. 2007-11-16. Retrieved 2020-08-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.baseballthinkfactory.org/files/newsstand/discussion/vorosmccracken_me_being_arrogant_again/P100/","url_text":"\"BBTF's Newsblog Discussion :: vorosmccracken: Me Being Arrogant Again\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBTF's Primate Studies Discussion :: DIPS Version 2.0\". www.baseballthinkfactory.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseballthinkfactory.org/primate_studies/discussion/mccracken_2002-01-25_0/","url_text":"\"BBTF's Primate Studies Discussion :: DIPS Version 2.0\""}]},{"reference":"\"Defense Independent Pitching Stats, Version 2.0 Formula\". www.baseballthinkfactory.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseballthinkfactory.org/mccracken/dipsexpl.html","url_text":"\"Defense Independent Pitching Stats, Version 2.0 Formula\""}]},{"reference":"\"Baseball Articles\". Diamond Mind Baseball.","urls":[{"url":"https://diamond-mind.com/blogs/baseball-articles","url_text":"\"Baseball Articles\""}]},{"reference":"\"GB%, LD%, FB% | Sabermetrics Library\".","urls":[{"url":"https://library.fangraphs.com/pitching/batted-ball/","url_text":"\"GB%, LD%, FB% | Sabermetrics Library\""}]},{"reference":"\"2020 MLB Stat Leaders\". ESPN.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/mlb/stats","url_text":"\"2020 MLB Stat Leaders\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://sabr.org/research/many-flavors-dips-history-and-overview","external_links_name":"Fall 2010, Vol. 32, Issue 2"},{"Link":"http://grannybaseball.blogspot.com/2010/06/fielding-independent-pitching-fip-isnt.html","external_links_name":"\"Granny Baseball: Fielding Independent Pitching (FIP) Isn't Fielding Independent\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070528164743/http://www.sportsmogul.com/content/dice.htm","external_links_name":"\"Sports Mogul | Official Site for Baseball Mogul and Football Mogul | Online Multi-Player Games for Fantasy, Rotisserie and Computer Sports Fans\""},{"Link":"http://www.sportsmogul.com/content/dice.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://captaincalculator.com/sports/baseball/defense-independent-component-era-calculator/","external_links_name":"\"Defense-Independent Component ERA (DICE) Calculator (Baseball)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040804215058/http://www.tangotiger.net/drspectrum.html","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://www.tangotiger.net/drspectrum.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.fangraphs.com/library/pitching/fip/","external_links_name":"\"FIP\""},{"Link":"http://www.hardballtimes.com/main/statpages/glossary/#fip","external_links_name":"FIP — Hardball Times Glossary"},{"Link":"http://www.fangraphs.com/library/pitching/xfip/","external_links_name":"\"xFIP\""},{"Link":"http://www.fangraphs.com/leaders.aspx?pos=all&stats=pit&lg=all&qual=0&type=2&season=2015&month=0&season1=2002&ind=0&team=0,ss&rost=0&age=&filter=&players=0","external_links_name":"\"Fangraphs - Pitching League Stats - Batted Ball\""},{"Link":"https://groups.google.com/group/rec.sport.baseball.analysis/msg/b450fe58c05a5a82?hl=en&lr=","external_links_name":"\"Google Groups\""},{"Link":"http://www.baseballprospectus.com/article.php?articleid=878","external_links_name":"BaseballProspectus.com, January 23, 2001"},{"Link":"http://www.futilityinfielder.com/dips2.html","external_links_name":"\"Defense Independent Pitching Stats Part II\""},{"Link":"https://groups.google.com/group/rec.sport.baseball.analysis/browse_thread/thread/f9f708f94ccb8696/b450fe58c05a5a82?lnk=st&q=+voros+%EE%8A%B7nse-independent-pitching-stats#b450fe58c05a5a82","external_links_name":"\"Google Groups\""},{"Link":"http://www.baseballthinkfactory.org/files/newsstand/discussion/vorosmccracken_me_being_arrogant_again/P100/","external_links_name":"\"BBTF's Newsblog Discussion :: vorosmccracken: Me Being Arrogant Again\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseballthinkfactory.org/primate_studies/discussion/mccracken_2002-01-25_0/","external_links_name":"\"BBTF's Primate Studies Discussion :: DIPS Version 2.0\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseballthinkfactory.org/mccracken/dipsexpl.html","external_links_name":"\"Defense Independent Pitching Stats, Version 2.0 Formula\""},{"Link":"https://diamond-mind.com/blogs/baseball-articles","external_links_name":"\"Baseball Articles\""},{"Link":"https://library.fangraphs.com/pitching/batted-ball/","external_links_name":"\"GB%, LD%, FB% | Sabermetrics Library\""},{"Link":"http://www.grantland.com/blog/the-triangle/post/_/id/28915/fantasy-fiesta-pitching-stock-tips","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/mlb/stats","external_links_name":"\"2020 MLB Stat Leaders\""},{"Link":"https://www.mlb.com/glossary/advanced-stats/fielding-independent-pitching","external_links_name":"Fielding independent pitching (FIP)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HS_postcode_area
HS postcode area
["1 Coverage","2 Map","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Postcode district boundaries: Postcode area within the United Kingdom Template:Attached KML/HS postcode areaKML is from WikidataPostcode area in United KingdomOuter HebridesPostcode areaHSCoordinates: 57°58′01″N 6°42′43″W / 57.967°N 6.712°W / 57.967; -6.712CountryUnited KingdomPostcode areaHSPostcode area nameOuter HebridesPost towns8Postcode districts9Postcode sectors11Postcodes (live)962Postcodes (total)1,093Statistics as at May 2020 The HS postcode area, also known as the Outer Hebrides postcode area, is a group of nine postcode districts, within eight post towns, covering the Outer Hebrides in Scotland. It is the UK's newest postcode area, the Outer Hebrides formerly being part of the PA postcode area (forming PA80 - PA87 until January 1995). Coverage The approximate coverage of the postcode districts: Postcode district Post town Coverage Local authority area(s) HS1 STORNOWAY Stornoway (immediate area), Plasterfield Comhairle nan Eilean Siar HS2 ISLE OF LEWIS Settlements in Lewis outside the Stornoway area includingBack, Carloway, Ness, North Lochs, Park (South Lochs), Point, Uig and West Side HS3 ISLE OF HARRIS Harris excluding Leverburgh and Rodel area HS4 ISLE OF SCALPAY All settlements HS5 ISLE OF HARRIS Leverburgh, Rodel HS6 ISLE OF NORTH UIST All settlements HS7 ISLE OF BENBECULA All settlements HS8 ISLE OF SOUTH UIST All settlements HS9 ISLE OF BARRA All settlements, including Mingulay Map KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/HS postcode areaKML is from Wikidata HS postcode area map, showing postcode districts in red and post towns in grey text, with links to nearby IV and PH postcode areas. See also Postcode Address File List of postcode areas in the United Kingdom References ^ "ONS Postcode Directory Version Notes" (ZIP). National Statistics Postcode Products. Office for National Statistics. May 2020. Table 2. Retrieved 19 June 2020. Coordinates from mean of unit postcode points, "Code-Point Open". OS OpenData. Ordnance Survey. February 2012. Retrieved 21 April 2012. ^ Royal Mail, Address Management Guide, (2004) External links Royal Mail's Postcode Address File A quick introduction to Royal Mail's Postcode Address File (PAF) vtePostcode areas in the United Kingdom and its dependencies AB AL B BA BB BD BH BL BN BR BS BT CA CB CF CH CM CO CR CT CV CW DA DD DE DG DH DL DN DT DY E EC EH EN EX FK FY G GL GU HA HD HG HP HR HS HU HX IG IP IV KA KT KW KY L LA LD LE LL LN LS LU M ME MK ML N NE NG NN NP NR NW OL OX PA PE PH PL PO PR RG RH RM S SA SE SG SK SL SM SN SO SP SR SS ST SW SY TA TD TF TN TQ TR TS TW UB W WA WC WD WF WN WR WS WV YO ZE Crown dependencies GY IM JE Overseas territories AI ASCN BBND BIQQ FIQQ GX KY MSR PCRN SIQQ STHL TDCU TKCA VG Non-geographic BF BX GIR XX Related UK lists: Postcode districts Post towns Postal counties London postal district
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Template:Attached KML/HS postcode area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Attached_KML/HS_postcode_area"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"post towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_town"},{"link_name":"Outer Hebrides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_Hebrides"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"PA postcode area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PA_postcode_area"}],"text":"Postcode area within the United KingdomTemplate:Attached KML/HS postcode areaKML is from WikidataPostcode area in United KingdomThe HS postcode area, also known as the Outer Hebrides postcode area,[2] is a group of nine postcode districts, within eight post towns, covering the Outer Hebrides in Scotland.It is the UK's newest postcode area, the Outer Hebrides formerly being part of the PA postcode area (forming PA80 - PA87 until January 1995).","title":"HS postcode area"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The approximate coverage of the postcode districts:","title":"Coverage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KML file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/HS_postcode_area&action=raw"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/HS_postcode_area&action=edit"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Attached_KML"},{"link_name":"Template:Attached KML/HS postcode area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Attached_KML/HS_postcode_area"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HS_postcode_area_map.svg"},{"link_name":"IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IV_postcode_area"},{"link_name":"PH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH_postcode_area"}],"text":"KML file (edit • help)Template:Attached KML/HS postcode areaKML is from WikidataHS postcode area map, showing postcode districts in red and post towns in grey text, with links to nearby IV and PH postcode areas.","title":"Map"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democrat_Party_of_Chile
Liberal Democrat Party of Chile
["1 References"]
Political party in Chile Liberal Democrat Party of Chile Partido Liberal Demócrata de ChileFounded27 July 1988Dissolved27 February 1989Split fromLiberal PartyMerged intoNational RenewalHeadquartersSantiago, ChileIdeologyLiberalismPolitical positionCenter-rightPolitics of ChilePolitical partiesElections The Liberal Democrat Party of Chile (Spanish: Partido Liberal Demócrata de Chile, PLD) was a Chilean political party that had legal existence from 1988 until 1989 under the state of "in formation". Its symbol was a circle on top of which had outstanding printed in gold letters "Partido Liberal Demócrata" and at the bottom in letters of the same color and dimensions, "Libertad es progreso" (Freedom is progress). In the center, with a white background, it was the symbol of the party (PLD). It was born as a faction of the opposition Liberal Party that criticized the attitude of the party itself to the military dictatorship and its merger with fellow dissident Republican Party into the Liberal-Republican Union. Originally adopted the name of Authentic Liberal Party (Partido Liberal Auténtico), soon to be renamed Liberal Party of Chile (Partido Liberal de Chile) and finally changed its name to Liberal Democratic Party. It was officially established on July 7, 1988. In late 1988 it created the short-lived Democratic Confederation (Confederación Democrática) with the National Party (a faction that supported Pinochet), the Radical Democracy, the Social Democrat Party, the National Advance, the Democratic Party of Chile, the Free Democratic Centre and the Civic Committees. The confederation disappeared in 1989 during negotiations for parliamentary candidates that year. The party began as a faction of the Liberal Party which (unlike the majority of the Liberal Party) decided to support the option "Yes" vote, which sought the continued rule of Augusto Pinochet in the plebiscite of 5 October 1988. It was dissolved by the Electoral Service of Chile on 14 February 1989, for failing to comply with legal requirements and many of its members joined to National Renewal (RN). References ^ a b "EXTRACTO DE RESOLUCION NO. 1.897 EXENTA DE 1988". leychile.cl. 8 July 1988. Retrieved 29 October 2013. ^ Friedmann, Reinhard (1988). La Política Chilena de la A a la Z (in Spanish). Santiago, Chile: Melquíades. ^ "La loca carrera de los candidatos". Apsi (in Spanish). 19 December 1988. Retrieved 23 July 2016. ^ "CADUCIDAD DEL DERECHO A INSCRIPCION PARTIDO LIBERAL DEMOCRATA DE CHILE". leychile.cl. 14 February 1989. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katie_Volynets
Katie Volynets
["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 2019: Grand Slam debut","2.2 2021: WTA 1000 and Wimbledon debut","2.3 2022: Top 150 debut, first Major win","2.4 2023: Major third round, first WTA Tour semifinal, top 75","2.5 2024: First WTA 1000 third round and WTA 125 title","3 Performance timeline","3.1 Singles","4 WTA Challenger finals","4.1 Singles: 1 (title)","5 ITF Circuit finals","5.1 Singles: 3 (2 titles, 1 runner–up)","5.2 Doubles: 1 (runner-up)","6 Top 10 wins","7 Notes","8 References","9 External links"]
American tennis player (born 2001) Katie VolynetsVolynets at the 2023 US OpenCountry (sports) United StatesBorn (2001-12-31) December 31, 2001 (age 22)Walnut Creek, CaliforniaHeight1.70 m (5 ft 7 in)Turned pro2018PlaysRight-handed (two-handed backhand)Prize moneyUS$ 1,471,315SinglesCareer record189–130 (59.2%)Career titles1 WTA Challenger, 2 ITFHighest rankingNo. 73 (17 June 2024)Current rankingNo. 73 (17 June 2024)Grand Slam singles resultsAustralian Open3R (2023)French Open2R (2022, 2024)Wimbledon1R (2021, 2023)US Open1R (2019, 2021, 2023)DoublesCareer record13–17 (43.3%)Career titles0Highest rankingNo. 447 (May 9, 2022)Current rankingNo. 1005 (May 27, 2024)Last updated on: 16 June 2024. Katie Volynets (born December 31, 2001) is an American tennis player. She achieved a career-high singles ranking of No. 73 by the WTA on 17 June 2024. Early life Volynets was born in Walnut Creek, California. Her parents had emigrated from Ukraine, and she still has extended family in Kyiv and Dnipro. Career 2019: Grand Slam debut On August 11, 2019, Volynets won the USTA Girls 18s National Championships final over Emma Navarro, earning her a wildcard entry into the singles main draw of the US Open. She lost in the first round to Bianca Andreescu, who went on to win the tournament. 2021: WTA 1000 and Wimbledon debut In May, she won her first singles title on the ITF Circuit, at the $100k event in Bonita Springs. She qualified for the Wimbledon Championships for the first time at this major. Volynets received a wildcard into the singles main draw of the US Open. In October, she made her debut at the WTA 1000 level in Indian Wells, also receiving a wildcard. 2022: Top 150 debut, first Major win Volynets played in Indian Wells again as a wildcard where she recorded her first win at the WTA 1000-level against Arantxa Rus. She won the USTA Wildcard Challenge for the French Open where she recorded her first Grand Slam match win over Viktorija Golubic. At the Nottingham Open, she lost to Heather Watson in the first round. 2023: Major third round, first WTA Tour semifinal, top 75 In January, she qualified for the main draw of Auckland Open, where she lost in the first round to Venus Williams, in straight sets. She reached the Australian Open third round defeating two Russian players Evgeniya Rodina and world No. 9, Veronika Kudermetova, for her first top-10 win, and becoming the first American qualifier to reach the women's singles third round at the Australian Open since Jennifer Brady in 2017. As a result, she reached a career-high ranking of No. 96 on 30 January 2023. At the ATX Open, she rallied from 5–0 down and a match point in the third set to win her match against third seed Anastasia Potapova and reach her first WTA Tour quarterfinal. Next, she defeated wildcard Peyton Stearns to reach her first semifinal. As a result, her ranking rose to world No. 74, on 6 March 2023. She qualified for the US Open but lost in the first round to Wang Xinyu. 2024: First WTA 1000 third round and WTA 125 title At the 2024 ATX Open, she reached again the second round as a wildcard defeating Renata Zarazúa. At the WTA 1000 Indian Wells Open, she received a wildcard and defeated Mirra Andreeva and sixth seed Ons Jabeur, both in straight sets to reach the third round for the first time at this level. She lost to wildcard Caroline Wozniacki. Next, she qualified for the 2024 Miami Open, making her debut at this WTA 1000, and recorded a first-round win over another American, former Grand Slam champion Sofia Kenin. She qualified for the 2024 Credit One Charleston Open and defeated Arantxa Rus in 3 hours 43 minutes with two tiebreaks, saving four match points, in the longest WTA match for the season thus far. She also qualified for the main draw at the Italian Open and defeated Wang Yafan, and at the 2024 French Open and defeated Aleksandra Krunić. She won her maiden WTA 125 title at the Makarska Open in Croatia, defeating second seed and defending champion Mayar Sherif in the final. Performance timeline Key W  F  SF QF #R RR Q# DNQ A NH (W) winner; (F) finalist; (SF) semifinalist; (QF) quarterfinalist; (#R) rounds 4, 3, 2, 1; (RR) round-robin stage; (Q#) qualification round; (DNQ) did not qualify; (A) absent; (NH) not held; (SR) strike rate (events won / competed); (W–L) win–loss record. To avoid confusion and double counting, these charts are updated at the conclusion of a tournament or when the player's participation has ended. Only main-draw results in WTA Tour, Grand Slam tournaments, Fed Cup / Billie Jean King Cup and Olympic Games are included in win–loss records. Singles Current through the 2024 French Open. Tournament 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 SR W–L Win% Grand Slam tournaments Australian Open A A A 1R 3R 1R 0 / 3 2–3 40% French Open A A A 2R 1R 2R 0 / 3 2–3 40% Wimbledon A NH 1R Q2 1R 0 / 2 0–2 0% US Open 1R A 1R Q1 1R 0 / 3 0–3 0% Win–loss 0–1 0–0 0–2 1–2 2–4 1–2 0 / 11 4–11 27% WTA 1000 Qatar Open A A A A A A 0 / 0 0–0  –  Dubai A A A A A A 0 / 0 0–0  –  Indian Wells Open A NH 1R 2R 1R 3R 0 / 4 3–4 43% Miami Open A NH A A Q1 2R 0 / 1 1–1 50% Madrid Open A NH A A 1R Q1 0 / 1 0–1 0% Italian Open A A A A 1R 2R 0 / 2 1–2 33% Canadian Open A NH A A A 0 / 0 0–0  –  Cincinnati Open A Q2 Q1 A A 0 / 0 0–0  –  China Open A NH A 0 / 0 0–0  –  Wuhan Open A NH 0 / 0 0–0  –  Win–loss 0–0 0–0 0–1 1–1 0–3 4–3 0 / 8 5–8 38% Career statistics 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 SR W–L Win% Tournaments 2 1 6 6 13 8 Career total: 36 Titles 0 0 0 0 0 Career total: 0 Finals 0 0 0 0 0 Career total: 0 Overall win–loss 0–2 1–1 0–6 2–6 7–13 9–8 0 / 36 19–36 35% Year-end ranking 438 315 178 110 109 $1,471,315 WTA Challenger finals Singles: 1 (title) Result W–L Date Tournament Surface Opponent Score Win 1–0 Jun 2024 WTA 125 Makarska, Croatia Clay Mayar Sherif 3–6, 6–2, 6–1 ITF Circuit finals Singles: 3 (2 titles, 1 runner–up) Legend $100,000 tournaments (2–0) $80,000 tournaments $60,000 tournaments $25,000 tournaments (0–1) Finals by surface Hard (0–1) Clay (2–0) Result W–L    Date    Tournament Tier Surface Opponent Score Loss 0–1 Nov 2019 ITF Malibu, United States 25,000 Hard Bianca Turati 6–4, 4–6, 4–6 Win 1–1 May 2021 ITF Bonita Springs, United States 100,000 Clay Irina Bara 6–7(4–7), 7–6(7–2), 6–1 Win 2–1 Apr 2022 ITF Palm Harbor, United States 100,000 Clay Wang Xiyu 6–4, 6–3 Doubles: 1 (runner-up) Legend $60,000 tournaments $25,000 tournaments (0–1) Finals by surface Hard (0–0) Clay (0–1) Result W–L    Date    Tournament Tier Surface Partner Opponents Score Loss 0–1 Sep 2020 ITF Prague, Czech Republic 25,000 Clay Sofia Sewing Anastasia Dețiuc Johana Marková 2–6, 1–6 Top 10 wins Season 2023 2024 Total Wins 1 1 2 # Player Rank Event Surface Rd Score KVR 2023 1. Veronika Kudermetova No. 9 Australian Open Hard 2R 6–4, 2–6, 6–2 No. 113 2024 2. Ons Jabeur No. 6 Indian Wells Hard 2R 6–4, 6–4 No. 131 Notes ^ a b The first Premier 5 event of the year has switched back and forth between the Dubai Tennis Championships and the Qatar Ladies Open since 2009 until 2024. Dubai was classified as a Premier 5 event from 2009 to 2011 before being succeeded by Doha for the 2012–2014 period. In 2015, Dubai regained its Premier 5 status while Doha was demoted to Premier status. The Premier 5 tournaments were reclassified as WTA 1000 tournaments in 2021. ^ 2018: WTA ranking–743. References ^ "Volynets Targets Continued Pro Circuit Success". tennisrecruiting.net. November 26, 2018. Retrieved August 11, 2019. ^ "Katie Volynets, Reese Brantmeier Prevail Over Top Teen Tennis Players in King Tourney". Times of San Diego. August 11, 2019. Retrieved August 12, 2019. ^ "Katie Volynets ITF Bio". itftennis.com. Retrieved June 29, 2022. ^ "Katie Volynets wins U.S. Women's Roland Garros Wild Card Challenge". ^ "WTA Nottingham Day 1 Predictions Including Vekic vs Dart". June 6, 2022. ^ "Williams starts 30th season on WTA Tour with win". BBC Sport. Retrieved March 3, 2023. ^ "Stepping Stones: Jennifer Brady's journey to the Australian Open final". Women's Tennis Association. Retrieved February 13, 2024. ^ "Get to Know American Katie Volynets". www.tennisnow.com. Retrieved February 13, 2024. ^ "Walnut Creek's Volynets upsets No. 9 seed at Australian Open". The Mercury News. January 19, 2023. Retrieved February 13, 2024. ^ "Five things to know about American qualifier Katie Volynets". ^ "WTA roundup: Katie Volynets escapes 5-0, third-set hole". Reuters. March 2, 2023. ^ "Katie Volynets grabs last seven games to beat Anastasia Potapova in Austin". ^ "Collins, Volynets surge into Austin semifinals". ^ "Meet the 2023 US Open women's qualifiers". ^ "American wild card Volynets upsets No.6 Jabeur in Indian Wells". March 9, 2024. ^ https://twitter.com/WTA/status/1774935129070145625 ^ "Time check: Volynets saves match points and wins longest match of 2024". April 1, 2024. ^ "Volynets triumphs at WTA 125 Makarska; Todoni wins WTA 125 Bari". June 9, 2024. Retrieved June 16, 2024. ^ "Katie Volynets, winner of the WTA Makarska Open". June 9, 2024. Retrieved June 16, 2024. ^ "Katie Volynets | Australian Open". ausopen.com. External links Katie Volynets at the Women's Tennis Association Katie Volynets at the International Tennis Federation Katie Volynets at Wimbledon Katie Volynets at ESPN.com Preceded by María Carlé Orange Bowl U16 Girls Champion 2016 Succeeded by Katriin Saar This American biographical article related to tennis is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis"},{"link_name":"WTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Tennis_Association"}],"text":"Katie Volynets (born December 31, 2001) is an American tennis player. She achieved a career-high singles ranking of No. 73 by the WTA on 17 June 2024.","title":"Katie Volynets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walnut Creek, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walnut_Creek,_California"},{"link_name":"Kyiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv"},{"link_name":"Dnipro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnipro"}],"text":"Volynets was born in Walnut Creek, California. Her parents had emigrated from Ukraine, and she still has extended family in Kyiv and Dnipro.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USTA Girls 18s National Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USTA_Girls_18s_National_Championships"},{"link_name":"Emma Navarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Navarro"},{"link_name":"US Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_US_Open_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Bianca Andreescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bianca_Andreescu"}],"sub_title":"2019: Grand Slam debut","text":"On August 11, 2019, Volynets won the USTA Girls 18s National Championships final over Emma Navarro, earning her a wildcard entry into the singles main draw of the US Open.[2] She lost in the first round to Bianca Andreescu, who went on to win the tournament.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ITF Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITF_Women%27s_World_Tennis_Tour"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ITF_Bio-3"},{"link_name":"Wimbledon Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Wimbledon_Championships"},{"link_name":"US Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_US_Open_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"Indian Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_BNP_Paribas_Open"}],"sub_title":"2021: WTA 1000 and Wimbledon debut","text":"In May, she won her first singles title on the ITF Circuit, at the $100k event in Bonita Springs.[3]She qualified for the Wimbledon Championships for the first time at this major.Volynets received a wildcard into the singles main draw of the US Open.In October, she made her debut at the WTA 1000 level in Indian Wells, also receiving a wildcard.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_BNP_Paribas_Open"},{"link_name":"Arantxa Rus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arantxa_Rus"},{"link_name":"French Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_French_Open"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Viktorija Golubic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktorija_Golubic"},{"link_name":"Nottingham Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Nottingham_Open"},{"link_name":"Heather Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heather_Watson"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"2022: Top 150 debut, first Major win","text":"Volynets played in Indian Wells again as a wildcard where she recorded her first win at the WTA 1000-level against Arantxa Rus.\nShe won the USTA Wildcard Challenge for the French Open[4] where she recorded her first Grand Slam match win over Viktorija Golubic. At the Nottingham Open, she lost to Heather Watson in the first round.[5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Auckland Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_ASB_Classic_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles"},{"link_name":"Venus Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_Williams"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Australian Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Australian_Open"},{"link_name":"Evgeniya Rodina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evgeniya_Rodina"},{"link_name":"Veronika Kudermetova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veronika_Kudermetova"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Brady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Brady"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"ATX Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_ATX_Open"},{"link_name":"Anastasia Potapova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasia_Potapova"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Peyton Stearns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyton_Stearns"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"US Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_US_Open_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Wang Xinyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Xinyu"}],"sub_title":"2023: Major third round, first WTA Tour semifinal, top 75","text":"In January, she qualified for the main draw of Auckland Open, where she lost in the first round to Venus Williams, in straight sets.[6]She reached the Australian Open third round defeating two Russian players Evgeniya Rodina and world No. 9, Veronika Kudermetova, for her first top-10 win, and becoming the first American qualifier to reach the women's singles third round at the Australian Open since Jennifer Brady in 2017.[7][8][9][10] As a result, she reached a career-high ranking of No. 96 on 30 January 2023.At the ATX Open, she rallied from 5–0 down and a match point in the third set to win her match against third seed Anastasia Potapova and reach her first WTA Tour quarterfinal.[11][12] Next, she defeated wildcard Peyton Stearns to reach her first semifinal.[13] As a result, her ranking rose to world No. 74, on 6 March 2023.She qualified for the US Open[14] but lost in the first round to Wang Xinyu.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2024 ATX Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_ATX_Open"},{"link_name":"Renata Zarazúa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renata_Zaraz%C3%BAa"},{"link_name":"Indian Wells Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_BNP_Paribas_Open"},{"link_name":"Mirra Andreeva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirra_Andreeva"},{"link_name":"Ons Jabeur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ons_Jabeur"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Caroline Wozniacki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Wozniacki"},{"link_name":"2024 Miami Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Miami_Open"},{"link_name":"Sofia Kenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia_Kenin"},{"link_name":"2024 Credit One Charleston Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Credit_One_Charleston_Open"},{"link_name":"Arantxa Rus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arantxa_Rus"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Italian Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Italian_Open_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"Wang Yafan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Yafan"},{"link_name":"2024 French Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_French_Open"},{"link_name":"Aleksandra Krunić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandra_Kruni%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Makarska Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Makarska_International_Championships"},{"link_name":"Mayar Sherif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayar_Sherif"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"2024: First WTA 1000 third round and WTA 125 title","text":"At the 2024 ATX Open, she reached again the second round as a wildcard defeating Renata Zarazúa.At the WTA 1000 Indian Wells Open, she received a wildcard and defeated Mirra Andreeva and sixth seed Ons Jabeur, both in straight sets to reach the third round for the first time at this level.[15] She lost to wildcard Caroline Wozniacki.\nNext, she qualified for the 2024 Miami Open, making her debut at this WTA 1000, and recorded a first-round win over another American, former Grand Slam champion Sofia Kenin.She qualified for the 2024 Credit One Charleston Open and defeated Arantxa Rus in 3 hours 43 minutes with two tiebreaks, saving four match points, in the longest WTA match for the season thus far.[16][17]She also qualified for the main draw at the Italian Open and defeated Wang Yafan, and at the 2024 French Open and defeated Aleksandra Krunić.\nShe won her maiden WTA 125 title at the Makarska Open in Croatia, defeating second seed and defending champion Mayar Sherif in the final.[18][19]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"(W) winner; (F) finalist; (SF) semifinalist; (QF) quarterfinalist; (#R) rounds 4, 3, 2, 1; (RR) round-robin stage; (Q#) qualification round; (DNQ) did not qualify; (A) absent; (NH) not held; (SR) strike rate (events won / competed); (W–L) win–loss record.To avoid confusion and double counting, these charts are updated at the conclusion of a tournament or when the player's participation has ended.Only main-draw results in WTA Tour, Grand Slam tournaments, Fed Cup / Billie Jean King Cup and Olympic Games are included in win–loss records.[20]","title":"Performance timeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2024 French Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_French_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles"}],"sub_title":"Singles","text":"Current through the 2024 French Open.","title":"Performance timeline"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"WTA Challenger finals"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles: 1 (title)","title":"WTA Challenger finals"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"ITF Circuit finals"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles: 3 (2 titles, 1 runner–up)","title":"ITF Circuit finals"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Doubles: 1 (runner-up)","title":"ITF Circuit finals"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Top 10 wins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DubaiDoha_21-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DubaiDoha_21-1"},{"link_name":"Premier 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTA_Premier_tournaments"},{"link_name":"Dubai Tennis Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Tennis_Championships"},{"link_name":"Qatar Ladies Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_Ladies_Open"},{"link_name":"WTA 1000 tournaments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTA_1000_tournaments"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WTA_Rankings_Singles_22-0"}],"text":"^ a b The first Premier 5 event of the year has switched back and forth between the Dubai Tennis Championships and the Qatar Ladies Open since 2009 until 2024. Dubai was classified as a Premier 5 event from 2009 to 2011 before being succeeded by Doha for the 2012–2014 period. In 2015, Dubai regained its Premier 5 status while Doha was demoted to Premier status. The Premier 5 tournaments were reclassified as WTA 1000 tournaments in 2021.\n\n^ 2018: WTA ranking–743.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Volynets Targets Continued Pro Circuit Success\". tennisrecruiting.net. November 26, 2018. Retrieved August 11, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tennisrecruiting.net/article.asp?id=280779233","url_text":"\"Volynets Targets Continued Pro Circuit Success\""}]},{"reference":"\"Katie Volynets, Reese Brantmeier Prevail Over Top Teen Tennis Players in King Tourney\". Times of San Diego. August 11, 2019. Retrieved August 12, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofsandiego.com/sports/2019/08/11/katie-volynets-reese-brantmeier-prevail-over-top-crop-of-young-tennis-players-in-ocean-beach-tourney/","url_text":"\"Katie Volynets, Reese Brantmeier Prevail Over Top Teen Tennis Players in King Tourney\""}]},{"reference":"\"Katie Volynets ITF Bio\". itftennis.com. Retrieved June 29, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/katie-volynets/800488177/usa/wt/s/overview/","url_text":"\"Katie Volynets ITF Bio\""}]},{"reference":"\"Katie Volynets wins U.S. Women's Roland Garros Wild Card Challenge\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usta.com/en/home/pro/pro-media---news/katie-volynets-wins-u-s--women-s-roland-garros-wild-card-challen.html","url_text":"\"Katie Volynets wins U.S. Women's Roland Garros Wild Card Challenge\""}]},{"reference":"\"WTA Nottingham Day 1 Predictions Including Vekic vs Dart\". June 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://lastwordonsports.com/tennis/2022/06/05/wta-nottingham-day-1-predictions-vekic-dart/","url_text":"\"WTA Nottingham Day 1 Predictions Including Vekic vs Dart\""}]},{"reference":"\"Williams starts 30th season on WTA Tour with win\". BBC Sport. Retrieved March 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/64144838","url_text":"\"Williams starts 30th season on WTA Tour with win\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stepping Stones: Jennifer Brady's journey to the Australian Open final\". Women's Tennis Association. Retrieved February 13, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wtatennis.com/news/2034107/stepping-stones-jennifer-brady-s-journey-to-the-australian-open-final","url_text":"\"Stepping Stones: Jennifer Brady's journey to the Australian Open final\""}]},{"reference":"\"Get to Know American Katie Volynets\". www.tennisnow.com. Retrieved February 13, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tennisnow.com/Blogs/NET-POSTS/January-2023/Get-to-Know-American-Katie-Volynets.aspx","url_text":"\"Get to Know American Katie Volynets\""}]},{"reference":"\"Walnut Creek's Volynets upsets No. 9 seed at Australian Open\". The Mercury News. January 19, 2023. Retrieved February 13, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mercurynews.com/2023/01/19/walnut-creeks-volynets-upsets-no-9-seed-at-australian-open/","url_text":"\"Walnut Creek's Volynets upsets No. 9 seed at Australian Open\""}]},{"reference":"\"Five things to know about American qualifier Katie Volynets\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wtatennis.com/news/3027657/five-things-to-know-about-american-qualifier-katie-volynets","url_text":"\"Five things to know about American qualifier Katie Volynets\""}]},{"reference":"\"WTA roundup: Katie Volynets escapes 5-0, third-set hole\". Reuters. March 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/wta-roundup-katie-volynets-escapes-5-0-third-set-hole-2023-03-02/","url_text":"\"WTA roundup: Katie Volynets escapes 5-0, third-set hole\""}]},{"reference":"\"Katie Volynets grabs last seven games to beat Anastasia Potapova in Austin\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/katie-volynets-grabs-last-7-games-to-beat-potapova-in-austin","url_text":"\"Katie Volynets grabs last seven games to beat Anastasia Potapova in Austin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Collins, Volynets surge into Austin semifinals\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wtatennis.com/news/3092463/collins-volynets-surge-into-austin-semifinals","url_text":"\"Collins, Volynets surge into Austin semifinals\""}]},{"reference":"\"Meet the 2023 US Open women's qualifiers\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usopen.org/en_US/news/articles/2023-08-26/meet_the_2023_us_open_womens_qualifiers.html","url_text":"\"Meet the 2023 US Open women's qualifiers\""}]},{"reference":"\"American wild card Volynets upsets No.6 Jabeur in Indian Wells\". March 9, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wtatennis.com/news/3926162/american-wild-card-volynets-upsets-no-6-jabeur-in-indian-wells","url_text":"\"American wild card Volynets upsets No.6 Jabeur in Indian Wells\""}]},{"reference":"\"Time check: Volynets saves match points and wins longest match of 2024\". April 1, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wtatennis.com/news/3949114/time-check-volynets-saves-match-points-and-wins-longest-match-of-2024","url_text":"\"Time check: Volynets saves match points and wins longest match of 2024\""}]},{"reference":"\"Volynets triumphs at WTA 125 Makarska; Todoni wins WTA 125 Bari\". June 9, 2024. Retrieved June 16, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4035658/volynets-triumphs-at-wta-125-makarska-todoni-wins-wta-125-bari","url_text":"\"Volynets triumphs at WTA 125 Makarska; Todoni wins WTA 125 Bari\""}]},{"reference":"\"Katie Volynets, winner of the WTA Makarska Open\". June 9, 2024. Retrieved June 16, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.makarskaopen.com/en/news/katie-volynets-winner-of-the-wta-makarska-open/","url_text":"\"Katie Volynets, winner of the WTA Makarska Open\""}]},{"reference":"\"Katie Volynets [USA] | Australian Open\". ausopen.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://ausopen.com/players/united-states-america/katie-volynets","url_text":"\"Katie Volynets [USA] | Australian Open\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Touchard
Albert Touchard
["1 References"]
This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Albert Touchard" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2020) You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (August 2017) Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|fr|Albert Touchard}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Albert Camille Touchard (Paris 7 February 1876 - date of death unknown, but between 1935 and 1945) was a French author. He is best remembered as author of La Guêpe (1934) which won Grand Prix du roman de l'Académie française in 1935. References ^ Books Abroad Roy Temple House, Ernst Erich Noth - 1936- Volume 10 - Page 69 "Albert Touchard. La Guepe. Prix du Roman de l'Academie francaise ... The wasp refers to the many little ways whereby the Germans express their hostility to the French or spy upon Bernier's actions. The novel concludes: '"On peut mourir d'un accident banal, d'une emotion legere, d'un rien: On peut mourir d'une piqure de guepe!" Bernier suffers from the heavy sadness of the rains in the German hills and longs for the freshness of the sea ... vteLaureates of the Grand Prix du roman de l'Académie française1915–1925 1915 Paul Acker 1916 Louis de Blois  1917 Charles Géniaux  1918 Camille Mayran  1919 Pierre Benoit 1920 André Corthis 1921 Pierre Villetard  1922 Francis Carco 1923 Alphonse de Châteaubriant 1924 Émile Henriot 1925 François Duhourcau 1926–1950 1926 François Mauriac 1927 Joseph Kessel 1928 Jean Balde  1929 André Demaison  1930 Jacques de Lacretelle 1931 Henri Pourrat 1932 Jacques Chardonne 1933 Roger Chauviré 1934 Paule Régnier 1935 Albert Touchard 1936 Georges Bernanos 1937 Guy de Pourtalès 1938 Jean de La Varende 1939 Antoine de Saint-Exupéry 1940 Édouard Peisson  1941 Robert Bourget-Pailleron 1942 Jean Blanzat 1943 Joseph-Henri Louwyck  1944 Pierre Lagarde  1945 Marc Blancpain  1946 Jean Orieux  1947 Philippe Hériat 1948 Yves Gandon  1949 Yvonne Pagniez 1950 Joseph Jolinon 1951–1975 1951 Bernard Barbey  1952 Henri Castillou  1953 Jean Hougron 1954 Pierre Moinot / Paul Mousset  1955 Michel de Saint Pierre  1956 Paul Guth 1957 Jacques de Bourbon Busset 1958 Henri Queffélec 1959 Gabriel d'Aubarède 1960 Christian Murciaux  1961 Phạm Văn Ký  1962 Michel Mohrt 1963 Robert Margerit 1964 Michel Droit 1965 Jean Husson  1966 François Nourissier 1967 Michel Tournier 1968 Albert Cohen 1969 Pierre Moustiers 1970 Bertrand Poirot-Delpech 1971 Jean d'Ormesson 1972 Patrick Modiano 1973 Michel Déon 1974 Kléber Haedens 1975 1976–2000 1976 Pierre Schoendoerffer 1977 Camille Bourniquel 1978 Pascal Jardin 1979 Henri Coulonges 1980 Louis Gardel 1981 Jean Raspail 1982 Vladimir Volkoff 1983 Liliane Guignabodet  1984 Jacques-Francis Rolland  1985 Patrick Besson 1986 Pierre-Jean Rémy 1987 Frédérique Hébrard 1988 François-Olivier Rousseau 1989 Geneviève Dormann 1990 Paule Constant 1991 François Sureau 1992 Franz-Olivier Giesbert 1993 Philippe Beaussant 1994 Frédéric Vitoux 1995 Alphonse Boudard 1996 Calixthe Beyala 1997 Patrick Rambaud 1998 Anne Wiazemsky 1999 François Taillandier / Amélie Nothomb 2000 Pascal Quignard 2001–present 2001 Éric Neuhoff 2002 Marie Ferranti 2003 Jean-Noël Pancrazi 2004 Bernard du Boucheron 2005 Henriette Jelinek  2006 Jonathan Littell 2007 Vassilis Alexakis 2008 Marc Bressant  2009 Pierre Michon 2010 Éric Faye  2011 Sorj Chalandon 2012 Joël Dicker 2013 Christophe Ono-dit-Biot  2014 Adrien Bosc  2015 Hédi Kaddour / Boualem Sansal 2016 Adélaïde de Clermont-Tonnerre 2017 Daniel Rondeau 2018 Camille Pascal 2019 Laurent Binet 2020 Étienne de Montety 2021 François-Henri Désérable 2022 Giuliano da Empoli Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data United States Netherlands Poland Other IdRef This article about a French novelist born in the 19th century is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Ottendorfer
Oswald Ottendorfer
["1 Education","2 Revolutionary","3 Journalism","4 Politics","5 Philanthropy","6 Later years","7 See also","8 Notes","9 References","10 External links"]
German-American journalist Oswald OttendorferMember of the New York City Board of AldermenIn officeJanuary 1873 – April 1874Member of the Board of Regents of the University of the State of New YorkIn officeApril 14, 1870 – 1873 Personal detailsBorn(1826-02-26)February 26, 1826Zwittau, MoraviaDiedDecember 15, 1900(1900-12-15) (aged 74)New York City, United StatesNationalityGerman AmericanAlma materUniversity of ViennaUniversity of PragueOccupationJournalist, editorSignature Valentin Oswald Ottendorfer (26 February 1826 – 15 December 1900) was an American journalist associated with the development of the German-language New Yorker Staats-Zeitung into a major newspaper. He served a term as a member of the New York City Board of Aldermen and as a member of the Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York. He also served three times as an elector of the United States Electoral College. In addition to his political and journalistic pursuits, Ottendorfer was a notable philanthropist in both Europe and the United States. Today, he is best remembered as the donor whose contribution founded the Ottendorfer Public Library in Manhattan, which bears his name. Education Ottendorfer was the son of a manufacturer, the youngest of six children. He was sent to live with a married sister in Brunn. There he studied the classics in the gymnasium. At the age of 20, he left to study jurisprudence at the University of Vienna, and then transferred to the University of Prague to learn the Czech language. Revolutionary See also: Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas In 1848, he returned to Vienna, intending to finish his studies in Padua, which at that time was in the possession of Austria. However, the upheavals at that time enlisted his sympathies. Ottendorfer joined the Von der Tann volunteer corps, and briefly served in the first Schleswig-Holstein War. On returning to Vienna during the Vienna Rebellion, he found the revolutionaries in control of the government, and joined the mobile guard as a 1st lieutenant. During the storming of the city by government forces in October, he was in the battalion that was commanded by Robert Blum. Many of his fellow revolutionaries were captured or killed. He managed to escape. He was concealed by a friendly porter in a bookstore until the excitement subsided, and then fled to the Bohemian frontier, and from there to Saxony. He subsequently became involved in the 1849 uprisings in Saxony and Baden, after the failure of which, he fled to Switzerland. He briefly considered giving himself up to the government in Vienna, but was informed that would cost him his life, and so went to the United States. Journalism Ottendorfer on a cigarette card On his arrival in New York City, he knew Latin, Greek, Hebrew and several Slavic languages, but no English, and for two or three months after his arrival, he was able to earn no more than a bare subsistence. Then he found employment in the counting room of the Staats-Zeitung. After the death of its proprietor, Jacob Uhl, in 1852, the management of the paper devolved to his widow, and the services of Ottendorfer became gradually more important. He became editor in 1858 and wed Jacob Uhl's widow, Anna Uhl, in 1859. The year of his marriage, he returned to Europe, but avoided Austria, though he was assured he would not be bothered there. In 1866, he did visit Austria. He was editor and publisher of the Staats-Zeitung from 1859 to 1900; his wife was business manager until her death in 1884. As the German-born population of New York City increased, his journal, in which he endeavored to reflect the sentiments of German-Americans, became one of the most widely circulated and influential in New York. Politics Ottendorfer adhered to the principles of the Democratic Party, but joined no political organization, and maintained an independent position. He was an advocate of civil service reform, and active in promoting improvements in the public school system. He supported Stephen Douglas in 1860; he was a "Union Democrat" opposed to Fernando Wood's "Peace Democrats" who were Confederate sympathizers. From 1872 to 1874 he was an alderman, and in 1874 a candidate for Mayor of New York City. Several times he was a presidential elector, including in 1868, 1876, and 1884. Philanthropy Besides other charitable gifts, Ottendorfer gave $300,000 to build and endow an educational institution in his native town in Austria. On Long Island, New York, he founded a home for aged and indigent men, and established the Ottendorfer Free Library (now the Ottendorfer Branch of the New York Public Library system which it joined in the 1890s) on Second Avenue, New York City, at an original cost of $50,000, which was augmented by annual gifts. His wife, Anna Ottendorfer, was also a noted philanthropist. Later years In later life, Ottendorfer retired from active journalism on account of failing health, and spent most of his time in Europe. See also 6-15-99 Club Notes ^ a b James M. Bergquist (1999). "Ottendorfer, Oswald". American National Biography. Vol. 16 (online ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 842–843. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1601242. (subscription required) ^ Proceedings of the New York Electoral College, Held at the Capital in the City of Albany, on the First Day of December, 1868. Albany, N.Y.: The Argus Company. 1868. p. 22. ^ Proceedings of the Electoral College of the State of New York: Held at the Capitol in the City of Albany, December 5th & 6th, 1876. Albany, N.Y.: The Argus Company. 1877. p. 6. ^ College, New York (State) Electoral (1884). Proceedings of the Electoral College of the State of New York. Albany, N.Y.: Weed, Parsons & Company. p. 5. ^ NYC - East Village: New York Public Library, Ottendorfer Branch at flickr.com References Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1900). "Ottendorfer, Oswald" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton. Edwin H. Zeydel (1962). "Ottendorfer, Oswald". Dictionary of American Biography. Vol. VII, Part 2. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 107. Printers' ink. Vol. 28–29. 1899. p. 120. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oswald Ottendorfer. Wikisource has original text related to this article: Public Letter to Oswald Ottendorfer Portrait of Oswald Ottendorfer (from the New York Public Library Digital Gallery) Biography at Muzeum Svitavy "Ottendorfer, Oswald" . New International Encyclopedia. 1905. "Ottendorfer, Oswald" . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Czech Republic Artists ULAN People Deutsche Biographie Other SNAC
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He served a term as a member of the New York City Board of Aldermen and as a member of the Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York. He also served three times as an elector of the United States Electoral College. In addition to his political and journalistic pursuits, Ottendorfer was a notable philanthropist in both Europe and the United States. Today, he is best remembered as the donor whose contribution founded the Ottendorfer Public Library in Manhattan, which bears his name.","title":"Oswald Ottendorfer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno"},{"link_name":"classics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classics"},{"link_name":"gymnasium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)"},{"link_name":"University of Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Vienna"},{"link_name":"University of Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Charles-Ferdinand_University"},{"link_name":"Czech language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language"}],"text":"Ottendorfer was the son of a manufacturer, the youngest of six children. He was sent to live with a married sister in Brunn. There he studied the classics in the gymnasium. At the age of 20, he left to study jurisprudence at the University of Vienna, and then transferred to the University of Prague to learn the Czech language.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Habsburg_areas"},{"link_name":"Padua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padua"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"first Schleswig-Holstein War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Schleswig_War"},{"link_name":"Vienna Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battalion"},{"link_name":"Robert Blum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Blum"},{"link_name":"Bohemian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemia"},{"link_name":"Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony"},{"link_name":"1849 uprisings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_Germany"},{"link_name":"Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Uprising_in_Dresden"},{"link_name":"Baden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Baden"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"}],"text":"See also: Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areasIn 1848, he returned to Vienna, intending to finish his studies in Padua, which at that time was in the possession of Austria. However, the upheavals at that time enlisted his sympathies. Ottendorfer joined the Von der Tann volunteer corps, and briefly served in the first Schleswig-Holstein War. On returning to Vienna during the Vienna Rebellion, he found the revolutionaries in control of the government, and joined the mobile guard as a 1st lieutenant. During the storming of the city by government forces in October, he was in the battalion that was commanded by Robert Blum.Many of his fellow revolutionaries were captured or killed. He managed to escape. He was concealed by a friendly porter in a bookstore until the excitement subsided, and then fled to the Bohemian frontier, and from there to Saxony. He subsequently became involved in the 1849 uprisings in Saxony and Baden, after the failure of which, he fled to Switzerland. He briefly considered giving himself up to the government in Vienna, but was informed that would cost him his life, and so went to the United States.","title":"Revolutionary"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oswald-Ottendorfer-cigarette-card.jpg"},{"link_name":"cigarette card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarette_card"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew"},{"link_name":"Slavic languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_languages"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Jacob Uhl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacob_Uhl&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anna Uhl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Ottendorfer"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anb-1"},{"link_name":"German-Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German-American"}],"text":"Ottendorfer on a cigarette cardOn his arrival in New York City, he knew Latin, Greek, Hebrew and several Slavic languages, but no English, and for two or three months after his arrival, he was able to earn no more than a bare subsistence. Then he found employment in the counting room of the Staats-Zeitung. After the death of its proprietor, Jacob Uhl, in 1852, the management of the paper devolved to his widow, and the services of Ottendorfer became gradually more important. He became editor in 1858 and wed Jacob Uhl's widow, Anna Uhl, in 1859.The year of his marriage, he returned to Europe, but avoided Austria, though he was assured he would not be bothered there. In 1866, he did visit Austria.He was editor and publisher of the Staats-Zeitung from 1859 to 1900; his wife was business manager until her death in 1884.[1] As the German-born population of New York City increased, his journal, in which he endeavored to reflect the sentiments of German-Americans, became one of the most widely circulated and influential in New York.","title":"Journalism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"civil service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_service"},{"link_name":"public school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_school_(government_funded)"},{"link_name":"Stephen Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Douglas"},{"link_name":"Fernando Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Wood"},{"link_name":"Confederate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anb-1"},{"link_name":"alderman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alderman"},{"link_name":"Mayor of New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_New_York_City"},{"link_name":"presidential elector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"1868","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1868_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"1876","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"1884","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Ottendorfer adhered to the principles of the Democratic Party, but joined no political organization, and maintained an independent position. He was an advocate of civil service reform, and active in promoting improvements in the public school system. He supported Stephen Douglas in 1860; he was a \"Union Democrat\" opposed to Fernando Wood's \"Peace Democrats\" who were Confederate sympathizers.[1] From 1872 to 1874 he was an alderman, and in 1874 a candidate for Mayor of New York City. Several times he was a presidential elector, including in 1868,[2] 1876,[3] and 1884.[4]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Long Island, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Ottendorfer Free Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottendorfer_Public_Library"},{"link_name":"New York Public Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Public_Library"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Anna Ottendorfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Ottendorfer"}],"text":"Besides other charitable gifts, Ottendorfer gave $300,000 to build and endow an educational institution in his native town in Austria. On Long Island, New York, he founded a home for aged and indigent men, and established the Ottendorfer Free Library (now the Ottendorfer Branch of the New York Public Library system which it joined in the 1890s[5]) on Second Avenue, New York City, at an original cost of $50,000, which was augmented by annual gifts. His wife, Anna Ottendorfer, was also a noted philanthropist.","title":"Philanthropy"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In later life, Ottendorfer retired from active journalism on account of failing health, and spent most of his time in Europe.","title":"Later years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-anb_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-anb_1-1"},{"link_name":"American National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1601242","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fanb%2F9780198606697.article.1601242"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Proceedings of the New York Electoral College, Held at the Capital in the City of Albany, on the First Day of December, 1868","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=jY80AQAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Proceedings of the Electoral College of the State of New York: Held at the Capitol in the City of Albany, December 5th & 6th, 1876","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=xRNQAAAAYAAJ"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Proceedings of the Electoral College of the State of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=l-FHAQAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"NYC - East Village: New York Public Library, Ottendorfer Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.flickr.com/photos/wallyg/510383386"}],"text":"^ a b James M. Bergquist (1999). \"Ottendorfer, Oswald\". American National Biography. Vol. 16 (online ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 842–843. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1601242. (subscription required)\n\n^ Proceedings of the New York Electoral College, Held at the Capital in the City of Albany, on the First Day of December, 1868. Albany, N.Y.: The Argus Company. 1868. p. 22.\n\n^ Proceedings of the Electoral College of the State of New York: Held at the Capitol in the City of Albany, December 5th & 6th, 1876. Albany, N.Y.: The Argus Company. 1877. p. 6.\n\n^ College, New York (State) Electoral (1884). Proceedings of the Electoral College of the State of New York. Albany, N.Y.: Weed, Parsons & Company. p. 5.\n\n^ NYC - East Village: New York Public Library, Ottendorfer Branch at flickr.com","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"reference":"James M. Bergquist (1999). \"Ottendorfer, Oswald\". American National Biography. Vol. 16 (online ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 842–843. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1601242.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_National_Biography","url_text":"American National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fanb%2F9780198606697.article.1601242","url_text":"10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1601242"}]},{"reference":"Proceedings of the New York Electoral College, Held at the Capital in the City of Albany, on the First Day of December, 1868. Albany, N.Y.: The Argus Company. 1868. p. 22.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jY80AQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Proceedings of the New York Electoral College, Held at the Capital in the City of Albany, on the First Day of December, 1868"}]},{"reference":"Proceedings of the Electoral College of the State of New York: Held at the Capitol in the City of Albany, December 5th & 6th, 1876. Albany, N.Y.: The Argus Company. 1877. p. 6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xRNQAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Proceedings of the Electoral College of the State of New York: Held at the Capitol in the City of Albany, December 5th & 6th, 1876"}]},{"reference":"College, New York (State) Electoral (1884). Proceedings of the Electoral College of the State of New York. Albany, N.Y.: Weed, Parsons & Company. p. 5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=l-FHAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Proceedings of the Electoral College of the State of New York"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1900). \"Ottendorfer, Oswald\" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Grant_Wilson","url_text":"Wilson, J. G."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fiske_(philosopher)","url_text":"Fiske, J."},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography/Ottendorfer,_Oswald","url_text":"\"Ottendorfer, Oswald\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography","url_text":"Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography"}]},{"reference":"Edwin H. Zeydel (1962). \"Ottendorfer, Oswald\". Dictionary of American Biography. Vol. VII, Part 2. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 107.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of American Biography"}]},{"reference":"Printers' ink. Vol. 28–29. 1899. p. 120.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=O_E1AAAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PA120","url_text":"Printers' ink"}]},{"reference":"\"Ottendorfer, Oswald\" . New International Encyclopedia. 1905.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Ottendorfer,_Oswald","url_text":"\"Ottendorfer, Oswald\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia","url_text":"New International Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"\"Ottendorfer, Oswald\" . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Ottendorfer,_Oswald","url_text":"\"Ottendorfer, Oswald\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana","url_text":"Encyclopedia Americana"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-throated_toucanet
White-throated toucanet
["1 Taxonomy and systematics","2 Description","3 Distribution and habitat","4 Behavior","4.1 Movement","4.2 Social behavior","4.3 Feeding","4.4 Breeding","4.5 Vocal and non-vocal sounds","5 Status","6 References"]
Species of bird Not to be confused with White-throated toucan. White-throated toucanet Conservation status Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Piciformes Family: Ramphastidae Genus: Aulacorhynchus Species: A. albivitta Binomial name Aulacorhynchus albivitta(Boissonneau, 1840) Subspecies See text Synonyms Aulacorhynchus prasinus albivitta Pteroglossus albivitta The white-throated toucanet or greyish-throated toucanet (Aulacorhynchus albivitta) is a near-passerine bird in the toucan family Ramphastidae. It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela. Taxonomy and systematics The white-throated toucanet was originally described in the genus Pteroglossus. What is now the white-throated toucanet was four of many subspecies of the then emerald toucanet (Aulacorhynchus prasinus sensu lato). In 2008 the International Ornithological Committee (IOC) split 10 of those subspecies to create seven new species, one of which is the white-throated toucanet, and retained four of them as subspecies of their current emerald toucanet sensu stricto. BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World (HBW) concurred. In 2016 the IOC merged two of the seven, the Santa Marta toucanet (A. lautus) and gray-throated toucanet (A. griseigularis), into the white-throated and again HBW concurred. However, the North and South American Classification Committees of the American Ornithological Society and the Clements taxonomy declined to follow them. In 2017 they did split the emerald toucanet into two species, the northern (A. prasinus) and southern (A. albivitta) emerald-toucanets, each with seven subspecies. They treat the IOC's "white-throated" as four subspecies of the southern emerald-toucanet. Four subspecies of white-throated toucanet are recognized by the IOC and HBW: "Santa Marta" toucanet (A. a. lautus) - Bangs, 1898 "Grey-throated" toucanet (A. a. griseigularis) - Chapman, 1915 A. a. phaeolaemus - Gould, 1874 The nominate A. a. albivitta - (Boissonneau, 1840) Description Like other toucans, the white-throated toucanet is brightly marked and has a large bill. Adults are 33 to 38 cm (13 to 15 in) long and weigh about 160 to 230 g (5.6 to 8.1 oz). The sexes are alike in appearance although the female generally is smaller and shorter-billed. Their bill is black with a wide yellow stripe along its culmen and a white vertical strip at its base. Subspecies A. a. albivitta and A. a. phaeolaemus have some chestnut or maroon at the base of the culmen. All four subspecies have plumage that is mainly green like that of other members of genus Aulacorhynchus, and is somewhat lighter below than above. The nominate A. a. albivitta has a white throat. It has bare yellow to orange skin around the dark eye that is further surrounded by blue feathers. Subspecies A. a. lautus has a pale gray throat and bare orange-brown or gray skin around the eye. A. a. phaeolaemus has a pale blue throat and A. a. griseigularis a gray throat. All subspecies have olive green legs and feet with dusky yellow soles. Distribution and habitat The four subspecies of white-throated toucanet are found thus: A. a. lautus, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta of northern Colombia A. a. griseigularis, the northern part of the Western Andes and the western slope of the Central Andes of Colombia A. a. phaeolaemus Colombia's Western Andes except the northernmost part A. a. albivitta, the Andes of northwestern Venezuela, both slopes of Colombia's Eastern Andes and the eastern slope of the Central Andes, and the eastern Andes of northern and central Ecuador The white-throated toucanet primarily inhabits the interior of humid montane forest but is also found in more open landscapes like the forest's edge, secondary forest, plantations, and clearings with scattered trees. Behavior Movement The white-throated toucanet is non-migratory. Social behavior The white-throated toucanet is gregarious and frequently gathers in small groups. Feeding The white-throated toucanet forages by gleaning in the middle to upper levels of the forest, usually while perched. Its diet is eclectic and includes a wide variety of fruits, terrestrial invertebrates, and small vertebrate prey. Breeding Little is known about the white-throated toucanet's breeding biology. Its nesting season in Colombia and Venezuela is from January to September and in Ecuador from September to November. It nests in a tree cavity like others of its family. Songs and calls Listen to white-throated toucanet on xeno-canto Vocal and non-vocal sounds The white-throated toucanet's vocalizations seem to vary across its range. Authors describe it as "a rapid ser of short took or churt notes" in Colombia, as "a guttural, grinding grá-val, grá-val, grá-val...varied to roouk, roouk, roouk" in Venezuela, and "a persistent and fast rek-rek-rek-rek or rr-rek, rr-rek, rr-rek" in Ecuador. In flight its wings make a whirring sound. Status The IUCN has assessed the white-throated toucanet as being of Least Concern. It has a large range, but its population size is not known and is believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified. It is "vulnerable to habitat destruction". References ^ a b BirdLife International (2016). "Greyis-throated toucanet Aulacorhynchus albivitta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42611196A95138483. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42611196A95138483.en. Retrieved 18 December 2022. ^ a b c d Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P., eds. (August 2022). "Jacamars, puffbirds, barbets, toucans, honeyguides". IOC World Bird List. v 12.2. Retrieved December 15, 2022. ^ Gill, F.; Donsker, D., eds. (2008). "Master_IOC_list_v1.6.xls". IOC World Bird List. v 1.6. Retrieved December 17, 2022. ^ Gill, F.; Donsker, D., eds. (October 22, 2016). "Species Updates". IOC World Bird List. v 6.4. Retrieved December 17, 2022. ^ a b HBW and BirdLife International (2022) Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 7. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v7_Dec22.zip retrieved December 13, 2022 ^ Chesser, R. T., S. M. Billerman, K. J. Burns, C. Cicero, J. L. Dunn, B. E. Hernández-Baños, R. A. Jiménez, A. W. Kratter, N. A. Mason, P. C. Rasmussen, J. V. Remsen, Jr., D. F. Stotz, and K. Winker. 2022. Check-list of North American Birds (online). American Ornithological Society. https://checklist.aou.org/taxa ^ Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 24 July 2022. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved July 24, 2022 ^ Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, S. M. Billerman, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2022. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2022. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ retrieved November 10, 2022 ^ a b c d e f g h i Schulenberg, T. S., A. M. Contreras-González, C. I. Rodríguez-Flores, C. A. Soberanes-González, M. d. C. Arizmendi, and K. Powell (2020). Southern Emerald-Toucanet (Aulacorhynchus albivitta), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.souemt1.01 retrieved December 18, 2022 vteToucans, toucanets, and aracaris (family: Ramphastidae)Genus Species Aulacorhynchus(green toucanets) Wagler's toucanet Emerald toucanet Blue-throated toucanet White-throated toucanet Black-throated toucanet Groove-billed toucanet Chestnut-tipped toucanet Tepui toucanet Crimson-rumped toucanet Yellow-browed toucanet Blue-banded toucanet Pteroglossus(aracaris or araçaris) Green aracari Lettered aracari Red-necked aracari Ivory-billed aracari Brown-mandibled aracari Black-necked aracari Chestnut-eared aracari Many-banded aracari Collared aracari Stripe-billed aracari Pale-mandibled aracari Fiery-billed aracari Curl-crested aracari Saffron toucanet Selenidera(dichromatic toucanets) Yellow-eared toucanet Guianan toucanet Golden-collared toucanet Tawny-tufted toucanet Gould's toucanet Spot-billed toucanet Andigena(mountain toucans) Grey-breasted mountain toucan Plate-billed mountain toucan Hooded mountain toucan Black-billed mountain toucan Ramphastos(true toucans) Red-breasted toucan Channel-billed toucan Citron-throated toucan Choco toucan Keel-billed toucan Toco toucan White-throated toucan Yellow-throated toucan List of toucans Taxon identifiersAulacorhynchus albivitta Wikidata: Q3532791 Wikispecies: Aulacorhynchus albivitta Avibase: 570F25913107A415 BirdLife: 42611196 BOW: souemt1 CoL: 7RBP3 eBird: souemt1 GBIF: 6101211 iNaturalist: 558484 ITIS: 1145218 IUCN: 42611196 NCBI: 2972598 Neotropical: souemt1 Observation.org: 156980 Open Tree of Life: 3600280 Xeno-canto: Aulacorhynchus-albivitta Pteroglossus albivitta Wikidata: Q109563441 CoL: 7WP8N GBIF: 11300137 ITIS: 1145315
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It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela.[2]","title":"White-throated toucanet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pteroglossus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteroglossus"},{"link_name":"sensu lato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensu_lato"},{"link_name":"International Ornithological Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Ornithological_Committee"},{"link_name":"emerald toucanet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerald_toucanet"},{"link_name":"sensu stricto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensu_stricto"},{"link_name":"BirdLife International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BirdLife_International"},{"link_name":"Handbook of the Birds of the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handbook_of_the_Birds_of_the_World"},{"link_name":"American Ornithological Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Ornithological_Society"},{"link_name":"Clements taxonomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clements_taxonomy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IOC1.6-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IOC6.4-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IOC12.2-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HBW7-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NACC-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SACClist-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clements2022-8"},{"link_name":"subspecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecies"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IOC12.2-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HBW7-5"},{"link_name":"Bangs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outram_Bangs"},{"link_name":"Chapman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Chapman_(ornithologist)"},{"link_name":"Gould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gould"},{"link_name":"nominate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominate_subspecies"},{"link_name":"Boissonneau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Boissonneau"}],"text":"The white-throated toucanet was originally described in the genus Pteroglossus. What is now the white-throated toucanet was four of many subspecies of the then emerald toucanet (Aulacorhynchus prasinus sensu lato). In 2008 the International Ornithological Committee (IOC) split 10 of those subspecies to create seven new species, one of which is the white-throated toucanet, and retained four of them as subspecies of their current emerald toucanet sensu stricto. BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World (HBW) concurred. In 2016 the IOC merged two of the seven, the Santa Marta toucanet (A. lautus) and gray-throated toucanet (A. griseigularis), into the white-throated and again HBW concurred. However, the North and South American Classification Committees of the American Ornithological Society and the Clements taxonomy declined to follow them. In 2017 they did split the emerald toucanet into two species, the northern (A. prasinus) and southern (A. albivitta) emerald-toucanets, each with seven subspecies. They treat the IOC's \"white-throated\" as four subspecies of the southern emerald-toucanet.[3][4][2][5][6][7][8]Four subspecies of white-throated toucanet are recognized by the IOC and HBW:[2][5]\"Santa Marta\" toucanet (A. a. lautus) - Bangs, 1898\n\"Grey-throated\" toucanet (A. a. griseigularis) - Chapman, 1915\nA. a. phaeolaemus - Gould, 1874\nThe nominate A. a. albivitta - (Boissonneau, 1840)","title":"Taxonomy and systematics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"toucans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toucan"},{"link_name":"bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beak"},{"link_name":"culmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culmen_(beak)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOET-BOW-9"}],"text":"Like other toucans, the white-throated toucanet is brightly marked and has a large bill. Adults are 33 to 38 cm (13 to 15 in) long and weigh about 160 to 230 g (5.6 to 8.1 oz). The sexes are alike in appearance although the female generally is smaller and shorter-billed. Their bill is black with a wide yellow stripe along its culmen and a white vertical strip at its base. Subspecies A. a. albivitta and A. a. phaeolaemus have some chestnut or maroon at the base of the culmen. All four subspecies have plumage that is mainly green like that of other members of genus Aulacorhynchus, and is somewhat lighter below than above. The nominate A. a. albivitta has a white throat. It has bare yellow to orange skin around the dark eye that is further surrounded by blue feathers. Subspecies A. a. lautus has a pale gray throat and bare orange-brown or gray skin around the eye. A. a. phaeolaemus has a pale blue throat and A. a. griseigularis a gray throat. All subspecies have olive green legs and feet with dusky yellow soles.[9]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IOC12.2-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOET-BOW-9"},{"link_name":"Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_de_Santa_Marta"},{"link_name":"montane forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montane_forest"},{"link_name":"secondary forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_forest"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOET-BOW-9"}],"text":"The four subspecies of white-throated toucanet are found thus:[2][9]A. a. lautus, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta of northern Colombia\nA. a. griseigularis, the northern part of the Western Andes and the western slope of the Central Andes of Colombia\nA. a. phaeolaemus Colombia's Western Andes except the northernmost part\nA. a. albivitta, the Andes of northwestern Venezuela, both slopes of Colombia's Eastern Andes and the eastern slope of the Central Andes, and the eastern Andes of northern and central EcuadorThe white-throated toucanet primarily inhabits the interior of humid montane forest but is also found in more open landscapes like the forest's edge, secondary forest, plantations, and clearings with scattered trees.[9]","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOET-BOW-9"}],"sub_title":"Movement","text":"The white-throated toucanet is non-migratory.[9]","title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOET-BOW-9"}],"sub_title":"Social behavior","text":"The white-throated toucanet is gregarious and frequently gathers in small groups.[9]","title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOET-BOW-9"}],"sub_title":"Feeding","text":"The white-throated toucanet forages by gleaning in the middle to upper levels of the forest, usually while perched. Its diet is eclectic and includes a wide variety of fruits, terrestrial invertebrates, and small vertebrate prey.[9]","title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOET-BOW-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Birds"},{"link_name":"Listen to white-throated toucanet on xeno-canto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//xeno-canto.org/species/Aulacorhynchus-albivitta"}],"sub_title":"Breeding","text":"Little is known about the white-throated toucanet's breeding biology. Its nesting season in Colombia and Venezuela is from January to September and in Ecuador from September to November. It nests in a tree cavity like others of its family.[9]Songs and calls\nListen to white-throated toucanet on xeno-canto","title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOET-BOW-9"}],"sub_title":"Vocal and non-vocal sounds","text":"The white-throated toucanet's vocalizations seem to vary across its range. Authors describe it as \"a rapid ser[ies] of short took or churt notes\" in Colombia, as \"a guttural, grinding grá-val, grá-val, grá-val...varied to roouk, roouk, roouk\" in Venezuela, and \"a persistent and fast rek-rek-rek-rek or rr-rek, rr-rek, rr-rek\" in Ecuador. In flight its wings make a whirring sound.[9]","title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IUCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IUCN-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOET-BOW-9"}],"text":"The IUCN has assessed the white-throated toucanet as being of Least Concern. It has a large range, but its population size is not known and is believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified.[1] It is \"vulnerable to habitat destruction\".[9]","title":"Status"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"BirdLife International (2016). \"Greyis-throated toucanet Aulacorhynchus albivitta\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42611196A95138483. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42611196A95138483.en. Retrieved 18 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/42611196/95138483","url_text":"\"Greyis-throated toucanet Aulacorhynchus albivitta\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42611196A95138483.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42611196A95138483.en"}]},{"reference":"Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P., eds. (August 2022). \"Jacamars, puffbirds, barbets, toucans, honeyguides\". IOC World Bird List. v 12.2. Retrieved December 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/jacamars/","url_text":"\"Jacamars, puffbirds, barbets, toucans, honeyguides\""}]},{"reference":"Gill, F.; Donsker, D., eds. (2008). \"Master_IOC_list_v1.6.xls\". IOC World Bird List. v 1.6. Retrieved December 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldbirdnames.org/updates/archives/","url_text":"\"Master_IOC_list_v1.6.xls\""}]},{"reference":"Gill, F.; Donsker, D., eds. (October 22, 2016). \"Species Updates\". IOC World Bird List. v 6.4. Retrieved December 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/updates/species-updates/","url_text":"\"Species Updates\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://xeno-canto.org/species/Aulacorhynchus-albivitta","external_links_name":"Listen to white-throated toucanet on xeno-canto"},{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/42611196/95138483","external_links_name":"\"Greyis-throated toucanet Aulacorhynchus albivitta\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42611196A95138483.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42611196A95138483.en"},{"Link":"https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/jacamars/","external_links_name":"\"Jacamars, puffbirds, barbets, toucans, honeyguides\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldbirdnames.org/updates/archives/","external_links_name":"\"Master_IOC_list_v1.6.xls\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/updates/species-updates/","external_links_name":"\"Species Updates\""},{"Link":"http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v7_Dec22.zip","external_links_name":"http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v7_Dec22.zip"},{"Link":"https://checklist.aou.org/taxa","external_links_name":"https://checklist.aou.org/taxa"},{"Link":"https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm","external_links_name":"https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm"},{"Link":"https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/","external_links_name":"https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.souemt1.01","external_links_name":"https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.souemt1.01"},{"Link":"https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=570F25913107A415","external_links_name":"570F25913107A415"},{"Link":"https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/42611196","external_links_name":"42611196"},{"Link":"https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/souemt1","external_links_name":"souemt1"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7RBP3","external_links_name":"7RBP3"},{"Link":"https://ebird.org/species/souemt1","external_links_name":"souemt1"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/6101211","external_links_name":"6101211"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/558484","external_links_name":"558484"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=1145218","external_links_name":"1145218"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/42611196","external_links_name":"42611196"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=2972598","external_links_name":"2972598"},{"Link":"https://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/Species-Account/nb/species/souemt1","external_links_name":"souemt1"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/156980/","external_links_name":"156980"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=3600280","external_links_name":"3600280"},{"Link":"https://xeno-canto.org/species/Aulacorhynchus-albivitta","external_links_name":"Aulacorhynchus-albivitta"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7WP8N","external_links_name":"7WP8N"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/11300137","external_links_name":"11300137"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=1145315","external_links_name":"1145315"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heritage_sites_in_Simonstown
List of heritage sites in Simon's Town
["1 References"]
Sites recognised by SAHRA Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as: KML GPX (all coordinates) GPX (primary coordinates) GPX (secondary coordinates) This is a list of the heritage sites in Simon's Town as recognized by the South African Heritage Resources Agency. SAHRA identifier Site name Description Town District NHRA status Coordinates Image 9/2/081/0001 Albertyn Cottage, King George Way, Simonstown Type of site: House Current use: Tenant. Cape Town, Simonstown Simonstown Provincial Heritage Site 34°11′34″S 18°26′06″E / 34.1928390°S 18.4350730°E / -34.1928390; 18.4350730 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0001 - Albertyn Cottage, King George Way, Simonstown) Type of site: House Current use: Tenant. 9/2/081/0002 La Rochelle, 92 Main Road, St James, Cape Town Built by Emmanuel Otto Rathfelder in 1902. Type of site: House Current use: Residential. These seven properties form an integral part of the only remaining concentration of early twentieth century Edwardian beach houses in South Africa. Cape Town, St James Simonstown Provincial Heritage Site 34°07′14″S 18°27′22″E / 34.1205860°S 18.4560090°E / -34.1205860; 18.4560090 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0002 - La Rochelle, 92 Main Road, St James, Cape Town) Built by Emmanuel Otto Rathfelder in 1902. Type of site: House Current use: Residential. These seven properties form an integral part of the only remaining concentration of early twentieth century Edwardian beach houses in South Africa. 9/2/081/0003 Archaeological sites, Partridge Point, near Cape Point, Simonstown Simonstown Upload Photo 9/2/081/0004 Posthuys, Main Road, Muizenberg, Cape Town This building was originally erected in February 1673 by the Dutch East India Company as a military observation post. It was later also used as a civilian dwelling-house and was owned by Sir J. B. Robinson from 1915 to 1929. Type of site: House Previous use: Residential. Current use: Museum. This building was originally erected in February 1673 by the Dutch East India Company as a military observation post. It was later also used as a civilian dwelling-house and was owned by Sir J. B. Robinson from 1915 to 1929. Cape Town, Muizenberg Simonstown Provincial Heritage Site 34°06′37″S 18°28′01″E / 34.110267°S 18.467016°E / -34.110267; 18.467016 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0004 - Posthuys, Main Road, Muizenberg, Cape Town) This building was originally erected in February 1673 by the Dutch East India Company as a military observation post. It was later also used as a civilian dwelling-house and was owned by Sir J. B. Robinson from 1915 to 1929. Type of site: House Previous use: Residential. Current use: Museum. This building was originally erected in February 1673 by the Dutch East India Company as a military observation post. It was later also used as a civilian dwelling-house and was owned by Sir J. B. Robinson from 1915 to 1929. 9/2/081/0005 Welcome Cottage, Glencairn, Simonstown District The land on which Welcome Cottage is built was granted in Perpetual Quitrent to Johannes Henricus Brand, Deputy Fiscal of Simon's Town, in 1811. He later became Member of the Court of Justice. JHBrand's son, Christoffel, was the first Speaker of the Hou Type of site: House Previous use: Residential. Current use: Residential. Historical/ Architectural significance: The land on which Welcome Cottage is built was granted in Perpetual Quitrent to Johannes Henricus Brand, Deputy Fiscal of Simon's Town, in 1811. He later became Member of the Court of Justice. JHBrand's son, Christoffel, was the first Speaker of the House of Assembly and his grandson, Johannes Henricus Brand, became the first President of the Orange Free State. Both the main homestead and the outbuildings are predominantly Cape Dutch in style and of considerable architectural merit. Cape Town, Glencairn Simonstown Provincial Heritage Site 34°09′12″S 18°24′27″E / 34.153382°S 18.407632°E / -34.153382; 18.407632 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0005 - Welcome Cottage, Glencairn, Simonstown District) The land on which Welcome Cottage is built was granted in Perpetual Quitrent to Johannes Henricus Brand, Deputy Fiscal of Simon's Town, in 1811. He later became Member of the Court of Justice. JHBrand's son, Christoffel, was the first Speaker of the Hou Type of site: House Previous use: Residential. Current use: Residential. Historical/ Architectural significance: The land on which Welcome Cottage is built was granted in Perpetual Quitrent to Johannes Henricus Brand, Deputy Fiscal of Simon's Town, in 1811. He later became Member of the Court of Justice. JHBrand's son, Christoffel, was the first Speaker of the House of Assembly and his grandson, Johannes Henricus Brand, became the first President of the Orange Free State. Both the main homestead and the outbuildings are predominantly Cape Dutch in style and of considerable architectural merit. 9/2/081/0006 Corriemar, 4 Main Road, St James, Cape Town Type of site: House Current use: Residential. Cape Town, St James Simonstown Provincial Heritage Site 34°07′22″S 18°27′12″E / 34.122900°S 18.453250°E / -34.122900; 18.453250 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0006 - Corriemar, 4 Main Road, St James, Cape Town) Type of site: House Current use: Residential. 9/2/081/0007 270 Main Road, St James, Cape Town Simonstown 34°06′56″S 18°27′44″E / 34.115644°S 18.462263°E / -34.115644; 18.462263 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0007 - 270 Main Road, St James, Cape Town) Upload Photo 9/2/081/0008 60 Simonstown Road, Fish Hoek Both 60 and 62 originally formed part of the farm owned by K.S. de Villiers, known as the land baron of the area. He died in 1916 and the property was soon afterwards subdivided into lots to form the township now known as Fish Hoek. NO. 60 SIMONSTOWN ROAD Type of site: House Current use: Residential. The original portions of these two cottages dated from 1919 and were built as seaside cottages by affluent residents of Cape Town. Additions were made as and when necessary. Cape Town, Fish Hoek Simonstown Provincial Heritage Site 34°08′35″S 18°26′04″E / 34.143124°S 18.434401°E / -34.143124; 18.434401 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0008 - 60 Simonstown Road, Fish Hoek) Both 60 and 62 originally formed part of the farm owned by K.S. de Villiers, known as the land baron of the area. He died in 1916 and the property was soon afterwards subdivided into lots to form the township now known as Fish Hoek. NO. 60 SIMONSTOWN ROAD Type of site: House Current use: Residential. The original portions of these two cottages dated from 1919 and were built as seaside cottages by affluent residents of Cape Town. Additions were made as and when necessary. 9/2/081/0009 SIMONSTOWN MUNICIPAL AREA, GENERAL Simonstown Upload Photo 9/2/081/0010 Silvermine, Zilvermyn Simonstown District Simonstown 34°04′30″S 18°23′56″E / 34.075010°S 18.398934°E / -34.075010; 18.398934 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0010 - Silvermine, Zilvermyn Simonstown District) Upload Photo 9/2/081/0011 Colwyn, 22 Main Road, St James, Cape Town Type of site: House. Current use: Residential. These seven properties form an integral part of the only remaining concentration of early twentieth century Edwardian beach houses in South Africa. Cape Town, St James Simonstown Provincial Heritage Site 34°07′12″S 18°27′25″E / 34.1199360°S 18.4569830°E / -34.1199360; 18.4569830 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0011 - Colwyn, 22 Main Road, St James, Cape Town) Type of site: House. Current use: Residential. These seven properties form an integral part of the only remaining concentration of early twentieth century Edwardian beach houses in South Africa. 9/2/081/0012 Marine Hotel, Muizenberg, Cape Town Simonstown Upload Photo 9/2/081/0013 Methodist Church, Chapel Lane, Simonstown Simonstown 34°11′35″S 18°25′40″E / 34.192940°S 18.427776°E / -34.192940; 18.427776 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0013 - Methodist Church, Chapel Lane, Simonstown) Upload Photo 9/2/081/0014 Baddeley House, 1 Hope Street, Simonstown Simonstown 34°11′34″S 18°25′35″E / 34.192802°S 18.426371°E / -34.192802; 18.426371 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0014 - Baddeley House, 1 Hope Street, Simonstown) Upload Photo 9/2/081/0015 KALK BAY LOCAL AREA, GENERAL Simonstown Upload Photo 9/2/081/0016 Peer's Cave, Fish Hoek, Simonstown District Simonstown 34°07′06″S 18°24′24″E / 34.118411°S 18.406791°E / -34.118411; 18.406791 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0016 - Peer's Cave, Fish Hoek, Simonstown District) Upload Photo 9/2/081/0017 Villa Capri, 86 Main Road, St James, Cape Town The ground on which this house stands was granted to Johan Hendrik Muller on 4 April 1814. The house was presumably built as early as 1795. It is very probable that in the course of its long life the house has had some alterations, for instance the kitchen has been modernised and brick lean-to rooms were built on at the rear, probably in this century. The entrance which used to be at the side has been changed to the front and some very inappropriate steps were added in the front. The main structure, however, it remains basically unchanged. The house is on the lines of most of those built in the early days of Kalk Bay— a long front, with a step running the full length, and a hipped thatched roof. It is said to be one of the oldest surviving houses along the coast from Glencairn to Muizenberg. What gives the house particular importance is that it was once a whaling station. Under it is a long stone-built cellar running the full length of the house. It has been divided longitudinally, and the front section could have accommodated a small boat beat, which was long and narrow. The back section has a raised platform with compartments along the back, which presumably had been used as slave quarters, but could well have been used for storing barrels of oil and whaling equipment. There used to be a blubber pot in the grounds and the corner posts of the fence were of whale bone which lasted better than wood. The house is situated on a large property with an attractive garden. Type of site: Residential, Whaling Station Current use: Residential. Cape Town, St James Simonstown Provincial Heritage Site 34°07′13″S 18°27′24″E / 34.1202120°S 18.4565540°E / -34.1202120; 18.4565540 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0017 - Villa Capri, 86 Main Road, St James, Cape Town) The ground on which this house stands was granted to Johan Hendrik Muller on 4 April 1814. The house was presumably built as early as 1795. It is very probable that in the course of its long life the house has had some alterations, for instance the kitchen has been modernised and brick lean-to rooms were built on at the rear, probably in this century. The entrance which used to be at the side has been changed to the front and some very inappropriate steps were added in the front. The main structure, however, it remains basically unchanged. The house is on the lines of most of those built in the early days of Kalk Bay— a long front, with a step running the full length, and a hipped thatched roof. It is said to be one of the oldest surviving houses along the coast from Glencairn to Muizenberg. What gives the house particular importance is that it was once a whaling station. Under it is a long stone-built cellar running the full length of the house. It has been divided longitudinally, and the front section could have accommodated a small boat beat, which was long and narrow. The back section has a raised platform with compartments along the back, which presumably had been used as slave quarters, but could well have been used for storing barrels of oil and whaling equipment. There used to be a blubber pot in the grounds and the corner posts of the fence were of whale bone which lasted better than wood. The house is situated on a large property with an attractive garden. Type of site: Residential, Whaling Station Current use: Residential. 9/2/081/0018 Schoonzicht, 204 Main Road, Kalk Bay, Cape Town Type of site: House Current use: Residential. Cape Town, Kalk Bay Simonstown Provincial Heritage Site 34°07′56″S 18°26′46″E / 34.1323180°S 18.4461480°E / -34.1323180; 18.4461480 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0018 - Schoonzicht, 204 Main Road, Kalk Bay, Cape Town) Type of site: House Current use: Residential. 9/2/081/0019 Vergenoeg, 42 Royal Road, Muizenberg, Cape Town The house stands on a relatively small strip of land between Royal Road and the shores of Muizenberg beach; The facade of the house consists of two bays joined together by an enclosed verandah on the lower level and an enclosed patio on the first floor. This magnificent double storeyed residence was designed by Sir Herbert Baker for his friend Alpheus Williams, general manager of De Beers Consolidated Mines, at the same time as he was busy building his own seaside cottage "Sandhills" in 1903. Type of site: House Current use: Residential. This impressive double-storeyed beach house with its gables in the Flemish revival style was designed by Sir Herbert Baker. It was built in 1903 for Alpheus Williams, the General Manager of De Beers Consolidated Mines. Cape Town, Muizenberg Simonstown Provincial Heritage Site 34°06′14″S 18°28′40″E / 34.103755°S 18.477877°E / -34.103755; 18.477877 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0019 - Vergenoeg, 42 Royal Road, Muizenberg, Cape Town) The house stands on a relatively small strip of land between Royal Road and the shores of Muizenberg beach; The facade of the house consists of two bays joined together by an enclosed verandah on the lower level and an enclosed patio on the first floor. This magnificent double storeyed residence was designed by Sir Herbert Baker for his friend Alpheus Williams, general manager of De Beers Consolidated Mines, at the same time as he was busy building his own seaside cottage "Sandhills" in 1903. Type of site: House Current use: Residential. This impressive double-storeyed beach house with its gables in the Flemish revival style was designed by Sir Herbert Baker. It was built in 1903 for Alpheus Williams, the General Manager of De Beers Consolidated Mines. 9/2/081/0020 Hugo Tomb, Simonstown Type of site: Vault Current use: Vault. Cape Town, Simonstown Simonstown Provincial Heritage Site 34°12′28″S 18°27′32″E / 34.2078230°S 18.4588700°E / -34.2078230; 18.4588700 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0020 - Hugo Tomb, Simonstown) Type of site: Vault Current use: Vault. 9/2/081/0021 MUIZENBERG LOCAL AREA, GENERAL Simonstown Upload Photo 9/2/081/0022 3-5 Simon's Town Road, Fish Hoek, Simonstown District Simonstown 34°08′31″S 18°25′54″E / 34.141840°S 18.431590°E / -34.141840; 18.431590 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0022 - 3-5 Simon's Town Road, Fish Hoek, Simonstown District) Upload Photo 9/2/081/0023 The Homestead, Ley Road, St James, Cape Town Simonstown 34°07′14″S 18°27′21″E / 34.120674°S 18.455769°E / -34.120674; 18.455769 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0023 - The Homestead, Ley Road, St James, Cape Town) Upload Photo 9/2/081/0024 Garden Remembrance, Simonstown Simonstown Upload Photo 9/2/081/0025 The Homestead, 10 Montrose Avenue, Clovelly, Fish Hoek The Homestead which is situated in Montrose Avenue overlooks the Fish Hoek valley and into the setting sun. The house, which originally consisted of a "voorkamer" with rooms leading off to the left and right, with a high pitched roof (presumably thatch) The walls were low and to accommodate this the doors are of normal width but low requiring one to bend your head when passing through. The present owner removed the dilapidated boards and took the ceiling into the loft area giving the rooms a pleasant vaulted appearance. A hearth which was presumably built shortly after the erection of the house was so big that it is now used as a dining alcove. To accommodate this an "afdak" was built consisting, today, of a kitchen, pantry, dining room, storeroom, toilet and bathroom - not large but adequate. A verandah was added over a high stoep. On the right end a "stoepkemer" was fitted in. This part is the most recent addition possibly dating from the twenties judging by the twin—type of masonry pillars which supports the verandah roof. The house is whitewashed with timber and roof painted black and hedged in with shrubs, trees and a high front boundary wall. Cobbled paths lead through a neat and well kept garden. Clovelly which was originally known as "Klein Tuin" during the Dutch East India Company’s sojourn, originally formed part of the Fish Hoek Valley which was divided in 1827 into three separate sections and allocated to owners. Photographic evidence from this period shows the original portion of the house already in existence. The back portion thereof is reputed to have been built during the latter half of the nineteenth century. This is the oldest house in the Clovelly valley. Cape Town, Clovelly Simonstown Provincial Heritage Site 34°07′35″S 18°25′57″E / 34.126330°S 18.432635°E / -34.126330; 18.432635 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0025 - The Homestead, 10 Montrose Avenue, Clovelly, Fish Hoek) The Homestead which is situated in Montrose Avenue overlooks the Fish Hoek valley and into the setting sun. The house, which originally consisted of a "voorkamer" with rooms leading off to the left and right, with a high pitched roof (presumably thatch) The walls were low and to accommodate this the doors are of normal width but low requiring one to bend your head when passing through. The present owner removed the dilapidated boards and took the ceiling into the loft area giving the rooms a pleasant vaulted appearance. A hearth which was presumably built shortly after the erection of the house was so big that it is now used as a dining alcove. To accommodate this an "afdak" was built consisting, today, of a kitchen, pantry, dining room, storeroom, toilet and bathroom - not large but adequate. A verandah was added over a high stoep. On the right end a "stoepkemer" was fitted in. This part is the most recent addition possibly dating from the twenties judging by the twin—type of masonry pillars which supports the verandah roof. The house is whitewashed with timber and roof painted black and hedged in with shrubs, trees and a high front boundary wall. Cobbled paths lead through a neat and well kept garden. Clovelly which was originally known as "Klein Tuin" during the Dutch East India Company’s sojourn, originally formed part of the Fish Hoek Valley which was divided in 1827 into three separate sections and allocated to owners. Photographic evidence from this period shows the original portion of the house already in existence. The back portion thereof is reputed to have been built during the latter half of the nineteenth century. This is the oldest house in the Clovelly valley. 9/2/081/0026 Coelnamara, 20 Main Road, St James, Cape Town Type of site: House. Current use: Residential. These seven properties form an integral part of the only remaining concentration of early twentieth century Edwardian beach houses in South Africa. Cape Town, St James Simonstown Provincial Heritage Site 34°07′25″S 18°27′09″E / 34.123735°S 18.452455°E / -34.123735; 18.452455 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0026 - Coelnamara, 20 Main Road, St James, Cape Town) Type of site: House. Current use: Residential. These seven properties form an integral part of the only remaining concentration of early twentieth century Edwardian beach houses in South Africa. 9/2/081/0027 Yokohama, 20 Main Road, Muizenberg, Cape Town Simonstown 34°06′05″S 18°28′05″E / 34.101352°S 18.468050°E / -34.101352; 18.468050 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0027 - Yokohama, 20 Main Road, Muizenberg, Cape Town) Upload Photo 9/2/081/0028 Long Cottage, 248 Main Road, Muizenberg, Cape Town Type of site: House Current use: Residential. Cape Town, Muizenberg Simonstown Provincial Heritage Site 34°06′52″S 18°27′50″E / 34.114573°S 18.463774°E / -34.114573; 18.463774 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0028 - Long Cottage, 248 Main Road, Muizenberg, Cape Town) Type of site: House Current use: Residential. 9/2/081/0029 Roman Rock Lighthouse, Simonstown District Simonstown 34°10′53″S 18°27′36″E / 34.181284°S 18.460117°E / -34.181284; 18.460117 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0029 - Roman Rock Lighthouse, Simonstown District) 9/2/081/0030 Military Ruins between Boyes Drive & Main Road, Muizenberg, Cape Town Simonstown Upload Photo 9/2/081/0031 Railway Station, Main Road, Muizenberg, Cape Town Although the railway line to Muizenberg was opened on 15 December 1882, just in time for the summer season, the station building was only erected in 1912/1913. In the meantime a shed-type building served as a station. The new building was opened on 7 June 1913 by the then Minister of Railways and Harbours, Mr. Henry Burton. Along with 300 guests he travelled first to Kalk Bay where he laid the first block of the breakwater. The trainload, of passengers then returned to Muizenberg where Mr. Burton officially opened the station by unlocking the door and purchasing the first ticket. This is a unique station building and a fine example of the Edwardian era. The station is situated on Main Road and in very close proximity to the Post Huys, which is now a major tourist attraction. The old Carnegie Library, now the police station and the Court House which both date from about 1910, are situated next door to the Post Huys. These buildings together, form an important, pleasing and very historic street facade along this section of the False Bay coastline. The building belongs to State and resorts under the Railways and Harbours Administration. Visual Description: The central portion of the building, in which the booking hall is situated, is a double-storey surmounted by an impressive clock tower. An interesting feature is the gables which appear to be a revival of the mid-eighteenth-century Flemish style. The floor of the booking hall is decorated with encaustic black and white tiles. The cast iron stairway, with teak handrail, is also noteworthy. On the platform side of the building an attractive 1930 addition extends from the second storey over the arched colonnade. A single wing extends from either side of the main building and these wings are gable ended. Each wing also has a smaller Flemish type gable on the front and back. All the windows, arches and corners are heavily rusticated with sandstone blocks. Red brick. Stone quoining to openings and corners. asbestos slate roof Type of site: Railway Station Current use: Railway station / commercial. Cape Town, Muizenberg Simonstown Provincial Heritage Site 34°06′34″S 18°28′03″E / 34.1095500°S 18.4675510°E / -34.1095500; 18.4675510 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0031 - Railway Station, Main Road, Muizenberg, Cape Town) Although the railway line to Muizenberg was opened on 15 December 1882, just in time for the summer season, the station building was only erected in 1912/1913. In the meantime a shed-type building served as a station. The new building was opened on 7 June 1913 by the then Minister of Railways and Harbours, Mr. Henry Burton. Along with 300 guests he travelled first to Kalk Bay where he laid the first block of the breakwater. The trainload, of passengers then returned to Muizenberg where Mr. Burton officially opened the station by unlocking the door and purchasing the first ticket. This is a unique station building and a fine example of the Edwardian era. The station is situated on Main Road and in very close proximity to the Post Huys, which is now a major tourist attraction. The old Carnegie Library, now the police station and the Court House which both date from about 1910, are situated next door to the Post Huys. These buildings together, form an important, pleasing and very historic street facade along this section of the False Bay coastline. The building belongs to State and resorts under the Railways and Harbours Administration. Visual Description: The central portion of the building, in which the booking hall is situated, is a double-storey surmounted by an impressive clock tower. An interesting feature is the gables which appear to be a revival of the mid-eighteenth-century Flemish style. The floor of the booking hall is decorated with encaustic black and white tiles. The cast iron stairway, with teak handrail, is also noteworthy. On the platform side of the building an attractive 1930 addition extends from the second storey over the arched colonnade. A single wing extends from either side of the main building and these wings are gable ended. Each wing also has a smaller Flemish type gable on the front and back. All the windows, arches and corners are heavily rusticated with sandstone blocks. Red brick. Stone quoining to openings and corners. asbestos slate roof Type of site: Railway Station Current use: Railway station / commercial. Media related to Muizenberg station at Wikimedia Commons 9/2/081/0032 Holy Trinity Church, Main Road, Kalk Bay, Cape Town Simonstown 34°08′04″S 18°25′59″E / 34.134440°S 18.433063°E / -34.134440; 18.433063 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0032 - Holy Trinity Church, Main Road, Kalk Bay, Cape Town) Upload Photo 9/2/081/0033 Seaforth Cemetery, Simonstown Simonstown 34°11′45″S 18°26′33″E / 34.195788°S 18.442536°E / -34.195788; 18.442536 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0033 - Seaforth Cemetery, Simonstown) Upload Photo 9/2/081/0034 Old Police Station, 186 Main Road, Muizenberg, Cape Town Type of site: Police Station Previous use: Police station. Current use: Museum. Cape Town, Muizenberg Simonstown Provincial Heritage Site 34°06′39″S 18°28′00″E / 34.110742°S 18.466782°E / -34.110742; 18.466782 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0034 - Old Police Station, 186 Main Road, Muizenberg, Cape Town) Type of site: Police Station Previous use: Police station. Current use: Museum. 9/2/081/0035 Old Magistrate's Court, 184 Main Road, Muizenberg, Cape Town Type of site: Courthouse Previous use: Magistrate's court. Current use: Museum. Cape Town, Muizenberg Simonstown Provincial Heritage Site 34°06′38″S 18°28′00″E / 34.110585°S 18.466627°E / -34.110585; 18.466627 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0035 - Old Magistrate's Court, 184 Main Road, Muizenberg, Cape Town) Type of site: Courthouse Previous use: Magistrate's court. Current use: Museum. 9/2/081/0036 De Goede Hoop Estate, Noordhoek, Simonstown District Type of site: House. "De Goede Hoop" is a unique example of the influence of Herbert Baker and his associates on South African architecture. Cape Town, Noordhoek Simonstown Provincial Heritage Site 34°05′35″S 18°22′38″E / 34.093128°S 18.377166°E / -34.093128; 18.377166 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0036 - De Goede Hoop Estate, Noordhoek, Simonstown District) Type of site: House. "De Goede Hoop" is a unique example of the influence of Herbert Baker and his associates on South African architecture. 9/2/081/0037 FISH HOEK MUNICIPAL AREA, SIMONSTOWN DISTRICT, GENERAL Simonstown Upload Photo 9/2/081/0038 Cape Point Nature Reserve, Simonstown District Simonstown 34°21′24″S 18°29′49″E / 34.356782°S 18.496885°E / -34.356782; 18.496885 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0038 - Cape Point Nature Reserve, Simonstown District) 9/2/081/0039 Admiralty House, St Georges Street, Simonstown Original grant to Antoni Visser in May 1743. First permanent building in Simon's Town. (There was a building on site by 1740.) Building of similar dimensions as to existing is shown on a plan of 1760. Originally a guesthouse, private residence and bought by the navy in 1814. Rear-Admiral Sir Jahleel Brenton was the first of many admirals to live here. The building was changed considerably in 1853. Type of site: Residency. Cape Town, Simonstown Simonstown Provincial Heritage Site 34°11′36″S 18°25′57″E / 34.193369°S 18.432567°E / -34.193369; 18.432567 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0039 - Admiralty House, St Georges Street, Simonstown) Original grant to Antoni Visser in May 1743. First permanent building in Simon's Town. (There was a building on site by 1740.) Building of similar dimensions as to existing is shown on a plan of 1760. Originally a guesthouse, private residence and bought by the navy in 1814. Rear-Admiral Sir Jahleel Brenton was the first of many admirals to live here. The building was changed considerably in 1853. Type of site: Residency. 9/2/081/0040 Canty Bay House, 196 Main Road, Muizenberg, Cape Town Type of site: House Current use: Residential. These seven properties form an integral part of the only remaining concentration of early twentieth century Edwardian beach houses in South Africa. Cape Town, Muizenberg Simonstown Provincial Heritage Site 34°06′41″S 18°27′58″E / 34.111449°S 18.466242°E / -34.111449; 18.466242 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0040 - Canty Bay House, 196 Main Road, Muizenberg, Cape Town) Type of site: House Current use: Residential. These seven properties form an integral part of the only remaining concentration of early twentieth century Edwardian beach houses in South Africa. 9/2/081/0041 Bayview, 66 Simon's Town Road, Fish Hoek, Simonstown District Simonstown 34°08′36″S 18°26′06″E / 34.143418°S 18.434902°E / -34.143418; 18.434902 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0041 - Bayview, 66 Simon's Town Road, Fish Hoek, Simonstown District) Upload Photo 9/2/081/0042 No.1, The Gardens, Simonstown Simonstown 34°11′40″S 18°25′53″E / 34.194320°S 18.431336°E / -34.194320; 18.431336 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0042 - No.1, The Gardens, Simonstown) Upload Photo 9/2/081/0043 Glass factory site, Glencairn, Simonstown Simonstown Upload Photo 9/2/081/0044 Old Dutch Reformed Church, 52 Main Road, Kalk Bay, Cape Town Type of site: Church Previous use: Church. Current use: Theatre Cape Town, Kalk Bay Simonstown Provisional Protection 34°07′31″S 18°27′03″E / 34.125179°S 18.450728°E / -34.125179; 18.450728 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0044 - Old Dutch Reformed Church, 52 Main Road, Kalk Bay, Cape Town) Type of site: Church Previous use: Church. Current use: Theatre 9/2/081/0045 Natale Labia Museum, 190-194 Main Road, Muizenberg, Cape Town Type of site: House Previous use: Residential. Current use: Gallery. These seven properties form an integral part of the only remaining concentration of early twentieth century Edwardian beach houses in South Africa. Cape Town, Muizenberg Simonstown Provincial Heritage Site 34°06′41″S 18°27′59″E / 34.111280°S 18.466390°E / -34.111280; 18.466390 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0045 - Natale Labia Museum, 190-194 Main Road, Muizenberg, Cape Town) Type of site: House Previous use: Residential. Current use: Gallery. These seven properties form an integral part of the only remaining concentration of early twentieth century Edwardian beach houses in South Africa. 9/2/081/0046 SA Naval Museum, West Dockyard, Simonstown Type of site: Church, Museum Previous use: Church /. Current use: Museum. Cape Town, Simonstown Simonstown Provincial Heritage Site 34°11′30″S 18°25′38″E / 34.191715°S 18.427157°E / -34.191715; 18.427157 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0046 - SA Naval Museum, West Dockyard, Simonstown) Type of site: Church, Museum Previous use: Church /. Current use: Museum. Media related to South African Naval Museum at Wikimedia Commons 9/2/081/0047 Muizenberg High School, Windermere Street, Muizenberg, Cape Town Simonstown 34°05′51″S 18°28′37″E / 34.097474°S 18.476979°E / -34.097474; 18.476979 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0047 - Muizenberg High School, Windermere Street, Muizenberg, Cape Town) Upload Photo 9/2/081/0048 The Kraal, 7 Hillside Road, Fish Hoek Simonstown 34°08′38″S 18°26′05″E / 34.143780°S 18.434727°E / -34.143780; 18.434727 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0048 - The Kraal, 7 Hillside Road, Fish Hoek) Upload Photo 9/2/081/0049 Hot shot canonball oven, Main Road, Simonstown Simonstown Upload Photo 9/2/081/0050 Rhodes Cottage, 246 Main Road, Muizenberg, Cape Town Rhodes’s cottage stands on the main road to Simons town, facing the sea between Muizenberg and St. James. It was formerly known as Barkly Cottage. Cecil Rhodes bought it on 27 February 1899, from the estate of J. R. Reid. At the end of that year the Anglo-Boer War broke out and Kimberley was besieged. Rhodes was in Kimberley during the siege, but when the siege was raised early in 1900 he returned to this cottage at Muizenberg to recover his strength. However, it was after his return from England in February, 1902, that he became most closely associated with the cottage. Almost immediately on his arrival at Groote Schuur he drove down to the cottage in the 12-14 h.p. Wolseley car he had brought with him from England. He was already suffering from the heart disease which was to cause his death. He retired to bed immediately but he could not lie down and had to sit propped up by pillows. The weather was extremely hot and the cottage had an iron roof at that time, so a hole was made in the wall next to his bed to give him more air. While he was in this condition he had to give evidence against Princess Radziwill who had defrauded him of thousands of rand. On 26 March 1902, just before six o’clock in the evening, he died here in this house. The cottage remained in the possession of the Rhodes Trustees until 1932, when they donated it to the government of Northern Rhodesia, who transferred it to the City Council of Cape Town in 1937. Type of site: House Current use: Museum. Cape Town, Muizenberg Simonstown Provincial Heritage Site 34°06′52″S 18°27′51″E / 34.114415°S 18.464076°E / -34.114415; 18.464076 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0050 - Rhodes Cottage, 246 Main Road, Muizenberg, Cape Town) Rhodes’s cottage stands on the main road to Simons town, facing the sea between Muizenberg and St. James. It was formerly known as Barkly Cottage. Cecil Rhodes bought it on 27 February 1899, from the estate of J. R. Reid. At the end of that year the Anglo-Boer War broke out and Kimberley was besieged. Rhodes was in Kimberley during the siege, but when the siege was raised early in 1900 he returned to this cottage at Muizenberg to recover his strength. However, it was after his return from England in February, 1902, that he became most closely associated with the cottage. Almost immediately on his arrival at Groote Schuur he drove down to the cottage in the 12-14 h.p. Wolseley car he had brought with him from England. He was already suffering from the heart disease which was to cause his death. He retired to bed immediately but he could not lie down and had to sit propped up by pillows. The weather was extremely hot and the cottage had an iron roof at that time, so a hole was made in the wall next to his bed to give him more air. While he was in this condition he had to give evidence against Princess Radziwill who had defrauded him of thousands of rand. On 26 March 1902, just before six o’clock in the evening, he died here in this house. The cottage remained in the possession of the Rhodes Trustees until 1932, when they donated it to the government of Northern Rhodesia, who transferred it to the City Council of Cape Town in 1937. Type of site: House Current use: Museum. 9/2/081/0051 Studland, St Georges Street, Simonstown This building was built as a "Wine House" or tavern in 1897 by J. P. Eksteen and is probably the oldest building of its kind in South Africa. This building was built as a "Wine House" or tavern in 1897 by J. P. Eksteen and is probably the oldest building of its kind in South Africa. Cape Town, Simonstown Simonstown Provincial Heritage Site 34°11′36″S 18°26′05″E / 34.193367°S 18.434640°E / -34.193367; 18.434640 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0051 - Studland, St Georges Street, Simonstown) This building was built as a "Wine House" or tavern in 1897 by J. P. Eksteen and is probably the oldest building of its kind in South Africa. This building was built as a "Wine House" or tavern in 1897 by J. P. Eksteen and is probably the oldest building of its kind in South Africa. 9/2/081/0052 St Francis of Assisi Church, 2 Court Road, Simonstown This church was completed in 1837 and was consecrated on 30 July 1837. Type of site: Church Current use: Church : Anglican. This church was completed in 1837 and was consecrated on 30 July 1837. Cape Town, Simonstown Simonstown Provincial Heritage Site 34°11′28″S 18°25′39″E / 34.191017°S 18.427372°E / -34.191017; 18.427372 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0052 - St Francis of Assisi Church, 2 Court Road, Simonstown) This church was completed in 1837 and was consecrated on 30 July 1837. Type of site: Church Current use: Church : Anglican. This church was completed in 1837 and was consecrated on 30 July 1837. 9/2/081/0053 Palace Barracks, Palace Hill Road, Simonstown Late 1700s. Land granted to Jan Hendrik Munnik in Oct 1784. House clearly in existence by 1798. 1813 bought by John Osmond. Owned by William Coghill, and bought by the Imperial Government in 1886. Converted to a South African War Hospital in 1900 for Type of site: House. Cape Town, Simonstown Simonstown Provincial Heritage Site 34°11′11″S 18°25′27″E / 34.186298°S 18.424113°E / -34.186298; 18.424113 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0053 - Palace Barracks, Palace Hill Road, Simonstown) Late 1700s. Land granted to Jan Hendrik Munnik in Oct 1784. House clearly in existence by 1798. 1813 bought by John Osmond. Owned by William Coghill, and bought by the Imperial Government in 1886. Converted to a South African War Hospital in 1900 for Type of site: House. 9/2/081/0054 Ibeka, Cornwall Road, Simonstown This land was one of the original erven granted in Simonstown. Built in 1816 by PJ Truter Jnr, Collector of Customs who owned it until 1842. In 1840 it was leased by the government as a temporary isolation hospital for smallpox patients, and in the follo. Cape Town, Simonstown Simonstown Provincial Heritage Site 34°11′34″S 18°25′37″E / 34.192814°S 18.426873°E / -34.192814; 18.426873 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0054 - Ibeka, Cornwall Road, Simonstown) This land was one of the original erven granted in Simonstown. Built in 1816 by PJ Truter Jnr, Collector of Customs who owned it until 1842. In 1840 it was leased by the government as a temporary isolation hospital for smallpox patients, and in the follo. 9/2/081/0055 Martello Tower, Simonstown The Martello Tower circular with a wall six feet thick and about 25 feet in height. The Martello Tower was erected in 1796 on Sir James Craig's orders, to make the defence system of Simonstown more effective. It is claimed that this is the oldest British structure of its kind in the world and also the first building to be erected after t Type of site: Martello Tower. It is claimed that this is the oldest British structure of its kind in the world and also the first building to be erected after the British occupation of the Cape. Cape Town, Simonstown Simonstown Provincial Heritage Site 34°11′38″S 18°26′08″E / 34.193765°S 18.435665°E / -34.193765; 18.435665 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0055 - Martello Tower, Simonstown) The Martello Tower circular with a wall six feet thick and about 25 feet in height. The Martello Tower was erected in 1796 on Sir James Craig's orders, to make the defence system of Simonstown more effective. It is claimed that this is the oldest British structure of its kind in the world and also the first building to be erected after t Type of site: Martello Tower. It is claimed that this is the oldest British structure of its kind in the world and also the first building to be erected after the British occupation of the Cape. Media related to Martello Tower, Simon's Town at Wikimedia Commons 9/2/081/0056 Dutch Reformed Church, St Georges Street, Simonstown The foundation stone of this church was laid on 10 December 1855 and the church building itself was consecrated on 10 December 1856. The church is closely linked to the history of Simonstown. The music for the national anthem was composed in the adjoining Type of site: Church Current use: Church : Dutch Reformed. The church is closely linked to the history of Simonstown. The music for the national anthem was composed in the adjoining parsonage, in 1921 by the then minister of the congregation, the Reverend M. L. de Villiers. Cape Town, Simonstown Simonstown Provincial Heritage Site 34°11′36″S 18°25′57″E / 34.193369°S 18.432567°E / -34.193369; 18.432567 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0056 - Dutch Reformed Church, St Georges Street, Simonstown) The foundation stone of this church was laid on 10 December 1855 and the church building itself was consecrated on 10 December 1856. The church is closely linked to the history of Simonstown. The music for the national anthem was composed in the adjoining Type of site: Church Current use: Church : Dutch Reformed. The church is closely linked to the history of Simonstown. The music for the national anthem was composed in the adjoining parsonage, in 1921 by the then minister of the congregation, the Reverend M. L. de Villiers. 9/2/081/0057 Old Union Tavern, Smith Lane, Simonstown The Union was a tavern occupying a plot 80 by 60 feet on Smith Street, bought from the widow Rossouw in 1801. The purchaser, Johannes Bissinger, wasted no time in erecting the building and in taking out licences to keep a billiard table and to sell wine. Cape Town, Simonstown Simonstown Provincial Heritage Site 34°11′38″S 18°26′08″E / 34.193765°S 18.435665°E / -34.193765; 18.435665 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0057 - Old Union Tavern, Smith Lane, Simonstown) The Union was a tavern occupying a plot 80 by 60 feet on Smith Street, bought from the widow Rossouw in 1801. The purchaser, Johannes Bissinger, wasted no time in erecting the building and in taking out licences to keep a billiard table and to sell wine. 9/2/081/0058 Stempastorie Museum, Church Street, Simonstown This double-storeyed building was erected in 1815 by the building contractor Herman Schutte. The veranda was added in 1820. The music for the National Anthem, "Die Stem van Suid-Afrika", was composed here in 1919 by the Rev. M. L. de Villiers. ?????? Type of site: Pastorie Previous use: Parsonage. Current use: Museum. Cape Town, Simonstown Simonstown Provincial Heritage Site 34°11′37″S 18°26′07″E / 34.193708°S 18.435338°E / -34.193708; 18.435338 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0058 - Stempastorie Museum, Church Street, Simonstown) This double-storeyed building was erected in 1815 by the building contractor Herman Schutte. The veranda was added in 1820. The music for the National Anthem, "Die Stem van Suid-Afrika", was composed here in 1919 by the Rev. M. L. de Villiers. ?????? Type of site: Pastorie Previous use: Parsonage. Current use: Museum. 9/2/081/0059 Old stables of Oatlands, Simonstown This building was originally erected in the eighteenth century as stables for the well-known Oatlands property. Shortly after the Second British Occupation of the Cape it served as a guard house for some time. Type of site: Stables. Cape Town, Simonstown Simonstown Provincial Heritage Site 34°11′38″S 18°26′08″E / 34.193765°S 18.435665°E / -34.193765; 18.435665 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0059 - Old stables of Oatlands, Simonstown) This building was originally erected in the eighteenth century as stables for the well-known Oatlands property. Shortly after the Second British Occupation of the Cape it served as a guard house for some time. Type of site: Stables. Media related to Oatlands, Simon's Town at Wikimedia Commons 9/2/081/0060 Bay View House, 134 St Georges Street, Simonstown This double-storeyed building with its Georgian and Victorian features dates from the year 1803. Cape Town, Simonstown Simonstown Provincial Heritage Site 34°11′36″S 18°26′10″E / 34.193412°S 18.436095°E / -34.193412; 18.436095 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0060 - Bay View House, 134 St Georges Street, Simonstown) This double-storeyed building with its Georgian and Victorian features dates from the year 1803. 9/2/081/0061 De Beers Building, 88 St Georges Street, Simonstown This sandstone building, which dates from 1902, was designed by Sir Herbert Baker for Cecil Rhodes's De Beers Cold Storage Syndicate as meat outlet in Simon's Town. The building was used from 1903 to 1921 by the company's successor. Imperial Cold Storage Type of site: Commercial Previous use: Bank; Restaurant. Current use: Vacant. Cape Town, Simonstown Simonstown Provincial Heritage Site 34°11′36″S 18°25′52″E / 34.193333°S 18.431006°E / -34.193333; 18.431006 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0061 - De Beers Building, 88 St Georges Street, Simonstown) This sandstone building, which dates from 1902, was designed by Sir Herbert Baker for Cecil Rhodes's De Beers Cold Storage Syndicate as meat outlet in Simon's Town. The building was used from 1903 to 1921 by the company's successor. Imperial Cold Storage Type of site: Commercial Previous use: Bank; Restaurant. Current use: Vacant. 9/2/081/0062 Sea Fever, 82 Main Road, St James, Cape Town "Sea Fever" is a pleasant seaside cottage on the mountain side of St. James Main Road. The cottage features a double hipped thatched roof with two dormer windows facing the sea. The high stoep is covered with a corrugated iron verandah and enclosed with g Type of site: House Current use: Residential. Cape Town, St James Simonstown Provincial Heritage Site 34°07′11″S 18°27′26″E / 34.119760°S 18.457114°E / -34.119760; 18.457114 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0062 - Sea Fever, 82 Main Road, St James, Cape Town) "Sea Fever" is a pleasant seaside cottage on the mountain side of St. James Main Road. The cottage features a double hipped thatched roof with two dormer windows facing the sea. The high stoep is covered with a corrugated iron verandah and enclosed with g Type of site: House Current use: Residential. 9/2/081/0063 Watergate, 252 Main Road, Muizenberg, Cape Town Italianate villa. Type of site: House Current use: Residential. These seven properties not only form an integral part of the only remaining concentration of early twentieth century Edwardian beach houses in South Africa, but also border on the old False Bay coastal road, which is regarded as one of the most beautiful Cape Town, Muizenberg Simonstown Provincial Heritage Site 34°06′53″S 18°27′48″E / 34.114814°S 18.463457°E / -34.114814; 18.463457 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0063 - Watergate, 252 Main Road, Muizenberg, Cape Town) Italianate villa. Type of site: House Current use: Residential. These seven properties not only form an integral part of the only remaining concentration of early twentieth century Edwardian beach houses in South Africa, but also border on the old False Bay coastal road, which is regarded as one of the most beautiful 9/2/081/0064 Cavanmore, 32 Main Road, St James, Cape Town Type of site: House Current use: Residential. These seven properties not only form an integral part of the only remaining concentration of early twentieth century Edwardian beach houses in South Africa, but also border on the old False Bay coastal road, which is regarded as one of the most beautiful Cape Town, St James Simonstown Provincial Heritage Site 34°07′28″S 18°27′06″E / 34.124463°S 18.451594°E / -34.124463; 18.451594 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0064 - Cavanmore, 32 Main Road, St James, Cape Town) Type of site: House Current use: Residential. These seven properties not only form an integral part of the only remaining concentration of early twentieth century Edwardian beach houses in South Africa, but also border on the old False Bay coastal road, which is regarded as one of the most beautiful 9/2/081/0065 Braeside, Braemar Road, St James, Cape Town Type of site: House Current use: Residential. off Main Road between 20 & 22 Main Road. This double-storeyed house not only forms an integral part of the only remaining concentration of early twentieth century Edwardian beach houses in South Africa, but also borders on the old False Bay coastal road, which is regarded as one of the most scen Cape Town, St James Simonstown Provincial Heritage Site 34°07′11″S 18°27′18″E / 34.119728°S 18.455053°E / -34.119728; 18.455053 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0065 - Braeside, Braemar Road, St James, Cape Town) Type of site: House Current use: Residential. off Main Road between 20 & 22 Main Road. This double-storeyed house not only forms an integral part of the only remaining concentration of early twentieth century Edwardian beach houses in South Africa, but also borders on the old False Bay coastal road, which is regarded as one of the most scen 9/2/081/0066 Greystones, 18 Main Road, St James, Cape Town Type of site: House Current use: Residential. Cape Town, St James Simonstown Provincial Heritage Site 34°07′25″S 18°27′09″E / 34.123574°S 18.452593°E / -34.123574; 18.452593 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0066 - Greystones, 18 Main Road, St James, Cape Town) Type of site: House Current use: Residential. 9/2/081/0067 Yarra Yarra, St Georges Street, Simonstown A pair of semi-detached dwellings built in the garden of Studland in 1897. The architect was Vixseboxse. The building is plastered and. the front wings are painted in imitation of red face brick, while the gables have Queen Ann type wood ornamentation. E A pair of semi-detached dwellings built in the garden of Studland in 1897. The architect was Vixseboxse, once State Architect, first in the Transvaal Republic and later in the Orange Free State. This building was designed by a famous architect, once State Architect (Vixseboxse) first in the Transvaal Republic and later in the Orange Free State. It is also well preserved in its original state and is a good example of the architecture of its period Cape Town, Simonstown Simonstown Provincial Heritage Site 34°11′36″S 18°25′57″E / 34.193369°S 18.432567°E / -34.193369; 18.432567 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0067 - Yarra Yarra, St Georges Street, Simonstown) A pair of semi-detached dwellings built in the garden of Studland in 1897. The architect was Vixseboxse. The building is plastered and. the front wings are painted in imitation of red face brick, while the gables have Queen Ann type wood ornamentation. E A pair of semi-detached dwellings built in the garden of Studland in 1897. The architect was Vixseboxse, once State Architect, first in the Transvaal Republic and later in the Orange Free State. This building was designed by a famous architect, once State Architect (Vixseboxse) first in the Transvaal Republic and later in the Orange Free State. It is also well preserved in its original state and is a good example of the architecture of its period 9/2/081/0068 Simon's Town Museum, 4 Court Road, Simon's Town Type of site: Museum Previous use: Old Simon's Town Magistrate's Court. Current use: Simon's Town Museum. Cape Town, Simon's Town Simon's Town Provincial Heritage Site 34°11′28″S 18°25′39″E / 34.191017°S 18.427372°E / -34.191017; 18.427372 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0068 - Simon's Town Museum, 4 Court Road, Simon's Town) Type of site: Museum Previous use: Old Simon's Town Magistrate's Court. Current use: Simon's Town Museum. 9/2/081/0069 9 Inch MLR Gun, Middle North Battery, Simonstown Type of site: Gun. Cape Town, Simonstown Simonstown Heritage Object Type of site: Gun. Media related to Middle North Battery, Simon's Town at Wikimedia Commons 9/2/081/0070 Stonehenge, 36 Main Road, St James, Cape Town Type of site: House Current use: Residential. Cape Town, St James Simonstown Provincial Heritage Site 34°07′29″S 18°27′05″E / 34.124605°S 18.451364°E / -34.124605; 18.451364 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0070 - Stonehenge, 36 Main Road, St James, Cape Town) Type of site: House Current use: Residential. 9/2/081/0071 Min-Y-Mor, 62 Simonstown Road, Fish Hoek, Simonstown District Originally formed part of the farm owned by K.S. de Villiers, known as the land baron of the area. He died in 1916 and the property was soon afterwards subdivided into lots to form the township now known as Fish Hoek. NO. 62 SIMONSTOWN ROAD was sold on 10 Type of site: House Current use: Residential. The original portions of these two cottages dated from 1919 and were built as seaside cottages by affluent residents of Cape Town. Additions were made as and when necessary. Cape Town, Fish Hoek Simonstown Provincial Heritage Site 34°08′36″S 18°26′05″E / 34.143220°S 18.434589°E / -34.143220; 18.434589 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0071 - Min-Y-Mor, 62 Simonstown Road, Fish Hoek, Simonstown District) Originally formed part of the farm owned by K.S. de Villiers, known as the land baron of the area. He died in 1916 and the property was soon afterwards subdivided into lots to form the township now known as Fish Hoek. NO. 62 SIMONSTOWN ROAD was sold on 10 Type of site: House Current use: Residential. The original portions of these two cottages dated from 1919 and were built as seaside cottages by affluent residents of Cape Town. Additions were made as and when necessary. 9/2/081/0072 Liscard, 181 Main Road, Kalk Bay, Cape Town Flat roofed (mono). Front gable Type of site: House Current use: Residential. Cape Town, Kalk Bay Simonstown Provincial Heritage Site 34°07′52″S 18°26′52″E / 34.131230°S 18.447711°E / -34.131230; 18.447711 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0072 - Liscard, 181 Main Road, Kalk Bay, Cape Town) Flat roofed (mono). Front gable Type of site: House Current use: Residential. 9/2/081/0073 SIMONSTOWN MAGISTERIAL DISTRICT, GENERAL Simonstown Upload Photo 9/2/081/0073/01 State Land (Property), Simonstown Simonstown Upload Photo 9/2/081/0074 Oatlands, Oatland's Road, Simonstown The land on which this property is situated, originally formed part of the Dutch East India Company’s "Groot Tuin". The "Groot Tuin" was first established in March 1743 and formed an integral part of Baron Van Imhoff' s plan for the development of Simon’s Type of site: Farmstead. This house, formerly known as the Government Garden House and later as the Commandant's House, probably dates from the end of the eighteenth century. Its inhabitants included Colonel John Graham and Captain (later Colonel) Henry Somerset. The name "Oatlan Cape Town, Simonstown Simonstown Provincial Heritage Site 34°12′08″S 18°27′16″E / 34.202294°S 18.454403°E / -34.202294; 18.454403 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0074 - Oatlands, Oatland's Road, Simonstown) The land on which this property is situated, originally formed part of the Dutch East India Company’s "Groot Tuin". The "Groot Tuin" was first established in March 1743 and formed an integral part of Baron Van Imhoff' s plan for the development of Simon’s Type of site: Farmstead. This house, formerly known as the Government Garden House and later as the Commandant's House, probably dates from the end of the eighteenth century. Its inhabitants included Colonel John Graham and Captain (later Colonel) Henry Somerset. The name "Oatlan 9/2/081/0075 KOMMETJIE LOCAL AREA, GENERAL Simonstown Upload Photo 9/2/081/0076 The Outspan, Main Road, Kalk Bay, Cape Town Simonstown 34°07′43″S 18°26′52″E / 34.128533°S 18.447658°E / -34.128533; 18.447658 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0076 - The Outspan, Main Road, Kalk Bay, Cape Town) Upload Photo 9/2/081/0077 13 Devon Street, Simonstown Simonstown 34°11′37″S 18°25′36″E / 34.193618°S 18.426804°E / -34.193618; 18.426804 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0077 - 13 Devon Street, Simonstown) Upload Photo 9/2/081/0078 Simonstown Dockyard, General, Simonstown Simonstown Upload Photo 9/2/081/0079 Knight's Villa, 198 Main Road, Muizenberg, Cape Town The house is a large Venetian-looking "palazzo". The Italian Renaissance effect is created through the use of Renaissance elements such as the arched entrance, balustrades, Tuscan columns on the second floor and unfluted Corinthian columns. The combination The first registered owner of this erf was Hendrik Albertyn obtained it in 1884. In 1901 Clifford Hume Knight bought the property and built the house himself. He was the American Vice-Council in Cape Town at the time of the Jameson Raid. The property was Type of site: House Current use: Residential. In 1901 Clifford Hume Knight bought this property and built the house. It was bought in 1939 by Princess Ida Labia. The large house is reminiscent of a Venetian "palazzo" and is in the neo-Renaissance style. Cape Town, Muizenberg Simonstown Provincial Heritage Site 34°05′45″S 18°27′59″E / 34.095834°S 18.466294°E / -34.095834; 18.466294 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0079 - Knight's Villa, 198 Main Road, Muizenberg, Cape Town) The house is a large Venetian-looking "palazzo". The Italian Renaissance effect is created through the use of Renaissance elements such as the arched entrance, balustrades, Tuscan columns on the second floor and unfluted Corinthian columns. The combination The first registered owner of this erf was Hendrik Albertyn obtained it in 1884. In 1901 Clifford Hume Knight bought the property and built the house himself. He was the American Vice-Council in Cape Town at the time of the Jameson Raid. The property was Type of site: House Current use: Residential. In 1901 Clifford Hume Knight bought this property and built the house. It was bought in 1939 by Princess Ida Labia. The large house is reminiscent of a Venetian "palazzo" and is in the neo-Renaissance style. 9/2/081/0080 Dunearn, Boulders, Simonstown Simonstown Upload Photo 9/2/081/0081 The Old Homestead, Kommetjie Road, Sunnydale, Simonstown District Type of site: House Current use: Residential. Cape Town, Fish Hoek Simonstown Provincial Heritage Site 34°08′01″S 18°24′55″E / 34.133740°S 18.415400°E / -34.133740; 18.415400 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0081 - The Old Homestead, Kommetjie Road, Sunnydale, Simonstown District) Type of site: House Current use: Residential. 9/2/081/0082 Conservation areas, Muizenberg, St James and Kalk Bay, Cape Town Simonstown Upload Photo 9/2/081/0083 4 Wilfred Road, Simonstown Simonstown 34°11′36″S 18°25′36″E / 34.193400°S 18.426616°E / -34.193400; 18.426616 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0083 - 4 Wilfred Road, Simonstown) Upload Photo 9/2/081/0084 Sandown-on-Sea, Muizenberg, Cape Town Simonstown Upload Photo 9/2/081/0085 Shell midden and Rock shelter, Cairn Steps, Glencairn, Simonstown Simonstown Upload Photo 9/2/081/0087 Smitswinkel Bay Cave, Cape of Good Hope Nature Reserve, Simonstown Simonstown Upload Photo 9/2/081/0088 The Rectory, Runciman Drive, Simonstown Simonstown Upload Photo 9/2/081/0089 Weltevreden, 156 Main Road, Lakeside Simonstown District Simonstown 34°05′35″S 18°27′49″E / 34.092930°S 18.463474°E / -34.092930; 18.463474 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0089 - Weltevreden, 156 Main Road, Lakeside Simonstown District) Upload Photo 9/2/081/0090 Fish Hoek Extension 7 Zone C, Simonstown District Simonstown Upload Photo 9/2/081/0091 ST JAMES LOCAL AREA Simonstown Upload Photo 9/2/081/0092 Froggy Pond Shell Middens, Simonstown Dist Simonstown Upload Photo 9/2/081/0093 Military Graves, St Judes Catholic Church, Simonstown Simonstown 34°11′38″S 18°26′15″E / 34.194012°S 18.437565°E / -34.194012; 18.437565 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/081/0093 - Military Graves, St Judes Catholic Church, Simonstown) Upload Photo 9/2/081/0094 Klein Vishoek, Simonstown District Simonstown Upload Photo References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cultural heritage monuments in Simon's Town. ^ "Western Cape Provincial Heritage Sites (previously National Monuments)" (PDF). 19 September 2002. Retrieved 28 January 2013. vteLists of South African Heritage ResourcesSAHRA Heritage sitesEastern Cape Albany Graaff-Reinet Port Elizabeth Free State Free State Gauteng Gauteng KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg Limpopo Limpopo Mpumalanga Mpumalanga North West North West Northern Cape Colesberg Kimberley Richmond Victoria West Western Cape Beaufort West Belville Caledon Cape Town environs Cape Town CBD Clanwilliam George Knysna Montagu Mossel Bay Paarl Robertson Simonstown Stellenbosch Swellendam Table Mountain Tulbagh Worcester Wynberg Flag of South AfricaWorld heritage sites Cape Floral Region Protected Areas Cradle of Humankind iSimangaliso Wetland Park Kingdom of Mapungubwe Richtersveld Robben Island uKhahlamba / Drakensberg Park Vredefort Dome List of heritage sites in South Africa South African Heritage Resources Agency vteCape TownCity of Cape TownNatural environment Cape Flats Cape Peninsula Geology Helderberg Bays Bantry Bay Camps Bay False Bay Gordon's Bay Granger Bay Hout Bay 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Ysterplaat Cape Flats(Klipfontein district) Athlone Belgravia Bishop Lavis Crawford Crossroads Gugulethu Hanover Park Heideveld Kalksteenfontein Kenwyn Lansdowne Lavender Hill Manenberg Nyanga Ottery Philippi Browns Farm Philippi Horticultural Philippi East Samora Machel Rondebosch East Rylands Strandfontein Valhalla Park Khayelitsha Bongweni Harare/Holimisa Ikwezi Park Mandela Park Griffiths Mxenge QQ Section Silver Town Victoria Merge Mitchells Plain Rocklands Westridge Portlands Tafelsig Eastridge Beacon Valley Lentegeur Woodlands Weltevreden Valley Colorado Mandalay Montclair Watergate Developments Heinz Park Morgans Village Rondevlei Westgate Montrose Park Lost City City Bowl Bo-Kaap De Waterkant Devil's Peak Estate District Six Foreshore Gardens Higgovale Lower Vrede Oranjezicht Robben Island Schotsche Kloof Tamboerskloof University Estate Vredehoek Walmer Estate Woodstock Zonnebloem Helderberg Eerste River Faure Firgrove Gordon's Bay Macassar Sir Lowry's Pass Village Somerset West Parel Vallei Strand Lwandle Nomzamo Northern Suburbs Acacia Park Belhar Bellville Boston Eversdal Kenridge Stellenberg Blue Downs Bonteheuwel Bothasig Brackenfell Canal Walk Delft Blikkiesdorp Durbanville Edgemead Elsie's River Epping Fisantekraal Goodwood Joostenbergvlakte Kensington Kraaifontein Kuils River Langa Joe Slovo Loevenstein Maitland Mfuleni Monte Vista Ndabeni Norwood Panorama Parow Philadelphia Plattekloof Pinelands Ravensmead Richwood Scottsdene Sonnestraal Thornton Tygerberg Tyger Valley Wallacedene Southern Suburbs Bergvliet Kreupelbosch Bishopscourt Claremont Harfield Village Constantia Diep River Grassy Park Pelican Park Heathfield Kenilworth Kirstenhof Lakeside Lotus River Marina da Gama Meadowridge Mowbray Muizenberg Newlands Observatory Plumstead Retreat Rondebosch Rosebank Salt River Southfield Steenberg Tokai Wetton Wynberg South Peninsula Capri Village Clovelly Da Gama Park Fish Hoek Glencairn Hangberg Hout Bay Imizamo Yethu Kalk Bay Kommetjie Masiphumelele Noordhoek Ocean View Scarborough Simon's Town St James Sunnydale Sun Valley Vrygrond Neighbourhoods Victoria & Alfred Waterfront Built environment Maclear's Beacon Foreshore Freeway Bridge Grand Parade Greenmarket Square Adderley Street Long Street Strand Street Chapman's Peak Drive Hospital Bend Kloof Nek Road Metropolitan Routes in Cape Town M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 M11 M12 National roads N1 N2 N7 Sir Lowry's Pass Ou Kaapse Weg Peninsula Expressway (Cape Town) R300 Skyscrapers List of tallest buildings in Cape Town 1 Thibault Square Atterbury House Cape Town Civic Centre Metlife Centre Mutual Building Naspers Centre Portside Tower Triangle House GovernmentNational government Parliament of South Africa Houses of Parliament Genadendal Residence Highstead Tuynhuys Defence Air Force Base Ysterplaat Naval Base Simon's Town SAS Wingfield South African Naval College Provincial government Leeuwenhof City of Cape Town Government of Cape Town Mayor Deputy Mayor Cape Town City Hall Cape Town Civic Centre Cape Town Partnership Coat of arms of Cape Town Flag of Cape Town Elections 2018 Cape Town mayoral election Erasmus Commission Wards Law and enforcement Western Cape Division of the High Court of South Africa Municipal Police Pollsmoor Prison History Invasion of the Cape Colony Battle of Blaauwberg Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 Noon Gun Convict crisis Timeline of Cape Town Fortifications Amsterdam Battery Castle of Good Hope Chavonnes Battery Fort de Goede Hoop Redoubt Duijnhoop Monuments and memorials Artillery Memorial, Cape Town Japanese Lantern Monument Rhodes Memorial The Cenotaph Treaty Tree Van Riebeeck's Hedge Lists of heritage sites Near Cape Town Bo-Kaap CBD and the Waterfront Simon's Town Helderberg Bellville Table Mountain Wynberg district Historical buildings African Theatre Alhambra Theatre Breakwater Lodge Church Square Coornhoop Graaff Electric Lighting Works Culture Demographics Languages Afrikaans South African English Xhosa Cuisine Cape Town wine Constantia (wine) Gatsby (sandwich) Performanceart Cape Town City Ballet Musical ensembles Cape Town Opera Cape Town Philharmonia Choir Cape Town Philharmonic Orchestra Theatres Artscape Theatre Centre Baxter Theatre Centre Labia Theatre Little Theatre Magnet Theatre Maynardville Open-Air Theatre Space Theatre The Independent Armchair Theatre Theatre on the Bay Events andfestivals Cape Town Book Fair Cape Town International Jazz Festival Kaapse Klopse Museums andart galleries Air Force Museum Bertram House Chavonnes Battery Cape Town Science Centre District Six Museum Gallery Mau Mau Groote Schuur Heart of Cape Town Museum Hout Bay Museum Holocaust Centre Koopmans-de Wet House Maximum Security Prison, Robben Island Medical Museum Mostert's Mill Simon's Town Museum Naval Museum South African Sendinggestig Museum Waterworks Museum Zeitz Museum of Contemporary Art Africa Iziko Museums Bertram House Bo-Kaap Museum Groot Constantia Koopmans-de Wet House Maritime Centre Michaelis Collection at the Old Town House Rust en Vreugd Slave Lodge Social History Centre SAS Somerset South African Museum National Gallery William Fehr Collection at the Castle of Good Hope Public art Statues Nelson Mandela Cecil Rhodes Nobel Square George Grey Jan Hendrik Hofmeyer Jan van Riebeeck Maria van Riebeeck Bartolomeu Dias Religion Anglican Diocese of Cape Town Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cape Town Religious buildings Auwal Mosque Gardens Shul Greek Orthodox Cathedral of St George Groote Kerk Lutheran Church in Strand Street Nurul Islam Mosque Palm Tree Mosque Queen Victoria Mosque St. George's Cathedral St. James Church St. Mary's Cathedral Seculararchitecture Cape Dutch architecture Tallest buildings in Cape Town Athlone Power Station Atterbury House Bertram House Boshofpoort Cape Town City Hall Cape Town Civic Centre Castle of Good Hope Centre for the Book Coornhoop Disa Park Egyptian Building Genadendal Residence Hawthorndon House Houses of Parliament Huguenot Memorial Building Leeuwenhof Mandela Rhodes Building Metlife Centre Mutual Building Naspers Centre Portside Tower Rhodes Memorial Royal Observatory Triangle House Media Newspapers Cape Times The Cape Messenger Radio and television Bush Radio CapeTalk Cape Town TV Fine Music Radio Good Hope FM Kfm 94.5 UCT Radio Voice of the Cape Economy Entrepreneurship and innovation Silicon Cape Initiative Companies basedin Cape Town Naspers Travelstart MWEB Sanlam Woolworths Holdings Limited Of historical interest: Garlicks Hotels and resorts Belmond Mount Nelson Hotel Protea Hotels by Marriott Shopping areas,malls and markets Canal Walk Cavendish Square Golden Acre Greenmarket Square N1 City Tygerberg Mall Somerset Mall Victoria & Alfred Waterfront Exhibition centres Cape Town International Convention Centre Good Hope Centre Restaurants and cafés Café Caprice Perseverance Tavern Tourism Beaches of Cape Town Cape of Good Hope Table Mountain Aerial Cableway Groot Constantia Mariner's Wharf Nature reserves in Cape Town Ratanga Junction Two Oceans Aquarium Victoria & Alfred Waterfront World of Birds Wildlife Sanctuary and Monkey Park TransportAir transport Airports in Cape Town Air Force Base Ysterplaat Cape Town International Airport Cape Winelands Airfield Wingfield Aerodrome Maritime transport Port of Cape Town Safmarine Road transport Buses in Cape Town Golden Arrow Bus Services MyCiTi MyCiTi bus stations Roads in Cape Town Trolleybuses in Cape Town Rail transport Blue Train Commuter rail lines Metrorail Western Cape Cape Flats Line Central Line Northern Line Southern Line Railway stations Bellville Cape Town Claremont Crawford Mowbray Mutual Newlands Observatory Pinelands Retreat Rondebosch Rosebank Salt River Simon's Town Steenberg Woodstock Trams in Cape Town SportsSoccer Cape Town Spurs F.C. Cape Town City F.C. Rugby Western Province Ikey Tigers Cricket Cape Cobras OtherCape Town Tigers (basketball)Sports events 2010 FIFA World Cup Cape Town Cycle Tour Cape Town Open Cape Town Ladies Open Cape Town Marathon South Africa Sevens Table Mountain Challenge Two Oceans Marathon Sports venues Athlone Stadium Bellville Stadium Bellville Velodrome Cape Town Stadium Erica Park Good Hope Centre Green Point Stadium Hartleyvale Stadium Killarney Motor Racing Complex Milnerton Racecourse Newlands Cricket Ground Newlands Stadium NNK Rugby Stadium Parow Park Philippi Stadium Royal Cape Golf Club University of the Western Cape Stadium Wynberg Military Base Stadium EducationLibraries Biblionef Central Library Cape Town Centre for the Book Fish Hoek Library Jacob Gitlin Library Meadowridge Library National Library of South Africa Rondebosch Library SAAO Library Strandfontein Library University of Cape Town Libraries Universities Cape Peninsula University of Technology University of Cape Town University of the Western Cape Colleges Qualitas Career Academy South African College Yeshiva of Cape Town Privateschools American International School of Cape Town Cannons Creek Independent School Cape Town French School Christel House South Africa Darul Islam Islamic High School Diocesan College German International School Cape Town Herschel Girls' School Herzlia Schools Mountain View Academy Parklands College St. Cyprian's School St. George's Grammar School Michael Oak Waldorf School Oakhurst Primary School Public schools Alexander Sinton Secondary School Belgravia High School Belhar Secondary School Bellville High School Bergvliet Primary School Bergvliet High School Bosmansdam High School Brackenfell High School Cape Academy of Mathematics, Science and Technology Cape Town High School Chris Hani Secondary School Claremont High School COSAT D.F. Malan High School Durbanville High School Eben Dönges High School Eersterivier Secondary School Fairbairn College Fairmont High School Gardens Commercial High School Grove Primary School Harold Cressy High School Hottentots Holland High School Jan van Riebeeck High School Lavender Hill High School Livingstone High School Masiphumelele High School Milnerton High School Mondale High School Parel Vallei High School Pinelands High School Range High School Rondebosch Boys' High School Rondebosch Boys' Preparatory School Rustenburg School for Girls Sea Point High School Sinenjongo High School Spine Road High School South African College Schools Stellenberg High School Strand High School Table View High School The Settlers High School Trafalgar High School Tygerberg High School Westerford High School Windsor High School Wynberg Boys' High School Wynberg Girls' High School Alternative schools GlenBridge Special School Tafelberg School Former schools Ellerslie Girls' High School Tot Nut van het Algemeen Art & Music schools Hugo Lambrechts Music Centre South African College of Music Peter Clarke Art Centre Not yet allocated College of Magic Montebello Design Centre ServicesHospitals Alexandra Hospital Groote Schuur Hospital Karl Bremer Hospital Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital Somerset Hospital Tygerberg Hospital Valkenberg Hospital Lighthouses Cape Point Lighthouse Green Point Lighthouse Milnerton Lighthouse Roman Rock Lighthouse Slangkop Lighthouse Western CapeWater Supply System Dams and resrvoirs Alexandra Dam Berg River Dam De Villiers Dam Hely-Hutchinson Dam Kleinplaats Dam Land-en-Zeezicht Reservoir Lewis Gay Dam Molteno Dam Silvermine Dam Steenbras Dam Theewaterskloof Dam Victoria Dam Voëlvlei Dam Wemmershoek Dam Woodhead Dam Electrical power generation Athlone Power Station Graaff Electric Lighting Works Koeberg Nuclear Power Station Palmiet Pumped Storage Scheme Emergency services Cape Town Fire Department Metro Emergency Medical Services Mountain Club of South Africa National Sea Rescue Institute Cape Town • Outline
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OpenStreetMap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=List_of_heritage_sites_in_Simon%2527s_Town"},{"link_name":"KML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=List_of_heritage_sites_in_Simon%27s_Town"},{"link_name":"GPX (all coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=List_of_heritage_sites_in_Simon%27s_Town"},{"link_name":"GPX (primary coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=List_of_heritage_sites_in_Simon%27s_Town"},{"link_name":"GPX (secondary coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=List_of_heritage_sites_in_Simon%27s_Town"},{"link_name":"Simon's Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon%27s_Town"},{"link_name":"South African Heritage Resources Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Heritage_Resources_Agency"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap\n\nDownload coordinates as:\n\n\nKML\nGPX (all coordinates)\nGPX (primary coordinates)\nGPX (secondary coordinates)This is a list of the heritage sites in Simon's Town as recognized by the South African Heritage Resources Agency.[1]","title":"List of heritage sites in Simon's Town"}]
[{"image_text":"Type of site: House Current use: Tenant.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Albertyn_Cottage_King_George_Way_Simonstown_06.jpg/150px-Albertyn_Cottage_King_George_Way_Simonstown_06.jpg"},{"image_text":"Built by Emmanuel Otto Rathfelder in 1902. Type of site: House Current use: Residential. These seven properties form an integral part of the only remaining concentration of early twentieth century Edwardian beach houses in South Africa.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/La_Rochelle_92_Main_Road_St_James_02.jpg/150px-La_Rochelle_92_Main_Road_St_James_02.jpg"},{"image_text":"This building was originally erected in February 1673 by the Dutch East India Company as a military observation post. It was later also used as a civilian dwelling-house and was owned by Sir J. B. Robinson from 1915 to 1929. Type of site: House Previous use: Residential. Current use: Museum. This building was originally erected in February 1673 by the Dutch East India Company as a military observation post. It was later also used as a civilian dwelling-house and was owned by Sir J. B. Robinson from 1915 to 1929.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Posthuys_Main_Road_Muizenberg_Cape_Town_-_Frontal_view.JPG/150px-Posthuys_Main_Road_Muizenberg_Cape_Town_-_Frontal_view.JPG"},{"image_text":"The land on which Welcome Cottage is built was granted in Perpetual Quitrent to Johannes Henricus Brand, Deputy Fiscal of Simon's Town, in 1811. He later became Member of the Court of Justice. JHBrand's son, Christoffel, was the first Speaker of the Hou Type of site: House Previous use: Residential. Current use: Residential. Historical/ Architectural significance: The land on which Welcome Cottage is built was granted in Perpetual Quitrent to Johannes Henricus Brand, Deputy Fiscal of Simon's Town, in 1811. He later became Member of the Court of Justice. JHBrand's son, Christoffel, was the first Speaker of the House of Assembly and his grandson, Johannes Henricus Brand, became the first President of the Orange Free State. Both the main homestead and the outbuildings are predominantly Cape Dutch in style and of considerable architectural merit.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Welcome_Cottage_02.jpg/150px-Welcome_Cottage_02.jpg"},{"image_text":"Type of site: House Current use: Residential.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/4_Main_Road_Kalkbay%2C_Cape_Town.jpg/150px-4_Main_Road_Kalkbay%2C_Cape_Town.jpg"},{"image_text":"Both 60 and 62 originally formed part of the farm owned by K.S. de Villiers, known as the land baron of the area. He died in 1916 and the property was soon afterwards subdivided into lots to form the township now known as Fish Hoek. NO. 60 SIMONSTOWN ROAD Type of site: House Current use: Residential. The original portions of these two cottages dated from 1919 and were built as seaside cottages by affluent residents of Cape Town. Additions were made as and when necessary.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/60_Simonstown_road_Fish_Hoek_01.jpg/143px-60_Simonstown_road_Fish_Hoek_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Type of site: House. Current use: Residential. These seven properties form an integral part of the only remaining concentration of early twentieth century Edwardian beach houses in South Africa.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/22_Main_Road_St_James_Cape_Town_02.jpg/150px-22_Main_Road_St_James_Cape_Town_02.jpg"},{"image_text":"The ground on which this house stands was granted to Johan Hendrik Muller on 4 April 1814. The house was presumably built as early as 1795. It is very probable that in the course of its long life the house has had some alterations, for instance the kitchen has been modernised and brick lean-to rooms were built on at the rear, probably in this century. The entrance which used to be at the side has been changed to the front and some very inappropriate steps were added in the front. The main structure, however, it remains basically unchanged. The house is on the lines of most of those built in the early days of Kalk Bay— a long front, with a step running the full length, and a hipped thatched roof. It is said to be one of the oldest surviving houses along the coast from Glencairn to Muizenberg. What gives the house particular importance is that it was once a whaling station. Under it is a long stone-built cellar running the full length of the house. It has been divided longitudinally, and the front section could have accommodated a small boat beat, which was long and narrow. The back section has a raised platform with compartments along the back, which presumably had been used as slave quarters, but could well have been used for storing barrels of oil and whaling equipment. There used to be a blubber pot in the grounds and the corner posts of the fence were of whale bone which lasted better than wood. The house is situated on a large property with an attractive garden. Type of site: Residential, Whaling Station Current use: Residential.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Villa_Capri_86_Main_Road_St_James_Cape_Town.jpg/150px-Villa_Capri_86_Main_Road_St_James_Cape_Town.jpg"},{"image_text":"Type of site: House Current use: Residential.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Schoonzicht_204_Main_Road_Kalk_Bay_Cape_Town.jpg/150px-Schoonzicht_204_Main_Road_Kalk_Bay_Cape_Town.jpg"},{"image_text":"The house stands on a relatively small strip of land between Royal Road and the shores of Muizenberg beach; The facade of the house consists of two bays joined together by an enclosed verandah on the lower level and an enclosed patio on the first floor. This magnificent double storeyed residence was designed by Sir Herbert Baker for his friend Alpheus Williams, general manager of De Beers Consolidated Mines, at the same time as he was busy building his own seaside cottage \"Sandhills\" in 1903. Type of site: House Current use: Residential. This impressive double-storeyed beach house with its gables in the Flemish revival style was designed by Sir Herbert Baker. It was built in 1903 for Alpheus Williams, the General Manager of De Beers Consolidated Mines.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Vergenoeg_42_Royal_Road_Muizenberg_04.jpg/150px-Vergenoeg_42_Royal_Road_Muizenberg_04.jpg"},{"image_text":"Type of site: Vault Current use: Vault.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Hugo_Tomb_05.jpg/150px-Hugo_Tomb_05.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Homestead which is situated in Montrose Avenue overlooks the Fish Hoek valley and into the setting sun. The house, which originally consisted of a \"voorkamer\" with rooms leading off to the left and right, with a high pitched roof (presumably thatch) The walls were low and to accommodate this the doors are of normal width but low requiring one to bend your head when passing through. The present owner removed the dilapidated boards and took the ceiling into the loft area giving the rooms a pleasant vaulted appearance. A hearth which was presumably built shortly after the erection of the house was so big that it is now used as a dining alcove. To accommodate this an \"afdak\" was built consisting, today, of a kitchen, pantry, dining room, storeroom, toilet and bathroom - not large but adequate. A verandah was added over a high stoep. On the right end a \"stoepkemer\" was fitted in. This part is the most recent addition possibly dating from the twenties judging by the twin—type of masonry pillars which supports the verandah roof. The house is whitewashed with timber and roof painted black and hedged in with shrubs, trees and a high front boundary wall. Cobbled paths lead through a neat and well kept garden. Clovelly which was originally known as \"Klein Tuin\" during the Dutch East India Company’s sojourn, originally formed part of the Fish Hoek Valley which was divided in 1827 into three separate sections and allocated to owners. Photographic evidence from this period shows the original portion of the house already in existence. The back portion thereof is reputed to have been built during the latter half of the nineteenth century. This is the oldest house in the Clovelly valley.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/The_Homestead_Clovelly_03.jpg/150px-The_Homestead_Clovelly_03.jpg"},{"image_text":"Type of site: House. Current use: Residential. These seven properties form an integral part of the only remaining concentration of early twentieth century Edwardian beach houses in South Africa.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Coelnamara_20_Main_Road_St_James_Cape_Town_02.jpg/150px-Coelnamara_20_Main_Road_St_James_Cape_Town_02.jpg"},{"image_text":"Type of site: House Current use: Residential.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Long_Cottage_248_Main_Road%2C_Muizenberg_Cape_Town_-_Side_View.JPG/150px-Long_Cottage_248_Main_Road%2C_Muizenberg_Cape_Town_-_Side_View.JPG"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Roman_Rock_Lighthouse_in_False_Bay.jpg/150px-Roman_Rock_Lighthouse_in_False_Bay.jpg"},{"image_text":"Although the railway line to Muizenberg was opened on 15 December 1882, just in time for the summer season, the station building was only erected in 1912/1913. In the meantime a shed-type building served as a station. The new building was opened on 7 June 1913 by the then Minister of Railways and Harbours, Mr. Henry Burton. Along with 300 guests he travelled first to Kalk Bay where he laid the first block of the breakwater. The trainload, of passengers then returned to Muizenberg where Mr. Burton officially opened the station by unlocking the door and purchasing the first ticket. This is a unique station building and a fine example of the Edwardian era. The station is situated on Main Road and in very close proximity to the Post Huys, which is now a major tourist attraction. The old Carnegie Library, now the police station and the Court House which both date from about 1910, are situated next door to the Post Huys. These buildings together, form an important, pleasing and very historic street facade along this section of the False Bay coastline. The building belongs to State and resorts under the Railways and Harbours Administration. Visual Description: The central portion of the building, in which the booking hall is situated, is a double-storey surmounted by an impressive clock tower. An interesting feature is the gables which appear to be a revival of the mid-eighteenth-century Flemish style. The floor of the booking hall is decorated with encaustic black and white tiles. The cast iron stairway, with teak handrail, is also noteworthy. On the platform side of the building an attractive 1930 addition extends from the second storey over the arched colonnade. A single wing extends from either side of the main building and these wings are gable ended. Each wing also has a smaller Flemish type gable on the front and back. All the windows, arches and corners are heavily rusticated with sandstone blocks. Red brick. Stone quoining to openings and corners. asbestos slate roof Type of site: Railway Station Current use: Railway station / commercial.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Railway_Station%2C_Main_Road%2C_Muizenberg.JPG/150px-Railway_Station%2C_Main_Road%2C_Muizenberg.JPG"},{"image_text":"Type of site: Police Station Previous use: Police station. Current use: Museum.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Old_Police_Station_186_Main_Road_Muizenberg_Cape_Town_-_Frontal_view.JPG/150px-Old_Police_Station_186_Main_Road_Muizenberg_Cape_Town_-_Frontal_view.JPG"},{"image_text":"Type of site: Courthouse Previous use: Magistrate's court. Current use: Museum.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Old_Magistrate%27s_Court_184_Main_Road_Muizenberg_Cape_Town_-_Frontal_view.JPG/150px-Old_Magistrate%27s_Court_184_Main_Road_Muizenberg_Cape_Town_-_Frontal_view.JPG"},{"image_text":"Type of site: House. \"De Goede Hoop\" is a unique example of the influence of Herbert Baker and his associates on South African architecture.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/De_Goede_Hoop_01.jpg/150px-De_Goede_Hoop_01.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Cape_Point_2014_11.jpg/100px-Cape_Point_2014_11.jpg"},{"image_text":"Original grant to Antoni Visser in May 1743. First permanent building in Simon's Town. (There was a building on site by 1740.) Building of similar dimensions as to existing is shown on a plan of 1760. Originally a guesthouse, private residence and bought by the navy in 1814. Rear-Admiral Sir Jahleel Brenton was the first of many admirals to live here. The building was changed considerably in 1853. Type of site: Residency.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Admiralty_House_St_Georges_Street_Simonstown_Cape_Town_-_Frontal_view_1.JPG/150px-Admiralty_House_St_Georges_Street_Simonstown_Cape_Town_-_Frontal_view_1.JPG"},{"image_text":"Type of site: House Current use: Residential. These seven properties form an integral part of the only remaining concentration of early twentieth century Edwardian beach houses in South Africa.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Canty_House%2C196_Main_Road%2C_Muizenberg.jpg/150px-Canty_House%2C196_Main_Road%2C_Muizenberg.jpg"},{"image_text":"Type of site: Church Previous use: Church. Current use: Theatre","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Old_Dutch_Reformed_Church%2C_52_Main_Road%2C_Kalk_Bay.JPG/150px-Old_Dutch_Reformed_Church%2C_52_Main_Road%2C_Kalk_Bay.JPG"},{"image_text":"Type of site: House Previous use: Residential. Current use: Gallery. These seven properties form an integral part of the only remaining concentration of early twentieth century Edwardian beach houses in South Africa.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Casa_Labia_Arts_and_Cultural_Centre.jpg/150px-Casa_Labia_Arts_and_Cultural_Centre.jpg"},{"image_text":"Type of site: Church, Museum Previous use: Church /. Current use: Museum.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/SA_Naval_Museum_2.JPG/150px-SA_Naval_Museum_2.JPG"},{"image_text":"Rhodes’s cottage stands on the main road to Simons town, facing the sea between Muizenberg and St. James. It was formerly known as Barkly Cottage. Cecil Rhodes bought it on 27 February 1899, from the estate of J. R. Reid. At the end of that year the Anglo-Boer War broke out and Kimberley was besieged. Rhodes was in Kimberley during the siege, but when the siege was raised early in 1900 he returned to this cottage at Muizenberg to recover his strength. However, it was after his return from England in February, 1902, that he became most closely associated with the cottage. Almost immediately on his arrival at Groote Schuur he drove down to the cottage in the 12-14 h.p. Wolseley car he had brought with him from England. He was already suffering from the heart disease which was to cause his death. He retired to bed immediately but he could not lie down and had to sit propped up by pillows. The weather was extremely hot and the cottage had an iron roof at that time, so a hole was made in the wall next to his bed to give him more air. While he was in this condition he had to give evidence against Princess Radziwill who had defrauded him of thousands of rand. On 26 March 1902, just before six o’clock in the evening, he died here in this house. The cottage remained in the possession of the Rhodes Trustees until 1932, when they donated it to the government of Northern Rhodesia, who transferred it to the City Council of Cape Town in 1937. Type of site: House Current use: Museum.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Rhodes_Cottage_Museum-001.JPG/150px-Rhodes_Cottage_Museum-001.JPG"},{"image_text":"This building was built as a \"Wine House\" or tavern in 1897 by J. P. Eksteen and is probably the oldest building of its kind in South Africa. This building was built as a \"Wine House\" or tavern in 1897 by J. P. Eksteen and is probably the oldest building of its kind in South Africa.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Studland_03.jpg/150px-Studland_03.jpg"},{"image_text":"This church was completed in 1837 and was consecrated on 30 July 1837. Type of site: Church Current use: Church : Anglican. This church was completed in 1837 and was consecrated on 30 July 1837.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/St_Francis_of_Assisi_Church_2.JPG/150px-St_Francis_of_Assisi_Church_2.JPG"},{"image_text":"Late 1700s. Land granted to Jan Hendrik Munnik in Oct 1784. House clearly in existence by 1798. 1813 bought by John Osmond. Owned by William Coghill, and bought by the Imperial Government in 1886. Converted to a South African War Hospital in 1900 for Type of site: House.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Palace_Barracks_01.jpg/150px-Palace_Barracks_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"This land was one of the original erven granted in Simonstown. Built in 1816 by PJ Truter Jnr, Collector of Customs who owned it until 1842. In 1840 it was leased by the government as a temporary isolation hospital for smallpox patients, and in the follo.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ibeka_Cornwall_Road_Simonstown.jpg/150px-Ibeka_Cornwall_Road_Simonstown.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Martello Tower circular with a wall six feet thick and about 25 feet in height. The Martello Tower was erected in 1796 on Sir James Craig's orders, to make the defence system of Simonstown more effective. It is claimed that this is the oldest British structure of its kind in the world and also the first building to be erected after t Type of site: Martello Tower. It is claimed that this is the oldest British structure of its kind in the world and also the first building to be erected after the British occupation of the Cape.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Martello_Tower_01.jpg/150px-Martello_Tower_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"The foundation stone of this church was laid on 10 December 1855 and the church building itself was consecrated on 10 December 1856. The church is closely linked to the history of Simonstown. The music for the national anthem was composed in the adjoining Type of site: Church Current use: Church : Dutch Reformed. The church is closely linked to the history of Simonstown. The music for the national anthem was composed in the adjoining parsonage, in 1921 by the then minister of the congregation, the Reverend M. L. de Villiers.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Dutch_Reformed_Church_2.JPG/150px-Dutch_Reformed_Church_2.JPG"},{"image_text":"The Union was a tavern occupying a plot 80 by 60 feet on Smith Street, bought from the widow Rossouw in 1801. The purchaser, Johannes Bissinger, wasted no time in erecting the building and in taking out licences to keep a billiard table and to sell wine.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Old_Union_Tavern_Smith_Lane_Simonstown_04.jpg/150px-Old_Union_Tavern_Smith_Lane_Simonstown_04.jpg"},{"image_text":"This double-storeyed building was erected in 1815 by the building contractor Herman Schutte. The veranda was added in 1820. The music for the National Anthem, \"Die Stem van Suid-Afrika\", was composed here in 1919 by the Rev. M. L. de Villiers. ?????? Type of site: Pastorie Previous use: Parsonage. Current use: Museum.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/The_Stempastorie_1.JPG/150px-The_Stempastorie_1.JPG"},{"image_text":"This building was originally erected in the eighteenth century as stables for the well-known Oatlands property. Shortly after the Second British Occupation of the Cape it served as a guard house for some time. Type of site: Stables.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Old_Stables_of_Oatlands_Simonstown_Cape_Town_-_Side_view_-_adjoining_to_the_right_is_the_Oatlands_Building_1.JPG/150px-Old_Stables_of_Oatlands_Simonstown_Cape_Town_-_Side_view_-_adjoining_to_the_right_is_the_Oatlands_Building_1.JPG"},{"image_text":"This double-storeyed building with its Georgian and Victorian features dates from the year 1803.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Bay_View_House_134_St_Georges_Street_Simonstown_Cape_Town_-_Frontal_view.JPG/150px-Bay_View_House_134_St_Georges_Street_Simonstown_Cape_Town_-_Frontal_view.JPG"},{"image_text":"This sandstone building, which dates from 1902, was designed by Sir Herbert Baker for Cecil Rhodes's De Beers Cold Storage Syndicate as meat outlet in Simon's Town. The building was used from 1903 to 1921 by the company's successor. Imperial Cold Storage Type of site: Commercial Previous use: Bank; Restaurant. Current use: Vacant.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/De_Beers_Building_88_St_Georges_Street_Simonstown_Cape_Town_-_side_view_1.JPG/150px-De_Beers_Building_88_St_Georges_Street_Simonstown_Cape_Town_-_side_view_1.JPG"},{"image_text":"\"Sea Fever\" is a pleasant seaside cottage on the mountain side of St. James Main Road. The cottage features a double hipped thatched roof with two dormer windows facing the sea. The high stoep is covered with a corrugated iron verandah and enclosed with g Type of site: House Current use: Residential.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Sea_Fever_82_Main_Road_St_James_Cape_Town.jpg/150px-Sea_Fever_82_Main_Road_St_James_Cape_Town.jpg"},{"image_text":"Italianate villa. Type of site: House Current use: Residential. These seven properties not only form an integral part of the only remaining concentration of early twentieth century Edwardian beach houses in South Africa, but also border on the old False Bay coastal road, which is regarded as one of the most beautiful","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Watergate_252_Main_Road_Muizenberg_Cape_Town_-_Frontal_view_-_close_up.JPG/150px-Watergate_252_Main_Road_Muizenberg_Cape_Town_-_Frontal_view_-_close_up.JPG"},{"image_text":"Type of site: House Current use: Residential. These seven properties not only form an integral part of the only remaining concentration of early twentieth century Edwardian beach houses in South Africa, but also border on the old False Bay coastal road, which is regarded as one of the most beautiful","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cavanmore_32_Main_Road_St_James_Cape_Town_01.jpg/150px-Cavanmore_32_Main_Road_St_James_Cape_Town_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Type of site: House Current use: Residential. off Main Road between 20 & 22 Main Road. This double-storeyed house not only forms an integral part of the only remaining concentration of early twentieth century Edwardian beach houses in South Africa, but also borders on the old False Bay coastal road, which is regarded as one of the most scen","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/22_Main_Road_St_James_Cape_Town_03.jpg/150px-22_Main_Road_St_James_Cape_Town_03.jpg"},{"image_text":"Type of site: House Current use: Residential.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greystones_18_Main_Road_St_James_Cape_Town_04.jpg/150px-Greystones_18_Main_Road_St_James_Cape_Town_04.jpg"},{"image_text":"A pair of semi-detached dwellings built in the garden of Studland in 1897. The architect was Vixseboxse. The building is plastered and. the front wings are painted in imitation of red face brick, while the gables have Queen Ann type wood ornamentation. E A pair of semi-detached dwellings built in the garden of Studland in 1897. The architect was Vixseboxse, once State Architect, first in the Transvaal Republic and later in the Orange Free State. This building was designed by a famous architect, once State Architect (Vixseboxse) first in the Transvaal Republic and later in the Orange Free State. It is also well preserved in its original state and is a good example of the architecture of its period","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Yarra_Yarra_St_Georges_Street_Simonstown.jpg/150px-Yarra_Yarra_St_Georges_Street_Simonstown.jpg"},{"image_text":"Type of site: Museum Previous use: Old Simon's Town Magistrate's Court. Current use: Simon's Town Museum.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Simonstown_Museum_2.JPG/150px-Simonstown_Museum_2.JPG"},{"image_text":"Type of site: Gun.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Middle_North_Battery_Simon%27s_Town_9_inch_Gun_firing_24th_September_2014_v2.jpg/150px-Middle_North_Battery_Simon%27s_Town_9_inch_Gun_firing_24th_September_2014_v2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Type of site: House Current use: Residential.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/36_Main_Road_St_James_Cape_Town_01.jpg/150px-36_Main_Road_St_James_Cape_Town_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Originally formed part of the farm owned by K.S. de Villiers, known as the land baron of the area. He died in 1916 and the property was soon afterwards subdivided into lots to form the township now known as Fish Hoek. NO. 62 SIMONSTOWN ROAD was sold on 10 Type of site: House Current use: Residential. The original portions of these two cottages dated from 1919 and were built as seaside cottages by affluent residents of Cape Town. Additions were made as and when necessary.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/62_Simonstown_road_Fish_Hoek_01.jpg/150px-62_Simonstown_road_Fish_Hoek_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Flat roofed (mono). Front gable Type of site: House Current use: Residential.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Liscard_181_Main_Road_Kalk_Bay_Cape_Town.jpg/150px-Liscard_181_Main_Road_Kalk_Bay_Cape_Town.jpg"},{"image_text":"The land on which this property is situated, originally formed part of the Dutch East India Company’s \"Groot Tuin\". The \"Groot Tuin\" was first established in March 1743 and formed an integral part of Baron Van Imhoff' s plan for the development of Simon’s Type of site: Farmstead. This house, formerly known as the Government Garden House and later as the Commandant's House, probably dates from the end of the eighteenth century. Its inhabitants included Colonel John Graham and Captain (later Colonel) Henry Somerset. The name \"Oatlan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Oatlands_Oatlands_Road_Simonstown_03.jpg/150px-Oatlands_Oatlands_Road_Simonstown_03.jpg"},{"image_text":"The house is a large Venetian-looking \"palazzo\". The Italian Renaissance effect is created through the use of Renaissance elements such as the arched entrance, balustrades, Tuscan columns on the second floor and unfluted Corinthian columns. The combination The first registered owner of this erf was Hendrik Albertyn obtained it in 1884. In 1901 Clifford Hume Knight bought the property and built the house himself. He was the American Vice-Council in Cape Town at the time of the Jameson Raid. The property was Type of site: House Current use: Residential. In 1901 Clifford Hume Knight bought this property and built the house. It was bought in 1939 by Princess Ida Labia. The large house is reminiscent of a Venetian \"palazzo\" and is in the neo-Renaissance style.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/198_Main_Road_Muizenberg.JPG/150px-198_Main_Road_Muizenberg.JPG"},{"image_text":"Type of site: House Current use: Residential.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/The_Old_Homestead_Kommetjie_Road_Sunnydale_03.jpg/150px-The_Old_Homestead_Kommetjie_Road_Sunnydale_03.jpg"},{"image_text":"Flag of South Africa","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/50px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Western Cape Provincial Heritage Sites (previously National Monuments)\" (PDF). 19 September 2002. Retrieved 28 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.westerncape.gov.za/other/2010/11/provincial_heritage_sites_2002_09_19_-_old_national_monuments.pdf","url_text":"\"Western Cape Provincial Heritage Sites (previously National Monuments)\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looney_Tunes_Dash
Looney Tunes Dash
["1 Gameplay","2 Voice cast","3 Shutdown","4 See also","5 References"]
2014 video game 2014 video gameLooney Tunes DashDeveloper(s)ZyngaEat Sleep PlayPublisher(s)ZyngaPlatform(s)iOS, AndroidReleaseiOSWW: December 17, 2014 Android WW: April 24, 2015Genre(s)Endless runnerMode(s)Single-player Looney Tunes Dash was an endless running video game developed and published by Zynga and Eat Sleep Play, under the oversight of John vanSuchtelen. The game was released on December 17, 2014. Gameplay The gameplay is an endless running platform game featuring a number of Looney Tunes characters. Voice cast Jeff Bergman as Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Elmer Fudd, Tweety Bird, Sylvester the Cat, Beaky Buzzard, Tasmanian Devil, Yosemite Sam and Foghorn Leghorn Bob Bergen as Porky Pig Eric Bauza as Marvin the Martian, Speedy Gonzales, Count Bloodcount and Hugo the Abominable Snowman Jim Cummings as Tasmanian Devil (own levels only) Lauri Fraser as Granny, Witch Hazel and Miss Prissy Paul Julian (archive recordings) as Road Runner Wile E. Coyote also appears, but is mute. Shutdown Looney Tunes Dash was shut down in 2018. If the game was downloaded before the shutdown, the main menu is still accessible, but the levels aren't. See also List of Looney Tunes video games References ^ "'Looney Tunes Dash': Fill up those new devices with classic characters". The Spectrum & Daily News. Retrieved 2019-02-18. ^ a b "Meep! Meep! Zynga launches its Looney Tunes Dash runner game". VentureBeat. 2014-12-18. Archived from the original on 2019-02-18. Retrieved 2019-02-18. ^ "Zynga Reimagines Runners With Looney Tunes Dash!". Gamezebo. 18 December 2014. Archived from the original on 2022-09-11. Retrieved 2022-09-10. ^ Christiansen, Tom (31 December 2014). "Looney Tunes Dash! Review: This is What's Up, Doc". Archived from the original on 2019-02-19. Retrieved 2019-02-18. ^ a b c d "Looney Tunes Dash!". Behind The Voice Actors. Archived from the original on 2021-03-01. Retrieved 2021-02-13. vteLooney Tunes video gamesBugs Bunny Birthday Blowout Birthday Ball Rabbit Rampage Double Trouble Operation Carrot Patch Lost in Time Time Busters Crazy Castle Crazy Castle Crazy Castle 2 Crazy Castle 3 Crazy Castle 4 Daffy Duck The Marvin Missions Daffy Duck in Hollywood Fowl Play Duck Dodgers Duck Amuck Coyote and Road Runner Road Runner Death Valley Rally Desert Speedtrap Desert Demolition Speedy Gonzales Cheese Cat-Astrophe Los Gatos Bandidos Aztec Adventure Sylvester & Tweety Cagey Capers Breakfast on the Run Tweety's High-Flying Adventure Tweety and the Magic Gems Tasmanian Devil Taz Taz-Mania Escape from Mars Munching Madness Taz Express Time Busters Wanted Looney Tunes Looney Tunes Acme Animation Factory B-Ball Porky Pig's Haunted Holiday Space Jam (pinball) Collector: Martian Alert! Racing Space Race Collector: Martian Revenge! Sheep, Dog 'n' Wolf Loons: The Fight for Fame Back in Action Acme Arsenal Cartoon Conductor Dash Galactic Sports MultiVersus
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[]
[{"title":"List of Looney Tunes video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Looney_Tunes_video_games"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gera_River
Gera (river)
["1 See also"]
Coordinates: 51°7′37″N 10°55′50″E / 51.12694°N 10.93056°E / 51.12694; 10.93056River in Germany This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Gera" river – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (June 2012) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the German article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|de|Gera (Fluss)}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. GeraLocationCountryGermanyPhysical characteristicsSource  • locationThuringian Forest Mouth  • locationUnstrut • coordinates51°7′37″N 10°55′50″E / 51.12694°N 10.93056°E / 51.12694; 10.93056Length85 km (53 mi)Basin featuresProgressionUnstrut→ Saale→ Elbe→ North Sea The Gera is a river in Thuringia, Germany. The Gera is a right tributary of the Unstrut. It originates in the Thuringian Forest, west of Ilmenau. The Gera is formed in Plaue, by the confluence of the Wilde Gera and the Zahme Gera. It empties into the Unstrut in Straußfurt. The total length of the Gera (including Wilde Gera) is 85 km (53 mi). The largest towns along the Gera are Arnstadt and Erfurt. The city Gera is not situated along the River Gera. Along its way, Gera River splits up and reunites multiple times. Branches of the Gera are: Converging Tributaries: Wilde Gera, Zahme Gera Erfurt Area: Flutgraben (constructed after 1873 in order to protect Erfurt from flooding, this was successful), Bergstrom, Breitstrom, Zahme Gera Between Erfurt and the Unstrut: Gera, Schmale Gera, Mahlgera The original name of Gera River was Erphes River (Latin for brown, muddy water), which survived in the name of Erfurt coming from “ford at Erphes River”. See also List of rivers of Thuringia Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Czech Republic Other IdRef
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaftesbury_Park_Estate
Shaftesbury Park Estate
["1 History","2 Housing","3 Buildings and townscape","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 51°28′08″N 0°09′18″W / 51.469°N 0.155°W / 51.469; -0.155Housing estate in Battersea, London This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Shaftesbury Park Estate" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The junction of Eland Road and Sabine Road, on the estate The Shaftesbury Park Estate, commonly known as The Shaftesbury Estate, is a residential estate in Battersea in South London, England. It lies north of Lavender Hill and Clapham Common and east of Clapham Junction railway station. The estate occupies a flat area of land at the edge of the River Thames flood plain, just north of the slope rising to Clapham Common. Historically, the area was occupied by Battersea Fields, the poorly drained common land covering the area as far as the river. The Heathwall River ran along the foot of the slope and drained into the River Effra and Falcon Brook, making Battersea an island; present-day Heathwall Street marks the line of this watercourse. A stream crossed the area on the line of present-day Grayshott Road. History In the Middle Ages the area was known as Pig Hill because of the large number of piggeries in the area. The Domesday Book says that brickmaking was carried on in some fields on Pig Hill. Cattle breeding also flourished to some extent in the area. Pig Hill formed part of Latchmoor Common, an area of common land belonging to the parish for the common good. Under the power of the Inclosure Act dating back to William IV, the overseer of any parish had the power to enclose waste or common land, less than 50 acres (200,000 m2), lying in or near the parish. Under the Act, the parish then had to cultivate and improve such waste land for the use and benefit of the parish, and also had the power to let such enclosed land in allotments to the inhabitants of the parish to be cultivated on their own account. Taking advantage of this Act, the churchwardens and overseers of Battersea enclosed about 16 acres (65,000 m2) of Latchmoor Common and let it out in allotments at a low rental, to the residents of the parish, for the cultivation of vegetables. At the start of the seventeenth century, the allotments were flourishing and Battersea had become famous for its market gardening. The gardeners were known for their quality produce which fetched high prices in the London markets and were the first growers to cultivate and introduce asparagus. One gardener had 40 acres (160,000 m2) of asparagus under cultivation, and at one time there were three hundred acres of market gardens within a mile of St Mary's Church, Battersea. The gardens were most probably improved by the Huguenots who settled in Wandsworth in 1639. When Pig Hill became Latchmere Road this land was known as the Latchmere allotments. The allotments were later sold to Samuel Poupart (the rail junction to the north is still known as Poupart's Junction) and became known as Poupart's Market Garden. Housing An example of the characteristically "paired" doors of the Victorian terraces In the 1870s, it became residential when the Artizans, Labourers and General Dwelling Company, a housing co-operative founded in 1867 by William Austin, built several thousand small homes on it. The company was dedicated to providing decent accommodation for the working classes at a time when overcrowding and squalid living conditions were rife amongst the poor. Money was raised to undertake small developments for sale, the proceeds of which were then invested in larger estates, like Shaftesbury Park, for renting. The land for the Battersea estate was purchased in 1872; three other estates were developed elsewhere. The original concept was to combine new housing of various classes with social facilities such as meeting rooms, school rooms, a wash house and baths, and to provide integral open space (3 acres of the 40 acres (160,000 m2) bought). One facility certainly not to be provided on the estate was a public house, which was an attempt by the reformers behind the scheme to avoid the social problems of cheap alcohol. At the same time as the conception of the estate, the social reformer and peer Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury was pushing legislation through parliament to improve the living and employment conditions of working people and sponsoring philanthropic efforts to provide schooling for their children. Under Shaftesbury's guardianship new so-called Ragged Schools were established providing free education in 1844. On 3 August 1872, Shaftesbury laid the foundation-stone of buildings at the estate, thus giving it a name. The estate layout and house designs were by the company's Architect and Surveyor, Robert Austin, formerly a carpenter with the company. However, financial difficulties, caused by poor accounting, led to replacement of the directors of the company and a change of approach during the construction of the estate. Rents and lease prices were raised, excluding many lower paid workers who were originally intended to benefit, and the planned area of open space was built over – Brassey Square in the centre of the estate. Buildings and townscape This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Shaftesbury Park Estate" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The estate was built between 1873 and 1877 and comprises about 1,200 two-storey houses with gardens laid out in wide tree-lined streets. The estate houses are of four basic types or classes distinguished by the number of rooms (only the highest class originally had bathrooms). The street elevations are varied slightly to avoid monotony, creating generally attractive street frontages. They are consistently of stock brick with red brick dressings and pitched slate roofs, which gives the estate a sense of identity and distinctiveness. The grid layout, with streets of varying lengths but always straight (except Eversleigh Road, which is aligned with the railway embankment), allows for easy movement throughout the estate. There is a sense of formality in the townscape arising from the grid layout and the repetition in the building frontages. The Peabody Trust owns most of the estate, but many homes are already privately owned, and the number continues to rise as the Trust gradually releases more units for sale. References ^ Ramsey, Sherwood (April 1913). Historic Battersea, Topographical, Biographical. G. Rangecroft. pp. 11, 48, 54, 75. ^ "Shaftesbury Park Estate Appraisal & Management Strategy" (pdf). London Borough of Wandsworth. 2009. ^ Stephen, Leslie, ed. (1887). "Cooper, Anthony Ashley (1801-1885)" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 12. London: Smith, Elder & Co. External links Media related to Shaftesbury Park Estate at Wikimedia Commons 51°28′08″N 0°09′18″W / 51.469°N 0.155°W / 51.469; -0.155 vteModel dwellingsPrivatemodel dwellings companies Artizans, Labourers & General Dwellings Company Chester Cottage Improvement Company East End Dwellings Company Edinburgh Co-Operative Building Company Four Per Cent Industrial Dwellings Company The Improved Industrial Dwellings Company Metropolitan Association for Improving the Dwellings of the Industrious Classes Newcastle upon Tyne Improved Industrial Dwellings Company Pilrig Model Dwellings Company Labourer's Friend Society/Society for Improving the Condition of the Labouring Classes Housing portalCharitable model dwellings trusts Peabody Trust Guinness Trust William Sutton Trust Model villages in the UK Akroydon Bessbrook Blaise Hamlet Bournville Copley Creswell Laurelvale Meltham Milford Nenthead New Bolsover New Earswick New Lanark Portlaw Port Sunlight Railway Village Saltaire Selworthy Silver End Sion Mills Snelston Stewartby Tremadog Trowse Woodlands, South Yorkshire Model dwellings for the poor Gibson Gardens Katharine Buildings Leopold Buildings Noel Park Queen's Park Shaftesbury Park Estate Stockbridge Colonies See also Model dwellings companies List of existing model dwellings Model villages Colony houses
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shaftesbury_Estate,_Battersea_-_geograph.org.uk_-_224506.jpg"},{"link_name":"Battersea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battersea"},{"link_name":"South London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_London"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Lavender Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavender_Hill"},{"link_name":"Clapham Common","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clapham_Common"},{"link_name":"Clapham Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clapham_Junction"},{"link_name":"Heathwall River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathwall_Ditch"}],"text":"Housing estate in Battersea, LondonThe junction of Eland Road and Sabine Road, on the estateThe Shaftesbury Park Estate, commonly known as The Shaftesbury Estate, is a residential estate in Battersea in South London, England. It lies north of Lavender Hill and Clapham Common and east of Clapham Junction railway station.The estate occupies a flat area of land at the edge of the River Thames flood plain, just north of the slope rising to Clapham Common. \nHistorically, the area was occupied by Battersea Fields, the poorly drained common land covering the area as far as the river. The Heathwall River ran along the foot of the slope and drained into the River Effra and Falcon Brook, making Battersea an island; present-day Heathwall Street marks the line of this watercourse. A stream crossed the area on the line of present-day Grayshott Road.","title":"Shaftesbury Park Estate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Domesday Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesday_Book"},{"link_name":"common land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_land"},{"link_name":"Inclosure Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclosure_Act"},{"link_name":"allotments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotment_(gardening)"},{"link_name":"market gardening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_gardening"},{"link_name":"St Mary's Church, Battersea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Church,_Battersea"},{"link_name":"Huguenots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguenots"},{"link_name":"Wandsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wandsworth"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ramsey-1"},{"link_name":"Samuel Poupart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Poupart"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conservation-2"}],"text":"In the Middle Ages the area was known as Pig Hill because of the large number of piggeries in the area. The Domesday Book says that brickmaking was carried on in some fields on Pig Hill. Cattle breeding also flourished to some extent in the area. Pig Hill formed part of Latchmoor Common, an area of common land belonging to the parish for the common good.Under the power of the Inclosure Act dating back to William IV, the overseer of any parish had the power to enclose waste or common land, less than 50 acres (200,000 m2), lying in or near the parish. Under the Act, the parish then had to cultivate and improve such waste land for the use and benefit of the parish, and also had the power to let such enclosed land in allotments to the inhabitants of the parish to be cultivated on their own account. Taking advantage of this Act, the churchwardens and overseers of Battersea enclosed about 16 acres (65,000 m2) of Latchmoor Common and let it out in allotments at a low rental, to the residents of the parish, for the cultivation of vegetables.At the start of the seventeenth century, the allotments were flourishing and Battersea had become famous for its market gardening. The gardeners were known for their quality produce which fetched high prices in the London markets and were the first growers to cultivate and introduce asparagus. One gardener had 40 acres (160,000 m2) of asparagus under cultivation, and at one time there were three hundred acres of market gardens within a mile of St Mary's Church, Battersea. The gardens were most probably improved by the Huguenots who settled in Wandsworth in 1639.[1]When Pig Hill became Latchmere Road this land was known as the Latchmere allotments. The allotments were later sold to Samuel Poupart (the rail junction to the north is still known as Poupart's Junction)[2] and became known as Poupart's Market Garden.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shaftesbury_Park_Estate.jpg"},{"link_name":"Artizans, Labourers and General Dwelling Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artizans,_Labourers_%26_General_Dwellings_Company"},{"link_name":"Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_7th_Earl_of_Shaftesbury"},{"link_name":"Ragged Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragged_Schools"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"An example of the characteristically \"paired\" doors of the Victorian terracesIn the 1870s, it became residential when the Artizans, Labourers and General Dwelling Company, a housing co-operative founded in 1867 by William Austin, built several thousand small homes on it.The company was dedicated to providing decent accommodation for the working classes at a time when overcrowding and squalid living conditions were rife amongst the poor. Money was raised to undertake small developments for sale, the proceeds of which were then invested in larger estates, like Shaftesbury Park, for renting.The land for the Battersea estate was purchased in 1872; three other estates were developed elsewhere. The original concept was to combine new housing of various classes with social facilities such as meeting rooms, school rooms, a wash house and baths, and to provide integral open space (3 acres of the 40 acres (160,000 m2) bought). One facility certainly not to be provided on the estate was a public house, which was an attempt by the reformers behind the scheme to avoid the social problems of cheap alcohol.At the same time as the conception of the estate, the social reformer and peer Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury was pushing legislation through parliament to improve the living and employment conditions of working people and sponsoring philanthropic efforts to provide schooling for their children. Under Shaftesbury's guardianship new so-called Ragged Schools were established providing free education in 1844. On 3 August 1872, Shaftesbury laid the foundation-stone of buildings at the estate, thus giving it a name.[3]The estate layout and house designs were by the company's Architect and Surveyor, Robert Austin, formerly a carpenter with the company. However, financial difficulties, caused by poor accounting, led to replacement of the directors of the company and a change of approach during the construction of the estate. Rents and lease prices were raised, excluding many lower paid workers who were originally intended to benefit, and the planned area of open space was built over – Brassey Square in the centre of the estate.[citation needed]","title":"Housing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peabody Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peabody_Trust"}],"text":"The estate was built between 1873 and 1877 and comprises about 1,200 two-storey houses with gardens laid out in wide tree-lined streets. The estate houses are of four basic types or classes distinguished by the number of rooms (only the highest class originally had bathrooms). The street elevations are varied slightly to avoid monotony, creating generally attractive street frontages.They are consistently of stock brick with red brick dressings and pitched slate roofs, which gives the estate a sense of identity and distinctiveness. The grid layout, with streets of varying lengths but always straight (except Eversleigh Road, which is aligned with the railway embankment), allows for easy movement throughout the estate. There is a sense of formality in the townscape arising from the grid layout and the repetition in the building frontages.The Peabody Trust owns most of the estate, but many homes are already privately owned, and the number continues to rise as the Trust gradually releases more units for sale.","title":"Buildings and townscape"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khumbu_Pasanglhamu
Khumbu Pasanglhamu Rural Municipality
["1 Etymology","2 Geography and Climate","3 References"]
Coordinates: 27°44′N 86°44′E / 27.74°N 86.73°E / 27.74; 86.73For other uses, see Khumbu (disambiguation). Gaunpalika in Province No. 1, NepalKhumbu Pasanglhamu खुम्बु पासाङल्हामु गाउँपालिकाGaunpalikaA small settlement near Kharikhola, Khumbu PasanglhamuKhumbu PasanglhamuLocation in Province No. 1Show map of Koshi ProvinceKhumbu PasanglhamuKhumbu Pasanglhamu (Nepal)Show map of NepalCoordinates (Chaurikharka): 27°44′N 86°44′E / 27.74°N 86.73°E / 27.74; 86.73Country NepalProvinceProvince No. 1DistrictSolukhumbu DistrictWards5Established12 March 2017Government • TypeRural council • BodyExecutive office of Khumbu Pasanglhamu Rural Municipality • ChairpersonMr. Mingma Chhiri Sherpa • Vice-chairpersonMrs.Tasilhamu Sherpa (NCP) • Chief Administrative OfficerMr.Mohan Prasad ChapagainArea • Total1,539.11 km2 (594.25 sq mi) • Rank5th (Nepal)Highest elevation8,848 m (29,029 ft)Lowest elevation1,900 m (6,200 ft)Population (2011 Nepal census) • Total8,989 • Density5.8/km2 (15/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+5:45 (Nepal Time)Area code+977-38HQOffice of ChaurikharkaWebsiteOfficial website Khumbu Pasanglhamu (Nepali: खुम्बु पासाङल्हामु गाउँपालिका) is one of 7 rural municipalities (Gaunpalika) in Solukhumbu district of Province No. 1 of Nepal. Khumjung, Namche & Jubing (1,5,7–9 No. Wards of Jubing) and Chaurikharka were incorporated while creating it. It has the total population of 9,133 according to the 2011 Nepal census and area of 1,539.11 square kilometres (594.25 sq mi). The admin centre of this gaunpalika is that of the Chaurikharka. Previously, Khumjung, Namche, Jubing and Chaurikharka were all separate local level body (Village development committee) of Solukhumbu District. Solukhumbu was a district out of six districts of Sagarmatha Zone. Sagarmatha was a zone (division) of Eastern development region of Nepal. Etymology Khumbu Pasanglhamu is located in Solukhumbu District, which name also bear Khumbu. "Solukhumbu" is a combination of two words; "Solu" and "Khumbu". Solu is lower part, while Khumbu is upper part of Solukhumbu District. The "Pasanglhamu" word is taken from Pasang Lhamu Sherpa, who was first Nepalese lady who climbed Mount Everest, she hailed from Khumbu region. Geography and Climate Khumbu Pasanglhamu is situated at coordinates 27.74° N 86.73° E Latitude and longitude. It is on northernmost part of Province, which is highest altitude land on Earth, part of higher Himalayas. Geographical condition of Khumbu Pasanglhamu is very difficult. It is the highest elevated land of the world. The minimum elevation of the region is 1,900 metres (6,200 ft), whereas the maximum elevation is 8,848 metres (29,029 ft). The total area of the rural municipality is 1,539.11 square kilometres (594.25 sq mi), thus it is the second largest Gaunpalika (by area) of Province No. 1 after Phaktanglung which is situated in Taplejung District. Lhotse, Nuptse, Cho Oyu, Ama Dablam, Pumori, Thamserku etc. are the mountains located in this region. Kharikhola, Lukla, Phskding, Manju, Namche, Khumjung, Khunde, Tengboche, Forche, Pangboche, Phiriche etc. are the human settlement in the region. The elevations of Khumbu Pasanglhamu is not equal, it starts from 2000m and ends at 8848m thus the climate in the region can be divided into four climate zones owing to the gradual rise in altitude. The climatic zones include a forested lower zone, a zone of alpine scrub, the upper alpine zone which includes upper limit of vegetation growth, and the Arctic zone thus the temperature and weather conditions vary at different altitudes or zones. The upper zones are snow-capped mountains which is too cold and the lower zone's valleys are some less cold. Climate data for Khumbu Pasanglhamu (Chaurikharka) (1982-2012) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 9.3(48.7) 10.5(50.9) 13.5(56.3) 17.3(63.1) 18.4(65.1) 19.1(66.4) 19.1(66.4) 19.4(66.9) 18.1(64.6) 16.9(62.4) 13.3(55.9) 10.7(51.3) 15.5(59.8) Daily mean °C (°F) 3.7(38.7) 5.1(41.2) 8(46) 11.5(52.7) 13.1(55.6) 15(59) 15.4(59.7) 15.4(59.7) 14.1(57.4) 11.8(53.2) 7.6(45.7) 4.9(40.8) 10.5(50.8) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −1.9(28.6) −0.2(31.6) 2.6(36.7) 5.8(42.4) 7.9(46.2) 10.9(51.6) 11.8(53.2) 11.4(52.5) 10.2(50.4) 6.7(44.1) 1.9(35.4) −0.8(30.6) 5.5(41.9) Average precipitation mm (inches) 16(0.6) 30(1.2) 34(1.3) 60(2.4) 107(4.2) 301(11.9) 555(21.9) 479(18.9) 288(11.3) 90(3.5) 12(0.5) 10(0.4) 1,982(78.1) Source: Climate-data.org Landmarks of Khumbu Pasanglhamu Namche Bazar Mount Ama Dablam Lukla Airport Khumjung Village References ^ "List of Local bodies of Nepal". MoFALD. Retrieved 2 June 2017. ^ "Khumbu Pasanglahmu Rural municipality in Nepal". www.citypopulation.de. 8 October 2017. Retrieved 12 March 2018. ^ "744 new local units come into effect". The Kathmandu Post. Retrieved 15 March 2017. ^ a b "खुम्बु पासाङल्हामु गाउँपालिकाको संक्षिप्त परिचय". www.khumbupasanglhamumun.gov.np. 5 May 2018. ^ "Everest Travel guide – Solu Khumbu trekking guide". www.explorehimalaya.com. Retrieved 26 June 2018. ^ "Climate:Chaurikharka". Retrieved 25 June 2018. vteSolukhumbu DistrictHeadquarter: SalleriMunicipality Solududhkunda Rural Municipalities Dudhakaushika Necha Salyan Dudhkoshi Maha Kulung Sotang Khumbu Pasang Lhamu Likhu Pike vteMunicipalities of Koshi ProvinceMetropolitan cities Biratnagar Sub-metropolitan cities Itahari Dharan Largest municipalities(by population) Mechinagar Sundar Haraicha Birtamod Damak Triyuga Baraha Arjundhara Belbari Inaruwa Shivasatakshi Pathari Shanischare Urlabari Bhadrapur Duhabi Ramdhuni Ratuwamai Gauradaha Largest Rural municipalities(by population) Kamal Buddha Shanti Budi Ganga Harinagara Bhokraha Koshi Katahari Jahada Dhanpalthan Kanepokhari Kachankawal Gadhi Jhapa Dewangunj Barhadashi Barju Gramthan Gaurigunj Kerabari Miklajung
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Khumbu (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khumbu_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Nepali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_language"},{"link_name":"Gaunpalika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaunpalika"},{"link_name":"Solukhumbu district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solukhumbu_district"},{"link_name":"Province No. 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_No._1"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-List_of_Local_bodies_of_Nepal-1"},{"link_name":"Khumjung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khumjung"},{"link_name":"Namche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namche_Bazaar"},{"link_name":"Jubing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubing"},{"link_name":"Wards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward_(electoral_subdivision)"},{"link_name":"Jubing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubing"},{"link_name":"Chaurikharka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaurikharka"},{"link_name":"2011 Nepal census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Nepal_census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Chaurikharka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaurikharka"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Khumjung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khumjung"},{"link_name":"Namche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namche_Bazaar"},{"link_name":"Jubing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubing"},{"link_name":"Chaurikharka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaurikharka"},{"link_name":"Village development committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_development_committee_(Nepal)"},{"link_name":"Solukhumbu District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solukhumbu_District"},{"link_name":"Sagarmatha Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagarmatha_Zone"},{"link_name":"Eastern development region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Development_Region,_Nepal"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"}],"text":"For other uses, see Khumbu (disambiguation).Gaunpalika in Province No. 1, NepalKhumbu Pasanglhamu (Nepali: खुम्बु पासाङल्हामु गाउँपालिका) is one of 7 rural municipalities (Gaunpalika) in Solukhumbu district of Province No. 1 of Nepal.[1] Khumjung, Namche & Jubing (1,5,7–9 No. Wards of Jubing) and Chaurikharka were incorporated while creating it. It has the total population of 9,133 according to the 2011 Nepal census and area of 1,539.11 square kilometres (594.25 sq mi).[2] The admin centre of this gaunpalika is that of the Chaurikharka.[3]Previously, Khumjung, Namche, Jubing and Chaurikharka were all separate local level body (Village development committee) of Solukhumbu District. Solukhumbu was a district out of six districts of Sagarmatha Zone. Sagarmatha was a zone (division) of Eastern development region of Nepal.","title":"Khumbu Pasanglhamu Rural Municipality"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Solukhumbu District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solukhumbu_District"},{"link_name":"Khumbu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khumbu"},{"link_name":"Pasang Lhamu Sherpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasang_Lhamu_Sherpa"},{"link_name":"Mount Everest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest"},{"link_name":"Khumbu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khumbu"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-khumbu-4"}],"text":"Khumbu Pasanglhamu is located in Solukhumbu District, which name also bear Khumbu. \"Solukhumbu\" is a combination of two words; \"Solu\" and \"Khumbu\". Solu is lower part, while Khumbu is upper part of Solukhumbu District. The \"Pasanglhamu\" word is taken from Pasang Lhamu Sherpa, who was first Nepalese lady who climbed Mount Everest, she hailed from Khumbu region.[4]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gaunpalika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaunpalika"},{"link_name":"Province No. 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_No._1"},{"link_name":"Phaktanglung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaktanglung"},{"link_name":"Taplejung District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taplejung_District"},{"link_name":"Lhotse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhotse"},{"link_name":"Nuptse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuptse"},{"link_name":"Cho Oyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Oyu"},{"link_name":"Ama Dablam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ama_Dablam"},{"link_name":"Pumori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumori"},{"link_name":"Lukla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukla"},{"link_name":"Namche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namche"},{"link_name":"Khumjung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khumjung"},{"link_name":"Tengboche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengboche"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-khumbu-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-climate-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Namche_(26663229686).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Ama_Dablam_in_the_Everest_region,_Nepal.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lukla_Airport_April_2010.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Khumjung01.JPG"}],"text":"Khumbu Pasanglhamu is situated at coordinates 27.74° N 86.73° E Latitude and longitude. It is on northernmost part of Province, which is highest altitude land on Earth, part of higher Himalayas. Geographical condition of Khumbu Pasanglhamu is very difficult. It is the highest elevated land of the world. The minimum elevation of the region is 1,900 metres (6,200 ft), whereas the maximum elevation is 8,848 metres (29,029 ft). The total area of the rural municipality is 1,539.11 square kilometres (594.25 sq mi), thus it is the second largest Gaunpalika (by area) of Province No. 1 after Phaktanglung which is situated in Taplejung District.Lhotse, Nuptse, Cho Oyu, Ama Dablam, Pumori, Thamserku etc. are the mountains located in this region. Kharikhola, Lukla, Phskding, Manju, Namche, Khumjung, Khunde, Tengboche, Forche, Pangboche, Phiriche etc. are the human settlement in the region.[4]The elevations of Khumbu Pasanglhamu is not equal, it starts from 2000m and ends at 8848m thus the climate in the region can be divided into four climate zones owing to the gradual rise in altitude. The climatic zones include a forested lower zone, a zone of alpine scrub, the upper alpine zone which includes upper limit of vegetation growth, and the Arctic zone[5] thus the temperature and weather conditions vary at different altitudes or zones. The upper zones are snow-capped mountains which is too cold and the lower zone's valleys are some less cold.Climate data for Khumbu Pasanglhamu (Chaurikharka) (1982-2012)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n9.3(48.7)\n\n10.5(50.9)\n\n13.5(56.3)\n\n17.3(63.1)\n\n18.4(65.1)\n\n19.1(66.4)\n\n19.1(66.4)\n\n19.4(66.9)\n\n18.1(64.6)\n\n16.9(62.4)\n\n13.3(55.9)\n\n10.7(51.3)\n\n15.5(59.8)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n3.7(38.7)\n\n5.1(41.2)\n\n8(46)\n\n11.5(52.7)\n\n13.1(55.6)\n\n15(59)\n\n15.4(59.7)\n\n15.4(59.7)\n\n14.1(57.4)\n\n11.8(53.2)\n\n7.6(45.7)\n\n4.9(40.8)\n\n10.5(50.8)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n−1.9(28.6)\n\n−0.2(31.6)\n\n2.6(36.7)\n\n5.8(42.4)\n\n7.9(46.2)\n\n10.9(51.6)\n\n11.8(53.2)\n\n11.4(52.5)\n\n10.2(50.4)\n\n6.7(44.1)\n\n1.9(35.4)\n\n−0.8(30.6)\n\n5.5(41.9)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n16(0.6)\n\n30(1.2)\n\n34(1.3)\n\n60(2.4)\n\n107(4.2)\n\n301(11.9)\n\n555(21.9)\n\n479(18.9)\n\n288(11.3)\n\n90(3.5)\n\n12(0.5)\n\n10(0.4)\n\n1,982(78.1)\n\n\nSource: Climate-data.org[6]Landmarks of Khumbu Pasanglhamu\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNamche Bazar\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMount Ama Dablam\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLukla Airport\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKhumjung Village","title":"Geography and Climate"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"List of Local bodies of Nepal\". MoFALD. Retrieved 2 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mofald.gov.np/en/nepal-nagarpalika-gaupalika-list","url_text":"\"List of Local bodies of Nepal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Federal_Affairs_and_Local_Development_(Nepal)","url_text":"MoFALD"}]},{"reference":"\"Khumbu Pasanglahmu Rural municipality in Nepal\". www.citypopulation.de. 8 October 2017. Retrieved 12 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://citypopulation.de/php/nepal-mun-admin.php?adm2id=1103","url_text":"\"Khumbu Pasanglahmu Rural municipality in Nepal\""}]},{"reference":"\"744 new local units come into effect\". The Kathmandu Post. Retrieved 15 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2017-03-15/744-new-local-units-come-into-effect.html","url_text":"\"744 new local units come into effect\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kathmandu_Post","url_text":"The Kathmandu Post"}]},{"reference":"\"खुम्बु पासाङल्हामु गाउँपालिकाको संक्षिप्त परिचय\". www.khumbupasanglhamumun.gov.np. 5 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://khumbupasanglhamumun.gov.np/content/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81-%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AF-brief-introduction-khumbu-pasanglhamu-rural","url_text":"\"खुम्बु पासाङल्हामु गाउँपालिकाको संक्षिप्त परिचय\""}]},{"reference":"\"Everest Travel guide – Solu Khumbu trekking guide\". www.explorehimalaya.com. Retrieved 26 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.explorehimalaya.com/2007/12/20/everest-travel-guide-solu-khumbu-trekking-guide/","url_text":"\"Everest Travel guide – Solu Khumbu trekking guide\""}]},{"reference":"\"Climate:Chaurikharka\". Retrieved 25 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.climate-data.org/location/1003248/","url_text":"\"Climate:Chaurikharka\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_Students_Union_Day
Public holidays in Iraq
["1 Other important dates","2 References"]
This is a list of public holidays in Iraq. Date Name Notes January 1 New Year's Day January 6 Army Day March 21 Nowruz April 9 Liberation Day Celebrates the fall of Saddam Hussein's regime. (Only in Kurdistan region of Iraq) May 1 Labour Day July 14 Republic Day October 3 National Day Iraqi Independence Day. Celebrates the independence of Iraq from the United Kingdom in 1932 December 10 Victory Day Victory over Daesh ISIS December 25 Christmas Day Muharram 1 Islamic New Year Muharram 10 Ashura Rabi' al-Awwal 12 The Prophet's Birthday Shawwal 1 End of Ramadan (3 days) Dhu al-Hijjah 10 Feast of the Sacrifice (4 days) Other important dates These are working days at the KRG Council of Ministers, and businesses are open. Special events take place around the Iraqi Kurdistan Region to mark these dates. 10 February: Kurdish Authors Union Day 18 February: Kurdish Students Union Day 1 March: Commemoration of Mustafa Barzani’s Death 7 March: Liberation of Slemani City 8 March: Women's Day 10 March: Kurdish Clothes Day (Iraqi Kurdistan only) 13 March: Liberation of Duhok City 16 March: Halabja Day 20 March: Liberation of Kirkuk City 1 April: Assyrian New Year 14 April: Commemoration of Anfal genocide against the Kurds 16 April: Remembrance of Chemical Attack on Balisan and Sheikh Wasan 25 April: Anniversary of First Cabinet of Kurdish Government (1993) 13 June: Suleimaniah City Fallen and Martyrs Day 11 December: Establishment of Kurdish Women’s Union References ^ "Iraq Public Holidays in 2021 - Calendarific". Calendarific.com. Retrieved 15 January 2022. ^ "National holidays and key dates in the Kurdistan Region's history". Cabinet.gov.krd. Retrieved 15 January 2022. vtePublic holidays in AsiaSovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor (Timor-Leste) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States withlimited recognition Abkhazia Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies andother territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong Macau Category Asia portal
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Public holidays in Iraq"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iraqi Kurdistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Slemani City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulaymaniyah"},{"link_name":"Women's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"Iraqi Kurdistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan"},{"link_name":"Duhok City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dohuk"},{"link_name":"Halabja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halabja"},{"link_name":"Kirkuk City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkuk"},{"link_name":"Suleimaniah City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulaymaniyah"},{"link_name":"Martyrs Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyrs_Day"}],"text":"These are working days at the KRG Council of Ministers, and businesses are open. Special events take place around the Iraqi Kurdistan Region to mark these dates.[2]10 February: Kurdish Authors Union Day\n18 February: Kurdish Students Union Day\n1 March: Commemoration of Mustafa Barzani’s Death\n7 March: Liberation of Slemani City\n8 March: Women's Day\n10 March: Kurdish Clothes Day (Iraqi Kurdistan only)\n13 March: Liberation of Duhok City\n16 March: Halabja Day\n20 March: Liberation of Kirkuk City\n1 April: Assyrian New Year\n14 April: Commemoration of Anfal genocide against the Kurds\n16 April: Remembrance of Chemical Attack on Balisan and Sheikh Wasan\n25 April: Anniversary of First Cabinet of Kurdish Government (1993)\n13 June: Suleimaniah City Fallen and Martyrs Day\n11 December: Establishment of Kurdish Women’s Union","title":"Other important dates"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Iraq Public Holidays in 2021 - Calendarific\". Calendarific.com. Retrieved 15 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://calendarific.com/holidays/2021/IQ","url_text":"\"Iraq Public Holidays in 2021 - Calendarific\""}]},{"reference":"\"National holidays and key dates in the Kurdistan Region's history\". Cabinet.gov.krd. Retrieved 15 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://cabinet.gov.krd/p/p.aspx?l=12&p=212","url_text":"\"National holidays and key dates in the Kurdistan Region's history\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://calendarific.com/holidays/2021/IQ","external_links_name":"\"Iraq Public Holidays in 2021 - Calendarific\""},{"Link":"http://cabinet.gov.krd/p/p.aspx?l=12&p=212","external_links_name":"\"National holidays and key dates in the Kurdistan Region's history\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Zhizhao
Chen Zhizhao
["1 Club career","2 Career statistics","3 Honours","4 References","5 External links"]
Chinese footballer (born 1988) In this Chinese name, the family name is Chen. Chen Zhizhao 陈志钊 Zhizhao in 2013Personal informationFull name Chen ZhizhaoDate of birth (1988-03-14) 14 March 1988 (age 36)Place of birth Panyu, Guangdong, ChinaHeight 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in)Position(s) Attacking midfielderYouth career2000–2003 Guangzhou Yida Football School2003–2006 Shanghai ShenhuaSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2007–2009 Citizen 23 (2)2009–2013 Shanghai Shenxin 48 (13)2012–2013 → Corinthians (loan) 2 (0)2014–2015 Beijing Guoan 35 (5)2016–2022 Guangzhou R&F 123 (9)International career2017 China B *Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 20 June 2023 Chen ZhizhaoTraditional Chinese陳志釗Simplified Chinese陈志钊TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinChén ZhìzhāoIPAYue: CantoneseJyutpingCan4 Zi3-ciu1IPA Chen Zhizhao Chinese: 陈志钊; pinyin: Chén Zhìzhāo; born 14 March 1988), known as Zizao in Brazil, is a Chinese former professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder. In his career he represented Citizen before joining second tier club Nanchang Hengyuan where he gained promotion with them and then became the team's top goalscorer in the following season as he helped them remain within the top tier. He would go on to have a brief spell with Brazilian team Corinthians before returning to China with Beijing Guoan. He would spend seven seasons at Guangzhou R&F in the Chinese Super League before ending his career. Club career Chen Zhizhao started his football career playing for Shanghai Shenhua's youth academy; however, he was unable to break into their first team. He then transferred to Hong Kong First Division League side Citizen AA at the beginning of the 2007-08 league season where he would make his debut for the club against Lanwa Redbull in the first game of the season in a 0-0 draw. He quickly established himself within the team and would play in 13 league games and see Citizen come second within the league. Throughout the season he would also play in all of Citizen's cup games and would score his first goal against Eastern AA on 24 November 2007 in a Hong Kong Senior Shield game that Citizen lose 3-1. His following goals would come in the Hong Kong FA Cup where he scored against Eastern AA on 10 May 2008 in a semifinal game that saw them win 1-0. This was then followed by a goal in the final of the FA Cup win against Wofoo Tai Po on 18 May 2008 that saw Citizen win 2-0. Chen moved back to mainland China and signed a five-year contract with Nanchang Hengyuan (now known as Shanghai Shenxin) on 26 February 2009. He scored three goals as Nanchang finished second in the China League One and won promotion to the Chinese Super League for the first time. He scored ten goals and assisted eight times in thirty appearances which secured Nanchang's stay in the top flight for the next season. Chen was linked with Liga de Honra side C.D. Trofense in January 2011. Trofense was interested with Chen, but Nanchang blocked this transfer. According to Chen's contract with the club on 26 February 2009, if a non-Chinese football club provided a bid of around €200,000 for him before 26 February 2011, then Nanchang would accept the transfer without any condition. However, Nanchang insisted that €200,000 was provided by Chen's agency instead of the Portuguese club; besides, in the new contract which signed in early 2010, there were no related contract terms, so they had enough reasons to block this transfer. Chen refused to return to the club after this incident. He didn't make any appearances for the club in the 2011 season and instead played for Panyu Pearl, a futsal team in his hometown. In February 2012, Chen was loaned to Campeonato Brasileiro Série A side Corinthians until 31 December 2013. He made his debut for Corinthians in a 2–0 defeat against Cruzeiro on 17 October 2012, coming on for Welder at the 80th minute. Chen made his first start for the club on 20 January 2013, assisting the first goal in a 1-1 draw against Paulista. On 11 March 2013, Chen was called up to the Chinese national team by then manager José Antonio Camacho to be a part of the squad that would face Iraq during 2015 AFC Asian Cup qualification. He returned to his parent club Shanghai Shenxin after the 2013 season. On 28 February 2014, Chen transferred to fellow Chinese Super League side Beijing Guoan. He received a ban of four matches at the beginning of 2014 season by Chinese Football Association for age falsification which he changed his age from 14 March 1988 to 14 March 1989. He made his debut for the club on 24 March 2014 in a 2–0 win against Shanghai Greenland. He scored his first goal for the club on 27 April 2014 in a 1–0 win against Harbin Yiteng. On 22 December 2015, Chen transferred to his hometown club Guangzhou R&F in the Chinese Super League. On 4 March 2016, he made his debut in a 2–1 home defeat against Hebei China Fortune. He scored his first goal for the club on 21 August 2016 by shooting the winner in the 87th minute against Chongqing Lifan, which gave Guangzhou R&F a 5–4 away win. On 18 June 2017, Chen was involved in a collision during a league match with Shanghai SIPG. Although just being cautioned, he received a ban of 7 matches by the Chinese Football Association. In September 2020 Chen made his 100th appearance for Guangzhou R&F. On 2 February 2023 he would retire from professional football. Career statistics As of 31 December 2022. Appearances and goals by club, season and competition Club Season League National Cup League Cup Continental Other Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Citizen AA 2007-08 HK First Division League 13 0 3 2 1 0 - 1 1 18 3 2008-09 10 2 0 0 0 0 - 2 0 12 2 Total 23 2 3 2 1 0 0 0 3 1 30 5 Shanghai Shenxin 2009 China League One 18 3 - - - - 18 3 2010 Chinese Super League 30 10 - - - - 30 10 2011 0 0 0 0 - - - 0 0 Total 48 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 48 13 Corinthians 2012 Série A 1 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 1 0 2013 1 0 0 0 - 0 0 3 0 4 0 Total 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 5 0 Beijing Guoan 2014 Chinese Super League 21 4 3 0 - 0 0 - 24 4 2015 14 1 2 0 - 4 0 - 20 1 Total 35 5 5 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 44 5 Guangzhou R&F 2016 Chinese Super League 17 1 4 0 - - - 21 1 2017 22 1 3 0 - - - 25 1 2018 25 3 6 0 - - - 31 3 2019 14 0 1 0 - - - 15 0 2020 14 2 2 0 - - - 16 2 2021 16 1 1 0 - - - 17 1 2022 15 1 2 0 - - - 17 1 Total 123 9 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 142 9 Career total 231 29 27 2 1 0 4 0 6 1 269 32 ^ a b Appearances in Hong Kong Senior Challenge Shield ^ a b Appearances in Campeonato Paulista Honours Citizen AA Hong Kong FA Cup: 2007–08 Corinthians Campeonato Paulista: 2013 Individual Hong Kong FA Cup Top goalscorer: 2007–08 References ^ Match Results: 2007-09-09 at hkfa.com Retrieved 2012-07-17 ^ Match Results: 2007-11-24 at hkfa.com Retrieved 2012-07-17 ^ Match Results: 2008-05-10 at hkfa.com Retrieved 2012-07-17 ^ Match Results: 2008-05-18 at hkfa.com Retrieved 2012-07-17 ^ a b 陈志钊身陷与南昌队“合同监” 想转会葡甲球队 at chinanews.com 2011-06-18 Retrieved 2012-07-17 (in Chinese) ^ 揭秘陈志钊留洋失败始末 不回南昌或三年无球踢 Archived 2012-05-06 at the Wayback Machine at sports.163.com 2011-02-18 Retrieved 2012-07-17 (in Chinese) ^ 陳志釗本賽季留洋夢碎 at soccer.sina.com.hk 2011-03-11 Retrieved 2012-07-17 (in Chinese) ^ 陳志釗下定決心不回頭 仲裁失敗也不回南昌 Archived April 7, 2012, at the Wayback Machine at Retrieved 2012-07-17 (in Chinese) ^ "Zizao" é o novo reforço do Corinthians Archived 2014-01-06 at the Wayback Machine at corinthians.com.br 28/02/12 Retrieved 2012-07-17 (in Portuguese) ^ Sem jogar pelo Corinthians, Zizao é convocado para amistoso da seleção chinesa ^ 国安正式宣布陈志钊加盟 签约3年身披23号球衣 at sports.sohu.com 2014-02-28 Retrieved 2014-02-28 ^ 陈志钊及海归新星因改年龄已被执行停赛4场 at sports.sina.com 2014-03-23 Retrieved 2016-12-21 ^ 广州富力官方宣布陈志钊加盟 国安飞翼签约五年 at sports.sohu.com 2015-12-22 Retrieved 2015-12-22 ^ 中超-热鸟建功罗森文染红 华夏2-1富力中超首胜 at sports.sina.com 2016-03-04 Retrieved 2017-05-12 ^ 中超-陈志钊绝杀肖智2球 进球大战富力5-4力帆 at sports.sina.com 2016-08-21 Retrieved 2017-05-12 ^ 双方爆发激烈冲突2将染红 富力1-1上港7轮不胜 at sohu.com 2017-06-18 Retrieved 2017-06-23 (in Chinese) ^ 陈志钊因死球推倒对手遭处罚:停赛7场+罚款3.5万 at sina.com 2017-06-22 Retrieved 2017-06-23 (in Chinese) ^ "【足协杯】后发制人,广州富力点球淘汰卫冕冠军". Retrieved 7 December 2020. ^ "广州城老将陈志钊正式退役 曾留洋巴甲豪门俱乐部". sports.sina.cn. 2023-02-02. Retrieved 2023-02-02. ^ 陈志钊. sodasoccer (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-11-12. Retrieved 2016-11-02. External links Chen Zhizhao at HKFA (archived) Player stats at sohu.com Chen Zhizhao at Soccerway Chen Zhizhao on ESPN Awards Preceded byTales Schütz Hong Kong FA CupTop Scorer(with Giovane) 2007–08 Succeeded byChan Siu Ki
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_surname"},{"link_name":"Chen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_people"},{"link_name":"attacking midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder#Attacking_midfielder"},{"link_name":"Citizen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_AA"},{"link_name":"Nanchang Hengyuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanchang_Hengyuan_F.C."},{"link_name":"Corinthians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_Club_Corinthians_Paulista"},{"link_name":"Beijing Guoan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Guoan"},{"link_name":"Guangzhou R&F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou_R%26F"},{"link_name":"Chinese Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Super_League"}],"text":"In this Chinese name, the family name is Chen.Chen Zhizhao Chinese: 陈志钊; pinyin: Chén Zhìzhāo; born 14 March 1988), known as Zizao in Brazil, is a Chinese former professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder.In his career he represented Citizen before joining second tier club Nanchang Hengyuan where he gained promotion with them and then became the team's top goalscorer in the following season as he helped them remain within the top tier. He would go on to have a brief spell with Brazilian team Corinthians before returning to China with Beijing Guoan. He would spend seven seasons at Guangzhou R&F in the Chinese Super League before ending his career.","title":"Chen Zhizhao"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shanghai Shenhua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Shenhua"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong First Division League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_First_Division_League"},{"link_name":"Citizen AA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_AA"},{"link_name":"Lanwa Redbull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanwa_Redbull"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Eastern AA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_AA"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Senior Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Senior_Shield"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Eastern AA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_AA"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Wofoo Tai Po","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wofoo_Tai_Po"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Match_Results:_2008-05-18-4"},{"link_name":"Nanchang Hengyuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanchang_Hengyuan_F.C."},{"link_name":"Shanghai Shenxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Shenxin"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nanchang_contract-5"},{"link_name":"China League One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_League_One"},{"link_name":"Chinese Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Super_League"},{"link_name":"Liga de Honra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_de_Honra"},{"link_name":"C.D. Trofense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.D._Trofense"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nanchang_contract-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"2011 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Chinese_Super_League"},{"link_name":"Campeonato Brasileiro Série A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_A"},{"link_name":"Corinthians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_Club_Corinthians_Paulista"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Cruzeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruzeiro_Esporte_Clube"},{"link_name":"Welder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welder_da_Silva_Mar%C3%A7al"},{"link_name":"Paulista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulista_Futebol_Clube"},{"link_name":"Chinese national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"José Antonio Camacho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Camacho"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"2015 AFC Asian Cup qualification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_AFC_Asian_Cup_qualification"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Shanghai Shenxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Shenxin"},{"link_name":"Beijing Guoan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Guoan"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Chinese Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Shanghai Greenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Greenland_F.C."},{"link_name":"Harbin Yiteng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin_Yiteng_F.C."},{"link_name":"Guangzhou R&F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou_R%26F"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Hebei China Fortune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebei_China_Fortune"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Chongqing Lifan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongqing_Lifan"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Shanghai SIPG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_SIPG"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Chinese Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Chen Zhizhao started his football career playing for Shanghai Shenhua's youth academy; however, he was unable to break into their first team. He then transferred to Hong Kong First Division League side Citizen AA at the beginning of the 2007-08 league season where he would make his debut for the club against Lanwa Redbull in the first game of the season in a 0-0 draw.[1] He quickly established himself within the team and would play in 13 league games and see Citizen come second within the league. Throughout the season he would also play in all of Citizen's cup games and would score his first goal against Eastern AA on 24 November 2007 in a Hong Kong Senior Shield game that Citizen lose 3-1.[2] His following goals would come in the Hong Kong FA Cup where he scored against Eastern AA on 10 May 2008 in a semifinal game that saw them win 1-0.[3] This was then followed by a goal in the final of the FA Cup win against Wofoo Tai Po on 18 May 2008 that saw Citizen win 2-0.[4]Chen moved back to mainland China and signed a five-year contract with Nanchang Hengyuan (now known as Shanghai Shenxin) on 26 February 2009.[5] He scored three goals as Nanchang finished second in the China League One and won promotion to the Chinese Super League for the first time. He scored ten goals and assisted eight times in thirty appearances which secured Nanchang's stay in the top flight for the next season.Chen was linked with Liga de Honra side C.D. Trofense in January 2011. Trofense was interested with Chen, but Nanchang blocked this transfer. According to Chen's contract with the club on 26 February 2009, if a non-Chinese football club provided a bid of around €200,000 for him before 26 February 2011, then Nanchang would accept the transfer without any condition.[5] However, Nanchang insisted that €200,000 was provided by Chen's agency instead of the Portuguese club; besides, in the new contract which signed in early 2010, there were no related contract terms, so they had enough reasons to block this transfer.[6][7] Chen refused to return to the club after this incident.[8] He didn't make any appearances for the club in the 2011 season and instead played for Panyu Pearl, a futsal team in his hometown.In February 2012, Chen was loaned to Campeonato Brasileiro Série A side Corinthians until 31 December 2013.[9] He made his debut for Corinthians in a 2–0 defeat against Cruzeiro on 17 October 2012, coming on for Welder at the 80th minute. Chen made his first start for the club on 20 January 2013, assisting the first goal in a 1-1 draw against Paulista. On 11 March 2013, Chen was called up to the Chinese national team by then manager José Antonio Camacho to be a part of the squad that would face Iraq during 2015 AFC Asian Cup qualification.[10] He returned to his parent club Shanghai Shenxin after the 2013 season.On 28 February 2014, Chen transferred to fellow Chinese Super League side Beijing Guoan.[11] He received a ban of four matches at the beginning of 2014 season by Chinese Football Association for age falsification which he changed his age from 14 March 1988 to 14 March 1989.[12] He made his debut for the club on 24 March 2014 in a 2–0 win against Shanghai Greenland. He scored his first goal for the club on 27 April 2014 in a 1–0 win against Harbin Yiteng.On 22 December 2015, Chen transferred to his hometown club Guangzhou R&F in the Chinese Super League.[13] On 4 March 2016, he made his debut in a 2–1 home defeat against Hebei China Fortune.[14] He scored his first goal for the club on 21 August 2016 by shooting the winner in the 87th minute against Chongqing Lifan, which gave Guangzhou R&F a 5–4 away win.[15] On 18 June 2017, Chen was involved in a collision during a league match with Shanghai SIPG.[16] Although just being cautioned, he received a ban of 7 matches by the Chinese Football Association.[17] In September 2020 Chen made his 100th appearance for Guangzhou R&F.[18] On 2 February 2023 he would retire from professional football.[19]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HKSCS_21-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HKSCS_21-1"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Senior Challenge Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Senior_Challenge_Shield"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CP_22-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CP_22-1"},{"link_name":"Campeonato Paulista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Paulista"}],"text":"As of 31 December 2022.[20]^ a b Appearances in Hong Kong Senior Challenge Shield\n\n^ a b Appearances in Campeonato Paulista","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hong Kong FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"2007–08","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_FA_Cup_2007-08"},{"link_name":"Campeonato Paulista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Paulista"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Campeonato_Paulista"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"2007–08","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_FA_Cup_2007-08"}],"text":"Citizen AAHong Kong FA Cup: 2007–08CorinthiansCampeonato Paulista: 2013IndividualHong Kong FA Cup Top goalscorer: 2007–08","title":"Honours"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warley_(East_Indiaman)
Warley (East Indiaman)
[]
Two ships with the name Warley served the Honourable East India Company (HEIC) as East Indiamen between 1788 and 1816: HMS Calcutta was the East Indiaman Warley, built in 1788 and sold to the Royal Navy in 1795. She carried convicts to Australia in 1803. The French captured her in 1805, and she was destroyed in 1809 during the Battle of Basque Roads. Warley (1796 ship) was launched in 1795 at the same yard as her predecessor. She made nine voyages for the HEIC and participated in Nathaniel Dance's victory at the Battle of Pulo Aura while under the command of Captain Henry Wilson. She was sold for breaking up in 1816. List of ships with the same or similar names This article includes a list of ships with the same or similar names. If an internal link for a specific ship led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended ship article, if one exists.
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huachuca_Mountains
Huachuca Mountains
["1 Vegetation","2 Climate data","3 Recreation","3.1 Hiking","3.2 Birdwatching","4 Border wall","5 Gallery","6 References","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 31°24′N 110°18′W / 31.400°N 110.300°W / 31.400; -110.300Landform in Cochise County, Arizona Huachuca MountainsView from Miller Wilderness area of the Huachuca MountainsHighest pointPeakMiller Peak (Arizona)Elevation9,466 ft (2,885 m)DimensionsLength38 mi (61 km) North to SouthWidth34 mi (55 km) East to West Extent includes low land hills and valleysArea755 sq mi (1,960 km2)GeographyHuachuca Mountains CountryUnited StatesStateArizonaRegionMadrean Sky IslandsDistrictCochise CountyRange coordinates31°24′N 110°18′W / 31.400°N 110.300°W / 31.400; -110.300 The Huachuca Mountains are part of the Sierra Vista Ranger District of the Coronado National Forest in Cochise County in southeastern Arizona, approximately 70 miles (110 km) south-southeast of Tucson and southwest of the city of Sierra Vista. Included in this area is the highest peak in the Huachucas, Miller Peak, and the region of the Huachucas known as Canelo Hills in eastern Santa Cruz County. The mountains range in elevation from 3,934 feet (1,199 m) at the base to 9,466 feet (2,885 m) at the top of Miller Peak. The second highest peak in this range is Carr Peak, elevation 9,200 feet (2,804 m). The Huachuca Mountain area is managed principally by the United States Forest Service (Coronado National Forest) (41%) and the U.S. Army (Fort Huachuca) (20%), with much of the rest being private land (32%). Sierra Vista is the main population center (43,888 inhabitants as of the 2010 Census). The Huachuca Mountains were named by the Spanish for a Pima village that once existed to the north of the range near the present location of Elgin, Arizona. Coronado National Memorial is in the southeastern margin of the range near the Mexico–United States border and includes Montezuma Pass, a possible entry point of Francisco Vázquez de Coronado into what is now Arizona in 1540. The range extends a short distance south of the border in Sonora, Mexico. Vegetation Vegetation in the Huachucas varies from Chihuahua whitethorn scrub and semi-desert mixed grass/mixed scrub, at the lower elevations, to Encinal mixed oak, and transitions to ponderosa pine and Apache pine at the highest elevations. Climate data Average precipitation: 20" on peaks; 15" at base Average high/low winter temperatures (°F): 35/20 on peaks; 60/35 at base Average high/low summer temperatures (°F): 75/50 on peaks; 95/65 at base Recreation Hiking The Huachucas present many hiking possibilities and scenic drives. Some entail narrow dirt roads with switchbacks and pull-outs. High summits, sheer cliffs, and deep canyons distinguish this rugged area of 20,190 acres (81.7 km2). Trails climb from all sides of the range to the Miller Peak Wilderness. Along the trails there are opportunities to see a number of rare butterflies of Arizona (see List of butterflies and moths of Arizona), as well as plants that are more commonly found in the Sierra Madre Occidental. Trails begin on the east side of Ash Canyon, Miller Canyon, Carr Canyon, and Ramsey Canyon roads, from the south at Montezuma Pass in the Coronado National Memorial, and from the west via Oversite trail, Ida, Bear, and Sunnyside canyons. The 11.5-mile (18.5 km) Crest Trail between Montezuma Pass and Fort Huachuca ties all of the trails together. There are some 50 trails altogether. Trail users may encounter immigrants on the mountain trails; no negative incidents have ever been reported by Arizona Trail Association users. The mountains include the type locality for a number of plant species collected by the Lemmons and named by Asa Gray. Birdwatching This area is appreciated for its birdwatching opportunities including some Arizona specialties such as hummingbirds, trogons, and tyrant flycatchers, including some rare birds such as the blue-throated, white-eared, and berylline hummingbirds; also buff-breasted flycatchers; and black-throated gray, red-faced, and Grace's warblers; also red crossbills and numerous other bird species. Border wall The mountain ecosystem is threatened by both the influx of litter from illegal immigrants and the border barrier being constructed by the administration of Arizona Governor Doug Ducey. Despite lack of authorization from federal authorities, Ducey is constructing a wall of shipping containers along the border on land owned by the United States Forest Service in Coronado National Forest. Ecologists argue that this construction threatened endangered species such as jaguars and ocelots, and therefore violates federal laws such as the Endangered Species Act. For that reason the Center for Biological Diversity has sued to halt construction. Construction is expected to stop when governor-elect Katie Hobbs takes office. Hobbs has stated intention to remove the containers after taking office. Gallery View from Montezuma Pass looking south & west into Mexico View from Montezuma Pass looking east The Huachuca Mountains, as seen from across San Rafael Valley in the Patagonia Mountains Northern portion of the Huachuca Mountains in the winter Miller Canyon View of Carr Peak (middle left) and Ramsey Peak (right) in the Huachuca Mountains View of Hereford from inside of Miller Canyon References ^ Peakbagger.com ^ "Fr. Eusebio Kino's Visits to the San Pedro River". Saguaro Juniper Corporation. Retrieved October 29, 2010. ^ Herbert Eugene Bolton (1984). Rim of Christendom: a biography of Eusebio Francisco Kino, Pacific coast pioneer. University of Arizona Press. p. 269. ISBN 978-0-8165-0863-1. Retrieved October 29, 2010. ^ "WildFire Alternatives, Huachuca Study Area". Archived from the original on 2008-07-03. Retrieved 2008-07-29. ^ Trails of the Huachucas ^ AZTrail.org ^ a b Main, Douglas (2022-12-07). "A rogue barrier threatens wildlife on Arizona border". National Geographic. Archived from the original on December 7, 2022. Retrieved 2022-12-09. ^ Bosque, Melissa del. "Gov. Ducey's Illegal Shipping Container Wall is Worse Than You Can Imagine". www.theborderchronicle.com. Retrieved 2022-12-09. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Huachuca Mountains. External links Trails of the Huachucas. Agave Guides WildFire Alternatives, Huachuca Study Area. University of Arizona. The Cochise Trail. Arizona Handbook The Huachuca Mountains. Virtual Birder. Huachuca Trail Segments. Southern Arizona Hiking Club. "The Huachuca Mountains". Peakbagger.com. vteMountains of ArizonaBlack Hills(Yavapai County) Mingus Mountain Black Mountains Boundary Cone Fortification Hill Mount Wilson Bradshaw Mountains Mount Union Castle Dome Mountains Castle Dome Cerbat Mountains Mount Tipton Chiricahua Mountains Chiricahua Peak Chuska Mountains Roof Butte Dragoon Mountains Mount Glenn Hieroglyphic Mountains White Picacho Huachuca Mountains Carr Peak Miller Peak Hualapai Mountains Aubrey Peak Hualapai Peak Little Ajo Mountains Ajo Peak Little Dragoon Mountains Lime Peak Mae West Peaks Mazatzal Mountains Four Peaks Mount Ord McDowell Mountains East End McDowell Peak Mount McDowell Thompson Peak Mule Mountains Mount Ballard (Arizona) Phoenix Mountains Camelback Mountain Mummy Mountain Piestewa Peak South Mountains Sunnyslope Mountain Pinal Mountains Pinal Peak Pinaleño Mountains Mount Graham Plomosa Mountains Ibex Peak Quinlan Mountains Kitt Peak Rincon Mountains Mica Mountain Rincon Peak San Francisco Peaks Agassiz Peak Doyle Peak Fremont Peak San Francisco Volcanic Field Black Bottom Crater Double Crater Humphreys Peak Kendrick Peak Mount Elden O'Leary Peak Roden Crater S P Crater Strawberry Crater Sunset Crater Santa Catalina Mountains Mount Bigelow Mount Lemmon Pusch Ridge Thimble Peak Santa Rita Mountains Mount Hopkins Mount Wrightson Santa Teresa Mountains Mount Turnbull Sierra Ancha Mistake Peak Sierra Prieta Granite Mountain Superstition Mountains Superstition Mountain Weavers Needle Tank Mountains Black Dome Tucson Mountains Sentinel Peak Tumamoc Hill Whetstone Mountains Apache Peak White Mountains Black Mesa (Navajo County) Escudilla Mountain Mount Baldy Others Agathla Peak Agua Caliente Mountains Agua Dulce Mountains Antelope Hill Aquarius Mountains Artillery Mountains Atascosa Mountains Aubrey Hills Baboquivari Peak Balakai Mesa Beaver Dam Mountains Belmont Mountains Bill Williams Mountain Bitsihuitsos Butte Black Hills (Greenlee County) Black Mesa (Apache-Navajo Counties) Black Mesa (Warm Springs) Black Mountain (Maricopa County) Black Mountain (Pima County) Blackjack Mountains Bryan Mountains Buckskin Mountain (Arizona-Utah) Buckskin Mountains (La Paz County) Bush Head Cabeza Prieta Mountains Canelo Hills Carrizo Mountains Cerro Colorado Mountains Chocolate Mountains Copper Mountains Coyote Mountains Date Creek Mountains Dome Rock Mountains Dos Cabezas Mountains Etoi Ki Excalibur Galiuro Mountains Gavilan Peak Gila Bend Mountains Gila Mountains (Graham County) Gila Mountains (Yuma County) Goldfield Mountains Grand Wash Cliffs Granite Mountains Granite Wash Mountains Growler Mountains Gu Achi Peak Guadalupe Mountains Harcuvar Mountains Harquahala Mountains House Mountain Hunts Mesa Isis Temple John the Baptist Mountains Juniper Mesa Kaibab Plateau Kofa Mountains Laguna Mountains Las Guijas Mountains Lime Mountain (Maricopa County} Little Harquahala Mountains Little Rincon Mountains Lukachukai Mountains Madrean Sky Islands Mescal Mountains Mineral Mountains Moccasin Mountains Mohave Mountains Mohawk Mountains Mount Trumbull Muggins Mountains Mustang Mountains Navajo Mountain The Needles New River Mountains New Water Mountains Newton Butte Painted Rock Mountains Pajarito Mountains Patagonia Mountains Peacock Mountains Picacho Peak Picketpost Mountain Pinnacle Peak Poachie Range Poston Butte Rawhide Mountains Sacaton Mountains San Luis Mountains Santa Maria Mountains Sevenmile Mountains Sierra San Antonio Sierra Estrella Sierra Madre Occidental Sierra Pinta Silver Bell Mountains Squaw Tits Sugarloaf Mountain Sunset Mountains Swisshelm Mountains Tempe Butte Temple Butte Tinajas Altas Mountains Tordillo Mountain Tortolita Mountains Trigo Mountains Tule Mountains Tumacacori Mountains Virgin Mountains Vulcan's Throne Vulture Mountains Waterman Mountains Weaver Mountains West Silver Bell Mountains White Tank Mountains Wickenburg Mountains Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coronado National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronado_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Cochise County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochise_County,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"},{"link_name":"Tucson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucson"},{"link_name":"Sierra Vista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Vista"},{"link_name":"Miller Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller_Peak_(Arizona)"},{"link_name":"Canelo Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canelo_Hills"},{"link_name":"Santa Cruz County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz_County,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Miller Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller_Peak_(Arizona)"},{"link_name":"Carr Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carr_Peak"},{"link_name":"United States Forest Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army"},{"link_name":"Fort Huachuca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Huachuca"},{"link_name":"Pima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pima_people"},{"link_name":"Elgin, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elgin,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Coronado National Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronado_National_Memorial"},{"link_name":"Mexico–United States border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border"},{"link_name":"Montezuma Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montezuma_Pass"},{"link_name":"Francisco Vázquez de Coronado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado"},{"link_name":"Sonora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonora"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"}],"text":"Landform in Cochise County, ArizonaThe Huachuca Mountains are part of the Sierra Vista Ranger District of the Coronado National Forest in Cochise County in southeastern Arizona, approximately 70 miles (110 km) south-southeast of Tucson and southwest of the city of Sierra Vista. Included in this area is the highest peak in the Huachucas, Miller Peak, and the region of the Huachucas known as Canelo Hills in eastern Santa Cruz County. The mountains range in elevation from 3,934 feet (1,199 m) at the base to 9,466 feet (2,885 m) at the top of Miller Peak. The second highest peak in this range is Carr Peak, elevation 9,200 feet (2,804 m). The Huachuca Mountain area is managed principally by the United States Forest Service (Coronado National Forest) (41%) and the U.S. Army (Fort Huachuca) (20%), with much of the rest being private land (32%). Sierra Vista is the main population center (43,888 inhabitants as of the 2010 Census).The Huachuca Mountains were named by the Spanish for a Pima village that once existed to the north of the range near the present location of Elgin, Arizona.[2][3] Coronado National Memorial is in the southeastern margin of the range near the Mexico–United States border and includes Montezuma Pass, a possible entry point of Francisco Vázquez de Coronado into what is now Arizona in 1540. The range extends a short distance south of the border in Sonora, Mexico.","title":"Huachuca Mountains"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chihuahua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chihuahuan_Desert"},{"link_name":"ponderosa pine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponderosa_pine"},{"link_name":"Apache pine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_pine"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Vegetation in the Huachucas varies from Chihuahua whitethorn scrub and semi-desert mixed grass/mixed scrub, at the lower elevations, to Encinal mixed oak, and transitions to ponderosa pine and Apache pine at the highest elevations.[citation needed]","title":"Vegetation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Average precipitation: 20\" on peaks; 15\" at base\nAverage high/low winter temperatures (°F): 35/20 on peaks; 60/35 at base\nAverage high/low summer temperatures (°F): 75/50 on peaks; 95/65 at base [4]","title":"Climate data"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Recreation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miller Peak Wilderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller_Peak_(Arizona)"},{"link_name":"List of butterflies and moths of Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_butterflies_and_moths_of_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Coronado National Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronado_National_Memorial"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Lemmons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Plummer_Lemmon"},{"link_name":"Asa Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Gray"}],"sub_title":"Hiking","text":"The Huachucas present many hiking possibilities and scenic drives. Some entail narrow dirt roads with switchbacks and pull-outs. High summits, sheer cliffs, and deep canyons distinguish this rugged area of 20,190 acres (81.7 km2). Trails climb from all sides of the range to the Miller Peak Wilderness. Along the trails there are opportunities to see a number of rare butterflies of Arizona (see List of butterflies and moths of Arizona), as well as plants that are more commonly found in the Sierra Madre Occidental. Trails begin on the east side of Ash Canyon, Miller Canyon, Carr Canyon, and Ramsey Canyon roads, from the south at Montezuma Pass in the Coronado National Memorial, and from the west via Oversite trail, Ida, Bear, and Sunnyside canyons. The 11.5-mile (18.5 km) Crest Trail between Montezuma Pass and Fort Huachuca ties all of the trails together. There are some 50 trails altogether.[5] Trail users may encounter immigrants on the mountain trails; no negative incidents have ever been reported by Arizona Trail Association users.[6] The mountains include the type locality for a number of plant species collected by the Lemmons and named by Asa Gray.","title":"Recreation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hummingbirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hummingbirds"},{"link_name":"trogons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trogons"},{"link_name":"tyrant flycatchers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrant_flycatchers"},{"link_name":"blue-throated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue-throated_hummingbird"},{"link_name":"white-eared","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-eared_hummingbird"},{"link_name":"berylline hummingbirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berylline_hummingbird"},{"link_name":"buff-breasted flycatchers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buff-breasted_flycatcher"},{"link_name":"black-throated gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-throated_grey_warbler"},{"link_name":"red-faced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-faced_warbler"},{"link_name":"Grace's warblers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace%27s_warbler"},{"link_name":"red crossbills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_crossbill"}],"sub_title":"Birdwatching","text":"This area is appreciated for its birdwatching opportunities including some Arizona specialties such as hummingbirds, trogons, and tyrant flycatchers, including some rare birds such as the blue-throated, white-eared, and berylline hummingbirds; also buff-breasted flycatchers; and black-throated gray, red-faced, and Grace's warblers; also red crossbills and numerous other bird species.","title":"Recreation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"border barrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_barrier"},{"link_name":"Arizona Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Governor"},{"link_name":"Doug Ducey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Ducey"},{"link_name":"shipping containers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipping_container"},{"link_name":"United States Forest Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service"},{"link_name":"Coronado National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronado_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"jaguars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar"},{"link_name":"ocelots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocelot"},{"link_name":"Endangered Species Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act_of_1973"},{"link_name":"Center for Biological Diversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Biological_Diversity"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"Katie Hobbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katie_Hobbs"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The mountain ecosystem is threatened by both the influx of litter from illegal immigrants and the border barrier being constructed by the administration of Arizona Governor Doug Ducey. Despite lack of authorization from federal authorities, Ducey is constructing a wall of shipping containers along the border on land owned by the United States Forest Service in Coronado National Forest. Ecologists argue that this construction threatened endangered species such as jaguars and ocelots, and therefore violates federal laws such as the Endangered Species Act. For that reason the Center for Biological Diversity has sued to halt construction.[7]Construction is expected to stop when governor-elect Katie Hobbs takes office.[7] Hobbs has stated intention to remove the containers after taking office.[8]","title":"Border wall"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montezumapass2.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montezumapass.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Huachuca_Mountains_From_Patagonia_Mountains_Arizona_2014.JPG"},{"link_name":"San Rafael Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Rafael_Valley"},{"link_name":"Patagonia Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_Mountains"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Huachuca_Mountains_in_the_Winter2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Miller_Canyon.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Huachuca_Mts_-_Carr_and_Ramsey_Peaks.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panaramic_View,_Miller_Canyon,_Hereford,_AZ.jpg"}],"text":"View from Montezuma Pass looking south & west into Mexico\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tView from Montezuma Pass looking east\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Huachuca Mountains, as seen from across San Rafael Valley in the Patagonia Mountains\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNorthern portion of the Huachuca Mountains in the winter\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMiller Canyon\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tView of Carr Peak (middle left) and Ramsey Peak (right) in the Huachuca Mountains\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tView of Hereford from inside of Miller Canyon","title":"Gallery"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Fr. Eusebio Kino's Visits to the San Pedro River\". Saguaro Juniper Corporation. Retrieved October 29, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.saguaro-juniper.com/i_and_i/history/early_history/fr_kino_visits.html","url_text":"\"Fr. Eusebio Kino's Visits to the San Pedro River\""}]},{"reference":"Herbert Eugene Bolton (1984). Rim of Christendom: a biography of Eusebio Francisco Kino, Pacific coast pioneer. University of Arizona Press. p. 269. ISBN 978-0-8165-0863-1. Retrieved October 29, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=doFuAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Rim of Christendom: a biography of Eusebio Francisco Kino, Pacific coast pioneer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-0863-1","url_text":"978-0-8165-0863-1"}]},{"reference":"\"WildFire Alternatives, Huachuca Study Area\". Archived from the original on 2008-07-03. Retrieved 2008-07-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080703160440/http://walter.arizona.edu/overview/study_areas/huachuca.asp","url_text":"\"WildFire Alternatives, Huachuca Study Area\""},{"url":"http://walter.arizona.edu/overview/study_areas/huachuca.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Main, Douglas (2022-12-07). \"A rogue barrier threatens wildlife on Arizona border\". National Geographic. Archived from the original on December 7, 2022. Retrieved 2022-12-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221207175246/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/illegal-border-barrier-threatens-wildlife-arizona-mexico-border","url_text":"\"A rogue barrier threatens wildlife on Arizona border\""},{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/illegal-border-barrier-threatens-wildlife-arizona-mexico-border","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bosque, Melissa del. \"Gov. Ducey's Illegal Shipping Container Wall is Worse Than You Can Imagine\". www.theborderchronicle.com. Retrieved 2022-12-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theborderchronicle.com/p/gov-duceys-illegal-shipping-container","url_text":"\"Gov. Ducey's Illegal Shipping Container Wall is Worse Than You Can Imagine\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Huachuca Mountains\". Peakbagger.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.peakbagger.com/range.aspx?rid=135318","url_text":"\"The Huachuca Mountains\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Huachuca_Mountains&params=31_24_N_110_18_W_type:mountain_region:US-AZ_dim:31km","external_links_name":"31°24′N 110°18′W / 31.400°N 110.300°W / 31.400; -110.300"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Huachuca_Mountains&params=31_24_N_110_18_W_type:mountain_region:US-AZ_dim:31km","external_links_name":"31°24′N 110°18′W / 31.400°N 110.300°W / 31.400; -110.300"},{"Link":"http://www.peakbagger.com/range.aspx?rid=135318","external_links_name":"Peakbagger.com"},{"Link":"http://www.saguaro-juniper.com/i_and_i/history/early_history/fr_kino_visits.html","external_links_name":"\"Fr. Eusebio Kino's Visits to the San Pedro River\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=doFuAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Rim of Christendom: a biography of Eusebio Francisco Kino, Pacific coast pioneer"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080703160440/http://walter.arizona.edu/overview/study_areas/huachuca.asp","external_links_name":"\"WildFire Alternatives, Huachuca Study Area\""},{"Link":"http://walter.arizona.edu/overview/study_areas/huachuca.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.sahcinfo.org/PDF/huachuca.pdf","external_links_name":"Trails of the Huachucas"},{"Link":"http://www.aztrail.org/passages/pass_01.html","external_links_name":"AZTrail.org"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221207175246/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/illegal-border-barrier-threatens-wildlife-arizona-mexico-border","external_links_name":"\"A rogue barrier threatens wildlife on Arizona border\""},{"Link":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/illegal-border-barrier-threatens-wildlife-arizona-mexico-border","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.theborderchronicle.com/p/gov-duceys-illegal-shipping-container","external_links_name":"\"Gov. Ducey's Illegal Shipping Container Wall is Worse Than You Can Imagine\""},{"Link":"http://agaveguides.com/index.html","external_links_name":"Trails of the Huachucas"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080703160440/http://walter.arizona.edu/overview/study_areas/huachuca.asp","external_links_name":"WildFire Alternatives, Huachuca Study Area"},{"Link":"http://www.arizonahandbook.com/huachuca.htm","external_links_name":"The Cochise Trail"},{"Link":"http://www.virtualbirder.com/vbirder/onLoc/onLocDirs/BB_HUAC_01/","external_links_name":"The Huachuca Mountains"},{"Link":"http://www.sahcinfo.org/PDF/huachuca.pdf","external_links_name":"Huachuca Trail Segments"},{"Link":"http://www.peakbagger.com/range.aspx?rid=135318","external_links_name":"\"The Huachuca Mountains\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/315528544","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007558995005171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh99014199","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/203406192","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Medal_of_the_Jean_Monnet_Foundation_for_Europe
Jean Monnet Foundation for Europe
["1 History","2 Archives","3 Gold Medals of the Foundation","4 Presidents of the Foundation","5 Publications","6 Notes and references","7 See also","8 External links"]
Jean Monnet Foundation for Europe(in French) Fondation Jean Monnet pour l'EuropeThe foundation is based on the campus of the University of Lausanne.Formation1978FounderJean MonnetLocationCampus of the University of Lausanne (Switzerland)Official language French and EnglishWebsitejean-monnet.ch The Jean Monnet Foundation for Europe is a public-utility and independent institution, created in 1978 by Jean Monnet and Henri Rieben, and dedicated to the conservation of Monnet's archives. Based in Lausanne since its creation, the foundation is located since 1981 at the Ferme de Dorigny, on the campus of the University of Lausanne. The foundation's activities range from the organization of events (conferences, dialogues, academic seminars and Gold Medal Award ceremonies) to the conservation and the enhancement of its collection of archives and documents. The origins of the foundation date from a meeting between Jean Monnet and Henri Rieben in 1955 and it is located at the "Farm of Dorigny", in the heart of the campus of the University of Lausanne in Lausanne, Switzerland. The foundation is inspired by the thinking, methods and actions of Jean Monnet. History The origins of the foundation can be traced back to the encounter between Jean Monnet and Henri Rieben in 1955. From that time, several associations were created at the initiative of the two men. Reasons for the creation of these organizations are found when considering the devotion to and the great interest that Rieben had in Monnet, as well as the easiness to create associations in Switzerland. Jean Monnet in London (1952) The first of these initiatives was the Association de gestion administrative du Comité d'action pour les États-Unis d'Europe, which had for mission the administrative management of the Action Committee for the United States of Europe. Registered in 1955 in Lausanne, Henri Rieben becomes its administrative secretary and Monnet its president. The facilities of the Comité d'action, however, were located in Paris, at the Avenue Foch, until its dissolution in 1975. In 1957, Jean Monnet and Henri Rieben created another association in Lausanne, the Centre de recherches européennes, dedicated to creating a documentation center for European Studies. Under the command of Henri Rieben, the center published numerous academic works as part of the "Cahiers rouges" collection. The third association was created in 1963 in Lausanne with the signatures of Jean Monnet as president and Henri Rieben as administrative secretary. Under the name of "Institut de recherches historiques européennes" (translated as "Institute for European Historical Research"), its aim was to gather archives and produce knowledge about the history of European integration. It was also located at the Avenue Foch, in Paris. Its first editorial project was the publication of the Memoirs of Jean Monnet. In 1978, Jean Monnet entrusted the institute with all of his archives. The transfer from Paris to Lausanne was carried out during the same year, six months before Monnet's death. The institute was dissolved in 1983, as the Centre de recherches européennes was created. In the same year, Jean Monnet and Rieben created a new association, under the name of Fondation Jean Monnet pour l'Europe. Its goals were to preserve the Jean Monnet archives and, "inspired by the thinking, methods and actions of Jean Monnet", to support initiatives dedicated to the establishment of European unity. Archives The foundation houses the personal archives of Jean Monnet, Robert Schuman, Robert Marjolin, François Fontaine, Jacques Van Helmont, Paolo Emilio Taviani, Robert Triffin, and the Earl of Perth, and of other figures from European institutions. Gold Medals of the Foundation The Gold Medal of the Jean Monnet Foundation for Europe (Médaille d'or de la Fondation Jean Monnet pour l'Europe) was awarded to: 1996: Juan Carlos, King of Spain 2000: Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, President of Italy 2002: Ferenc Mádl, President of the Republic of Hungary 2007: Helmut Kohl, former Chancellor of Germany 2008: Jean-Claude Juncker, former Prime Ministers of Luxembourg 2011: Emilio Colombo, Italian Senator for life and former President of the European Parliament Javier Solana, former European Union High Representative for Common Foreign and Security Policy 2014: Herman Van Rompuy, President of the European Council Martin Schulz, President of the European Parliament José Manuel Barroso, President of the European Commission Presidents of the Foundation 1978–2005: Henri Rieben 2006–2008: Bronislaw Geremek 2009–2014: José Maria Gil-Robles Since 2015: Pat Cox Publications The Jean Monnet Foundation for Europe has been publishing works as part of two different collections: The "Cahiers rouges" collection, created in 1957. Under the command of Henri Rieben, it will present historical sources, monographs and conference proceedings about subjects ranging from Monnet's life to international relations between Switzerland and Europe. The collection aims to nourish debates about both the history and the current course of European integration, as well as establishing a collective memory of European construction by collecting and publishing testimonies of protagonists. "Debates and Documents" collection, launched in 2014. The series aims to contribute to current debates about European issues and to enhance the archival collection of the foundation. It publishes about two issues per year. Notes and references ^ a b Overview and statutes of the Jean Monnet Foundation for Europe (oage visited on 28 January 2015). ^ "Bundesunterstützung Fondation Jean Monnet pour l'Europe – Texts". www.aramis.admin.ch. Retrieved 25 January 2022. ^ "La Fondation". Fondation Jean Monnet pour l'Europe (in French). Retrieved 16 February 2022. ^ a b c Olivier Perrin, "Jean Monnet, l'Européen dont l'héritage vit à Lausanne", Le Temps, Wednesday 13 July 2016 (page visited on 13 July 2016). ^ a b Pandazis, Delphine (2018). Jean Monnet et ses Mémoires : les coulisses d'une longue entreprise collective (1952–1976) (in French). Lausanne, Suisse. pp. 65–108. ISBN 978-2-88901-145-2. OCLC 1079433839.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ Hackett, Clifford P. (2016). Who Wrote the Memoirs of Jean Monnet? : an Intimate Account of an Historic Collaboration. New York. ISBN 978-1-4331-3424-1. OCLC 954424013.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ "Fondation Jean Monnet pour l'Europe : statuts" (PDF) (in French). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 24 January 2022. ^ "Red Books : list of publications". Fondation Jean Monnet pour l'Europe. Retrieved 7 February 2022. ^ "Debates and Documents Collection : Full list of publications". Jean-Monnet. Retrieved 7 February 2022. See also Jean Monnet (1888–1979) History of the European Union Lausanne campus External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jean Monnet Foundation for Europe. Official website Portals: Politics Europe European Union Switzerland Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Israel United States Academics CiNii
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public-utility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_utility"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Jean Monnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Monnet"},{"link_name":"conservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property"},{"link_name":"archives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive"},{"link_name":"Lausanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lausanne"},{"link_name":"University of Lausanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Lausanne"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Henri Rieben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henri_Rieben&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"campus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lausanne_campus"},{"link_name":"University of Lausanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Lausanne"},{"link_name":"Lausanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lausanne"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Jean Monnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Monnet"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perrin2-4"}],"text":"The Jean Monnet Foundation for Europe is a public-utility and independent institution,[2] created in 1978 by Jean Monnet and Henri Rieben, and dedicated to the conservation of Monnet's archives. Based in Lausanne since its creation, the foundation is located since 1981 at the Ferme de Dorigny, on the campus of the University of Lausanne. The foundation's activities range from the organization of events (conferences, dialogues, academic seminars and Gold Medal Award ceremonies) to the conservation and the enhancement of its collection of archives and documents.[3]The origins of the foundation date from a meeting between Jean Monnet and Henri Rieben in 1955 and it is located at the \"Farm of Dorigny\", in the heart of the campus of the University of Lausanne in Lausanne, Switzerland.The foundation is inspired by the thinking, methods and actions of Jean Monnet.[4]","title":"Jean Monnet Foundation for Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henri Rieben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henri_Rieben&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"associations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_association"},{"link_name":"associations in Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_association"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jean_Monnet.jpg"},{"link_name":"Action Committee for the United States of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_Committee_for_the_United_States_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"Avenue Foch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avenue_Foch"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"European Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_studies"},{"link_name":"European integration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_integration"},{"link_name":"Memoirs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Monnet#Memoirs"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perrin2-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-7"}],"text":"The origins of the foundation can be traced back to the encounter between Jean Monnet and Henri Rieben in 1955. From that time, several associations were created at the initiative of the two men. Reasons for the creation of these organizations are found when considering the devotion to and the great interest that Rieben had in Monnet, as well as the easiness to create associations in Switzerland.Jean Monnet in London (1952)The first of these initiatives was the Association de gestion administrative du Comité d'action pour les États-Unis d'Europe, which had for mission the administrative management of the Action Committee for the United States of Europe. Registered in 1955 in Lausanne, Henri Rieben becomes its administrative secretary and Monnet its president. The facilities of the Comité d'action, however, were located in Paris, at the Avenue Foch, until its dissolution in 1975.[5]In 1957, Jean Monnet and Henri Rieben created another association in Lausanne, the Centre de recherches européennes, dedicated to creating a documentation center for European Studies. Under the command of Henri Rieben, the center published numerous academic works as part of the \"Cahiers rouges\" collection.The third association was created in 1963 in Lausanne with the signatures of Jean Monnet as president and Henri Rieben as administrative secretary. Under the name of \"Institut de recherches historiques européennes\" (translated as \"Institute for European Historical Research\"), its aim was to gather archives and produce knowledge about the history of European integration. It was also located at the Avenue Foch, in Paris. Its first editorial project was the publication of the Memoirs of Jean Monnet.[5][6]In 1978, Jean Monnet entrusted the institute with all of his archives. The transfer from Paris to Lausanne was carried out during the same year, six months before Monnet's death. The institute was dissolved in 1983, as the Centre de recherches européennes was created. In the same year, Jean Monnet and Rieben created a new association, under the name of Fondation Jean Monnet pour l'Europe. Its goals were to preserve the Jean Monnet archives and, \"inspired by the thinking, methods and actions of Jean Monnet\", to support initiatives dedicated to the establishment of European unity.[4][7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jean Monnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Monnet"},{"link_name":"Robert Schuman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schuman"},{"link_name":"Robert Marjolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Marjolin"},{"link_name":"François Fontaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Fontaine"},{"link_name":"Jacques Van Helmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Van_Helmont&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paolo Emilio Taviani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Emilio_Taviani"},{"link_name":"Robert Triffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Triffin"},{"link_name":"Earl of Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Perth"}],"text":"The foundation houses the personal archives of Jean Monnet, Robert Schuman, Robert Marjolin, François Fontaine, Jacques Van Helmont, Paolo Emilio Taviani, Robert Triffin, and the Earl of Perth, and of other figures from European institutions.","title":"Archives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Juan Carlos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"King of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Carlo Azeglio Ciampi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Azeglio_Ciampi"},{"link_name":"President of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Ferenc Mádl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferenc_M%C3%A1dl"},{"link_name":"President of the Republic of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Helmut Kohl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Kohl"},{"link_name":"Chancellor of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Jean-Claude Juncker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Juncker"},{"link_name":"Prime Ministers of Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Ministers_of_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Emilio Colombo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Colombo"},{"link_name":"Senator for life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senator_for_life"},{"link_name":"President of the European Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_European_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Javier Solana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javier_Solana"},{"link_name":"European Union High Representative for Common Foreign and Security Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_High_Representative_for_Common_Foreign_and_Security_Policy"},{"link_name":"Herman Van Rompuy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Van_Rompuy"},{"link_name":"President of the European Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_European_Council"},{"link_name":"Martin Schulz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Schulz"},{"link_name":"President of the European Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_European_Parliament"},{"link_name":"José Manuel Barroso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Barroso"},{"link_name":"President of the European Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission"}],"text":"The Gold Medal of the Jean Monnet Foundation for Europe (Médaille d'or de la Fondation Jean Monnet pour l'Europe) was awarded to:1996: Juan Carlos, King of Spain\n2000: Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, President of Italy\n2002: Ferenc Mádl, President of the Republic of Hungary\n2007: Helmut Kohl, former Chancellor of Germany\n2008: Jean-Claude Juncker, former Prime Ministers of Luxembourg\n2011:\nEmilio Colombo, Italian Senator for life and former President of the European Parliament\nJavier Solana, former European Union High Representative for Common Foreign and Security Policy\n2014:\nHerman Van Rompuy, President of the European Council\nMartin Schulz, President of the European Parliament\nJosé Manuel Barroso, President of the European Commission","title":"Gold Medals of the Foundation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henri Rieben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henri_Rieben&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perrin2-4"},{"link_name":"Bronislaw Geremek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronislaw_Geremek"},{"link_name":"José Maria Gil-Robles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Maria_Gil-Robles"},{"link_name":"Pat Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Cox"}],"text":"1978–2005: Henri Rieben[4]\n2006–2008: Bronislaw Geremek\n2009–2014: José Maria Gil-Robles\nSince 2015: Pat Cox","title":"Presidents of the Foundation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"collections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collection_(publishing)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"historical sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_source"},{"link_name":"monographs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monograph"},{"link_name":"European integration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_integration"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The Jean Monnet Foundation for Europe has been publishing works as part of two different collections:The \"Cahiers rouges\" collection,[8] created in 1957. Under the command of Henri Rieben, it will present historical sources, monographs and conference proceedings about subjects ranging from Monnet's life to international relations between Switzerland and Europe. The collection aims to nourish debates about both the history and the current course of European integration, as well as establishing a collective memory of European construction by collecting and publishing testimonies of protagonists.\n\"Debates and Documents\" collection,[9] launched in 2014. The series aims to contribute to current debates about European issues and to enhance the archival collection of the foundation. It publishes about two issues per year.","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-presentation_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-presentation_1-1"},{"link_name":"Overview and statutes of the Jean Monnet Foundation for Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//jean-monnet.ch/en/overview-and-statutes"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Bundesunterstützung Fondation Jean Monnet pour l'Europe – Texts\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.aramis.admin.ch/Texte/?ProjectID=38799"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"La Fondation\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//jean-monnet.ch/en/fondation/la-fondation/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Perrin2_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Perrin2_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Perrin2_4-2"},{"link_name":"\"Jean Monnet, l'Européen dont l'héritage vit à Lausanne\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.letemps.ch/monde/2016/07/13/jean-monnet-leuropeen-dont-lheritage-vit-lausanne"},{"link_name":"Le Temps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Temps"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_5-1"},{"link_name":"Jean Monnet et ses Mémoires : les coulisses d'une longue entreprise collective (1952–1976)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1079433839"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-88901-145-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-88901-145-2"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1079433839","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1079433839"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Who Wrote the Memoirs of Jean Monnet? : an Intimate Account of an Historic Collaboration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/954424013"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4331-3424-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4331-3424-1"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"954424013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/954424013"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:02_7-0"},{"link_name":"\"Fondation Jean Monnet pour l'Europe : statuts\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//jean-monnet.ch//wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Statuts-07_12_07.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20220124152420/https://jean-monnet.ch//wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Statuts-07_12_07.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Red Books : list of publications\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//jean-monnet.ch/en/publication/liste-des-parutions/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Debates and Documents Collection : Full list of publications\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//jean-monnet.ch/en/publication/liste-complete-2/"}],"text":"^ a b Overview and statutes of the Jean Monnet Foundation for Europe (oage visited on 28 January 2015).\n\n^ \"Bundesunterstützung Fondation Jean Monnet pour l'Europe – Texts\". www.aramis.admin.ch. Retrieved 25 January 2022.\n\n^ \"La Fondation\". Fondation Jean Monnet pour l'Europe (in French). Retrieved 16 February 2022.\n\n^ a b c Olivier Perrin, \"Jean Monnet, l'Européen dont l'héritage vit à Lausanne\", Le Temps, Wednesday 13 July 2016 (page visited on 13 July 2016).\n\n^ a b Pandazis, Delphine (2018). Jean Monnet et ses Mémoires : les coulisses d'une longue entreprise collective (1952–1976) (in French). Lausanne, Suisse. pp. 65–108. ISBN 978-2-88901-145-2. OCLC 1079433839.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\n\n^ Hackett, Clifford P. (2016). Who Wrote the Memoirs of Jean Monnet? : an Intimate Account of an Historic Collaboration. New York. ISBN 978-1-4331-3424-1. OCLC 954424013.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\n\n^ \"Fondation Jean Monnet pour l'Europe : statuts\" (PDF) (in French). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 24 January 2022.\n\n^ \"Red Books : list of publications\". Fondation Jean Monnet pour l'Europe. Retrieved 7 February 2022.\n\n^ \"Debates and Documents Collection : Full list of publications\". Jean-Monnet. Retrieved 7 February 2022.","title":"Notes and references"}]
[{"image_text":"Jean Monnet in London (1952)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Jean_Monnet.jpg/220px-Jean_Monnet.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Jean Monnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.historiasiglo20.org/europe/monnet.htm"},{"title":"History of the European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union"},{"title":"Lausanne campus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lausanne_campus"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Texas_Giant
New Texas Giant
["1 History","2 Characteristics","3 Ride experience","4 Reception","5 Incidents","6 References","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 32°45′23″N 97°4′23″W / 32.75639°N 97.07306°W / 32.75639; -97.07306Roller coaster at Six Flags Over Texas New Texas GiantPreviously known as Texas GiantNew Texas Giant features steel track and overbanked turnsSix Flags Over TexasLocationSix Flags Over TexasPark sectionTexasCoordinates32°45′23″N 97°4′23″W / 32.75639°N 97.07306°W / 32.75639; -97.07306StatusOperatingOpening dateApril 22, 2011 (2011-04-22)Cost$10 millionReplacedTexas GiantGeneral statisticsTypeSteelManufacturerRocky Mountain ConstructionDesignerAlan SchilkeModelI-Box – CustomLift/launch systemChain lift hillHeight153 ft (47 m)Drop147 ft (45 m)Length4,200 ft (1,300 m)Speed65 mph (105 km/h)Inversions0Max vertical angle79°Height restriction48 in (122 cm)Trains3 trains with 6 cars. Riders are arranged 2 across in 2 rows for a total of 24 riders per train.New Texas Giant at RCDB New Texas Giant is a steel roller coaster located at Six Flags Over Texas in Arlington, Texas. It originally opened as Texas Giant, which was the tallest wooden coaster in the world when it debuted in 1990. Manufactured by Dinn Corporation and designed by Curtis D. Summers, Texas Giant operated for nearly two decades and was highly-ranked in Amusement Today magazine's annual Golden Ticket Awards. The ride's popularity declined over the years as it gained a negative reputation for increasing roughness. Texas Giant closed in 2009 for a major refurbishment by Rocky Mountain Construction (RMC). It reemerged as New Texas Giant in 2011. While the coaster retained much of the original wooden support structure, the wooden track was replaced with steel featuring RMC's I-Box track technology. The renovated hybrid coaster saw an increase in height from 143 to 153 feet (44 to 47 m) and drop length from 137 to 147 feet (42 to 45 m), as well as a steeper drop angle of 79°. New Texas Giant also increased the angle of multiple banked turns producing steeper angles. New Texas Giant was well-received, winning Best New Ride in the 2011 Golden Ticket Awards and ranking highly in industry polls. A fatal incident occurred on July 19, 2013, and resulted in modifications to the ride's restraint system. History In September 1989, Six Flags announced the hiring of Dinn Corporation to build two new wooden roller coasters, with Curtis D. Summers as the designer. One would go to Six Flags Over Texas as The Texas Giant and the other would go to Six Flags Over Georgia as Georgia Cyclone. Construction had already started in June 1989. The Texas Giant was constructed using over 900,000 board feet (2,100 m3) of wood. The trains were manufactured by Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters. The Texas Giant officially opened on March 17, 1990. At opening, the ride was the world's tallest wooden roller coaster, standing 143 feet (44 m) high. Following the ride's opening it had several modifications and renovations, which included reprofiling parts of the ride, shortening the seven-car trains to six-car trains, and performing maintenance on the wooden track. Six Flags Over Texas performed over 1,200 feet (370 m) of trackwork on the ride in the 2008–2009 offseason, with the ultimate aim of improving the ride's smoothness. Although the maintenance did improve the ride, park officials needed a more permanent solution. Initial speculation indicated the ride would be removed entirely from the park; however, Six Flags Over Texas denied any intention or consideration to do so. In March 2009, the park announced the closure of Texas Giant prior to a $10 million renovation. Following Fright Fest for that year, the ride closed on November 1, 2009. Texas Giant during its renovation Renovations began almost immediately and involved the removal of all of the wooden track and modifications to some of the support structure. On March 3, 2010, Six Flags Over Texas and Rocky Mountain Construction (RMC) unveiled the steel I-Box track which would be used on the refurbished ride. The track was developed over the course of three years by RMC owner Fred Grubb, and Ride Centerline, LLC engineers Alan Schilke and Dody Bachtar. The steel track was designed to be a replacement for any existing wooden track structure, with the rail shape, approximate weight, and dimensions remaining the same. Schilke designed the modifications to the layout, giving specifications to Grubb for manufacturing at RMC's Idaho plant. There, two-dimensional plates of steel were machine-welded to form the three-dimensional track parts. The redevelopment saw much of the track get reprofiled; the lift hill was increased by 10 feet (3.0 m), the first drop was steepened to 79 degrees, and several overbanked turns (ranging from 90° to 115°) were added. In October 2010, Six Flags announced that the renovated ride would be called the New Texas Giant. It opened on April 22, 2011. Characteristics The Texas Giant before and after its renovation, showcasing the profile of the first drop and a turnaround. The renovated ride features a steeper and longer first drop, as well as several overbanked turns up to 115° (pictured). As the name suggests, New Texas Giant is located within the Texas section of Six Flags Over Texas. It was Rocky Mountain Construction's first installation of I-Box track. New Texas Giant operates with three trains manufactured by Gerstlauer. There are three trains (colored red, blue, and black) themed to 1961 Cadillac Devilles. Each train is made up of six cars, each seating riders in two rows of two. Riders are restrained through the use of an individual hydraulic lap bar and a seat belt. The original Texas Giant by Dinn Corporation was 10 feet (3.0 m) lower in height than its Rocky Mountain Construction counterpart. The refurbished New Texas Giant features a steeper and longer first drop, and therefore achieves a faster maximum speed. Additionally, a 540° helix after the mid-course brake run was converted into a 180° turnaround, resulting in its track length being shortened by approximately 400 feet (120 m). Statistic Texas Giant New Texas Giant Years 1990–2009 2011–present Manufacturer Dinn Corporation Rocky Mountain Construction Designer Curtis D. Summers Alan Schilke Track Wood Steel Height 143 ft or 44 m 153 ft or 47 m Drop 137 ft or 42 m 147 ft or 45 m Length 4,920 ft or 1,500 m 4,200 ft or 1,300 m Speed 62 mph or 100 km/h 65 mph or 105 km/h Max vertical angle 53° 79° Trains Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters (PTC) Gerstlauer Ride experience An overview of part of the New Texas Giant's layout including the double up, 90° overbanked turn, and final tunnel The New Texas Giant begins with a right turn out of the station. This leads directly to a 153-foot-tall (47 m) chain lift hill. Once at the top, riders drop 147 feet (45 m) at an angle of 79°. A double up leads into a 90° overbanked turn, a dip and a 95° overbanked turn. Another dip and rise leads the train into a 115° overbanked turn. The exit from the overbanked turn leads into a small air-time hill, which delivers the greatest negative g-force on the ride, before ascending up into the mid-course brake run. The train drops from the brake run and continues through a series of low-to-the-ground air-time hills and directional changes. This runs through three separate tunnels, finishing with the final brake run and short path back to the station. Reception The original Texas Giant was well received, though its popularity had declined towards the end of its operation. Following its 2010 renovation, the ride's popularity returned. In Amusement Today's Golden Ticket Awards Texas Giant ranked as the number one wooden roller coaster for 1998 and 1999. Its ranking slowly declined to position 32 in 2009, its final year of operation as a wooden roller coaster. Following its 2010 renovation, the New Texas Giant again ranked highly in the Golden Ticket Awards (this time amongst steel roller coasters), achieving ranks of 6 and 5 in 2011 and 2012, respectively. The ride also won a Golden Ticket Award for being the Best New Ride of 2011. Golden Ticket Awards: Top wood Roller Coasters Year 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Ranking 1 1 3 8 8 10 9 12 14 20 28 32 Golden Ticket Awards: Top Hybrid Roller Coasters Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2021 2022 Ranking 6 5 6 8 10 16 9 23 26 36 42 Incidents On July 19, 2013, a 52-year-old woman fell to her death while riding New Texas Giant. The ride was closed indefinitely pending further investigation. The park completed its investigation stating on September 10, 2013, that mechanical failure was not to blame. The ride reopened on September 14, 2013, after redesigned restraint bars, pads, and seat belts were installed on all three trains. The incident resulted in the introduction of seat belts as a precaution on other roller coasters throughout the Six Flags chain. References ^ a b Boyer, Mike (September 18, 1989). "Local firm will design two coasters". The Cincinnati Enquirer. Retrieved January 10, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b c d e f Marden, Duane. "Texas Giant (Six Flags Over Texas)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Archived from the original on August 25, 2010. Retrieved September 3, 2013. ^ Weist, Jon (June 15, 1989). "Six Flags building giant ride". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. Retrieved December 14, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Marden, Duane. "Texas Giant - Six Flags Over Texas". Roller Coaster DataBase. Archived from the original on December 5, 2004. Retrieved September 3, 2013. ^ a b Moiser, Jeff (March 16, 2009). "Six Flags Over Texas to close Texas Giant for renovations in 2010". Dallas Morning News. Archived from the original on April 22, 2009. Retrieved September 3, 2013. ^ Stooksbury Guier, Cindy (April 24, 2000). "Parks Hope State's Tourism Increase Is Just The Ticket". Amusement Business. 112 (17): 15–18. ^ a b c d Baldwin, Tim (May 2011). "The New Texas Giant - an old legend reborn" (PDF). Amusement Today. 15 (2): 1, 5–6. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 10, 2013. Retrieved December 6, 2012. ^ a b c d e f g Marden, Duane. "New Texas Giant  (Six Flags Over Texas)". Roller Coaster DataBase. ^ a b c d e Slade, Gary (April 2010). "Fred Grubb discusses new Texas Giant". Amusement Today. 14 (1): 9–10. ^ US application 2011146528, Schilke, Alan; Grubb, Fred; Bachtar, Dody, "Rolling Vehicle Track"  ^ a b "Innovative new track design introduced for Texas Giant". Amusement Today. 14 (1): 9. April 2010. ^ "The New Texas Giant Is Virtually Here". ^ "Thrill Rides". Six Flags Over Texas. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved September 3, 2013. ^ Sandy, Adam (May 2011). "Six Flags turns to Gerstlauer to deliver themed trains". Amusement Today: 8. ^ a b "The Texas Giant to Re-Open Following Implementation of Incremental Safety Measures" (Press release). Six Flags Over Texas. September 10, 2013. Archived from the original on October 31, 2013. Retrieved September 11, 2013. ^ a b c "Fast Facts". Amusement Today. 15 (2): 5. May 2011. ^ a b Alvey, Robb (April 21, 2011). "New Texas Giant REAL POV Six Flags Over Texas Roller Coaster Media Day 2011". Theme Park Review. YouTube. Archived from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved September 5, 2013. ^ Alvey, Robb (December 10, 2011). "Original Texas Giant Wooden Roller Coaster Front Seat POV Six Flags Over Texas". Theme Park Review. YouTube. Retrieved September 5, 2013. ^ a b "Top 25 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today: 6B. August 1998. ^ a b "Top 25 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today: 6B. August 1999. ^ a b "Top 50 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. 13 (6.2): 38–39. September 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. ^ a b c "Top 50 Hybrid Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. 15 (6.2): 46–47. September 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. ^ a b "Top 50 Hybrid Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. 16 (6.2): 46–47. September 2012. ^ "Top 25 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. August 2000. ^ "Top 25 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today: 6B. August 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. ^ "Top 25 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today: 6B. September 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. ^ "Top 50 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today: 10–11B. September 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. ^ "Top 50 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today: 14–15B. September 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 3, 2007. ^ "Top 50 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today: 22–23B. September 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. ^ "Top 50 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today: 30–31B. September 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. ^ "Top 50 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. 11 (6.2): 42–43. September 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. ^ "Top 50 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. 12 (6.2): 42–43. September 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. ^ "2013 Top 50 Hybrid Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. 17 (6.2): 40–41. September 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. ^ "2014 Top 50 Hybrid Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. 18 (6.2): 38–39. September 2014. ^ "2015 Top 50 Hybrid Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. 19 (6.2): 45–46. September 2015. ^ "2016 Top 50 Wooden Coasters". Golden Ticket Awards. Amusement Today. September 2016. ^ "2017 Top 50 Wooden Coasters". Golden Ticket Awards. Amusement Today. September 2017. ^ "2018 Top 50 Wooden Coasters". Golden Ticket Awards. Amusement Today. September 2018. ^ "2019 Top 50 Wood Coasters". Golden Ticket Awards. Amusement Today. September 2019. ^ "2021 Golden Ticket Award Winners". Golden Ticket Awards. Amusement Today. September 2021. Archived from the original on November 15, 2021. ^ "2022 Golden Ticket Award Winners". Golden Ticket Awards. Amusement Today. September 2022. Archived from the original on September 12, 2022. ^ Wilonsky, Robert (July 19, 2013). "Breaking: Woman dies on Six Flags' Texas Giant roller coaster". dallasnews.com. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved July 19, 2013. ^ Kretz, Chelsea; Collins, Calvert (July 19, 2013). "Six Flags: Woman died while riding Texas Giant". KDFW FOX 4. Retrieved July 20, 2013. ^ James, Michael; Shaw, Alexis (July 20, 2013). "Witnesses on Six Flags Over Texas Roller Coaster Death: 'That Could Have Been Me'". ABC News. Retrieved July 20, 2013. ^ Shoichet, Catherine E.; Sutton, Joe (September 11, 2013). "Texas roller coaster set to reopen after woman's death". CNN. Retrieved September 11, 2013. ^ "Six Flags Fiesta Texas adds seat belts to Iron Rattler after deadly fall in Arlington". WFAA. August 15, 2013. Archived from the original on December 11, 2013. Retrieved January 1, 2017.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to New Texas Giant. Official website New Texas Giant at the Roller Coaster DataBase New Texas Giant at Rocky Mountain Construction Official POV of the New Texas Giant on YouTube POV of the original Texas Giant on YouTube Preceded byLe Monstre World's Tallest Wooden Roller Coaster 1990–May 1991 Succeeded byMean Streak vteSix Flags Over TexasAttractionsRoller coasters Aquaman: Power Wave Batman: The Ride The Joker Judge Roy Scream La Vibora Mini Mine Train Mr. Freeze: Reverse Blast New Texas Giant Pandemonium Runaway Mine Train Runaway Mountain Shock Wave Titan Wile E. Coyote's Grand Canyon Blaster Other rides El Aserradero Justice League: Battle for Metropolis Oil Derrick Riddler Revenge Roaring Rapids Silver Star Carousel Six Flags & Texas Railroad Superman: Tower of Power Texas SkyScreamer Events Fright Fest Holiday in the Park Former rides Flashback Glow in the Park Parade Texas Chute Out Texas Giant vteGolden Ticket Award for Best New RideAmusement ride Winners Hades (2005) The Voyage (2006) Maverick (2007) Ravine Flyer II (2008) Prowler (2009) Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey (2010) New Texas Giant (2011) Wild Eagle (2012) Outlaw Run (2013) Flying Turns (2014) Fury 325 (2015) Lightning Rod (2016) Mystic Timbers (2017) Steel Vengeance (2018) Water slide Winners Black Anaconda (2005) Bahari River (2006) Bakuli (2007) Dragon's Revenge (2008) Congo River Expedition (2009) Wildebeest (2010) The Falls (2011) Mammoth (2012) RiverRush (2013) Verrückt (2014) Dive Bomber (2015) Massiv (2016) Thunder Rapids (2017) Ray Rush (2018) Cutback Water Coaster (2019) Cheetah Chase (2021) Medusa's Slidewheel (2022) Rocket Blast (2023)
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*"},{"link_name":"steel roller coaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_roller_coaster"},{"link_name":"Six Flags Over Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Flags_Over_Texas"},{"link_name":"Arlington, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington,_Texas"},{"link_name":"wooden coaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wooden_roller_coaster"},{"link_name":"Dinn Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinn_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Curtis D. Summers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_D._Summers"},{"link_name":"Golden Ticket Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Ticket_Awards"},{"link_name":"Rocky Mountain Construction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Construction"},{"link_name":"I-Box track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Construction"},{"link_name":"hybrid coaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_coaster"},{"link_name":"Best New Ride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Ticket_Award_for_Best_New_Ride"}],"text":"Roller coaster at Six Flags Over TexasNew Texas Giant is a steel roller coaster located at Six Flags Over Texas in Arlington, Texas. It originally opened as Texas Giant, which was the tallest wooden coaster in the world when it debuted in 1990. Manufactured by Dinn Corporation and designed by Curtis D. Summers, Texas Giant operated for nearly two decades and was highly-ranked in Amusement Today magazine's annual Golden Ticket Awards. The ride's popularity declined over the years as it gained a negative reputation for increasing roughness.Texas Giant closed in 2009 for a major refurbishment by Rocky Mountain Construction (RMC). It reemerged as New Texas Giant in 2011. While the coaster retained much of the original wooden support structure, the wooden track was replaced with steel featuring RMC's I-Box track technology. The renovated hybrid coaster saw an increase in height from 143 to 153 feet (44 to 47 m) and drop length from 137 to 147 feet (42 to 45 m), as well as a steeper drop angle of 79°. New Texas Giant also increased the angle of multiple banked turns producing steeper angles.New Texas Giant was well-received, winning Best New Ride in the 2011 Golden Ticket Awards and ranking highly in industry polls. A fatal incident occurred on July 19, 2013, and resulted in modifications to the ride's restraint system.","title":"New Texas Giant"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Six Flags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Flags"},{"link_name":"Dinn Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinn_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dinn_Hiring-1"},{"link_name":"Curtis D. Summers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_D._Summers"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCDB_TG-2"},{"link_name":"Six Flags Over Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Flags_Over_Texas"},{"link_name":"Six Flags Over Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Flags_Over_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Georgia Cyclone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twisted_Cyclone"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dinn_Hiring-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCDB_TG2004-4"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Toboggan_Coasters"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCDB_TG-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCDB_TG-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dmn2-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parks_Hope_State's_Tourism_Increase_Is_Just_The_Ticket-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_New_Texas_Giant_-_an_old_legend_reborn-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dmn2-5"},{"link_name":"Fright Fest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Flags_Fright_Fest"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_New_Texas_Giant_-_an_old_legend_reborn-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCDB-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SixFlags-TexasGiant-5909.jpg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_New_Texas_Giant_-_an_old_legend_reborn-7"},{"link_name":"Rocky Mountain Construction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Construction"},{"link_name":"I-Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Box"},{"link_name":"Ride Centerline, LLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ride_Centerline,_LLC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alan Schilke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Schilke"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fred_Grubb_discusses_new_Texas_Giant-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rolling_Vehicle_Track-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fred_Grubb_discusses_new_Texas_Giant-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Innovative_new_track_design_introduced_for_Texas_Giant-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fred_Grubb_discusses_new_Texas_Giant-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_New_Texas_Giant_-_an_old_legend_reborn-7"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Innovative_new_track_design_introduced_for_Texas_Giant-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCDB-8"}],"text":"In September 1989, Six Flags announced the hiring of Dinn Corporation to build two new wooden roller coasters,[1] with Curtis D. Summers as the designer.[2] One would go to Six Flags Over Texas as The Texas Giant and the other would go to Six Flags Over Georgia as Georgia Cyclone.[1]Construction had already started in June 1989.[3] The Texas Giant was constructed using over 900,000 board feet (2,100 m3) of wood.[4] The trains were manufactured by Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters.[2] The Texas Giant officially opened on March 17, 1990.[2] At opening, the ride was the world's tallest wooden roller coaster, standing 143 feet (44 m) high.[5]Following the ride's opening it had several modifications and renovations, which included reprofiling parts of the ride, shortening the seven-car trains to six-car trains, and performing maintenance on the wooden track.[6] Six Flags Over Texas performed over 1,200 feet (370 m) of trackwork on the ride in the 2008–2009 offseason, with the ultimate aim of improving the ride's smoothness. Although the maintenance did improve the ride, park officials needed a more permanent solution. Initial speculation indicated the ride would be removed entirely from the park; however, Six Flags Over Texas denied any intention or consideration to do so.[7] In March 2009, the park announced the closure of Texas Giant prior to a $10 million renovation.[5] Following Fright Fest for that year, the ride closed on November 1, 2009.[7][8]Texas Giant during its renovationRenovations began almost immediately and involved the removal of all of the wooden track and modifications to some of the support structure.[7] On March 3, 2010, Six Flags Over Texas and Rocky Mountain Construction (RMC) unveiled the steel I-Box track which would be used on the refurbished ride. The track was developed over the course of three years by RMC owner Fred Grubb, and Ride Centerline, LLC engineers Alan Schilke and Dody Bachtar.[9][10] The steel track was designed to be a replacement for any existing wooden track structure, with the rail shape, approximate weight, and dimensions remaining the same.[9][11] Schilke designed the modifications to the layout, giving specifications to Grubb for manufacturing at RMC's Idaho plant. There, two-dimensional plates of steel were machine-welded to form the three-dimensional track parts.[9] The redevelopment saw much of the track get reprofiled; the lift hill was increased by 10 feet (3.0 m), the first drop was steepened to 79 degrees, and several overbanked turns (ranging from 90° to 115°) were added.[7][11] In October 2010, Six Flags announced that the renovated ride would be called the New Texas Giant.[12] It opened on April 22, 2011.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SixFlagsTexasGiant-3988_cropped.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Texas_Giant_05.jpg"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFOT_Thrill_Rides-13"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fred_Grubb_discusses_new_Texas_Giant-9"},{"link_name":"trains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_(roller_coaster)"},{"link_name":"Gerstlauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerstlauer"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCDB-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fred_Grubb_discusses_new_Texas_Giant-9"},{"link_name":"Cadillac Devilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac_Deville"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Six_Flags_turns_to_Gerstlauer_to_deliver_themed_trains-14"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCDB-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCDB-8"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reopening-15"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCDB_TG-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCDB-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCDB_TG-2"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fast_Facts-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTAG_POV-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TAG_POV-18"}],"text":"The Texas Giant before and after its renovation, showcasing the profile of the first drop and a turnaround. The renovated ride features a steeper and longer first drop, as well as several overbanked turns up to 115° (pictured).As the name suggests, New Texas Giant is located within the Texas section of Six Flags Over Texas.[13] It was Rocky Mountain Construction's first installation of I-Box track.[9] New Texas Giant operates with three trains manufactured by Gerstlauer.[8][9] There are three trains (colored red, blue, and black) themed to 1961 Cadillac Devilles.[14] Each train is made up of six cars, each seating riders in two rows of two.[8] Riders are restrained through the use of an individual hydraulic lap bar and a seat belt.[8][15]The original Texas Giant by Dinn Corporation was 10 feet (3.0 m) lower in height than its Rocky Mountain Construction counterpart. The refurbished New Texas Giant features a steeper and longer first drop, and therefore achieves a faster maximum speed.[2][8] Additionally, a 540° helix after the mid-course brake run was converted into a 180° turnaround, resulting in its track length being shortened by approximately 400 feet (120 m).[2][16][17][18]","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Texas_Giant_06.jpg"},{"link_name":"station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Station_(roller_coaster)"},{"link_name":"chain lift hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_lift_hill"},{"link_name":"air-time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-time"},{"link_name":"g-force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-force"},{"link_name":"mid-course brake run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-course_brake_run"},{"link_name":"brake run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brake_run"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fast_Facts-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTAG_POV-17"}],"text":"An overview of part of the New Texas Giant's layout including the double up, 90° overbanked turn, and final tunnelThe New Texas Giant begins with a right turn out of the station. This leads directly to a 153-foot-tall (47 m) chain lift hill. Once at the top, riders drop 147 feet (45 m) at an angle of 79°. A double up leads into a 90° overbanked turn, a dip and a 95° overbanked turn. Another dip and rise leads the train into a 115° overbanked turn. The exit from the overbanked turn leads into a small air-time hill, which delivers the greatest negative g-force on the ride, before ascending up into the mid-course brake run. The train drops from the brake run and continues through a series of low-to-the-ground air-time hills and directional changes. This runs through three separate tunnels, finishing with the final brake run and short path back to the station.[16][17]","title":"Ride experience"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amusement Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amusement_Today"},{"link_name":"Golden Ticket Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Ticket_Awards"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GTA1998-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GTA1999-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GTA2009-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GTA2011-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GTA2012-23"},{"link_name":"Best New Ride of 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Ticket_Award_for_Best_New_Ride"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GTA2011-22"}],"text":"The original Texas Giant was well received, though its popularity had declined towards the end of its operation. Following its 2010 renovation, the ride's popularity returned.In Amusement Today's Golden Ticket Awards Texas Giant ranked as the number one wooden roller coaster for 1998 and 1999.[19][20] Its ranking slowly declined to position 32 in 2009, its final year of operation as a wooden roller coaster.[21] Following its 2010 renovation, the New Texas Giant again ranked highly in the Golden Ticket Awards (this time amongst steel roller coasters), achieving ranks of 6 and 5 in 2011 and 2012, respectively.[22][23] The ride also won a Golden Ticket Award for being the Best New Ride of 2011.[22]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reopening-15"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Six_Flags_Fiesta_Texas_adds_seat_belts_to_Iron_Rattler_after_deadly_fall_in_Arlington-46"}],"text":"On July 19, 2013, a 52-year-old woman fell to her death while riding New Texas Giant. The ride was closed indefinitely pending further investigation.[42][43][44] The park completed its investigation stating on September 10, 2013, that mechanical failure was not to blame. The ride reopened on September 14, 2013, after redesigned restraint bars, pads, and seat belts were installed on all three trains.[15][45] The incident resulted in the introduction of seat belts as a precaution on other roller coasters throughout the Six Flags chain.[46]","title":"Incidents"}]
[{"image_text":"Texas Giant during its renovation","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/SixFlags-TexasGiant-5909.jpg/220px-SixFlags-TexasGiant-5909.jpg"},{"image_text":"An overview of part of the New Texas Giant's layout including the double up, 90° overbanked turn, and final tunnel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/New_Texas_Giant_06.jpg/220px-New_Texas_Giant_06.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Boyer, Mike (September 18, 1989). \"Local firm will design two coasters\". The Cincinnati Enquirer. Retrieved January 10, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/58376326/local-firm-will-design-two-coasters/","url_text":"\"Local firm will design two coasters\""}]},{"reference":"Marden, Duane. \"Texas Giant (Six Flags Over Texas)\". Roller Coaster DataBase. Archived from the original on August 25, 2010. Retrieved September 3, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100825204413/http://www.rcdb.com/2.htm","url_text":"\"Texas Giant (Six Flags Over Texas)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller_Coaster_DataBase","url_text":"Roller Coaster DataBase"},{"url":"http://rcdb.com/2.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Weist, Jon (June 15, 1989). \"Six Flags building giant ride\". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. Retrieved December 14, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/89574893/six-flags-building-giant-ride/","url_text":"\"Six Flags building giant ride\""}]},{"reference":"Marden, Duane. \"Texas Giant - Six Flags Over Texas\". Roller Coaster DataBase. Archived from the original on December 5, 2004. Retrieved September 3, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041205221017/http://www.rcdb.com/id2.htm","url_text":"\"Texas Giant - Six Flags Over Texas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller_Coaster_DataBase","url_text":"Roller Coaster DataBase"},{"url":"http://www.rcdb.com/id2.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Moiser, Jeff (March 16, 2009). \"Six Flags Over Texas to close Texas Giant for renovations in 2010\". Dallas Morning News. Archived from the original on April 22, 2009. Retrieved September 3, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090422050429/http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/news/localnews/stories/031709dnmettexasgiant.3f612dd1.html","url_text":"\"Six Flags Over Texas to close Texas Giant for renovations in 2010\""},{"url":"http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/news/localnews/stories/031709dnmettexasgiant.3f612dd1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Stooksbury Guier, Cindy (April 24, 2000). \"Parks Hope State's Tourism Increase Is Just The Ticket\". Amusement Business. 112 (17): 15–18.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Baldwin, Tim (May 2011). \"The New Texas Giant - an old legend reborn\" (PDF). Amusement Today. 15 (2): 1, 5–6. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 10, 2013. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Kramon
Glenn Kramon
["1 Career","2 Awards","3 References"]
American journalist Glenn KramonBornGlenn Kramon (1953-05-25) May 25, 1953 (age 71)StatusmarriedOccupationAssistant Managing Editor for The New York TimesNotable credit(s)The New York Times, The San Francisco Examiner, The Kansas City Star Glenn Kramon (born May 25, 1953) is an American journalist. He is an assistant managing editor of The New York Times, a post he has held since 2006. Career Glenn Kramon started his journalism career in 1975 at The Kansas City Star after graduating from Stanford University. In 1977, he joined The San Francisco Examiner where he held various positions including business editor, Sunday news editor and reporter. In 1987, Kramon joined The Times as a copy editor and health care reporter. Soon after, he held the positions of assignment editor, technology editor, enterprise editor, Sunday business editor and deputy business editor. He went on to become the paper's Business editor, overseeing the paper's financial news staff, from 1997 to 2003. In 2003, UCLA's Gerald Loeb Award honored Kramon by bestowing upon him the Lawrence Minard Editor Award, recognizing an outstanding editor who does not receive a byline. In his current role as an assistant managing editor, he oversees long-form projects "with a mandate to stimulate and manage original New York Times reporting ventures across the newsroom." Awards In addition to receiving the Minard Editor Award, Kramon has supervised and edited reporters who have won nine Pulitzer Prizes, and have been finalists for the Pulitzer 24 times. They have also earned a number of other honors including nine George Polk awards for courageous journalism, seven Gerald Loeb Awards for distinguished business journalism, the Goldsmith Prize for Investigative Reporting and the Grantham Prize for environmental reporting. References ^ "New York Times Company : Investor Relations : News Release". Archived from the original on 23 July 2012. ^ "2003 Minard". UCLA Anderson School of Management. Archived from the original on July 22, 2006. Retrieved March 1, 2019 – via Internet Archive. ^ a b "Talk to the Newsroom: Assistant Managing Editor Glenn Kramon". The New York Times. April 19, 2009. Archived from the original on March 2, 2019. Retrieved March 1, 2019. vteMinard Editor Award winners(2002–2009) 2002: Lawrence Minard 2003: Glenn Kramon 2004: Michael Siconolfi 2005: Timothy K. Smith 2006: Ronald Henkoff 2007: Dan Kelly 2008: Frank Comes 2009: Lawrence Ingrassia (2010–2019) 2010: Alix Freedman 2011: Hank Gilman 2012: Winnie O'Kelley 2013: Michael Williams 2014: John Brecher 2015: Rebecca Blumenstein 2016: Amy Stevens 2017: Nicholas Varchaver 2018: John Hillkirk 2019: Michael Miller (2020–2023) 2020: Alessandra Galloni 2021: Garry D. Howard 2022: no award given 2023: Nancy Rivera Brooks
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-%C3%89tienne-sur-Usson
Saint-Étienne-sur-Usson
["1 See also","2 References"]
Coordinates: 45°30′25″N 3°24′48″E / 45.5069°N 3.4133°E / 45.5069; 3.4133Commune in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, FranceSaint-Étienne-sur-UssonCommune Coat of armsLocation of Saint-Étienne-sur-Usson Saint-Étienne-sur-UssonShow map of FranceSaint-Étienne-sur-UssonShow map of Auvergne-Rhône-AlpesCoordinates: 45°30′25″N 3°24′48″E / 45.5069°N 3.4133°E / 45.5069; 3.4133CountryFranceRegionAuvergne-Rhône-AlpesDepartmentPuy-de-DômeArrondissementIssoireCantonBrassac-les-MinesIntercommunalityAgglo Pays d'IssoireGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Lionel ChanimbaudArea115.58 km2 (6.02 sq mi)Population (2021)255 • Density16/km2 (42/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code63340 /63580Elevation461–815 m (1,512–2,674 ft) (avg. 800 m or 2,600 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. Saint-Étienne-sur-Usson (French pronunciation: , literally Saint-Étienne on Usson; Auvergnat: Sent Estève d’Içon) is a commune in the south-central French department of Puy-de-Dôme, in Auvergne. It is the setting for the 2002 documentary film To Be and to Have (French: Être et avoir), about the commune's one-room primary school. See also Communes of the Puy-de-Dôme department References ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020. ^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023. ^ INSEE commune file Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saint-Étienne-sur-Usson. vteCommunes of the Puy-de-Dôme department Aigueperse Aix-la-Fayette Ambertsubpr Les Ancizes-Comps Antoingt Anzat-le-Luguet Apchat Arconsat Ardes Arlanc Ars-les-Favets Artonne Aubiat Aubière Aubusson-d'Auvergne Augerolles Augnat Aulhat-Flat Aulnat Aurières Authezat Auzat-la-Combelle Auzelles Avèze Ayat-sur-Sioule Aydat Baffie Bagnols Bansat Bas-et-Lezat Beaulieu Beaumont Beaumont-lès-Randan Beauregard-l'Évêque Beauregard-Vendon Bergonne Bertignat Besse-et-Saint-Anastaise Beurières Billom Biollet Blanzat Blot-l'Église Bongheat Bort-l'Étang Boudes La Bourboule Bourg-Lastic Bouzel Brassac-les-Mines Brenat Le Breuil-sur-Couze Briffons Le Broc Bromont-Lamothe Brousse Le Brugeron Bulhon Busséol Bussières Bussières-et-Pruns Buxières-sous-Montaigut Cébazat Ceilloux La Celle Celles-sur-Durolle La Cellette Le Cendre Ceyrat Ceyssat Chabreloche Chadeleuf Chalus Chamalières Chambaron-sur-Morge Chambon-sur-Dolore Chambon-sur-Lac Champagnat-le-Jeune Champeix Champétières Champs Chanat-la-Mouteyre Chanonat Chapdes-Beaufort La Chapelle-Agnon La Chapelle-Marcousse La Chapelle-sur-Usson Chappes Chaptuzat Charbonnier-les-Mines Charbonnières-les-Varennes Charbonnières-les-Vieilles Charensat Charnat Chas Chassagne Chastreix Château-sur-Cher Châteaugay Châteauneuf-les-Bains Châteldon Châtel-Guyon La Chaulme Chaumont-le-Bourg Chauriat Chavaroux Le Cheix Chidrac Cisternes-la-Forêt Clémensat Clerlande Clermont-Ferrandpref Collanges Combrailles Combronde Compains Condat-en-Combraille Condat-lès-Montboissier Corent Coudes Courgoul Cournols Cournon-d'Auvergne Courpière Le Crest Crevant-Laveine Cros La Crouzille Culhat Cunlhat Dauzat-sur-Vodable Davayat Domaize Doranges Dorat Dore-l'Église Durmignat Durtol Échandelys Effiat Égliseneuve-d'Entraigues Égliseneuve-des-Liards Égliseneuve-près-Billom Églisolles Ennezat Entraigues Enval Escoutoux Espinasse Espinchal Espirat Estandeuil Esteil Fayet-le-Château Fayet-Ronaye Fernoël La Forie Fournols Gelles Gerzat Giat Gignat Gimeaux Glaine-Montaigut La Godivelle La Goutelle Gouttières Grandeyrolles Grandrif Grandval Herment Heume-l'Église Isserteaux Issoiresubpr Job Jozerand Joze Jumeaux Labessette Lachaux Lamontgie Landogne Lapeyrouse Laps Laqueuille Larodde Lastic Lempdes Lempty Lezoux Limons Lisseuil Loubeyrat Ludesse Lussat Luzillat Madriat Malauzat Malintrat Manglieu Manzat Marat Marcillat Mareugheol Maringues Marsac-en-Livradois Marsat Les Martres-d'Artière Les Martres-de-Veyre Martres-sur-Morge Mauzun Mayres Mazaye Mazoires Medeyrolles Meilhaud Menat Ménétrol Messeix Mirefleurs Miremont Moissat Le Monestier La Monnerie-le-Montel Mons Montaigut-en-Combraille Montaigut-le-Blanc Montcel Mont-Dore Montel-de-Gelat Montfermy Montmorin Montpensier Montpeyroux Moriat Moureuille Mozac Murat-le-Quaire Murol Mur-sur-Allier Nébouzat Néronde-sur-Dore Neschers Neuf-Église Neuville Noalhat Nohanent Nonette-Orsonnette Novacelles Olby Olliergues Olloix Olmet Orbeil Orcet Orcines Orcival Orléat Palladuc Pardines Parent Parentignat Paslières Pérignat-lès-Sarliève Pérignat-sur-Allier Perpezat Perrier Peschadoires Peslières Pessat-Villeneuve Picherande Pignols Pionsat Plauzat Pont-du-Château Pontaumur Pontgibaud Pouzol Les Pradeaux Prompsat Prondines Pulvérières Puy-Guillaume Puy-Saint-Gulmier Le Quartier Queuille Randan Ravel Reignat La Renaudie Rentières Riomsubpr Ris La Roche-Blanche Roche-Charles-la-Mayrand Roche-d'Agoux Rochefort-Montagne La Roche-Noire Romagnat Royat Saillant Saint-Agoulin Saint-Alyre-d'Arlanc Saint-Alyre-ès-Montagne Saint-Amant-Roche-Savine Saint-Amant-Tallende Saint-André-le-Coq Saint-Angel Saint-Anthème Saint-Avit Saint-Babel Saint-Beauzire Saint-Bonnet-le-Bourg Saint-Bonnet-le-Chastel Saint-Bonnet-lès-Allier Saint-Bonnet-près-Orcival Saint-Bonnet-près-Riom Saint-Cirgues-sur-Couze Saint-Clément-de-Régnat Saint-Clément-de-Valorgue Saint-Denis-Combarnazat Saint-Dier-d'Auvergne Saint-Diéry Saint-Donat Sainte-Agathe Sainte-Catherine Sainte-Christine Saint-Éloy-la-Glacière Saint-Éloy-les-Mines Saint-Étienne-des-Champs Saint-Étienne-sur-Usson Saint-Ferréol-des-Côtes Saint-Floret Saint-Flour-l'Étang Saint-Gal-sur-Sioule Saint-Genès-Champanelle Saint-Genès-Champespe Saint-Genès-du-Retz Saint-Genès-la-Tourette Saint-Georges-de-Mons Saint-Georges-sur-Allier Saint-Germain-Lembron Saint-Germain-l'Herm Saint-Germain-près-Herment Saint-Gervais-d'Auvergne Saint-Gervais-sous-Meymont Saint-Gervazy Saint-Hérent Saint-Hilaire Saint-Hilaire-la-Croix Saint-Hilaire-les-Monges Saint-Ignat Saint-Jacques-d'Ambur Saint-Jean-des-Ollières Saint-Jean-d'Heurs Saint-Jean-en-Val Saint-Jean-Saint-Gervais Saint-Julien-de-Coppel Saint-Julien-la-Geneste Saint-Julien-Puy-Lavèze Saint-Just Saint-Laure Saint-Maigner Saint-Martin-des-Olmes Saint-Martin-des-Plains Saint-Martin-d'Ollières Saint-Maurice Saint-Maurice-près-Pionsat Saint-Myon Saint-Nectaire Saint-Ours Saint-Pardoux Saint-Pierre-Colamine Saint-Pierre-la-Bourlhonne Saint-Pierre-le-Chastel Saint-Pierre-Roche Saint-Priest-Bramefant Saint-Priest-des-Champs Saint-Quentin-sur-Sauxillanges Saint-Quintin-sur-Sioule Saint-Rémy-de-Blot Saint-Rémy-de-Chargnat Saint-Rémy-sur-Durolle Saint-Romain Saint-Sandoux Saint-Saturnin Saint-Sauves-d'Auvergne Saint-Sauveur-la-Sagne Saint-Sulpice Saint-Sylvestre-Pragoulin Saint-Victor-la-Rivière Saint-Victor-Montvianeix Saint-Vincent Saint-Yvoine Sallèdes Sardon Saulzet-le-Froid Sauret-Besserve Saurier Sauvagnat Sauvagnat-Sainte-Marthe Sauvessanges La Sauvetat Sauviat Sauxillanges Savennes Sayat Sermentizon Servant Seychalles Singles Solignat Sugères Surat Tallende Tauves Teilhède Teilhet Ternant-les-Eaux Thierssubpr Thiolières Thuret Tortebesse La Tour-d'Auvergne Tours-sur-Meymont Tourzel-Ronzières Tralaigues Trémouille-Saint-Loup Trézioux Usson Valbeleix Valcivières Valz-sous-Châteauneuf Varennes-sur-Morge Varennes-sur-Usson Vassel Vensat Vergheas Le Vernet-Chaméane Le Vernet-Sainte-Marguerite Verneugheol Vernines Verrières Vertaizon Vertolaye Veyre-Monton Vic-le-Comte Vichel Villeneuve Villeneuve-les-Cerfs Villossanges Vinzelles Virlet Viscomtat Vitrac Viverols Vodable Voingt Vollore-Montagne Vollore-Ville Volvic Youx Yronde-et-Buron Yssac-la-Tourette pref: prefecture subpr: subprefecture Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Israel United States This Puy-de-Dôme geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
[{"title":"Communes of the Puy-de-Dôme department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Puy-de-D%C3%B4me_department"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvia_Lloris
Silvia Lloris
["1 Club career","2 Honours","3 References","4 External links"]
Spanish footballer In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Lloris and the second or maternal family name is Nicolás. Silvia LlorisPersonal informationFull name Silvia Lloris NicolásDate of birth (2004-05-15) 15 May 2004 (age 20)Place of birth Murcia, SpainHeight 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in)Position(s) MidfielderTeam informationCurrent team LevanteNumber 8Youth career2014–2020 El PalmarSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2020–2021 Levante B 16 (4)2020– Levante 60 (2)International career‡2019 Spain U17 1 (0)2020 Spain U16 1 (1)2021–2023 Spain U19 21 (4)2022 Spain U20 5 (0)2022– Spain U23 6 (2) Medal record Women's football Representing  Spain FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup Winner 2022 Costa Rica UEFA Women's Under-19 Championship Winner 2022 Czech Republic Winner 2023 Belgium *Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 04:15, 23 December 2023 (UTC)‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 04:15, 23 December 2023 (UTC) Silvia Lloris Nicolás (born 15 May 2004) is a Spanish footballer who plays as a midfielder for Levante. Club career Lloris started her career at El Palmar's academy, a men team in Murcia. In 2020 she joined Levante UD, and consolidated herself in various age group teams of the Spain national squads. Honours Spain U19 UEFA Women's Under-19 Championship: 2022, 2023 Spain U20 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup: 2022 References ^ Silvia Lloris at Soccerway. Retrieved 18 November 2021. ^ "Silvia". BDFutbol. Retrieved 18 November 2021. ^ "Profile of Silvia Lloris". laliga.com. Retrieved 9 December 2023. ^ "Silvia". Txapeldunak. Retrieved 18 November 2021. ^ S.L, EDICIONES PLAZA. "Silvia Lloris, de destacar jugando contra chicos en El Palmar a ser campeona de Europa y del mundo". Plaza Deportiva (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-12-02. ^ a b García, Dioni (2023-08-01). "Silvia Lloris, una todoterreno líder dentro y fuera del campo". La Opinión de Murcia (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-12-02. ^ Agencias (2023-07-31). "Silvia Lloris, la futbolista de oro". La Opinión de Murcia (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-12-02. ^ "2022 Women's U19 EURO: Road to the title". UEFA.com. 9 July 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2023. ^ "Spain win 2023 Women's U19 EURO: At a glance". UEFA.com. 30 July 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023. ^ "Paralluelo propels Spain to revenge and glory". FIFA.com. 28 August 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2023. External links Profile at La Liga vteLevante UD Femenino – current squad 1 María 2 Érika 3 Mendoza 4 Méndez 5 Antônia 7 Lloris 10 Andonova 11 Redondo 12 Baños 13 Părăluță 14 Carol 15 Pinto 16 Jucinara 17 Alharilla 19 Calligaris 20 Paula 21 Cometti 22 Crivelari 24 Gómez 25 Durán 26 Estela 27 Segarra 28 Bascu 29 Gema Ramírez Manager: Villacampa This biographical article related to women's association football in Spain is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_Moon_Relay
Communication Moon Relay
["1 Background","2 Development","3 Expansion","4 Results","5 References"]
This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (June 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Sailors on board the USS Hancock (CV-19) spelling out "Moon Relay." This picture was transmitted via Moon bounce as part of the official Navy inauguration of the system.The Communication Moon Relay project (also known as simply Moon Relay, or, alternatively, Operation Moon Bounce) was a telecommunication project carried out by the United States Navy. Its objective was to develop a secure and reliable method of wireless communication by using the Moon as a natural communications satellite — a technique known as Earth–Moon–Earth communication (EME). Most of the project's work took place during the 1950s at the United States Naval Research Laboratory. Operation Moon Relay was spun off from a classified military espionage program known as Passive Moon Relay (PAMOR), which sought to eavesdrop on Soviet military radar signals reflected from the Moon. Background Communication Moon Relay grew out of many ideas and concepts in radio espionage. Some impetus for the project was provided by post-World War II efforts to develop methods of tracking radio signals, particularly those originating in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. Other sources included earlier proposals to use the Moon as a radio wave reflector, which date back to 1928. The first proof of this concept was the Project Diana program of the U.S. Army Signal Corps in 1946, which detected radar waves bounced off the Moon. This attracted the attention of Donald Menzel. Menzell was a staff member of the Harvard College Observatory and a former United States Navy Reserve commander, who proposed that the Navy undertake a program to use the Moon as a secure communications satellite. Prior to the Moon Relay project, long distance wireless communication around the curve of the Earth was conducted by skywave ("skip") transmission, in which radio waves are refracted by the Earth's ionosphere, which was sometimes disrupted by solar flares and geomagnetic storms. Before artificial satellites, the Moon provided the only reliable celestial object from which to reflect radio waves to communicate between points on opposite sides of the Earth. An entry in Trexler's notebook regarding Moon bounce communications. The developments in Moon circuit communications eventually came to the attention of James Trexler, a radio engineer at the Naval Research Laboratory. His interest was piqued by a paper published by researchers at an ITT laboratory. Trexler developed plans for a system designed to intercept Soviet radar signals by detecting the transmissions that bounced off the Moon. This program, codenamed "Joe," began making regular observations in August 1949. Within a year, "Joe" was made an official Navy intelligence program, the Passive Moon Relay (PAMOR). In September 1950, a new parabolic antenna for the PAMOR project was completed at Stump Neck, Maryland. The first tests of this antenna were impressive; the returning signal was of much higher fidelity than expected. This presented the possibility of using a Moon circuit as a communications circuit. Unfortunately for PAMOR, collecting Soviet radar signals would require a larger antenna. Efforts began to have such an antenna constructed at Sugar Grove, West Virginia. Development With the PAMOR project requiring a larger antenna, the Stump Neck antenna was pushed into service for testing whether communication via the Moon was possible. This marked the emergence of the Moon Relay as a separate project. Test transmissions between Stump Neck and Washington, D.C. were carried out; the first satellite transmission of voice occurred on July 24, 1954. These were followed by the first transcontinental test of the system on November 20, 1955; the receiving site was the U.S. Navy Electronics Laboratory in San Diego, California. After corrections to reduce signal loss, the transmissions were extended to Wahiawa, Hawaii. The Navy received the new system favorably. A Navy contract for the project soon followed the successful tests, and, among other things, it was recommended that American submarines use Moon-reflection paths for communications to shore. Expansion The Moon Relay project was soon transferred to the Communications Section of the Radar Division of the Naval Research Laboratory. Under this department, the system was upgraded to use the ultra high frequency (UHF) band. The experimental system was transformed into a fully operational lunar relay system linking Hawaii with Washington, DC, which became functional in 1959. The new system was officially inaugurated in January 1960, when Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Arleigh Burke sent a message to Commander, Pacific Fleet Felix Stump using the system. The finished system used two sets of transmitters at Annapolis, Maryland and the Opana Radar Site in Hawaii and two sets of receivers at Cheltenham, Maryland and Wahiawa, Hawaii. It was later expanded to accommodate ship-to-shore transmissions to and from the USS Oxford (AGTR-1) and USS Liberty (AGTR-5). Results The Moon Relay system became obsolete in the later 1960s as the Navy implemented its artificial satellite communication system. However, the information gleaned from the project in fact made the later artificial system possible. Additionally, the equipment used in the Communications Moon Relay project was of much use to U.S. Navy astronomers, as they used it to examine the Moon when the Moon was not in a position conducive to radio transmission. Although relatively short-lived, the Moon Relay served as a bridge to modern American military satellite systems. References Van Keuren, David K. (1997). Moon in Their Eyes: Moon Communication Relay at the Naval Research Laboratory, 1951-1962. In Butrica, Andrew J. (Ed.), Beyond the Ionosphere: Fifty Years of Satellite Communication (NASA SP-4217), pp. 9–18. vte United States Navy Category Leadership Secretary of the Navy Under Secretary of the Navy Chief of Naval Operations Vice Chief of Naval Operations Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy 4-star admirals 3-star admirals 1864–1959 2000–2009 2010–2019 2020–present 2-star admirals House Armed Services Subcommittee on Seapower and Projection Forces Senate Subcommittee on Seapower Structure Navy Navy Reserve Fleet Marine Force Expeditionary Combat Command Merchant Marine Units Active ships Future ships Aircraft wings Aircraft squadrons Carrier strike group Installations Naval Observatory Master jet base Operatingforces Fleet Forces Command Commander Pacific Fleet Commander Naval Forces Europe – Naval Forces Africa Naval Forces Central Command Naval Forces Southern Command Naval Special Warfare Command Naval Reserve Forces Operational Test and Evaluation Force Naval Network Warfare Command Military Sealift Command Shore Naval Sea Systems Command Naval Air Systems Command Naval Facilities Engineering Systems Command Naval Supply Systems Command Naval Information Warfare Systems Command Fleet Cyber Command Naval Academy Naval Education and Training Command Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command Office of Naval Intelligence Naval Aviation Warfighting Development Center Naval Legal Service Command Naval Observatory Naval Safety Center Bureau of Naval Personnel Chief of Naval Personnel Bureau of Medicine and Surgery Navy Installations Command Navy Working Capital Fund Fleets Second Fleet Third Fleet Fourth Fleet Fifth Fleet Sixth Fleet Seventh Fleet Tenth Fleet Ships A–B C D–F G–H I–K L M N–O P Q–R S T–V W–Z Aircraft carriers Airships Amphibious warfare ships Auxiliaries Battleships Cruisers Destroyers Destroyer escorts Escort carriers Frigates Mine warfare vessels Monitors Patrol vessels Registered civilian vessels Sailing frigates Steam frigates Steam gunboats Ships of the line Sloops of war Submarines Torpedo boats Torpedo retrievers Unclassified miscellaneous vessels Yard and district craft PersonnelandtrainingPeopleOfficers Insignia Designators Enlisted Rates Ratings Classification Personnel Chaplain Corps Chief Deputy Chief Explosive ordnance disposal Medical Corps Dental Corps Nurse Corps Medical Service Corps Supply Corps Civil Engineer Corps JAG Corps JAG DJAG NCIS Boatswain's mates Hospital corpsman Naval Aviator SEALs Seabees Master-at-arms Operations specialist SWCCs Hispanic sailors Training Recruit Officer Candidate School STA-21 NROTC Naval University System (Naval War College, Naval Postgraduate School, Naval Academy, Naval Community College, Marine Corps University) BESS BFTT CNATT COMPTUEX NAWCTSD AIM Naval Chaplaincy School Naval Hospital Corps School Naval Justice School United States Armed Forces School of Music Navy Senior Enlisted Academy Navy Supply Corps School Nuclear Power School JMTC TOPGUN USNTPS Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Equipment Uniforms Awards and decorations Badges Current fleet Future fleet Reserve fleet Current aircraft Weapons Naval reactors History and traditions History "Anchors Aweigh" Blue Angels Continental Navy Ensign Fleet bands Fleet Week Jack Line-crossing ceremony National Museum Navy Band Ceremonial Guard Navy Flag Navy Hymn Navy Memorial Navy service numbers Navy Weeks Revolt of the Admirals Sailor's Creed Ship commissioning Ship decommissioning Ship naming conventions Tingey House USS Constitution WAVES Wetting-down United States battleship retirement debate
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Its objective was to develop a secure and reliable method of wireless communication by using the Moon as a natural communications satellite — a technique known as Earth–Moon–Earth communication (EME). Most of the project's work took place during the 1950s at the United States Naval Research Laboratory. Operation Moon Relay was spun off from a classified military espionage program known as Passive Moon Relay (PAMOR), which sought to eavesdrop on Soviet military radar signals reflected from the Moon.","title":"Communication Moon Relay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Eastern Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Project Diana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Diana"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army Signal Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army_Signal_Corps"},{"link_name":"radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar"},{"link_name":"Donald Menzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Menzel"},{"link_name":"Harvard College Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_College_Observatory"},{"link_name":"United States Navy Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy_Reserve"},{"link_name":"skywave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skywave"},{"link_name":"ionosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionosphere"},{"link_name":"solar flares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_flare"},{"link_name":"geomagnetic storms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomagnetic_storm"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trexler_notebook_entry.jpg"},{"link_name":"James Trexler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Trexler&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineer"},{"link_name":"ITT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITT_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Passive Moon Relay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passive_Moon_Relay&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"parabolic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabola"},{"link_name":"antenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_(radio)"},{"link_name":"Stump Neck, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stump_Neck,_Maryland&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fidelity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidelity"},{"link_name":"Sugar Grove, West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_Grove,_West_Virginia"}],"text":"Communication Moon Relay grew out of many ideas and concepts in radio espionage. Some impetus for the project was provided by post-World War II efforts to develop methods of tracking radio signals, particularly those originating in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. Other sources included earlier proposals to use the Moon as a radio wave reflector, which date back to 1928. The first proof of this concept was the Project Diana program of the U.S. Army Signal Corps in 1946, which detected radar waves bounced off the Moon. This attracted the attention of Donald Menzel. Menzell was a staff member of the Harvard College Observatory and a former United States Navy Reserve commander, who proposed that the Navy undertake a program to use the Moon as a secure communications satellite.Prior to the Moon Relay project, long distance wireless communication around the curve of the Earth was conducted by skywave (\"skip\") transmission, in which radio waves are refracted by the Earth's ionosphere, which was sometimes disrupted by solar flares and geomagnetic storms. Before artificial satellites, the Moon provided the only reliable celestial object from which to reflect radio waves to communicate between points on opposite sides of the Earth.An entry in Trexler's notebook regarding Moon bounce communications.The developments in Moon circuit communications eventually came to the attention of James Trexler, a radio engineer at the Naval Research Laboratory. His interest was piqued by a paper published by researchers at an ITT laboratory. Trexler developed plans for a system designed to intercept Soviet radar signals by detecting the transmissions that bounced off the Moon. This program, codenamed \"Joe,\" began making regular observations in August 1949. Within a year, \"Joe\" was made an official Navy intelligence program, the Passive Moon Relay (PAMOR).In September 1950, a new parabolic antenna for the PAMOR project was completed at Stump Neck, Maryland. The first tests of this antenna were impressive; the returning signal was of much higher fidelity than expected. This presented the possibility of using a Moon circuit as a communications circuit. Unfortunately for PAMOR, collecting Soviet radar signals would require a larger antenna. Efforts began to have such an antenna constructed at Sugar Grove, West Virginia.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"U.S. Navy Electronics Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S._Navy_Electronics_Laboratory&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"San Diego, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego,_California"},{"link_name":"Wahiawa, Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahiawa,_Hawaii"}],"text":"With the PAMOR project requiring a larger antenna, the Stump Neck antenna was pushed into service for testing whether communication via the Moon was possible. This marked the emergence of the Moon Relay as a separate project. Test transmissions between Stump Neck and Washington, D.C. were carried out; the first satellite transmission of voice occurred on July 24, 1954. These were followed by the first transcontinental test of the system on November 20, 1955; the receiving site was the U.S. Navy Electronics Laboratory in San Diego, California. After corrections to reduce signal loss, the transmissions were extended to Wahiawa, Hawaii.The Navy received the new system favorably. A Navy contract for the project soon followed the successful tests, and, among other things, it was recommended that American submarines use Moon-reflection paths for communications to shore.","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ultra high frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Chief of Naval Operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Operations"},{"link_name":"Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral"},{"link_name":"Arleigh Burke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arleigh_Burke"},{"link_name":"Commander, Pacific Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Felix Stump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Stump"},{"link_name":"Annapolis, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Opana Radar Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opana_Radar_Site"},{"link_name":"Cheltenham, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltenham,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Wahiawa, Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahiawa,_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"USS Oxford (AGTR-1)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_research_ship"},{"link_name":"USS Liberty (AGTR-5)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Liberty_(AGTR-5)"}],"text":"The Moon Relay project was soon transferred to the Communications Section of the Radar Division of the Naval Research Laboratory. Under this department, the system was upgraded to use the ultra high frequency (UHF) band. The experimental system was transformed into a fully operational lunar relay system linking Hawaii with Washington, DC, which became functional in 1959. The new system was officially inaugurated in January 1960, when Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Arleigh Burke sent a message to Commander, Pacific Fleet Felix Stump using the system.The finished system used two sets of transmitters at Annapolis, Maryland and the Opana Radar Site in Hawaii and two sets of receivers at Cheltenham, Maryland and Wahiawa, Hawaii. It was later expanded to accommodate ship-to-shore transmissions to and from the USS Oxford (AGTR-1) and USS Liberty (AGTR-5).","title":"Expansion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"satellite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite"},{"link_name":"astronomers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomer"}],"text":"The Moon Relay system became obsolete in the later 1960s as the Navy implemented its artificial satellite communication system. However, the information gleaned from the project in fact made the later artificial system possible. Additionally, the equipment used in the Communications Moon Relay project was of much use to U.S. Navy astronomers, as they used it to examine the Moon when the Moon was not in a position conducive to radio transmission. Although relatively short-lived, the Moon Relay served as a bridge to modern American military satellite systems.","title":"Results"}]
[{"image_text":"Sailors on board the USS Hancock (CV-19) spelling out \"Moon Relay.\" This picture was transmitted via Moon bounce as part of the official Navy inauguration of the system.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Moon_Relay.jpg/220px-Moon_Relay.jpg"},{"image_text":"An entry in Trexler's notebook regarding Moon bounce communications.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Trexler_notebook_entry.jpg/220px-Trexler_notebook_entry.jpg"}]
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[]
[{"Link":"https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4217/ch2.htm","external_links_name":"[1]"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_163
Radical 163
["1 Evolution","2 Derived characters","3 Literature","4 External links"]
Chinese character radical 邑 ← 162 Radical 163 (U+2FA2) 164 → 邑 (U+9091) "city"PronunciationsPinyin:yìBopomofo:ㄧˋWade–Giles:i4Cantonese Yale:yap1Jyutping:jap1Japanese Kana:ユウ yū / オウ ō (on'yomi)Sino-Korean:읍 eupHán-Việt:ấpNamesChinese name(s):(⻏) 右耳旁 yòu'ěrpángJapanese name(s):おおざと oozatoHangul:고을 goeulStroke order animation Stroke order of 阝 Radical 163 or radical city (邑部) meaning "city" is one of the 20 Kangxi radicals (214 radicals in total) composed of 7 strokes. This radical character transforms into 阝 (counted as 3 strokes in Traditional Chinese, 2 strokes in Simplified Chinese) when used as a right component (not to be confused with 阝 on the left derived from 阜). In the Kangxi Dictionary, there are 350 characters (out of 49,030) to be found under this radical. 邑 is also the 159th indexing component in the Table of Indexing Chinese Character Components predominantly adopted by Simplified Chinese dictionaries published in mainland China, with 阝 (right) listed as its associated indexing components. Evolution Oracle bone script character Bronze script character Large seal script character Small seal script character Derived characters Strokes Characters +0 邑 +2 邒 邓SC (=鄧) +3 邔 邕 邖 邗 邘 邙 邚 邛 邜 邝SC (=鄺) +4 邞 邟 邠 邡 邢 那 邤 邥 邦 邧 邨 (=村 -> 木) 邩 邪 邫 (=邦) 邬SC (=鄔) +5 邭 邮SC (=郵) 邯 邰 邱 邲 邳 邴 邵 邶 邷 邸 邹SC (=鄒) 邺SC (=鄴) 邻SC (=鄰) +6 邼 邽 邾 邿 郀 郁SC (=鬱 -> 鬯) 郂 郃 郄 郅 郆 郇 郈 郉 (=邢) 郊 郋 郌 郍 郎 郏SC (=郟) 郐SC (=鄶) 郑SC (=鄭) 郓SC (=鄆) +7 郒 郔 郕 郖 郗 郘 郙 郚 郛 郜 郝 郞 (=郎) 郟 郠 郡 郢 郣 郤 郥 郦SC (=酈) 郧SC (=鄖) +8 部 郩 郪 郫 郬 郭 郮 郯 郰 郱 郲 郳 郴 郵 郶 (=部) 郷JP (=鄉) 郸SC (=鄲) +9 郹 郺 郻 郼 都 郾 郿 鄀 鄁 鄂 鄃 鄄 鄅 鄆 鄇 鄈 鄉 鄊 (=鄉) +10 鄋 鄌 鄍 鄎 鄏 鄐 鄑 鄒 鄓 鄔 鄕 (=鄉) 鄖 鄗 +11 鄘 鄙 鄚 鄛 鄜 鄝 鄞 鄟 鄠 鄡 鄢 鄣 鄤 鄥 +12 鄦 鄧 鄨 鄩 鄪 鄫 鄬 鄭 鄮 鄯 鄰 鄱 鄲 +13 鄳 鄴 鄵 鄶 鄷 +14 鄸 鄹 +15 鄺 鄻 鄼 鄽 鄾 +16 鄿 酀 酂SC (=酇) +17 酁 酃 +18 酄 酅 酆 +19 酇 酈 Further information: wikt:Appendix:Chinese radical/邑 Literature Fazzioli, Edoardo (1987). Chinese calligraphy : from pictograph to ideogram : the history of 214 essential Chinese/Japanese characters. calligraphy by Rebecca Hon Ko. New York: Abbeville Press. ISBN 0-89659-774-1. Lunde, Ken (Jan 5, 2009). "Appendix J: Japanese Character Sets" (PDF). CJKV Information Processing: Chinese, Japanese, Korean & Vietnamese Computing (Second ed.). Sebastopol, Calif.: O'Reilly Media. ISBN 978-0-596-51447-1. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Radical 163. Unihan Database - U+9091 vteChinese radicals according to the Kangxi Dictionary1 stroke 1 一 2 丨 3 丶 4 丿 5 乙 6 亅 2 strokes 7 二 8 亠 9 人 10 儿 11 入 12 八 13 冂 14 冖 15 冫 16 几 17 凵 18 刀 19 力 20 勹 21 匕 22 匚 23 匸 24 十 25 卜 26 卩 27 厂 28 厶 29 又 3 strokes 30 口 31 囗 32 土 33 士 34 夂 35 夊 36 夕 37 大 38 女 39 子 40 宀 41 寸 42 小 43 尢 44 尸 45 屮 46 山 47 巛 48 工 49 己 50 巾 51 干 52 幺 53 广 54 廴 55 廾 56 弋 57 弓 58 彐 59 彡 60 彳 4 strokes 61 心 62 戈 63 戶 64 手 65 支 66 攴 67 文 68 斗 69 斤 70 方 71 无 72 日 73 曰 74 月 75 木 76 欠 77 止 78 歹 79 殳 80 毋 81 比 82 毛 83 氏 84 气 85 水 86 火 87 爪 88 父 89 爻 90 爿 91 片 92 牙 93 牛 94 犬 5 strokes 95 玄 96 玉 97 瓜 98 瓦 99 甘 100 生 101 用 102 田 103 疋 104 疒 105 癶 106 白 107 皮 108 皿 109 目 110 矛 111 矢 112 石 113 示 114 禸 115 禾 116 穴 117 立 6 strokes 118 竹 119 米 120 糸 121 缶 122 网 123 羊 124 羽 125 老 126 而 127 耒 128 耳 129 聿 130 肉 131 臣 132 自 133 至 134 臼 135 舌 136 舛 137 舟 138 艮 139 色 140 艸 141 虍 142 虫 143 血 144 行 145 衣 146 襾 7 strokes 147 見 148 角 149 言 150 谷 151 豆 152 豕 153 豸 154 貝 155 赤 156 走 157 足 158 身 159 車 160 辛 161 辰 162 辵 163 邑 164 酉 165 釆 166 里 8 strokes 167 金 168 長 169 門 170 阜 171 隶 172 隹 173 雨 174 靑 175 非 9 strokes 176 面 177 革 178 韋 179 韭 180 音 181 頁 182 風 183 飛 184 食 185 首 186 香 10 strokes 187 馬 188 骨 189 高 190 髟 191 鬥 192 鬯 193 鬲 194 鬼 11 strokes 195 魚 196 鳥 197 鹵 198 鹿 199 麥 200 麻 12 strokes 201 黃 202 黍 203 黑 204 黹 13 strokes 205 黽 206 鼎 207 鼓 208 鼠 14 strokes 209 鼻 210 齊 15 strokes 211 齒 16 strokes 212 龍 213 龜 17 strokes 214 龠 See also: Kangxi radicals vteSimplified Chinese characters radicals (indexing components)1 stroke 1 一 2 丨(亅) 3 丶 4 丿 5 乛(𠃌⺄乚乙) 2 strokes 6 十 7 厂(⺁) 8 匚 9 卜(⺊) 10 冂() 11 八(丷) 12 人(亻入) 13 勹 14 儿 15 匕 16 几(𠘨) 17 亠 18 冫 19 冖 20 凵 21 卩(㔾) 22 刀(刂⺈) 23 力 24 又 25 厶 26 廴 3 strokes 27 干 28 工 29 土(士) 30 艹(艸) 31 寸 32 廾 33 大 34 尢(兀尣) 35 弋 36 小(⺌) 37 口 38 囗 39 山 40 巾 41 彳 42 彡 43 夕 44 夂 45 丬(爿) 46 广 47 门(門) 48 宀 49 辶(辵) 50 彐(⺕彑) 51 尸 52 己(已巳) 53 弓 54 子 55 屮() 56 女 57 飞(飛) 58 马(馬) 59 幺 60 巛 4 strokes 61 王(玉) 62 无(旡) 63 韦(韋) 64 木(朩) 65 支 66 犬(犭) 67 歹(歺) 68 车(車) 69 牙 70 戈 71 比 72 瓦 73 止 74 攴(攵) 75 日(⺜曰) 76 贝(貝) 77 水(氵氺) 78 见(見) 79 牛(牜) 80 手(扌龵) 81 气 82 毛 83 长(镸長) 84 片 85 斤 86 爪(爫) 87 父 88 月() 89 氏 90 欠 91 风(風) 92 殳 93 文 94 方 95 火(灬) 96 斗 97 户 98 心(忄⺗) 99 毋(母) 5 strokes 100 示(礻) 101 甘 102 石 103 龙(龍) 104 业 105 目 106 田 107 罒 108 皿 109 生 110 矢 111 禾 112 白 113 瓜 114 鸟(鳥) 115 疒 116 立 117 穴 118 疋(𤴔) 119 皮 120 癶 121 矛 6 strokes 122 耒 123 老(耂) 124 耳 125 臣 126 覀(襾西) 127 而 128 页(頁) 129 至 130 虍(虎) 131 虫 132 肉 133 缶 134 舌 135 竹(𥫗) 136 臼(𦥑) 137 自 138 血 139 舟 140 色 141 齐(齊) 142 衣(衤) 143 羊(⺶𦍌) 144 米 145 聿(肀⺻) 146 艮 147 羽 148 糸(纟糹) 7 strokes 149 麦(麥) 150 走 151 赤 152 豆 153 酉 154 辰 155 豕 156 卤(鹵) 157 里 158 足(𧾷) 159 邑(阝right) 160 身 161 釆 162 谷 163 豸 164 龟(龜) 165 角 166 言(讠) 167 辛 8 strokes 168 青 169 龺 170 雨 171 非 172 齿(齒) 173 黾(黽) 174 隹 175 阜(阝left) 176 金(钅) 177 鱼(魚) 178 隶 9 strokes 179 革 180 面 181 韭 182 骨 183 香 184 鬼 185 食(饣飠) 186 音 187 首 10 strokes 188 髟 189 鬲 190 鬥 191 高 11 strokes 192 黄 193 麻 194 鹿 12 strokes 195 鼎 196 黑 197 黍 13 strokes 198 鼓 199 鼠 14 strokes 200 鼻 17 strokes 201 龠 GF 0011-2009 Table of Indexing Chinese Character Components prescribes 201 principle indexing components and 100 associated indexing components (in brackets) used in Simplified Chinese. Not all associated indexing components are listed above.
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E9%98%9D-order.gif"},{"link_name":"city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City"},{"link_name":"Kangxi radicals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangxi_radical"},{"link_name":"strokes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke_(CJK_character)"},{"link_name":"阜","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_170"},{"link_name":"Kangxi Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangxi_Dictionary"},{"link_name":"radical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_(Chinese_characters)"},{"link_name":"Table of Indexing Chinese Character Components","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_Indexing_Chinese_Character_Components"},{"link_name":"Simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"mainland China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_China"}],"text":"Stroke order of 阝Radical 163 or radical city (邑部) meaning \"city\" is one of the 20 Kangxi radicals (214 radicals in total) composed of 7 strokes. This radical character transforms into 阝 (counted as 3 strokes in Traditional Chinese, 2 strokes in Simplified Chinese) when used as a right component (not to be confused with 阝 on the left derived from 阜).In the Kangxi Dictionary, there are 350 characters (out of 49,030) to be found under this radical.邑 is also the 159th indexing component in the Table of Indexing Chinese Character Components predominantly adopted by Simplified Chinese dictionaries published in mainland China, with 阝 (right) listed as its associated indexing components.","title":"Radical 163"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E9%82%91-oracle.svg"},{"link_name":"Oracle bone script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_bone_script"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E9%82%91-bronze.svg"},{"link_name":"Bronze script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E9%82%91-bigseal.svg"},{"link_name":"Large seal script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_seal_script"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E9%82%91-seal.svg"},{"link_name":"Small seal script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_seal_script"}],"text":"Oracle bone script character\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBronze script character\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLarge seal script character\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSmall seal script character","title":"Evolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"wikt:Appendix:Chinese radical/邑","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Chinese_radical/%E9%82%91"}],"text":"Further information: wikt:Appendix:Chinese radical/邑","title":"Derived characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abbeville Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbeville_Publishing_Group_(Abbeville_Press,_Inc.)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-89659-774-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89659-774-1"},{"link_name":"\"Appendix J: Japanese Character Sets\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//examples.oreilly.com/9780596514471/cjkvip2e-appJ.pdf"},{"link_name":"Sebastopol, Calif.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastopol,_California"},{"link_name":"O'Reilly Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Reilly_Media"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-596-51447-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-596-51447-1"}],"text":"Fazzioli, Edoardo (1987). Chinese calligraphy : from pictograph to ideogram : the history of 214 essential Chinese/Japanese characters. calligraphy by Rebecca Hon Ko. New York: Abbeville Press. ISBN 0-89659-774-1.\nLunde, Ken (Jan 5, 2009). \"Appendix J: Japanese Character Sets\" (PDF). CJKV Information Processing: Chinese, Japanese, Korean & Vietnamese Computing (Second ed.). Sebastopol, Calif.: O'Reilly Media. ISBN 978-0-596-51447-1.","title":"Literature"}]
[{"image_text":"Stroke order of 阝","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/%E9%98%9D-order.gif/220px-%E9%98%9D-order.gif"}]
null
[{"reference":"Fazzioli, Edoardo (1987). Chinese calligraphy : from pictograph to ideogram : the history of 214 essential Chinese/Japanese characters. calligraphy by Rebecca Hon Ko. New York: Abbeville Press. ISBN 0-89659-774-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbeville_Publishing_Group_(Abbeville_Press,_Inc.)","url_text":"Abbeville Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89659-774-1","url_text":"0-89659-774-1"}]},{"reference":"Lunde, Ken (Jan 5, 2009). \"Appendix J: Japanese Character Sets\" (PDF). CJKV Information Processing: Chinese, Japanese, Korean & Vietnamese Computing (Second ed.). Sebastopol, Calif.: O'Reilly Media. ISBN 978-0-596-51447-1.","urls":[{"url":"http://examples.oreilly.com/9780596514471/cjkvip2e-appJ.pdf","url_text":"\"Appendix J: Japanese Character Sets\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastopol,_California","url_text":"Sebastopol, Calif."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Reilly_Media","url_text":"O'Reilly Media"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-596-51447-1","url_text":"978-0-596-51447-1"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://examples.oreilly.com/9780596514471/cjkvip2e-appJ.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Appendix J: Japanese Character Sets\""},{"Link":"https://www.unicode.org/cgi-bin/GetUnihanData.pl?codepoint=9091","external_links_name":"Unihan Database - U+9091"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6%C3%B6n_Tsagaan_Lake
Böön Tsagaan Lake
["1 See also","2 References"]
Coordinates: 45°33′N 99°04′E / 45.550°N 99.067°E / 45.550; 99.067Lake in Bayakhongor Province, Mongolia Boontsagaan LakeBöön Tsagaan Lake taken from a commercial airliner (2006-01-30)Boontsagaan LakeLocationBayakhongorCoordinates45°33′N 99°04′E / 45.550°N 99.067°E / 45.550; 99.067Basin countriesMongoliaMax. length24 km (15 mi)Max. width11 km (6.8 mi)Surface area252 km2 (97 sq mi)Average depth9.3 m (31 ft)Max. depth16 m (52 ft)Surface elevation1,312 m (4,304 ft) Ramsar WetlandOfficial nameBoon Tsagaan NuurDesignated6 July 1998Part ofValley of the Lakes Böön Tsagaan Lake (Mongolian: Бөөн Цагаан нуур) is a large saline lake in Bayakhongor province in the Gobi Desert of southern Mongolia. Böön Tsagaan Lake and the nearby Taatsiin Tsagaan Lake, Adgiin Tsagaan Lake, and Orog Lake, are collectively designated a Ramsar wetland of international importance under the name "Valley of the Lakes". See also Ramsar sites in Mongolia References ^ Komatsu, G (2001), "Paleoshoreline geomorphology of Böön Tsagaan Nuur, Tsagaan Nuur and Orog Nuur: The Valley of Lakes, Mongolia", Geomorphology, 39 (3–4): 83, doi:10.1016/S0169-555X(00)00095-7 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Böön Tsagaan Lake. vteLakes in MongoliaLakes Achit Airag Baga Nuur Bayan Lake Böön Tsagaan Lake Buir Lake Dayan Lake Dood Tsagaan Dörgön Lake Ganga Lake Gegeen Lake Khar Lake (Khovd) Khar Lake (Zavkhan) Khar-Us Lake Khar-Us Lake (Uvs) Khoton Lake Khökh Nuur Khurgan Lake Lake Khövsgöl Khyargas Ögii Lake Orog Lake Oigon Lake Sangiin Dalai Lake Taatsiin Tsagaan Lake Telmen Lake Terkhiin Tsagaan Lake Tolbo Lake Ulaan Lake Üüreg Lake Uvs Lake Yakhi Lake Lakes portal This article related to a lake in Mongolia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mongolian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_language"},{"link_name":"Bayakhongor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayankhongor_Province"},{"link_name":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Taatsiin Tsagaan Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taatsiin_Tsagaan_Lake"},{"link_name":"Adgiin Tsagaan Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adgiin_Tsagaan_Lake&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Orog Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orog_Lake"},{"link_name":"Ramsar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsar_Convention"},{"link_name":"Valley of the Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_of_the_Lakes"}],"text":"Lake in Bayakhongor Province, MongoliaBöön Tsagaan Lake (Mongolian: Бөөн Цагаан нуур) is a large saline lake in Bayakhongor province in the Gobi Desert of southern Mongolia.[1]Böön Tsagaan Lake and the nearby Taatsiin Tsagaan Lake, Adgiin Tsagaan Lake, and Orog Lake, are collectively designated a Ramsar wetland of international importance under the name \"Valley of the Lakes\".","title":"Böön Tsagaan Lake"}]
[]
[{"title":"Ramsar sites in Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsar_sites_in_Mongolia"}]
[{"reference":"Komatsu, G (2001), \"Paleoshoreline geomorphology of Böön Tsagaan Nuur, Tsagaan Nuur and Orog Nuur: The Valley of Lakes, Mongolia\", Geomorphology, 39 (3–4): 83, doi:10.1016/S0169-555X(00)00095-7","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0169-555X%2800%2900095-7","url_text":"10.1016/S0169-555X(00)00095-7"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_by_Four_(album)
Son by Four (album)
["1 Track listing","2 Chart performance","3 Sales and certifications","4 See also","5 Personnel","6 References"]
2000 studio album by Son by FourSon by FourStudio album by Son by FourReleasedFebruary 1, 2000 (2000-02-01)Recorded1999StudioPentagrama SoundArts StudiosPowerlight Studios, San Juan, Puerto RicoExtreme Music, MiamiThe War Room, Newark, New JerseyGenreLatin popsalsatropicalboleroLatinLength61:44LabelSony DiscosProducerOmar AlfannoAlejandro JaénSergio GeorgeByronSon by Four chronology Prepárense(1998) Son by Four(2000) Purest of Pain(2000) Singles from Son by Four "A Puro Dolor"Released: November 29, 2000 (2000-11-29) "Dónde Está Tu Amor"Released: May 8, 2001 (2001-05-08) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic Son by Four is the second studio album recorded by Puerto Rican-American band Son by Four. It was released by Sony Music Latin on February 1, 2000. This album received a nomination for a Grammy Award for Best Salsa Album in the 43rd Annual Grammy Awards on February 21, 2001, and also became their first number-one album on the Billboard Top Latin Albums chart. The first single, "A Puro Dolor", was nominated for a Latin Grammy Award for Best Tropical Song in the 1st Annual Latin Grammy Awards on September 13, 2000. Track listing The track listing from Billboard. "A Puro Dolor" (Omar Alfanno) – 4:23 "Pero Eres Tú" (Pedro Quiles) – 4:15 "Sofia" (Omar Alfanno, Ángel López) – 4:20 "Poca Mujer" (Jorge Montes) – 4:31 "Qué Está Pasando" (Omar Alfanno) – 4:08 "Mi Corazón Te Recuerda" – 5:06 "Dónde Está Tu Amor" (Alejandro Jaén) – 4:38 "Lo Qué Yo Más Quiero" (Omar Alfanno) – 4:55 "Cómo Decírselo" (Jorge Montes) – 4:08 "Lo Que Yo No Tengo" (Mickey Perfecto) – 5:03 "Muévelo" (Ángel López) – 3:33 "Lunática" (Sonny Hernández) – 5:06 "A Puro Dolor" (Ballad version) (Omar Alfanno) – 3:33 "Sofía" (Remix) (Omar Alfanno, Ángel López) – 4:38 "Purest of Pain" (bonus track) Chart performance Chart (2000) Peakposition Colombian Albums (ASINCOL) 1 Mexican Albums (AMPROFON) 2 US Billboard 200 94 US Top Latin Albums (Billboard) 1 US Tropical Albums (Billboard) 1 Sales and certifications Region Certification Certified units/sales Argentina (CAPIF) Gold 30,000^ Mexico (AMPROFON) Gold 85,000 United States (RIAA) Gold 500,000^ ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. See also List of number-one Billboard Top Latin Albums of 2000 List of number-one Billboard Tropical Albums from the 2000s Personnel This information from Allmusic. Caferino Caban – arranger Roberto Calderón – sax (baritone) José David Carrión – piano Mario De Jesús – engineer, mixing DJ Lucho – mixing Danny Fuentes – trombone Jose Gazmey – bass Gustavo López – trumpet Héctor David Marcano – timbales J. Salazar – arranger Son by Four – vocals Ronnie Torres – engineer Eliud Velázquez – banjo, percussion, conga Alejandro López – art director References ^ "Son by Four". Allmusic. Macromedia Corporation. Retrieved August 1, 2012. ^ "Complete List of Nominations for First-Ever Latin Grammy Awards". Allbusiness. July 29, 2000. Retrieved July 30, 2008. ^ "Son by Four". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. February 1, 2000. Retrieved August 25, 2008. ^ "Éxitos discográficos internacionales". El Siglo de Torreón. September 11, 2000. Retrieved September 30, 2022. ^ "Éxitos discográficos". El Siglo de Torreón. October 2, 2000. Retrieved September 30, 2022. ^ "Son by Four – Awards". Allmusic. Macromedia Corporation. Retrieved August 25, 2008. ^ "Son by Four – Awards". Allmusic. Macromedia Corporation. Retrieved August 25, 2008. ^ "Son by Four – Awards". Allmusic. Macromedia Corporation. Retrieved August 25, 2008. ^ "Argentinian album certifications – Son By Four – Son By Four". Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers. ^ "Son By Four: Fundacion Nacional". Fundacion Nacional. ^ "Certificaciones" (in Spanish). Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas. Type Son By 4 in the box under the ARTISTA column heading and Son By 4 in the box under the TÍTULO column heading. ^ "American album certifications – Son By Four – Son By Four". Recording Industry Association of America. ^ "Son by Four – Credits". Allmusic. Macromedia Corporation. Retrieved August 25, 2008. Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group This Latin music album-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_Burundi
Judiciary of Burundi
["1 Supreme Court","2 Courts of Appeal","3 Tribunals of First Instance","4 Courts of Residence","5 Constitutional Court","6 Specialised Courts","7 Judicial Service Commission","8 References","9 External links"]
Politics of Burundi Constitution Constitutional Court Human rights Constitution of the Kingdom (1962–1966) Government President (list) Évariste Ndayishimiye Vice-President Prosper Bazombanza Prime Minister Alain-Guillaume Bunyoni Council of Ministers Parliament Senate President National Assembly President Judiciary Supreme Court Administrative divisions Provinces (governors) Communes Collines Elections Recent elections President: 20152020 Assembly: 20202025 Political parties Politicians Foreign relations Ministry of External Relations and International Cooperation Minister: Ezechiel Nibigira Diplomatic missions of / in Burundi Nationality law Passport Visa requirements Visa policy United Nations in Burundi ONUBBINUBBNUB Burundi portal Other countries vte The Judiciary of Burundi is the branch of the Government of the Republic of Burundi which interprets and applies the laws of Burundi to ensure impartial justice under law and to provide a mechanism for dispute resolution. The independence of the judiciary is guaranteed by the constitution. The judicial system in Burundi is based upon French and German customary law and comprises the Supreme Court, the Courts of Appeal, Constitutional Courts and Tribunals of First Instance. The President of the Court of Appeal, the presidents of the High Courts, the public prosecutors and the state counsels are appointed by the President of the Republic following nomination by the Judicial Service Commission and approval by the Senate. Supreme Court Main article: Supreme Court of Burundi The Supreme Court is divided into three chambers, the Administrative Chamber, the Judicial Chamber and the Chamber of Cassation. It has both original and appellate jurisdiction over civil and criminal matters and consists of nine members, including the President of the court. A National Department of Public Prosecutions is also attached. Courts of Appeal The Courts of Appeal comprise three courts which are based at Bujumbura, Ngozi and Gitega. Tribunals of First Instance These are local county courts, one in each of the 18 provinces. Courts of Residence The 127 Courts of Residence (Resident Magistrate's Courts) operate at the Commune level and deal with both criminal and civil cases, including land matters, matters relating to evictions, family and persons related matters and infractions against the Highway Code. The Courts have limits on the fines and custodial sentences they can award. Constitutional Court Main article: Constitutional Court of Burundi The Constitutional Court ensures that all laws are adhere strictly to the Constitution and also decides on issues relating to human rights violations. It has seven members appointed by the President of the Republic and approved by the Senate. Together with the Supreme Court, the Constitutional Court constitutes the High Court of Justice, which has the power to try the president and other senior members of the government for high treason. Specialised Courts Specialized commercial, administrative and labour courts and courts martial also exist. Judicial Service Commission The Judicial Service Commission is made up of five members nominated by the Executive, three judges of the Supreme Court, two magistrates from the National Department of Public Prosecutions, two judges from the resident magistrates' courts and three members of the legal profession in private practice. References "The Burundi Legal System and Research". Hauser Global Law School Program. Retrieved 22 February 2016. ^ "The Judiciary of Burundi". Fortune of Africa. Retrieved 22 February 2016. ^ a b "Judiciary Reform: Arusha Peace and Reconciliation Agreement for Burundi". University of Notre Dame. Retrieved 22 February 2016. External links The constitution regarding the Judiciary vteBurundi articlesHistory History of Burundi Timeline Urewe culture Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa Kingdom of Burundi kings German East Africa Ruanda-Urundi Colonial residents Ruzagayura famine Burundian genocides 1972 1993 Second Congo War Burundian Civil War 1993 coup d'état attempt Burundian unrest (2015–2018) Geography Cities Climate Communes Lakes Provinces Rivers Wildlife Politics Administrative divisions Constitution Constitution of the Kingdom Elections Foreign relations Human rights LGBT rights Judiciary Law enforcement Military Council of Ministers Parliament Political parties President list Vice-President Prime Minister Current provincial governors Economy Bank of the Republic Franc (currency) Agriculture Mining Telecommunications Tourism Transport Culture Abortion Child marriage Communications Cuisine Demographics Education Ethnic groups Flag Football Health Human trafficking Languages LGBT rights Media Music Prostitution Public holidays Religion OutlineIndex Category Portal vteJudiciaries of AfricaSovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limitedrecognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies andother territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla  (Spain) Madeira (Portugal) Mayotte / Réunion (France) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"laws of Burundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_Burundi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PA-2"}],"text":"The Judiciary of Burundi is the branch of the Government of the Republic of Burundi which interprets and applies the laws of Burundi to ensure impartial justice under law and to provide a mechanism for dispute resolution. The independence of the judiciary is guaranteed by the constitution.The judicial system in Burundi is based upon French and German customary law and comprises the Supreme Court, the Courts of Appeal, Constitutional Courts and Tribunals of First Instance.[1]The President of the Court of Appeal, the presidents of the High Courts, the public prosecutors and the state counsels are appointed by the President of the Republic following nomination by the Judicial Service Commission and approval by the Senate.[2]","title":"Judiciary of Burundi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PA-2"}],"text":"The Supreme Court is divided into three chambers, the Administrative Chamber, the Judicial Chamber and the Chamber of Cassation. It has both original and appellate jurisdiction over civil and criminal matters and consists of nine members, including the President of the court. A National Department of Public Prosecutions is also attached.[2]","title":"Supreme Court"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bujumbura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bujumbura"},{"link_name":"Ngozi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngozi,_Burundi"},{"link_name":"Gitega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gitega"}],"text":"The Courts of Appeal comprise three courts which are based at Bujumbura, Ngozi and Gitega.","title":"Courts of Appeal"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"These are local county courts, one in each of the 18 provinces.","title":"Tribunals of First Instance"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The 127 Courts of Residence (Resident Magistrate's Courts) operate at the Commune level and deal with both criminal and civil cases, including land matters, matters relating to evictions, family and persons related matters and infractions against the Highway Code. The Courts have limits on the fines and custodial sentences they can award.","title":"Courts of Residence"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Constitutional Court ensures that all laws are adhere strictly to the Constitution and also decides on issues relating to human rights violations. It has seven members appointed by the President of the Republic and approved by the Senate. Together with the Supreme Court, the Constitutional Court constitutes the High Court of Justice, which has the power to try the president and other senior members of the government for high treason.","title":"Constitutional Court"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Specialized commercial, administrative and labour courts and courts martial also exist.","title":"Specialised Courts"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Judicial Service Commission is made up of five members nominated by the Executive, three judges of the Supreme Court, two magistrates from the National Department of Public Prosecutions, two judges from the resident magistrates' courts and three members of the legal profession in private practice.","title":"Judicial Service Commission"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"The Burundi Legal System and Research\". Hauser Global Law School Program. Retrieved 22 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Burundi1.html","url_text":"\"The Burundi Legal System and Research\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Judiciary of Burundi\". Fortune of Africa. Retrieved 22 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://fortuneofafrica.com/burundi/judiciary-burundi/","url_text":"\"The Judiciary of Burundi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Judiciary Reform: Arusha Peace and Reconciliation Agreement for Burundi\". University of Notre Dame. Retrieved 22 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://peaceaccords.nd.edu/provision/judiciary-reform-arusha-peace-and-reconciliation-agreement-burundi","url_text":"\"Judiciary Reform: Arusha Peace and Reconciliation Agreement for Burundi\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Burundi1.html","external_links_name":"\"The Burundi Legal System and Research\""},{"Link":"http://fortuneofafrica.com/burundi/judiciary-burundi/","external_links_name":"\"The Judiciary of Burundi\""},{"Link":"https://peaceaccords.nd.edu/provision/judiciary-reform-arusha-peace-and-reconciliation-agreement-burundi","external_links_name":"\"Judiciary Reform: Arusha Peace and Reconciliation Agreement for Burundi\""},{"Link":"https://peaceaccords.nd.edu/provision/judiciary-reform-arusha-peace-and-reconciliation-agreement-burundi","external_links_name":"The constitution regarding the Judiciary"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection_Blvd
Resurrection Blvd.
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Episodes","3.1 Season 1 (2000–01)","3.2 Season 2 (2001)","3.3 Season 3 (2002)","4 External links"]
American drama television series (2000–2002) Resurrection Blvd.Created byDennis E. LeoniStarring Michael DeLorenzo Nicholas Gonzalez Ruth Livier Mauricio Mendoza Elizabeth Peña Music byJoseph Julián GonzálezCountry of originUnited StatesNo. of seasons3No. of episodes53ProductionExecutive producers Dennis E. Leoni Robert Eisele Running time60 minutesProduction companies Patagonia House Viacom Productions Original releaseNetworkShowtimeReleaseJune 26, 2000 (2000-06-26) –September 18, 2002 (2002-09-18) Resurrection Blvd. is an American drama television series that aired on Showtime for three seasons from June 26, 2000, to September 18, 2002. Plot In East Los Angeles, California, the Santiago family has had three generations of boxers within the family. They continue their battle to become boxing champions while struggling with the difficulties of making life choices and breaking away from family tradition. Roberto Santiago (Tony Plana) is ill and struggles as he watches his family cope with the various hardships they must face. Cast Actor Role Michael DeLorenzo Carlos Santiago Nicholas Gonzalez Alex Santiago Ruth Livier Yolanda Santiago Mauricio Mendoza Miguel Santiago Marisol Nichols Victoria Santiago Tony Plana Roberto Santiago Elizabeth Peña Beatrice "Bibi" Corrales Daniel Zacapa Ruben Santiago Brian Austin Green Luke Bonner Episodes Season 1 (2000–01) No.overall No. inseason Title Directed by Written by Original air date 11"Pilot"Jesús Salvador TreviñoDennis E. LeoniJune 26, 2000 (2000-06-26)22 33"Sueños"Jesús Salvador TreviñoDennis E. LeoniJuly 3, 2000 (2000-07-03) 44"El Baile"Jeremy KaganRobert EiseleJuly 10, 2000 (2000-07-10) 55"El Regreso de Paco"Jesús Salvador TreviñoJack LoGiudiceJuly 17, 2000 (2000-07-17) 66"Negro y Moreno"Reynaldo VillalobosJoshua SternJuly 24, 2000 (2000-07-24) 77"Dos Padres"Jesús Salvador TreviñoMaria Elena RodriguezJuly 31, 2000 (2000-07-31) 88"Luchando"Jeremy KaganAdam FierroAugust 7, 2000 (2000-08-07) 99"Cholitas"Jesús Salvador TreviñoRosemary AldereteAugust 14, 2000 (2000-08-14) 1010"Mascaras"Kenny OrtegaJorge A. ReyesAugust 21, 2000 (2000-08-21) 1111"Hermanos"Nancy MaloneWalter Halsey DavisAugust 28, 2000 (2000-08-28) 1212"Aniversario"John BehringJack LoGiudiceSeptember 4, 2000 (2000-09-04) 1313"Comenzando de Nuevo"Jesús Salvador TreviñoDennis E. Leoni & Joshua SternSeptember 11, 2000 (2000-09-11) 1414"Revelaciones"Nancy MaloneAdam FierroDecember 4, 2000 (2000-12-04) 1515"Las Manos de Piedra"Norberto BarbaMaria Elena RodriguezDecember 11, 2000 (2000-12-11) 1616"No Te Muevas"Jeremy KaganJorge A. ReyesDecember 18, 2000 (2000-12-18) 1717"Lagrimas en el Cielo"Sylvia MoralesJoshua SternJanuary 1, 2001 (2001-01-01) 1818"La Visita"John BehringJack LoGiudiceJanuary 8, 2001 (2001-01-08) 1919"Un Pacto con el Diablo"Norberto BarbaAdam FierroJanuary 15, 2001 (2001-01-15) 2020"Juntos"Norberto BarbaDennis E. Leoni & Joshua SternJanuary 22, 2001 (2001-01-22) Season 2 (2001) No.overall No. inseason Title Directed by Written by Original air date 211"Arriba y Abajo"UnknownUnknownJune 26, 2001 (2001-06-26) 222"La Agonia y el Extasis"UnknownUnknownJuly 3, 2001 (2001-07-03) 233"Diez y Ocho"UnknownUnknownJuly 10, 2001 (2001-07-10) 244"Secretos, Mentiras y Expectativas"UnknownUnknownJuly 17, 2001 (2001-07-17) 255"Los Guardias"UnknownUnknownJuly 24, 2001 (2001-07-24) 266"Sangre de la Mano"UnknownUnknownJuly 31, 2001 (2001-07-31) 277"Con Cuidado"UnknownUnknownAugust 7, 2001 (2001-08-07) 288"Mano a Mano"UnknownUnknownAugust 14, 2001 (2001-08-14) 299"El Que Necesita"UnknownUnknownAugust 21, 2001 (2001-08-21) 3010"Partida"UnknownUnknownAugust 28, 2001 (2001-08-28) 3111"Mi Padre"UnknownUnknownSeptember 4, 2001 (2001-09-04) 3212"El Mejor Amigo del Hombre"UnknownUnknownSeptember 11, 2001 (2001-09-11) 3313"La Nina Perdida"UnknownUnknownSeptember 18, 2001 (2001-09-18) 3414"Lito"UnknownUnknownSeptember 25, 2001 (2001-09-25) 3515"A Puro Dolor"UnknownUnknownOctober 2, 2001 (2001-10-02) 3616"Saliendo"UnknownUnknownOctober 9, 2001 (2001-10-09) 3717"Bruja"Michael DeLorenzoAdam FierroOctober 16, 2001 (2001-10-16) 3818"Compadres"Dennis E. LeoniDennis E. Leoni and Luisa LeshinOctober 23, 2001 (2001-10-23) 3919"Ansiedad"UnknownUnknownOctober 30, 2001 (2001-10-30) 4020"La Gran Pelea"UnknownUnknownNovember 6, 2001 (2001-11-06) Season 3 (2002) No.overall No. inseason Title Directed by Written by Original air date 411"En Un Momento"John BehringDennis E. LeoniJune 26, 2002 (2002-06-26) 422"Esperando Lagrimas"UnknownUnknownJuly 3, 2002 (2002-07-03) 433"La Guerra de Bibi"Nancy MaloneUnknownJuly 10, 2002 (2002-07-10) 444"Un Miembro de la Familia"UnknownUnknownJuly 17, 2002 (2002-07-17) 455"Nino del Polvo"Dennis E. LeoniRobert EiseleJuly 24, 2002 (2002-07-24) 466"Las Tristesas de Zeke"UnknownUnknownJuly 31, 2002 (2002-07-31) 477"Justicia"UnknownUnknownAugust 7, 2002 (2002-08-07) 488"Pararse"UnknownUnknownAugust 14, 2002 (2002-08-14) 499"El Gato, El Vato, La Cena y El Padre"Michael DeLorenzoAdam FierroAugust 21, 2002 (2002-08-21) 5010"Engano"UnknownUnknownAugust 28, 2002 (2002-08-28) 5111"Un Amigo Viejo"UnknownUnknownSeptember 4, 2002 (2002-09-04) 5212"Verguenza"UnknownUnknownSeptember 11, 2002 (2002-09-11) 5313"Resureccion"UnknownUnknownSeptember 18, 2002 (2002-09-18) External links Resurrection Blvd. at IMDb vteParamount+ with Showtime original programmingCurrent and upcomingCurrent The Chi (since 2018) The Curse (since 2023) Couples Therapy (since 2019) Dreaming Whilst Black (since 2023) Super Pumped (since 2022) Yellowjackets (since 2021) Former1980s debuts 33 Brompton Place (1982) Bizarre (1980–85) Brothers (1984–89) Shelley Duvall's Faerie Tale Theatre (1982–87) It's Garry Shandling's Show (1986–90) Nightmare Classics (1989) The Paper Chase (1983–86) Showtime Championship Boxing (1986–2023) Super Dave (1987–94) Tall Tales & Legends (1985–87) Thunderbirds 2086 (1983) Video Concert Hall (1980–84) 1990s debuts American Heroes and Legends (1992–93) Beggars and Choosers (1999–2000) Beverly Hills Bordello (1996–98) A Bunch of Munsch (1991–92) The Busy World of Richard Scarry (1994–97) Chris Cross (1994–95) Dead Man's Gun (1997–99) The Hoop Life (1999–2000) Linc's (1998–2000) The Outer Limits (1995–2000) OWL/TV (1992–97) Picture Windows (1994) Poltergeist: The Legacy (1996–99) Ready or Not (1993–95) Red Shoe Diaries (1992–99) Rude Awakening (1998–2001) Stargate SG-1 (1997–2002) Thanks of a Grateful Nation (1998) Total Recall 2070 (1999) Women: Stories of Passion (1996–99) 2000s debuts American Candidate (2004) Barbershop: The Series (2005) Big Brother: After Dark (2007–12) Body Language (2008–10) Brotherhood (2006–08) Californication (2007–14) The Chris Isaak Show (2001–04) Dead Like Me (2003–04) Deeper Throat (2009) Dexter (2006–13) Elite Xtreme Combat (2007–08) Family Business (2003–06) Fat Actress (2005) Free for All (2003) Going to California (2001–02) Full Color Football: The History of the American Football League (2009) Huff (2004–06) Inside the NFL (2008–21) Jeremiah (2002–04) Kama Sutra (2000) The L Word (2004–09) Lady Chatterley's Stories (2000–01) Leap Years (2001–02) Lock 'N Load (2009) Masters of Horror (2005–07) Meadowlands (2007) Nurse Jackie (2009–15) Odyssey 5 (2002) Out of Order (2003) Penn & Teller: Bullshit! (2003–10) Queer as Folk (2000–05) Queer Duck (2002–04) Resurrection Blvd. (2000–02) Street Time (2002–03) Secret Diary of a Call Girl (2008–11) ShoMMA (2009–12) ShoXC (2007–08) Sleeper Cell (2005–06) Soul Food (2000–04) Tracey Ullman's State of the Union (2008–10) The Tudors (2007–10) The Underground (2006) This American Life (2007–09) United States of Tara (2009–11) Weeds (2005–12) 2010s debuts 60 Minutes Sports (2013–17) The Affair (2014–19) Beach Heat: Miami (2010–12) The Big C (2010–13) Billions (2016–23) Black Monday (2019–21) The Borgias (2011–13) City on a Hill (2019–22) The Circus: Inside the Greatest Political Show on Earth (2016–23) Dark Net (2016–17) Dave's Old Porn (2011–12) Desus & Mero (2019–22) Dice (2016–17) Escape at Dannemora (2018) Episodes (2011–17) The Fourth Estate (2018) The Franchise (2011–12) Gigolos (2011–16) The Green Room with Paul Provenza (2010–11) Guerrilla (2017) Happyish (2015) Homeland (2011–20) House of Lies (2012–16) I'm Dying Up Here (2017–18) Inside Comedy (2012–15) Inside NASCAR (2010–12) Just Another Immigrant (2018) Kidding (2018–20) The L Word: Generation Q (2019–23) La La Land (2010) Look: The Series (2010) The Loudest Voice (2019) Masters of Sex (2013–16) On Becoming a God in Central Florida (2019) Our Cartoon President (2018–20) Patrick Melrose (2018) Penny Dreadful (2014–16) Polyamory: Married & Dating (2012–13) Ray Donovan (2013–20) The Real L Word (2010–12) Roadies (2016) Shameless (2011–21) Shangri-La (2019) SMILF (2017–19) Submission (2016) Time of Death (2013) Twin Peaks (2017) Web Therapy (2011–15) White Famous (2017) Who Is America? (2018) Work in Progress (2019–21) Wu-Tang Clan: Of Mics and Men (2019) Years of Living Dangerously (2014) 2020s debuts A Gentleman in Moscow (2024) American Gigolo (2022) American Rust (2021) Bellator MMA (2021–23) The Comey Rule (2020) Deadlocked: How America Shaped the Supreme Court (2023) Dexter: New Blood (2021–22) Everything's Gonna Be All White (2022) Fellow Travelers (2023) The First Lady (2022) Flatbush Misdemeanors (2021–22) George & Tammy (2022–23) Ghosts of Beirut (2023) The Good Lord Bird (2020) Gossip (2021) I Love That for You (2022) Let the Right One In (2022) The Lincoln Project (2022) Love Fraud (2020) The Man Who Fell to Earth (2022) Moonbase 8 (2020) Penny Dreadful: City of Angels (2020) Vice (2020–23) Waco: The Aftermath (2023) The Woman in the Wall (2024) Your Honor (2020–23) Ziwe (2021–22) See also Paramount+ Showtime (OTT) vteGLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Individual Episode1990s The Simpsons ("Homer's Phobia") (1998) Tracey Takes On... ("Religion") (1999) 2000s Popular ("Wild Wild Mess") (2000) Ed ("The Whole Truth") (2001) Resurrection Blvd. ("Saliendo") (2002) Resurrection Blvd. ("Pararse") (2003) Boston Public ("Chapter Fifty-Eight") (2004) Jack & Bobby ("The Lost Boys") (2005) Cold Case ("Best Friends") / My Name Is Earl ("Pilot") (2006) Grey's Anatomy ("Where the Boys Are") (2007) Boston Legal ("Do Tell") (2008) The New Adventures of Old Christine ("Unidentified Funk") (2009) 2010s Parks and Recreation ("Pawnee Zoo") (2010) 30 Rock ("Klaus and Greta") (2012) Drop Dead Diva ("Prom") / Hot in Cleveland ("Beards") (2012) Raising Hope ("Don't Ask, Don't Tell Me What to Do") (2013) Elementary ("Snow Angels") (2014) Drop Dead Diva ("Identity Crisis") (2015) Royal Pains ("The Prince of Nucleotides") (2016) Black Mirror ("San Junipero") (2017) Master of None ("Thanksgiving") (2018) The Guest Book ("Someplace Other Than Here") (2019) 2020s Dolly Parton's Heartstrings ("Two Doors Down") (2020) This article relating to a drama television series in the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobitis_megaspila
Cobitis megaspila
["1 Taxonomic note","2 References"]
Species of fish Cobitis megaspila Conservation status Data Deficient  (IUCN 2.3) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Cypriniformes Family: Cobitidae Genus: Cobitis Species: C. megaspila Binomial name Cobitis megaspilaNalbant, 1993 Cobitis megaspila is a species of ray-finned fish in the family Cobitidae. It is found in Moldova ,Romania and Bulgaria. Taxonomic note This species is now considered to be a jr. synonym of Cobitis elongatoides. References World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1996. Cobitis megaspila. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 19 July 2007. ^ Kottelat, M. (2012): Conspectus cobitidum: an inventory of the loaches of the world (Teleostei: Cypriniformes: Cobitoidei). Archived February 11, 2013, at the Wayback Machine The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Suppl. No. 26: 1-199. Taxon identifiersCobitis megaspila Wikidata: Q3316755 CoL: WJZV EoL: 1156741 EUNIS: 15443 FishBase: 49106 GBIF: 2368200 iNaturalist: 611839 IRMNG: 10718851 ITIS: 687858 Open Tree of Life: 3627724 Plazi: B8D152E5-F658-0991-A51E-15758A4262B7 WoRMS: 1011034 ZooBank: B4FF4D86-C8ED-4931-8E4C-A8CF7197C1EC This Cobitidae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ray-finned fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray-finned_fish"},{"link_name":"Cobitidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobitidae"},{"link_name":"Moldova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"}],"text":"Cobitis megaspila is a species of ray-finned fish in the family Cobitidae.\nIt is found in Moldova ,Romania and Bulgaria.","title":"Cobitis megaspila"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"This species is now considered to be a jr. synonym of Cobitis elongatoides.[1]","title":"Taxonomic note"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_Language_(play)
Body Language (play)
["1 References"]
1990 play by Alan Ayckbourn This article is about the Alan Ayckbourn play. For other uses, see Body language (disambiguation). Body LanguageWritten byAlan AyckbournCharactersHravic ZyergefoovcFreya RoopeBenjamin CooperRonnie WestonAngie DellDerek ShortJo KnaptonMal BennetDate premiered21 May 1990Place premieredStephen Joseph Theatre (Westwood site), ScarboroughOriginal languageEnglishSubjectBody imageOfficial siteAyckbourn chronology Invisible Friends(1989) This Is Where We Came In(1990) Body Language is a 1990 play by British playwright Alan Ayckbourn. It is about two women, one thin and one fat, who have their bodies swapped as a result of a botched operation. References Body Language on official Ayckbourn site Allen, Paul (2004) A Pocket Guide to Alan Ayckbourn Plays Faber & Faber ISBN 0-571-21492-4 Andrew Gans (26 September 2003). "Ayckbourn's Body Language to Make U.S. Debut at NJ Theatre". Playbill. Archived from the original on 28 January 2004. Retrieved 1 February 2008. vteThe plays of Alan AyckbournPlays The Square Cat Love After All Dad's Tale Standing Room Only Christmas v Mastermind Mr Whatnot Relatively Speaking The Sparrow How the Other Half Loves Family Circles Time and Time Again Absurd Person Singular The Norman Conquests: Table Manners, Living Together, Round and Round the Garden Absent Friends Confusions Jeeves (musical) Bedroom Farce Just Between Ourselves Ten Times Table Joking Apart Sisterly Feelings Taking Steps Suburban Strains Season's Greetings Way Upstream Making Tracks Intimate Exchanges It Could Be Any One Of Us A Chorus of Disapproval Woman in Mind A Small Family Business Henceforward... Man of the Moment Mr A's Amazing Maze Plays The Revengers' Comedies Invisible Friends Body Language This Is Where We Came In Callisto 5 Wildest Dreams My Very Own Story Time of My Life Dreams from a Summer House Communicating Doors Haunting Julia The Musical Jigsaw Play A Word from Our Sponsor The Champion of Paribanou Things We Do for Love Comic Potential The Boy Who Fell Into a Book House and Garden: House, Garden Virtual Reality Whenever Damsels in Distress: GamePlan, FlatSpin, RolePlay Snake in the Grass The Jollies Sugar Daddies Orvin – Champion Of Champions My Sister Sadie Drowning on Dry Land Private Fears in Public Places Miss Yesterday Improbable Fiction If I Were You Things That Go Bump: Life and Beth Awaking Beauty My Wonderful Day Life of Riley Neighbourhood Watch One-act plays Countdown (from Mixed Doubles) Confusions: Mother Figure, Drinking Companion, Between Mouthfuls, Gosforth's Fete, A Talk in the Park A Cut in the Rates This article on a play from the 1990s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whinlatter_Pass
Whinlatter Pass
["1 See also","2 References"]
Coordinates: 54°36′35″N 3°14′54″W / 54.6096°N 3.2483°W / 54.6096; -3.2483Mountain pass in the Lake District, Cumbria, England The summit of the Whinlatter Pass and the entrance to the Whinlatter Forest Park. The Whinlatter Pass is a mountain pass in the Lake District in Cumbria, England. It is located on the B5292 road linking Braithwaite, to the west of Keswick, with High Lorton to the south of Cockermouth. To the north the pass is flanked by Whinlatter fell, while to the south the Whiteside, Hopegill Head and Grisedale Pike fells borders the pass. From the top of the pass, paths climb Whinlatter and Grisedale Pike. There is also a Forestry Commission tourist centre there. The Whinlatter Pass is one of three passes that link the tourist area around Keswick, including Derwent Water and Borrowdale, with the valley of the River Cocker, including the lakes of Buttermere, Crummock Water and Loweswater. From north to south these passes are the Whinlatter Pass, the Newlands Pass, and the Honister Pass. The Whinlatter Pass can be icy in winter, but it is a less severe route than the other two passes. The Pass was used for the first King of the Mountains climb on the second stage of the 2016 Tour of Britain cycle race. See also List of hill passes of the Lake District References ^ a b "Whinlatter Pass". Visit Cumbria. Retrieved 13 January 2010. ^ "Tour of Britain - plan ahead when travelling in Cumbria on Monday 5 September". Cumbria County Council. 30 August 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2016. 54°36′35″N 3°14′54″W / 54.6096°N 3.2483°W / 54.6096; -3.2483 This Cumbria location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_mac_Thomas_de_Burca
Walter mac Thomas de Búrca
["1 Life","2 Annals of the Four Masters","3 Genealogy","4 See also","5 References","5.1 Citations","5.2 Bibliography","6 External links"]
Irish chieftain, noble and 3rd Mac William Íochtar (d.1440) Walter Bourke3rd Mac William IochtarWalter mac Tomas de BúrcaArms of Bourke of MayoDied1440 Walter mac Thomas de Búrca (Walter Bourke), 3rd Mac William Íochtar (died 1440) was an Irish chieftain and noble who was lord of Lower (North) Connacht, Ireland. Life The son of Thomas mac Edmond Albanach de Búrca, 2nd Mac William Íochtar (d.1402), de Búrca was succeeded by his younger brothers, Edmund na Féasóige de Búrca (4th), Tomás Óg de Búrca (5th), and Risdeárd de Búrca (6th Mac William Íochtar), and later by his sons, Theobald Bourke (8th) and Ricard Bourke (9th Mac William Íochtar). Annals of the Four Masters From the Annals of the Four Masters: 1402. Thomas, the son of Sir Edmond Albanagh Burke, i.e. Mac William, Lord of the English of Connaught, died, after the victory of penance. After the death of this Thomas Burke, two Mac Williams were made, namely, Ulick, the son of Richard Oge, who was elected the Mac William; and Walter, the son of Thomas, who was made another Mac William, but yielded submission to Mac William of Clanrickard for his seniority. M1410.8. Sabia, the daughter of Conor O'Brien, and wife of Walter Burke, died. M1412.10. A great army was led by Brian, son of Donnell, son of Murtough O'Conor of Sligo, about Lammas, first into Gaileanga, and thence into Clann-Cuain, Ceara, and Conmaicne Cuile Toladh, into which latter territory he brought the Clann-Maurice na-m-Brigh and their creaghts. The Clann-William Burke, the O'Flahertys, the O'Malleys, the Barretts, the inhabitants of the barony of Gaileanga, and the Costelloes, assembled to oppose them; but all these numerous as they were did not venture to give him either skirmish or battle, although Brian, in spite of them, burned their territories, destroyed their cornfields, and burned their fortresses, viz. Caislen-an-Bharraigh of Leth-inis, and Baile-Loch-Measca. He then left the Clann-Maurice, with their creaghts, in their own territory; and he obtained peace from the English and Irish on this expedition, and returned home in safety. M1422.12. The sons of Cormac Mac Donough, and the sons of Mulrony Mac Donough, ... had been banished from their country by their paternal uncle, Mac Donough, by Conor Mac Donough and his sons, and by Cormac Oge. For Mac Donough had erected a castle in the territory of the sons of Mulrony Mac Donough, that is, at Caiseal Locha-Deargain, and had entirely destroyed their crops and fields, and afterwards banished them to Mac William Burke; M1440.1. Mac William Burke, i.e. Walter, the son of Thomas, son of Sir Edmond Albanagh, Lord of the English of Connaught, and of many of the Irish, died of the plague a week before the Festival of the Holy Cross, in Autumn; and Edmond Burke, his brother, was styled Mac William in his place. Genealogy Mac William Íochtar Genealogy Sir Edmond Albanach de Burgh (d. 1375), 1st Mac William Íochtar (Lower Mac William), (Mayo) William de Burgh (d.1368) Thomas mac Edmond Albanach de Burca, 1375–1402, 2nd Mac William Íochtar Walter mac Thomas de Burca (d.1440), 3rd Mac William Íochtar Theobald Bourke (d.1503), 8th Mac William Íochtar Meiler Bourke (d.1520), 11th Mac William Íochtar Ricard Bourke (d.1509), 9th Mac William Íochtar Seaán an Tearmainn Bourke (alive 1527), 13th Mac William Íochtar Ricard mac Seaán an Tearmainn Bourke (d.1571), 16th Mac William Íochtar Edmund na Féasóige de Burca, (d.1458), 4th Mac William Íochtar Ricard Ó Cuairsge Bourke (d.1473), 7th Mac William Íochtar Edmond de Burca (d.1527), 10th Mac William Íochtar Walter de Burca Seaán de Burca Oliver de Burca Seaán mac Oliver Bourke (d.1580), 17th Mac William Íochtar Richard Bourke (d.1586), 19th Mac William Íochtar Walter Ciotach de Burca of Belleek (d.1590) Tibbot (Theobald) MacWalter Kittagh Bourke, 21st Mac William Íochtar, 1st Marquess of Mayo Walter (Balthasar) Bourke, 2nd Marquess of Mayo Thomas Ruadh de Burca Uilleag de Burca Edmond de Burca (d.1527), 12th Mac William Íochtar David de Burca (alive 1537), 15th Mac William Íochtar Richard the Iron Bourke (d.1583), 18th Mac William Íochtar Tibbot (Theobald) ne Long Bourke (1567-1629), 23rd Mac William Íochtar, 1st Viscount Mayo (1627) Viscounts Mayo William "the Blind Abbot" Bourke (d.1593), 20th Mac William Íochtar Theobald mac Uilleag Bourke (d.1537), 14th Mac William Íochtar Risdeárd de Burca Ricard Deamhan an Chorráin de Burca Risdeárd Mac Deamhan an Chorráin (Richard) "the Devils Hook" Bourke (d.1601), 22nd Mac William Íochtar Seaán de Burca (d.1456) Tomás Óg de Burca, (d.1460), 5th Mac William Íochtar Risdeárd de Burca (d.1473), 6th Mac William Íochtar See also House of Burgh, an Anglo-Norman and Hiberno-Norman dynasty founded in 1193 References Citations ^ Burke, Bernard (1884). The General Armory of England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales; comprising a registry of armorial bearings from the earliest to the present time. University of California Libraries. London: Harrison & Sons. ^ "Burke (de Burgh), Walter | Dictionary of Irish Biography". www.dib.ie. Retrieved 21 December 2021. ^ Moody, T. W.; Martin, F. X.; Byrne, F. J., eds. (1989). A New History of Ireland: IX: Maps, Genealogies, Lists, A Companion to Irish History, Part II. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 235–36. ISBN 978-0-19-959306-4. ^ Annala Rioghachta Eireann: Annals of the kingdom of Ireland by the Four Masters, from the earliest period to the year 1616. Edited from MSS in the Library of the Royal Irish Academy and of Trinity College Dublin with a translation and copious notes. Vol. 5. Translated by O'Donovan, John (1st ed.). 2016 . Retrieved 11 March 2019. Bibliography "Burke (de Burgh), Walter | Dictionary of Irish Biography". www.dib.ie. Retrieved 21 December 2021. Burke, Bernard (1884). The General Armory of England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales; comprising a registry of armorial bearings from the earliest to the present time. University of California Libraries. London: Harrison & Sons. Knox, Hubert T. (1908). The History of the County of Mayo to the close of the sixteenth century. Dublin: Hodges, Figgis and Company. p. 395. Moody, T. W.; Martin, F. X.; Byrne, F. J., eds. (1989). A New History of Ireland: IX: Maps, Genealogies, Lists, A Companion to Irish History, Part II. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-959306-4. Lower Mac William and Viscounts of Mayo, 1332-1649, pp. 235–36. Annala Rioghachta Eireann: Annals of the kingdom of Ireland by the Four Masters, from the earliest period to the year 1616. Edited from MSS in the Library of the Royal Irish Academy and of Trinity College Dublin with a translation and copious notes. Vol. 5. Translated by O'Donovan, John (1st ed.). 2016 . Retrieved 11 March 2019. External links Annals of the Four Masters Preceded byThomas mac Edmond Albanach de Burca Mac William Iochtar 1402–1440 Succeeded byEdmund na Féasóige de Burca vteKingdom of IrelandHistory Timeline of Irish history History of Ireland (1536–1691) History of Ireland (1691–1800) Generaland events Lordship of Ireland British Empire Tudor conquest of Ireland New English Surrender and regrant Reformation in Ireland Desmond Rebellions Plantations of Ireland (Ulster) Nine Years' War (Flight of the Earls) Irish Rebellion of 1641 Irish Confederate Wars Wars of the Three Kingdoms Cromwellian conquest of Ireland (Barbadosed) Williamite–Jacobite War (Wild Geese) Irish Rebellion of 1798 United Kingdom Acts of Parliament Poynings' Law Crown of Ireland Act 1542 Counties of Meath and Westmeath Act 1543 Settlement of Laois and Offaly 1556 Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652 Act of Settlement 1662 Penal Laws Popery Act Constitution of 1782 Acts of Union 1800 Gaelicconquests Tuadhmhumhain (1543) Uí Echach (1543) Loígis (1543) Clanricarde (1544) Uí Failghe (1550) Uí Díarmata (1574) Clann Aodha Buidhe (1574) Magh Luirg (1585) Airgíalla (1585) Iar Connacht (1589) Umhaill (1593) Deasmhumhain (1596) Mac William Íochtar (1602) Laigin (1603) Bréifne Uí Ruairc (1605) Cairbrigh (1606) Tír Chonaill (1607) Tír Eoghain (1607) Fear Manach (1607) Uí Catháin (1607) Bréifne Uí Raghallaigh (1607) Uí Mháine (1611) Politicsand society Dublin Castle administration Parliament of Ireland (Irish House of Lords and Irish House of Commons) Privy Council of Ireland Four Courts (King's Bench, Exchequer, Chancery and Common Pleas) Court of Castle Chamber Peerage of Ireland Army Church of Ireland (Ascendancy & Recusancy) Grand Lodge of Ireland Trinity College Dublin Order of St Patrick Jacobites Whigs Tories Irish Patriots Defenders Catholic Committee Orange Order United Irishmen Monarchs and rulers Henry VIII (1542–1547) Edward VI (1547–1553) Lady Jane Grey (1553; disputed) Mary I (1553–1558) & Philip jure uxoris (1554–1558) Elizabeth I (1558–1603) James I (1603–1625) Charles I (1625–1649) Commonwealth (1649–1653) Oliver Cromwell (1653–1658) Richard Cromwell (1658–1659) Commonwealth (1659–1660) Charles II (1660–1685) James II (1685–1691) William III (1689–1702) & Mary II (1689–1694) Anne (1702–1714) George I (1714–1727) George II (1727–1760) George III (1760–1800) British Empire portal Ireland portal Category WikiProject Portals: Ireland England Biography Politics Authority control databases: People Ireland
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Thomas, the son of Sir Edmond Albanagh Burke, i.e. Mac William, Lord of the English of Connaught, died, after the victory of penance. After the death of this Thomas Burke, two Mac Williams were made, namely, Ulick, the son of Richard Oge, who was elected the Mac William; and Walter, the son of Thomas, who was made another Mac William, but yielded submission to Mac William of Clanrickard for his seniority.\nM1410.8. Sabia, the daughter of Conor O'Brien, and wife of Walter Burke, died.\nM1412.10. A great army was led by Brian, son of Donnell, son of Murtough O'Conor of Sligo, about Lammas, first into Gaileanga, and thence into Clann-Cuain, Ceara, and Conmaicne Cuile Toladh, into which latter territory he brought the Clann-Maurice na-m-Brigh and their creaghts. The Clann-William Burke, the O'Flahertys, the O'Malleys, the Barretts, the inhabitants of the barony of Gaileanga, and the Costelloes, assembled to oppose them; but all these numerous as they were did not venture to give him either skirmish or battle, although Brian, in spite of them, burned their territories, destroyed their cornfields, and burned their fortresses, viz. Caislen-an-Bharraigh of Leth-inis, and Baile-Loch-Measca. He then left the Clann-Maurice, with their creaghts, in their own territory; and he obtained peace from the English and Irish on this expedition, and returned home in safety.\nM1422.12. The sons of Cormac Mac Donough, and the sons of Mulrony Mac Donough, ... had been banished from their country by their paternal uncle, Mac Donough, by Conor Mac Donough and his sons, and by Cormac Oge. For Mac Donough had erected a castle in the territory of the sons of Mulrony Mac Donough, that is, at Caiseal Locha-Deargain, and had entirely destroyed their crops and fields, and afterwards banished them to Mac William Burke;\nM1440.1. Mac William Burke, i.e. Walter, the son of Thomas, son of Sir Edmond Albanagh, Lord of the English of Connaught, and of many of the Irish, died of the plague a week before the Festival of the Holy Cross, in Autumn; and Edmond Burke, his brother, was styled Mac William in his place.[4]","title":"Annals of the Four Masters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edmond Albanach de Burgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Albanach_de_Burgh"},{"link_name":"Thomas mac Edmond Albanach de Burca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_mac_Edmond_Albanach_de_Burca"},{"link_name":"Theobald Bourke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theobald_Bourke"},{"link_name":"Meiler Bourke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiler_Bourke"},{"link_name":"Ricard Bourke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricard_Bourke"},{"link_name":"Seaán an Tearmainn Bourke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea%C3%A1n_an_Tearmainn_Bourke"},{"link_name":"Ricard mac Seaán an Tearmainn Bourke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricard_mac_Sea%C3%A1n_an_Tearmainn_Bourke"},{"link_name":"Edmund na Féasóige de Burca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_na_F%C3%A9as%C3%B3ige_de_Burca"},{"link_name":"Ricard Ó Cuairsge Bourke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricard_%C3%93_Cuairsge_Bourke"},{"link_name":"Edmond de Burca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_de_Burca"},{"link_name":"Seaán mac Oliver Bourke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea%C3%A1n_mac_Oliver_Bourke"},{"link_name":"Richard Bourke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke_(d._1586)"},{"link_name":"Tibbot (Theobald) MacWalter Kittagh Bourke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibbot_MacWalter_Kittagh_Bourke"},{"link_name":"Edmond de Burca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_de_Burca"},{"link_name":"David de Burca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_de_Burca"},{"link_name":"Richard the Iron Bourke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_the_Iron_Bourke"},{"link_name":"Tibbot (Theobald) ne Long Bourke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibbot_ne_Long_Bourke,_1st_Viscount_Mayo"},{"link_name":"Viscounts Mayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscount_Mayo"},{"link_name":"William \"the Blind Abbot\" Bourke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_%22the_Blind_Abbot%22_Bourke"},{"link_name":"Theobald mac Uilleag Bourke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theobald_mac_Uilleag_Bourke"},{"link_name":"Risdeárd Mac Deamhan an Chorráin (Richard) \"the Devils Hook\" Bourke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_%22the_Devils_Hook%22_Bourke"},{"link_name":"Tomás Óg de Burca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_%C3%93g_de_Burca"},{"link_name":"Risdeárd de Burca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risde%C3%A1rd_de_Burca"}],"text":"Mac William Íochtar Genealogy\n\nSir Edmond Albanach de Burgh (d. 1375), 1st Mac William Íochtar (Lower Mac William), (Mayo)\nWilliam de Burgh (d.1368)\nThomas mac Edmond Albanach de Burca, 1375–1402, 2nd Mac William Íochtar\nWalter mac Thomas de Burca (d.1440), 3rd Mac William Íochtar\nTheobald Bourke (d.1503), 8th Mac William Íochtar\nMeiler Bourke (d.1520), 11th Mac William Íochtar\nRicard Bourke (d.1509), 9th Mac William Íochtar\nSeaán an Tearmainn Bourke (alive 1527), 13th Mac William Íochtar\nRicard mac Seaán an Tearmainn Bourke (d.1571), 16th Mac William Íochtar\nEdmund na Féasóige de Burca, (d.1458), 4th Mac William Íochtar\nRicard Ó Cuairsge Bourke (d.1473), 7th Mac William Íochtar\nEdmond de Burca (d.1527), 10th Mac William Íochtar\nWalter de Burca\nSeaán de Burca\nOliver de Burca\nSeaán mac Oliver Bourke (d.1580), 17th Mac William Íochtar\nRichard Bourke (d.1586), 19th Mac William Íochtar\nWalter Ciotach de Burca of Belleek (d.1590)\nTibbot (Theobald) MacWalter Kittagh Bourke, 21st Mac William Íochtar, 1st Marquess of Mayo\nWalter (Balthasar) Bourke, 2nd Marquess of Mayo\nThomas Ruadh de Burca\nUilleag de Burca\nEdmond de Burca (d.1527), 12th Mac William Íochtar\nDavid de Burca (alive 1537), 15th Mac William Íochtar\nRichard the Iron Bourke (d.1583), 18th Mac William Íochtar\nTibbot (Theobald) ne Long Bourke (1567-1629), 23rd Mac William Íochtar, 1st Viscount Mayo (1627)\nViscounts Mayo\nWilliam \"the Blind Abbot\" Bourke (d.1593), 20th Mac William Íochtar\nTheobald mac Uilleag Bourke (d.1537), 14th Mac William Íochtar\nRisdeárd de Burca\nRicard Deamhan an Chorráin de Burca\nRisdeárd Mac Deamhan an Chorráin (Richard) \"the Devils Hook\" Bourke (d.1601), 22nd Mac William Íochtar\nSeaán de Burca (d.1456)\nTomás Óg de Burca, (d.1460), 5th Mac William Íochtar\nRisdeárd de Burca (d.1473), 6th Mac William Íochtar","title":"Genealogy"}]
[]
[{"title":"House of Burgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Burgh"},{"title":"Anglo-Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Normans"},{"title":"Hiberno-Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiberno-Norman"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Berlin_(Germany)
Berliner FC Dynamo
["1 History","1.1 Background: SC Dynamo Berlin (1954–1966)","1.2 Founding and rise (1966–1978)","1.3 Golden era (1978–1989)","1.4 FC Berlin, decline and insolvency (1989–2004)","1.5 Consolidation (2004-2014)","1.6 Regionalliga Nordost (2014-present)","2 Colours and crest","2.1 Ownership of the traditional crest","2.2 Championship star","3 Stadiums","3.1 Future stadium","4 Supporters and rivalries","4.1 History","4.2 Contemporary supporter scene","5 Organization","5.1 Current board and management","5.2 Presidential history","6 Players","6.1 Current squad","6.2 Notable past players","7 Coaches","7.1 Current staff","7.2 Coach history","8 Honours","8.1 Domestic","8.2 International","8.3 Double","8.4 Regional","9 Seasons","10 European competitions","10.1 European record","11 Youth department","11.1 Youth academy during East German era","11.2 Honours","12 Explanatory notes","13 References","14 Further reading","15 External links"]
Coordinates: 52°32′27″N 13°28′34″E / 52.54083°N 13.47611°E / 52.54083; 13.47611German association football club Football clubBerliner FC DynamoFull nameBerliner Fussball Club Dynamo e. V.Nickname(s)Die Weinroten (The Clarets)Short nameBFCFounded15 January 1966; 58 years ago (1966-01-15)GroundStadion im SportforumCapacity7,800Coordinates52°32′27″N 13°28′34″E / 52.54083°N 13.47611°E / 52.54083; 13.47611PresidentNorbert UhligChairman of Economic CouncilPeter MeyerHead coachDirk KunertLeagueRegionalliga Nordost (IV)2023–20244thWebsiteClub website Home colours Away colours Berliner Fussball Club Dynamo e. V., commonly abbreviated to BFC Dynamo (German pronunciation: ⓘ) or BFC (German pronunciation: ⓘ), alternatively sometimes called Dynamo Berlin, is a German football club based in the locality of Alt-Hohenschönhausen of the borough of Lichtenberg of Berlin. BFC Dynamo was founded in 1966 from the football department of SC Dynamo Berlin and became one of the most successful clubs in East German football, with numerous appearances in international football in the 1970s and 1980s. The club is the record champion of East Germany with ten consecutive league championships from 1979 through 1988. BFC Dynamo competes in the fourth tier Regionalliga Nordost. The club enjoys a cross-city rivalry with 1. FC Union Berlin and a historical rivalry with SG Dynamo Dresden. The rivalry with Union Berlin is part of the Berlin derby. The team plays its home matches in the Sportforum Hohenschönhausen. History Main article: History of Berliner FC Dynamo Background: SC Dynamo Berlin (1954–1966) Main article: History of Berliner FC Dynamo (1954–1978) BFC Dynamo started as a football department of sports club SC Dynamo Berlin. SC Dynamo Berlin was founded on 1 October 1954 as one of the new elite sports clubs in East Germany. The sports club was affiliated to sports association SV Dynamo. In order to establish a competitive side in Berlin, the team of SG Dynamo Dresden and its place in the DDR-Oberliga was transferred to the new sports club SC Dynamo Berlin. The relocation was designed to give the capital a team that could rival teams from West Berlin, such as Hertha BSC, which were still popular in East Berlin. Among the players delegated from SG Dynamo Dresden were Johannes Matzen, Herbert Schoen and Günter Schröter. The team played its first match as SC Dynamo Berlin against BSG Rotation Babelsberg on 21 November 1954 in the 1954-55 DDR-Oberliga.Günter Schröter (left) and Martin Skaba (right) during a match between ASK Vorwärts Berlin and SC Dynamo Berlin in 1959 Most players of the former SG Dynamo Dresden team had aged by the late 1950s. The team was now shaped by a new generation of players, including Martin Skaba, Werner Heine, Waldemar Mühlbächer, Hermann Bley and Konrad Dorner. SC Dynamo Berlin won its first trophy in the 1959 FDGB-Pokal. However, the team was not allowed to participate in the 1960–61 European Cup Winners' Cup. The East German Football Association (German: Deutscher Fußball-Verband der DDR) (DFV) decided that local rival and league runner-up ASK Vorwärts Berlin was a better representative. SC Dynamo Berlin had some success in the first seasons of the 1960s. The team finished runners-up in the 1960 DDR-Oberliga and reached the final of the 1961-62 FDGB-Pokal. However, SC Dynamo Berlin found itself overshadowed in the capital by the army-sponsored ASK Vorwärts Berlin. The team of SC Dynamo Berlin during the 1960s would eventually prove relatively weak. By the end of the 1962–63 DDR-Oberliga, SC Dynamo Berlin had become a lower-table side. Founding and rise (1966–1978) Main article: History of Berliner FC Dynamo (1954–1978) East German football was reorganized in 1965–1966 when the football departments of ten sports clubs (SC) were made into ten designated football clubs (FC). The football department of SC Dynamo Berlin became Berliner FC Dynamo. BFC Dynamo was founded on 15 January 1966. Manfred Kirste was elected club president and the SV Dynamo President Erich Mielke was made honorary president. The new designated football clubs were formed as centers of excellence in East German football, with the right to draw on talents within designated geographical and administrative areas. BFC Dynamo was initially assigned Bezirk Cottbus and one third of East Berlin as catchment area. BFC Dynamo was officially a club of the Ministry of the Interior and the club's official sponsor was the Volkspolizei. However, Honorary chairman Mielke was the head of the Stasi. BFC Dynamo would eventually come to receive personal, organizational and financial support from the Stasi. BFC Dynamo was relegated to the second-tier DDR-Liga in 1967 and consequently began a rejuvenation of the team. The team eventually dominated the DDR-Liga and immediately won promotion back to the DDR-Oberliga. One of the talented players from the youth department who were integrated into the first team in the late 1960s and early 1970s was midfielder Frank Terletzki. BFC Dynamo reached the final of the 1970-71 FDGB-Pokal. The team lost the final 1–2 in overtime to SG Dynamo Dresden, but qualified for the 1971-72 European Cup Winners' Cup as runner-up. The Ministry of Defense decided to relocate FC Vortwärts Berlin to Frankfurt an der Oder ahead of the 1971–72 season. BFC Dynamo and 1. FC Union Berlin were from now on the only major football clubs in East Berlin. BFC Dynamo was allowed to take over the catchment area in East Berlin that had previously belonged to FC Vorwärts Berlin. The team would also get the opportunity to play more matches at the larger and more centrally located Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark in Prenzlauer Berg, which led to increased interest in the club and growing attendance numbers. BFC Dynamo stood out among other teams within SV Dynamo. The team was located at the frontline of the Cold War. It was also a representative of the East German capital. This meant that the club had to be well equipped. BFC Dynamo would get access to a nationwide scouting network, which included numerous training centers (German: Trainingszentrum) (TZ) of SV Dynamo across East Germany. BFC Dynamo would eventually be able to recruit young talented players from 38 training centers (TZ) across East Germany. By comparison, 1. FC Union Berlin only had access to 6 training centers (TZ) in the Berlin area. Wolf-Rüdiger Netz (right) scores a header in the match against BSG Wismut Aue in 1974.The team was joined by forward Wolf-Rüdiger Netz from SG Dynamo Schwerin in 1971. BFC Dynamo made its first appearance in an UEFA Competition in the 1971-72 European Cup Winners' Cup. The team reached all the way to the semi-finals. BFC Dynamo thus became the first team from Berlin to reach the semi-finals in one of the two most prestigious UEFA club competitions (the European Cup and the European Cup Winners' Cup). BFC Dynamo was eventually eliminated by Dynamo Moscow in the semi-finals, after a penalty shoot-out in the return leg. Harry Nippert became the new coach in 1973. BFC Dynamo also recruited midfielder and national team player Reinhard Lauck from relegated 1. FC Union Berlin the same year. BFC Dynamo had the youngest team in the league in the 1975-76 DDR-Oberliga, with an average age of 22.5 years. Talented players from the youth department were continuously integrated into the first team in the 1970s, such as Hans-Jürgen Riediger, Lutz Eigendorf, Norbert Trieloff and Bodo Rudwaleit. BFC Dynamo established itself as a top team in the DDR-Oberliga in the mid-1970s. 30-year-old Jürgen Bogs became the new coach in 1977. Golden era (1978–1989) Main article: History of Berliner FC Dynamo (1978–1989) BFC Dynamo had developed a very successful youth academy. Numerous players from the youth department were integrated into the first team during the 1970s. The average age in the team was only 22.8 years at the start of the 1978–79 season. BFC Dynamo under Jürgen Bogs played an aggressive football that focused on attacking. The team of BFC Dynamo after winning its first title in the DDR-Oberliga in 1979. BFC Dynamo had a very successful start in the 1978-79 DDR-Oberliga and became Herbstmeister. The team reached the 1979 FDGB-Pokal final, but was defeated by 1. FC Magdeburg. Midfielder Lutz Eigendorf defected to West Germany on 20 March 1979 in connection with a friendly match in Kaiserslautern. His defection was considered a slap in the face of the East German regime; Eigendorf had been one of the most promising players in East Germany. BFC Dynamo eventually won its first DDR-Oberliga title in 1979. The team broke several league records during the 1978–79 season, such as: most number of matches won since the start of a season (10), most number of unbeaten matches since the start of a season (22), most goals scored in one season under the current format (75) and the biggest win in the DDR-Oberliga in the last 30 years (10–0 against BSG Sachsenring Zwickau on the 17th matchday). Hans-Jürgen Riediger became second best goalscorer in the 1978-79 DDR-Oberliga with 20 goals. BFC Dynamo made its debut in the European Cup in 1979. The team reached the quarter-finals of the 1979–80 European Cup, where it faced Nottingham Forest under Brian Clough. The team won the first leg 0–1 away, after a goal by Riediger. BFC Dynamo thus became the first German team to defeat an English team in England in the European Cup. The team won its second consecutive DDR-Oberliga title in 1980, after defeating first-placed SG Dynamo Dresden 1–0 on the final matchday in front of 30,000 spectators at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark. The East Germany national football team won silver medal at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. BFC Dynamo was represented by five players in the squad: Bodo Rudwaleit, Artur Ullrich, Norbert Trieloff, Frank Terletzki and Wolf-Rüdiger Netz. All five played in the final against Czechoslovakia. More talented players from the youth department were integrated into the first team in the late 1970s and early 1980s, such as Rainer Ernst, Bernd Schulz, Frank Rohde and Christian Backs. BFC Dynamo won the league again in 1981, after defeating second-placed FC Carl Zeiss Jena 2–1 in a deciding match on the final matchday. BFC Dynamo reached the 1982 FDGB-Pokal final, but lost to SG Dynamo Dresen in a penalty shoot-out. The team won its fourth consecutive league title in 1982, after defeating 1. FC Magdeburg 4–0 on the 23rd matchday. Supporters of BFC Dynamo invaded the pitch of the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark in celebration of the league title. It was the first pitch invasion by the supporters of BFC Dynamo in the DDR-Oberliga. Hans-Jürgen Riediger in the match against Hamburger SV in the 1982-83 European Cup at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark. BFC Dynamo was drawn against West German champion Hamburger SV in the first round of the 1982-83 European Cup. The first leg was played at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark. The Stasi feared riots, political demonstrations and supporters who might express sympathy for West German stars. Only 2,000 tickets were allowed for ordinary fans. The rest was instead allocated to a politically hand-picked audience. BFC Dynamo defender Norbert Trieloff later said: "When we came out for that game, we realized something was wrong." The match ended 1–1, with a goal by Riediger. BFC Dynamo was eventually eliminated after a 2–0 defeat at the Volksparkstadion in the return leg. Key players on the team in the 1982–83 season were Bodo Rudwaleit, Christian Backs, Rainer Troppa, Frank Rohde, Frank Terletzki, Hans-Jürgen Riediger, Norbert Trieloff, Artur Ullrich, Michael Noack, Ralf Sträßer and Rainer Ernst. BFC Dynamo had come to dominate the DDR-Oberliga by 1982. The team went through the entire 1982-83 DDR-Oberliga undefeated. BFC Dynamo was defeated 1–2 by FC Karl-Marx-Stadt on the seventh matchday of the 1983-84 DDR-Oberliga. It was the first loss since the 22nd matchday of the 1981-82 DDR-Oberliga. BFC Dynamo had then been undefeated in 36 matches, which set a new record in the DDR-Oberliga for the longest unbeaten run. BFC Dynamo was drawn against FK Partizan Belgrade in the second round of the 1983-84 European Cup. Players Falko Götz and Dirk Schlegel defected to West Germany during a shopping tour in Belgrade the day before the second leg. The talented 18-year old forward Andreas Thom from the youth department was given the chance to make his international debut in the match as a replacement for Götz. BFC Dynamo was eventually elminated by AS Roma in the quarter finals of 1983-84 European Cup. It was the fourth time in five seasons that BFC Dynamo had been eliminated in the European Cup by an eventual finalist; three times had BFC Dynamo been eliminated by the champion: Nottingham Forrest in 1979, Aston Villa in 1981 and Hamburger SV in 1982. BFC Dynamo captured its sixth consecutive league in 1984. Rainer Ernst became the best goal scorer in the 1983-84 DDR-Oberliga with 20 goals. BFC Dynamo reached the 1984 FDGB-Pokal final, but lost to SG Dynamo Dresden. The team of BFC Dynamo celebrates its sixth DDR-Oberlig title in 1985. BFC Dynamo recruited Frank Pastor from relegated HFC Chemie in 1984. The team was drawn against Aberdeen FC under Alex Ferguson in the first round of the 1984–85 European Cup. BFC Dynamo eventually won the round after dramatic penalty shoot-out at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark in the return leg. Goalkeeper Bodo Rudwaleit saved the last two penalty kicks for Aberdeen FC. BFC Dynamo finished the 1984-85 DDR-Oberliga in first place, six points ahead of SG Dynamo Dresden. The team had scored a total of 90 goals in 1984-85 DDR-Oberliga, which set a new record. No team would ever score more goals in one season in the DDR-Oberliga. With 24 goals, Rainer Ernst was once again the best goal scorer in the league. Frank Pastor was the second best goal scorer in the league with 22 goals. BFC Dynamo reached the 1985 FDGB-Pokal final, but was again defeated by SC Dynamo Dresden in the final. BFC Dynamo was in first place in the league before the winter break 1985–1986. The team faced 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig on the 18th matchday of the 1985-86 DDR-Oberliga. 1. FC Lokomotiv Leipzig led the match 1–0 in overtime. BFC Dynamo was then awarded a penalty in the 95th minute by referee Bernd Stumpf. Frank Pastor converted the penalty and the match ended in a 1–1 draw. The penalty was highly controversial and would later become known as the "Shame penalty of Leipzig". BFC Dynamo won the 1985-86 DDR-Oberliga. The team finished just two points ahead of runner-up 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig. Main article: Controversy, complaints and sanctions BFC Dynamo had the best material conditions in the league and the best team by far. But controversial refereeing decisions in favor of BFC Dynamo gave rise to speculation that the dominance of BFC Dynamo was not solely due to athletic performance, but also due to help from referees. BFC Dynamo was a representative of both the Stasi and the capital. The team was therefore viewed with more suspicion than affection. The overbearing success of BFC Dynamo in the 1980s made fans of opposing teams easily aroused as to what they saw as manipulation by bent referees. The team was met with aggression and shouts such as "Bent champions!" (German: Schiebermeister) and "Jews Berlin!" (German: Juden Berlin) at away matches. Complaints of alleged referee bias accumulated into the hundreds in the mid-1980s. The East German Football Association (DFV) eventually conducted an internal analysis of the 1984–85 season. Among other things, the analysis found that BFC Dynamo had earned only one third of the yellow cards incurred by rival SG Dynamo Dresden. A review was also made of the final of the 1985 FDGB-Pokal final between BFC Dynamo and SG Dynamo Dresden. This analysis concluded that 30 percent of the referee decisions were wrong, and found that 80 percent of those had been of disadvantage to SG Dynamo Dresden. A number of referees were sanctioned for their performances in matches involving BFC Dynamo in the following months, including the referees involved in the 1985 cup final. A particularly controversial episode was the penalty awarded to BFC Dynamo by referee Bernd Stumpf in extra time in the match between 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig and BFC Dynamo in March 1986. The penalty caused a wave of protests. SED General Secretary Erich Honecker Erich Honecker and the Secretary for Security, Youth and Sport of the SED Central Committee Egon Krenz were fed up with the "football question" and the "BFC-discussion". Honecker wanted quiet. An example was consequently made out of referee Stumpf. He was permanently banned from refereeing by the DFV. The sanctions against Stumpf were approved by Honecker and Krenz in the SED Central Committee. However, a previously unknown video recording of the match was published by Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk (MDR) in 2000. The video recording showed that the penalty was correctly awarded and that the sanctions against Stumpf were unjustified. In an interview in 2000, Stumpf said: "The people have never understood, how this Leipzig game was used by the highest officials in the party and government." The benefit of controlling important matches in Western Europe might have put indirect pressure on the referees to take preventive measures, in so-called preventive obedience. In order pursue an international career, a referee would need a travel permit, confirmed by the Stasi. It became known after the German reunification that several referees had also been Unofficial collaborators (IM) of the Stasi. However, there is no evidence to show that referees were under direct instructions from the Stasi and no document has ever been found in the archives that gave the Stasi a mandate to bribe referees. "I can imagine there was referee manipulation due to the immense pressure from the government and Ministry for State Security. That could have made some referees nervous and influenced their decisions. But we were the strongest team at the time. We didn't need their help." Falko Götz The picture that the success of BFC Dynamo relied upon referee bias is dismissed by former BFC Dynamo players and coaches. Some of them admit that there might have been cases of referee bias, but they all insist that it was the thoroughness of their youth work and the quality of their play that earned them their titles. Former coach Jürgen Bogs has said: "You cannot postpone 26 matches in one season in the DDR-Oberliga. At that time we had the best football team". German author Steffen Karas claims that BFC Dynamo only scored nine match-deciding goals in the 86th minute or later, in the 218 matches it won or drew during its ten championship years. Supported by numerous training centers (TZ) of the SV Dynamo sports association, BFC Dynamo was able to filter the best talents through nationwide screening and train them in its youth academy. The youth academy had full-time trainers employed for every age group. As the coach of the DDR-Oberliga team, Bogs worked with modern training methods, such as video evalutations, which was not yet common in East Germany. The club also applied heart rate and lactate measurements during training, which only came to the Bundesliga many years later. Former referee Bernd Heynemann has concluded: "The BFC is not ten times champions because the referees only whistled for Dynamo. They were already strong as a bear." Andreas Thom during a match against SG Dynamo Dresden in 1988. BFC Dynamo recruited 20-year-old Thomas Doll from relegated F.C. Hansa Rostock in 1986. Doll and Andreas Thom would form one of the most effective attacking duos in East German football in the late 1980s. The 1986–87 and 1987-88 seasons saw renewed competition in the DDR-Oberliga. BFC Dynamo eventually won its tenth consecutive league title in 1988. The 1987-88 DDR-Oberliga was won on goal difference in the final matchday. Andreas Thom became the best goalscorer in 1987-88 DDR-Oberliga with 20 goals. The team then defeated FC Carl Zeiss Jena in the 1988 FDGB-Pokal final and finally completed the Double. Thom was voted the 1988 East German footballer of the year. The team celebrates the victory in the 1989 FDGB-Pokal final at the Stadion der Weltjugend. BFC Dynamo was drawn against West German champion SV Werder Bremen in the first round of the 1988-89 European Cup. BFC Dynamo sensationally won the first leg 3–0 at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark. However, the team lost the return leg at the Weser-Stadion with 0–5. The return leg would become known as the second "Miracle on the Weser". BFC Dynamo defeated FC Karl-Marx-Stadt in the 1989 FDGB-Pokal final and won its second consecutive cup title. SG Dynamo Dresden eventually broke the dominance of BFC Dynamo in the DDR-Oberliga in the 1988-89 season. BFC Dynamo finished the 1988-89 DDR-Oberliga as runner-up, and SG Dynamo Dresden became the new champion. Coach Bogs was replaced by Helmut Jäschke after the 1988–89 season. As the cup winner, BFC Dynamo was set to play the new league champion SG Dynamo Dresden in the first edition of the DFV-Supercup. BFC Dynamo won the match 4-1 and became the first and, eventually, only winner of the DFV-Supercup in the history of East German football. FC Berlin, decline and insolvency (1989–2004) Main article: History of Berliner FC Dynamo (1989–2004) The team of FC Berlin at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Stadion in 1990.The 1989–90 season was marked by the political change in East Germany. The Berlin Wall was opened on 9 November 1989 and people in East Berlin could now travel freely to West Berlin. Andreas Thom was signed to Bayer Leverkusen. He left the team during the winter break 1989–1990 and became the first player in the DDR-Oberliga to be transferred to the West German Bundesliga after the fall of the Berlin Wall. The Stasi was definitively dissolved on 13 January 1990 and thus BFC Dynamo lost a major sponsor. The East German Ministry of the Interior announced that it was only prepared to support the club until the end of the 1989–90 season and the fate of the club was uncertain. BFC Dynamo was eventually rebranded as FC Berlin on 19 February 1990. The team finished the 1989-90 DDR-Oberliga in fourth place and failed for the first time in a long time to qualify for an UEFA competition. Thomas Doll and Frank Rohde left for Hamburger SV and Rainer Ernst for 1. FC Kaiserslautern after the season. FC Berlin forward Dirk Rehbein in a match against HFC Chemie in 1990. Jürgen Bogs returned as coach in 1990. FC Berlin finished the 1990-91 NOFV-Oberliga in 11th place, but qualified for the play-off for the 2. Bundesliga. The team just narrowly failed to qualify for the 2. Bundesliga. More players left the team after 1990–91 season, including Heiko Bonan for VfL Bochum, Burkhard Reich for Karlsruher SC and Hendrik Herzog for FC Schalke 04. The 1991–92 season was the first season when teams from East Germany and teams from West Germany played in the same league system. The NOFV-Oberliga was now at third tier in the German football league system. Sweeper Heiko Brestrich returned the club in 1991. The team was also joined by defender Jens Reckmann from the youth department the same year. FC Berlin dominated the 1991-92 NOFV-Oberliga, but failed for the second season in a row to qualify for the 2. Bundesliga. FC Berlin lost 11 players after the 1991–92 season. In total, the club lost two complete teams in the first year or two after the fall of the Berlin Wall: 22 players had left for the Bundesliga and 13 players for the 2. Bundesliga. After failing to qualify for the 2. Bundesliga in 1991 and 1992, FC Berlin had to continue at amateur level. The club now had to rely heavily on its youth department to supply the team with new players. Coach Bogs resigned in September 1993 and was replaced by Helmut Koch. FC Berlin managed to qualify for the new Regionalliga Nordost in 1994. The reinstated Regionalliga formed the new third tier. The 1994-95 Regionalliga Nordost involved new derbies against 1. FC Union Berlin and new matches against several other well-known opponents. FC Berlin struggled in the 1994-95 Regionalliga Nordost but managed to retain is place in the league. The highlight of the 1995-96 Regionaliga Nordost were new duels with 1. FC Dynamo Dresden. The two teams had not met since 1991.: 116  Due to a threat of relegation, coach Koch was dismissed in October 1995. He was succeeded by former player and youth coach Werner Voigt. Defender Mario Maek also returned to the team at the same time. FC Berlin organized one of the biggest youth football tournaments so far in the eastern part of the country in April 1996. As many as 30 youth teams from clubs such as Chelsea F.C., Feyenoord, SK Rapid Wien, FC Spartak Moscow, FC Bayern München and Borussia Dortmund participated. FC Berlin finished the 1995-96 Regionaliga Nordost in 13th place. Club President Volkmar Wanski announced in November 1996 that the financial reserves had been used up; the millions of Deutsche Mark that the club had made from player transfers in the early 1990s were now gone. Defender Jörn Lenz returned to the team during the winter break 1997–1998. Lenz would be a key player for several seasons to come. The successes in the Regionalliga did not materialize; FC Berlin remained a lower-table side. Coach Voigt eventually left for 1. FC Dynamo Dresden in March 1998. Henry Häusler became new coach in the summer of 1998. Among the key players in the team in the 1998–99 season were Heiko Brestrich, Jörn Lenz, Mario Kallnik and Mario Maek. Coach Häusler was already dismissed in April 1999, due to repeated public criticism of the team. The club took back its old club name of BFC Dynamo on 8 May 1999. BFC Dynamo defeated Berlin Turkspor 1965 4–1 in the final of the 1998-99 Berlin Cup and finally won its first Berlin Cup title. Brestrich scored two goals, Ayhan Gezen one goal and Maek one goal for BFC Dynamo in the final. Former FC Rot-Weiß Erfurt-player and coach Klaus Goldbach became new coach at the end of the season. BFC Dynamo recruited goalkeeper Nico Thomaschewski from 1. FC Union Berlin in 1999. BFC Dynamo suffered a period of crisis during the autumn of 1999; the club had run into financial difficulties, and the team had plummeted down the league after several matches without a single win. Heiko Brestrich was sacked after a protest against coach Goldbach. Eventually, Jürgen Bogs returned for his third stint as coach in December 1999. Hans Reker became the new sports director in January 2000. Through Reker, BFC Dynamo finally got a promising main sponsor in the form of the software company Lipro AG. However, the struggle in the league continued and BFC Dynamo finished the 1999-2000 Regionalliga in 17th place. The team was thus relegated to NOFV-Oberliga Nord; for the first time, BFC Dynamo was a fourth-tier team. After six years in office, Club President Wanski resigned in June 2000, in protest against Lipro AG's demand for influence. About a dozen new players were signed in the summer of 2000, including five Romanian players, four of whom were former national team players. Social democratic SPD-politician Karin Halsch became the new club president in September 2000. BFC Dynamo finished the 2000–01 NOFV-Oberliga Nord in first place. Striker Dennis Kozlov became the top scorer in the league with 29 goals. The team faced 1. FC Magdeburg in the play-off for the Regionalliga Nord. However, two weeks before the first leg, it had become clear that the club was in major financial trouble. Players had not received their salaries for months and the club was behind on insurance payments. BFC Dynamo lost the play-off after a 5–2 defeat away in the second leg. Several players left the team immediately after the season. The insurance company AOK eventually filed for insolvency against BFC Dynamo in June 2001. Shortly afterwards, Halsch resigned as club president and Reker took over as acting president. The club's total debts were now estimated at 5.5 millions Deutsche Mark. BFC Dynamo tried to initiate a partnership with FC Dynamo Moscow, but the plans led nowhere. BFC Dynamo needed 30,000 Deutsche Mark by 31 October 2001 to open insolvency proceedings, but the club did not have the money. If insolvency proceedings could not be opened, the club would go bankcrupt. Supporters of BFC Dynamo staged a demonstration march from Sportforum Hohenschönhausen to Rotes Rathaus to save the club. Also former players such as Hans-Jürgen Riediger, Rainer Troppa, Waldemar Ksienzyk and Heiko Brestrich, planned to participate. A sponsor group around former club president Wanski eventually came forward at the last second and offered the money. FC Berlin was said to have made millions from player sales after Die Wende. The club was for a time considered the richest amateur club in Germany. But not all the money had gone to the club. Some had also gone to SV Dynamo, the East German Football Association (DFV) and agents. The club's reputation as a former Stasi club made it difficult to win new sponsors. The club was also plagued by hooliganism which repeatedly made negative headlines. FC Berlin failed to qualify for the 2. Bundesliga and never progressed beyond third tier. Average attendance was only a couple of hundreds in the beginning of the 1990s. FC Berlin ran a large youth department which at one point cost 400,000 Deutsche Marks a year. At the end of 1996, the club had no money left in its bank accounts and Club President Volkmar Wanski would need to support the club with annual personal financial contributions. In 2000, the club finally got a promising main sponsor in the form of Lipro AG and made a bid to reach the third tier. However, the millions from Lipro AG later turned out to be loans. Insolvency proceedings were opened on 1 November 2001. BFC Dynamo was automatically relegated to the Verbandsliga Berlin and had to continue under amateur conditions. Only three players from the former squad remained for the first mandatory friendly match, including new team captain Piotr Rowicki. Jörn Lenz left for VfB Leipzig and Nico Thomaschewski for SV Babelsberg 03. Also coach Bogs left. Mario Maek took over as new coach on a voluntary basis assisted by goalkeeping coach Bodo Rudwaleit. Entrepreneur Mike Peters was elected as the new club president in May 2022. BFC Dynamo was estimated to have debts of around 2,2 million Euros. The preferential claims of about 200,000 Euros seemed insurmountable, but supporters negotiated with creditors and received numerous waivers, and also raised thousands of Euros themselves. In addition, the new presidium around Peters gave a large financial contribution to the insolvency plan. Peters also committed to funding a large part of the budget for the upcoming season. BFC Dynamo had to start over in the sixth-tier Verbandsliga Berlin in 2002. Nico Tomaschewski returned to the team in 2002. The team was also joined by young defender Robert Rudwaleit from the reserve team the same year. Robert Rudwaleit was the son of Bodo Rudwaleit. BFC Dynamo finished its first season in the Verbandsliga Berlin in third place. Jörn Lenz then returned to the team in 2003. BFC Dynamo also recruited forward Danny Kukulies from SC Pfullendorf the same year. The insolvency situation was complex. The club had 170 creditors and it was uncertain whether the insolvency proceedings would end successfully. BFC Dynamo eventually finished the 2003-04 Verbandsliga Berlin in first place and won promotion back to the NOFV-Oberliga Nord. The team won all 17 matches in the second half of the league season, which set new record in the Verbandsliga Berlin. Kukulies became the top scorer in the league with 32 goals. Finally, the insolvency proceedings also came to a positive conclusion after a meeting with the creditors at the Charlottenburg District Court on 8 June 2004. Consolidation (2004-2014) Main article: History of Berliner FC Dynamo (2004–present) Mario Weinkauf was elected as the new club president in June 2004. Former player Christian Backs became the new coach for NOFV-Oberliga Nord. Key players on the team in the 2004–05 season were Robert Rudwaleit, Nico Thomaschewski, Dennis Kutrieb, Jörn Lenz and Danny Kukulies. Coach Backs left for Berliner AK 07 in April 2005, due to financial disagreements with the club. Former FC Vorwärts Berlin player Jürgen Piepenburg became the new coach in the summer of 2005. The 2005-06 NOFV-Oberliga Nord involved new derbies with 1. FC Union Berlin. BFC Dynamo lost the first meeting with 1. FC Union Berlin 8–0. Coach Piepenberg was dismissed immediately after the match. Israeli fashion brand JetLag became the new main sponsor at the beginning of 2006. The return match against 1. FC Union Berlin was played at the Stadion im Sportforum in May 2006. The score was 1-1 when supporters of BFC Dynamo invaded the pitch to storm the away block. The match was abandoned and 1. FC Union Berlin was awarded a 2–0 victory. The Stadion im Sportforum in May 2006. The riots in the match against 1. FC Union Berlin in May 2006 threw the club into a new financial crisis. The club's finances were eventually saved by the sponsor Infinity-Net Telekom GmbH. The company's owner Peter Meyer became the new strong man in the club. A power struggle developed between main sponsor Meyer and President Weinkauf. Weinkauf was eventually dismissed in a vote of no confidence at the annual meeting in June 2007. Meyer became the new chairman of the Economic Council and practically club manager. The Turkish company Gökis Getränkegroßhandel became the new shirt sponsor for the 2007–08 season. The company's manager Gökhan Kazan also became member of the Economic Council. BFC Dynamo played a friendly match against Hertha BSC in July 2007. The match was played under the motto "Against violence and racism". Before the match, Meyer publicly declared that "anyone who shouts Nazi slogans will be thrown out of the stadium". BFC Dynamo recruited midfielder Christian Preiß in 2008. Norbert Uhlig was elected as the new club president in October 2008. BFC Dynamo was undefeated in the first ten matches of the 2008-09 NOFV-Oberliga Nord. However, all hopes of promotion were dashed after a 2–4 loss against first-placed Tennis Borussia Berlin before the winter break. BFC Dynamo finished the 2008-09 NOFV-Oberliga Nord as runner-up. Christian Backs returned as coach in the summer of 2009. BFC Dynamo also recruited forward Nico Patschinski from 1. FC Union Berlin. The team had a successful start to the 2009-10 NOFV-Oberliga Nord. BFC Dynamo lost only one match in the first 14 matchdays, but failed to keep pace with first-placed FC Energie Cottbus II in the second half of the league season. Coach Backs was dismissed before Easter 2010 and former player Heiko Bonan took over as coach. BFC Dynamo also finished the 2009-10 NOFV-Oberliga Nord as runner-up. The team reached the final of the 2009-10 Berlin Cup. BFC Dynamo lost the final 2–1 against Berliner AK 07. 100-150 supporters of BFC Dynamo stormed the pitch after the final whistle. Forward Matthias Steinborn from the youth department became a regular player in the team in 2010. The results in the 2010-11 NOFV-Oberliga Nord were mediocre, but the team had more success in the Berlin Cup. BFC Dynamo defeated SFC Stern 1900 2–0 in the final of the 2010–11 Berlin Cup. BFC Dynamo had thus won its first Berlin Cup title in 12 years and was qualified for the 2011–12 DFB-Pokal; the victory in the cup was also worth 100,000 Euros in bonuses from the German Football Association (DFB). BFC Dynamo was drawn against 1. FC Kaiserslautern in the first round of the 2011–12 DFB-Pokal. The match was played in front of 10,104 spectators at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark. BFC Dynamo lost the match 0–3. Serious riots broke out among supporters of BFC Dynamo after the match. The club was subsequently fined 12,000 Euros by the DFB Sports Court. BFC Dynamo saw a decline in the league and finished the 2011-12 NOFV-Oberliga Nord in 13th place. The highly popular Turkish-born Volkan Uluc returned as coach in 2012. Uluc had previously coached BFC Dynamo from 2007 to 2009. BFC Dynamo conceded just one loss in the first 14 matchdays in the 2012-13 NOFV-Oberliga Nord and was a top team in the league. The team finished the season in third place in the league. BFC Dynamo then defeated SV Lichtenberg 47 1–0 in the final of the 2012–13 Berlin Cup in front of 6,381 spectators at the Friedrich-Ludig-Jahn-Sportpark. The attendance set a new record for a Berlin Cup final since German reunification. BFC Dynamo recruited Senegalese striker Djibril N'Diaye in 2013. N'Diaye quickly became a crowd favourite, known as "Dieter". BFC Dynamo came to dominate the 2013-14 NOFV-Oberliga Nord. The league title was secured on the 22nd matchday and the team would go through the entire league season undefeated. BFC Dynamo eventually finished the 2013-14 NOFV-Oberliga Nord 34 points ahead of second-placed Brandenburger SC Süd 05. Christian Preiß had scored 15 goals and N'Diaye 12 goals in the league. BFC Dynamo had thus finally won promotion to the Regionalliga Nordost after 10 years in the NOFV-Oberliga Nord. Regionalliga Nordost (2014-present) Main article: History of Berliner FC Dynamo (2004–present) The mascot of BFC Dynamo "Teddy" in 2018. The 2014–15 season saw the return of BFC Dynamo to live television. Thomas Stratos became new coach in November 2014. BFC Dynamo defeated SV Tasmania Berlin 2–1 in the 2014–15 Berlin Cup final in front of 6,914 spectators at Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark and won their fourth Berlin Cup title. The attendance set a new record for a Berlin Cup final since German reunification. BFC Dynamo signed a number of players with 3. Liga experience in 2015, such as Brazilian midfielder Thiago Rockenbach, forward Dennis Srbeny and goalkeeper Bernhard Hendl. The team was also joined by midfielder Kai Pröger. The club celebrated its 50th anniversary on 15 January 2016. The anniversary was celebrated with around 1,000 guests in the Loewe Saal in the locality of Moabit. Among the guests were former players and coaches such as Peter Rohde, Frank Terletzki, Wolf-Rüdiger Netz, Jürgen Bogs, Artur Ullrich, Bernd Schulz, Frank Rohde, Andreas Thom and Thomas Doll. Midfielder Joey Breitfeld from the youth department made his debut for BFC Dynamo in the Regionalliga Nordost in February 2016. BFC Dynamo finished the 2015-16 Regionalliga Nordost in fourth place. René Rydlewicz became the new coach in the summer of 2016. BFC Dynamo reached the final of the 2016-17 Berlin Cup. The team defeated FC Viktoria 1889 Berlin 3–1 in the final, after two goals by Pröger in extra time. BFC Dynamo signed Azerbaijani striker and national team player Rufat Dadashov as well as midfielder Philip Schulz in 2017. The team drew FC Schalke 04 in the first round of the 2017-18 DFB-Pokal. BFC Dynamo lost the match 0–2 in front of 14,114 spectators at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark. The attendance was the highest for BFC Dynamo since the match between BFC Dynamo and AS Monaco in the 1989–90 European Cup Winners' Cup in November 1989. BFC Dynamo finished the 2017-18 Regionalliga Nordost in 4th place. Dadashov became the top scorer in the league with 25 goals in 25 games. The team again reached the final of the Berlin Cup. BFC Dynamo defeated Berliner SC 2–1 in the final of the 2017–18 Berlin Cup to claim its second consecutive Berlin Cup title. Dadashov scored both goals for BFC Dynamo in the final. BFC Dynamo signed defender Chris Reher in 2018. BFC Dynamo played 1. FC Köln in the first round of the 2018-19 DFB-Pokal. The match was played at the Olympiastadion. The match was attended by 14,357 spectators, which was a new record for BFC Dynamo since the fall of the Berlin Wall. Christian Benbennek became the new coach during the summer of 2019. The 2019-20 Regionalliga Nordost was suspended due to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. BFC Dynamo arranged a virtual match against the fictional team FC Corona on 18 April 2020 to raise money for the club. The virtual match was played at the no longer existing Stadion der Weltjugend. The club sold a total of 50,000 tickets for the match. The team was joined by midfielder Alexander Siebeck in 2020. Also the 2020-21 Regionalliga Nordost was suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic. BFC Dynamo defeated Berliner AK 07 2–1 in the final of the 2019-20 Berlin Cup to claim its seventh Berlin Cup title. Chris Reher with the ball during the match between BFC Dynamo and 1. FC Köln in the 2018-19 DFB-Pokal. BFC Dynamo recruited forward Christian Beck in 2021. Key players in the team in the 2021–22 season were Christian Beck, Dmitri Stajila, Chris Reher, Alexander Siebeck, Michael Blum, Andreas Pollasch, Joey Breitfeld, Darryl Geurts, Andor Bolyki, Niklas Brandt and Philip Schulz. BFC Dynamo drew VfB Stuttgart in the first round of the 2021-22 DFB-Pokal. The match was played at the Stadion im Sportforum. It was the first DFB-Pokal match at the Stadion im Sportforum since FC Berlin played SC Freiburg at the stadium in the 1991–92 DFB-Pokal. BFC Dynamo lost the match 0–6. BFC Dynamo had great success in the 2021-22 Regionalliga Nordost and became Herbstmeister. The club saw the biggest increase in membership of any club in Berlin in 2021, apart from Hertha BSC and 1. FC Union Berlin; membership increased by 51 percent in 2021. BFC Dynamo finished the 2021–22 Regionalliga Nordost in first place and had finally claimed its first ever Regionalliga title. Christian Beck became the top scorer in the league with 23 goals. BFC Dynamo faced VfB Oldenburg from the Regionalliga Nord in the play-off for the 3. Liga. BFC Dynamo eventually lost the play-off on goal difference, having lost the first leg at home and won the second leg away. Colours and crest The colours of BFC Dynamo are claret and white. The colours were inherited from SC Dynamo Berlin and followed the claret colour scheme of SV Dynamo. BFC Dynamo has been playing in claret and white since the club's founding, with the exception of a period in the 1990s. The BFC Dynamo home kit has traditionally been a claret shirt, paired with claret or white shorts and socks. The team is occasionally nicknamed "die Weinroten", which means "the Clarets". The club was rebranded as FC Berlin on 19 February 1990. A pure white was set as the new match colour with immediate effect. FC Berlin then adopted a red and white colour scheme. In the eyes of the supporters, the red and white kit looked a lot like 1. FC Union Berlin. The club played in red and white home kits for most of the FC Berlin era, but wore a black and red striped home shirt, paired with black shorts and socks from the 1996–97 season through the 1998–99 season. The club eventually returned to its original club name on 3 May 1999 and consequently also later returned to its traditional colour scheme. The BFC Dynamo away kit has traditionally been a white shirt, paired with claret or white shorts and socks. However, a variety of away kits have been used at different times. The team used green away shirts from the end of the 1960s until the mid-1970s. Green was the colour of the Volkspolizei, which was the official sponsor of BFC Dynamo during the East German era. The green away shirt was then exchanged for a white away shirt, paired with red or white shorts and socks. The team used entirely red away kits during the 1981–82 and 1982–83 seasons. The red away kit was then exchanged for an entirely claret away kit. The team again used white away shirts from the 1985–86 season. The 1985–86 season also saw the instruction of an alternative claret and white diagonally striped away shirt. The diagonally striped away shirt would be used for the rest of the 1980s. Crest history of BFC Dynamo, from left to right: as SC Dynamo Berlin (1954–1966), as FC Berlin (spring 1990–1999) as FC Berlin (early 1990) and then as BFC Dynamo (1966–1990, 1999–2009, 2023–). The crest of BFC Dynamo during the East German era featured a stylized "D" for SV Dynamo and the lettering "BFC" in red and yellow on a white background, surrounded by a yellow wreath. BFC Dynamo abandoned its East German crest when the club was rebranded as FC Berlin on 19 February 1990. The club used two different crests during the FC Berlin era. The first crest featured a stylized image of the roof of the Brandenburg Gate with the lettering "FCB" underneath and the club name "Fussballclub Berlin" in capital letters at the bottom, in white on a red background. It was only briefly used at the beginning of the FC Berlin era in 1990.: 102–103  The second crest featured a stylized image of a football with the Brandenburg Gate in front, the lettering "FCB" at the top and the club name "FC Berlin" at the bottom, in red on a white background. This crest was used from the spring of 1990 until the end of the FC Berlin era.: 102–103  BFC Dynamo reclaimed its East German crest when the club returned to its original club name on 3 May 1999. But the club was no longer in possession of the crest. The club had neglected to seek legal protection for its East German crest after German reunification. The neglect was likely due to managerial inexperience. Protection of trademarks was neither necessary nor common in East Germany. The crest was now owned by Peter Klaus-Dieter Mager, commonly known as "Pepe". Pepe Mager was a famous fan of Hertha BSC and a fan merchandise dealer. The club tried to recover the crest from Mager though court action, without success. The ownership of the crest was instead passed on to Rayk Bernt and his company RA-BE Immobilien- und Handelsgesellschaft mbH. The crest used by BFC Dynamo from 2009 to 2023. BFC Dynamo continued to use the disputed crest on its kits and webpage. But the club would have to ask the owner of the crest every time it wanted to have a pennant made and was unable to exploit the commercial value of the crest for its own benefit. The legal situation around the crest would also have caused problems in the event of an advance to the Regionalliga, as the German football Association (DFB) required clubs to own their crests. In order establish independence, the club finally decided to adopt a new crest in 2009. The new crest abandoned the traditional stylized "D" and the lettering "BFC", as they would have met legal obstacles. The new crest featured a black Berlin bear on claret and white stripes, together with the club name and the founding year. The first version of the new crest sparked controversy. The word "fußball" in the club name had been written in lower case with a double "s" instead of the graphene "ß". This was contrary to German spelling rules, where it is only permissible to write "fußball" with a double "s" when the word is written in upper case. Club President Norbert Uhlig ensured that there was absolutely no ulterior motive behind the spelling and claimed that the word had always been spelled like that on club pennants and scarfs. The Chairman of the Economic Council Peter Meyer later claimed that the spelling was a deliberate marketing ploy, in order to have new crest immediately known across Germany. A second version of the crest was soon made public, where the club name was written in upper case. The new crest was used by BFC Dynamo from the 2009–10 season. BFC Dynamo finally managed to win back the traditional crest in 2022, through the Chairman of the Economic Council Peter Meyer. Meyer had acquired the rights to the crest through one of his companies. From the 2023–24 season, BFC Dynamo is once again playing with its traditional crest. The traditional crest was displayed for the first time since its reintroduction in a friendly match against Hertha BSC in front of more than 10,000 spectators at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 7 July 2023. Ownership of the traditional crest Many clubs in East Germany rushed to drop their East German names during the Peaceful revolution. BFC Dynamo was among the clubs to do so, in an attempt to distance the club from the Stasi. The club was rebranded as FC Berlin on 19 February 1990 and consequently abandoned its East German crest. Pepe Mager was a famous fan of Hertha BSC and fan merchandise dealer. Mager had organized away trips for the fans Hertha in the early 1960s and was one of the founders of the notorious supporter group "Hertha-Frösche". He now sold his own fan merchandise from a mobile stand outside the Olympiastadion. Mager inquired with the register of associations in Charlottenburg in 1991 about all deleted names of East German clubs. He immediately found BFC Dynamo and saw business opportunities. Mager claimed that he first secured the former crest of BFC Dynamo for 80 Deutsche Mark in 1992. The name FC Berlin never became popular with the fans. Fans continued to identify themselves with the former name and crest. An overwhelming majority voted for the club to take back its original club name at the club's general meeting on 3 May 1999. Of the 135 present, 125 voted in favor, three against and seven abstained. BFC Dynamo thus reclaimed its East German crest, but the rights to the crest now belonged to Mager. Mager had registered the crest in his name at the German Patent and Trademark Office on 13 May 1997. BFC Dynamo contacted Mager for a co-operation, but an agreement could not be reached. Mager held the opinion that the club should buy its merchandise from him, or simply buy the rights to the crest. He later informed the club that he had received interest from foreign buyers and offered the club to buy the rights. He claimed that the crest was worth 200,000 Deutsche Mark. BFC Dynamo on the other hand claimed that the crest should legally belong to the club. The club sued Mager in court on 20 November 2000, but eventually lost the case. The club decided to suspend the legal dispute with Mager in the summer of 2001 and instead wanted to find a solution outside court. Mager was repeatedly exposed to minor threats from the environment around BFC Dynamo and eventually sold the crest to Rayk Bernt and his company RA-BE Immobilien- und Handelsgesellschaft mbH for a price of 50,000 Deutsche Mark in June 2002. Bernt was a close associate of André Sommer. Bernt and Sommer had assisted the club at the opening of the insolvency proceedings in 2001–2002. Both were long time fans of BFC Dynamo. But the duo was controversial for their connections to Hells Angels. Bernt and Sommer were almost as restrictive towards the club when it came to the crest as Mager had been. Bernt organized the production of fan merchandise in his own regime. The club would have to ask his company every time it wanted to have a pennant made. Bernt and Sommer usually agreed, manufactured the pennant and then sold it at their own fan merchandise stand at the stadium. BFC Dynamo continued to use the crest and would at times be given ten percent of the revenues from their sales. The club eventually offered 5,000 Euros for the crest, but was turned down. Sponsor Peter Meyer was also said to have offered 150,000 Euros for the buyback. Bernt demanded a seven-digit sum, according to former Club President Mario Weinkauf. The lawyer representing RA-BE Immobilien- und Handelsgesellschaft mbH allegedly claimed the crest was worth around 600,000 Euros at the time. The traditional crest of BFC Dynamo at the back of the main stand of the Stadion im Sportforum in 2023. President Weinkauf planned to recover the rights to the former crest with the help of Thomas Thiel and the company Treasure AG before the general meeting on 23 June 2007. Thiel was a co-owner of Treasure AG, which was intended as a new major sponsor. Bernt sold parts of the rights to the former crest to Thiel. The price was allegedly a six-digit sum. According to the plan, the club would be given the rights of use to the crest. The profits would thus go to the club. The club would pay a symbolic sum of 1 Euro per month for the rights of use. BFC Dynamo would then have a right of first refusal after the ten-year contract had expired and thus have the opportunity to eventually acquire ownership of the crest. However, Weinkauf was ultimately rejected by club members in a vote of no-confidence at the general meeting on 23 June 2007. Weinkauf would then be contacted by the former president of Tennis Borussia Berlin Peter Antony. Treasure AG became a sponsor of Tennis Borussia Berlin instead and Weinkauf would later become president of the club. Thiel sold his rights to the crest back to Bernt and his company BFC Dynamo Vermarktungsgesellschaft m.b.H in 2009. The rights to the old crest where subsequently controlled again by the company RA-BE Immobilien- und Handelsgesellschaft mbH. The company is controlled by Bernt, who sold occasional items with the former crest at his own webpage. However, RA-BE Immobilien- und Handelsgesellschaft mbH transferred its rights to company AXXON AG in 2022. In connection with the club's 57th anniversary in 2023, the Chairman of the Economic Council Peter Meyer revealed in an exclusive interview with Berliner Kurier that he had acquired the rights to the crest for the club through one of his companies. After more than 13 years, the traditional crest was finally back with the club. According to Berliner Kurier and Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk (MDR), a six-digit sum is said to have become due. Championship star The German Football League (DFL) introduced a system of championship stars in the 2004–05 season. The system was meant to honor the most successful teams in the Bundesliga by allowing teams to display stars on their shirts for the championships they have won. The system awarded one star for three titles, two stars for five titles, and three stars for ten titles. However, the system only counted titles won in the Bundesliga since the 1963–64 season. BFC Dynamo submitted an application to the DFL and the DFB on 9 August 2004 to receive three stars for its ten titles in the DDR-Oberliga. The club asked for equal rights and argued that the German Football Association (DFB) had absorbed the German Football Association of the GDR (DFV) with all its statistics, international matches and goal scorers. BFC Dynamo received support from Dynamo Dresden and 1. FC Magdeburg in its attempts to achieve recognition for East German titles. The DFL responded that it was not the responsible body, but the DFB remained silent for a long time. The DFB eventually declared itself responsible and recommended BFC Dynamo to submit a formal application for a new title symbol in accordance with a relevant paragraph. BFC Dynamo commissioned a law firm in Mitte in January 2005 and sent a new letter to the DFB. The DFB announced that the application from BFC Dynamo was going to be negotiated in a meeting with the DFB presidium. The meeting with the DFB presidium on 18 March 2005 agreed that all titles won in East Germany, as well all others titles won in Germany since the first recognized championship in 1903, should qualify for stars. However, the decision was subject to approval by the DFL. No final decision had yet been made by the DFB presidium. BFC Dynamo is allowed to wear one star inscribed with the number ten for its ten East German championships.However, BFC Dynamo took matters in its own hands and unilaterally emblazoned its shirts with three stars. The team displayed the three stars for the first time in the match against FC Energie Cottbus II in the NOFV-Oberliga Nord on 25 March 2005. The claim by BFC Dynamo was controversial because the club had been the favorite club of Erich Mielke and had had a connection to the Stasi during the East German era. Critics in the DFB environment pointed to politically influenced championships in East Germany. BFC Dynamo had been sponsored by the Stasi and had enjoyed advantages. The club had privileged access to talents and a permanent training camp at Uckley in Königs Wusterhausen. However, also other clubs in East Germany had enjoyed similar advantages, which put the DFB in a difficult situation. Also former East German referee and CDU parliamentarian Bernd Heynemann spoke out for recognition of all East German titles. The DFL rejected the application from the DFB and recommended the DFB to only honor clubs that were champions in the Bundesliga. However, the DFB chose to not follow the recommendation. The DFB presidium instead decided on a compromise solution on 19 July 2005 and adopted a new regulation for the 2005–06 season which gave all clubs the right to wear one single star for the championships they have won in the former East Germany and in Germany since 1903. Clubs were also allowed to indicate the number of championships they have won in the center of the star. The regulation only applies to clubs playing in a league under the DFB umbrella. It does not apply to clubs playing in the 2. Bundesliga and Bundesliga, which are organized by the DFL. The new regulation meant that BFC Dynamo was finally allowed to emblazon its shirts with a championship star. The regulation also affected other former East German teams including Dynamo Dresden with its eight titles, 1. FC Frankfurt with its six titles and Magdeburg with its three titles in the Oberliga. BFC Dynamo has since then used the championship star in accordance with DFB graphic standards, displaying a star inscribed with the number ten for its ten East German titles. Stadiums Main article: Stadion im Sportforum The long-time home and training facility of BFC Dynamo is the Sportforum Hohenschönhausen in Alt-Hohenschönhausen in Berlin. The sports complex is the location of the club offices and the clubhouse. It is also the base of the youth teams. More than 20 youth teams of BFC Dynamo regularly train at the facilities. The Sportforum Hohenschönhausen is considered the spiritual home of the club. The Sportforum Hohenschönhausen was also known as the Dynamo-Sportforum during the East German era. The sports complex was built as a training center for elite sport and was home to sports club SC Dynamo Berlin, with its many departments and squads. Development began in 1954 and expansion continued into the 1980s. The Sportforum is still unique as of today. The sports complex covers an area of 45 to 50 hectares and comprises 35 sports facilities as of 2020. A match between SC Dynamo Berlin and SC Turbine Erfurt at the Walter-Ulbricht-Stadion in 1959.SC Dynamo Berlin played its first season at the large Walter-Ulbricht-Stadion in Mitte. The team moved its home matches to the football stadium in the Dynamo-Sportforum for the short transitional 1955 season. SC Dynamo Berlin then returned to the Walter-Ulbricht-Stadion for the 1956 season. The team would play at the Walter-Ublricht-Stadion for the rest of the 1950s. SC Dynamo Berlin eventually moved its home matches permanently to the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum after the construction of the Berlin wall began on 13 August 1961. The football stadium in the Dynamo-Sportforum held a capacity of 10,000 spectators at the beginning of the 1961–62 season. The team drew average attendances between 3,000 and 6,000 spectators in the DDR-Oberliga at the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum in the 1960s. The highlights were matches against local rival ASK Vorwärts Berlin and the various top teams during the period. The capacity of the football stadium in the Dynamo-Sportforum was gradually expanded during the 1960s. A match between BFC Dynamo and BSG Chemie Leipzig at the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum in 1966.BFC Dynamo began playing occasional matches that required floodlights at the larger Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark in Prenzlauer Berg from November 1968. The Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark was the home ground of FC Vorwärts Berlin at the time. However, the stadium became vacant when FC Vorwärts Berlin was relocated to Frankfurt an der Oder on 31 July 1971. BFC Dynamo played its home matches in the 1971-72 European Cup Winners' Cup at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark. The matches against Åtvidabergs FF in the quarter-finals on 22 March 1972 and FC Dynamo Moscow in the semi-finals on 5 April 1972 were each attended by 30,000 spectators. The team also played two home matches in the 1971-72 DDR-Oberliga at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark. However, more matches at the stadium were not possible after the summer of 1972, as the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark was then undergoing extensive renovation for the upcoming 10th World Festival of Youth and Students. BFC Dynamo was qualified for the 1972-73 UEFA Cup. However, neither the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark nor the Walter-Ulbricht-Stadion were available for the upcoming UEFA Cup matches. Both were undergoing extensive renovation for the 10th World Festival of Youth and Students. Instead, the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum underwent a complete transformation in just five weeks between the end of July 1972 and September 1972. The capacity of the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum was now expanded to 20,000 spectators. BFC Dynamo played all home matches in the 1972-73 UEFA Cup at the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum. The attendance of 20,000 spectators during the match against Liverpool on 29 November 1972 is still a record attendance for the stadium. BFC Dynamo remained at the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum for a couple more seasons. The team saw rising attendance numbers at the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum during the 1970s. An average of 12,000 people attended the last six matches of BFC Dynamo at the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum in the second half of the 1973–74 season. The match between BFC Dynamo and 1. FC Magdeburg in the 1974-75 DDR-Oberliga at the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum on 8 March 1975 was attended by a whole 19,000 spectators. A match between BFC Dynamo and SG Dynamo Dresden in front of 25,000 spectators at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark in 1976. BFC Dynamo eventually moved its home matches to the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark for the 1975–76 season, due to upcoming repair work at the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum. The move was meant to be temporary, but eventually became permanent. The Dynamo-Sportforum would primarily serve as a training facility from then and the football stadium would be used mostly by the reserve team BFC Dynamo II. The Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark held a capacity of 30,00 spectators in the 1975–76 season The average home attendance of 16,538 spectators for BFC Dynamo at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Stadion in the 1975-76 DDR-Oberliga is the highest average league attendance in club history. BFC Dynamo celebrated nine of its ten DDR-Oberliga titles in the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Stadium. The team also played most of its home matches in the UEFA competitions at the stadium. BFC Dynamo hosted teams such as Shakhtar Donetsk, Red Star Belgrade, Nottingham Forest, Hamburger SV, Aston Villa, AS Roma FC Aberdeen at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Stadium in the 1970s and 1980. However, all matches in the derby against 1. FC Union Berlin were played at the neutral Stadion der Weltjugend from the 1976–77 season for security reasons. A permanent training camp for BFC Dynamo was built in Uckley in the Zernsdorf district of Königs Wusterhausen in Bezirk Potsdam at the end of the 1960s. It was located in the woods and completely sealed off from the surroundings. The training camp covered an area of around 10 hectares. The complex was equipped with a boarding school, several football pitches, a sports hall, a swimming pool, a fitness area and a sauna. The team would gather in Uckley days before its European matches. The players would have access to catering facilities, a nearby lake, a bowling alley, a cinema and pinball machines, among other things. The team of BFC Dynamo in front of the new grandstand of the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark in 1987.BFC Dynamo moved its home matches temporary to the Dynamo-Sportforum for the 1986–87 season, as the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark was undrgoing redevelopment during the season for the upcoming 750th anniversary of Berlin. The team also played its home matches in the 1986-87 European Cup at the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum. The team then returned to the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark for the 1987–88 season. The Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark now had a new four storey grandstand and new floodlight masts. The current grandstand and the floodlights of the stadium dates from this time. The club was rebranded as FC Berlin after Die Wende. FC Berlin moved permanently to the Stadion im Sportforum at the beginning of the 1992–93 season. The team would remain in the Sportforum Hohenschönhausen for many seasons to come. The capacity of the Stadion im Sportforum had been reduced to about 12,000 spectators by 1992. FC Berlin only drew an average of a couple of hundred spectators per match at the Stadion im Sportforum in the early and mid-90s. The highlights were the matches against 1. FC Union Berlin. FC Berlin under Club President Volkmar Wanski announced plans in April 1998 to buy and modernize the stadium. However, the plans never materialized. The team saw rising attendance numbers at the Stadion im Sportforum at the end of the 1990s. Active supporters of BFC Dynamo were traditionally found at the northern curved end, popularly known as the Nordwall stand. 4,220 spectators watched the match between BFC Dynamo and Union Berlin at the Stadion im Sportforum on 23 November 1999. Supporters of BFC Dynamo installed new bucket seats on the main stand and built a new clubhouse next to the main stand of the Stadion im Sportforum in 2001–2003. The Stadion im Sportforum was then equipped with a 25-metre player tunnel and plexiglass-clad coaching benches in November 2004. BFC Dynamo made new plans for a modern football stadium in the Sportforum Hohenschönhausen in 2006 under Club President Mario Weinkauf. The club now wanted to build a new modern stadium for 10,000–15,000 spectators. However, these plans did not materialize either. The Stadion im Sportforum was closed at the end of the 2005–06 season following the riots during the match between BFC Dynamo and Union Berlin on 13 May 2006. BFC Dynamo temporarily had to move to the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark. The stadium was then refurbished in 2006–2007 to increase safety and meet the requirements of the NOFV. The refurbishment included a new fence. A match between BFC Dynamo and SV Babelsberg 03 in 2017.BFC Dynamo won promotion to the Regionalliga Nordost at the end of the 2013–14 season. The team moved permanently to the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark for the 2014–15 season, due to increased media and spectator interest following its promotion. The 2014-15 Regionalliga Nordost meant matches against well-known opponents such as 1. FC Magdeburg and FC Carl Zeiss Jena. The more central location of the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark was seen by the club as an opportunity to attract more spectators. The match between BFC Dynamo and 1. FC Magdeburg on 8 November 2014 was attended by 5,103 spectators. Active supporters of BFC Dynamo have traditionally been found on the main stand, and on the side opposite the main stand (German: die Gegengerade) of the Friedrich Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark. The match between BFC Dynamo and FC Schalke 04 in the first round of the 2018-19 DFB-Pokal at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 17 August 2017 was watched by 14,117 spectators. The attendance was the highest attendance for BFC Dynamo since the fall of the Berlin wall. The average league attendance of BFC Dynamo in the 2017-18 Regionalliga Nordost would also be the highest average league attendance of BFC Dynamo since the 1990-91 season. The Stadion im Sportforum in 2023. BFC Dynamo had to play a number of matches at the Stadion im Sportforum at the end of the 2018–19 season due to safety issues relating to the dilapidated floodlights at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark. The move was greeted by some supporters as a move to the true home of the club. The club was then set to return to the Sportforum in the 2020–21 season as the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark was planned to be demolished for a complete redevelopment. The team was allowed to continue play in the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark until 31 December 2020. BFC Dynamo then officially announced on 21 March 2021 that the club was going to move back to the Sportforum Hohenschönhausen for the next season. An illustration of the new large stadium in the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark seen from the Mauerpark. The Stadion im Sportforum was equipped with a floodlight system in April 2021. The club organized a work effort in the summer of 2021 to get the stadium in shape for the upcoming Regionalliga season. Supporters of BFC Dynamo gathered and cleared sections of the old stadium from weeds. Members of the interest group IG BFC'er also restored the iconic manual scoreboard above the curved end towards the Weißenseer Weg in time for the first home match of the 2021–22 season against Energie Cottbus on 28 July 2021. The attendance for BFC Dynamo at the Stadion im Sportforum in the 2021-22 Regionalliga Nordost was almost tripled compared to the last comparable league season before the COVID-19 pandemic. 3,219 people watched the match between BFC Dynamo and FC Carl Zeiss Jena on 10 April 2022. Future stadium The large stadium in the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark is planned to be demolished towards the end of 2024 for a complete redevelopment. The new stadium in the Fredrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark is designed as an inclusive sports facility. The stadium will hold 20,000 spectators and meet the requirements for play in the 3. Liga and 2. Bundesliga. BFC Dynamo will be able to play matches at the new stadium. The new stadium in the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark is planned to be opened towards the end of 2027. Supporters and rivalries Main article: Supporters and rivals of Berliner FC Dynamo History BFC Dynamo initially had modest support, but with its growing successes in the 1970s, the club began to attract young fans, primarily from the central areas around the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark, such as Prenzlauer Berg and Mitte. Many came from working class families in Prenzlauer Berg. The supporter scene became a focal point for various subcultures in the late 1970s and beginning of the 1980s. There were punks, rockers, hippies and a few early skinheads. Some were left-leaning and others were right-leaning. "We provoked with chants and slogans ... We were right, left, punk, hippie, skinhead. We were direct and provocative, kind and evil, in love, or drunk. Cool words were always well received. Right or left, I don't want to classify one. We were all in our fan group against the GDR, rebellion!" – A fan of BFC Dynamo in the 1980s Young people were gradually attracted by the provocative image of the club. One supporter recalled that the 1980s "were my greatest years, as we always had glorious success in provoking other fans". The supporter scene of BFC Dynamo was acclaimed as creative and humorous. One fan of BFC Dynamo said: "Our goal is to always do something that nobody expects!" The West had a great influence on the supporter scene and fashion played a big role. Football supporters in East Berlin shared a sense of superiority over their counterparts in the regional districts. This was also the case with the supporters of 1. FC Union Berlin, but notably with the supporters of BFC Dynamo. Football-related violence spread in East Germany in the 1970s. The hatred of opposing fans welded the supporters of BFC Dynamo together. The supporters of BFC Dynamo responded to the hostile environment and learned to compensate their smaller numbers by being more aggressive and better organized. They would eventually gain a reputation for being particularly organized and violent. The development in the supporter scene eventually caught the attention of the authorities. The Stasi would try to control the supporter scene with a broad catalogue of repressive measures. Numerous supporters of BFC Dynamo were sentenced to long and short prison terms in the 1980s. More and more supporters of BFC Dynamo adopted skinhead fashion in the early 1980s. Skinhead fashion was now considered the most provocative outfit. From the mid-1980s, the supporter scene had increasingly come to be associated with skinhead fashion and far-right tendencies. Right-wing slogans and fascist chants were regarded as particularly challenging forms of provocations, as anti-fascism was state doctrine and Nazism officially did not exist in East Germany. One supporter of BFC Dynamo said: "The scene wasn't right-wing, we did describe ourselves as right-wing, but that was more of a pure provocation, none of us really knew anything about politics. But to raise your arm in front of the cops was a real kick, for some Vopos's, their whole world collapsed". The first East German hooligan group developed from the supporter scene of BFC Dynamo. The development was partly a response to the increasing state repression against the supporter scene; the more violence the Stasi used, the more radicalized supporters became. An organized hooligan scene that was unique in East Germany would eventually develop at BFC Dynamo in the late 1980s. The 1987-88 FDGB-Pokal final between BFC Dynamo and FC Carl Zeiss Jena saw some of the most serious violence ever witnessed at a football match in East Germany. Around 300 supporters of BFC Dynamo tried to invade the pitch at the victory ceremony, causing extensive damage. They were only stopped by forces from the Volkspolizei and the Stasi Guards Regiment "Felix E. Dzerzhinsky". Supporters of FC Berlin commemorate Mike Polley at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 10 November 1990.A wave of violence swept through the football stadiums of East Germany in 1990. One of the largest hooligan scenes in Germany was formed around FC Berlin. Expensive sportswear was now the new fashion in the supporter scene; brands such as Adidas, Iceberg, Diesel and Ray Ban became popular.: 88–89  18-year-old FC Berlin supporter Mike Polley was shot dead by police during riots in connection with the away match against FC Sachsen Leipzig on 3 November 1990. The police had fired between 50 and 100 shots in about a minute. Supporters of FC Berlin organized a funeral march for Polley with 1,000 participants in Prenzlauer Berg on 10 November 1990. An investigation against ten police officers was opened after the shootings, but closed in April 1992. The exact circumstances around the death of Polley was never clarified. Stadium attendance at FC Berlin collapsed in 1990. Ordinary supporters disappeared and only young supporters remained. The violent faction of FC Berlin came to shape the entire 1990–91 season. Serious riots broke out in Rostock in connection with the match between FC Hansa Rostock and FC Berlin on 16 March 1991. A group of 500–600 supporters of FC Berlin had travelled to the match with a special train. Supporters of FC Berlin devastated a shopping street in central Rostock and clashed with the police. 21 people, including nine police officers, were injured in the turmoil. The hooligan scene of FC Berlin at the beginning of the 1990s was considered the most notorious for years in Germany. Hooligans of FC Berlin were subsequently involved in numerous fights in stadiums, woods and meadows. In the years after German reunification, the club's eternal outsider image attracted people from the underground. Playing for meager crowds in regional leagues, the club eventually became a meeting place for individuals from Berlin's far-right, hooligan and criminal underground. The FC Berlin mob remained by far the largest in the New states of Germany in the mid-1990s. The hooligan scene around FC Berlin counted 500 people in 1996. There were several outbreaks of violent hooliganism among supporters of BFC Dynamo in the late 1990s and early 2000s. The period also saw several controversial police operations against BFC Dynamo supporters, including the raid on the Jeton discothèque in Friedrichshain after a football fan tournament in the Sportforum Hohenschönhausen in August 2005, with 39 people injured, and the violent intervention against BFC Dynamo supporters during the away match against Tennis Borussia Berlin in December 2008, with 58 persons injured, including seven police officers. Contemporary supporter scene The contemporary supporter scene of BFC Dynamo contains various categories of supporters, ranging from older supporters to younger ultras. Older supporters constitute an essential part of the supporter scene. Many are active in the supporter group 79er. The supporter scene played an important part in saving the club from bankruptcy in 2001. Supporters threw parties and organized collections, made donations and travelled to countries such as Austria and Switzerland to convince creditors to accept smaller pay-offs in order to save the cub. The insolvency crisis remains a defining moment for older supporters. For a long time, the supporter scene arranged an annual Mike-Polley-Gedenkturnier, which was a football fan tournament in memory of Mike Polley. A march in memory of Polley in Leipzig in 2018 was attended by 850 supporters of BFC Dynamo. New groups of younger ultra-oriented supporters have emerged since the 2000s. Supporter group Fraktion H was founded in 2006 by younger supporters who wanted to create more atmosphere in the stadium. A minor ultras scene then emerged with the founding of Ultras BFC in 2011. The ultras of BFC Dynamo have initiated campaigns such as "Brown is not Claret" and have also engaged in football tournaments for refugees. The club has encouraged the new groups of younger supporters and club management has taken a stand against racism and right-wing extremism. BFC Dynamo engages in active fan work and has taken measures to control violent elements, to exclude known violators and to distance itself from radical supporters. Far-right symbols and slogans are not tolerated by the club. The Chairman of the Economic Council Peter Meyer stated publicly in connection with a friendly match against Hertha BSC in 2007 that the club did not want people who cannot follow the rules and that "anyone who shouts Nazi slogans will be thrown out of the stadium". A large number of stadium bans has been issued by the club since the 2000s. No riots has occurred since 2011. BFC Dynamo is affiliated with Fanprojekt Berlin. The contemporary supporter scene of BFC Dynamo scene includes groups such as 79er, Mythos BFC, Fraktion H, Piefkes, Riot Sport, Black Boys Dynamo, Bärenbande, Gegengerade, Hipstercrew, Sektion Süddeutschland, Banda Invicta and Kollektiv Brandenburg. Gegengerade is a left wing-oriented supporter group. A number of supporters of FC Berlin were members of the "Anti-Fascist Football Fan Initiative" (AFFI) even back in 1993. Supporters of BFC Dynamo have occasionally displayed a banner in the stadium that reads "There Is A Light That Never Goes Out", with a reference to 1980s British cult band The Smiths. The BFC Dynamo supporter scene traditionally organizes an annual fan tournament in the Sportforum Hohenschönhausen. The ninth edition in May 2024 was won by a multicultural team with players from Syria, Palestine, Asia and Germany, who had been invited to the tournament by the supporter scene. One of the most well-known books in Germany about the supporter scene of BFC Dynamo is "Der BFC war schuld am Mauerbau" by author and BFC Dynamo fan Andreas Gläser (de). The book was first published in 2002 and describes the supporter scene from the late 1970s and forward. The book "Stadionpartisanen - Fans und Hooligans in der DDR", by author Frank Willmann (de), first published in 2007, also contains extensive interviews with BFC Dynamo supporters from the late 1970s and forward. The book "Riot Boys!" by Jochen Schramm, published posthumously in 1995, depicts the supporter scene of BFC Dynamo in the early 1980s and contains stories of violent away trips. BFC Dynamo, its reputation and supporter scene, was the theme of stage play "Dynamoland" by Gudrun Herrbold. The play was set up in 2007 and involved young football players from BFC Dynamo as well as Andreas Gläser and Sven Friedrich, who is the owner of the clothing store Hoolywood and a BFC Dynamo fan. In an interview with football magazine 11 Freunde about the play, Friedrich stated that he doesn't want to have anything to do with Nazis. Gläser, clarified that they both come from the ”alternative spectrum”. The clothing store Hoolywood on Schönhauser Allee in Prenzlauer Berg was founded at the beginning of the 1990s. The owner of the store, Sven Friedrich, was involved in the supporter scene of BFC Dynamo in the East German era. The store has been an advertising partner of BFC Dynamo. German rap musician Joe Rilla (de) has dedicated a song to BFC Dynamo. The song is called "Heb die Faust Hoch (BFC Dynamo Straßenhymne)" and was released in 2008. Joe Rilla comes from the locality of Marzahn and has a background in the BFC Dynamo hooligan scene. Organization Current board and management The BFC Dynamo office in the stadium building in the Sportforum Hohenschönhausen. As of 24 March 2024 Berliner Fussball Club Dynamo e. V. Presidium Member Position Norbert Uhlig President Karsten Valentin Vice President Sven Radicke Treasurer Economic Council Member Position Peter Meyer Chairman Falk Stoltmann Member Dennis Wisbar Member Other officials Name Position Angelo Vier Sports director Tobias Bluhm Head of youth department Rainer Lüdtke Fan representative Andreas Utzki Representative for fans with disabilities Mike Fidorra Security officer Martin Richter Spokesperson Patrick Skrzipek Club photographer Presidential history No. Name Period Notes 1 Manfred Kirste 1966–1988 2 Herbert Krafft 1988–1990 3 Jürgen Bogs 1990 4 Dr. Klaus Janz 1990 5 Dr. Wolfgang Hösrich 1990–1994 6 Eberhard Landmann 1994–1995 7 Klaus Bittroff 1995 8 Volkmar Wanski 1995–2000 9 Hans Reker 2000 10 Karin Halsch 2000–2001 11 Hans Reker 2001 - Office vacant 2001–2002 12 Mike Peters 2002–2004 13 Mario Weinkauf 2004–2007 14 Frank Berton 2007–2008 15 Norbert Uhlig 2008– Players Current squad As of 1 August 2023 Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. No. Pos. Nation Player 2 DF  GER John Liebelt 4 DF  GER Felix Meyer 5 DF  GER Steffen Eder 7 FW  GER Tugay Uzan 8 MF  GER Mc Moordy Hüther 9 FW  AZE Rufat Dadashov 10 MF  GER Julian Wießmeier 11 FW  GER Louis Malina 12 GK  GER Paul Hainke 13 DF  GER Chris Reher (Captain) 14 MF  GER Joey Breitfeld 15 MF  IRQ David Haidar Al-Azzawe No. Pos. Nation Player 17 DF  GER Ben Meyer 18 MF  GER Alexander Siebeck 20 FW  KOS Erlind Zogjani 21 FW  GER Vasileios Dedidis 22 DF  GER Arthur Ekallé 23 DF  GER Leonidas Tiliudis 24 MF  GER Karim El Abed 25 FW  GER Tobias Stockinger 26 FW  BIH Amar Suljić 27 FW  USA Dominic Duncan 28 MF  GER Patrick Sussek 34 GK  GER Leon Bätge 79 GK  GER Kevin Sommer Notable past players Goalkeeper Bodo Rudwaleit played 318 matches for BFC Dynamo in the DDR-Oberliga between 1976 and 1989. Many players of BFC Dynamo of the 1970s and 1980s played for the East Germany national team. Some would later become players or coaches in the Bundesliga and play for Germany national team. The list includes players with 100 appearances for SC Dynamo Berlin and BFC Dynamo at professional level and who have also played for their national team. The flag indicates the national team they last played for. The players are sorted chronologically by the date of their first appearance with the first team of SC Dynamo Berlin or BFC Dynamo in a competitive match. Herbert Maschke (1954–1963) Günter Schröter (1954–1963) Werner Heine (1955–1966) Waldemar Mühlbächer (1956–1968) Martin Skaba (1956–1968) Hermann Bley (1958–1968) Konrad Dorner (1958–1968) Jochen Carow (1964–1975) Harald Schütze (1966–1977) Werner Lihsa (1967–1975) Ralf Schulenberg (1969–1976) Frank Terletzki (1969–1986) Wolf-Rüdiger Netz (1971–1984) Hans-Jürgen Riediger (1973–1983) Reinhard Lauck (1973–1980) Norbert Trieloff (1974–1987) Lutz Eigendorf (1974–1979) Michael Noack (1974–1984) Bodo Rudwaleit (1976–1989) Ralf Sträßer (1976–1984) Rainer Troppa (1976–1989) Artur Ullrich (1977–1986) Rainer Ernst (1979–1990) Bernd Schulz (1979–1989) Christian Backs (1980–1991) Frank Rohde (1980–1990) Andreas Thom (1983–1990) Waldemar Ksienzyk (1984–1991) Frank Pastor (1984–1989) Thomas Doll (1986–1990) Burkhard Reich (1986–1991) Coaches Current staff As of 14 September 2023 Coaching staff Dirk Kunert Head coach Nils Weiler Assistant coach Carsten Nulle Goalkeeping coach Medical department Nils Vielose Physiotherapist Sport management and organisation Jörn Lenz Team manager Frank Radicke Kit manager Stefan Malchow Coach history Jürgen Bogs was coach from 1977 to 1989, 1990 to 1993 and then from 1999 to 2001, and led BFC Dynamo to ten consecutive East German championships. SC Dynamo Berlin had six different coaches until the founding of BFC Dynamo in 1966. The first coach was Helmut Petzold, who was delegated along with the team of Dynamo Dresden to Dynamo Berlin and took office on 21 November 1954. Other coaches of Dynamo Berlin were Istvan Orczifalvi, Fritz Bachmann, János Gyarmati and Fritz Gödicke. Fritz Bachmann served as coach of Dynamo Berlin during the successful 1959 season. No. Coach Period Notes 1 Karl Schäffner 1965–1966 2 Bela Volentik 1966–1967 3 Karl Schäffner 1967–1968 4 Hans Geitel 1969–1972 5 Günter Schröter 1973 6 Harry Nippert 1973–1977 7 Jürgen Bogs 1977–1989 8 Helmut Jäschke 1989 9 Peter Rohde 1990 10 Jürgen Bogs 1990–1993 11 Helmut Koch 1993–1995 12 Dr. Dieter Fuchs 1995 13 Werner Voigt 1995–1998 14 Ingo Rentzsch 1998 15 Henry Häusler 1998–1999 16 Ingo Rentzsch 1999 17 Norbert Paepke 1999 18 Klaus Goldbach 1999 19 Jürgen Bogs 1999–2001 20 Mario Maek 2001–2002 21 Dirk Vollmar 2002–2003 22 Sven Orbanke 2003–2004 23 Christian Backs 2004–2005 24 Bodo Rudwaleit 2005 25 Rajko Fijalek 2005 26 Jürgen Piepenburg 2005 27 Rajko Fijalek 2005-2006 28 Nico Thomaschewski 2006 28 Jörn Lenz 2006 29 Ingo Rentzsch 2006 30 Nico Thomaschewski 2007 30 Jörn Lenz 2007 31 Volkan Uluç 2007–2009 32 Hakan Pinar 2009 33 Christian Backs 2009–2010 34 Heiko Bonan 2010–2011 35 René Gritschke 2011 36 Igor Lazić 2011 37 René Gritschke 2011–2012 38 Volkan Uluç 2012–2014 39 Martino Gatti 2014 40 Thomas Stratos 2014–2016 41 René Rydlewicz 2016–2018 42 Matthias Maucksch 2019 43 Christian Benbennek 2019–2022 44 Heiner Backhaus 2022-2023 45 Nils Weiler 2023 46 Dirk Kunert 2023-2024 ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Interim coach ^ a b c d Co-coach ^ a b c d Player-coach Honours The team celebrating the victory in the 1989 DFV-Supercup together with fans. Heiko Bonan is holding the trophy. BFC Dynamo was the most successful club in the DDR-Oberliga. The club won ten consecutive championships, which is a feat no other team in East Germany has matched. The DDR-Oberliga was rebranded as the NOFV-Oberliga from the 1990–91 season. The league was then replaced by the Bundesliga as the highest competition from the 1991–92 season, as East Germany had joined West Germany to form the reunited Germany. Domestic East German Champions Winners: (10) 1978–79, 1979–80, 1980–81, 1981–82, 1982–83, 1983–84, 1984–85, 1985–86, 1986–87, 1987–88 (record) Runners-up: (4) 1960, 1971–72, 1975–76, 1988–89 FDGB-Pokal Winners: (3) 1959, 1987–88, 1988–89 Runners-up: (6) 1961–62, 1970–71, 1978–79, 1981–82, 1983–84, 1984–85 DFV-Supercup Winners: 1989 Fuwo-Pokal (de) Runners-up: 1972 DDR-Liga (II) Winners: 1957, DDR-Liga Nord (II) Winners: 1967–68 DDR-Liga B (II) Winners: 1971–72 Runners-up: 1974–75 DDR-Liga A (II) Winners: 1984–85 ^ a b c d Won by SC Dynamo Berlin. ^ The Fuwo-Pokal was only arranged in 1972. All teams in the 1971-72 DDR-Oberliga took part in the cup. ^ a b c Won by BFC Dynamo II International European Cup Quarter-finals: 1979–80, 1983–84 European Cup Winners' Cup Semi-finals: 1971–72 Double DDR-Oberliga and FDGB-Pokal Winners: 1988 Regional Bezirksliga Berlin (III) Winners: 1966–67, 1983–84 Regionalliga Nordost (IV) Winners: 2021–22 NOFV-Oberliga Nord (III–V) Winners: 1991–92, 2000–01, 2013–14 Runners-up: 2008–09, 2009–10 Berlin-Liga (V) Winners: 2003–04 Berlin Cup (III–VII) Winners: (7) 1998–99, 2010–11, 2012–13, 2014–15, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2020–21 Runners-up: 1999–00, 2009–10 ^ a b Won by BFC Dynamo II Seasons See also: List of Berliner FC Dynamo seasons European competitions Season Competition Round Country Club Score 1961-62 International Football Cup Group stage Wiener SC 5-3, 2–1 DSO Spartak Hradec Králové 1-1, 0–1 Górnik Zabrze 1-5, 4–3 1971–72 European Cup Winners' Cup First round Cardiff City 1–1, 1–1, 6–5 (p) Second round K. Beerschot V.A.C. 3–1, 3–1 Quarter-finals Åtvidabergs FF 2–0, 2–2 Semi-finals Dynamo Moscow 1–1, 1–1, 1–4 (p) 1972–73 UEFA Cup First round Angers 1–1, 2–1 Second round Levski-Spartak Sofia 3–0, 0–2 Third round Liverpool 0–0, 1–3 1976–77 UEFA Cup First round Shakhtar Donetsk 0–3, 1–1 1978–79 UEFA Cup First round Red Star Belgrade 5–2, 1–4 1979–80 European Cup First round Ruch Chorzów 4–1, 0–0 Second round Servette 2–1, 2–2 Quarter-finals Nottingham Forest 1–0, 1–3 1980–81 European Cup First round APOEL 3–0, 1–2 Second round Baník Ostrava 0–0, 1–1 1981–82 European Cup Qualification Saint-Étienne 1–1, 2–0 First round Zürich 2–0, 1–3 Second round Aston Villa 1–2, 1–0 1982–83 European Cup First round Hamburger SV 1–1, 0–2 1983–84 European Cup First round Jeunesse Esch 4–1, 2–0 Second round Partizan 2–0, 0–1 Quarter-finals Roma 0–3, 2–1 1984–85 European Cup First round Aberdeen 1–2, 2–1, 5–4 (p) Second round Austria Wien 3–3, 1–2 1985–86 European Cup First round Austria Wien 0–2, 1–2 1986–87 European Cup First round Örgryte IS 3–2, 4–1 Second round Brøndby 1–2, 1–1 1987–88 European Cup First round Bordeaux 0–2, 0–2 1988–89 European Cup First round Werder Bremen 3–0, 0–5 1989–90 European Cup Winners' Cup First round Valur 2–1, 2–1 Second round Monaco 0–0, 1–1 1990 Intertoto Cup Group stage FC Bayer 05 Uerdingen 1-2, 0–3 Grasshopper Club Zürich 2-1, 3–1 NK Olimpija Ljubljana 1-1, 0–1 European record Competition Record G W D L Win % European Cup 38 15 8 15 039.47 UEFA Cup 10 3 3 4 030.00 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup 12 5 7 0 041.67 Intertoto Cup 12 5 2 5 041.67 Total 72 28 20 24 038.89 Youth department BFC Dynamo is known for a recognized youth work. The club had 23 youth teams in the 2021–22 season. There were 68 trainers and supervisors responsible for the youth teams in the club during the season. The youth teams range from U7 to U19 teams. The U17 team competes in the third tier B-Junior Verbandsliga Berlin and the U19 team competes in second tier A-Junior Regionalliga Nordost. The youth teams are based in the Sportforum Hohenschönhausen. There were more than 800 children and youth players in the club as of 2019. The number of youth players was 450 in 2022. Many children in the club comes from immigrant backgrounds or socially disadvantaged families. Over 60 percent of the youth players had immigrant background in 2022. BFC Dynamo helped football club FC Berlin 23 from neighbouring Storkower Straße in September 2021 and saved more than 40 to 50 children from the club, which was about to be dissolved. The club launched the so-called "Kita-projekt" in 2003. The Kita-projekt is a day care project that gives boys and girls aged 3 to 6 the opportunity to participate in sports on a regular basis. The Kita-projekt involved approximately 200 children from 16 day care centers in Berlin as of 2020. The majority of the children come from the localities or former boroughs of Lichtenberg, Hohenschönhausen, Karlshorst, Mitte, Weißensee and Pankow. The Kita-projekt was the first of its kind in Germany and has received several awards for its work with children. The former professional player of BFC Dynamo Jörn Lenz is the head of the Kita-projekt as of 2024. The so-called "Jugendförderverein" was founded in 2004. It is a registered voluntary association that aims to promote youth sports at BFC Dynamo. The Jugendförderverein has supported youth teams with equipment, covered costs for trips to tournaments and helped youth trainers to be able to obtain their trainer license. The Jugendförderverein relies on donations and voluntary work. Former Club President Mario Weinkauf was one of the seven founding members of the Jugenförderverein and briefly served as chairman of the association before he became club president. Weinkauf had also been a youth trainer in the club for some time. Youth academy during East German era BFC Dynamo had a very successful youth academy during the East German era. The youth department had full-time trainers available for all youth classes and access to the best material conditions in the Dynamo-Sportforum. There were no less than 40 full-time trainers in the club. Youth coaches were highly qualified and training in the Children and Youth Sports School (German: Kinder- und Jugendsportschule) (KJS) was extensive. The youth work at BFC Dynamo during the East German era was described as "absolutely leading" by former coach Jürgen Bogs, who had a background as coach of the junior team. It was also described as "exquisite" by former German sports journalist Horst Friedemann, who worked for Deutsches Sportecho and Kicker. The upper tier of elite clubs in East Germany had privileged access to talents within designated geographical and administrative areas. All designated football clubs were assigned one or two regional districts in East Germany as catchment areas at their founding in 1965–1966. BFC Dynamo was initially assigned Bezirk Cottbus and one third of the districts in East Berlin. The club was later allowed to take over the training centers (German: Trainingszentrum) (TZ) in East Berlin that had previously belonged to the catchment area of FC Vorwärts Berlin, when FC Vorwärts Berlin was relocated to Frankfurt an der Oder before the 1971-72 season. FC Vorwärts Frankfurt was in turn allowed to take over Bezirk Potsdam, which had previously belonged to the catchment area of 1. FC Union Berlin. However, BFC Dynamo, as well as FC Vorwärts Berlin and SG Dynamo Dresden, also had another structural advantage when it came to recruiting talents. Most sports associations (German: Sportvereinigung) (SV) were dissolved at the founding of the DTSB in 1957. But the sports associations SV Dynamo and ASV Vorwärts were allowed to continue exist. A decision in the SED Politburo in 1962 then stipulated that the sports associations SV Dynamo and ASV Vorwärts were allowed to set up sports communities in each location where they operated offices. This meant that SV Dynamo and ASV Vorwärts would be able to run sports communities across the country. BFC Dynamo would be able recruit talents from the youth departments of all sports communities (German: Sportgemeinschaft) (SG) of SV Dynamo in East Germany, except those in Bezirk Dresden and a number of other sports communities in the southern regional districts that instead belonged to the catchment area of SG Dynamo Dresden. The basis of the East German selection and screening system in competitive sports would eventually be formed by special training centers (TZ). SV Dynamo would operate numerous training centers across the whole of East Germany. The training centers were either assigned to BFC Dynamo or SG Dynamo Dresden, depending on catchment area. Training in these training centers were better than elsewhere. The work in the training centers was supervised and directed by BFC Dynamo. The best talents from the individual training centers were then brought together and selected in a multi-day screening session. BFC Dynamo would come to benefit from a nationwide scouting network, which included the partnership with Bezirk Cottbus and 33 training centers (TZ) of SV Dynamo. In total, BFC Dynamo had access to 38 training centers (TZ) across East Germany for the recruitment of talents. As a comparison, Union Berlin had only access to six training centers (TZ), all of which were located in the Berlin area. A number of football clubs became specially promoted focus clubs in the 1970 DFV Football Resolution. The focus clubs received additional financial support from the DTSB and other advantages. The DTSB would try to equip the new focus clubs with more staff as well as better material and technical conditions. BFC Dynamo became the focus club in East Berlin. In the 1976 DFV Football Resolution, focus club were also allowed delegate youth players from other football clubs. Focus clubs were also given the right to delegate 12 students to their affiliated Children and Youth Sports Schools (KJS) every year. Non-focus football clubs only had the right to delegate six students to their affiliated Children and Youth Sports School (KJS) every year. The elite Children and Youth Sports School (KJS) "Werner Seelenbinder" provided boarding and schooling for talented youth players of BFC Dynamo in the Dynamo-Sportforum. The Children and Youth Sports School (KJS) "Werner Seelenbinder" was affiliated to sports club SC Dynamo Berlin. The success of BFC Dynamo during the East German era was based on the club's extensive youth work. In 1975, there were as many as five national team players in the East Germany junior national football team among the club's youth players from the class of 1957. Only a fifth of the players who won the ten East German championships with BFC Dynamo were older than 18 years when they joined the club. The youth academy produced stars such as Lutz Eigendorf, Falko Götz and Andreas Thom. Most of the top performers of BFC Dynamo in the 1980s came through the club's own youth teams, including Frank Terletzki, Hans-Jürgen Riediger, Norbert Trieloff, Bodo Rudwaleit, Ralf Sträßer, Artur Ullrich, Rainer Ernst, Bernd Schulz, Christian Backs, Frank Rohde, Falko Götz, Jan Voß, Andreas Thom, Jörg Fügner, Hendrik Herzog and Marco Köller. Several former players of SC Dynamo Berlin and BFC Dynamo became youth trainers in the club after ending their playing careers, such as Herbert Schoen, Hermann Bley, Günter Schröter, Martin Skaba, Peter Rohde, Werner Voigt, Hartmut Pelka and Hans-Jürgen Riediger. Numerous players from East Germany joined West German clubs at the end of East Germany. Many came from BFC Dynamo. More than 110 players who had been trained in East Germany, primarily in a Children and Youth Sports School (KJS), would go on to play for West German or West Berlin clubs in the Bundesliga after the end of East Germany. German author Michael Peter has created a database for all players who had been trained in East Germany and who played for West German or West Berlin football clubs after 1990. For players born before 1976, BFC Dynamo was the biggest contributor. 98 players, born before 1976, came from the ten designated football clubs and SG Dynamo Dresden. 18 of these, came from BFC Dynamo. Honours Next Generation Oberliga (German: Nachwuchsoberliga) (de) Winners: 1981, 1991 Runners-up (6): 1979, 1983 East German Junior Championship (de) Winners: (5) 1960, 1978, 1979, 1987, 1991 Runners-up (6): 1967, 1974, 1976, 1977, 1988, 1989 East German Youth Championship (Youth FDJ-Pokal) (de) Winners: (4) 1967, 1972, 1975, 1987 Runners-up: 1983, 1989 East German Junior Cup (Junge Welt-Pokal) (de) Winners: (5) 1966, 1967, 1987, 1989, 1990 (record) East German Youth Cup (Youth FDGB-Pokal) Winners: (5) 1965, 1968, 1971, 1972, 1976 (record) ^ Corresponds to U21 level. The league existed from 1976 to 1983 and 1989 to 1991. The reserve teams of the 14 DDR-Oberliga clubs were no longer allowed to participate in the DDR-Liga after the 1975-76 season. The Junior Oberliga (de) was also disbanded after the season. The Next Generation Oberliga was introduced instead. Youth teams of the 14 DDR-Oberliga clubs were all eligible to start in the 1976-77 Next Generation Oberliga. Next Generation Oberliga was disbanded after the 1982-83 season. All teams were instead assigned to the third tier Bezirksliga. BFC Dynamo participated in the 1983-84 Bezirksliga Berlin with reserve team BFC Dynamo II. BFC Dynamo II won the 1983-84 Bezirksliga Berlin and qualified for the 1984-85 DDR-Liga A. ^ a b Won as FC Berlin. ^ a b Corresponds to U19 level. ^ a b Won by SC Dynamo Berlin. ^ a b Corresponds to U17 level. Explanatory notes ^ This was not the first or last relocation or transfer of entire football teams in East Germany at the time. Sports association SV Deutsche Volkpolizei relocated its three second-tier teams SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Potsdam, SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Weimar and SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Schwerin to sports communities in larger cities during the summer of 1952. SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Potsdam was relocated to Berlin, SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Weimar to Erfurt and SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Schwerin to Rostock. The team of SV Vorwärts der KVP Leipzig was relocated to East Berlin in 1953. The team continued the 1953-54 DDR-Oberliga as SV Vorwärts der KVP Berlin. SV Vorwärts der KVP Berlin then became ASK Vorwärts Berlin, which later became FC Vorwärts Berlin. The relatively successful team of BSG Empor Lauter and its place in the DDR-Oberliga was transferred to sports club SC Empor Rostock in 1954. The football department of SC Empor Rostock later became F.C. Hansa Rostock. The team of BSG Turbine Halle and its place in the DDR-Oberliga was transferred to sports club SC Chemie Halle-Leuna in 1954. The football department of SC Chemie Halle-Leuna later became Hallescher FC Chemie. ^ SG Dynamo Dresden itself had a background that involved political interference and player delegations. SG Dynamo Dresden was previously known as SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Dresden. When SG Friedrichstadt was forcibly dissolved by East German sports authorities after the 1949–50 DDR-Oberliga, the playing right in the DDR-Oberliga was transferred to SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Dresden. SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Dresden had previously played in the lower-tier Stadtliga Dresden and was thus able to enter the DDR-Oberliga without having to progress through divisions. In order to keep the place in the DDR-Oberliga, the team of SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Dresden would be reinforced with players from Volkspolizei teams all over the country. The head of the Volkspolizei Kurt Fischer ordered that best football players in the sports communities of the Volkspolizei around East Germany should be concentrated in the now first-tier SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Dresden. The 40 best players of the various Volkspolizei teams in East Germany were then brought together for a training session in Forst in July 1950. Coaches Fritz Sack and Paul Döring then picked out 17 players from 11 different cities who were delegated to Dresden to form the team. SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Potsdam lost its five best players to Dresden and was severely weakened. ^ SV Dynamo would eventually operate numerous training centers (TZ) across East Germany. The training centers were divided between BFC Dynamo and SG Dynamo Dresden depending on catchment area. ^ Only one of those goals came from a penalty. That penalty was the controversial penalty against 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig in the 1985-86 DDR-Oberliga on 22 March 1986, which was later proven to be correct. ^ Karin Halsch was known as Karin Seidel-Kalmutzki at the time. ^ The capacity was 12,000 at the beginning of the 1966–67 season and 14,000 at the beginning of the 1968–69 season. ^ Manfred Kirste was the first president and is the longest serving president. He served as president from 15 January 1966 to 30 August 1988. ^ Served as president until 19 February 1990. ^ Became acting president after the dismissal of Herbert Krafft on 19 February 1990. Bogs served as acting president until 27 May 1990. ^ Dr. Klaus Janz served as president until 15 October 1990. He asked to be relieved from the office due to professional stress as a lawyer. He continued as vice president. ^ Dr. Wolfgang Hösrich became president on 15 October 1990. He had a background as a club doctor for SC Dynamo Berlin and BFC Dynamo. Hösrich had previously served as vice president. The presidium under Dr. Wolfgang Hösrich was replaced by a new presidium under Eberhard Landmann on 20 May 1994. ^ Eberhard Landmann became president on 20 May 1994. Landmann was a former insurance salesman. He only served as president for nine months. ^ Klaus Bittroff was elected as the new president on 10 February 1995 with the votes 73-11. Volkmar Wanski was elected as one of two vice presidents alongside re-elected Lutz Hoff. Bittroff had previously served as president of Wacker 04 Berlin from 1984 to 1991. ^ Became new president after the resignation of Klaus Bittroff on 14 September 1995. Wanski resigned on 29 June 2000. ^ Sports director Hans Reker was appointed acting president by the Economic Council following the resignation of Volkmar Wanski on 29 June 2000. Reker had held the position of vice president in the presidium of Volkmar Wanski. Karin Halsch took office as new president on 27 September 2000. ^ Karin Halsch was known as Karin Seidel-Kalmutzki during the era. Served from 27 September 2000 to 25 June 2001. ^ Sports director Hans Reker served as acting president following the resignation of Karin Halsch on 25 June 2001. Hans Reker held the position of vice president in the presidium of Karin Halsch. He resigned together with the entire presidium on 30 October 2001. An emergency board formed by André Sommer, Rayk Bernt and press spokesman Holger Zimmermann took office. The emergency board was meant to serve until the extraordinary general meeting on 26 November 2001. ^ An emergency board formed by André Sommer, Rayk Bernt and press spokesman Holger Zimmermann took office on 1 November 2001. No new president was appointed for the transitional board. Zimmerman soon resigned on 23 November 2001. A new presidium was due to be elected on the extraordinary general meeting on 26 November 2001. However, the meeting agenda was changed with the votes 87 to 59 at the insistence of the emergency board. The meeting was converted into an information event and new elections were postponed. Club members collected signatures for the election of a new presidium. But the signatures would be ignored by Sommer and Bernt. The Sommer and Bernt presidium was finally overthrown by supporters and the former coach of the women's team Volkmar Lucius after an application to the Charlottenburg district court. The Charlottenburg district court appointed Lucius as emergency board member. A new presidium was elected on the extraordinary general meeting on 31 May 2002. ^ Elected on an extraordinary general meeting on 31 May 2002. ^ Mario Weinkauf was elected president on 18 June 2004. He resigned on a meeting with the presidium on 22 June 2007. He was then dismissed in a vote of no-confidence on an extra-ordinary general meeting on 23 June 2007. Mario Weinkauf was succeeded by Volkmar Wanski as interim president. Volkmar Wanski had been co-opted into the presidium and elected as the provisional successor to Mario Weinkauf on the meeting with the presidium on 22 June 2007. However the interim presidency of Volkmar Wanski was controversial. It was put into question whether his election was compliant with club statutes. Volkmar Wanski resigned after only six days. ^ Frank Bertron was launched as interim president by the new Economic Council under Peter Meyer. He was presented as new president on 28 June 2007. ^ Norbert Uhlig is the second longest serving president after Manfred Kirste. Norbert Uhlig has been president since 11 October 2008. ^ German sports historian Hanns Leske writes that BFC Dynamo was able to recruit young players from the youth departments of all sports communities (SG) of SV Dynamo in East Germany, except those in Bezirk Dresden. German author Anne Hahn writes that the training centers (TZ) of SV Dynamo across East Germany were divided between BFC Dynamo and SG Dynamo Dresden. She writes that the catchment area of BFC Dynamo included the SV Dynamo sports communities (SG) of Rostock-Mitte, Neustrelitz, Fürstenwalde, Schwerin and Berlin. The best talents were brought together in these training centers and then selected in a central, multi-day screening courses. Also Horst Friedemann claims that the catchment area of BFC Dynamo included the SV Dynamo sports communities (SG) of Rostock-Mitte, Neustrelitz, Fürstenwalde and Schwerin. According to Friedemann, the SV Dynamo sports communities (SG) of Eisleben and Halle/Neustadt instead belonged to the catchment area of SG Dynamo Dresden. That was the "southern line", where Dresden had access. ^ The first training centers (TZ) in East German sports were set up in the mid-1960s. The training centers (TZ) were the first preparatory stage for the support of children found suitable for sports. Training in training centers usually started at the age of 10. The training course usually lasted for three to four years. From the training centers, the best young talents could then be delegated to a Children and Youth Sports School (KJS) and a Sports club (SC) or a Football club (FC). References ^ Wähner, Bernd (25 April 2023). "Fit für die Dritte Liga: Ausbau des Stadions im Sportforum Hohenschönhausen steht im Koalitionsvertrag". Berliner Woche (in German). Berlin: FUNKE Berlin Wochenblatt GmbH. Retrieved 2 September 2023. ^ Karas, Steffen (2022). 66 Jahre BFC Dynamo – Auswärts mit 'nem Bus (2nd ed.). Berlin: CULTURCON medien, Sole trader: Bernd Oeljeschläger. p. 98. ISBN 978-3-944068-95-4. ^ Dennis, Mike; Grix, Jonathan (2012). Sport under Communism – Behind the East German 'Miracle' (1st ed.). Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan (Macmillan Publishers Limited). pp. 136–137. ISBN 978-0-230-22784-2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Dennis, Mike (2007). "Behind the Wall: East German football between state and society" (PDF). German as a Foreign Language (GFL). 2007 (2): 46–73. ISSN 1470-9570. Retrieved 9 June 2019. ^ Pleil, Ingolf (2013). Mielke, Macht und Meisterschaft: Dynamo Dresden im Visier der Stasi (in German) (2nd ed.). Berlin: Christopher Links Verlag GmbH. p. 17. 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Retrieved 15 August 2020. ^ Schramm, Stefan (11 April 2023). "Dynamo Dresden feiert sich und seine 70 Jahre". Dresdner Neueste Nachrichten (in German). Hannover: Verlagsgesellschaft Madsack GmbH & Co. KG. Retrieved 8 July 2023. ^ Hesse-Lichtenberger 2003, p. 226. ^ a b c d e Grüne, Hardy (1 June 2020). "Der angefeindete Serienmeister des Ostens". Fußball-Woche (de) (in German). Berlin: Fußball-Woche Verlags GmbH. Retrieved 16 August 2020. ^ Karas 2022, p. 98. ^ a b Kelemen, Luci (5 February 2018). Saleem, Omar (ed.). "Eleven Pigs and the secret police: the story of BFC Dynamo". These Football Times. Retrieved 16 June 2019. ^ Karas 2022, p. 269, 275, 289. ^ Luther, Jörn; Willmann, Frank (2003). BFC Dynamo – Der Meisterclub (in German) (1st ed.). Berlin: Das Neue Berlin. p. 28. ISBN 3-360-01227-5. ^ a b Dennis & Grix 2012, pp. 146–147. ^ a b "Jubiläum: BFC Dynamo wird 50 Jahre alt". B.Z. (in German). Berlin: B.Z. Ullstein GmbH. 15 January 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2019. ^ a b c d e Wyschek, Helmut (1999). "Erich Mielke, soll unser Führer sein". Telegraph (De) (in German). 1999 (3). Berlin: Prenzlberg Dokumentation e.V. Retrieved 27 December 2019. ^ a b Dennis & Grix 2012, p. 141. ^ a b Luther, Jörn; Willmann, Frank (2000). Und niemals vergessen – Eisern Union! (1st ed.). Berlin: BasisDruck. pp. 64–65. ISBN 978-3-86163-106-4. Aber der Reihe nach: Die Fußballclubs hatten bei ihrer Gründung einen oder zwei Bezirke zugewiesen bekommen, aus deren Trainingszentren sie ihren Nachwuchs rekrutierten. Bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt verfügte Union über ein Drittel der Berliner Leistungszentren und den Bezirk Potsdam als Einzugsgebiet. Als der FC Vorwärts jedoch nach Frankfurt umgesiedelt wurde, bekam er als Talentequelle neben dem nun "eigenen" Bezirk Frankfurt/Oder auch noch Potsdam zugewiesen. Und der BFC übernamn das Drittel der Berliner Nachwuchsschmieden, das vordem die Armeesportler inne hatten. Damit verfügten die Dynamos über das Einzugsgebiet Cottbus plus zwei Drittel Berlins. ^ a b c d e Dost, Robert (17 January 2011). Written at Berlin. Der zivile Club - Die gesellschaftliche Stellung des 1.FC Union Berlin und seiner Anhänger in der DDR (PDF) (BA) (in German). Mittweida: Hochschule Mittweida. p. 12-13. Retrieved 13 April 2022. ^ a b c Bläsig, Horst (21 August 2005). "Lokalderby unter Polizeischutz". Die Welt (in German). Berlin: WeltN24 GmbH. Retrieved 4 July 2021. ^ a b Büchner, Philipp (31 January 2021). "BFC Dynamo – Geliebt und verachtet". www.rbb24.de (in German). Berlin: Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 4 July 2021. ^ ""Schild und Schwert" des BFC Dynamo". bstu.de (in German). Berlin: Stasi Records Agency. Retrieved 22 March 2023. ^ Fischer, Werner (31 December 1968). "Mit Schütze als Regisseur kam die erhoffte Wende". Die neue Fußballwoche (in German). Vol. 1968, no. 53. Berlin: DFV der DDR. p. 6. ISSN 0323-8407. Retrieved 9 April 2022. ^ "Der 'Lange' in einer Spielertraube". Die neue Fußballwoche (in German). Vol. 1971, no. 25. Berlin: DFV der DDR. 22 June 1971. p. 5. ISSN 0323-8407. Retrieved 9 April 2022. ^ Max, Jens (5 November 2019). "Insolvenzen, Abstiege, Neuanfänge: Das wurde aus den letzten 14 DDR-Oberligisten". Mitteldeutsche Zeitung (in German). Halle: Mediengruppe Mitteldeutsche Zeitung GmbH & Co. KG. Retrieved 19 December 2021. ^ a b c Japke, Josephine (21 June 2018). Written at Königs Wusterhausen. Die gesellschaftspolitische Stellung des 1. FC Union Berlin zu Zeiten der DDR (PDF) (Bachelor thesis) (in German). Mittweida: Hochschule Mittweida. pp. 35–37. Retrieved 5 June 2022. ^ Japke, Josephine (21 June 2018). Written at Königs Wusterhausen. Die gesellschaftspolitische Stellung des 1. FC Union Berlin zu Zeiten der DDR (PDF) (Bachelor thesis) (in German). Mittweida: Hochschule Mittweida. pp. 38–40. Retrieved 4 April 2021. ^ Braun, Jutta (2015). Münkel, Daniela (ed.). State Security: A reader on the GDR secret police (PDF). Berlin: German Federal Archives. pp. 86–87. ISBN 978-3-942130-97-4. Retrieved 13 April 2022. ^ a b Friedemann, Horst (1991). Sparwasser und Mauerblümchen: Die Geschichte des Fussballs in der DDR, 1949–1991 (in German) (1st ed.). Essen: Klartext Verlag. p. 128. ISBN 978-3884744628. Das DDR-weite Sichtungssystem mit 33 Trainingszentren der SV Dynamo sowie im Partnerbezirk Cottbus hat den Talentenachschub nie abreiß en lassen. ^ a b Luther, Jörn; Willmann, Frank (2003). BFC Dynamo – Der Meisterclub (in German) (1st ed.). Berlin: Das Neue Berlin. p. 93. ISBN 3-360-01227-5. Jürgen Bogs: 'Dynamo hatte in der ganzen DDR flächendeckend Trainingszentren, die je nach Einzugsgebiet dem BFC oder Dynamo Dresden zugeordnet waren. Bereits in diesen Trainingszentren wurde besser trainiert als anderswo, denn dort wurden ja schon Spieler zusammengefasst, die aufgrund ihres individuellen Könnens aufgefallen sind. Und die Arbeit der Zentren wurde vom BFC zusätzlich beobachtet und gesteuert. Es gab einen zentralen, mehrtägigen Sichtungslehrgang, dort wurden die besten Talente der einzelnen Trainingszentren zusammengefasst, von diesen vierzig Mann wuden vielleicht zehn genommen.' ^ a b Braun, Jutta; Teichler, Hans Joachim (2006). Sportstadt Berlin im Kalten Krieg: Prestigekämpfe und Systemwettstreit (1st ed.). Berlin: Christoph Links Verlag GmbH. p. 380. ISBN 978-3861533993. Bei den Clubmannschaften existierte eine Zweiklassenesellschaft. In Berlin genoss der BFC Dynamo besondere Privilegien. So standen dem von Ministerium für Staatssicherheit finanzierten und als Lieblingskind Erich Mielkes bekannten Club aus Hohenschönhausen republikweit 38 Trainingszentren (TZ) zur Verfügung, aus denen er seine Talente rekrutiere konnte. Der 1. FC Union hingegen musste sich mit 6 TZs im Berliner Raum zufrienden geben. ^ Karas 2022, p. 113. ^ Simon, Günter (25 April 1972). "Das Finale war zum Greifen nahe!" (PDF). Neue Fußballwoche (in German). Vol. 1972, no. 17. Berlin: DFV der DDR. pp. 5–6. ISSN 0323-8407. Retrieved 10 April 2022. ^ Farshi, Sabbagh; Hadi, Mohammad (20 May 2011). Written at Hamburg. Deutsch-Deutsche Transfers: Der Wechsel von Thomas Doll vom BFC Dynamo zum HSV 1990 (PDF) (BA) (in German). Mittweida: Hochschule Mittweida. p. 22. Retrieved 14 April 2022. ^ a b "Visitenkarte" (PDF). Deutsches Sportecho/Die neue Fußballwoche (in German). Vol. 1977, no. Sonderausgabe. Berlin: Sportverlag GmbH. August 1977. p. 8. ISSN 0323-6420. Retrieved 3 April 2023. ^ a b c d e f Kopp, Johannes (16 January 2006). "40 Jahre BFC Dynamo – "Wir sind doch sowieso die Bösen"". Der Spiegel (in German). Hamburg: Der Spiegel GmbH & Co. KG. Retrieved 3 August 2022. ^ "Visitenkarte" (PDF). Deutsches Sportecho/Die neue Fußballwoche (in German). Vol. 1978, no. Sonderausgabe. Berlin. August 1978. p. 6. ISSN 0323-6420. Retrieved 24 May 2022. ^ Rosentritt, Michael; Schmidt-Tychsen, Ingo (6 May 2006). 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Retrieved 7 March 2024. ^ "BFC Dynamo gegen VfB: "Go-Kart gegen Formel-1-Wagen"". dfb.de (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Deutscher Fußball-Bund e.V. 1 August 2013. Retrieved 11 October 2020. ^ a b "KITA-PROJEKT". bfc.com (in German). Berlin: Berliner Fussball Club Dynamo e.V. Retrieved 29 April 2024. ^ "Jugendförderverein". bfc.com (in German). Berlin: Berliner Fussball Club Dynamo e.V. Retrieved 11 October 2020. ^ a b c McDougall 2014, p. 227. ^ a b Kopp, Johannes (16 January 2016). "Happy Birthday, Feindbild". Die Tageszeitung (in German). Berlin: taz Verlags u. Vertriebs GmbH. Retrieved 23 August 2021. ^ Kannowski, Stephan (1999). Der Einfluss der SED auf den Sport der DDR am Beispiel des Fußballvereins 1. FC Union Berlin (October 1999 ed.). Hamburg: Diplomarbeiten Agentur diplom.de (Bedey Media GmbH). p. 31. ISBN 978-3832419226. Nicht weniger als vierzig hauptamtliche Trainer arbeiten für den Verein. ^ a b Raack, Alex (8 November 2009). ""Besondere Voraussetzungen"". 11 Freunde (in German). Berlin: 11FREUNDE Verlag GmbH & Co. KG. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2020. ^ Jahn, Michael (15 January 2016). "Interview mit Frank Rohde und Thomas Doll: BFC Dynamo feiert 50. Geburtstag". Berliner Zeitung (in German). Berlin: Berliner Verlag GmbH. Retrieved 15 October 2020. ^ a b c Karas 2022, p. 49 ^ Reichelt, Frank (1995). Das System des Leistungssports in der DDR: Darstellung der Struktur und des Aufbaus anhand ausgewählter Beispiele (1st ed.). Hamburg: Diplomica Verlag GmbH. p. 31. ISBN 9783832429607. ^ a b Braun, Jutta; Teichler, Hans Joachim (2006). Sportstadt Berlin im Kalten Krieg: Prestigekämpfe und Systemwettstreit. Berlin: Christoph Links Verlag GmbH. p. 321. ISBN 978-3-86153-399-3. ^ a b c Leske, Hanns (2012). "Hierachie des DDR-Klubfußballs: Priviligierung des Schwerpunktclubs". Fußball in der DDR: Kicken im Auftrag der SED (in German) (2nd ed.). Erfurt: Landeszentrale für politische Bildung Thüringen. ISBN 978-3-937967-91-2. ^ Leske, Hanns (2021). Enzyklopädie des DDR-Fußballs (PDF) (2nd ed.). Bielefeld: Verlag Die Werkstatt GmbH. pp. 18–21. ISBN 978-3-89533-556-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 February 2022. Ab Mitte der siezbsiger Jahre übernahm dann der BFC die dominierende und priviligierte Position. Er konnte sich aus dem Nachwuchsbereich aller Dynamo-Sportgemeinschaften (außer Dynamo-Klubs im Bezirk Dresen) bedienen und tat dies auch reichlich, hinzu kamen noch jene Berliner Stadtbezirke, die bis 1971 Einzugsbereich des ASK bzw. FC Vorwärts gewesen waren. ^ Hahn, Anne (12 May 2022). "BFC Dynamo: Der Mythos des Schiebermeisters". Die Zeit (in German). Hamburg: Zeit Online GmbH. Retrieved 12 May 2022. Dynamo betrieb in der DDR flächendeckend Trainingszentren, die je nach Einzugsgebiet dem BFC oder der SG Dynamo Dresden zugeordnet waren. Das Einzugsgebiet für den BFC umfasste die Dynamo-Gemeinschaften Rostock-Mitte, Neustrelitz, Fürstenwalde, Schwerin und Berlin. In diesen Trainingszentren wurden die besten Talente zusammengefasst, die bei einem zentralen, mehrtägigen Sichtungslehrgang ausgewählt wurden. ^ Karas 2022, p. 49 Horst Friedemann: 'Der BFC war der Sportclub der SV Dynamo, und die Dynamo-Gemeinschaften Rostock-Mitte, Neustrelitz, Fürstenwalde, Schwerin haben dem BFC die Talente zugliefert. Eiseleben und Halle/Neustadt gingen nach Dresden, das war die Südlinie, da hatte Dresden den Zugriff.' ^ Luther, Jörn; Willmann, Frank (2003). BFC Dynamo – Der Meisterclub (in German) (1st ed.). Berlin: Das Neue Berlin. p. 75. ISBN 3-360-01227-5. ^ a b Hoffmann, Nils (20 March 2003). Der Ausbau der Kinder- und Jugendsportschulen (KJS) der DDR unter besonderer Betrachtung des Konflikts um einen "humaneren Kinderhochleistungssport" zwischen dem Ministerium für Volksbildung und dem DTSB (PDF) (Thesis) (in German). Mainz: University of Mainz. pp. 26–27, 43–45. Retrieved 18 May 2023. ^ Ritter, Andreas (January 2002). Written at Berlin. Wandlungen in der Steuerung des DDR-Hochleistungssports in der 1960 und 1970 Jahren (PDF) (PhD) (in German). Potsdam: University of Potsdam. p. 188. ISBN 3935024614. Retrieved 18 May 2023. ^ a b c Hoffmann, Nils (20 March 2003). Der Ausbau der Kinder- und Jugendsportschulen (KJS) der DDR unter besonderer Betrachtung des Konflikts um einen "humaneren Kinderhochleistungssport" zwischen dem Ministerium für Volksbildung und dem DTSB (PDF) (Thesis) (in German). Mainz: University of Mainz. pp. 43–44. Retrieved 18 May 2023. ^ "Leistungssport (Geschichte)". mdr.de (in German). Leipzig: Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk. 4 October 2018. Retrieved 18 May 2023. ^ Kummer, Micharl (2010). Die Fußballclubs Rot-Weiß Erfurt und Carl Zeiss Jena und ihre Vorgänger inder DDR: Ein Vergleich ihrer Bedingungen (PDF) (PhD) (in German). Potsdam: University of Potsdam. p. 181. ^ Kannowski, Stephan (1999). Der Einfluss der SED auf den Sport der DDR am Beispiel des Fußballvereins 1. FC Union Berlin (October 1999 ed.). Hamburg: Diplomarbeiten Agentur diplom.de (Bedey Media GmbH). p. 30. ISBN 978-3832419226. Der BFC Dynamo Berlin besaß das einmalige Privileg im Fußball der DDR, die besten Spieler und Talente nach Ostberlin zu delegieren. Allein für den Erfolg von Fußballverein BFC Dynamo Berlin wurden über 33 Trainingszentren des SV Dynamo errichtet, in denen junge begabte Fußballspieler ausgebildet wurden. Zuden bestand eine Partnerschaft mit dem Bezirk Cottbus. ^ Luther, Jörn; Willmann, Frank (2003). BFC Dynamo – Der Meisterclub (in German) (1st ed.). Berlin: Das Neue Berlin. p. 203. ISBN 3-360-01227-5. Das DDR - weite Sichtungssystem mit 33 Trainingszentren der SV Dynamo sowie der Partnerbezirk Cottbus hatte den Talentstrom nie abreißen lassen. ^ Japke, Josephine (21 June 2018). Written at Königs Wusterhausen. Die gesellschaftspolitische Stellung des 1. FC Union Berlin zu Zeiten der DDR (PDF) (BA) (in German). Mittweida: Hochschule Mittweida. pp. 13–15. Retrieved 13 April 2022. ^ Leske, Hanns (2012). "Hierarchie des DDR-Klubfußballs: Privilegierung der Schwerpunktclubs". Fußball in der DDR: Kicken im Auftrag der SED (in German) (2nd ed.). Erfurt: Landeszentrale für politische Bildung Thüringen. ISBN 978-3-937967-91-2. ^ Farshi, Sabbagh; Hadi, Mohammad (20 May 2011). Written at Hamburg. Deutsch-Deutsche Transfers: Der Wechsel von Thomas Doll vom BFC Dynamo zum HSV 1990 (PDF) (Bachelor thesis) (in German). Mittweida: Hochschule Mittweida. pp. 21–22. Retrieved 4 April 2021. ^ Kummer, Michael (2010). Die Fußballclubs Rot-Weiß Erfurt und Carl Zeiss Jena und ihre Vorgänger inder DDR: Ein Vergleich ihrer Bedingungen (PDF) (PhD) (in German). Potsdam: University of Potsdam. p. 215. Retrieved 5 April 2021. Der Bundesvorstand des DTSB versuchte nach 1971, die Reihe der Schwerpunktklubs, zu denen auch der FC Carl Zeiss gehörte, mit mehr Personal (Trainer, Betreuer, medzinisches und Verwaltungspersonal) und besser materiell-technischen Bedingungen auszustatten und die Nachwuchsgewinnung durch die Neufestlegung von Einzugsgebieten zugunsten dieser Clubs zu verbessern. ^ Karas 2022, p. 116. ^ a b Kummer, Michael (2010). Die Fußballclubs Rot-Weiß Erfurt und Carl Zeiss Jena und ihre Vorgänger inder DDR: Ein Vergleich ihrer Bedingungen (PDF) (PhD) (in German). Potsdam: University of Potsdam. p. 318. Retrieved 1 March 2021. ^ a b McDougall 2014, p. 123. ^ "Talentförderung: Großer Knall". Spiegel (in German). Hamburg: SPIEGEL-Verlag Rudolf Augstein GmbH & Co. KG. 21 January 1991. Retrieved 15 October 2020. ^ "DDR: Schluck Pillen oder kehr Fabriken aus". Der Spiegel (in German). Hamburg: SPIEGEL-Verlag Rudolf Augstein GmbH & Co. KG. 19 March 1979. Retrieved 14 October 2020. ^ Luther, Jörn; Willmann, Frank (2003). BFC Dynamo – Der Meisterclub. Berlin: Das Neue Berlin GmbH. p. 75. ISBN 3-360-01227-5. ^ Stolz, Sascha (7 August 2006). "Berlins große Mannschaften: Der FC Bayern des Ostens - Mit zehn Titeln in Folge stellte der BFC Dynamo in der früheren DDR einen Europa-Rekord auf". Fußball-Woche (de) (in German). Berlin: Fußball-Woche Verlags GmbH. Retrieved 22 January 2023. ^ Karas 2022, p. 116 "7. Juni 1975 Fußball-Insider schwärmten gerade noch vom 1957er-Jahrgang des BFC, der im Jahr 1975 allein fünf Junioren-Nationalspieler stellte, da machten in der Jugendelf schon die nächsten talente auf sich aufmerksam. Im Pokalfinale noch unterlegel, wurde der BFC Dynamo in thüringischen Hildburghausen durch ein 4:0-Endspielsieg gegen der FC Hansa Rostock DDR-Meister. Allein im Endspiel standen mit Berd Schulz, Olaf Seier, Ralf Sträßer, Peter Hackbusch (die später alle mal beim 1. FC Union landeten) und Frank Rode kommende Stars auf dem Platz." ^ Gläser, Andreas (21 August 2005). "Willkommen in der Zone". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Berlin: Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH. Retrieved 7 July 2021. ^ a b Schoen, Herbert (1 April 1999). "Leserbrife: Wieso war der BFC so oft DDR-Meister?". Neues Deutschland (in German). Berlin: Neues Deutschland Druckerei und Verlag GmbH. Retrieved 2 September 2020. Herbert Schoen: Wo sind denn in dem Artikel von Herrn Wieczorek die vielen Namen von Oberligaklubs und fertigen Oberligaspielern, die in den letzten 10 BFC-Meisterjahren einen »Marschbefehl« erhielten? Selbstverständlich wurden in jungen Jahren auch viele Talente aus der Sportvereinigung Dynamo sowie kleinen Vereinen frühzeitig in den Klub delegiert. Aber außer Lauck und Doll sind keine Spieler aus anderen Oberligavereinen im Kader gewesen. ^ Veth, Manuel (27 July 2017). "Dynamo Berlin – The Rise and Long Fall of Germany's Other Record Champion". fussballstadt.com. Retrieved 8 June 2019. ^ Farshi, Sabbagh; Hadi, Mohammad (20 May 2011). Written at Hamburg. Deutsch-Deutsche Transfers: Der Wechsel von Thomas Doll vom BFC Dynamo zum HSV 1990 (PDF) (Bachelor thesis) (in German). Mittweida: Hochschule Mittweida. pp. 34–35. Retrieved 10 January 2021. ^ "Das Beispiel ist gegeben: Einstiger Juniorenauswahlspieler Ralf Schulenberg steht nun in der Nachwuchsmannschaft unserer Republik". Neue Fußballwoche (in German). Vol. 1971, no. 6. Berlin: DFV der DDR. 9 February 1971. p. 13. ISSN 0323-8407. Retrieved 1 April 2022. ^ Binkowski, Manfred (1 June 1977). "Der BFC Dynamo rief - und 144 Jungen kamen". Die neue Fußballwoche (in German). Vol. 1977, no. 22. Berlin: DFV der DDR. p. 16. ISSN 0323-8407. Retrieved 8 June 2023. ^ Babenschneider, Jürgen (12 December 2009). "Dynamo voller Energie: Günter "Moppel" Schröter und die ersten internationalen Schritte des DDR-Fußballs". Fußball-Woche (de) (in German). Berlin: Fußball-Woche Verlags GmbH. ^ Luther, Jörn; Willmann, Frank (2003). BFC Dynamo – Der Meisterclub. Berlin: Das Neue Berlin GmbH. p. 107. ISBN 3-360-01227-5. Further reading Baingo, Andreas (20 July 2020). "BFC Dynamo: Raus aus der Schmuddelecke". Berliner Kurier (in German). Berlin. Bertram, Marco (2015). BFC Dynamo Fußballfibel (in German), Berlin: CULTURCON medien. ISBN 978-3-944068-38-1. Bertram, Marco (13 April 2020). "Nordwall und Gegengerade". 11 Freunde (in German). Berlin. Archived from the original on 29 April 2021. Ford, Matt (7 November 2019). "'Stasi club' BFC Dynamo: What happened to the record East German champions?". Deutsche Welle. Bonn. Gläser, Andreas (2003). Der BFC war schuld am Mauerbau: Ein stolzer Sohn des Proletariats erzählt (in German). Berlin: Aufbau Taschenbuch. ISBN 978-3746618616. Hahn, Anne (12 May 2022). "BFC Dynamo: Der Mythos des Schiebermeisters". Die Zeit (in German). Hamburg. Karas, Steffen (2020). 66 Jahre BFC Dynamo – Auswärts mit 'nem Bus (in German), Berlin: CULTURCON Medien. ISBN 978-3-944068-95-4. Leske, Hanns (2004). Erich Mielke, die Stasi und das runde Leder: Der Einfluß der SED und des Ministeriums für Staatssicherheit auf den Fußballsport in der DDR (in German). Göttingen: Verlag Die Werkstatt. ISBN 3-89533-448-0. Luther, Jörn; Willmann, Frank (2003). BFC Dynamo – Der Meisterclub (in German). Berlin: Das Neue Berlin. ISBN 3-360-01227-5. McDougall, Alan (2014). The People's Game: Football, State and Society in East Germany. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-05203-1. Schramm, Jochen (1995). Riot Boys! (in German) Cologne: KRASH-Verlag. ISBN 978-3930559220. Thiede, Jens Patrick (3 October 2008). "Stasi-nazi-ossi-hooligan-image på prøve: Dynamos evige arv og tavse transformation". Tipsbladet (in Danish). Copenhagen. Willmann, Frank; Hahn, Anne (2007). Stadionpartisanen – Fans und Hooligans in der DDR (in German). Berlin: Neues Leben. ISBN 978-3355017442. Willmann, Frank; Hauswald, Harald (2008). Ultras Kutten Hooligans: Fußballfans in Ost-Berlin (in German). Berlin: Jaron Verlag. ISBN 3897735881. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to BFC Dynamo. Official website (in German) BFC Online – Official fan site with news and fan forum (in German) BFC-Fotos – Photos from the 2015–16 season by official club photographer Patrick Skrzipek (in German) BFC Historie – Fan photos from 1965 (in German) Mythos Online Redaktion – Fan photos from 2016 (in German) Large collection of fan photos (in German) Facts and Figures (in German) vteBerliner FC DynamoInformation Club Managers Players Seasons Stadium Supporters and rivalries History General 1954–1978 1978–1989 1989–2004 2004–present Matches 1959 FDGB-Pokal Final 1971 FDGB-Pokal Final 1979 FDGB-Pokal Final 1982 FDGB-Pokal Final 1984 FDGB-Pokal Final 1985 FDGB-Pokal Final Shame penalty of Leipzig (1986) 1988 FDGB-Pokal Final 1989 FDGB-Pokal Final 1989 DFV-Supercup Berlin derby vteSV DynamoSports Club Organization Magazine Award items and badges Stasi Decorations and Memorabilia Felix Dzerzhinsky Guards Regiment Volkspolizei Stasi President GDR championships Hall of fame Soviet brotherorganization District's Organization - Schwerin SG Dynamo Schwerin District's Organization - Frankfurt (Oder) SG Dynamo Fürstenwalde District's Organization - Berlin SC Dynamo Berlin SC Dynamo Berlin (ice hockey) BFC Dynamo SG Dynamo Hohenschönhausen District's Organization - Erfurt SG Dynamo Erfurt District's Organization - Dresden SG Dynamo Weißwasser SG Dynamo Dresden SG Dynamo Heide Dresden SG Dynamo Zinnwald Venues Sportforum Hohenschönhausen Dynamo-Stadium (Dresden) Altenberg bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track Palace of the Republic (Berlin) Heinz-Steyer-Stadion Aschbergschanze Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark Zentralstadion Karls Marx-Stadt vteRegionalliga Nordost (IV) – 2024–25 clubs VSG Altglienicke SV Babelsberg 03 BFC Dynamo FC Carl Zeiss Jena BSG Chemie Leipzig Chemnitzer FC FC Eilenburg Hallescher FC Hertha BSC II Hertha Zehlendorf Greifswalder FC 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig FSV 63 Luckenwalde ZFC Meuselwitz VFC Plauen Rot-Weiß Erfurt Viktoria Berlin FSV Zwickau Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[beːʔɛfˌt͡seː dyˈnaːmo]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dc/De-BFC_Dynamo.ogg/De-BFC_Dynamo.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De-BFC_Dynamo.ogg"},{"link_name":"[beːʔɛfˈt͡seː]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/82/De-BFC.ogg/De-BFC.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De-BFC.ogg"},{"link_name":"German football club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_in_Germany"},{"link_name":"Alt-Hohenschönhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt-Hohensch%C3%B6nhausen"},{"link_name":"borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boroughs_and_neighborhoods_of_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Lichtenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichtenberg"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"SC Dynamo Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SC_Dynamo_Berlin"},{"link_name":"numerous appearances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#European_competitions"},{"link_name":"East Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany"},{"link_name":"league championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_East_German_football_champions"},{"link_name":"Regionalliga Nordost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalliga_Nordost"},{"link_name":"cross-city rivalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supporters_and_rivals_of_Berliner_FC_Dynamo#1._FC_Union_Berlin"},{"link_name":"1. FC Union Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._FC_Union_Berlin"},{"link_name":"historical rivalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supporters_and_rivals_of_Berliner_FC_Dynamo#SG_Dynamo_Dresden"},{"link_name":"SG Dynamo Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SG_Dynamo_Dresden"},{"link_name":"Berlin derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_derby"},{"link_name":"Sportforum Hohenschönhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportforum_Hohensch%C3%B6nhausen"}],"text":"German association football clubFootball clubBerliner Fussball Club Dynamo e. V., commonly abbreviated to BFC Dynamo (German pronunciation: [beːʔɛfˌt͡seː dyˈnaːmo] ⓘ) or BFC (German pronunciation: [beːʔɛfˈt͡seː] ⓘ), alternatively sometimes called Dynamo Berlin, is a German football club based in the locality of Alt-Hohenschönhausen of the borough of Lichtenberg of Berlin.BFC Dynamo was founded in 1966 from the football department of SC Dynamo Berlin and became one of the most successful clubs in East German football, with numerous appearances in international football in the 1970s and 1980s. The club is the record champion of East Germany with ten consecutive league championships from 1979 through 1988.BFC Dynamo competes in the fourth tier Regionalliga Nordost. The club enjoys a cross-city rivalry with 1. FC Union Berlin and a historical rivalry with SG Dynamo Dresden. The rivalry with Union Berlin is part of the Berlin derby. The team plays its home matches in the Sportforum Hohenschönhausen.","title":"Berliner FC Dynamo"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BFC Dynamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BFC_Dynamo"},{"link_name":"SC Dynamo Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SC_Dynamo_Berlin"},{"link_name":"sports clubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_club_(East_Germany)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"sports association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_associations_(East_Germany)"},{"link_name":"SV Dynamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SV_Dynamo"},{"link_name":"SG Dynamo Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SG_Dynamo_Dresden"},{"link_name":"DDR-Oberliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR-Oberliga"},{"link_name":"West Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Hertha BSC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertha_BSC"},{"link_name":"East Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Berlin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BehindTheWall-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PleilMielkep17-5"},{"link_name":"[nb 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[nb 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Johannes Matzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Matzen"},{"link_name":"Herbert Schoen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Schoen"},{"link_name":"Günter Schröter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Schr%C3%B6ter"},{"link_name":"1954-55 DDR-Oberliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954-55_DDR-Oberliga"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaras202298-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-68058-0001,_ASK_Vorw%C3%A4rts_Berlin_-_SC_Dynamo_Berlin_2-1.jpg"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11Pigs-21"},{"link_name":"Martin Skaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Skaba"},{"link_name":"Werner Heine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heine"},{"link_name":"Waldemar Mühlbächer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldemar_M%C3%BChlb%C3%A4cher"},{"link_name":"Hermann Bley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Bley"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaras2022269,_275,_289-22"},{"link_name":"1959 FDGB-Pokal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959_FDGB-Pokal"},{"link_name":"1960–61 European Cup Winners' Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960%E2%80%9361_European_Cup_Winners%27_Cup"},{"link_name":"East German Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Fu%C3%9Fball-Verband_der_DDR"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"ASK Vorwärts Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASK_Vorw%C3%A4rts_Berlin"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"1960 DDR-Oberliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_DDR-Oberliga"},{"link_name":"army-sponsored","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASV_Vorw%C3%A4rts"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennisGrix2012146%E2%80%93147-24"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennisGrix2012146%E2%80%93147-24"},{"link_name":"1962–63 DDR-Oberliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962%E2%80%9363_DDR-Oberliga"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11Pigs-21"}],"sub_title":"Background: SC Dynamo Berlin (1954–1966)","text":"BFC Dynamo started as a football department of sports club SC Dynamo Berlin. SC Dynamo Berlin was founded on 1 October 1954 as one of the new elite sports clubs in East Germany.[2] The sports club was affiliated to sports association SV Dynamo.In order to establish a competitive side in Berlin, the team of SG Dynamo Dresden and its place in the DDR-Oberliga was transferred to the new sports club SC Dynamo Berlin. The relocation was designed to give the capital a team that could rival teams from West Berlin, such as Hertha BSC, which were still popular in East Berlin.[3][4][5][nb 1][nb 2] Among the players delegated from SG Dynamo Dresden were Johannes Matzen, Herbert Schoen and Günter Schröter. The team played its first match as SC Dynamo Berlin against BSG Rotation Babelsberg on 21 November 1954 in the 1954-55 DDR-Oberliga.[18]Günter Schröter (left) and Martin Skaba (right) during a match between ASK Vorwärts Berlin and SC Dynamo Berlin in 1959Most players of the former SG Dynamo Dresden team had aged by the late 1950s.[19] The team was now shaped by a new generation of players, including Martin Skaba, Werner Heine, Waldemar Mühlbächer, Hermann Bley and Konrad Dorner.[20] SC Dynamo Berlin won its first trophy in the 1959 FDGB-Pokal. However, the team was not allowed to participate in the 1960–61 European Cup Winners' Cup. The East German Football Association (German: Deutscher Fußball-Verband der DDR) (DFV) decided that local rival and league runner-up ASK Vorwärts Berlin was a better representative.[21]SC Dynamo Berlin had some success in the first seasons of the 1960s. The team finished runners-up in the 1960 DDR-Oberliga and reached the final of the 1961-62 FDGB-Pokal. However, SC Dynamo Berlin found itself overshadowed in the capital by the army-sponsored ASK Vorwärts Berlin.[22] The team of SC Dynamo Berlin during the 1960s would eventually prove relatively weak.[22] By the end of the 1962–63 DDR-Oberliga, SC Dynamo Berlin had become a lower-table side.[19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football clubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_club_(East_Germany)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B-Z50Jahre-25"},{"link_name":"Erich Mielke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Mielke"},{"link_name":"honorary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_of_honor"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UnserF%C3%BChrer-26"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B-Z50Jahre-25"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BehindTheWall-4"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennisGrix2012141-27"},{"link_name":"Bezirk Cottbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezirk_Cottbus"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Niemalsp6465-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dostp1213-29"},{"link_name":"Volkspolizei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkspolizei"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WeltUnterSchutz-30"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RBB55Geburtstag-31"},{"link_name":"Stasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasi"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RBB55Geburtstag-31"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTSUSchild-32"},{"link_name":"DDR-Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR-Liga"},{"link_name":"1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966%E2%80%9367_DDR-Oberliga"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder"},{"link_name":"Frank Terletzki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Terletzki"},{"link_name":"1971-72 European Cup Winners' Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971-72_European_Cup_Winners%27_Cup"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FuWo197125Lange-34"},{"link_name":"FC Vortwärts Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._FC_Frankfurt"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt an der Oder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_an_der_Oder"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"1. FC Union Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._FC_Union_Berlin"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dostp1213-29"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Japkep3537-36"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dostp1213-29"},{"link_name":"Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark"},{"link_name":"Prenzlauer Berg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenzlauer_Berg"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Japkep3840-37"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Statesecurity8687-38"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Friedemannp128-39"},{"link_name":"[nb 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kaltenkriegp380-42"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-N1130-0021,_BFC_Dynamo_-_BSG_Wismut_Aue_6-0.jpg"},{"link_name":"forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Wolf-Rüdiger Netz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf-R%C3%BCdiger_Netz"},{"link_name":"SG Dynamo Schwerin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Mecklenburg_Schwerin"},{"link_name":"UEFA Competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_club_competitions"},{"link_name":"1971-72 European Cup Winners' Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971-72_European_Cup_Winners%27_Cup"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaras2022113-43"},{"link_name":"European Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Cup"},{"link_name":"European Cup Winners' Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Cup_Winners%27_Cup"},{"link_name":"Dynamo Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Dynamo_Moscow"},{"link_name":"penalty shoot-out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shootout"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Reinhard Lauck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhard_Lauck"},{"link_name":"1975-76 DDR-Oberliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975-76_DDR-Oberliga"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Hans-Jürgen Riediger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Riediger"},{"link_name":"Lutz Eigendorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutz_Eigendorf"},{"link_name":"Norbert Trieloff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbert_Trieloff"},{"link_name":"Bodo Rudwaleit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodo_Rudwaleit"},{"link_name":"Jürgen Bogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Bogs"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1977Sonderausgabe-46"}],"sub_title":"Founding and rise (1966–1978)","text":"East German football was reorganized in 1965–1966 when the football departments of ten sports clubs (SC) were made into ten designated football clubs (FC). The football department of SC Dynamo Berlin became Berliner FC Dynamo. BFC Dynamo was founded on 15 January 1966.[23] Manfred Kirste was elected club president and the SV Dynamo President Erich Mielke was made honorary president.[24][23]The new designated football clubs were formed as centers of excellence in East German football, with the right to draw on talents within designated geographical and administrative areas.[4][25] BFC Dynamo was initially assigned Bezirk Cottbus and one third of East Berlin as catchment area.[26][27] BFC Dynamo was officially a club of the Ministry of the Interior and the club's official sponsor was the Volkspolizei.[28][29] However, Honorary chairman Mielke was the head of the Stasi. BFC Dynamo would eventually come to receive personal, organizational and financial support from the Stasi.[29][30]BFC Dynamo was relegated to the second-tier DDR-Liga in 1967 and consequently began a rejuvenation of the team.[31] The team eventually dominated the DDR-Liga and immediately won promotion back to the DDR-Oberliga. \nOne of the talented players from the youth department who were integrated into the first team in the late 1960s and early 1970s was midfielder Frank Terletzki. BFC Dynamo reached the final of the 1970-71 FDGB-Pokal. The team lost the final 1–2 in overtime to SG Dynamo Dresden, but qualified for the 1971-72 European Cup Winners' Cup as runner-up.[32]The Ministry of Defense decided to relocate FC Vortwärts Berlin to Frankfurt an der Oder ahead of the 1971–72 season.[33] BFC Dynamo and 1. FC Union Berlin were from now on the only major football clubs in East Berlin.[27] BFC Dynamo was allowed to take over the catchment area in East Berlin that had previously belonged to FC Vorwärts Berlin.[34][27] The team would also get the opportunity to play more matches at the larger and more centrally located Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark in Prenzlauer Berg, which led to increased interest in the club and growing attendance numbers.[35]BFC Dynamo stood out among other teams within SV Dynamo. The team was located at the frontline of the Cold War. It was also a representative of the East German capital. This meant that the club had to be well equipped.[36] BFC Dynamo would get access to a nationwide scouting network, which included numerous training centers (German: Trainingszentrum) (TZ) of SV Dynamo across East Germany.[37][nb 3] BFC Dynamo would eventually be able to recruit young talented players from 38 training centers (TZ) across East Germany. By comparison, 1. FC Union Berlin only had access to 6 training centers (TZ) in the Berlin area.[39]Wolf-Rüdiger Netz (right) scores a header in the match against BSG Wismut Aue in 1974.The team was joined by forward Wolf-Rüdiger Netz from SG Dynamo Schwerin in 1971. BFC Dynamo made its first appearance in an UEFA Competition in the 1971-72 European Cup Winners' Cup.[40] The team reached all the way to the semi-finals. BFC Dynamo thus became the first team from Berlin to reach the semi-finals in one of the two most prestigious UEFA club competitions (the European Cup and the European Cup Winners' Cup). BFC Dynamo was eventually eliminated by Dynamo Moscow in the semi-finals, after a penalty shoot-out in the return leg.[41]Harry Nippert became the new coach in 1973. BFC Dynamo also recruited midfielder and national team player Reinhard Lauck from relegated 1. FC Union Berlin the same year. BFC Dynamo had the youngest team in the league in the 1975-76 DDR-Oberliga, with an average age of 22.5 years.[42] Talented players from the youth department were continuously integrated into the first team in the 1970s, such as Hans-Jürgen Riediger, Lutz Eigendorf, Norbert Trieloff and Bodo Rudwaleit. BFC Dynamo established itself as a top team in the DDR-Oberliga in the mid-1970s. 30-year-old Jürgen Bogs became the new coach in 1977.[43]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40Jahre-47"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1978Sonderausgabe-48"},{"link_name":"Jürgen Bogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Bogs"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-U0529-0306,_BFC_Dynamo_-_Dynamo_Dresden_3-1,_Mannschaftsfoto.jpg"},{"link_name":"1978-79 DDR-Oberliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978-79_DDR-Oberliga"},{"link_name":"Herbstmeister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbstmeister"},{"link_name":"1979 FDGB-Pokal final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978%E2%80%9379_FDGB-Pokal"},{"link_name":"Lutz Eigendorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutz_Eigendorf"},{"link_name":"defected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emigration_from_the_Eastern_Bloc"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"Kaiserslautern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiserslautern"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"BSG Sachsenring Zwickau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FSV_Zwickau"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaras2022120-55"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"European 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collaborators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unofficial_collaborator"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSFoul-83"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CultureP55-106"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennisGrix2012148%E2%80%93149-91"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CultureP55-106"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MinoritiesP134-103"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennisGrix2012150-104"},{"link_name":"Falko Götz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falko_G%C3%B6tz"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OwnedbyStasi-108"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DarthVaders-86"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OwnedbyStasi-108"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B-ZTerletzki-110"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZeitSchieb-100"},{"link_name":"[nb 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"SV Dynamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SV_Dynamo"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40Jahre-47"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZeitSchieb-100"},{"link_name":"Bernd Heynemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernd_Heynemann"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1988-0406-032,_BFC_Dynamo_-_SG_Dynamo_Dresden_1-0.jpg"},{"link_name":"Thomas Doll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Doll"},{"link_name":"F.C. Hansa Rostock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.C._Hansa_Rostock"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"1986–87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986-87_DDR-Oberliga"},{"link_name":"1987-88 seasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987-88_DDR-Oberliga"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaras2022132-120"},{"link_name":"1988 FDGB-Pokal final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987-88_FDGB-Pokal"},{"link_name":"Double","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaras2022132-120"},{"link_name":"1988 East German footballer of the year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footballer_of_the_Year_(Germany)#Footballer_of_the_Year_for_East_Germany"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaras2022132-120"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0401-022,_FDGB-Pokal,_Finale,_BFC_Dynamo_-_FC_Karl-Marx-Stadt_1-0.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stadion der Weltjugend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadion_der_Weltjugend"},{"link_name":"SV Werder Bremen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SV_Werder_Bremen"},{"link_name":"1988-89 European Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988-89_European_Cup"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NDRWunder-121"},{"link_name":"Weser-Stadion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weser-Stadion"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NDRWunder-121"},{"link_name":"1989 FDGB-Pokal final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988-89_FDGB-Pokal"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fuwo198914-123"},{"link_name":"1988-89 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988-89_DDR-Oberliga"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaras2022134%E2%80%93135-124"},{"link_name":"DFV-Supercup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DFV-Supercup"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaras2022134%E2%80%93135-124"}],"sub_title":"Golden era (1978–1989)","text":"BFC Dynamo had developed a very successful youth academy.[44] Numerous players from the youth department were integrated into the first team during the 1970s. The average age in the team was only 22.8 years at the start of the 1978–79 season.[45] BFC Dynamo under Jürgen Bogs played an aggressive football that focused on attacking.[46]The team of BFC Dynamo after winning its first title in the DDR-Oberliga in 1979.BFC Dynamo had a very successful start in the 1978-79 DDR-Oberliga and became Herbstmeister. The team reached the 1979 FDGB-Pokal final, but was defeated by 1. FC Magdeburg. Midfielder Lutz Eigendorf defected to West Germany on 20 March 1979 in connection with a friendly match in Kaiserslautern.[47] His defection was considered a slap in the face of the East German regime; Eigendorf had been one of the most promising players in East Germany.[48][49] BFC Dynamo eventually won its first DDR-Oberliga title in 1979.[50] The team broke several league records during the 1978–79 season, such as: most number of matches won since the start of a season (10), most number of unbeaten matches since the start of a season (22), most goals scored in one season under the current format (75) and the biggest win in the DDR-Oberliga in the last 30 years (10–0 against BSG Sachsenring Zwickau on the 17th matchday).[51][52] Hans-Jürgen Riediger became second best goalscorer in the 1978-79 DDR-Oberliga with 20 goals.[53]BFC Dynamo made its debut in the European Cup in 1979. The team reached the quarter-finals of the 1979–80 European Cup, where it faced Nottingham Forest under Brian Clough. The team won the first leg 0–1 away, after a goal by Riediger. BFC Dynamo thus became the first German team to defeat an English team in England in the European Cup.[54] The team won its second consecutive DDR-Oberliga title in 1980, after defeating first-placed SG Dynamo Dresden 1–0 on the final matchday in front of 30,000 spectators at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark.[55][56] The East Germany national football team won silver medal at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. BFC Dynamo was represented by five players in the squad: Bodo Rudwaleit, Artur Ullrich, Norbert Trieloff, Frank Terletzki and Wolf-Rüdiger Netz. All five played in the final against Czechoslovakia.[57]More talented players from the youth department were integrated into the first team in the late 1970s and early 1980s, such as Rainer Ernst, Bernd Schulz, Frank Rohde and Christian Backs. BFC Dynamo won the league again in 1981, after defeating second-placed FC Carl Zeiss Jena 2–1 in a deciding match on the final matchday.[58][59] BFC Dynamo reached the 1982 FDGB-Pokal final, but lost to SG Dynamo Dresen in a penalty shoot-out.[60] The team won its fourth consecutive league title in 1982, after defeating 1. FC Magdeburg 4–0 on the 23rd matchday. Supporters of BFC Dynamo invaded the pitch of the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark in celebration of the league title. It was the first pitch invasion by the supporters of BFC Dynamo in the DDR-Oberliga.[61]Hans-Jürgen Riediger in the match against Hamburger SV in the 1982-83 European Cup at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark.BFC Dynamo was drawn against West German champion Hamburger SV in the first round of the 1982-83 European Cup. The first leg was played at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark. The Stasi feared riots, political demonstrations and supporters who might express sympathy for West German stars. Only 2,000 tickets were allowed for ordinary fans. The rest was instead allocated to a politically hand-picked audience.[62][63] BFC Dynamo defender Norbert Trieloff later said: \"When we came out for that game, we realized something was wrong.\"[64] The match ended 1–1, with a goal by Riediger. BFC Dynamo was eventually eliminated after a 2–0 defeat at the Volksparkstadion in the return leg.[65]Key players on the team in the 1982–83 season were Bodo Rudwaleit, Christian Backs, Rainer Troppa, Frank Rohde, Frank Terletzki, Hans-Jürgen Riediger, Norbert Trieloff, Artur Ullrich, Michael Noack, Ralf Sträßer and Rainer Ernst.[66] BFC Dynamo had come to dominate the DDR-Oberliga by 1982. The team went through the entire 1982-83 DDR-Oberliga undefeated. BFC Dynamo was defeated 1–2 by FC Karl-Marx-Stadt on the seventh matchday of the 1983-84 DDR-Oberliga. It was the first loss since the 22nd matchday of the 1981-82 DDR-Oberliga. BFC Dynamo had then been undefeated in 36 matches, which set a new record in the DDR-Oberliga for the longest unbeaten run.[67][68]BFC Dynamo was drawn against FK Partizan Belgrade in the second round of the 1983-84 European Cup. Players Falko Götz and Dirk Schlegel defected to West Germany during a shopping tour in Belgrade the day before the second leg.[69] The talented 18-year old forward Andreas Thom from the youth department was given the chance to make his international debut in the match as a replacement for Götz.[70] BFC Dynamo was eventually elminated by AS Roma in the quarter finals of 1983-84 European Cup. It was the fourth time in five seasons that BFC Dynamo had been eliminated in the European Cup by an eventual finalist; three times had BFC Dynamo been eliminated by the champion: Nottingham Forrest in 1979, Aston Villa in 1981 and Hamburger SV in 1982. BFC Dynamo captured its sixth consecutive league in 1984. Rainer Ernst became the best goal scorer in the 1983-84 DDR-Oberliga with 20 goals.[71] BFC Dynamo reached the 1984 FDGB-Pokal final, but lost to SG Dynamo Dresden.[72]The team of BFC Dynamo celebrates its sixth DDR-Oberlig title in 1985.BFC Dynamo recruited Frank Pastor from relegated HFC Chemie in 1984.[73] The team was drawn against Aberdeen FC under Alex Ferguson in the first round of the 1984–85 European Cup.[74] BFC Dynamo eventually won the round after dramatic penalty shoot-out at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark in the return leg. Goalkeeper Bodo Rudwaleit saved the last two penalty kicks for Aberdeen FC.[75][74] BFC Dynamo finished the 1984-85 DDR-Oberliga in first place, six points ahead of SG Dynamo Dresden. The team had scored a total of 90 goals in 1984-85 DDR-Oberliga, which set a new record.[76] No team would ever score more goals in one season in the DDR-Oberliga. With 24 goals, Rainer Ernst was once again the best goal scorer in the league. Frank Pastor was the second best goal scorer in the league with 22 goals.[76] BFC Dynamo reached the 1985 FDGB-Pokal final, but was again defeated by SC Dynamo Dresden in the final.[77]BFC Dynamo was in first place in the league before the winter break 1985–1986.[78] The team faced 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig on the 18th matchday of the 1985-86 DDR-Oberliga. 1. FC Lokomotiv Leipzig led the match 1–0 in overtime. BFC Dynamo was then awarded a penalty in the 95th minute by referee Bernd Stumpf.[79][80] Frank Pastor converted the penalty and the match ended in a 1–1 draw.[81] The penalty was highly controversial and would later become known as the \"Shame penalty of Leipzig\".[80] BFC Dynamo won the 1985-86 DDR-Oberliga. The team finished just two points ahead of runner-up 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig.BFC Dynamo had the best material conditions in the league and the best team by far.[82] But controversial refereeing decisions in favor of BFC Dynamo gave rise to speculation that the dominance of BFC Dynamo was not solely due to athletic performance, but also due to help from referees.[83] BFC Dynamo was a representative of both the Stasi and the capital. The team was therefore viewed with more suspicion than affection.[84][83] The overbearing success of BFC Dynamo in the 1980s made fans of opposing teams easily aroused as to what they saw as manipulation by bent referees.[82] The team was met with aggression and shouts such as \"Bent champions!\" (German: Schiebermeister) and \"Jews Berlin!\" (German: Juden Berlin) at away matches.[85][4][86][87]Complaints of alleged referee bias accumulated into the hundreds in the mid-1980s.[82][4][88] The East German Football Association (DFV) eventually conducted an internal analysis of the 1984–85 season.[82][80][89] Among other things, the analysis found that BFC Dynamo had earned only one third of the yellow cards incurred by rival SG Dynamo Dresden.[90][89] A review was also made of the final of the 1985 FDGB-Pokal final between BFC Dynamo and SG Dynamo Dresden. This analysis concluded that 30 percent of the referee decisions were wrong, and found that 80 percent of those had been of disadvantage to SG Dynamo Dresden.[91][92][93][89] A number of referees were sanctioned for their performances in matches involving BFC Dynamo in the following months, including the referees involved in the 1985 cup final.[4][93][89]A particularly controversial episode was the penalty awarded to BFC Dynamo by referee Bernd Stumpf in extra time in the match between 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig and BFC Dynamo in March 1986.[80][94] The penalty caused a wave of protests. SED General Secretary Erich Honecker Erich Honecker and the Secretary for Security, Youth and Sport of the SED Central Committee Egon Krenz were fed up with the \"football question\" and the \"BFC-discussion\".[80] Honecker wanted quiet.[79] An example was consequently made out of referee Stumpf. He was permanently banned from refereeing by the DFV.[79] The sanctions against Stumpf were approved by Honecker and Krenz in the SED Central Committee.[95][96] However, a previously unknown video recording of the match was published by Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk (MDR) in 2000. The video recording showed that the penalty was correctly awarded and that the sanctions against Stumpf were unjustified.[79][86][97] In an interview in 2000, Stumpf said: \"The people have never understood, how this Leipzig game was used by the highest officials in the party and government.\"[79]The benefit of controlling important matches in Western Europe might have put indirect pressure on the referees to take preventive measures, in so-called preventive obedience.[98][99][100][101][84] In order pursue an international career, a referee would need a travel permit, confirmed by the Stasi.[95][89][102] It became known after the German reunification that several referees had also been Unofficial collaborators (IM) of the Stasi.[80][103][104][88] However, there is no evidence to show that referees were under direct instructions from the Stasi and no document has ever been found in the archives that gave the Stasi a mandate to bribe referees.[103][100][101]\"I can imagine there was referee manipulation due to the immense pressure from the government and Ministry for State Security. That could have made some referees nervous and influenced their decisions. But we were the strongest team at the time. We didn't need their help.\"\n\n\nFalko Götz[105]The picture that the success of BFC Dynamo relied upon referee bias is dismissed by former BFC Dynamo players and coaches. Some of them admit that there might have been cases of referee bias, but they all insist that it was the thoroughness of their youth work and the quality of their play that earned them their titles.[106][83][105][107] Former coach Jürgen Bogs has said: \"You cannot postpone 26 matches in one season in the DDR-Oberliga. At that time we had the best football team\".[108][97] German author Steffen Karas claims that BFC Dynamo only scored nine match-deciding goals in the 86th minute or later, in the 218 matches it won or drew during its ten championship years.[nb 4]Supported by numerous training centers (TZ) of the SV Dynamo sports association, BFC Dynamo was able to filter the best talents through nationwide screening and train them in its youth academy. The youth academy had full-time trainers employed for every age group.[44][110] As the coach of the DDR-Oberliga team, Bogs worked with modern training methods, such as video evalutations, which was not yet common in East Germany. The club also applied heart rate and lactate measurements during training, which only came to the Bundesliga many years later.[111][97] Former referee Bernd Heynemann has concluded: \"The BFC is not ten times champions because the referees only whistled for Dynamo. They were already strong as a bear.\"[112]Andreas Thom during a match against SG Dynamo Dresden in 1988.BFC Dynamo recruited 20-year-old Thomas Doll from relegated F.C. Hansa Rostock in 1986.[113] Doll and Andreas Thom would form one of the most effective attacking duos in East German football in the late 1980s. The 1986–87 and 1987-88 seasons saw renewed competition in the DDR-Oberliga. BFC Dynamo eventually won its tenth consecutive league title in 1988. The 1987-88 DDR-Oberliga was won on goal difference in the final matchday.[114][115] Andreas Thom became the best goalscorer in 1987-88 DDR-Oberliga with 20 goals.[116] The team then defeated FC Carl Zeiss Jena in the 1988 FDGB-Pokal final and finally completed the Double.[116]\nThom was voted the 1988 East German footballer of the year.[116]The team celebrates the victory in the 1989 FDGB-Pokal final at the Stadion der Weltjugend.BFC Dynamo was drawn against West German champion SV Werder Bremen in the first round of the 1988-89 European Cup. BFC Dynamo sensationally won the first leg 3–0 at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark.[117] However, the team lost the return leg at the Weser-Stadion with 0–5. The return leg would become known as the second \"Miracle on the Weser\".[118][117] BFC Dynamo defeated FC Karl-Marx-Stadt in the 1989 FDGB-Pokal final and won its second consecutive cup title.[119] SG Dynamo Dresden eventually broke the dominance of BFC Dynamo in the DDR-Oberliga in the 1988-89 season. BFC Dynamo finished the 1988-89 DDR-Oberliga as runner-up, and SG Dynamo Dresden became the new champion. Coach Bogs was replaced by Helmut Jäschke after the 1988–89 season.[120] As the cup winner, BFC Dynamo was set to play the new league champion SG Dynamo Dresden in the first edition of the DFV-Supercup. BFC Dynamo won the match 4-1 and became the first and, eventually, only winner of the DFV-Supercup in the history of East German football.[120]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-0223-013,_Mannschaftsfoto_FC_Berlin.jpg"},{"link_name":"political change in East Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Berlin Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Wall"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Botschafter-125"},{"link_name":"Andreas Thom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Thom"},{"link_name":"Bayer Leverkusen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer_Leverkusen"},{"link_name":"Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WeltCalmund-126"},{"link_name":"Stasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasi"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Botschafter-125"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FuWoNicht-129"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDougall2014317-130"},{"link_name":"1989-90 DDR-Oberliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989-90_DDR-Oberliga"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11FSchicksal-131"},{"link_name":"Thomas Doll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Doll"},{"link_name":"Frank Rohde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Rohde"},{"link_name":"Hamburger SV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburger_SV"},{"link_name":"Rainer Ernst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Ernst"},{"link_name":"1. FC Kaiserslautern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._FC_Kaiserslautern"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TAZTrauriger-132"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WeltTiefeFall-133"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-1110-013,_FC_Berlin_-_HFC_Chemie_0-0.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dirk Rehbein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirk_Rehbein"},{"link_name":"HFC Chemie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallescher_FC"},{"link_name":"Jürgen Bogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Bogs"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaras2022140-134"},{"link_name":"1990-91 NOFV-Oberliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990-91_NOFV-Oberliga"},{"link_name":"play-off for the 2. Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990%E2%80%9391_NOFV-Oberliga#2._Bundesliga_play-off"},{"link_name":"2. Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RBBLetzteOberliga-135"},{"link_name":"Heiko Bonan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiko_Bonan"},{"link_name":"VfL Bochum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VfL_Bochum"},{"link_name":"Burkhard Reich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkhard_Reich"},{"link_name":"Karlsruher SC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlsruher_SC"},{"link_name":"Hendrik Herzog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Herzog"},{"link_name":"FC Schalke 04","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Schalke_04"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaras2022142-136"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"NOFV-Oberliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOFV-Oberliga"},{"link_name":"German football league system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_football_league_system"},{"link_name":"Sweeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)#Sweeper_(libero)"},{"link_name":"Heiko Brestrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiko_Brestrich"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"1991-92 NOFV-Oberliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991-92_NOFV-Oberliga"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaras2022144-139"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WeltTiefeFall-133"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaras2022144-139"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TAZLicense-140"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaras2022145%E2%80%93146-141"},{"link_name":"Regionalliga Nordost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalliga_Nordost"},{"link_name":"1994-95 Regionalliga Nordost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994-95_Regionalliga"},{"link_name":"derbies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_derby"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TurusTristesse-142"},{"link_name":"1995-96 Regionaliga Nordost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995-96_Regionalliga"},{"link_name":"1. FC Dynamo Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._FC_Dynamo_Dresden"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bertram2015-143"},{"link_name":"Werner Voigt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Voigt"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KickerSaison-144"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaras2022147-145"},{"link_name":"Mario Maek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Maek"},{"link_name":"Chelsea F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_F.C."},{"link_name":"Feyenoord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feyenoord"},{"link_name":"SK Rapid Wien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SK_Rapid_Wien"},{"link_name":"FC Spartak Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Spartak_Moscow"},{"link_name":"FC Bayern München","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Bayern_M%C3%BCnchen"},{"link_name":"Borussia Dortmund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borussia_Dortmund"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"1995-96 Regionaliga Nordost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995-96_Regionalliga"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Mark"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaras2022147-145"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JungleWBFCFCB-147"},{"link_name":"Jörn Lenz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6rn_Lenz"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaras2022546,_553,_561,_568,_579,_587,_594,_602-149"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaras2022148-150"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hohere-151"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaras2022149-152"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hohere-151"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaras2022546-153"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaras2022149-152"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SpiegelWieder-154"},{"link_name":"Berlin Turkspor 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Turkspor_1965"},{"link_name":"Berlin Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Cup"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"Ayhan Gezen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayhan_Gezen"},{"link_name":"FC Rot-Weiß Erfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Rot-Wei%C3%9F_Erfurt"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaras2022149-152"},{"link_name":"Nico Thomaschewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nico_Thomaschewski"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WeltRoutine-156"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TagesGibt-157"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaras2022150-159"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaras2022150-159"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaras2022150-159"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MorgenpostChance-162"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MorgenpostChance-162"},{"link_name":"NOFV-Oberliga Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOFV-Oberliga_Nord"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaras2022151-163"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BZSponsorRegiert-164"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BZRonaldosPartner-165"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaras2022152-166"},{"link_name":"Social democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_democracy"},{"link_name":"SPD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BFCPaukenschlag-167"},{"link_name":"[nb 5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-168"},{"link_name":"2000–01 NOFV-Oberliga Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_NOFV-Oberliga#Nord"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MorgenpostExistenzangst-169"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MorgenpostExistenzangst-169"},{"link_name":"1. FC Magdeburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._FC_Magdeburg"},{"link_name":"play-off for the Regionalliga Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_NOFV-Oberliga#Promotion_playoff"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BerlinerKurierKohelAus-170"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BZRetterSich-171"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BZMRettesich-172"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MorgenpostExistenzangst-169"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSSStehtInsolvenz-173"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSWildwest-174"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSWildwest-174"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TAZFixe-175"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BZBalanceakt-176"},{"link_name":"FC Dynamo Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Dynamo_Moscow"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TAZBruder-177"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MorgenpostHoffnung-178"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TAZMArsch-179"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BZGehtInsolvenz-180"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meyer-181"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MorgenpostHoffnung-178"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meyer-181"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TAZMArsch-179"},{"link_name":"Sportforum Hohenschönhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportforum_Hohensch%C3%B6nhausen"},{"link_name":"Rotes Rathaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotes_Rathaus"},{"link_name":"Rainer Troppa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Troppa"},{"link_name":"Waldemar Ksienzyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldemar_Ksienzyk"},{"link_name":"Heiko Brestrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiko_Brestrich"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BZGehtInsolvenz-180"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Der_November_r%C3%BCckt_n%C3%A4her-182"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-183"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BZPlant-184"},{"link_name":"Die Wende","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TAZFixe-175"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NDWieTief-185"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JungleWBFCFCB-147"},{"link_name":"SV Dynamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SV_Dynamo"},{"link_name":"East German Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Fu%C3%9Fball-Verband_der_DDR"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FuWoBeimGeld-187"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BZMillionen-188"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WeltZur%C3%BCckZukunft-189"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TAZFixe-175"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BZAusverkauf-190"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BZAusverkauf-190"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-191"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TagesFlucht-192"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BZAusverkauf-190"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TagesFlucht-192"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BZAusverkauf-190"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BZMillionen-188"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KickerSeitAnfang-193"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KickerSeitAnfang-193"},{"link_name":"Verbandsliga Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin-Liga"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-194"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Der_November_r%C3%BCckt_n%C3%A4her-182"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BZKonzept-195"},{"link_name":"VfB Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._FC_Lokomotive_Leipzig"},{"link_name":"SV Babelsberg 03","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SV_Babelsberg_03"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-196"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BZKonzept-195"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSSpind-78"},{"link_name":"Bodo Rudwaleit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodo_Rudwaleit"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSSpind-78"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NDHoffnung-197"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-198"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BZAuferstehen-199"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KickerCrew-200"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NDHoffnung-197"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BZAuferstehen-199"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KickerCrew-200"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NDHoffnung-197"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NDHoffnung-197"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B-ZGab-201"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-202"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-203"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-204"},{"link_name":"SC Pfullendorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SC_Pfullendorf"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-205"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-206"},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KickerBacks-207"},{"link_name":"Charlottenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf"},{"link_name":"District Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtsgericht"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-208"}],"sub_title":"FC Berlin, decline and insolvency (1989–2004)","text":"The team of FC Berlin at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Stadion in 1990.The 1989–90 season was marked by the political change in East Germany. The Berlin Wall was opened on 9 November 1989 and people in East Berlin could now travel freely to West Berlin.[121] Andreas Thom was signed to Bayer Leverkusen. He left the team during the winter break 1989–1990 and became the first player in the DDR-Oberliga to be transferred to the West German Bundesliga after the fall of the Berlin Wall.[122] The Stasi was definitively dissolved on 13 January 1990 and thus BFC Dynamo lost a major sponsor.[121] The East German Ministry of the Interior announced that it was only prepared to support the club until the end of the 1989–90 season and the fate of the club was uncertain.[123][124] BFC Dynamo was eventually rebranded as FC Berlin on 19 February 1990.[125][126] The team finished the 1989-90 DDR-Oberliga in fourth place and failed for the first time in a long time to qualify for an UEFA competition.[127] Thomas Doll and Frank Rohde left for Hamburger SV and Rainer Ernst for 1. FC Kaiserslautern after the season.[128][129]FC Berlin forward Dirk Rehbein in a match against HFC Chemie in 1990.Jürgen Bogs returned as coach in 1990.[130] FC Berlin finished the 1990-91 NOFV-Oberliga in 11th place, but qualified for the play-off for the 2. Bundesliga. The team just narrowly failed to qualify for the 2. Bundesliga.[131] More players left the team after 1990–91 season, including Heiko Bonan for VfL Bochum, Burkhard Reich for Karlsruher SC and Hendrik Herzog for FC Schalke 04.[132] The 1991–92 season was the first season when teams from East Germany and teams from West Germany played in the same league system. The NOFV-Oberliga was now at third tier in the German football league system. Sweeper Heiko Brestrich returned the club in 1991.[133] The team was also joined by defender Jens Reckmann from the youth department the same year.[134] FC Berlin dominated the 1991-92 NOFV-Oberliga, but failed for the second season in a row to qualify for the 2. Bundesliga. FC Berlin lost 11 players after the 1991–92 season.[135] In total, the club lost two complete teams in the first year or two after the fall of the Berlin Wall: 22 players had left for the Bundesliga and 13 players for the 2. Bundesliga.[129][135]After failing to qualify for the 2. Bundesliga in 1991 and 1992, FC Berlin had to continue at amateur level. The club now had to rely heavily on its youth department to supply the team with new players.[136] Coach Bogs resigned in September 1993 and was replaced by Helmut Koch.[137] FC Berlin managed to qualify for the new Regionalliga Nordost in 1994. The reinstated Regionalliga formed the new third tier. The 1994-95 Regionalliga Nordost involved new derbies against 1. FC Union Berlin and new matches against several other well-known opponents.[138] FC Berlin struggled in the 1994-95 Regionalliga Nordost but managed to retain is place in the league. The highlight of the 1995-96 Regionaliga Nordost were new duels with 1. FC Dynamo Dresden. The two teams had not met since 1991.[139]: 116Due to a threat of relegation, coach Koch was dismissed in October 1995. He was succeeded by former player and youth coach Werner Voigt.[140][141] Defender Mario Maek also returned to the team at the same time. FC Berlin organized one of the biggest youth football tournaments so far in the eastern part of the country in April 1996. As many as 30 youth teams from clubs such as Chelsea F.C., Feyenoord, SK Rapid Wien, FC Spartak Moscow, FC Bayern München and Borussia Dortmund participated.[142]\nFC Berlin finished the 1995-96 Regionaliga Nordost in 13th place. Club President Volkmar Wanski announced in November 1996 that the financial reserves had been used up; the millions of Deutsche Mark that the club had made from player transfers in the early 1990s were now gone.[141][143]Defender Jörn Lenz returned to the team during the winter break 1997–1998.[144] Lenz would be a key player for several seasons to come.[145] The successes in the Regionalliga did not materialize; FC Berlin remained a lower-table side. Coach Voigt eventually left for 1. FC Dynamo Dresden in March 1998.[146] Henry Häusler became new coach in the summer of 1998.[147][148] Among the key players in the team in the 1998–99 season were Heiko Brestrich, Jörn Lenz, Mario Kallnik and Mario Maek.[147][149] Coach Häusler was already dismissed in April 1999, due to repeated public criticism of the team.[148] The club took back its old club name of BFC Dynamo on 8 May 1999.[150] BFC Dynamo defeated Berlin Turkspor 1965 4–1 in the final of the 1998-99 Berlin Cup and finally won its first Berlin Cup title.[151] Brestrich scored two goals, Ayhan Gezen one goal and Maek one goal for BFC Dynamo in the final. Former FC Rot-Weiß Erfurt-player and coach Klaus Goldbach became new coach at the end of the season.[148]BFC Dynamo recruited goalkeeper Nico Thomaschewski from 1. FC Union Berlin in 1999.[152][153] BFC Dynamo suffered a period of crisis during the autumn of 1999; the club had run into financial difficulties, and the team had plummeted down the league after several matches without a single win.[154][155] Heiko Brestrich was sacked after a protest against coach Goldbach.[155] Eventually, Jürgen Bogs returned for his third stint as coach in December 1999.[156][155] Hans Reker became the new sports director in January 2000. Through Reker, BFC Dynamo finally got a promising main sponsor in the form of the software company Lipro AG.[157][158] However, the struggle in the league continued and BFC Dynamo finished the 1999-2000 Regionalliga in 17th place.[158] The team was thus relegated to NOFV-Oberliga Nord; for the first time, BFC Dynamo was a fourth-tier team.[159] After six years in office, Club President Wanski resigned in June 2000, in protest against Lipro AG's demand for influence.[160]About a dozen new players were signed in the summer of 2000, including five Romanian players, four of whom were former national team players.[161][162] Social democratic SPD-politician Karin Halsch became the new club president in September 2000.[163][nb 5] BFC Dynamo finished the 2000–01 NOFV-Oberliga Nord in first place.[164] Striker Dennis Kozlov became the top scorer in the league with 29 goals.[164] The team faced 1. FC Magdeburg in the play-off for the Regionalliga Nord. However, two weeks before the first leg, it had become clear that the club was in major financial trouble.[165][166][167] Players had not received their salaries for months and the club was behind on insurance payments. BFC Dynamo lost the play-off after a 5–2 defeat away in the second leg. Several players left the team immediately after the season.[164][168]The insurance company AOK eventually filed for insolvency against BFC Dynamo in June 2001.[169] Shortly afterwards, Halsch resigned as club president and Reker took over as acting president.[169][170] The club's total debts were now estimated at 5.5 millions Deutsche Mark.[171] BFC Dynamo tried to initiate a partnership with FC Dynamo Moscow, but the plans led nowhere.[172][173] BFC Dynamo needed 30,000 Deutsche Mark by 31 October 2001 to open insolvency proceedings, but the club did not have the money.[174][175][176] If insolvency proceedings could not be opened, the club would go bankcrupt.[173][176][174] Supporters of BFC Dynamo staged a demonstration march from Sportforum Hohenschönhausen to Rotes Rathaus to save the club. Also former players such as Hans-Jürgen Riediger, Rainer Troppa, Waldemar Ksienzyk and Heiko Brestrich, planned to participate.[175][177] A sponsor group around former club president Wanski eventually came forward at the last second and offered the money.[178][179]FC Berlin was said to have made millions from player sales after Die Wende.[170][180] The club was for a time considered the richest amateur club in Germany.[143] But not all the money had gone to the club. Some had also gone to SV Dynamo, the East German Football Association (DFV) and agents.[181][182] The club's reputation as a former Stasi club made it difficult to win new sponsors.[183][184][170][185] The club was also plagued by hooliganism which repeatedly made negative headlines.[185][186] FC Berlin failed to qualify for the 2. Bundesliga and never progressed beyond third tier.[187] Average attendance was only a couple of hundreds in the beginning of the 1990s.[185][187] FC Berlin ran a large youth department which at one point cost 400,000 Deutsche Marks a year.[185] At the end of 1996, the club had no money left in its bank accounts and Club President Volkmar Wanski would need to support the club with annual personal financial contributions.[183] In 2000, the club finally got a promising main sponsor in the form of Lipro AG and made a bid to reach the third tier.[188] However, the millions from Lipro AG later turned out to be loans.[188]Insolvency proceedings were opened on 1 November 2001. BFC Dynamo was automatically relegated to the Verbandsliga Berlin and had to continue under amateur conditions.[189][177] Only three players from the former squad remained for the first mandatory friendly match, including new team captain Piotr Rowicki.[190] Jörn Lenz left for VfB Leipzig and Nico Thomaschewski for SV Babelsberg 03.[191] Also coach Bogs left.[190][75] Mario Maek took over as new coach on a voluntary basis assisted by goalkeeping coach Bodo Rudwaleit.[75] Entrepreneur Mike Peters was elected as the new club president in May 2022.[192] BFC Dynamo was estimated to have debts of around 2,2 million Euros.[193] The preferential claims of about 200,000 Euros seemed insurmountable, but supporters negotiated with creditors and received numerous waivers, and also raised thousands of Euros themselves.[194][195][192] In addition, the new presidium around Peters gave a large financial contribution to the insolvency plan. Peters also committed to funding a large part of the budget for the upcoming season.[194][195][192]BFC Dynamo had to start over in the sixth-tier Verbandsliga Berlin in 2002. Nico Tomaschewski returned to the team in 2002.[192][196][197] The team was also joined by young defender Robert Rudwaleit from the reserve team the same year. Robert Rudwaleit was the son of Bodo Rudwaleit.[198] BFC Dynamo finished its first season in the Verbandsliga Berlin in third place. Jörn Lenz then returned to the team in 2003.[199] BFC Dynamo also recruited forward Danny Kukulies from SC Pfullendorf the same year.[200] The insolvency situation was complex. The club had 170 creditors and it was uncertain whether the insolvency proceedings would end successfully. BFC Dynamo eventually finished the 2003-04 Verbandsliga Berlin in first place and won promotion back to the NOFV-Oberliga Nord. The team won all 17 matches in the second half of the league season, which set new record in the Verbandsliga Berlin.[201] Kukulies became the top scorer in the league with 32 goals.[202] Finally, the insolvency proceedings also came to a positive conclusion after a meeting with the creditors at the Charlottenburg District Court on 8 June 2004.[203]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[204]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-209"},{"link_name":"Christian Backs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Backs"},{"link_name":"Dennis Kutrieb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Kutrieb"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-210"},{"link_name":"[206]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaras2022587-211"},{"link_name":"Berliner AK 07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_AK_07"},{"link_name":"[207]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-212"},{"link_name":"FC Vorwärts Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._FC_Frankfurt"},{"link_name":"Jürgen Piepenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Piepenburg"},{"link_name":"[208]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-213"},{"link_name":"2005-06 NOFV-Oberliga Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005-06_NOFV-Oberliga"},{"link_name":"[209]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaras2022595-214"},{"link_name":"[210]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-215"},{"link_name":"Israeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"[211]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SichSelbst-216"},{"link_name":"[212]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-217"},{"link_name":"[213]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSSportgericht-218"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clp_20060514_Sportforum_Dynamostadion.jpg"},{"link_name":"[214]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-219"},{"link_name":"[215]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BZVerlorenem-220"},{"link_name":"[215]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BZVerlorenem-220"},{"link_name":"[215]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BZVerlorenem-220"},{"link_name":"[216]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-221"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSAcht-222"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSAcht-222"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"[218]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-223"},{"link_name":"[219]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSP%C3%B6belt-224"},{"link_name":"[219]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSP%C3%B6belt-224"},{"link_name":"racism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism"},{"link_name":"[220]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAZHooligans-225"},{"link_name":"[221]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-226"},{"link_name":"Nazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism"},{"link_name":"[222]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSP%C3%B6beltFliegt-227"},{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-228"},{"link_name":"[224]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BFuWoUhlig-229"},{"link_name":"2008-09 NOFV-Oberliga Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008-09_NOFV-Oberliga"},{"link_name":"[225]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaras2022617%E2%80%93621-230"},{"link_name":"Tennis Borussia Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_Borussia_Berlin"},{"link_name":"[226]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaras2022162-231"},{"link_name":"[225]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaras2022617%E2%80%93621-230"},{"link_name":"[227]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-232"},{"link_name":"Nico Patschinski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nico_Patschinski"},{"link_name":"[228]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Turus20jahre-233"},{"link_name":"2009-10 NOFV-Oberliga Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009-10_NOFV-Oberliga"},{"link_name":"[228]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Turus20jahre-233"},{"link_name":"FC Energie Cottbus II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Energie_Cottbus"},{"link_name":"[229]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaras2022164-234"},{"link_name":"Heiko Bonan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiko_Bonan"},{"link_name":"[230]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-235"},{"link_name":"[231]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RandaleAnkaraspor-236"},{"link_name":"[232]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WennHooligans-237"},{"link_name":"2010-11 NOFV-Oberliga Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010-11_NOFV-Oberliga"},{"link_name":"SFC Stern 1900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SFC_Stern_1900"},{"link_name":"[233]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSSchl%C3%A4gtS-238"},{"link_name":"[228]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Turus20jahre-233"},{"link_name":"2011–12 DFB-Pokal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_DFB-Pokal"},{"link_name":"German Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"[206]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaras2022587-211"},{"link_name":"[233]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSSchl%C3%A4gtS-238"},{"link_name":"1. FC Kaiserslautern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._FC_Kaiserslautern"},{"link_name":"Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark"},{"link_name":"[234]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaras2022639-239"},{"link_name":"[232]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WennHooligans-237"},{"link_name":"[235]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaras2022166-240"},{"link_name":"2011-12 NOFV-Oberliga Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011-12_NOFV-Oberliga"},{"link_name":"[236]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-241"},{"link_name":"2012-13 NOFV-Oberliga Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012-13_NOFV-Oberliga"},{"link_name":"[237]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaras2022645-650-242"},{"link_name":"SV Lichtenberg 47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SV_Lichtenberg_47"},{"link_name":"[238]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-243"},{"link_name":"[228]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Turus20jahre-233"},{"link_name":"German reunification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_reunification"},{"link_name":"[239]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaras2022168-244"},{"link_name":"Senegalese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal"},{"link_name":"[240]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MorgenpostDieter-245"},{"link_name":"[241]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BZPflanze-246"},{"link_name":"[240]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MorgenpostDieter-245"},{"link_name":"[242]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-247"},{"link_name":"2013-14 NOFV-Oberliga Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013-14_NOFV-Oberliga"},{"link_name":"Brandenburger SC Süd 05","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburger_SC_S%C3%BCd_05"},{"link_name":"[243]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-248"},{"link_name":"[244]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaras2022652%E2%80%93657-249"},{"link_name":"[245]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaras2022652-657-250"},{"link_name":"Regionalliga Nordost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalliga_Nordost"}],"sub_title":"Consolidation (2004-2014)","text":"Mario Weinkauf was elected as the new club president in June 2004.[204] Former player Christian Backs became the new coach for NOFV-Oberliga Nord. Key players on the team in the 2004–05 season were Robert Rudwaleit, Nico Thomaschewski, Dennis Kutrieb, Jörn Lenz and Danny Kukulies.[205][206] Coach Backs left for Berliner AK 07 in April 2005, due to financial disagreements with the club.[207] Former FC Vorwärts Berlin player Jürgen Piepenburg became the new coach in the summer of 2005.[208] The 2005-06 NOFV-Oberliga Nord involved new derbies with 1. FC Union Berlin. BFC Dynamo lost the first meeting with 1. FC Union Berlin 8–0.[209] Coach Piepenberg was dismissed immediately after the match.[210] Israeli fashion brand JetLag became the new main sponsor at the beginning of 2006.[211] The return match against 1. FC Union Berlin was played at the Stadion im Sportforum in May 2006. The score was 1-1 when supporters of BFC Dynamo invaded the pitch to storm the away block.[212] The match was abandoned and 1. FC Union Berlin was awarded a 2–0 victory.[213]The Stadion im Sportforum in May 2006.The riots in the match against 1. FC Union Berlin in May 2006 threw the club into a new financial crisis.[214][215] The club's finances were eventually saved by the sponsor Infinity-Net Telekom GmbH.[215] The company's owner Peter Meyer became the new strong man in the club.[215] A power struggle developed between main sponsor Meyer and President Weinkauf.[216] Weinkauf was eventually dismissed in a vote of no confidence at the annual meeting in June 2007.[217] Meyer became the new chairman of the Economic Council and practically club manager.[217] The Turkish company Gökis Getränkegroßhandel became the new shirt sponsor for the 2007–08 season.[218][219] The company's manager Gökhan Kazan also became member of the Economic Council.[219] BFC Dynamo played a friendly match against Hertha BSC in July 2007. The match was played under the motto \"Against violence and racism\".[220][221] Before the match, Meyer publicly declared that \"anyone who shouts Nazi slogans will be thrown out of the stadium\".[222]BFC Dynamo recruited midfielder Christian Preiß in 2008.[223] Norbert Uhlig was elected as the new club president in October 2008.[224] BFC Dynamo was undefeated in the first ten matches of the 2008-09 NOFV-Oberliga Nord.[225] However, all hopes of promotion were dashed after a 2–4 loss against first-placed Tennis Borussia Berlin before the winter break.[226] BFC Dynamo finished the 2008-09 NOFV-Oberliga Nord as runner-up.[225] Christian Backs returned as coach in the summer of 2009.[227] BFC Dynamo also recruited forward Nico Patschinski from 1. FC Union Berlin.[228] The team had a successful start to the 2009-10 NOFV-Oberliga Nord.[228] BFC Dynamo lost only one match in the first 14 matchdays, but failed to keep pace with first-placed FC Energie Cottbus II in the second half of the league season.[229] Coach Backs was dismissed before Easter 2010 and former player Heiko Bonan took over as coach.[230] BFC Dynamo also finished the 2009-10 NOFV-Oberliga Nord as runner-up. The team reached the final of the 2009-10 Berlin Cup. BFC Dynamo lost the final 2–1 against Berliner AK 07. 100-150 supporters of BFC Dynamo stormed the pitch after the final whistle.[231][232]Forward Matthias Steinborn from the youth department became a regular player in the team in 2010. The results in the 2010-11 NOFV-Oberliga Nord were mediocre, but the team had more success in the Berlin Cup. BFC Dynamo defeated SFC Stern 1900 2–0 in the final of the 2010–11 Berlin Cup.[233][228] BFC Dynamo had thus won its first Berlin Cup title in 12 years and was qualified for the 2011–12 DFB-Pokal; the victory in the cup was also worth 100,000 Euros in bonuses from the German Football Association (DFB).[206][233] BFC Dynamo was drawn against 1. FC Kaiserslautern in the first round of the 2011–12 DFB-Pokal. The match was played in front of 10,104 spectators at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark. BFC Dynamo lost the match 0–3.[234] Serious riots broke out among supporters of BFC Dynamo after the match.[232] The club was subsequently fined 12,000 Euros by the DFB Sports Court.[235] BFC Dynamo saw a decline in the league and finished the 2011-12 NOFV-Oberliga Nord in 13th place.The highly popular Turkish-born Volkan Uluc returned as coach in 2012. Uluc had previously coached BFC Dynamo from 2007 to 2009.[236] BFC Dynamo conceded just one loss in the first 14 matchdays in the 2012-13 NOFV-Oberliga Nord and was a top team in the league.[237] The team finished the season in third place in the league. BFC Dynamo then defeated SV Lichtenberg 47 1–0 in the final of the 2012–13 Berlin Cup in front of 6,381 spectators at the Friedrich-Ludig-Jahn-Sportpark.[238][228] The attendance set a new record for a Berlin Cup final since German reunification.[239] BFC Dynamo recruited Senegalese striker Djibril N'Diaye in 2013.[240]\nN'Diaye quickly became a crowd favourite, known as \"Dieter\".[241][240][242] BFC Dynamo came to dominate the 2013-14 NOFV-Oberliga Nord. The league title was secured on the 22nd matchday and the team would go through the entire league season undefeated. BFC Dynamo eventually finished the 2013-14 NOFV-Oberliga Nord 34 points ahead of second-placed Brandenburger SC Süd 05.[243][244] Christian Preiß had scored 15 goals and N'Diaye 12 goals in the league.[245] BFC Dynamo had thus finally won promotion to the Regionalliga Nordost after 10 years in the NOFV-Oberliga Nord.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2018-08-19_BFC_Dynamo_vs._1._FC_K%C3%B6ln_(DFB-Pokal)_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%93351.jpg"},{"link_name":"[246]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-251"},{"link_name":"Thomas Stratos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Stratos"},{"link_name":"SV Tasmania Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SV_Tasmania_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark"},{"link_name":"[247]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSGewinnt-252"},{"link_name":"[247]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSGewinnt-252"},{"link_name":"[248]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-253"},{"link_name":"3. Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3._Liga"},{"link_name":"Brazilian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Thiago Rockenbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiago_Rockenbach"},{"link_name":"Dennis Srbeny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Srbeny"},{"link_name":"Bernhard Hendl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Hendl"},{"link_name":"Kai Pröger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai_Pr%C3%B6ger"},{"link_name":"[249]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaras2022172-254"},{"link_name":"Moabit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moabit"},{"link_name":"[250]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-255"},{"link_name":"[251]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSNarrenkappe-256"},{"link_name":"Frank Terletzki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Terletzki"},{"link_name":"Wolf-Rüdiger Netz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf-R%C3%BCdiger_Netz"},{"link_name":"Jürgen Bogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Bogs"},{"link_name":"Artur Ullrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artur_Ullrich"},{"link_name":"Bernd Schulz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernd_Schulz"},{"link_name":"Frank Rohde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Rohde"},{"link_name":"Andreas Thom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Thom"},{"link_name":"Thomas Doll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Doll"},{"link_name":"[251]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSNarrenkappe-256"},{"link_name":"[252]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-257"},{"link_name":"Regionalliga Nordost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalliga_Nordost"},{"link_name":"[253]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-258"},{"link_name":"2015-16 Regionalliga Nordost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015-16_Regionalliga"},{"link_name":"René Rydlewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Rydlewicz"},{"link_name":"[254]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-259"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"national team player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Rufat Dadashov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufat_Dadashov"},{"link_name":"[255]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaras2022175-260"},{"link_name":"FC Schalke 04","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Schalke_04"},{"link_name":"2017-18 DFB-Pokal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017-18_DFB-Pokal"},{"link_name":"AS Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS_Monaco"},{"link_name":"1989–90 European Cup Winners' Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989%E2%80%9390_European_Cup_Winners%27_Cup"},{"link_name":"[256]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSKlassentreffen-261"},{"link_name":"[255]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaras2022175-260"},{"link_name":"2017-18 Regionalliga Nordost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017-18_Regionalliga"},{"link_name":"[257]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-262"},{"link_name":"[258]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-263"},{"link_name":"[259]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaras2022689-264"},{"link_name":"Chris Reher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Reher"},{"link_name":"1. FC Köln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._FC_K%C3%B6ln"},{"link_name":"2018-19 DFB-Pokal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018-19_DFB-Pokal"},{"link_name":"Olympiastadion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympiastadion_(Berlin)"},{"link_name":"[260]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-265"},{"link_name":"Berlin Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Wall"},{"link_name":"[261]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaras2022177-266"},{"link_name":"Christian Benbennek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Benbennek"},{"link_name":"[262]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaras2022179-267"},{"link_name":"2019-20 Regionalliga Nordost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019-20_Regionalliga"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Germany"},{"link_name":"[263]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-268"},{"link_name":"Stadion der Weltjugend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadion_der_Weltjugend"},{"link_name":"[264]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-269"},{"link_name":"[265]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-270"},{"link_name":"Alexander Siebeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Siebeck"},{"link_name":"[266]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-271"},{"link_name":"2020-21 Regionalliga Nordost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020-21_Regionalliga"},{"link_name":"[267]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-272"},{"link_name":"[268]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-273"},{"link_name":"Berliner AK 07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_AK_07"},{"link_name":"[269]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-274"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2018-08-19_BFC_Dynamo_vs._1._FC_K%C3%B6ln_(DFB-Pokal)_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%93101.jpg"},{"link_name":"2018-19 DFB-Pokal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018-19_DFB-Pokal"},{"link_name":"Christian Beck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Beck_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[270]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-275"},{"link_name":"Dmitri Stajila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri_Stajila"},{"link_name":"Michael Blum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Blum_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Darryl Geurts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darryl_Geurts"},{"link_name":"Niklas Brandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niklas_Brandt"},{"link_name":"VfB Stuttgart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VfB_Stuttgart"},{"link_name":"2021-22 DFB-Pokal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021-22_DFB-Pokal"},{"link_name":"SC Freiburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SC_Freiburg"},{"link_name":"1991–92 DFB-Pokal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%E2%80%9392_DFB-Pokal"},{"link_name":"[271]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-276"},{"link_name":"2021-22 Regionalliga Nordost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021-22_Regionalliga"},{"link_name":"Herbstmeister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbstmeister"},{"link_name":"[272]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-277"},{"link_name":"Hertha BSC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertha_BSC"},{"link_name":"1. FC Union Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._FC_Union_Berlin"},{"link_name":"[273]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BZMitglieder-278"},{"link_name":"Regionalliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalliga"},{"link_name":"[274]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSMeister-279"},{"link_name":"[275]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-280"},{"link_name":"VfB Oldenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VfB_Oldenburg"},{"link_name":"Regionalliga Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalliga_Nord"},{"link_name":"play-off for the 3. Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Regionalliga#Promotion_play-offs"},{"link_name":"[274]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSMeister-279"},{"link_name":"[276]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-281"},{"link_name":"[277]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-282"},{"link_name":"[278]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-283"}],"sub_title":"Regionalliga Nordost (2014-present)","text":"The mascot of BFC Dynamo \"Teddy\" in 2018.The 2014–15 season saw the return of BFC Dynamo to live television.[246] Thomas Stratos became new coach in November 2014. BFC Dynamo defeated SV Tasmania Berlin 2–1 in the 2014–15 Berlin Cup final in front of 6,914 spectators at Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark and won their fourth Berlin Cup title.[247] The attendance set a new record for a Berlin Cup final since German reunification.[247][248] BFC Dynamo signed a number of players with 3. Liga experience in 2015, such as Brazilian midfielder Thiago Rockenbach, forward Dennis Srbeny and goalkeeper Bernhard Hendl. The team was also joined by midfielder Kai Pröger.[249] The club celebrated its 50th anniversary on 15 January 2016. The anniversary was celebrated with around 1,000 guests in the Loewe Saal in the locality of Moabit.[250][251] Among the guests were former players and coaches such as Peter Rohde, Frank Terletzki, Wolf-Rüdiger Netz, Jürgen Bogs, Artur Ullrich, Bernd Schulz, Frank Rohde, Andreas Thom and Thomas Doll.[251][252] Midfielder Joey Breitfeld from the youth department made his debut for BFC Dynamo in the Regionalliga Nordost in February 2016.[253] BFC Dynamo finished the 2015-16 Regionalliga Nordost in fourth place.René Rydlewicz became the new coach in the summer of 2016. BFC Dynamo reached the final of the 2016-17 Berlin Cup. The team defeated FC Viktoria 1889 Berlin 3–1 in the final, after two goals by Pröger in extra time.[254] BFC Dynamo signed Azerbaijani striker and national team player Rufat Dadashov as well as midfielder Philip Schulz in 2017.[255] The team drew FC Schalke 04 in the first round of the 2017-18 DFB-Pokal. BFC Dynamo lost the match 0–2 in front of 14,114 spectators at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark. The attendance was the highest for BFC Dynamo since the match between BFC Dynamo and AS Monaco in the 1989–90 European Cup Winners' Cup in November 1989.[256][255] BFC Dynamo finished the 2017-18 Regionalliga Nordost in 4th place. Dadashov became the top scorer in the league with 25 goals in 25 games.[257] The team again reached the final of the Berlin Cup. BFC Dynamo defeated Berliner SC 2–1 in the final of the 2017–18 Berlin Cup to claim its second consecutive Berlin Cup title.[258] Dadashov scored both goals for BFC Dynamo in the final.[259]BFC Dynamo signed defender Chris Reher in 2018. BFC Dynamo played 1. FC Köln in the first round of the 2018-19 DFB-Pokal. The match was played at the Olympiastadion.[260] The match was attended by 14,357 spectators, which was a new record for BFC Dynamo since the fall of the Berlin Wall.[261] Christian Benbennek became the new coach during the summer of 2019.[262] The 2019-20 Regionalliga Nordost was suspended due to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic.[263] BFC Dynamo arranged a virtual match against the fictional team FC Corona on 18 April 2020 to raise money for the club. The virtual match was played at the no longer existing Stadion der Weltjugend.[264] The club sold a total of 50,000 tickets for the match.[265] The team was joined by midfielder Alexander Siebeck in 2020.[266] Also the 2020-21 Regionalliga Nordost was suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[267][268] BFC Dynamo defeated Berliner AK 07 2–1 in the final of the 2019-20 Berlin Cup to claim its seventh Berlin Cup title.[269]Chris Reher with the ball during the match between BFC Dynamo and 1. FC Köln in the 2018-19 DFB-Pokal.BFC Dynamo recruited forward Christian Beck in 2021.[270] Key players in the team in the 2021–22 season were Christian Beck, Dmitri Stajila, Chris Reher, Alexander Siebeck, Michael Blum, Andreas Pollasch, Joey Breitfeld, Darryl Geurts, Andor Bolyki, Niklas Brandt and Philip Schulz. BFC Dynamo drew VfB Stuttgart in the first round of the 2021-22 DFB-Pokal. The match was played at the Stadion im Sportforum. It was the first DFB-Pokal match at the Stadion im Sportforum since FC Berlin played SC Freiburg at the stadium in the 1991–92 DFB-Pokal.[271] BFC Dynamo lost the match 0–6. BFC Dynamo had great success in the 2021-22 Regionalliga Nordost and became Herbstmeister.[272] The club saw the biggest increase in membership of any club in Berlin in 2021, apart from Hertha BSC and 1. FC Union Berlin; membership increased by 51 percent in 2021.[273] BFC Dynamo finished the 2021–22 Regionalliga Nordost in first place and had finally claimed its first ever Regionalliga title.[274] Christian Beck became the top scorer in the league with 23 goals.[275] BFC Dynamo faced VfB Oldenburg from the Regionalliga Nord in the play-off for the 3. Liga.[274] BFC Dynamo eventually lost the play-off on goal difference, having lost the first leg at home and won the second leg away.[276][277][278]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"claret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_(color)#Claret"},{"link_name":"[279]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-284"},{"link_name":"SC Dynamo Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SC_Dynamo_Berlin"},{"link_name":"SV Dynamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SV_Dynamo"},{"link_name":"[280]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RausSchmuddelecke-285"},{"link_name":"[281]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-286"},{"link_name":"[282]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaras2022137-287"},{"link_name":"[283]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZeitResthuch-288"},{"link_name":"[283]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZeitResthuch-288"},{"link_name":"1996–97 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_Regionalliga"},{"link_name":"1998–99 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_Regionalliga"},{"link_name":"[284]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WeltZur%C3%BCckZukunft2-289"},{"link_name":"[285]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-290"},{"link_name":"[286]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1975Sonderausgabe-291"},{"link_name":"Volkspolizei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkspolizei"},{"link_name":"[287]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1976Sonderausgabe-292"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1977Sonderausgabe-46"},{"link_name":"[288]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-293"},{"link_name":"[289]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-294"},{"link_name":"[290]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-295"},{"link_name":"[291]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1985Sonderausgabe-296"},{"link_name":"[291]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1985Sonderausgabe-296"},{"link_name":"[292]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1989Sonderausgabe-297"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Logo_History_of_Berliner_FC_Dynamo.png"},{"link_name":"wreath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wreath"},{"link_name":"[293]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EigenenLogosZahlen-298"},{"link_name":"[294]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StasiClub-299"},{"link_name":"[295]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BaselUnbeliebtester-300"},{"link_name":"[296]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EmblemProblem-301"},{"link_name":"[293]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EigenenLogosZahlen-298"},{"link_name":"Brandenburg Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg_Gate"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bertram2015-143"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bertram2015-143"},{"link_name":"[297]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TurusDresden-302"},{"link_name":"[296]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EmblemProblem-301"},{"link_name":"[296]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EmblemProblem-301"},{"link_name":"[293]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EigenenLogosZahlen-298"},{"link_name":"Hertha BSC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertha_BSC"},{"link_name":"[298]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BFCLebt-303"},{"link_name":"[296]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EmblemProblem-301"},{"link_name":"[293]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EigenenLogosZahlen-298"},{"link_name":"[299]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TeureMarke-304"},{"link_name":"[300]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DDayBei-305"},{"link_name":"[301]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UmstrittenesLogo-306"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BFC_Dynamo_-_2009.svg"},{"link_name":"[299]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TeureMarke-304"},{"link_name":"[302]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TurusNeueLogo-307"},{"link_name":"German football Association (DFB)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"[303]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Genialdaneben-308"},{"link_name":"[304]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSFehlern-309"},{"link_name":"[301]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UmstrittenesLogo-306"},{"link_name":"Berlin bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Berlin"},{"link_name":"[301]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UmstrittenesLogo-306"},{"link_name":"lower case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalization"},{"link_name":"ß","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9F"},{"link_name":"[301]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UmstrittenesLogo-306"},{"link_name":"[301]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UmstrittenesLogo-306"},{"link_name":"[301]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UmstrittenesLogo-306"},{"link_name":"[302]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TurusNeueLogo-307"},{"link_name":"[305]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KurierLogoZur%C3%BCck-310"},{"link_name":"Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark"},{"link_name":"[306]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-311"},{"link_name":"[307]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-312"}],"text":"The colours of BFC Dynamo are claret and white.[279] The colours were inherited from SC Dynamo Berlin and followed the claret colour scheme of SV Dynamo. BFC Dynamo has been playing in claret and white since the club's founding, with the exception of a period in the 1990s. The BFC Dynamo home kit has traditionally been a claret shirt, paired with claret or white shorts and socks. The team is occasionally nicknamed \"die Weinroten\", which means \"the Clarets\".[280][281]The club was rebranded as FC Berlin on 19 February 1990. A pure white was set as the new match colour with immediate effect.[282] FC Berlin then adopted a red and white colour scheme.[283] In the eyes of the supporters, the red and white kit looked a lot like 1. FC Union Berlin.[283] The club played in red and white home kits for most of the FC Berlin era, but wore a black and red striped home shirt, paired with black shorts and socks from the 1996–97 season through the 1998–99 season. The club eventually returned to its original club name on 3 May 1999 and consequently also later returned to its traditional colour scheme.[284]The BFC Dynamo away kit has traditionally been a white shirt, paired with claret or white shorts and socks. However, a variety of away kits have been used at different times. The team used green away shirts from the end of the 1960s until the mid-1970s.[285][286] Green was the colour of the Volkspolizei, which was the official sponsor of BFC Dynamo during the East German era. The green away shirt was then exchanged for a white away shirt, paired with red or white shorts and socks.[287][43] The team used entirely red away kits during the 1981–82 and 1982–83 seasons.[288][289] The red away kit was then exchanged for an entirely claret away kit.[290] The team again used white away shirts from the 1985–86 season.[291] The 1985–86 season also saw the instruction of an alternative claret and white diagonally striped away shirt.[291] The diagonally striped away shirt would be used for the rest of the 1980s.[292]Crest history of BFC Dynamo, from left to right: as SC Dynamo Berlin (1954–1966), as FC Berlin (spring 1990–1999) as FC Berlin (early 1990) and then as BFC Dynamo (1966–1990, 1999–2009, 2023–).The crest of BFC Dynamo during the East German era featured a stylized \"D\" for SV Dynamo and the lettering \"BFC\" in red and yellow on a white background, surrounded by a yellow wreath.[293][294] BFC Dynamo abandoned its East German crest when the club was rebranded as FC Berlin on 19 February 1990.[295][296][293] The club used two different crests during the FC Berlin era. The first crest featured a stylized image of the roof of the Brandenburg Gate with the lettering \"FCB\" underneath and the club name \"Fussballclub Berlin\" in capital letters at the bottom, in white on a red background. It was only briefly used at the beginning of the FC Berlin era in 1990.[139]: 102–103  The second crest featured a stylized image of a football with the Brandenburg Gate in front, the lettering \"FCB\" at the top and the club name \"FC Berlin\" at the bottom, in red on a white background. This crest was used from the spring of 1990 until the end of the FC Berlin era.[139]: 102–103 [297]BFC Dynamo reclaimed its East German crest when the club returned to its original club name on 3 May 1999.[296] But the club was no longer in possession of the crest.[296] The club had neglected to seek legal protection for its East German crest after German reunification. The neglect was likely due to managerial inexperience. Protection of trademarks was neither necessary nor common in East Germany.[293] The crest was now owned by Peter Klaus-Dieter Mager, commonly known as \"Pepe\". Pepe Mager was a famous fan of Hertha BSC and a fan merchandise dealer.[298] The club tried to recover the crest from Mager though court action, without success.[296][293] The ownership of the crest was instead passed on to Rayk Bernt and his company RA-BE Immobilien- und Handelsgesellschaft mbH.[299][300][301]The crest used by BFC Dynamo from 2009 to 2023.BFC Dynamo continued to use the disputed crest on its kits and webpage. But the club would have to ask the owner of the crest every time it wanted to have a pennant made and was unable to exploit the commercial value of the crest for its own benefit.[299][302] The legal situation around the crest would also have caused problems in the event of an advance to the Regionalliga, as the German football Association (DFB) required clubs to own their crests.[303] In order establish independence, the club finally decided to adopt a new crest in 2009.[304]The new crest abandoned the traditional stylized \"D\" and the lettering \"BFC\", as they would have met legal obstacles.[301] The new crest featured a black Berlin bear on claret and white stripes, together with the club name and the founding year.[301] The first version of the new crest sparked controversy. The word \"fußball\" in the club name had been written in lower case with a double \"s\" instead of the graphene \"ß\".[301] This was contrary to German spelling rules, where it is only permissible to write \"fußball\" with a double \"s\" when the word is written in upper case. Club President Norbert Uhlig ensured that there was absolutely no ulterior motive behind the spelling and claimed that the word had always been spelled like that on club pennants and scarfs.[301] The Chairman of the Economic Council Peter Meyer later claimed that the spelling was a deliberate marketing ploy, in order to have new crest immediately known across Germany.[301] A second version of the crest was soon made public, where the club name was written in upper case. The new crest was used by BFC Dynamo from the 2009–10 season.[302]BFC Dynamo finally managed to win back the traditional crest in 2022, through the Chairman of the Economic Council Peter Meyer. Meyer had acquired the rights to the crest through one of his companies.[305] From the 2023–24 season, BFC Dynamo is once again playing with its traditional crest. The traditional crest was displayed for the first time since its reintroduction in a friendly match against Hertha BSC in front of more than 10,000 spectators at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 7 July 2023.[306][307]","title":"Colours and crest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peaceful revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peaceful_revolution"},{"link_name":"Stasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasi"},{"link_name":"[296]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EmblemProblem-301"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDougall2014317-130"},{"link_name":"[298]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BFCLebt-303"},{"link_name":"Olympiastadion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympiastadion_(Berlin)"},{"link_name":"[298]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BFCLebt-303"},{"link_name":"[308]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-313"},{"link_name":"[309]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-314"},{"link_name":"Charlottenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlottenburg"},{"link_name":"[298]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BFCLebt-303"},{"link_name":"[298]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BFCLebt-303"},{"link_name":"[296]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EmblemProblem-301"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Mark"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WeltZur%C3%BCckZukunft-189"},{"link_name":"[301]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UmstrittenesLogo-306"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDougall2014317-130"},{"link_name":"[296]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EmblemProblem-301"},{"link_name":"[284]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WeltZur%C3%BCckZukunft2-289"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SpiegelWieder-154"},{"link_name":"[296]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EmblemProblem-301"},{"link_name":"German Patent and Trademark Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsches_Patent-_und_Markenamt"},{"link_name":"[296]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EmblemProblem-301"},{"link_name":"[310]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MagerSchockte-315"},{"link_name":"[293]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EigenenLogosZahlen-298"},{"link_name":"[298]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BFCLebt-303"},{"link_name":"[310]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MagerSchockte-315"},{"link_name":"[296]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EmblemProblem-301"},{"link_name":"[310]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MagerSchockte-315"},{"link_name":"[296]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EmblemProblem-301"},{"link_name":"[296]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EmblemProblem-301"},{"link_name":"[293]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EigenenLogosZahlen-298"},{"link_name":"[311]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-316"},{"link_name":"[299]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TeureMarke-304"},{"link_name":"[300]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DDayBei-305"},{"link_name":"[303]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Genialdaneben-308"},{"link_name":"[312]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-317"},{"link_name":"[313]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Okkupation-318"},{"link_name":"opening of the insolvency proceedings in 2001–2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Berliner_FC_Dynamo_(1989%E2%80%932004)#Insolvency_(2001%E2%80%932002)"},{"link_name":"[313]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Okkupation-318"},{"link_name":"[211]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SichSelbst-216"},{"link_name":"[299]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TeureMarke-304"},{"link_name":"[314]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GebenTon-319"},{"link_name":"[299]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TeureMarke-304"},{"link_name":"[300]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DDayBei-305"},{"link_name":"Hells Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hells_Angels"},{"link_name":"[314]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GebenTon-319"},{"link_name":"[313]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Okkupation-318"},{"link_name":"[300]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DDayBei-305"},{"link_name":"[299]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TeureMarke-304"},{"link_name":"[299]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TeureMarke-304"},{"link_name":"[211]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SichSelbst-216"},{"link_name":"[299]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TeureMarke-304"},{"link_name":"[300]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DDayBei-305"},{"link_name":"[301]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UmstrittenesLogo-306"},{"link_name":"[211]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SichSelbst-216"},{"link_name":"[315]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Investorengruppe-320"},{"link_name":"[211]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SichSelbst-216"},{"link_name":"[316]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-321"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BFCDynamoCrestSportforum2.jpg"},{"link_name":"[299]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TeureMarke-304"},{"link_name":"[317]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-322"},{"link_name":"[299]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TeureMarke-304"},{"link_name":"[301]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UmstrittenesLogo-306"},{"link_name":"right of first refusal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_first_refusal"},{"link_name":"[299]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TeureMarke-304"},{"link_name":"[318]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-323"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSAcht-222"},{"link_name":"Tennis Borussia Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_Borussia_Berlin"},{"link_name":"[319]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TAZMillionen-324"},{"link_name":"[320]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-325"},{"link_name":"[321]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-326"},{"link_name":"[322]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-327"},{"link_name":"[295]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BaselUnbeliebtester-300"},{"link_name":"[323]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-328"},{"link_name":"[324]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-329"},{"link_name":"Berliner Kurier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_Kurier"},{"link_name":"Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitteldeutscher_Rundfunk"},{"link_name":"[305]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KurierLogoZur%C3%BCck-310"},{"link_name":"[325]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-330"}],"sub_title":"Ownership of the traditional crest","text":"Many clubs in East Germany rushed to drop their East German names during the Peaceful revolution. BFC Dynamo was among the clubs to do so, in an attempt to distance the club from the Stasi.[296][126] The club was rebranded as FC Berlin on 19 February 1990 and consequently abandoned its East German crest.Pepe Mager was a famous fan of Hertha BSC and fan merchandise dealer.[298] Mager had organized away trips for the fans Hertha in the early 1960s and was one of the founders of the notorious supporter group \"Hertha-Frösche\". He now sold his own fan merchandise from a mobile stand outside the Olympiastadion.[298][308][309] Mager inquired with the register of associations in Charlottenburg in 1991 about all deleted names of East German clubs.[298] He immediately found BFC Dynamo and saw business opportunities.[298][296] Mager claimed that he first secured the former crest of BFC Dynamo for 80 Deutsche Mark in 1992.[184][301]The name FC Berlin never became popular with the fans.[126] Fans continued to identify themselves with the former name and crest.[296] An overwhelming majority voted for the club to take back its original club name at the club's general meeting on 3 May 1999.[284] Of the 135 present, 125 voted in favor, three against and seven abstained.[150] BFC Dynamo thus reclaimed its East German crest, but the rights to the crest now belonged to Mager.[296] Mager had registered the crest in his name at the German Patent and Trademark Office on 13 May 1997.[296][310][293]BFC Dynamo contacted Mager for a co-operation, but an agreement could not be reached.[298][310] Mager held the opinion that the club should buy its merchandise from him, or simply buy the rights to the crest.[296] He later informed the club that he had received interest from foreign buyers and offered the club to buy the rights.[310] He claimed that the crest was worth 200,000 Deutsche Mark.[296] BFC Dynamo on the other hand claimed that the crest should legally belong to the club. The club sued Mager in court on 20 November 2000, but eventually lost the case.[296][293] The club decided to suspend the legal dispute with Mager in the summer of 2001 and instead wanted to find a solution outside court.[311] Mager was repeatedly exposed to minor threats from the environment around BFC Dynamo and eventually sold the crest to Rayk Bernt and his company RA-BE Immobilien- und Handelsgesellschaft mbH for a price of 50,000 Deutsche Mark in June 2002.[299][300][303][312]Bernt was a close associate of André Sommer.[313] Bernt and Sommer had assisted the club at the opening of the insolvency proceedings in 2001–2002.[313][211][299] Both were long time fans of BFC Dynamo.[314][299][300] But the duo was controversial for their connections to Hells Angels.[314][313] Bernt and Sommer were almost as restrictive towards the club when it came to the crest as Mager had been. Bernt organized the production of fan merchandise in his own regime.[300] The club would have to ask his company every time it wanted to have a pennant made.[299] Bernt and Sommer usually agreed, manufactured the pennant and then sold it at their own fan merchandise stand at the stadium.[299] BFC Dynamo continued to use the crest and would at times be given ten percent of the revenues from their sales.[211][299][300][301] The club eventually offered 5,000 Euros for the crest, but was turned down.[211] Sponsor Peter Meyer was also said to have offered 150,000 Euros for the buyback.[315] Bernt demanded a seven-digit sum, according to former Club President Mario Weinkauf.[211] The lawyer representing RA-BE Immobilien- und Handelsgesellschaft mbH allegedly claimed the crest was worth around 600,000 Euros at the time.[316]The traditional crest of BFC Dynamo at the back of the main stand of the Stadion im Sportforum in 2023.President Weinkauf planned to recover the rights to the former crest with the help of Thomas Thiel and the company Treasure AG before the general meeting on 23 June 2007. Thiel was a co-owner of Treasure AG, which was intended as a new major sponsor.[299] Bernt sold parts of the rights to the former crest to Thiel.[317] The price was allegedly a six-digit sum.[299][301] According to the plan, the club would be given the rights of use to the crest. The profits would thus go to the club. The club would pay a symbolic sum of 1 Euro per month for the rights of use. BFC Dynamo would then have a right of first refusal after the ten-year contract had expired and thus have the opportunity to eventually acquire ownership of the crest.[299][318] However, Weinkauf was ultimately rejected by club members in a vote of no-confidence at the general meeting on 23 June 2007.[217] Weinkauf would then be contacted by the former president of Tennis Borussia Berlin Peter Antony. Treasure AG became a sponsor of Tennis Borussia Berlin instead and Weinkauf would later become president of the club.[319]Thiel sold his rights to the crest back to Bernt and his company BFC Dynamo Vermarktungsgesellschaft m.b.H in 2009.[320] The rights to the old crest where subsequently controlled again by the company RA-BE Immobilien- und Handelsgesellschaft mbH.[321][322] The company is controlled by Bernt, who sold occasional items with the former crest at his own webpage.[295] However, RA-BE Immobilien- und Handelsgesellschaft mbH transferred its rights to company AXXON AG in 2022.[323][324] In connection with the club's 57th anniversary in 2023, the Chairman of the Economic Council Peter Meyer revealed in an exclusive interview with Berliner Kurier that he had acquired the rights to the crest for the club through one of his companies. After more than 13 years, the traditional crest was finally back with the club. According to Berliner Kurier and Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk (MDR), a six-digit sum is said to have become due.[305][325]","title":"Colours and crest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Fu%C3%9Fball_Liga"},{"link_name":"championship stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesliga#Honours"},{"link_name":"[326]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BZGreiftNach-331"},{"link_name":"Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"1963–64 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963-64_Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"[327]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KriegSterne-332"},{"link_name":"[328]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NDBFCGreift-333"},{"link_name":"[329]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StarQuality-334"},{"link_name":"titles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_East_German_football_champions"},{"link_name":"DDR-Oberliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR-Oberliga"},{"link_name":"German Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"German Football Association of the GDR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Fu%C3%9Fball-Verband_der_DDR"},{"link_name":"[326]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BZGreiftNach-331"},{"link_name":"[330]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B-ZVerr%C3%BCck-335"},{"link_name":"[331]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-336"},{"link_name":"[327]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KriegSterne-332"},{"link_name":"[330]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B-ZVerr%C3%BCck-335"},{"link_name":"[327]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KriegSterne-332"},{"link_name":"[328]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NDBFCGreift-333"},{"link_name":"[327]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KriegSterne-332"},{"link_name":"[328]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NDBFCGreift-333"},{"link_name":"Mitte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitte_(locality)"},{"link_name":"[328]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NDBFCGreift-333"},{"link_name":"[332]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-337"},{"link_name":"[333]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-338"},{"link_name":"[334]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MZEhrungen-339"},{"link_name":"[335]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sternstunden-340"},{"link_name":"[336]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TrikotZoff-341"},{"link_name":"[337]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-342"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Star_full.svg"},{"link_name":"[335]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sternstunden-340"},{"link_name":"FC Energie Cottbus II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Energie_Cottbus"},{"link_name":"NOFV-Oberliga Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOFV-Oberliga_Nord"},{"link_name":"[334]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MZEhrungen-339"},{"link_name":"[335]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sternstunden-340"},{"link_name":"Erich Mielke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Mielke"},{"link_name":"Stasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasi"},{"link_name":"[335]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sternstunden-340"},{"link_name":"[336]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TrikotZoff-341"},{"link_name":"[338]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAZGriff-343"},{"link_name":"[339]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-344"},{"link_name":"[329]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StarQuality-334"},{"link_name":"Stasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasi"},{"link_name":"[328]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NDBFCGreift-333"},{"link_name":"Königs Wusterhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigs_Wusterhausen"},{"link_name":"[328]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NDBFCGreift-333"},{"link_name":"CDU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Bernd Heynemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernd_Heynemann"},{"link_name":"[329]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StarQuality-334"},{"link_name":"[340]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-345"},{"link_name":"[341]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-346"},{"link_name":"[342]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RPOberligist-347"},{"link_name":"[343]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ErhaltenMeisterstern-348"},{"link_name":"[342]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RPOberligist-347"},{"link_name":"1. FC Frankfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._FC_Frankfurt"},{"link_name":"[328]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NDBFCGreift-333"},{"link_name":"[343]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ErhaltenMeisterstern-348"},{"link_name":"[344]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-349"}],"sub_title":"Championship star","text":"The German Football League (DFL) introduced a system of championship stars in the 2004–05 season. The system was meant to honor the most successful teams in the Bundesliga by allowing teams to display stars on their shirts for the championships they have won. The system awarded one star for three titles, two stars for five titles, and three stars for ten titles.[326] However, the system only counted titles won in the Bundesliga since the 1963–64 season.[327][328][329]BFC Dynamo submitted an application to the DFL and the DFB on 9 August 2004 to receive three stars for its ten titles in the DDR-Oberliga. The club asked for equal rights and argued that the German Football Association (DFB) had absorbed the German Football Association of the GDR (DFV) with all its statistics, international matches and goal scorers.[326][330][331][327] BFC Dynamo received support from Dynamo Dresden and 1. FC Magdeburg in its attempts to achieve recognition for East German titles.[330][327]The DFL responded that it was not the responsible body, but the DFB remained silent for a long time.[328] The DFB eventually declared itself responsible and recommended BFC Dynamo to submit a formal application for a new title symbol in accordance with a relevant paragraph.[327][328] BFC Dynamo commissioned a law firm in Mitte in January 2005 and sent a new letter to the DFB. The DFB announced that the application from BFC Dynamo was going to be negotiated in a meeting with the DFB presidium.[328] The meeting with the DFB presidium on 18 March 2005 agreed that all titles won in East Germany, as well all others titles won in Germany since the first recognized championship in 1903, should qualify for stars.[332] However, the decision was subject to approval by the DFL.[333] No final decision had yet been made by the DFB presidium.[334][335][336][337]BFC Dynamo is allowed to wear one star inscribed with the number ten for its ten East German championships.However, BFC Dynamo took matters in its own hands and unilaterally emblazoned its shirts with three stars.[335] The team displayed the three stars for the first time in the match against FC Energie Cottbus II in the NOFV-Oberliga Nord on 25 March 2005.[334][335] The claim by BFC Dynamo was controversial because the club had been the favorite club of Erich Mielke and had had a connection to the Stasi during the East German era.[335][336][338][339][329] Critics in the DFB environment pointed to politically influenced championships in East Germany. BFC Dynamo had been sponsored by the Stasi and had enjoyed advantages.[328] The club had privileged access to talents and a permanent training camp at Uckley in Königs Wusterhausen. However, also other clubs in East Germany had enjoyed similar advantages, which put the DFB in a difficult situation.[328] Also former East German referee and CDU parliamentarian Bernd Heynemann spoke out for recognition of all East German titles.[329]The DFL rejected the application from the DFB and recommended the DFB to only honor clubs that were champions in the Bundesliga.[340] However, the DFB chose to not follow the recommendation. The DFB presidium instead decided on a compromise solution on 19 July 2005 and adopted a new regulation for the 2005–06 season which gave all clubs the right to wear one single star for the championships they have won in the former East Germany and in Germany since 1903. Clubs were also allowed to indicate the number of championships they have won in the center of the star.[341][342][343] The regulation only applies to clubs playing in a league under the DFB umbrella. It does not apply to clubs playing in the 2. Bundesliga and Bundesliga, which are organized by the DFL.[342]The new regulation meant that BFC Dynamo was finally allowed to emblazon its shirts with a championship star. The regulation also affected other former East German teams including Dynamo Dresden with its eight titles, 1. FC Frankfurt with its six titles and Magdeburg with its three titles in the Oberliga.[328][343] BFC Dynamo has since then used the championship star in accordance with DFB graphic standards, displaying a star inscribed with the number ten for its ten East German titles.[344]","title":"Colours and crest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sportforum Hohenschönhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportforum_Hohensch%C3%B6nhausen"},{"link_name":"Alt-Hohenschönhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt-Hohensch%C3%B6nhausen"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"[294]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StasiClub-299"},{"link_name":"[294]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StasiClub-299"},{"link_name":"[345]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-350"},{"link_name":"[294]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StasiClub-299"},{"link_name":"[346]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FuWo3881961-351"},{"link_name":"sports club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_club_(East_Germany)"},{"link_name":"SC Dynamo Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SC_Dynamo_Berlin"},{"link_name":"[347]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VBSportforum-352"},{"link_name":"[348]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Auslobung-353"},{"link_name":"[349]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-354"},{"link_name":"[350]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSMedaillen-355"},{"link_name":"hectares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectare"},{"link_name":"[347]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VBSportforum-352"},{"link_name":"[350]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSMedaillen-355"},{"link_name":"[351]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LichtenbergEntdecken-356"},{"link_name":"[352]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-357"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-67567-0002,_SC-Dynamo_-_Turbine_Erfurt_2-0.jpg"},{"link_name":"SC Turbine Erfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Rot-Wei%C3%9F_Erfurt"},{"link_name":"Walter-Ulbricht-Stadion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter-Ulbricht-Stadion"},{"link_name":"Mitte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitte_(locality)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FWSerienmeister-18"},{"link_name":"[353]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaras202261%E2%80%9365-358"},{"link_name":"1955 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955_DDR-Oberliga"},{"link_name":"[354]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaras202265%E2%80%9368-359"},{"link_name":"[353]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaras202261%E2%80%9365-358"},{"link_name":"[353]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaras202261%E2%80%9365-358"},{"link_name":"Berlin 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season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Regionalliga"},{"link_name":"[294]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StasiClub-299"},{"link_name":"[403]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-409"},{"link_name":"[404]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-410"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Modell_Jahn_Sportpark_Berlin_2023.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mauerpark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauerpark"},{"link_name":"[405]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-411"},{"link_name":"[406]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-412"},{"link_name":"upcoming Regionalliga season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021-22_Regionalliga"},{"link_name":"[407]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-413"},{"link_name":"[408]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BerlinerKurierEinsatz-414"},{"link_name":"Energie Cottbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energie_Cottbus"},{"link_name":"[409]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-415"},{"link_name":"2021-22 Regionalliga Nordost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021-22_Regionalliga"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Germany"},{"link_name":"[410]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NDWesten-416"}],"text":"The long-time home and training facility of BFC Dynamo is the Sportforum Hohenschönhausen in Alt-Hohenschönhausen in Berlin. The sports complex is the location of the club offices and the clubhouse.[294] It is also the base of the youth teams.[294] More than 20 youth teams of BFC Dynamo regularly train at the facilities.[345] The Sportforum Hohenschönhausen is considered the spiritual home of the club.[294]The Sportforum Hohenschönhausen was also known as the Dynamo-Sportforum during the East German era.[346] The sports complex was built as a training center for elite sport and was home to sports club SC Dynamo Berlin, with its many departments and squads.[347][348] Development began in 1954 and expansion continued into the 1980s.[349] The Sportforum is still unique as of today.[350] The sports complex covers an area of 45 to 50 hectares and comprises 35 sports facilities as of 2020.[347][350][351][352]A match between SC Dynamo Berlin and SC Turbine Erfurt at the Walter-Ulbricht-Stadion in 1959.SC Dynamo Berlin played its first season at the large Walter-Ulbricht-Stadion in Mitte.[17][353] The team moved its home matches to the football stadium in the Dynamo-Sportforum for the short transitional 1955 season.[354] SC Dynamo Berlin then returned to the Walter-Ulbricht-Stadion for the 1956 season.[353] The team would play at the Walter-Ublricht-Stadion for the rest of the 1950s.[353]SC Dynamo Berlin eventually moved its home matches permanently to the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum after the construction of the Berlin wall began on 13 August 1961.[17][355] The football stadium in the Dynamo-Sportforum held a capacity of 10,000 spectators at the beginning of the 1961–62 season.[346] The team drew average attendances between 3,000 and 6,000 spectators in the DDR-Oberliga at the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum in the 1960s.[363][364] The highlights were matches against local rival ASK Vorwärts Berlin and the various top teams during the period. The capacity of the football stadium in the Dynamo-Sportforum was gradually expanded during the 1960s.[355][nb 6]A match between BFC Dynamo and BSG Chemie Leipzig at the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum in 1966.BFC Dynamo began playing occasional matches that required floodlights at the larger Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark in Prenzlauer Berg from November 1968.[355] The Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark was the home ground of FC Vorwärts Berlin at the time. However, the stadium became vacant when FC Vorwärts Berlin was relocated to Frankfurt an der Oder on 31 July 1971.[367] BFC Dynamo played its home matches in the 1971-72 European Cup Winners' Cup at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark.[368] The matches against Åtvidabergs FF in the quarter-finals on 22 March 1972 and FC Dynamo Moscow in the semi-finals on 5 April 1972 were each attended by 30,000 spectators.[369][370] The team also played two home matches in the 1971-72 DDR-Oberliga at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark.[371] However, more matches at the stadium were not possible after the summer of 1972, as the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark was then undergoing extensive renovation for the upcoming 10th World Festival of Youth and Students.[353]BFC Dynamo was qualified for the 1972-73 UEFA Cup. However, neither the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark nor the Walter-Ulbricht-Stadion were available for the upcoming UEFA Cup matches. Both were undergoing extensive renovation for the 10th World Festival of Youth and Students. Instead, the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum underwent a complete transformation in just five weeks between the end of July 1972 and September 1972.[353] The capacity of the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum was now expanded to 20,000 spectators.[372][373][355] BFC Dynamo played all home matches in the 1972-73 UEFA Cup at the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum. The attendance of 20,000 spectators during the match against Liverpool on 29 November 1972 is still a record attendance for the stadium.[374] BFC Dynamo remained at the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum for a couple more seasons. The team saw rising attendance numbers at the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum during the 1970s.[375] An average of 12,000 people attended the last six matches of BFC Dynamo at the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum in the second half of the 1973–74 season.[355] The match between BFC Dynamo and 1. FC Magdeburg in the 1974-75 DDR-Oberliga at the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum on 8 March 1975 was attended by a whole 19,000 spectators.[376]A match between BFC Dynamo and SG Dynamo Dresden in front of 25,000 spectators at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark in 1976.[377]BFC Dynamo eventually moved its home matches to the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark for the 1975–76 season, due to upcoming repair work at the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum.[355] The move was meant to be temporary, but eventually became permanent.[355] The Dynamo-Sportforum would primarily serve as a training facility from then and the football stadium would be used mostly by the reserve team BFC Dynamo II. The Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark held a capacity of 30,00 spectators in the 1975–76 season[368] The average home attendance of 16,538 spectators for BFC Dynamo at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Stadion in the 1975-76 DDR-Oberliga is the highest average league attendance in club history.[17][378]BFC Dynamo celebrated nine of its ten DDR-Oberliga titles in the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Stadium. The team also played most of its home matches in the UEFA competitions at the stadium. BFC Dynamo hosted teams such as Shakhtar Donetsk, Red Star Belgrade, Nottingham Forest, Hamburger SV, Aston Villa, AS Roma FC Aberdeen at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Stadium in the 1970s and 1980. However, all matches in the derby against 1. FC Union Berlin were played at the neutral Stadion der Weltjugend from the 1976–77 season for security reasons.[379][380][381][382]A permanent training camp for BFC Dynamo was built in Uckley in the Zernsdorf district of Königs Wusterhausen in Bezirk Potsdam at the end of the 1960s.[383] It was located in the woods and completely sealed off from the surroundings.[383][384] The training camp covered an area of around 10 hectares.[384] The complex was equipped with a boarding school, several football pitches, a sports hall, a swimming pool, a fitness area and a sauna.[385][386][387][384][388] The team would gather in Uckley days before its European matches.[17] The players would have access to catering facilities, a nearby lake, a bowling alley, a cinema and pinball machines, among other things.[387][388]The team of BFC Dynamo in front of the new grandstand of the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark in 1987.BFC Dynamo moved its home matches temporary to the Dynamo-Sportforum for the 1986–87 season, as the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark was undrgoing redevelopment during the season for the upcoming 750th anniversary of Berlin.[355][368] The team also played its home matches in the 1986-87 European Cup at the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum. The team then returned to the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark for the 1987–88 season.[389] The Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark now had a new four storey grandstand and new floodlight masts. The current grandstand and the floodlights of the stadium dates from this time.[374][390] The club was rebranded as FC Berlin after Die Wende. FC Berlin moved permanently to the Stadion im Sportforum at the beginning of the 1992–93 season.[374] The team would remain in the Sportforum Hohenschönhausen for many seasons to come.[355]The capacity of the Stadion im Sportforum had been reduced to about 12,000 spectators by 1992.[355] FC Berlin only drew an average of a couple of hundred spectators per match at the Stadion im Sportforum in the early and mid-90s. The highlights were the matches against 1. FC Union Berlin. FC Berlin under Club President Volkmar Wanski announced plans in April 1998 to buy and modernize the stadium.[391] However, the plans never materialized. The team saw rising attendance numbers at the Stadion im Sportforum at the end of the 1990s.[364] Active supporters of BFC Dynamo were traditionally found at the northern curved end, popularly known as the Nordwall stand.[378] 4,220 spectators watched the match between BFC Dynamo and Union Berlin at the Stadion im Sportforum on 23 November 1999.[392]Supporters of BFC Dynamo installed new bucket seats on the main stand and built a new clubhouse next to the main stand of the Stadion im Sportforum in 2001–2003.[393] The Stadion im Sportforum was then equipped with a 25-metre player tunnel and plexiglass-clad coaching benches in November 2004.[394] BFC Dynamo made new plans for a modern football stadium in the Sportforum Hohenschönhausen in 2006 under Club President Mario Weinkauf. The club now wanted to build a new modern stadium for 10,000–15,000 spectators.[395] However, these plans did not materialize either. The Stadion im Sportforum was closed at the end of the 2005–06 season following the riots during the match between BFC Dynamo and Union Berlin on 13 May 2006.[213] BFC Dynamo temporarily had to move to the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark.[396] The stadium was then refurbished in 2006–2007 to increase safety and meet the requirements of the NOFV.[220] The refurbishment included a new fence.[397]A match between BFC Dynamo and SV Babelsberg 03 in 2017.BFC Dynamo won promotion to the Regionalliga Nordost at the end of the 2013–14 season. The team moved permanently to the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark for the 2014–15 season, due to increased media and spectator interest following its promotion.[374][398] The 2014-15 Regionalliga Nordost meant matches against well-known opponents such as 1. FC Magdeburg and FC Carl Zeiss Jena. The more central location of the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark was seen by the club as an opportunity to attract more spectators.[398] The match between BFC Dynamo and 1. FC Magdeburg on 8 November 2014 was attended by 5,103 spectators.[399] Active supporters of BFC Dynamo have traditionally been found on the main stand, and on the side opposite the main stand (German: die Gegengerade) of the Friedrich Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark.[378] The match between BFC Dynamo and FC Schalke 04 in the first round of the 2018-19 DFB-Pokal at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 17 August 2017 was watched by 14,117 spectators.[256] The attendance was the highest attendance for BFC Dynamo since the fall of the Berlin wall.[256][400] The average league attendance of BFC Dynamo in the 2017-18 Regionalliga Nordost would also be the highest average league attendance of BFC Dynamo since the 1990-91 season.[364]The Stadion im Sportforum in 2023.BFC Dynamo had to play a number of matches at the Stadion im Sportforum at the end of the 2018–19 season due to safety issues relating to the dilapidated floodlights at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark.[401] The move was greeted by some supporters as a move to the true home of the club.[402] The club was then set to return to the Sportforum in the 2020–21 season as the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark was planned to be demolished for a complete redevelopment.[294] The team was allowed to continue play in the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark until 31 December 2020.[403] BFC Dynamo then officially announced on 21 March 2021 that the club was going to move back to the Sportforum Hohenschönhausen for the next season.[404]An illustration of the new large stadium in the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark seen from the Mauerpark.The Stadion im Sportforum was equipped with a floodlight system in April 2021.[405][406] The club organized a work effort in the summer of 2021 to get the stadium in shape for the upcoming Regionalliga season.\n[407] Supporters of BFC Dynamo gathered and cleared sections of the old stadium from weeds.[408] Members of the interest group IG BFC'er also restored the iconic manual scoreboard above the curved end towards the Weißenseer Weg in time for the first home match of the 2021–22 season against Energie Cottbus on 28 July 2021.[409] The attendance for BFC Dynamo at the Stadion im Sportforum in the 2021-22 Regionalliga Nordost was almost tripled compared to the last comparable league season before the COVID-19 pandemic. 3,219 people watched the match between BFC Dynamo and FC Carl Zeiss Jena on 10 April 2022.[410]","title":"Stadiums"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark"},{"link_name":"[411]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-417"},{"link_name":"inclusive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclusion_(disability_rights)"},{"link_name":"3. Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3._Liga"},{"link_name":"2. Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"[412]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-418"},{"link_name":"[413]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-419"},{"link_name":"[414]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-420"},{"link_name":"[415]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-421"}],"sub_title":"Future stadium","text":"The large stadium in the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark is planned to be demolished towards the end of 2024 for a complete redevelopment.[411] The new stadium in the Fredrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark is designed as an inclusive sports facility. The stadium will hold 20,000 spectators and meet the requirements for play in the 3. Liga and 2. Bundesliga.[412][413][414] BFC Dynamo will be able to play matches at the new stadium. The new stadium in the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark is planned to be opened towards the end of 2027.[415]","title":"Stadiums"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Supporters and rivalries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark"},{"link_name":"Prenzlauer Berg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenzlauer_Berg"},{"link_name":"Mitte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitte_(locality)"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DarthVaders-86"},{"link_name":"[378]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nordwall-384"},{"link_name":"working class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_class"},{"link_name":"[416]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feierbeister-422"},{"link_name":"[232]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WennHooligans-237"},{"link_name":"[417]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fussballfibeln-423"},{"link_name":"[418]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GrosseTraum-424"},{"link_name":"punks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture"},{"link_name":"skinheads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skinhead"},{"link_name":"[419]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schl%C3%A4ger-425"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BPBFussballfan-66"},{"link_name":"[420]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OstOst-426"},{"link_name":"[378]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nordwall-384"},{"link_name":"left-leaning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-wing_politics"},{"link_name":"right-leaning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-wing_politics"},{"link_name":"[417]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fussballfibeln-423"},{"link_name":"GDR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany"},{"link_name":"[421]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-427"},{"link_name":"[232]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WennHooligans-237"},{"link_name":"[418]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GrosseTraum-424"},{"link_name":"[422]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDougall2014225-428"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UnserF%C3%BChrer-26"},{"link_name":"[423]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Freitaghooligan-429"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BPBMauer-89"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZeitSchieb-100"},{"link_name":"The West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Bloc"},{"link_name":"[424]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stadionpartisanenp39-430"},{"link_name":"[425]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-431"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UnserF%C3%BChrer-26"},{"link_name":"[426]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-432"},{"link_name":"regional districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_East_Germany"},{"link_name":"[427]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-K%C3%B6hler1518-433"},{"link_name":"[417]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fussballfibeln-423"},{"link_name":"[428]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-434"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NichtSpezielles-88"},{"link_name":"[419]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schl%C3%A4ger-425"},{"link_name":"[427]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-K%C3%B6hler1518-433"},{"link_name":"[429]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Minoritiesp131132-435"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BPBFussballfan-66"},{"link_name":"[430]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-436"},{"link_name":"[431]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pr%C3%BCgeldne-437"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UnserF%C3%BChrer-26"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DarthVaders-86"},{"link_name":"[432]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDougall2014234-438"},{"link_name":"[433]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stornungsfrei-439"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DarthVaders-86"},{"link_name":"[434]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-440"},{"link_name":"[378]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nordwall-384"},{"link_name":"[417]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fussballfibeln-423"},{"link_name":"[417]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fussballfibeln-423"},{"link_name":"[417]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fussballfibeln-423"},{"link_name":"[417]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fussballfibeln-423"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UnserF%C3%BChrer-26"},{"link_name":"[435]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-441"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DarthVaders-86"},{"link_name":"fascist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism"},{"link_name":"anti-fascism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-fascism"},{"link_name":"Nazism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism"},{"link_name":"[436]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-442"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BPBFussballfan-66"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DarthVaders-86"},{"link_name":"[417]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fussballfibeln-423"},{"link_name":"[294]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StasiClub-299"},{"link_name":"raise your arm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler_salute"},{"link_name":"Vopos's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkspolizei"},{"link_name":"[437]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-443"},{"link_name":"hooligan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_hooliganism"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZeitSchieb-100"},{"link_name":"[420]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OstOst-426"},{"link_name":"[433]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stornungsfrei-439"},{"link_name":"1987-88 FDGB-Pokal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987-88_FDGB-Pokal"},{"link_name":"FC Carl Zeiss Jena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Carl_Zeiss_Jena"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BehindTheWall-4"},{"link_name":"[438]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDougall2014211-444"},{"link_name":"Volkspolizei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkspolizei"},{"link_name":"Stasi Guards Regiment \"Felix E. Dzerzhinsky\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Dzerzhinsky_Guards_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[439]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-445"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-1110-014,_FC_Berlin_-_HFC_Chemie_0-0.jpg"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BPBMauer-89"},{"link_name":"[440]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-446"},{"link_name":"Adidas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adidas"},{"link_name":"Iceberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceberg_(fashion_house)"},{"link_name":"Diesel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_(brand)"},{"link_name":"Ray Ban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Ban"},{"link_name":"[441]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IntelligentenIdioten-447"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bertram2015-143"},{"link_name":"[442]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZeitHooligans-448"},{"link_name":"FC Sachsen Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Sachsen_Leipzig"},{"link_name":"[443]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11Polley-449"},{"link_name":"[444]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZeitPolley-450"},{"link_name":"[445]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-451"},{"link_name":"[444]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZeitPolley-450"},{"link_name":"[446]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-452"},{"link_name":"[447]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ausnahmezustand-453"},{"link_name":"[448]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-454"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BPBMauer-89"},{"link_name":"[442]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZeitHooligans-448"},{"link_name":"Rostock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostock"},{"link_name":"FC Hansa Rostock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Hansa_Rostock"},{"link_name":"[449]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-455"},{"link_name":"[442]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZeitHooligans-448"},{"link_name":"[450]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NeuesHooligans-456"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BPBMauer-89"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BPBMauer-89"},{"link_name":"[418]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GrosseTraum-424"},{"link_name":"far-right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far-right_politics"},{"link_name":"[294]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StasiClub-299"},{"link_name":"New states of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_states_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"[451]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-457"},{"link_name":"[452]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-458"},{"link_name":"[453]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-459"},{"link_name":"[454]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-460"},{"link_name":"[455]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-461"},{"link_name":"[456]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B-ZBFCKrawalle-462"},{"link_name":"[231]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RandaleAnkaraspor-236"},{"link_name":"Friedrichshain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichshain"},{"link_name":"Sportforum Hohenschönhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportforum_Hohensch%C3%B6nhausen"},{"link_name":"Tennis Borussia Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_Borussia_Berlin"},{"link_name":"[457]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-463"},{"link_name":"[458]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-464"},{"link_name":"[459]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSFestnahmen-465"}],"sub_title":"History","text":"BFC Dynamo initially had modest support, but with its growing successes in the 1970s, the club began to attract young fans, primarily from the central areas around the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark, such as Prenzlauer Berg and Mitte.[83][378] Many came from working class families in Prenzlauer Berg.[416] The supporter scene became a focal point for various subcultures in the late 1970s and beginning of the 1980s.[232][417][418] There were punks, rockers, hippies and a few early skinheads.[419][63][420][378] Some were left-leaning and others were right-leaning.[417]\"We provoked with chants and slogans ... We were right, left, punk, hippie, skinhead. We were direct and provocative, kind and evil, in love, or drunk. Cool words were always well received. Right or left, I don't want to classify one. We were all in our fan group against the GDR, rebellion!\"\n\n\n– A fan of BFC Dynamo in the 1980s[421]Young people were gradually attracted by the provocative image of the club.[232][418] One supporter recalled that the 1980s \"were my greatest years, as we always had glorious success in provoking other fans\".[422] The supporter scene of BFC Dynamo was acclaimed as creative and humorous.[24] One fan of BFC Dynamo said: \"Our goal is to always do something that nobody expects!\"[423][86][97] The West had a great influence on the supporter scene and fashion played a big role.[424][425][24][426] Football supporters in East Berlin shared a sense of superiority over their counterparts in the regional districts.[427][417] This was also the case with the supporters of 1. FC Union Berlin, but notably with the supporters of BFC Dynamo.[428][85][419][427][429]Football-related violence spread in East Germany in the 1970s.[63][430] The hatred of opposing fans welded the supporters of BFC Dynamo together.[431] The supporters of BFC Dynamo responded to the hostile environment and learned to compensate their smaller numbers by being more aggressive and better organized.[24][83][432][433] They would eventually gain a reputation for being particularly organized and violent.[83][434] The development in the supporter scene eventually caught the attention of the authorities. The Stasi would try to control the supporter scene with a broad catalogue of repressive measures.[378][417] Numerous supporters of BFC Dynamo were sentenced to long and short prison terms in the 1980s.[417]More and more supporters of BFC Dynamo adopted skinhead fashion in the early 1980s.[417] Skinhead fashion was now considered the most provocative outfit.[417] From the mid-1980s, the supporter scene had increasingly come to be associated with skinhead fashion and far-right tendencies.[24][435][83] Right-wing slogans and fascist chants were regarded as particularly challenging forms of provocations, as anti-fascism was state doctrine and Nazism officially did not exist in East Germany.[436][63][83][417][294] One supporter of BFC Dynamo said: \"The scene wasn't right-wing, we did describe ourselves as right-wing, but that was more of a pure provocation, none of us really knew anything about politics. But to raise your arm in front of the cops was a real kick, for some Vopos's, their whole world collapsed\".[437]The first East German hooligan group developed from the supporter scene of BFC Dynamo. The development was partly a response to the increasing state repression against the supporter scene; the more violence the Stasi used, the more radicalized supporters became.[97][420] An organized hooligan scene that was unique in East Germany would eventually develop at BFC Dynamo in the late 1980s.[433] The 1987-88 FDGB-Pokal final between BFC Dynamo and FC Carl Zeiss Jena saw some of the most serious violence ever witnessed at a football match in East Germany.[4] Around 300 supporters of BFC Dynamo tried to invade the pitch at the victory ceremony, causing extensive damage.[438] They were only stopped by forces from the Volkspolizei and the Stasi Guards Regiment \"Felix E. Dzerzhinsky\".[439]Supporters of FC Berlin commemorate Mike Polley at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 10 November 1990.A wave of violence swept through the football stadiums of East Germany in 1990.[86] One of the largest hooligan scenes in Germany was formed around FC Berlin.[440] Expensive sportswear was now the new fashion in the supporter scene; brands such as Adidas, Iceberg, Diesel and Ray Ban became popular.[441][139]: 88–89 [442] 18-year-old FC Berlin supporter Mike Polley was shot dead by police during riots in connection with the away match against FC Sachsen Leipzig on 3 November 1990.[443] The police had fired between 50 and 100 shots in about a minute.[444] Supporters of FC Berlin organized a funeral march for Polley with 1,000 participants in Prenzlauer Berg on 10 November 1990.[445] An investigation against ten police officers was opened after the shootings, but closed in April 1992.[444][446] The exact circumstances around the death of Polley was never clarified.[447][448]Stadium attendance at FC Berlin collapsed in 1990. Ordinary supporters disappeared and only young supporters remained.[86] The violent faction of FC Berlin came to shape the entire 1990–91 season.[442] Serious riots broke out in Rostock in connection with the match between FC Hansa Rostock and FC Berlin on 16 March 1991. A group of 500–600 supporters of FC Berlin had travelled to the match with a special train. Supporters of FC Berlin devastated a shopping street in central Rostock and clashed with the police. 21 people, including nine police officers, were injured in the turmoil.[449][442][450]The hooligan scene of FC Berlin at the beginning of the 1990s was considered the most notorious for years in Germany.[86] Hooligans of FC Berlin were subsequently involved in numerous fights in stadiums, woods and meadows.[86] In the years after German reunification, the club's eternal outsider image attracted people from the underground.[418] Playing for meager crowds in regional leagues, the club eventually became a meeting place for individuals from Berlin's far-right, hooligan and criminal underground.[294]The FC Berlin mob remained by far the largest in the New states of Germany in the mid-1990s. The hooligan scene around FC Berlin counted 500 people in 1996.[451] There were several outbreaks of violent hooliganism among supporters of BFC Dynamo in the late 1990s and early 2000s.[452][453][454][455][456][231] The period also saw several controversial police operations against BFC Dynamo supporters, including the raid on the Jeton discothèque in Friedrichshain after a football fan tournament in the Sportforum Hohenschönhausen in August 2005, with 39 people injured, and the violent intervention against BFC Dynamo supporters during the away match against Tennis Borussia Berlin in December 2008, with 58 persons injured, including seven police officers.[457][458][459]","title":"Supporters and rivalries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[418]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GrosseTraum-424"},{"link_name":"[460]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stadtderby-466"},{"link_name":"bankruptcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankruptcy"},{"link_name":"[294]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StasiClub-299"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"[294]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StasiClub-299"},{"link_name":"[294]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StasiClub-299"},{"link_name":"[447]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ausnahmezustand-453"},{"link_name":"[461]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-467"},{"link_name":"Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig"},{"link_name":"[462]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-468"},{"link_name":"ultra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultras"},{"link_name":"[460]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stadtderby-466"},{"link_name":"[378]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nordwall-384"},{"link_name":"[460]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stadtderby-466"},{"link_name":"[378]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nordwall-384"},{"link_name":"Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_colour#Brown"},{"link_name":"refugees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee"},{"link_name":"[463]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-469"},{"link_name":"[378]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nordwall-384"},{"link_name":"[273]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BZMitglieder-278"},{"link_name":"racism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism"},{"link_name":"right-wing 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BSC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertha_BSC"},{"link_name":"[222]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSP%C3%B6beltFliegt-227"},{"link_name":"[467]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-473"},{"link_name":"[466]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IchSch%C3%A4me-472"},{"link_name":"[418]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GrosseTraum-424"},{"link_name":"[418]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GrosseTraum-424"},{"link_name":"[460]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stadtderby-466"},{"link_name":"[468]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-474"},{"link_name":"[378]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nordwall-384"},{"link_name":"[469]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glaserp98-475"},{"link_name":"[470]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-476"},{"link_name":"left wing-oriented","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-wing_politics"},{"link_name":"[469]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glaserp98-475"},{"link_name":"Anti-Fascist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-fascism"},{"link_name":"[471]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-477"},{"link_name":"[472]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-478"},{"link_name":"[473]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-479"},{"link_name":"[474]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-480"},{"link_name":"The Smiths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Smiths"},{"link_name":"[475]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-481"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_(region)"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"[476]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-482"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Gl%C3%A4ser"},{"link_name":"[477]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-483"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Willmann_(Autor)"},{"link_name":"[478]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-484"},{"link_name":"[479]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-485"},{"link_name":"[480]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11Nazikinder-486"},{"link_name":"[481]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-487"},{"link_name":"[482]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WeltStasiNazi-488"},{"link_name":"[232]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WennHooligans-237"},{"link_name":"[483]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ViceOrgangene-489"},{"link_name":"[484]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-490"},{"link_name":"Schönhauser Allee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sch%C3%B6nhauser_Allee"},{"link_name":"[418]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GrosseTraum-424"},{"link_name":"[480]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11Nazikinder-486"},{"link_name":"[483]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ViceOrgangene-489"},{"link_name":"[480]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11Nazikinder-486"},{"link_name":"[482]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WeltStasiNazi-488"},{"link_name":"[485]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-491"},{"link_name":"rap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap_(music)"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagen_Stoll"},{"link_name":"Marzahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marzahn"},{"link_name":"[486]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-492"}],"sub_title":"Contemporary supporter scene","text":"The contemporary supporter scene of BFC Dynamo contains various categories of supporters, ranging from older supporters to younger ultras.Older supporters constitute an essential part of the supporter scene.[418] Many are active in the supporter group 79er.[460] The supporter scene played an important part in saving the club from bankruptcy in 2001.[294] Supporters threw parties and organized collections, made donations and travelled to countries such as Austria and Switzerland to convince creditors to accept smaller pay-offs in order to save the cub.[294] The insolvency crisis remains a defining moment for older supporters.[294] For a long time, the supporter scene arranged an annual Mike-Polley-Gedenkturnier, which was a football fan tournament in memory of Mike Polley.[447][461] A march in memory of Polley in Leipzig in 2018 was attended by 850 supporters of BFC Dynamo.[462]New groups of younger ultra-oriented supporters have emerged since the 2000s.[460][378] Supporter group Fraktion H was founded in 2006 by younger supporters who wanted to create more atmosphere in the stadium.[460][378] A minor ultras scene then emerged with the founding of Ultras BFC in 2011. The ultras of BFC Dynamo have initiated campaigns such as \"Brown is not Claret\" and have also engaged in football tournaments for refugees.[463][378][273] The club has encouraged the new groups of younger supporters and club management has taken a stand against racism and right-wing extremism.[464][465][273]BFC Dynamo engages in active fan work and has taken measures to control violent elements, to exclude known violators and to distance itself from radical supporters.[418][466][465] Far-right symbols and slogans are not tolerated by the club.[418] The Chairman of the Economic Council Peter Meyer stated publicly in connection with a friendly match against Hertha BSC in 2007 that the club did not want people who cannot follow the rules and that \"anyone who shouts Nazi slogans will be thrown out of the stadium\".[222] A large number of stadium bans has been issued by the club since the 2000s.[467][466] No riots has occurred since 2011.[418]BFC Dynamo is affiliated with Fanprojekt Berlin.[418] The contemporary supporter scene of BFC Dynamo scene includes groups such as 79er, Mythos BFC, Fraktion H, Piefkes, Riot Sport, Black Boys Dynamo, Bärenbande, Gegengerade, Hipstercrew, Sektion Süddeutschland, Banda Invicta and Kollektiv Brandenburg.[460][468][378][469][470] Gegengerade is a left wing-oriented supporter group.[469] A number of supporters of FC Berlin were members of the \"Anti-Fascist Football Fan Initiative\" (AFFI) even back in 1993.[471][472][473][474] Supporters of BFC Dynamo have occasionally displayed a banner in the stadium that reads \"There Is A Light That Never Goes Out\", with a reference to 1980s British cult band The Smiths.[475] The BFC Dynamo supporter scene traditionally organizes an annual fan tournament in the Sportforum Hohenschönhausen. The ninth edition in May 2024 was won by a multicultural team with players from Syria, Palestine, Asia and Germany, who had been invited to the tournament by the supporter scene.[476]One of the most well-known books in Germany about the supporter scene of BFC Dynamo is \"Der BFC war schuld am Mauerbau\" by author and BFC Dynamo fan Andreas Gläser (de).[477] The book was first published in 2002 and describes the supporter scene from the late 1970s and forward. The book \"Stadionpartisanen - Fans und Hooligans in der DDR\", by author Frank Willmann (de), first published in 2007, also contains extensive interviews with BFC Dynamo supporters from the late 1970s and forward. The book \"Riot Boys!\" by Jochen Schramm, published posthumously in 1995, depicts the supporter scene of BFC Dynamo in the early 1980s and contains stories of violent away trips.[478][479]BFC Dynamo, its reputation and supporter scene, was the theme of stage play \"Dynamoland\" by Gudrun Herrbold. The play was set up in 2007 and involved young football players from BFC Dynamo as well as Andreas Gläser and Sven Friedrich, who is the owner of the clothing store Hoolywood and a BFC Dynamo fan.[480]\n[481][482][232]\n[483] \nIn an interview with football magazine 11 Freunde about the play, Friedrich stated that he doesn't want to have anything to do with Nazis. Gläser, clarified that they both come from the ”alternative spectrum”.[484]The clothing store Hoolywood on Schönhauser Allee in Prenzlauer Berg was founded at the beginning of the 1990s.[418][480][483]\nThe owner of the store, Sven Friedrich, was involved in the supporter scene of BFC Dynamo in the East German era.[480][482] The store has been an advertising partner of BFC Dynamo.[485]German rap musician Joe Rilla (de) has dedicated a song to BFC Dynamo. The song is called \"Heb die Faust Hoch (BFC Dynamo Straßenhymne)\" and was released in 2008. Joe Rilla comes from the locality of Marzahn and has a background in the BFC Dynamo hooligan scene.[486]","title":"Supporters and rivalries"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BFC_DynamoGesch%C3%A4ftsstelle2023.jpg"},{"link_name":"[487]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-493"},{"link_name":"[488]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-494"},{"link_name":"[489]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-495"},{"link_name":"[490]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-496"},{"link_name":"[491]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-497"}],"sub_title":"Current board and management","text":"The BFC Dynamo office in the stadium building in the Sportforum Hohenschönhausen.As of 24 March 2024[487][488][489][490][491]","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Presidential history","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[513]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-535"},{"link_name":"[514]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-536"},{"link_name":"[515]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-537"},{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"Current squad","text":"As of 1 August 2023[513][514][515]Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0401-021,_FDGB-Pokal,_Finale,_BFC_Dynamo_-_FC_Karl-Marx-Stadt_1-0.jpg"},{"link_name":"East Germany national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Germany national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_national_football_team"}],"sub_title":"Notable past players","text":"Goalkeeper Bodo Rudwaleit played 318 matches for BFC Dynamo in the DDR-Oberliga between 1976 and 1989.Many players of BFC Dynamo of the 1970s and 1980s played for the East Germany national team. Some would later become players or coaches in the Bundesliga and play for Germany national team.The list includes players with 100 appearances for SC Dynamo Berlin and BFC Dynamo at professional level and who have also played for their national team. The flag indicates the national team they last played for. The players are sorted chronologically by the date of their first appearance with the first team of SC Dynamo Berlin or BFC Dynamo in a competitive match.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Coaches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[516]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-538"}],"sub_title":"Current staff","text":"As of 14 September 2023[516]","title":"Coaches"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1987-0717-035,_BFC_Dynamo,_Trainer_J%C3%BCrgen_Bogs.jpg"},{"link_name":"János Gyarmati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Gyarmati"},{"link_name":"Fritz Gödicke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_G%C3%B6dicke"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_541-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_541-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_541-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_541-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_541-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_541-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_541-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_541-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_541-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_541-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_541-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_541-11"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_541-12"},{"link_name":"n","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_541-13"},{"link_name":"o","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_541-14"},{"link_name":"p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_541-15"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn2_546-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn2_546-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn2_546-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn2_546-3"},{"link_name":"Co-coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-coaching"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn3_547-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn3_547-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn3_547-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn3_547-3"}],"sub_title":"Coach history","text":"Jürgen Bogs was coach from 1977 to 1989, 1990 to 1993 and then from 1999 to 2001, and led BFC Dynamo to ten consecutive East German championships.SC Dynamo Berlin had six different coaches until the founding of BFC Dynamo in 1966. The first coach was Helmut Petzold, who was delegated along with the team of Dynamo Dresden to Dynamo Berlin and took office on 21 November 1954. Other coaches of Dynamo Berlin were Istvan Orczifalvi, Fritz Bachmann, János Gyarmati and Fritz Gödicke. Fritz Bachmann served as coach of Dynamo Berlin during the successful 1959 season.^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Interim coach\n\n^ a b c d Co-coach\n\n^ a b c d Player-coach","title":"Coaches"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0805-025,_Supercup_SG_Dynamo_Dresden_-_BFC_Dynamo_1-4.jpg"},{"link_name":"Heiko Bonan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiko_Bonan"},{"link_name":"DDR-Oberliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR-Oberliga"},{"link_name":"championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_East_German_football_champions"},{"link_name":"NOFV-Oberliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOFV-Oberliga"},{"link_name":"Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"}],"text":"The team celebrating the victory in the 1989 DFV-Supercup together with fans. Heiko Bonan is holding the trophy.BFC Dynamo was the most successful club in the DDR-Oberliga. The club won ten consecutive championships, which is a feat no other team in East Germany has matched. The DDR-Oberliga was rebranded as the NOFV-Oberliga from the 1990–91 season. The league was then replaced by the Bundesliga as the highest competition from the 1991–92 season, as East Germany had joined West Germany to form the reunited Germany.","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East German Champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_East_German_football_champions"},{"link_name":"1978–79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR-Oberliga_1978-79"},{"link_name":"1979–80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR-Oberliga_1979-80"},{"link_name":"1980–81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR-Oberliga_1980-81"},{"link_name":"1981–82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR-Oberliga_1981-82"},{"link_name":"1982–83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR-Oberliga_1982-83"},{"link_name":"1983–84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR-Oberliga_1983-84"},{"link_name":"1984–85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR-Oberliga_1984-85"},{"link_name":"1985–86","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR-Oberliga_1985-86"},{"link_name":"1986–87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR-Oberliga_1986-87"},{"link_name":"1987–88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR-Oberliga_1987-88"},{"link_name":"1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_DDR-Oberliga"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fn1-551"},{"link_name":"1971–72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR-Oberliga_1971-72"},{"link_name":"1975–76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR-Oberliga_1975-76"},{"link_name":"1988–89","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR-Oberliga_1988-89"},{"link_name":"FDGB-Pokal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDGB-Pokal"},{"link_name":"1959","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959_FDGB-Pokal"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fn1-551"},{"link_name":"1987–88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987%E2%80%9388_FDGB-Pokal"},{"link_name":"1988–89","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988%E2%80%9389_FDGB-Pokal"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fn1-551"},{"link_name":"1978–79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978%E2%80%9379_FDGB-Pokal"},{"link_name":"1984–85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984%E2%80%9385_FDGB-Pokal"},{"link_name":"DFV-Supercup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DFV-Supercup"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuwo-Pokal"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fn2-552"},{"link_name":"DDR-Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR-Liga"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fn1-551"},{"link_name":"DDR-Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR-Liga"},{"link_name":"DDR-Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR-Liga"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fn3-553"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fn3-553"},{"link_name":"DDR-Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR-Liga"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fn3-553"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_551-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_551-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_551-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_551-3"},{"link_name":"SC Dynamo Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SC_Dynamo_Berlin"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn2_552-0"},{"link_name":"1971-72 DDR-Oberliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971-72_DDR-Oberliga"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn3_553-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn3_553-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn3_553-2"}],"sub_title":"Domestic","text":"East German Champions\nWinners: (10) 1978–79, 1979–80, 1980–81, 1981–82, 1982–83, 1983–84, 1984–85, 1985–86, 1986–87, 1987–88 (record)\nRunners-up: (4) 1960,[a] 1971–72, 1975–76, 1988–89\nFDGB-Pokal\nWinners: (3) 1959,[a] 1987–88, 1988–89\nRunners-up: (6) 1961–62,[a] 1970–71, 1978–79, 1981–82, 1983–84, 1984–85\nDFV-Supercup\nWinners: 1989\nFuwo-Pokal (de)\nRunners-up: 1972[b]\nDDR-Liga (II)\nWinners: 1957,[a]\nDDR-Liga Nord (II)\nWinners: 1967–68\nDDR-Liga B (II)\nWinners: 1971–72[c]\nRunners-up: 1974–75[c]\nDDR-Liga A (II)\nWinners: 1984–85[c]^ a b c d Won by SC Dynamo Berlin.\n\n^ The Fuwo-Pokal was only arranged in 1972. All teams in the 1971-72 DDR-Oberliga took part in the cup.\n\n^ a b c Won by BFC Dynamo II","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Cup"},{"link_name":"1979–80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979%E2%80%9380_European_Cup"},{"link_name":"1983–84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983%E2%80%9384_European_Cup"},{"link_name":"European Cup Winners' Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Cup_Winners%27_Cup"},{"link_name":"1971–72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971%E2%80%9372_European_Cup_Winners%27_Cup"}],"sub_title":"International","text":"European Cup\nQuarter-finals: 1979–80, 1983–84\nEuropean Cup Winners' Cup\nSemi-finals: 1971–72","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DDR-Oberliga and FDGB-Pokal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_(association_football)#East_Germany_.28defunct.29"}],"sub_title":"Double","text":"DDR-Oberliga and FDGB-Pokal\nWinners: 1988","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fn1-554"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fn1-554"},{"link_name":"Regionalliga Nordost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalliga_Nordost"},{"link_name":"2021–22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Regionalliga#Regionalliga_Nordost"},{"link_name":"NOFV-Oberliga Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOFV-Oberliga_Nord"},{"link_name":"1991–92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%E2%80%9392_NOFV-Oberliga"},{"link_name":"2000–01","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_NOFV-Oberliga"},{"link_name":"2013–14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_NOFV-Oberliga"},{"link_name":"2008–09","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_NOFV-Oberliga"},{"link_name":"2009–10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_NOFV-Oberliga"},{"link_name":"Berlin-Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin-Liga"},{"link_name":"Berlin Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Cup"},{"link_name":"2014–15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Verbandspokal"},{"link_name":"2016–17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Verbandspokal"},{"link_name":"2017–18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Verbandspokal"},{"link_name":"2020–21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Verbandspokal"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_554-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_554-1"}],"sub_title":"Regional","text":"Bezirksliga Berlin (III)\nWinners: 1966–67,[a] 1983–84[a]\nRegionalliga Nordost (IV)\nWinners: 2021–22\nNOFV-Oberliga Nord (III–V)\nWinners: 1991–92, 2000–01, 2013–14\nRunners-up: 2008–09, 2009–10\nBerlin-Liga (V)\nWinners: 2003–04\nBerlin Cup (III–VII)\nWinners: (7) 1998–99, 2010–11, 2012–13, 2014–15, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2020–21\nRunners-up: 1999–00, 2009–10^ a b Won by BFC Dynamo II","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Berliner FC Dynamo seasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Berliner_FC_Dynamo_seasons"}],"text":"See also: List of Berliner FC Dynamo seasons","title":"Seasons"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"European competitions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"European record","title":"European competitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[526]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-555"},{"link_name":"[527]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-556"},{"link_name":"[273]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BZMitglieder-278"},{"link_name":"[528]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FussballDeBFC-557"},{"link_name":"[273]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BZMitglieder-278"},{"link_name":"[273]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BZMitglieder-278"},{"link_name":"[528]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FussballDeBFC-557"},{"link_name":"Sportforum Hohenschönhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportforum_Hohensch%C3%B6nhausen"},{"link_name":"[294]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StasiClub-299"},{"link_name":"[529]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-558"},{"link_name":"[530]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BWEngagierte-559"},{"link_name":"immigrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_Germany"},{"link_name":"[294]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StasiClub-299"},{"link_name":"[531]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RydlewiczExklusiv-560"},{"link_name":"[280]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RausSchmuddelecke-285"},{"link_name":"[420]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OstOst-426"},{"link_name":"[273]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BZMitglieder-278"},{"link_name":"[283]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZeitResthuch-288"},{"link_name":"[530]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BWEngagierte-559"},{"link_name":"[273]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BZMitglieder-278"},{"link_name":"[532]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-561"},{"link_name":"[294]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StasiClub-299"},{"link_name":"day care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_care"},{"link_name":"[294]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StasiClub-299"},{"link_name":"[241]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BZPflanze-246"},{"link_name":"[531]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RydlewiczExklusiv-560"},{"link_name":"localities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boroughs_and_neighborhoods_of_Berlin"},{"link_name":"boroughs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boroughs_and_neighborhoods_of_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Lichtenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichtenberg_(locality)"},{"link_name":"Hohenschönhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohensch%C3%B6nhausen"},{"link_name":"Karlshorst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlshorst"},{"link_name":"Mitte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitte"},{"link_name":"Weißensee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weissensee_(Berlin)"},{"link_name":"Pankow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankow_(locality)"},{"link_name":"[241]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BZPflanze-246"},{"link_name":"[294]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StasiClub-299"},{"link_name":"[533]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-562"},{"link_name":"[534]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KitaProjekt-563"},{"link_name":"Jörn Lenz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6rn_Lenz"},{"link_name":"[534]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KitaProjekt-563"},{"link_name":"[510]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BFuWoFaustdicke-529"},{"link_name":"registered voluntary association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_association"},{"link_name":"[535]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-564"},{"link_name":"[510]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BFuWoFaustdicke-529"}],"text":"BFC Dynamo is known for a recognized youth work.[526][527][273] The club had 23 youth teams in the 2021–22 season.[528][273] There were 68 trainers and supervisors responsible for the youth teams in the club during the season.[273] The youth teams range from U7 to U19 teams. The U17 team competes in the third tier B-Junior Verbandsliga Berlin and the U19 team competes in second tier A-Junior Regionalliga Nordost.[528] The youth teams are based in the Sportforum Hohenschönhausen.[294]There were more than 800 children and youth players in the club as of 2019.[529] The number of youth players was 450 in 2022.[530] Many children in the club comes from immigrant backgrounds or socially disadvantaged families.[294][531][280][420][273][283] Over 60 percent of the youth players had immigrant background in 2022.[530] BFC Dynamo helped football club FC Berlin 23 from neighbouring Storkower Straße in September 2021 and saved more than 40 to 50 children from the club, which was about to be dissolved.[273]The club launched the so-called \"Kita-projekt\" in 2003.[532][294] The Kita-projekt is a day care project that gives boys and girls aged 3 to 6 the opportunity to participate in sports on a regular basis.[294][241] The Kita-projekt involved approximately 200 children from 16 day care centers in Berlin as of 2020.[531] The majority of the children come from the localities or former boroughs of Lichtenberg, Hohenschönhausen, Karlshorst, Mitte, Weißensee and Pankow.[241] The Kita-projekt was the first of its kind in Germany and has received several awards for its work with children.[294][533][534] The former professional player of BFC Dynamo Jörn Lenz is the head of the Kita-projekt as of 2024.[534]The so-called \"Jugendförderverein\" was founded in 2004.[510] It is a registered voluntary association that aims to promote youth sports at BFC Dynamo. The Jugendförderverein has supported youth teams with equipment, covered costs for trips to tournaments and helped youth trainers to be able to obtain their trainer license. The Jugendförderverein relies on donations and voluntary work.[535] Former Club President Mario Weinkauf was one of the seven founding members of the Jugenförderverein and briefly served as chairman of the association before he became club president. Weinkauf had also been a youth trainer in the club for some time.[510]","title":"Youth department"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WeltUnterSchutz-30"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DarthVaders-86"},{"link_name":"[536]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDougall2014227-565"},{"link_name":"Dynamo-Sportforum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportforum_Hohensch%C3%B6nhausen"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40Jahre-47"},{"link_name":"[537]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TAZHappy-566"},{"link_name":"[538]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kannowskip31-567"},{"link_name":"Sports School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_School"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"[539]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11FBesondere-568"},{"link_name":"[540]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-569"},{"link_name":"Jürgen Bogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Bogs"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40Jahre-47"},{"link_name":"[537]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TAZHappy-566"},{"link_name":"Deutsches Sportecho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsches_Sportecho"},{"link_name":"Kicker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kicker_(sports_magazine)"},{"link_name":"[536]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDougall2014227-565"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BehindTheWall-4"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennisGrix2012141-27"},{"link_name":"football clubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_club_(East_Germany)"},{"link_name":"regional districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_East_Germany#Division_into_Bezirke"},{"link_name":"Bezirk Cottbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezirk_Cottbus"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Niemalsp6465-28"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Japkep3537-36"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt an der Oder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_an_der_Oder"},{"link_name":"1971-72 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971-72_DDR-Oberliga"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dostp1213-29"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Japkep3537-36"},{"link_name":"FC Vorwärts Frankfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._FC_Frankfurt"},{"link_name":"Bezirk Potsdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezirk_Potsdam"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dostp1213-29"},{"link_name":"FC Vorwärts Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._FC_Frankfurt"},{"link_name":"SG Dynamo Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SG_Dynamo_Dresden"},{"link_name":"[541]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66Jarep49-570"},{"link_name":"sports associations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_associations_(East_Germany)"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"DTSB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Turn-_und_Sportbund"},{"link_name":"[542]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-571"},{"link_name":"SV Dynamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SV_Dynamo"},{"link_name":"ASV Vorwärts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASV_Vorw%C3%A4rts"},{"link_name":"[543]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Christoph_Links_Verlag_GmbH-572"},{"link_name":"SED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Politburo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo"},{"link_name":"[541]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66Jarep49-570"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Bezirk Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezirk_Dresden"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40Jahre-47"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BehindTheWall-4"},{"link_name":"[544]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LeskeKickenSchwerpunkclubs-573"},{"link_name":"[nb 23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-578"},{"link_name":"[549]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AusbauKinder26274345-579"},{"link_name":"[550]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-580"},{"link_name":"[nb 24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-584"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LutherWillmannp93-40"},{"link_name":"Bezirk Cottbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezirk_Cottbus"},{"link_name":"[554]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-585"},{"link_name":"[555]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-586"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Friedemannp128-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kaltenkriegp380-42"},{"link_name":"focus clubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_club_(East_Germany)#Focus_clubs"},{"link_name":"[556]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Japke1315-587"},{"link_name":"[557]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LeskeSchwerpunkt-588"},{"link_name":"[558]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-589"},{"link_name":"[559]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kummerp215-590"},{"link_name":"[544]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LeskeKickenSchwerpunkclubs-573"},{"link_name":"[560]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaras2022116-591"},{"link_name":"[544]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LeskeKickenSchwerpunkclubs-573"},{"link_name":"[561]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kummerp318-592"},{"link_name":"[561]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kummerp318-592"},{"link_name":"[562]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDougall2014123-593"},{"link_name":"[563]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-594"},{"link_name":"[543]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Christoph_Links_Verlag_GmbH-572"},{"link_name":"SC Dynamo Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SC_Dynamo_Berlin"},{"link_name":"[564]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-595"},{"link_name":"[565]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-596"},{"link_name":"[566]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-597"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40Jahre-47"},{"link_name":"[536]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDougall2014227-565"},{"link_name":"[567]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-598"},{"link_name":"East German championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_East_German_football_champions"},{"link_name":"[568]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TagesWillkommenZone-599"},{"link_name":"Lutz Eigendorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutz_Eigendorf"},{"link_name":"Falko Götz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falko_G%C3%B6tz"},{"link_name":"Andreas Thom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Thom"},{"link_name":"[562]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDougall2014123-593"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WeltUnterSchutz-30"},{"link_name":"[539]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11FBesondere-568"},{"link_name":"[418]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GrosseTraum-424"},{"link_name":"Frank Terletzki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Terletzki"},{"link_name":"Hans-Jürgen Riediger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Riediger"},{"link_name":"Norbert Trieloff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbert_Trieloff"},{"link_name":"Bodo Rudwaleit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodo_Rudwaleit"},{"link_name":"Ralf Sträßer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralf_Str%C3%A4%C3%9Fer"},{"link_name":"Artur Ullrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artur_Ullrich"},{"link_name":"Rainer Ernst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Ernst"},{"link_name":"Bernd Schulz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernd_Schulz"},{"link_name":"Christian Backs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Backs"},{"link_name":"Frank Rohde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Rohde"},{"link_name":"Hendrik Herzog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Herzog"},{"link_name":"Marco Köller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_K%C3%B6ller"},{"link_name":"[569]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NDSchoen-600"},{"link_name":"[570]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Riseandfall-601"},{"link_name":"[571]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-602"},{"link_name":"Herbert Schoen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Schoen"},{"link_name":"Hermann Bley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Bley"},{"link_name":"Günter Schröter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Schr%C3%B6ter"},{"link_name":"Martin Skaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Skaba"},{"link_name":"Werner Voigt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Voigt"},{"link_name":"Hartmut Pelka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartmut_Pelka"},{"link_name":"[572]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-603"},{"link_name":"[573]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-604"},{"link_name":"[569]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NDSchoen-600"},{"link_name":"[574]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-605"},{"link_name":"[575]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-606"},{"link_name":"Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"football clubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_club_(East_Germany)"},{"link_name":"[541]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66Jarep49-570"}],"sub_title":"Youth academy during East German era","text":"BFC Dynamo had a very successful youth academy during the East German era.[28][83][536] The youth department had full-time trainers available for all youth classes and access to the best material conditions in the Dynamo-Sportforum.[44][537] There were no less than 40 full-time trainers in the club.[538] Youth coaches were highly qualified and training in the Children and Youth Sports School (German: Kinder- und Jugendsportschule) (KJS) was extensive.[539][540] The youth work at BFC Dynamo during the East German era was described as \"absolutely leading\" by former coach Jürgen Bogs, who had a background as coach of the junior team.[44][537] It was also described as \"exquisite\" by former German sports journalist Horst Friedemann, who worked for Deutsches Sportecho and Kicker.[536]The upper tier of elite clubs in East Germany had privileged access to talents within designated geographical and administrative areas.[4][25] All designated football clubs were assigned one or two regional districts in East Germany as catchment areas at their founding in 1965–1966. BFC Dynamo was initially assigned Bezirk Cottbus and one third of the districts in East Berlin.[26][34] The club was later allowed to take over the training centers (German: Trainingszentrum) (TZ) in East Berlin that had previously belonged to the catchment area of FC Vorwärts Berlin, when FC Vorwärts Berlin was relocated to Frankfurt an der Oder before the 1971-72 season.[27][34] FC Vorwärts Frankfurt was in turn allowed to take over Bezirk Potsdam, which had previously belonged to the catchment area of 1. FC Union Berlin.[27]However, BFC Dynamo, as well as FC Vorwärts Berlin and SG Dynamo Dresden, also had another structural advantage when it came to recruiting talents.[541] Most sports associations (German: Sportvereinigung) (SV) were dissolved at the founding of the DTSB in 1957.[542] But the sports associations SV Dynamo and ASV Vorwärts were allowed to continue exist.[543] A decision in the SED Politburo in 1962 then stipulated that the sports associations SV Dynamo and ASV Vorwärts were allowed to set up sports communities in each location where they operated offices. This meant that SV Dynamo and ASV Vorwärts would be able to run sports communities across the country.[541] BFC Dynamo would be able recruit talents from the youth departments of all sports communities (German: Sportgemeinschaft) (SG) of SV Dynamo in East Germany, except those in Bezirk Dresden and a number of other sports communities in the southern regional districts that instead belonged to the catchment area of SG Dynamo Dresden.[44][4][544][nb 23]The basis of the East German selection and screening system in competitive sports would eventually be formed by special training centers (TZ).[549][550][nb 24] SV Dynamo would operate numerous training centers across the whole of East Germany. The training centers were either assigned to BFC Dynamo or SG Dynamo Dresden, depending on catchment area. Training in these training centers were better than elsewhere. The work in the training centers was supervised and directed by BFC Dynamo. The best talents from the individual training centers were then brought together and selected in a multi-day screening session.[38] BFC Dynamo would come to benefit from a nationwide scouting network, which included the partnership with Bezirk Cottbus and 33 training centers (TZ) of SV Dynamo.[554][555][37] In total, BFC Dynamo had access to 38 training centers (TZ) across East Germany for the recruitment of talents. As a comparison, Union Berlin had only access to six training centers (TZ), all of which were located in the Berlin area.[39]A number of football clubs became specially promoted focus clubs in the 1970 DFV Football Resolution.[556][557] The focus clubs received additional financial support from the DTSB and other advantages.[558] The DTSB would try to equip the new focus clubs with more staff as well as better material and technical conditions.[559] BFC Dynamo became the focus club in East Berlin.[544] In the 1976 DFV Football Resolution, focus club were also allowed delegate youth players from other football clubs.[560] Focus clubs were also given the right to delegate 12 students to their affiliated Children and Youth Sports Schools (KJS) every year.[544][561] Non-focus football clubs only had the right to delegate six students to their affiliated Children and Youth Sports School (KJS) every year.[561] The elite Children and Youth Sports School (KJS) \"Werner Seelenbinder\" provided boarding and schooling for talented youth players of BFC Dynamo in the Dynamo-Sportforum.[562][563][543] The Children and Youth Sports School (KJS) \"Werner Seelenbinder\" was affiliated to sports club SC Dynamo Berlin.[564]The success of BFC Dynamo during the East German era was based on the club's extensive youth work.[565][566][44][536] In 1975, there were as many as five national team players in the East Germany junior national football team among the club's youth players from the class of 1957.[567] Only a fifth of the players who won the ten East German championships with BFC Dynamo were older than 18 years when they joined the club.[568] The youth academy produced stars such as Lutz Eigendorf, Falko Götz and Andreas Thom.[562][28][539][418] Most of the top performers of BFC Dynamo in the 1980s came through the club's own youth teams, including Frank Terletzki, Hans-Jürgen Riediger, Norbert Trieloff, Bodo Rudwaleit, Ralf Sträßer, Artur Ullrich, Rainer Ernst, Bernd Schulz, Christian Backs, Frank Rohde, Falko Götz, Jan Voß, Andreas Thom, Jörg Fügner, Hendrik Herzog and Marco Köller.[569][570][571] Several former players of SC Dynamo Berlin and BFC Dynamo became youth trainers in the club after ending their playing careers, such as Herbert Schoen, Hermann Bley, Günter Schröter, Martin Skaba, Peter Rohde, Werner Voigt, Hartmut Pelka and Hans-Jürgen Riediger.[572][573][569][574][575]Numerous players from East Germany joined West German clubs at the end of East Germany. Many came from BFC Dynamo. More than 110 players who had been trained in East Germany, primarily in a Children and Youth Sports School (KJS), would go on to play for West German or West Berlin clubs in the Bundesliga after the end of East Germany. German author Michael Peter has created a database for all players who had been trained in East Germany and who played for West German or West Berlin football clubs after 1990. For players born before 1976, BFC Dynamo was the biggest contributor. 98 players, born before 1976, came from the ten designated football clubs and SG Dynamo Dresden. 18 of these, came from BFC Dynamo.[541]","title":"Youth department"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nachwuchsoberliga"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fn1-607"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fn5-608"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugendmeisterschaften_der_DDR_(Fu%C3%9Fball)"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fn2-609"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fn3-610"},{"link_name":"FDJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freie_Deutsche_Jugend"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugendmeisterschaften_der_DDR_(Fu%C3%9Fball)"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fn4-611"},{"link_name":"Junge Welt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junge_Welt"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junge_Welt-Pokal"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fn2-609"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fn5-608"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fn4-611"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fn3-610"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_607-0"},{"link_name":"DDR-Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR-Liga"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juniorenoberliga"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn5_608-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn5_608-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn2_609-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn2_609-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn3_610-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn3_610-1"},{"link_name":"SC Dynamo Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SC_Dynamo_Berlin"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn4_611-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn4_611-1"}],"sub_title":"Honours","text":"Next Generation Oberliga (German: Nachwuchsoberliga) (de)[a]\nWinners: 1981, 1991[b]\nRunners-up (6): 1979, 1983\nEast German Junior Championship (de)[c]\nWinners: (5) 1960,[d] 1978, 1979, 1987, 1991\nRunners-up (6): 1967, 1974, 1976, 1977, 1988, 1989\nEast German Youth Championship (Youth FDJ-Pokal) (de)[e]\nWinners: (4) 1967, 1972, 1975, 1987\nRunners-up: 1983, 1989\nEast German Junior Cup (Junge Welt-Pokal) (de)[c]\nWinners: (5) 1966, 1967, 1987, 1989, 1990[b] (record)\nEast German Youth Cup (Youth FDGB-Pokal)[e]\nWinners: (5) 1965,[d] 1968, 1971, 1972, 1976 (record)^ Corresponds to U21 level. The league existed from 1976 to 1983 and 1989 to 1991. The reserve teams of the 14 DDR-Oberliga clubs were no longer allowed to participate in the DDR-Liga after the 1975-76 season. The Junior Oberliga (de) was also disbanded after the season. The Next Generation Oberliga was introduced instead. Youth teams of the 14 DDR-Oberliga clubs were all eligible to start in the 1976-77 Next Generation Oberliga. Next Generation Oberliga was disbanded after the 1982-83 season. All teams were instead assigned to the third tier Bezirksliga. BFC Dynamo participated in the 1983-84 Bezirksliga Berlin with reserve team BFC Dynamo II. BFC Dynamo II won the 1983-84 Bezirksliga Berlin and qualified for the 1984-85 DDR-Liga A.\n\n^ a b Won as FC Berlin.\n\n^ a b Corresponds to U19 level.\n\n^ a b Won by SC Dynamo Berlin.\n\n^ a b Corresponds to U17 level.","title":"Youth department"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Potsdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SG_Volkspolizei_Potsdam"},{"link_name":"SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Schwerin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Mecklenburg_Schwerin"},{"link_name":"Erfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt"},{"link_name":"Rostock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostock"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaras20227%E2%80%938-6"},{"link_name":"1953-54 DDR-Oberliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953-54_DDR-Oberliga"},{"link_name":"FC Vorwärts Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._FC_Frankfurt"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennisGrix2012137%E2%80%93138-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BehindTheWall-4"},{"link_name":"DDR-Oberliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR-Oberliga"},{"link_name":"F.C. Hansa Rostock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.C._Hansa_Rostock"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Hallescher FC Chemie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallescher_FC"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"SG Dynamo Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SG_Dynamo_Dresden"},{"link_name":"SG Friedrichstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresdner_SC"},{"link_name":"1949–50 DDR-Oberliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949%E2%80%9350_DDR-Oberliga"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennisGrix2012136-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHesse-Lichtenberger2003225-226-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GesternHeut-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennisGrix2012136-11"},{"link_name":"DDR-Oberliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR-Oberliga"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Volkspolizei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkspolizei"},{"link_name":"Kurt Fischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Fischer_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHesse-Lichtenberger2003226-17"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GesternHeut-13"},{"link_name":"SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Potsdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SG_Volkspolizei_Potsdam"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennisGrix2012136-11"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FWSerienmeister-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LutherWillmannp93-40"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-113"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaras202247-112"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-168"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BFCPaukenschlag-167"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-372"},{"link_name":"[365]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-370"},{"link_name":"[366]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-371"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-498"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-500"},{"link_name":"[492]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buchstabentausch-499"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-501"},{"link_name":"[492]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buchstabentausch-499"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-504"},{"link_name":"[493]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-502"},{"link_name":"[494]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NeuerPr%C3%A4sident-503"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-509"},{"link_name":"[495]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-505"},{"link_name":"[494]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NeuerPr%C3%A4sident-503"},{"link_name":"[496]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BZBleibenStreit-506"},{"link_name":"[497]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BZChefetage-507"},{"link_name":"[498]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaras2022146-508"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-511"},{"link_name":"[498]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaras2022146-508"},{"link_name":"[496]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BZBleibenStreit-506"},{"link_name":"[497]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BZChefetage-507"},{"link_name":"[499]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bittrofneuekopf-510"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-513"},{"link_name":"vice presidents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_president"},{"link_name":"[500]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-512"},{"link_name":"[499]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bittrofneuekopf-510"},{"link_name":"[498]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaras2022146-508"},{"link_name":"Wacker 04 Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wacker_04_Berlin"},{"link_name":"[498]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaras2022146-508"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-516"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaras2022147-145"},{"link_name":"[501]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BFuWOGeldgeber-514"},{"link_name":"[499]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bittrofneuekopf-510"},{"link_name":"[502]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BerZeitRonaldos-515"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-518"},{"link_name":"[501]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BFuWOGeldgeber-514"},{"link_name":"[502]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BerZeitRonaldos-515"},{"link_name":"[503]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-517"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BFCPaukenschlag-167"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-520"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BFCPaukenschlag-167"},{"link_name":"[504]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wildwest-519"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-524"},{"link_name":"[504]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wildwest-519"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TAZFixe-175"},{"link_name":"[505]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-521"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BZMRettesich-172"},{"link_name":"presidium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidium"},{"link_name":"[506]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pr%C3%A4sidiumZur%C3%BCck-522"},{"link_name":"[506]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pr%C3%A4sidiumZur%C3%BCck-522"},{"link_name":"[507]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TagesRockerstattStasi-523"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-527"},{"link_name":"[506]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pr%C3%A4sidiumZur%C3%BCck-522"},{"link_name":"[507]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TagesRockerstattStasi-523"},{"link_name":"[314]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GebenTon-319"},{"link_name":"[314]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GebenTon-319"},{"link_name":"[508]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-525"},{"link_name":"[509]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TAZNische-526"},{"link_name":"[509]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TAZNische-526"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BZAuferstehen-199"},{"link_name":"[509]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TAZNische-526"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NDHoffnung-197"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-528"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NDHoffnung-197"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-532"},{"link_name":"[510]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BFuWoFaustdicke-529"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSAcht-222"},{"link_name":"[511]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-530"},{"link_name":"[512]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BFuWoPalast-531"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-533"},{"link_name":"[220]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAZHooligans-225"},{"link_name":"[512]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BFuWoPalast-531"},{"link_name":"[512]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BFuWoPalast-531"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-534"},{"link_name":"[224]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BFuWoUhlig-229"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-578"},{"link_name":"Hanns Leske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanns_Leske"},{"link_name":"[545]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-574"},{"link_name":"[546]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MythosEinzugsgebiet-575"},{"link_name":"[547]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-576"},{"link_name":"[548]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-577"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-584"},{"link_name":"[551]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AusbauKinder4344-581"},{"link_name":"[551]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AusbauKinder4344-581"},{"link_name":"[551]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AusbauKinder4344-581"},{"link_name":"Sports club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_club_(East_Germany)"},{"link_name":"Football club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_club_(East_Germany)"},{"link_name":"[552]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-582"},{"link_name":"[549]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AusbauKinder26274345-579"},{"link_name":"[553]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-583"}],"text":"^ This was not the first or last relocation or transfer of entire football teams in East Germany at the time. Sports association SV Deutsche Volkpolizei relocated its three second-tier teams SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Potsdam, SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Weimar and SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Schwerin to sports communities in larger cities during the summer of 1952. SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Potsdam was relocated to Berlin, SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Weimar to Erfurt and SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Schwerin to Rostock.[6] The team of SV Vorwärts der KVP Leipzig was relocated to East Berlin in 1953. The team continued the 1953-54 DDR-Oberliga as SV Vorwärts der KVP Berlin. SV Vorwärts der KVP Berlin then became ASK Vorwärts Berlin, which later became FC Vorwärts Berlin.[7][4] The relatively successful team of BSG Empor Lauter and its place in the DDR-Oberliga was transferred to sports club SC Empor Rostock in 1954. The football department of SC Empor Rostock later became F.C. Hansa Rostock.[8] The team of BSG Turbine Halle and its place in the DDR-Oberliga was transferred to sports club SC Chemie Halle-Leuna in 1954.[9] The football department of SC Chemie Halle-Leuna later became Hallescher FC Chemie.\n\n^ SG Dynamo Dresden itself had a background that involved political interference and player delegations. SG Dynamo Dresden was previously known as SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Dresden. When SG Friedrichstadt was forcibly dissolved by East German sports authorities after the 1949–50 DDR-Oberliga, the playing right in the DDR-Oberliga was transferred to SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Dresden.[10][11][12] SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Dresden had previously played in the lower-tier Stadtliga Dresden and was thus able to enter the DDR-Oberliga without having to progress through divisions.[13][10] In order to keep the place in the DDR-Oberliga, the team of SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Dresden would be reinforced with players from Volkspolizei teams all over the country.[14] The head of the Volkspolizei Kurt Fischer ordered that best football players in the sports communities of the Volkspolizei around East Germany should be concentrated in the now first-tier SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Dresden.[15] The 40 best players of the various Volkspolizei teams in East Germany were then brought together for a training session in Forst in July 1950. Coaches Fritz Sack and Paul Döring then picked out 17 players from 11 different cities who were delegated to Dresden to form the team.[16][12] SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Potsdam lost its five best players to Dresden and was severely weakened.[10][17]\n\n^ SV Dynamo would eventually operate numerous training centers (TZ) across East Germany. The training centers were divided between BFC Dynamo and SG Dynamo Dresden depending on catchment area.[38]\n\n^ Only one of those goals came from a penalty. That penalty was the controversial penalty against 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig in the 1985-86 DDR-Oberliga on 22 March 1986, which was later proven to be correct.[109]\n\n^ Karin Halsch was known as Karin Seidel-Kalmutzki at the time.[163]\n\n^ The capacity was 12,000 at the beginning of the 1966–67 season and 14,000 at the beginning of the 1968–69 season.[365][366]\n\n^ Manfred Kirste was the first president and is the longest serving president. He served as president from 15 January 1966 to 30 August 1988.\n\n^ Served as president until 19 February 1990.[492]\n\n^ Became acting president after the dismissal of Herbert Krafft on 19 February 1990. Bogs served as acting president until 27 May 1990.[492]\n\n^ Dr. Klaus Janz served as president until 15 October 1990.[493] He asked to be relieved from the office due to professional stress as a lawyer. He continued as vice president.[494]\n\n^ Dr. Wolfgang Hösrich became president on 15 October 1990. He had a background as a club doctor for SC Dynamo Berlin and BFC Dynamo. Hösrich had previously served as vice president.[495][494] The presidium under Dr. Wolfgang Hösrich was replaced by a new presidium under Eberhard Landmann on 20 May 1994.[496][497][498] \n\n^ Eberhard Landmann became president on 20 May 1994.[498] Landmann was a former insurance salesman. He only served as president for nine months.[496][497][499]\n\n^ Klaus Bittroff was elected as the new president on 10 February 1995 with the votes 73-11. Volkmar Wanski was elected as one of two vice presidents alongside re-elected Lutz Hoff.[500][499][498]\n Bittroff had previously served as president of Wacker 04 Berlin from 1984 to 1991.[498]\n\n^ Became new president after the resignation of Klaus Bittroff on 14 September 1995.[141]\n Wanski resigned on 29 June 2000.[501][499][502]\n\n^ Sports director Hans Reker was appointed acting president by the Economic Council following the resignation of Volkmar Wanski on 29 June 2000.[501][502] Reker had held the position of vice president in the presidium of Volkmar Wanski.[503] Karin Halsch took office as new president on 27 September 2000.[163]\n\n^ Karin Halsch was known as Karin Seidel-Kalmutzki during the era. Served from 27 September 2000 to 25 June 2001.[163][504]\n\n^ Sports director Hans Reker served as acting president following the resignation of Karin Halsch on 25 June 2001.[504][170] Hans Reker held the position of vice president in the presidium of Karin Halsch.[505][167] He resigned together with the entire presidium on 30 October 2001.[506] An emergency board formed by André Sommer, Rayk Bernt and press spokesman Holger Zimmermann took office. The emergency board was meant to serve until the extraordinary general meeting on 26 November 2001.[506][507]\n\n^ An emergency board formed by André Sommer, Rayk Bernt and press spokesman Holger Zimmermann took office on 1 November 2001. No new president was appointed for the transitional board.[506][507] Zimmerman soon resigned on 23 November 2001.[314] A new presidium was due to be elected on the extraordinary general meeting on 26 November 2001. However, the meeting agenda was changed with the votes 87 to 59 at the insistence of the emergency board. The meeting was converted into an information event and new elections were postponed.[314][508] Club members collected signatures for the election of a new presidium. But the signatures would be ignored by Sommer and Bernt.[509] The Sommer and Bernt presidium was finally overthrown by supporters and the former coach of the women's team Volkmar Lucius after an application to the Charlottenburg district court.[509][194] The Charlottenburg district court appointed Lucius as emergency board member.[509] A new presidium was elected on the extraordinary general meeting on 31 May 2002.[192]\n\n^ Elected on an extraordinary general meeting on 31 May 2002.[192]\n\n^ Mario Weinkauf was elected president on 18 June 2004.[510] He resigned on a meeting with the presidium on 22 June 2007. He was then dismissed in a vote of no-confidence on an extra-ordinary general meeting on 23 June 2007. Mario Weinkauf was succeeded by Volkmar Wanski as interim president. Volkmar Wanski had been co-opted into the presidium and elected as the provisional successor to Mario Weinkauf on the meeting with the presidium on 22 June 2007. However the interim presidency of Volkmar Wanski was controversial. It was put into question whether his election was compliant with club statutes. Volkmar Wanski resigned after only six days.[217][511][512]\n\n^ Frank Bertron was launched as interim president by the new Economic Council under Peter Meyer.[220][512] He was presented as new president on 28 June 2007.[512]\n\n^ Norbert Uhlig is the second longest serving president after Manfred Kirste. Norbert Uhlig has been president since 11 October 2008.[224]\n\n^ German sports historian Hanns Leske writes that BFC Dynamo was able to recruit young players from the youth departments of all sports communities (SG) of SV Dynamo in East Germany, except those in Bezirk Dresden.[545] German author Anne Hahn writes that the training centers (TZ) of SV Dynamo across East Germany were divided between BFC Dynamo and SG Dynamo Dresden. She writes that the catchment area of BFC Dynamo included the SV Dynamo sports communities (SG) of Rostock-Mitte, Neustrelitz, Fürstenwalde, Schwerin and Berlin. The best talents were brought together in these training centers and then selected in a central, multi-day screening courses.[546] Also Horst Friedemann claims that the catchment area of BFC Dynamo included the SV Dynamo sports communities (SG) of Rostock-Mitte, Neustrelitz, Fürstenwalde and Schwerin. According to Friedemann, the SV Dynamo sports communities (SG) of Eisleben and Halle/Neustadt instead belonged to the catchment area of SG Dynamo Dresden. That was the \"southern line\", where Dresden had access.[547][548]\n\n^ The first training centers (TZ) in East German sports were set up in the mid-1960s.[551] The training centers (TZ) were the first preparatory stage for the support of children found suitable for sports. Training in training centers usually started at the age of 10.[551] The training course usually lasted for three to four years.[551] From the training centers, the best young talents could then be delegated to a Children and Youth Sports School (KJS) and a Sports club (SC) or a Football club (FC).[552][549][553]","title":"Explanatory notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"BFC Dynamo: Raus aus der Schmuddelecke\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.berliner-kurier.de/sport/bfc-dynamo-raus-aus-der-schmuddelecke-li.93885"},{"link_name":"Berliner Kurier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_Kurier"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-944068-38-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-944068-38-1"},{"link_name":"\"Nordwall und Gegengerade\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210429165526/https://11freunde.de/artikel/nordwall-und-gegengerade/1769170"},{"link_name":"11 Freunde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11_Freunde"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//11freunde.de/artikel/nordwall-und-gegengerade/1769170"},{"link_name":"\"'Stasi club' BFC Dynamo: What happened to the record East German champions?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.dw.com/en/stasi-club-bfc-dynamo-what-happened-to-the-record-east-german-champions/a-51084561"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Welle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Welle"},{"link_name":"Bonn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonn"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3746618616","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3746618616"},{"link_name":"\"BFC Dynamo: Der Mythos des Schiebermeisters\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.zeit.de/sport/2022-05/bfc-dynamo-ddr-oberliga-zehn-meisterschaften"},{"link_name":"Die Zeit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Zeit"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-944068-95-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-944068-95-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-89533-448-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89533-448-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-360-01227-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-360-01227-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-107-05203-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-05203-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3930559220","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3930559220"},{"link_name":"\"Stasi-nazi-ossi-hooligan-image på prøve: Dynamos evige arv og tavse transformation\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.tipsbladet.dk/artikel/stasi-nazi-ossi-hooligan-image-paa-proeve-dynamos-evige-arv-og-tavse-transformation"},{"link_name":"Tipsbladet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipsbladet"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3355017442","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3355017442"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3897735881","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3897735881"}],"text":"Baingo, Andreas (20 July 2020). \"BFC Dynamo: Raus aus der Schmuddelecke\". Berliner Kurier (in German). Berlin.\nBertram, Marco (2015). BFC Dynamo Fußballfibel (in German), Berlin: CULTURCON medien. ISBN 978-3-944068-38-1.\nBertram, Marco (13 April 2020). \"Nordwall und Gegengerade\". 11 Freunde (in German). Berlin. Archived from the original on 29 April 2021.\nFord, Matt (7 November 2019). \"'Stasi club' BFC Dynamo: What happened to the record East German champions?\". Deutsche Welle. Bonn.\nGläser, Andreas (2003). Der BFC war schuld am Mauerbau: Ein stolzer Sohn des Proletariats erzählt (in German). Berlin: Aufbau Taschenbuch. ISBN 978-3746618616.\nHahn, Anne (12 May 2022). \"BFC Dynamo: Der Mythos des Schiebermeisters\". Die Zeit (in German). Hamburg.\nKaras, Steffen (2020). 66 Jahre BFC Dynamo – Auswärts mit 'nem Bus (in German), Berlin: CULTURCON Medien. ISBN 978-3-944068-95-4.\nLeske, Hanns (2004). Erich Mielke, die Stasi und das runde Leder: Der Einfluß der SED und des Ministeriums für Staatssicherheit auf den Fußballsport in der DDR (in German). Göttingen: Verlag Die Werkstatt. ISBN 3-89533-448-0.\nLuther, Jörn; Willmann, Frank (2003). BFC Dynamo – Der Meisterclub (in German). Berlin: Das Neue Berlin. ISBN 3-360-01227-5.\nMcDougall, Alan (2014). The People's Game: Football, State and Society in East Germany. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-05203-1.\nSchramm, Jochen (1995). Riot Boys! (in German) Cologne: KRASH-Verlag. ISBN 978-3930559220.\nThiede, Jens Patrick (3 October 2008). \"Stasi-nazi-ossi-hooligan-image på prøve: Dynamos evige arv og tavse transformation\". Tipsbladet (in Danish). Copenhagen.\nWillmann, Frank; Hahn, Anne (2007). Stadionpartisanen – Fans und Hooligans in der DDR (in German). Berlin: Neues Leben. ISBN 978-3355017442.\nWillmann, Frank; Hauswald, Harald (2008). Ultras Kutten Hooligans: Fußballfans in Ost-Berlin (in German). Berlin: Jaron Verlag. ISBN 3897735881.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Günter Schröter (left) and Martin Skaba (right) during a match between ASK Vorwärts Berlin and SC Dynamo Berlin in 1959","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-68058-0001%2C_ASK_Vorw%C3%A4rts_Berlin_-_SC_Dynamo_Berlin_2-1.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-68058-0001%2C_ASK_Vorw%C3%A4rts_Berlin_-_SC_Dynamo_Berlin_2-1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wolf-Rüdiger Netz (right) scores a header in the match against BSG Wismut Aue in 1974.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-N1130-0021%2C_BFC_Dynamo_-_BSG_Wismut_Aue_6-0.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-N1130-0021%2C_BFC_Dynamo_-_BSG_Wismut_Aue_6-0.jpg"},{"image_text":"The team of BFC Dynamo after winning its first title in the DDR-Oberliga in 1979.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-U0529-0306%2C_BFC_Dynamo_-_Dynamo_Dresden_3-1%2C_Mannschaftsfoto.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-U0529-0306%2C_BFC_Dynamo_-_Dynamo_Dresden_3-1%2C_Mannschaftsfoto.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hans-Jürgen Riediger in the match against Hamburger SV in the 1982-83 European Cup at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1982-0915-037%2C_Europapokal%2C_BFC_Dynamo-Hamburger_SV_1-1.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1982-0915-037%2C_Europapokal%2C_BFC_Dynamo-Hamburger_SV_1-1.jpg"},{"image_text":"The team of BFC Dynamo celebrates its sixth DDR-Oberlig title in 1985.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1985-0601-012%2C_Mannschaftsfoto_BFC_Dynamo.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1985-0601-012%2C_Mannschaftsfoto_BFC_Dynamo.jpg"},{"image_text":"Andreas Thom during a match against SG Dynamo Dresden in 1988.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1988-0406-032%2C_BFC_Dynamo_-_SG_Dynamo_Dresden_1-0.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1988-0406-032%2C_BFC_Dynamo_-_SG_Dynamo_Dresden_1-0.jpg"},{"image_text":"The team celebrates the victory in the 1989 FDGB-Pokal final at the Stadion der Weltjugend.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0401-022%2C_FDGB-Pokal%2C_Finale%2C_BFC_Dynamo_-_FC_Karl-Marx-Stadt_1-0.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0401-022%2C_FDGB-Pokal%2C_Finale%2C_BFC_Dynamo_-_FC_Karl-Marx-Stadt_1-0.jpg"},{"image_text":"The team of FC Berlin at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Stadion in 1990.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-0223-013%2C_Mannschaftsfoto_FC_Berlin.jpg/250px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-0223-013%2C_Mannschaftsfoto_FC_Berlin.jpg"},{"image_text":"FC Berlin forward Dirk Rehbein in a match against HFC Chemie in 1990.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-1110-013%2C_FC_Berlin_-_HFC_Chemie_0-0.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-1110-013%2C_FC_Berlin_-_HFC_Chemie_0-0.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Stadion im Sportforum in May 2006.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Clp_20060514_Sportforum_Dynamostadion.jpg/220px-Clp_20060514_Sportforum_Dynamostadion.jpg"},{"image_text":"The mascot of BFC Dynamo \"Teddy\" in 2018.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/2018-08-19_BFC_Dynamo_vs._1._FC_K%C3%B6ln_%28DFB-Pokal%29_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%93351.jpg/220px-2018-08-19_BFC_Dynamo_vs._1._FC_K%C3%B6ln_%28DFB-Pokal%29_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%93351.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chris Reher with the ball during the match between BFC Dynamo and 1. FC Köln in the 2018-19 DFB-Pokal.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/2018-08-19_BFC_Dynamo_vs._1._FC_K%C3%B6ln_%28DFB-Pokal%29_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%93101.jpg/400px-2018-08-19_BFC_Dynamo_vs._1._FC_K%C3%B6ln_%28DFB-Pokal%29_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%93101.jpg"},{"image_text":"Crest history of BFC Dynamo, from left to right: as SC Dynamo Berlin (1954–1966), as FC Berlin (spring 1990–1999) as FC Berlin (early 1990) and then as BFC Dynamo (1966–1990, 1999–2009, 2023–).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Logo_History_of_Berliner_FC_Dynamo.png/363px-Logo_History_of_Berliner_FC_Dynamo.png"},{"image_text":"The crest used by BFC Dynamo from 2009 to 2023.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/BFC_Dynamo_-_2009.svg/220px-BFC_Dynamo_-_2009.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The traditional crest of BFC Dynamo at the back of the main stand of the Stadion im Sportforum in 2023.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/BFCDynamoCrestSportforum2.jpg/220px-BFCDynamoCrestSportforum2.jpg"},{"image_text":"BFC Dynamo is allowed to wear one star inscribed with the number ten for its ten East German championships.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Star_full.svg/100px-Star_full.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A match between SC Dynamo Berlin and SC Turbine Erfurt at the Walter-Ulbricht-Stadion in 1959.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-67567-0002%2C_SC-Dynamo_-_Turbine_Erfurt_2-0.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-67567-0002%2C_SC-Dynamo_-_Turbine_Erfurt_2-0.jpg"},{"image_text":"A match between BFC Dynamo and BSG Chemie Leipzig at the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum in 1966.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E0416-0009-001%2C_BFC_Dynamo_Berlin_-_SC_Chemie_Leipzig_2-0.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E0416-0009-001%2C_BFC_Dynamo_Berlin_-_SC_Chemie_Leipzig_2-0.jpg"},{"image_text":"A match between BFC Dynamo and SG Dynamo Dresden in front of 25,000 spectators at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark in 1976.[377]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R0221-0019%2C_BFC_Dynamo_-_SG_Dynamo_Dresden_3-4.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R0221-0019%2C_BFC_Dynamo_-_SG_Dynamo_Dresden_3-4.jpg"},{"image_text":"The team of BFC Dynamo in front of the new grandstand of the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark in 1987.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1987-0717-036%2C_Mannschaftsfoto_BFC_Dynamo.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1987-0717-036%2C_Mannschaftsfoto_BFC_Dynamo.jpg"},{"image_text":"A match between BFC Dynamo and SV Babelsberg 03 in 2017.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/BFC_Dynamo_-_SV_Babelsberg_April_2017.jpg/220px-BFC_Dynamo_-_SV_Babelsberg_April_2017.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Stadion im Sportforum in 2023.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/StadionimSportforum202313.jpg/220px-StadionimSportforum202313.jpg"},{"image_text":"An illustration of the new large stadium in the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark seen from the Mauerpark.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Modell_Jahn_Sportpark_Berlin_2023.jpg/170px-Modell_Jahn_Sportpark_Berlin_2023.jpg"},{"image_text":"Supporters of FC Berlin commemorate Mike Polley at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 10 November 1990.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-1110-014%2C_FC_Berlin_-_HFC_Chemie_0-0.jpg/300px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-1110-014%2C_FC_Berlin_-_HFC_Chemie_0-0.jpg"},{"image_text":"The BFC Dynamo office in the stadium building in the Sportforum Hohenschönhausen.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/BFC_DynamoGesch%C3%A4ftsstelle2023.jpg/170px-BFC_DynamoGesch%C3%A4ftsstelle2023.jpg"},{"image_text":"Goalkeeper Bodo Rudwaleit played 318 matches for BFC Dynamo in the DDR-Oberliga between 1976 and 1989.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0401-021%2C_FDGB-Pokal%2C_Finale%2C_BFC_Dynamo_-_FC_Karl-Marx-Stadt_1-0.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0401-021%2C_FDGB-Pokal%2C_Finale%2C_BFC_Dynamo_-_FC_Karl-Marx-Stadt_1-0.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jürgen Bogs was coach from 1977 to 1989, 1990 to 1993 and then from 1999 to 2001, and led BFC Dynamo to ten consecutive East German championships.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1987-0717-035%2C_BFC_Dynamo%2C_Trainer_J%C3%BCrgen_Bogs.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1987-0717-035%2C_BFC_Dynamo%2C_Trainer_J%C3%BCrgen_Bogs.jpg"},{"image_text":"The team celebrating the victory in the 1989 DFV-Supercup together with fans. Heiko Bonan is holding the trophy.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0805-025%2C_Supercup_SG_Dynamo_Dresden_-_BFC_Dynamo_1-4.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0805-025%2C_Supercup_SG_Dynamo_Dresden_-_BFC_Dynamo_1-4.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Wähner, Bernd (25 April 2023). \"Fit für die Dritte Liga: Ausbau des Stadions im Sportforum Hohenschönhausen steht im Koalitionsvertrag\". Berliner Woche (in German). Berlin: FUNKE Berlin Wochenblatt GmbH. Retrieved 2 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.berliner-woche.de/alt-hohenschoenhausen/c-sport/ausbau-des-stadions-im-sportforum-hohenschoenhausen-steht-im-koalitionsvertrag_a378421","url_text":"\"Fit für die Dritte Liga: Ausbau des Stadions im Sportforum Hohenschönhausen steht im Koalitionsvertrag\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_Woche","url_text":"Berliner Woche"}]},{"reference":"Karas, Steffen (2022). 66 Jahre BFC Dynamo – Auswärts mit 'nem Bus (2nd ed.). Berlin: CULTURCON medien, Sole trader: Bernd Oeljeschläger. p. 98. ISBN 978-3-944068-95-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin","url_text":"Berlin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-944068-95-4","url_text":"978-3-944068-95-4"}]},{"reference":"Dennis, Mike; Grix, Jonathan (2012). Sport under Communism – Behind the East German 'Miracle' (1st ed.). Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan (Macmillan Publishers Limited). pp. 136–137. ISBN 978-0-230-22784-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire","url_text":"Hampshire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-22784-2","url_text":"978-0-230-22784-2"}]},{"reference":"Dennis, Mike (2007). \"Behind the Wall: East German football between state and society\" (PDF). German as a Foreign Language (GFL). 2007 (2): 46–73. ISSN 1470-9570. Retrieved 9 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gfl-journal.de/2-2007/dennis.pdf","url_text":"\"Behind the Wall: East German football between state and society\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1470-9570","url_text":"1470-9570"}]},{"reference":"Pleil, Ingolf (2013). Mielke, Macht und Meisterschaft: Dynamo Dresden im Visier der Stasi (in German) (2nd ed.). Berlin: Christopher Links Verlag GmbH. p. 17. ISBN 978-3-86153-756-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86153-756-4","url_text":"978-3-86153-756-4"}]},{"reference":"Hesse-Lichtenberger, Ulrich (2003). Tor!: The Story of German Football (3rd ed.). London: WSC Books Ltd. pp. 225–226. ISBN 095401345X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/095401345X","url_text":"095401345X"}]},{"reference":"McDougall, Alan (2014). The People's Game: Football, State and Society in East Germany (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 101. ISBN 978-1-107-05203-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge","url_text":"Cambridge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-05203-1","url_text":"978-1-107-05203-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Dynamo Dresden - Gestern und Heute\". dynamo-dresden.de (in German). Dresden: SG Dynamo Dresden e.V. Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 15 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210413154646/https://www.dynamo-dresden.de/verein/gestern-und-heute/gestern-und-heute.html","url_text":"\"Dynamo Dresden - Gestern und Heute\""},{"url":"https://www.dynamo-dresden.de/verein/gestern-und-heute/gestern-und-heute.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Leimert, Jochen (16 April 2020). \"Als Ulbricht im Heinz-Steyer-Stadion den Volkszorn zu spüren bekam\". Sportbuzzer (in German). Hannover: Sportbuzzer GmbH. Archived from the original on 22 March 2023. Retrieved 22 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230322224433/https://www.sportbuzzer.de/artikel/als-ulbricht-im-heinz-steyer-stadion-den-volkszorn-zu-spuren-bekam/","url_text":"\"Als Ulbricht im Heinz-Steyer-Stadion den Volkszorn zu spüren bekam\""},{"url":"https://www.sportbuzzer.de/artikel/als-ulbricht-im-heinz-steyer-stadion-den-volkszorn-zu-spuren-bekam/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Die Geschichte Dynamo Dresdens\". 3-liga.com (in German). Lübeck: Niels-Frederik Popien. 29 June 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.3-liga.com/news-3liga-die-geschichte-dynamo-dresdens-13721.html","url_text":"\"Die Geschichte Dynamo Dresdens\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck","url_text":"Lübeck"}]},{"reference":"Schramm, Stefan (11 April 2023). \"Dynamo Dresden feiert sich und seine 70 Jahre\". Dresdner Neueste Nachrichten (in German). Hannover: Verlagsgesellschaft Madsack GmbH & Co. KG. Retrieved 8 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dnn.de/sport/regional/jubilaeum-12-april-1953-dynamo-dresden-feiert-sich-und-seine-70-jahre-6M2QJTCRBBDR5LFX7IMQ4BO7HI.html","url_text":"\"Dynamo Dresden feiert sich und seine 70 Jahre\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresdner_Neueste_Nachrichten","url_text":"Dresdner Neueste Nachrichten"}]},{"reference":"Grüne, Hardy (1 June 2020). \"Der angefeindete Serienmeister des Ostens\". Fußball-Woche (de) (in German). Berlin: Fußball-Woche Verlags GmbH. Retrieved 16 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fussball-woche.de/artikel/der-angefeindete-serienmeister-des-ostens/","url_text":"\"Der angefeindete Serienmeister des Ostens\""},{"url":"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu%C3%9Fball-Woche","url_text":"de"}]},{"reference":"Kelemen, Luci (5 February 2018). Saleem, Omar (ed.). \"Eleven Pigs and the secret police: the story of BFC Dynamo\". These Football Times. Retrieved 16 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://thesefootballtimes.co/2018/02/05/eleven-pigs-and-the-secret-police-the-story-of-bfc-dynamo/","url_text":"\"Eleven Pigs and the secret police: the story of BFC Dynamo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/These_Football_Times","url_text":"These Football Times"}]},{"reference":"Luther, Jörn; Willmann, Frank (2003). BFC Dynamo – Der Meisterclub (in German) (1st ed.). Berlin: Das Neue Berlin. p. 28. ISBN 3-360-01227-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-360-01227-5","url_text":"3-360-01227-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Jubiläum: BFC Dynamo wird 50 Jahre alt\". B.Z. (in German). Berlin: B.Z. Ullstein GmbH. 15 January 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bz-berlin.de/berlin-sport/bfc-dynamo-berlin/jubilaeum-bfc-dynamo-wird-50-jahre-alt","url_text":"\"Jubiläum: BFC Dynamo wird 50 Jahre alt\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.Z._(newspaper)","url_text":"B.Z."}]},{"reference":"Wyschek, Helmut (1999). \"Erich Mielke, soll unser Führer sein\". Telegraph (De) (in German). 1999 (3). Berlin: Prenzlberg Dokumentation e.V. Retrieved 27 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://telegraph.cc/archiv/telegraph-3-1999/erich-mielke-soll-unser-fuehrer-sein/","url_text":"\"Erich Mielke, soll unser Führer sein\""}]},{"reference":"Luther, Jörn; Willmann, Frank (2000). Und niemals vergessen – Eisern Union! (1st ed.). Berlin: BasisDruck. pp. 64–65. ISBN 978-3-86163-106-4. Aber der Reihe nach: Die Fußballclubs hatten bei ihrer Gründung einen oder zwei Bezirke zugewiesen bekommen, aus deren Trainingszentren sie ihren Nachwuchs rekrutierten. Bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt verfügte Union über ein Drittel der Berliner Leistungszentren und den Bezirk Potsdam als Einzugsgebiet. Als der FC Vorwärts jedoch nach Frankfurt umgesiedelt wurde, bekam er als Talentequelle neben dem nun \"eigenen\" Bezirk Frankfurt/Oder auch noch Potsdam zugewiesen. Und der BFC übernamn das Drittel der Berliner Nachwuchsschmieden, das vordem die Armeesportler inne hatten. Damit verfügten die Dynamos über das Einzugsgebiet Cottbus plus zwei Drittel Berlins.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86163-106-4","url_text":"978-3-86163-106-4"}]},{"reference":"Dost, Robert (17 January 2011). Written at Berlin. Der zivile Club - Die gesellschaftliche Stellung des 1.FC Union Berlin und seiner Anhänger in der DDR (PDF) (BA) (in German). Mittweida: Hochschule Mittweida. p. 12-13. Retrieved 13 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin","url_text":"Berlin"},{"url":"https://monami.hs-mittweida.de/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/940/file/BA.Arbeit.Robert.Dost.pdf","url_text":"Der zivile Club - Die gesellschaftliche Stellung des 1.FC Union Berlin und seiner Anhänger in der DDR"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittweida","url_text":"Mittweida"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hochschule_Mittweida","url_text":"Hochschule Mittweida"}]},{"reference":"Bläsig, Horst (21 August 2005). \"Lokalderby unter Polizeischutz\". Die Welt (in German). Berlin: WeltN24 GmbH. Retrieved 4 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.welt.de/print-wams/article131250/Lokalderby-unter-Polizeischutz.html","url_text":"\"Lokalderby unter Polizeischutz\""}]},{"reference":"Büchner, Philipp (31 January 2021). \"BFC Dynamo – Geliebt und verachtet\". www.rbb24.de (in German). Berlin: Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 4 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184253/https://www.rbb24.de/sport/beitrag/2021/01/fussball-bfc-dynamo-55-jahre-ddr-oberliga-frank-terletzki.html","url_text":"\"BFC Dynamo – Geliebt und verachtet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rundfunk_Berlin-Brandenburg","url_text":"Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg"},{"url":"https://www.rbb24.de/sport/beitrag/2021/01/fussball-bfc-dynamo-55-jahre-ddr-oberliga-frank-terletzki.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Schild und Schwert\" des BFC Dynamo\". bstu.de (in German). Berlin: Stasi Records Agency. Retrieved 22 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bstu.de/informationen-zur-stasi/themen/beitrag/schild-und-schwert-des-bfc-dynamo/#c14789","url_text":"\"\"Schild und Schwert\" des BFC Dynamo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasi_Records_Agency","url_text":"Stasi Records Agency"}]},{"reference":"Fischer, Werner (31 December 1968). \"Mit Schütze als Regisseur kam die erhoffte Wende\". Die neue Fußballwoche (in German). Vol. 1968, no. 53. Berlin: DFV der DDR. p. 6. ISSN 0323-8407. Retrieved 9 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://home.snafu.de/erich.mielke/HTMLPresse/1968_12_31.html","url_text":"\"Mit Schütze als Regisseur kam die erhoffte Wende\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Fu%C3%9Fball-Verband_der_DDR","url_text":"DFV der DDR"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0323-8407","url_text":"0323-8407"}]},{"reference":"\"Der 'Lange' in einer Spielertraube\". Die neue Fußballwoche (in German). Vol. 1971, no. 25. Berlin: DFV der DDR. 22 June 1971. p. 5. ISSN 0323-8407. Retrieved 9 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://home.snafu.de/erich.mielke/HTMLPokal/197071pokFH.html","url_text":"\"Der 'Lange' in einer Spielertraube\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Fu%C3%9Fball-Verband_der_DDR","url_text":"DFV der DDR"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0323-8407","url_text":"0323-8407"}]},{"reference":"Max, Jens (5 November 2019). \"Insolvenzen, Abstiege, Neuanfänge: Das wurde aus den letzten 14 DDR-Oberligisten\". Mitteldeutsche Zeitung (in German). Halle: Mediengruppe Mitteldeutsche Zeitung GmbH & Co. KG. Retrieved 19 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mz.de/sport/fussball/insolvenzen-abstiege-neuanfange-das-wurde-aus-den-letzten-14-ddr-oberligisten-3137724","url_text":"\"Insolvenzen, Abstiege, Neuanfänge: Das wurde aus den letzten 14 DDR-Oberligisten\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halle_(Saale)","url_text":"Halle"}]},{"reference":"Japke, Josephine (21 June 2018). Written at Königs Wusterhausen. Die gesellschaftspolitische Stellung des 1. FC Union Berlin zu Zeiten der DDR (PDF) (Bachelor thesis) (in German). Mittweida: Hochschule Mittweida. pp. 35–37. Retrieved 5 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigs_Wusterhausen","url_text":"Königs Wusterhausen"},{"url":"https://monami.hs-mittweida.de/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/8807/file/BA+UNION.pdf","url_text":"Die gesellschaftspolitische Stellung des 1. FC Union Berlin zu Zeiten der DDR"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittweida","url_text":"Mittweida"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hochschule_Mittweida","url_text":"Hochschule Mittweida"}]},{"reference":"Japke, Josephine (21 June 2018). Written at Königs Wusterhausen. Die gesellschaftspolitische Stellung des 1. FC Union Berlin zu Zeiten der DDR (PDF) (Bachelor thesis) (in German). Mittweida: Hochschule Mittweida. pp. 38–40. Retrieved 4 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigs_Wusterhausen","url_text":"Königs Wusterhausen"},{"url":"https://monami.hs-mittweida.de/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/8807/file/BA+UNION.pdf","url_text":"Die gesellschaftspolitische Stellung des 1. FC Union Berlin zu Zeiten der DDR"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittweida","url_text":"Mittweida"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hochschule_Mittweida","url_text":"Hochschule Mittweida"}]},{"reference":"Braun, Jutta (2015). Münkel, Daniela (ed.). State Security: A reader on the GDR secret police (PDF). Berlin: German Federal Archives. pp. 86–87. ISBN 978-3-942130-97-4. Retrieved 13 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stasi-unterlagen-archiv.de/assets/bstu/en/Downloads/E_bstu_lesebuch_englisch.pdf","url_text":"State Security: A reader on the GDR secret police"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Federal_Archives","url_text":"German Federal Archives"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-942130-97-4","url_text":"978-3-942130-97-4"}]},{"reference":"Friedemann, Horst (1991). Sparwasser und Mauerblümchen: Die Geschichte des Fussballs in der DDR, 1949–1991 (in German) (1st ed.). Essen: Klartext Verlag. p. 128. ISBN 978-3884744628. Das DDR-weite Sichtungssystem mit 33 Trainingszentren der SV Dynamo sowie im Partnerbezirk Cottbus hat den Talentenachschub nie abreiß en lassen.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essen","url_text":"Essen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3884744628","url_text":"978-3884744628"}]},{"reference":"Luther, Jörn; Willmann, Frank (2003). BFC Dynamo – Der Meisterclub (in German) (1st ed.). Berlin: Das Neue Berlin. p. 93. ISBN 3-360-01227-5. Jürgen Bogs: 'Dynamo hatte in der ganzen DDR flächendeckend Trainingszentren, die je nach Einzugsgebiet dem BFC oder Dynamo Dresden zugeordnet waren. Bereits in diesen Trainingszentren wurde besser trainiert als anderswo, denn dort wurden ja schon Spieler zusammengefasst, die aufgrund ihres individuellen Könnens aufgefallen sind. Und die Arbeit der Zentren wurde vom BFC zusätzlich beobachtet und gesteuert. Es gab einen zentralen, mehrtägigen Sichtungslehrgang, dort wurden die besten Talente der einzelnen Trainingszentren zusammengefasst, von diesen vierzig Mann wuden vielleicht zehn genommen.'","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-360-01227-5","url_text":"3-360-01227-5"}]},{"reference":"Braun, Jutta; Teichler, Hans Joachim (2006). Sportstadt Berlin im Kalten Krieg: Prestigekämpfe und Systemwettstreit (1st ed.). Berlin: Christoph Links Verlag GmbH. p. 380. ISBN 978-3861533993. Bei den Clubmannschaften existierte eine Zweiklassenesellschaft. In Berlin genoss der BFC Dynamo besondere Privilegien. So standen dem von Ministerium für Staatssicherheit finanzierten und als Lieblingskind Erich Mielkes bekannten Club aus Hohenschönhausen republikweit 38 Trainingszentren (TZ) zur Verfügung, aus denen er seine Talente rekrutiere konnte. Der 1. FC Union hingegen musste sich mit 6 TZs im Berliner Raum zufrienden geben.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3861533993","url_text":"978-3861533993"}]},{"reference":"Simon, Günter (25 April 1972). \"Das Finale war zum Greifen nahe!\" (PDF). Neue Fußballwoche (in German). Vol. 1972, no. 17. Berlin: DFV der DDR. pp. 5–6. ISSN 0323-8407. Retrieved 10 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fcc-supporters.org/fuwo/files/FUWO%201972/FUWO%201972%2017.pdf","url_text":"\"Das Finale war zum Greifen nahe!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Fu%C3%9Fball-Verband_der_DDR","url_text":"DFV der DDR"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0323-8407","url_text":"0323-8407"}]},{"reference":"Farshi, Sabbagh; Hadi, Mohammad (20 May 2011). Written at Hamburg. Deutsch-Deutsche Transfers: Der Wechsel von Thomas Doll vom BFC Dynamo zum HSV 1990 (PDF) (BA) (in German). Mittweida: Hochschule Mittweida. p. 22. Retrieved 14 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://monami.hs-mittweida.de/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/1235/file/BA_Arbeit_Pruefungsexemplar_Hadi_Farshi.pdf","url_text":"Deutsch-Deutsche Transfers: Der Wechsel von Thomas Doll vom BFC Dynamo zum HSV 1990"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittweida","url_text":"Mittweida"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hochschule_Mittweida","url_text":"Hochschule Mittweida"}]},{"reference":"\"Visitenkarte\" (PDF). Deutsches Sportecho/Die neue Fußballwoche (in German). Vol. 1977, no. Sonderausgabe. Berlin: Sportverlag GmbH. August 1977. p. 8. ISSN 0323-6420. Retrieved 3 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fcc-supporters.org/fuwo/files/FUWO%20Sonderausgabe/FUWO%201977%20Sonderausgabe.%20Saison%201977-78.pdf","url_text":"\"Visitenkarte\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsches_Sportecho","url_text":"Deutsches Sportecho"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0323-6420","url_text":"0323-6420"}]},{"reference":"Kopp, Johannes (16 January 2006). \"40 Jahre BFC Dynamo – \"Wir sind doch sowieso die Bösen\"\". Der Spiegel (in German). Hamburg: Der Spiegel GmbH & Co. KG. Retrieved 3 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.spiegel.de/sport/fussball/40-jahre-bfc-dynamo-wir-sind-doch-sowieso-die-boesen-a-395493.html","url_text":"\"40 Jahre BFC Dynamo – \"Wir sind doch sowieso die Bösen\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel_(website)","url_text":"Der Spiegel"}]},{"reference":"\"Visitenkarte\" (PDF). Deutsches Sportecho/Die neue Fußballwoche (in German). Vol. 1978, no. Sonderausgabe. Berlin. August 1978. p. 6. ISSN 0323-6420. Retrieved 24 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fcc-supporters.org/fuwo/files/FUWO%20Sonderausgabe/FUWO%201978%20Sonderausgabe.%20Saison%201978-79.pdf","url_text":"\"Visitenkarte\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsches_Sportecho","url_text":"Deutsches Sportecho"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0323-6420","url_text":"0323-6420"}]},{"reference":"Rosentritt, Michael; Schmidt-Tychsen, Ingo (6 May 2006). \"Die BFC-Schule\". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Berlin: Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH. Retrieved 29 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tagesspiegel.de/sport/die-bfc-schule/708474.html","url_text":"\"Die BFC-Schule\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Tagesspiegel","url_text":"Der Tagesspiegel"}]},{"reference":"\"Der Mann, der den 'Ballack der DDR' ausforschte\". Gießener Allgemeine. Gießen: Mittelhessische Druck- und Verlagshaus GmbH & Co. KG. 12 March 2009. Retrieved 4 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.giessener-allgemeine.de/giessen/mann-ballack-ddr-ausforschte-12180899.html","url_text":"\"Der Mann, der den 'Ballack der DDR' ausforschte\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gie%C3%9Fen","url_text":"Gießen"}]},{"reference":"Gareth, Joswig (7 March 2018). \"'Eventuell vergiftet'\". 11 Freunde (in German). Berlin: 11FREUNDE Verlag GmbH & Co. KG. Archived from the original on 15 June 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210615034859/https://11freunde.de/artikel/eventuell-vergiftet/595940?position=seiteninhalt&seite=1#seiteninhalt","url_text":"\"'Eventuell vergiftet'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11_Freunde","url_text":"11 Freunde"},{"url":"https://11freunde.de/artikel/eventuell-vergiftet/595940?position=seiteninhalt&seite=1#seiteninhalt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Amshove, Ralf (7 March 2018). \"Der rätselhafte Tod des \"Beckenbauer des Ostens\"\". sport.de (in German). Munster: HEIM:SPIEL Medien GmbH & Co. KG. Retrieved 4 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sport.de/news/ne3108316/der-raetselhafte-tod-des-beckenbauer-des-ostens/","url_text":"\"Der rätselhafte Tod des \"Beckenbauer des Ostens\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munster","url_text":"Munster"}]},{"reference":"Schlegel, Klaus (29 May 1979). \"BFC-Konter wie nach Maß\" (PDF). Neue Fußballwoche (in German). Vol. 1979, no. 22. Berlin: DFV der DDR. p. 5. ISSN 0323-8407. Retrieved 18 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fcc-supporters.org/fuwo/files/FUWO%201979/FUWO%201979%2022.pdf","url_text":"\"BFC-Konter wie nach Maß\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Fu%C3%9Fball-Verband_der_DDR","url_text":"DFV der DDR"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0323-8407","url_text":"0323-8407"}]},{"reference":"\"Im Spiel der Rekorde auch ein Rekordsieg\". Berliner Zeitung (in German). Berlin: Berliner Verlag GmbH. 17 March 1979. Retrieved 4 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://home.snafu.de/erich.mielke/HTMLLiga/197879ST17.html","url_text":"\"Im Spiel der Rekorde auch ein Rekordsieg\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_Zeitung","url_text":"Berliner Zeitung"}]},{"reference":"\"26. Spieltag: Torschützenliste\" (PDF). Die neue Fußballwoche (in German). Vol. 1979, no. 24. Berlin: DFV der DDR. 12 June 1979. p. 3. ISSN 0323-8407. Retrieved 4 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fcc-supporters.org/fuwo/files/FUWO%201979/FUWO%201979%2024.pdf","url_text":"\"26. Spieltag: Torschützenliste\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Fu%C3%9Fball-Verband_der_DDR","url_text":"DFV der DDR"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0323-8407","url_text":"0323-8407"}]},{"reference":"\"15. Januar 1966 – \"Stasi-Klub\" BFC Dynamo gegründet\". wdr.de (in German). Cologne: Westdeutscher Rundfunk. 15 January 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www1.wdr.de/stichtag/stichtag-gruendung-bfc-dynamo-100.html","url_text":"\"15. Januar 1966 – \"Stasi-Klub\" BFC Dynamo gegründet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk","url_text":"Westdeutscher Rundfunk"}]},{"reference":"Klein, Daniel (11 April 2018). \"Der Rivale aus Berlin\". Sächsische.de (in German). Dresden: DDV Mediengruppe GmbH & Co. KG. Retrieved 27 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.saechsische.de/der-rivale-aus-berlin-3915035.html","url_text":"\"Der Rivale aus Berlin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4chsische_Zeitung","url_text":"Sächsische.de"}]},{"reference":"Bertram, Marco (2015). BFC Dynamo Fußballfibel (1st ed.). Berlin: CULTURCON medien, Sole trader: Bernd Oeljeschläger. p. 67. ISBN 978-3-944068-38-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-944068-38-1","url_text":"978-3-944068-38-1"}]},{"reference":"Braun, Jutta (2015). Münkel, Daniela (ed.). State Security: A reader on the GDR secret police (PDF). Berlin: Stasi Records Agency. pp. 88–90. ISBN 978-3-942130-97-4. Retrieved 21 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stasi-unterlagen-archiv.de/assets/bstu/en/Downloads/E_bstu_lesebuch_englisch.pdf","url_text":"State Security: A reader on the GDR secret police"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasi_Records_Agency","url_text":"Stasi Records Agency"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-942130-97-4","url_text":"978-3-942130-97-4"}]},{"reference":"Wojtaszyn, Dariusz (5 August 2018). \"Der Fußballfan in der DDR – zwischen staatlicher Regulierung und gesellschaftlichem Widerstand\". bpb.de (in German). Bonn: Federal Agency for Civic Education. Retrieved 21 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpb.de/geschichte/zeitgeschichte/deutschlandarchiv/268956/der-fussballfan-in-der-ddr","url_text":"\"Der Fußballfan in der DDR – zwischen staatlicher Regulierung und gesellschaftlichem Widerstand\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonn","url_text":"Bonn"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Agency_for_Civic_Education","url_text":"Federal Agency for Civic Education"}]},{"reference":"Hempel, Wolf (4 October 1983). \"Primus Neuhäuser und sein Tor\" (PDF). Neue Fußballwoche (in German). Vol. 1983, no. 40. Berlin: DFV der DDR. p. 4. ISSN 0323-8407. Retrieved 29 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fcc-supporters.org/fuwo/files/FUWO%201983/FUWO%201983%2040.pdf","url_text":"\"Primus Neuhäuser und sein Tor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Fu%C3%9Fball-Verband_der_DDR","url_text":"DFV der DDR"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0323-8407","url_text":"0323-8407"}]},{"reference":"Gartenschläger, Lars (31 October 2013). \"Mit Mielkes Flugzeug reiste Götz Richtung Freiheit\". Die Welt (in German). Berlin: WeltN24 GmbH. Retrieved 17 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.welt.de/sport/fussball/article121245362/Mit-Mielkes-Flugzeug-reiste-Goetz-Richtung-Freiheit.html","url_text":"\"Mit Mielkes Flugzeug reiste Götz Richtung Freiheit\""}]},{"reference":"Thom, Andreas (7 May 2001). \"Mein Schicksalsspiel (IX): Nicht ohne Verluste\". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Berlin: Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH. Retrieved 14 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tagesspiegel.de/sport/mein-schicksalsspiel-ix-nicht-ohne-verluste/225572.html","url_text":"\"Mein Schicksalsspiel (IX): Nicht ohne Verluste\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Tagesspiegel","url_text":"Der Tagesspiegel"}]},{"reference":"\"26. Spielag: Torschützenliste\" (PDF). Die neue Fußballwoche (in German). Vol. 1984, no. 21. Berlin: DFV der DDR. 22 May 1984. p. 3. ISSN 0323-8407. Retrieved 7 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fcc-supporters.org/fuwo/files/FUWO%201984/FUWO%201984%2021.pdf","url_text":"\"26. Spielag: Torschützenliste\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Fu%C3%9Fball-Verband_der_DDR","url_text":"DFV der DDR"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0323-8407","url_text":"0323-8407"}]},{"reference":"\"Visitenkarte\" (PDF). Deutsches Sportecho/Die neue Fußballwoche (in German). Vol. 1984, no. Sonderausgabe. Berlin. August 1984. p. 4. ISSN 0323-6420. Retrieved 30 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fcc-supporters.org/fuwo/files/FUWO%20Sonderausgabe/FUWO%201984%20Sonderausgabe.%20Saison%201984-85.pdf","url_text":"\"Visitenkarte\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsches_Sportecho","url_text":"Deutsches Sportecho"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0323-6420","url_text":"0323-6420"}]},{"reference":"Görke, André (13 November 2001). \"Der Spind von Jürgen Bogs ist leer\". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Berlin: Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH. Retrieved 3 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tagesspiegel.de/sport/der-spind-von-juergen-bogs-ist-leer/270446.html","url_text":"\"Der Spind von Jürgen Bogs ist leer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Tagesspiegel","url_text":"Der Tagesspiegel"}]},{"reference":"Dieckmann, Christoph (10 August 2000). \"Pfiff löst Aufstand aus: Der Schand-Elfmeter von Leipzig\". Zeit Online (in German). No. 33/2000. Hamburg: Zeit Online GmbH. Archived from the original on 14 December 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091214130252/https://www.zeit.de/2000/33/Der_Schand-Elfmeter_von_Leipzig","url_text":"\"Pfiff löst Aufstand aus: Der Schand-Elfmeter von Leipzig\""},{"url":"https://www.zeit.de/2000/33/Der_Schand-Elfmeter_von_Leipzig","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Leske, Hanns (22 March 2006). \"Foul von höchster Stelle\" (in German). Retrieved 8 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tagesspiegel.de/sport/foul-von-hoechster-stelle/695462.html","url_text":"\"Foul von höchster Stelle\""}]},{"reference":"Voss, Oliver (29 June 2004). \"Der Schiri, der hat immer Recht\". Die Tageszeitung (in German). Berlin: taz Verlags u. Vertriebs GmbH. Retrieved 3 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://taz.de/!734771/","url_text":"\"Der Schiri, der hat immer Recht\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Tageszeitung","url_text":"Die Tageszeitung"}]},{"reference":"Kleiner, John Paul (19 April 2013). \"The Darth Vaders of East German Soccer: BFC Dynamo\". The GDR Objectified (gdrobjectified.wordpress.com). Toronto: John Paul Kleiner. Retrieved 21 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://gdrobjectified.wordpress.com/2013/04/19/bfc-dynamo/","url_text":"\"The Darth Vaders of East German Soccer: BFC Dynamo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto","url_text":"Toronto"}]},{"reference":"Bartz, Dietmar (8 December 2003). \"\"Die Stasi war nichts Spezielles\"\". Die Tageszeitung (in German). Berlin: taz Verlags u. Vertriebs GmbH. Retrieved 28 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://taz.de/!669107/","url_text":"\"\"Die Stasi war nichts Spezielles\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Tageszeitung","url_text":"Die Tageszeitung"}]},{"reference":"Willmann, Frank (18 June 2014). \"\"Die Mauer muss weg!\"\". bpb.de (in German). Bonn: Federal Agency for Civic Education. Retrieved 17 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bpb.de/gesellschaft/medien-und-sport/bundesliga/166321/fussball-land-ddr?p=all","url_text":"\"\"Die Mauer muss weg!\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Agency_for_Civic_Education","url_text":"Federal Agency for Civic Education"}]},{"reference":"Völker, Markus (18 July 2015). \"Geschichte des BFC Dynamo: Weinrote Welt ohne gelbe Karten\". Die Tageszeitung (in German). Berlin: taz Verlags u. Vertriebs GmbH. Retrieved 12 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://taz.de/Geschichte-des-BFC-Dynamo/!5214731/","url_text":"\"Geschichte des BFC Dynamo: Weinrote Welt ohne gelbe Karten\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Tageszeitung","url_text":"Die Tageszeitung"}]},{"reference":"Dennis, Mike (2007). \"Behind the Wall: East German football between state and society\" (PDF). German as a Foreign Language (GFL). 2007 (2): 67. ISSN 1470-9570. Retrieved 9 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gfl-journal.de/2-2007/dennis.pdf","url_text":"\"Behind the Wall: East German football between state and society\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1470-9570","url_text":"1470-9570"}]},{"reference":"Gröning, Marion (9 August 2013). \"Verpfiffen\". Sächsische Zeitung (in German). Dresden: DDV Mediengruppe GmbH & Co. KG. Retrieved 16 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.saechsische.de/plus/verpfiffen-2636378.html","url_text":"\"Verpfiffen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4chsische_Zeitung","url_text":"Sächsische Zeitung"}]},{"reference":"Horeni, Michael; Reinsch, Michael (8 November 2009). \"Fußballautor Leske im Gespräch: \"Von Manipulationen die Schnauze voll\"\". Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung GmbH. Archived from the original on 1 June 2017. Retrieved 20 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170601132341/https://www.faz.net/aktuell/sport/fussball/fussballautor-leske-im-gespraech-von-manipulationen-die-schnauze-voll-1881858.html","url_text":"\"Fußballautor Leske im Gespräch: \"Von Manipulationen die Schnauze voll\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Zeitung","url_text":"Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung"},{"url":"https://www.faz.net/aktuell/sport/fussball/fussballautor-leske-im-gespraech-von-manipulationen-die-schnauze-voll-1881858.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hahn, Anne (12 May 2022). \"BFC Dynamo: Der Mythos des Schiebermeisters\". Die Zeit (in German). Hamburg: Zeit Online GmbH. Retrieved 2 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zeit.de/sport/2022-05/bfc-dynamo-ddr-oberliga-zehn-meisterschaften","url_text":"\"BFC Dynamo: Der Mythos des Schiebermeisters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Zeit","url_text":"Die Zeit"}]},{"reference":"Leske, Hanns (2004). Erich Mielke, die Stasi und das runde Leder: Der Einfluß der SED und des Ministeriums für Staatssicherheit auf den Fußballsport in der DDR (in German) (1st ed.). Göttingen: Verlag Die Werkstatt GmbH. pp. 530–533. ISBN 978-3895334481.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanns_Leske","url_text":"Leske, Hanns"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen","url_text":"Göttingen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3895334481","url_text":"978-3895334481"}]},{"reference":"Dennis, Mike (2007). \"Behind the Wall: East German football between state and society\" (PDF). German as a Foreign Language (GFL). 2007 (2): 66. ISSN 1470-9570. Retrieved 21 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gfl-journal.de/2-2007/dennis.pdf","url_text":"\"Behind the Wall: East German football between state and society\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1470-9570","url_text":"1470-9570"}]},{"reference":"Dennis, Mike; LaPorte, Norman (2011). State and Minorities in Communist East Germany (1st ed.). New York: Berghahn Books. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-85745-195-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)","url_text":"New York"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85745-195-8","url_text":"978-0-85745-195-8"}]},{"reference":"Münkel, Daniela (2015). State Security: A reader on the GDR secret police (PDF). Berlin: Stasi Records Agency. p. 91. ISBN 978-3-942130-97-4. Retrieved 21 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bstu.de/assets/bstu/en/Downloads/E_bstu_lesebuch_englisch.pdf","url_text":"State Security: A reader on the GDR secret police"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasi_Records_Agency","url_text":"Stasi Records Agency"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-942130-97-4","url_text":"978-3-942130-97-4"}]},{"reference":"Tomlinson, Alan; Young, Christopher (2006). German Football: History, Culture, Society (1st ed.). Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. p. 55. ISBN 0-415-35195-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abingdon-on-Thames","url_text":"Abingdon-on-Thames"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-35195-2","url_text":"0-415-35195-2"}]},{"reference":"Leske, Hanns (2012). \"Schiedsrichter im Sold der Staatssicherheit\". Fußball in der DDR: Kicken im Auftrag der SED (in German) (2nd ed.). Erfurt: Landeszentrale für politische Bildung Thüringen. ISBN 978-3-937967-91-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-937967-91-2","url_text":"978-3-937967-91-2"}]},{"reference":"Crossland, David (14 January 2016). \"Dynamo Berlin: The soccer club 'owned' by the Stasi\". CNN International. Atlanta: Cable News Network, Inc. Retrieved 30 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://edition.cnn.com/2016/01/13/football/dynamo-berlin-stasi-east-germany-football/index.html","url_text":"\"Dynamo Berlin: The soccer club 'owned' by the Stasi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN_International","url_text":"CNN International"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta","url_text":"Atlanta"}]},{"reference":"\"Andreas Thom über Dynamo und Stasi, Partys mit DDR-Prominenz und seinen Wechsel von Ost nach West\". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Berlin: Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH. 8 November 1999. Retrieved 2 September 2020. Und auf die Schiedsrichter gesetzt? Blödsinn. Zehnmal hintereinander Meister zu werden, das klingt vielleicht komisch, aber da steckt auch Arbeit und Können dahinter. Natürlich gab es auch mal Entscheidungen, über die wir selbst gestaunt haben.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tagesspiegel.de/sport/andreas-thom-ueber-dynamo-und-stasi-partys-mit-ddr-prominenz-und-seinen-wechsel-von-ost-nach-west/102972.html","url_text":"\"Andreas Thom über Dynamo und Stasi, Partys mit DDR-Prominenz und seinen Wechsel von Ost nach West\""}]},{"reference":"Lachmann, Michael (7 December 2016). \"BFC-Idol Frank Terletzki: \"Am schönsten waren immer unsere Siege gegen Union\"\". B.Z. (in German). Berlin: B.Z. Ullstein GmbH. Retrieved 28 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bz-berlin.de/berlin-sport/bfc-dynamo-berlin/am-schoensten-waren-immer-unsere-siege-gegen-union","url_text":"\"BFC-Idol Frank Terletzki: \"Am schönsten waren immer unsere Siege gegen Union\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.Z._(newspaper)","url_text":"B.Z."}]},{"reference":"Jahn, Michael (10 April 2013). \"Der große Fehler\". Frankfurter Rundschau (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Frankfurter Rundschau GmbH. Retrieved 21 September 2021. '26 Spiele in einer Saison in der DDR-Oberliga kannst du nicht verschieben. Wir hatten zu dieser Zeit die fußballerisch beste Mannschaft.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fr.de/sport/sport-mix/grosse-fehler-11352133.html","url_text":"\"Der große Fehler\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurter_Rundschau","url_text":"Frankfurter Rundschau"}]},{"reference":"Stolz, Sascha (7 August 2006). \"Interview mit Jürgen Bogs\". Fußball-Woche (de) (in German). Berlin: Fußball-Woche Verlags GmbH. Retrieved 13 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://home.snafu.de/erich.mielke/HTMLPresse/2006_08_07_2.html","url_text":"\"Interview mit Jürgen Bogs\""},{"url":"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu%C3%9Fball-Woche","url_text":"de"}]},{"reference":"Krause, Thomas (19 January 2022). \"\"Der BFC Dynamo wird immer mein Club sein\"\". Nordkurier (in German). Neubrandenburg: Nordkurier Mediengruppe GmbH & Co. KG. Archived from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220119230017/https://www.nordkurier.de/sportnachrichten/der-bfc-dynamo-wird-immer-mein-club-sein-1946787001.html","url_text":"\"\"Der BFC Dynamo wird immer mein Club sein\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordkurier","url_text":"Nordkurier"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neubrandenburg","url_text":"Neubrandenburg"},{"url":"https://www.nordkurier.de/sportnachrichten/der-bfc-dynamo-wird-immer-mein-club-sein-1946787001.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Schäfer, Guido (11 October 2017). \"Bernd Heynemann im Interview: \"Wir brauchen kein Big Brother\"\". Sportbuzzer (in German). Hannover: Sportbuzzer GmbH. Archived from the original on 3 November 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020. Der BFC ist nicht x-mal Meister geworden, weil die Schiris nur für Dynamo gepfiffen haben. Die waren schon bärenstark.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201103002011/https://www.sportbuzzer.de/artikel/bernd-heynemann-im-interview-wir-brauchen-kein-big-brother/","url_text":"\"Bernd Heynemann im Interview: \"Wir brauchen kein Big Brother\"\""},{"url":"https://www.sportbuzzer.de/artikel/bernd-heynemann-im-interview-wir-brauchen-kein-big-brother/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Visitenkarte\" (PDF). Deutsches Sportecho/Die neue Fußballwoche (in German). Vol. 1986, no. Sonderausgabe. Berlin. August 1986. p. 4. ISSN 0323-6420. Retrieved 11 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fcc-supporters.org/fuwo/files/FUWO%20Sonderausgabe/FUWO%201986%20Sonderausgabe.%20Saison%201986-87.pdf","url_text":"\"Visitenkarte\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsches_Sportecho","url_text":"Deutsches Sportecho"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0323-6420","url_text":"0323-6420"}]},{"reference":"\"25. Spieltag: Die Saison der dramatik hält uns weiter in Atem\" (PDF). Die neue Fußballwoche (in German). Vol. 1988, no. 21. Berlin: DFV der DDR. 25 May 1988. p. 3. ISSN 0323-8407. Retrieved 3 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fcc-supporters.org/fuwo/files/FUWO%201988/FUWO%201988%2021.pdf","url_text":"\"25. Spieltag: Die Saison der dramatik hält uns weiter in Atem\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Fu%C3%9Fball-Verband_der_DDR","url_text":"DFV der DDR"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0323-8407","url_text":"0323-8407"}]},{"reference":"Nöldner, Jürgen (31 May 1988). \"Ein Tor - zwei Welten\" (PDF). Die neue Fußballwoche (in German). Vol. 1988, no. 22. Berlin: DFV der DDR. p. 4. ISSN 0323-8407. Retrieved 12 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fcc-supporters.org/fuwo/files/FUWO%201988/FUWO%201988%2022.pdf","url_text":"\"Ein Tor - zwei Welten\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Fu%C3%9Fball-Verband_der_DDR","url_text":"DFV der DDR"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0323-8407","url_text":"0323-8407"}]},{"reference":"Bellinger, Andreas (11 October 2018). \"Werder und das \"Wunder von der Weser\"\". ndr.de (in German). Hamburg: Norddeutscher Rundfunk. Retrieved 7 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ndr.de/sport/fussball/sportmomente104_page-1.html","url_text":"\"Werder und das \"Wunder von der Weser\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norddeutscher_Rundfunk","url_text":"Norddeutscher Rundfunk"}]},{"reference":"Goldmann, Sven (10 October 2008). \"Fußball-Historie: Die Wunde von der Weser\". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Berlin: Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH. Retrieved 12 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tagesspiegel.de/sport/fussball-historie-die-wunde-von-der-weser/1343116.html","url_text":"\"Fußball-Historie: Die Wunde von der Weser\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Tagesspiegel","url_text":"Der Tagesspiegel"}]},{"reference":"Nöldner, Jürgen (4 April 1989). \"Über die Logik des Sieges\". Die neue Fußballwoche (in German). Vol. 1989, no. 14. Berlin: DFV der DDR. pp. 3–4. ISSN 0323-8407. Retrieved 21 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://home.snafu.de/erich.mielke/HTMLPokal/198889pokFH.html","url_text":"\"Über die Logik des Sieges\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Fu%C3%9Fball-Verband_der_DDR","url_text":"DFV der DDR"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0323-8407","url_text":"0323-8407"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Botschafter im Trainingsanzug\"\". stasi-unterlagen-archiv.de (in German). Berlin: Stasi Records Agency. 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Damit muss der zehnmalige DDR-Meister nächste Saison in der 5. Liga neu anfangen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kicker_(sports_magazine)","url_text":"Kicker"}]},{"reference":"Höfgen, Ingmar (2 November 2001). \"Das Insolvenzverfahren wird heute eröffnet\". Kicker (in German). Nuremberg: Olympia Verlag GmbH. Retrieved 28 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kicker.de/das-insolvenzverfahren-wird-heute-eroeffnet-255479/artikel","url_text":"\"Das Insolvenzverfahren wird heute eröffnet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kicker_(sports_magazine)","url_text":"Kicker"}]},{"reference":"Wolf, Matthias (5 November 2011). \"Bogs will ein Konzept sehen\". Berliner Zeitung (in German). Berlin: Berliner Verlag GmbH. 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Retrieved 9 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bz-berlin.de/sport/bfc-dynamo-steigt-in-regionalliga-auf","url_text":"\"BFC Dynamo steigt in Regionalliga auf\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.Z._(newspaper)","url_text":"B.Z."}]},{"reference":"\"HINWEISE FÜR DIE BESUCHER DES SPIELS FCC - BFC DYNAMO\". fc-carlzeiss-jena.de (in German). Jena: FC Carl Zeiss Jena Fußball Spielbetriebs GmbH. 31 July 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fc-carlzeiss-jena.de/news/club-profis/details/hinweise_fuer_die_besucher_des_spiels_fcc_bfc_dynamo.html","url_text":"\"HINWEISE FÜR DIE BESUCHER DES SPIELS FCC - BFC DYNAMO\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Carl_Zeiss_Jena","url_text":"FC Carl Zeiss Jena Fußball Spielbetriebs GmbH"}]},{"reference":"Bröhl, Stefan (20 May 2015). \"Der BFC Dynamo gewinnt 1:0 gegen Tasmania\". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Berlin: Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH. 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Retrieved 16 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tagesspiegel.de/sport/3-1-gegen-viktoria-89-bfc-dynamo-gewinnt-den-berliner-pokal/19854158.html","url_text":"\"BFC Dynamo gewinnt den Berliner Pokal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Tagesspiegel","url_text":"Der Tagesspiegel"}]},{"reference":"Hermanns, Stefan (15 August 2017). \"DFB-Pokal: Die Berliner unterliegen Schalke 0:2 Klassentreffen beim BFC Dynamo\". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Berlin: Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH. Retrieved 16 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tagesspiegel.de/sport/dfb-pokal-die-berliner-unterliegen-schalke-0-2-klassentreffen-beim-bfc-dynamo/20188438.html","url_text":"\"DFB-Pokal: Die Berliner unterliegen Schalke 0:2 Klassentreffen beim BFC Dynamo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Tagesspiegel","url_text":"Der Tagesspiegel"}]},{"reference":"\"BFC Dynamo: Wer wird der neue Dadashov?\". fussball.de (in German). Frankfurt am Main: DFB GmbH. 22 June 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fussball.de/newsdetail/bfc-dynamo-wer-wird-der-neue-dadashov/-/article-id/188943#!/","url_text":"\"BFC Dynamo: Wer wird der neue Dadashov?\""}]},{"reference":"Wiesner, Steven (21 May 2018). \"BFC Dynamo schlägt Berliner SC 2:1\". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Berlin: Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH. Retrieved 17 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tagesspiegel.de/sport/berliner-landespokal-bfc-dynamo-schlaegt-berliner-sc-2-1/22587154.html","url_text":"\"BFC Dynamo schlägt Berliner SC 2:1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Tagesspiegel","url_text":"Der Tagesspiegel"}]},{"reference":"Hermanns, Stefan (19 August 2018). \"BFC Dynamo verliert 1:9 gegen den 1. FC Köln\". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Berlin: Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH. Retrieved 17 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tagesspiegel.de/sport/dfb-pokal-im-olympiastadion-bfcdynamo-verliert-1-9-gegen-den-1-fckoeln/22929792.html","url_text":"\"BFC Dynamo verliert 1:9 gegen den 1. FC Köln\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Tagesspiegel","url_text":"Der Tagesspiegel"}]},{"reference":"\"Auch Regionalliga Nordost setzt Spielbetrieb aus\". www.rbb24.de (in German). Berlin: Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg. 13 March 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rbb24.de/sport/thema/2020/coronavirus/beitraege/fussball-berlin-brandenburg-nordostdeutscher-verband-nofv-unterbrechung.html","url_text":"\"Auch Regionalliga Nordost setzt Spielbetrieb aus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rundfunk_Berlin-Brandenburg","url_text":"Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg"}]},{"reference":"\"BFC Dynamo sammelt rund 70.000 Euro mit virtuellem Kick\". www.rbb24.de (in German). Berlin: Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg. 18 April 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rbb24.de/sport/thema/2020/coronavirus/beitraege_neu/2020/04/fussball-regionalliga-bfc-dynamo-virtuelles-benefizspiel-spenden.html","url_text":"\"BFC Dynamo sammelt rund 70.000 Euro mit virtuellem Kick\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rundfunk_Berlin-Brandenburg","url_text":"Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg"}]},{"reference":"\"Virtuell Geld verdienen im Fußball\". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Berlin: Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH. 15 April 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tagesspiegel.de/sport/klubs-trotzen-der-coronakrise-virtuell-geld-verdienen-im-fussball/25741554.html","url_text":"\"Virtuell Geld verdienen im Fußball\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Tagesspiegel","url_text":"Der Tagesspiegel"}]},{"reference":"\"Neuzugang: BFC Dynamo begrüßt Alexander Siebeck\". bfc.com (in German). Berlin: Berliner Fussballclub Dynamo e.V. 25 June 2020. 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Retrieved 29 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210529135100/https://www.rbb24.de/sport/beitrag/2021/05/berlin-fussball-landespokal-finale-finaltag-amateure-bfc-dynamo-berliner-ak.html","url_text":"\"BFC Dynamo gewinnt Berliner Landespokal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rundfunk_Berlin-Brandenburg","url_text":"Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg"},{"url":"https://www.rbb24.de/sport/beitrag/2021/05/berlin-fussball-landespokal-finale-finaltag-amateure-bfc-dynamo-berliner-ak.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"FCM-Legende Beck heuert beim BFC Dynamo an\". mdr.de (in German). Leipzig: Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk. 15 June 2021. 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Liga ganz nah\". Kicker (in German). Nuremberg: Olympia Verlag GmbH. 28 May 2022. Retrieved 23 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kicker.de/bfc-dynamo-gegen-oldenburg-2022-liga-relegation-4769833/spielbericht","url_text":"\"BFC Dynamo steht nach 0:2 mit dem Rücken zur Wand: Doppelpacker Zietarski bringt Oldenburg der 3. Liga ganz nah\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kicker_(sports_magazine)","url_text":"Kicker"}]},{"reference":"\"Zurück im Profifußball: VfB Oldenburg steigt in die 3. Liga auf\". Kicker (in German). Nuremberg: Olympia Verlag GmbH. 4 June 2022. Retrieved 24 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kicker.de/oldenburg-gegen-bfc-dynamo-2022-liga-relegation-4769834/spielbericht","url_text":"\"Zurück im Profifußball: VfB Oldenburg steigt in die 3. Liga auf\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kicker_(sports_magazine)","url_text":"Kicker"}]},{"reference":"\"BFC Dynamo verpasst Aufstieg in die 3. Liga knapp\". www.rbb24.de (in German). Berlin: Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg. 4 June 2022. Retrieved 7 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rbb24.de/sport/beitrag/2022/06/fussball-berlin-bfc-dynamo-vfb-oldenburg-aufstieg-dritte-liga-regionalliga-nordost.html","url_text":"\"BFC Dynamo verpasst Aufstieg in die 3. Liga knapp\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rundfunk_Berlin-Brandenburg","url_text":"Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg"}]},{"reference":"\"BFC Dynamo e. V.\" dfb.de (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Deutscher Fußball-Bund e.V. Retrieved 1 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dfb.de/datencenter/vereine/bfc-dynamo-e-v","url_text":"\"BFC Dynamo e. V.\""}]},{"reference":"Baingo, Andreas (20 July 2020). \"BFC Dynamo: Raus aus der Schmuddelecke\". Berliner Kurier (in German). Berlin: Berliner Verlag GmbH. Retrieved 11 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.berliner-kurier.de/sport/bfc-dynamo-raus-aus-der-schmuddelecke-li.93885","url_text":"\"BFC Dynamo: Raus aus der Schmuddelecke\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_Kurier","url_text":"Berliner Kurier"}]},{"reference":"Lachmann, Michael (7 August 2015). \"0:2! BFC Dynamo scheitert auch im vierten Versuch\". B.Z. (in German). Berlin: B.Z. Ullstein GmbH. Retrieved 1 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bz-berlin.de/berlin-sport/mehr-berlin-sport/02-bfc-dynamo-scheitert-auch-im-vierten-versuch","url_text":"\"0:2! BFC Dynamo scheitert auch im vierten Versuch\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.Z._(newspaper)","url_text":"B.Z."}]},{"reference":"Willmamn, Frank (27 May 2022). \"BFC Dynamo: Der Resthauch des Bösen\". Die Zeit (in German). Hamburg: Zeit Online GmbH. Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. 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Der BFC Dynamo holt sich sein DDR-Rekordmeister-Logo zurück\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_Kurier","url_text":"Berliner Kurier"}]},{"reference":"Bühler, Karin (6 July 2023). \"BFC gegen BSC: Dynamo empfängt Hertha zum Test und darf die Einnahmen behalten\". Berliner Zeitung (in German). Berlin: Berliner Verlag GmbH. Retrieved 8 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.berliner-zeitung.de/sport-leidenschaft/hertha-bsc-gegen-bfc-dynamo-regionalligist-empfaengt-und-darf-die-einnahmen-behalten-li.366277","url_text":"\"BFC gegen BSC: Dynamo empfängt Hertha zum Test und darf die Einnahmen behalten\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_Zeitung","url_text":"Berliner Zeitung"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin","url_text":"Berlin"}]},{"reference":"\"Derby: Hertha BSC schlägt BFC Dynamo im Testspiel mit 2:0\". Berliner Morgenpost (in German). Berlin: Berliner Morgenpost GmbH. 7 July 2023. 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Munich: German Patent and Trade Mark Office. Retrieved 23 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://register.dpma.de/DPMAregister/marke/register/397129262/DE","url_text":"\"DPMAregister – Marken – Registerauskunft – Registernummer: 39712926\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich","url_text":"Munich"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsches_Patent-_und_Markenamt","url_text":"German Patent and Trade Mark Office"}]},{"reference":"\"DPMAregister – Marken – Registerauskunft – Registernummer: 30668028\". dpma.de (in German). Munich: German Patent and Trade Mark Office. 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Berlin: taz Verlags u. Vertriebs GmbH. Retrieved 11 October 2004.","urls":[{"url":"https://taz.de/BFC-Dynamo-startet-Krieg-der-Sterne/!689350/","url_text":"\"BFC Dynamo startet Krieg der Sterne\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Tageszeitung","url_text":"Die Tageszeitung"}]},{"reference":"Koch, Matthias (18 March 2005). \"BFC Dynamo greift nach den Sternen\". Neues Deutschland (in German). Berlin: Neues Deutschland Druckerei und Verlag GmbH. Retrieved 1 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.neues-deutschland.de/artikel/69122.bfc-dynamo-greift-nach-den-sternen.html","url_text":"\"BFC Dynamo greift nach den Sternen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neues_Deutschland","url_text":"Neues Deutschland"}]},{"reference":"Kluempers, John (13 May 2005). \"East Germany's Star Quality in Question\". Deutsche Welle. Bonn. 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Laut einer internen Analyse der Saison 1984/85 gab es in acht von 26 Spielen klare Fehlentscheidungen, die den Berlinern mindestens acht Punkte brachten. So gewinnen sie mit sechs Zählern Vorsprung auf Dynamo Dresden und Lok Leipzig zum siebenten Mal in Folge den Titel.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.saechsische.de/plus/verpfiffen-2636378.html","url_text":"\"Verpfiffen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4chsische_Zeitung","url_text":"Sächsische Zeitung"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden","url_text":"Dresden"}]},{"reference":"Wolf, Matthias (7 April 2005). \"Griff nach den Sternen\". Berliner Zeitung (in German). Berlin: Berliner Verlag GmbH. 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Retrieved 5 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210623045450/https://www.berliner-zeitung.de/am-sonnabend-treffen-die-zu-ddr-zeiten-so-ungleichen-stadtrivalen-im-stadion-an-der-alten-foersterei-aufeinander-zum-letzten-mal-union-contra-bfc-li.6730","url_text":"\"Am Sonnabend treffen die zu DDR-Zeiten so ungleichen Stadtrivalen im Stadion an der Alten Försterei aufeinander: Zum letzten Mal: Union contra BFC\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_Zeitung","url_text":"Berliner Zeitung"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin","url_text":"Berlin"},{"url":"https://www.berliner-zeitung.de/am-sonnabend-treffen-die-zu-ddr-zeiten-so-ungleichen-stadtrivalen-im-stadion-an-der-alten-foersterei-aufeinander-zum-letzten-mal-union-contra-bfc-li.6730","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bläsig, Horst (21 August 2005). \"Lokalderby unter Polizeischutz\". Die Welt (in German). Berlin: WeltN24 GmbH. Retrieved 19 September 2020. Ausgetragen wurden die Derbys seit den 70er Jahren bis zur Wende im Stadion der Weltjugend an der Chausseestraße. Anfangs wegen des großen Zuschauerandrangs, später auch wegen der besseren Kontrollmöglichkeit. Das enge Stadion von Union am Rande der Wuhlheide war den DDR-Sicherheitsorganen als vermeintlicher Hort von Jugendprotest, Rowdytum und Zersetzung ohnehin ein Dorn im Auge.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.welt.de/print-wams/article131250/Lokalderby-unter-Polizeischutz.html","url_text":"\"Lokalderby unter Polizeischutz\""}]},{"reference":"Tomlinson, Alan; Young, Christopher (2006). German Football: History, Culture, Society (1st ed.). Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 53–54. ISBN 0-415-35195-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abingdon-on-Thames","url_text":"Abingdon-on-Thames"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-35195-2","url_text":"0-415-35195-2"}]},{"reference":"Dennis, Mike; LaPorte, Norman (2011). State and Minorities in Communist East Germany (1st ed.). New York: Berghahn Books. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-85745-195-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)","url_text":"New York"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85745-195-8","url_text":"978-0-85745-195-8"}]},{"reference":"Morgenstern, Thomas (12 August 2005). \"Feuer im alten BFC-Trainingscamp\". Neues Deutschland (in German). Berlin: Neues Deutschland Druckerei und Verlag GmbH. Retrieved 19 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.neues-deutschland.de/artikel/980898.feuer-im-alten-bfc-trainingscamp.html","url_text":"\"Feuer im alten BFC-Trainingscamp\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neues_Deutschland","url_text":"Neues Deutschland"}]},{"reference":"Mohr, Franziska (5 May 2015). \"Neues Heim mitten im Wald\". Märkische Allgemeine (in German). Hannover: Verlagsgesellschaft Madsack GmbH & Co. KG. Retrieved 19 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.maz-online.de/Lokales/Dahme-Spreewald/Neues-Heim-mitten-im-Wald","url_text":"\"Neues Heim mitten im Wald\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4rkische_Allgemeine","url_text":"Märkische Allgemeine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover","url_text":"Hannover"}]},{"reference":"\"Sportzentrum im Nordkreis hat sich gemausert\". Lausitzer Rundschau (in German). Cottbus: Lausitzer VerlagsService GmbH. 2 February 2005. Retrieved 19 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lr-online.de/lausitz/luebben/sportzentrum-im-nordkreis-hat-sich-gemausert-37469980.html","url_text":"\"Sportzentrum im Nordkreis hat sich gemausert\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lausitzer_Rundschau","url_text":"Lausitzer Rundschau"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottbus","url_text":"Cottbus"}]},{"reference":"von Alten, Saara; Pfaffenzeller, Martin (11 August 2015). \"Gebäude neben geplanter Asylunterkunft brennt\". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Berlin: Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH. Retrieved 19 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/polizei-justiz/brandstiftung-in-koenigs-wusterhausen-gebaeude-neben-geplanter-asylunterkunft-brennt/12171550.html","url_text":"\"Gebäude neben geplanter Asylunterkunft brennt\""}]},{"reference":"Galley, Eckhard (6 December 1989). \"Zernsdorfer können nun das BFC-Objekt nutzen – Noch einmal eine Runde mit Journalisten in Uckley\". Neues Deutschland (in German). Berlin: Neues Deutschland Druckerei und Verlag GmbH.","urls":[{"url":"http://home.snafu.de/erich.mielke/HTMLPresse/1989_12_06.html","url_text":"\"Zernsdorfer können nun das BFC-Objekt nutzen – Noch einmal eine Runde mit Journalisten in Uckley\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neues_Deutschland","url_text":"Neues Deutschland"}]},{"reference":"Dankert, René (9 November 2019). \"Wie Ex-DDR-Nationalspieler Burkhard Reich in einer Nacht- und Nebelaktion zum KSC kam\". Badische Neueste Nachrichten (in German). Karlsruhe: Badische Neueste Nachrichten Badendruck GmbH. Retrieved 19 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://bnn.de/karlsruhe/vom-stasi-club-ging-es-fuer-reich-in-einer-nacht-und-nebelaktion-zum-ksc","url_text":"\"Wie Ex-DDR-Nationalspieler Burkhard Reich in einer Nacht- und Nebelaktion zum KSC kam\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badische_Neueste_Nachrichten","url_text":"Badische Neueste Nachrichten"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlsruhe","url_text":"Karlsruhe"}]},{"reference":"Leffler, Björn (10 November 2023). \"FUSSBALLHERZ VON PRENZLAUER BERG: DER FRIEDRICH-LUDWIG-JAHNSPORTPARK\". entwicklungsstadt.de (in German). Berlin: MEDIA Group Berlin (Sole trader: Wolfgang Leffler). Retrieved 24 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://entwicklungsstadt.de/fussballherz-von-prenzlauer-berg-der-friedrich-ludwig-jahnsportpark/","url_text":"\"FUSSBALLHERZ VON PRENZLAUER BERG: DER FRIEDRICH-LUDWIG-JAHNSPORTPARK\""}]},{"reference":"Rößling, Ingo (19 April 1998). \"FC Berlin will Stadion im Sportforum kaufen\". Berliner Morgenpost (in German). Berlin: Berliner Morgenpost GmbH.","urls":[{"url":"https://home.snafu.de/erich.mielke/HTMLPresse/1998_04_19.html","url_text":"\"FC Berlin will Stadion im Sportforum kaufen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_Morgenpost","url_text":"Berliner Morgenpost"}]},{"reference":"Schulz, Jürgen (14 June 2022). \"Mielkes liebste Kicker: Der BFC Dynamo ist unbeliebt und pleite – doch seine Fans machen den alten DDR-Verein wieder flott\". Zitty (de) (in German). Vol. 2002, no. 14. Berlin: Zitty Verlag GmbH. Retrieved 7 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://home.snafu.de/erich.mielke/HTMLPresse/2002_06_14.html","url_text":"\"Mielkes liebste Kicker: Der BFC Dynamo ist unbeliebt und pleite – doch seine Fans machen den alten DDR-Verein wieder flott\""},{"url":"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zitty","url_text":"de"}]},{"reference":"\"BFC \"tunnelt\" die Konkurrenz\". B.Z. (in German). Berlin: B.Z. Ullstein GmbH. 16 November 2004. Retrieved 15 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bz-berlin.de/artikel-archiv/bfc-tunnelt-die-konkurrenz","url_text":"\"BFC \"tunnelt\" die Konkurrenz\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.Z._(newspaper)","url_text":"B.Z."}]},{"reference":"Schulz, Jürgen (4 April 2006). \"BFC Dynamo plant neues Stadion!\". B.Z. (in German). Berlin: B.Z. Ullstein GmbH. Retrieved 20 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bz-berlin.de/artikel-archiv/bfc-dynamo-plant-neues-stadion","url_text":"\"BFC Dynamo plant neues Stadion!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.Z._(newspaper)","url_text":"B.Z."}]},{"reference":"Wilheim, Raimund (4 August 2006). \"Ein Abbruch und die Folgeschäden: Verstärkter BFC Dynamo geht nicht ohne Sorgen in die kommende Saison\". Fußball-Woche (de) (in German). Berlin: Fußball-Woche Verlags GmbH. Retrieved 18 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://home.snafu.de/erich.mielke/HTMLPresse/2006_08_04.html","url_text":"\"Ein Abbruch und die Folgeschäden: Verstärkter BFC Dynamo geht nicht ohne Sorgen in die kommende Saison\""},{"url":"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu%C3%9Fball-Woche","url_text":"de"}]},{"reference":"Görke, André; Goldmann, Sven (7 March 2008). \"Tribünen in Trümmern\". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Berlin: Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH. Retrieved 14 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tagesspiegel.de/sport/berlinsport/fussballstadien-tribuenen-in-truemmern/1182166.html","url_text":"\"Tribünen in Trümmern\""}]},{"reference":"Bardow, Dominik (11 August 2014). \"Wende im Gelände\". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Berlin: Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH. Retrieved 26 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tagesspiegel.de/sport/berlinsport/was-wird-aus-dem-jahnsportpark-wende-im-gelaende/10312264.html","url_text":"\"Wende im Gelände\""}]},{"reference":"\"BFC Dynamo - 1. FC Magdeburg 0:1, Regionalliga Nordost, 2014/2015, 13. Spieltag\". dfb.de (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Deutscher Fußball-Bund e.V. n.d. Retrieved 10 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dfb.de/datencenter/regionalliga-nordost/2014-2015/13-spieltag/bfc-dynamo-1-fc-magdeburg-2212472","url_text":"\"BFC Dynamo - 1. FC Magdeburg 0:1, Regionalliga Nordost, 2014/2015, 13. Spieltag\""}]},{"reference":"Brandbeck, Leonard (4 May 2019). \"Absturzgefahr – Das Licht bleibt aus\". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Berlin: Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH. Retrieved 20 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tagesspiegel.de/sport/flutlichtprobleme-im-jahn-sportpark-absturzgefahr-das-licht-bleibt-aus/24284912.html","url_text":"\"Absturzgefahr – Das Licht bleibt aus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Tagesspiegel","url_text":"Der Tagesspiegel"}]},{"reference":"\"BFC Dynamo-Fans freuen sich auf Rückkehr in die Heimat\". Faszination Fankurve (in German). Brühl: Johannes Mäling. 8 May 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.faszination-fankurve.de/index.php?head=BFC-Dynamo-Fans-freuen-sich-auf-Rueckkehr-in-die-Heimat&folder=sites&site=news_detail&news_id=20261","url_text":"\"BFC Dynamo-Fans freuen sich auf Rückkehr in die Heimat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BChl_(Rhineland)","url_text":"Brühl"}]},{"reference":"\"Zum letzten Mal vor dem geplanten Abriss: Betriebserlaubnis für Jahn-Sportpark erteilt\". www.rbb24.de (in German). Berlin: Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg. 5 August 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rbb24.de/sport/beitrag/2020/08/berlin-fussball-jahn-sportpark-betriebserlaubnis.html","url_text":"\"Zum letzten Mal vor dem geplanten Abriss: Betriebserlaubnis für Jahn-Sportpark erteilt\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rundfunk_Berlin-Brandenburg","url_text":"Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg"}]},{"reference":"\"Sportforum: Der BFC Dynamo kehrt zurück\". bfc.com (in German). Berlin: Berliner Fussball Club Dynamo e.V. 21 March 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://bfc.com/news.php?id=1548&cat_id=3#ontitle","url_text":"\"Sportforum: Der BFC Dynamo kehrt zurück\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin","url_text":"Berlin"}]},{"reference":"\"Sportforum Berlin bekommt Flutlicht\". fupa.net (in German). Berlin: 19 Group GmbH. 19 March 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fupa.net/berichte/vsg-altglienicke-sportforum-berlin-bekommt-flutlicht-2761625.html","url_text":"\"Sportforum Berlin bekommt Flutlicht\""}]},{"reference":"\"Neues aus dem Sportforum: BFC Dynamo baut an seiner Zukunft\". Berliner Kurier (in German). Berlin: Berliner Verlag GmbH. 18 May 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.berliner-kurier.de/fussball/bfc-dynamo-baut-an-seiner-zukunft-li.159697","url_text":"\"Neues aus dem Sportforum: BFC Dynamo baut an seiner Zukunft\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_Kurier","url_text":"Berliner Kurier"}]},{"reference":"\"Arbeitseinsatz im Sportforum: Kampf dem Wildwuchs! BFC braucht seine tollen Fans\". Berliner Kurier (in German). Berlin: Berliner Verlag GmbH. 4 June 2021. Retrieved 7 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.berliner-kurier.de/fussball/kampf-dem-wildwuchs-bfc-braucht-sein-tollen-fans-li.163247","url_text":"\"Arbeitseinsatz im Sportforum: Kampf dem Wildwuchs! BFC braucht seine tollen Fans\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_Kurier","url_text":"Berliner Kurier"}]},{"reference":"Wiezorek, Peter (5 June 2021). \"Tolle Aktion im Sportforum: Einsatz im Stadion: Dynamo ruft, die Fans kommen\". Berliner Kurier (in German). Berlin: Berliner Verlag GmbH. Retrieved 6 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.berliner-kurier.de/fussball/einsatz-im-stadion-dynamo-ruft-die-fans-kommen-li.163344","url_text":"\"Tolle Aktion im Sportforum: Einsatz im Stadion: Dynamo ruft, die Fans kommen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_Kurier","url_text":"Berliner Kurier"}]},{"reference":"\"Sportforum: Anzeigetafel erstrahlt in neuem Glanz\". bfc.com (in German). Berlin: Berliner Fussball Club Dynamo e.V. 28 July 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://bfc.com/news.php?id=1680&cat_id=3#ontitle","url_text":"\"Sportforum: Anzeigetafel erstrahlt in neuem Glanz\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin","url_text":"Berlin"}]},{"reference":"Ludweig, Alxander (27 May 2022). \"Endlich in den Westen?\". Neues Deutschland (in German). Berlin: Neues Deutschland Druckerei und Verlag GmbH. Retrieved 27 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nd-aktuell.de/artikel/1164116.bfc-dynamo-endlich-in-den-westen.html","url_text":"\"Endlich in den Westen?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neues_Deutschland","url_text":"Neues Deutschland"}]},{"reference":"Rada, Uwe (15 December 2022). \"Es bleibt nur ein rotes Band\". Die Tageszeitung (in German). Berlin: taz Verlags u. Vertriebs GmbH. Retrieved 29 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://taz.de/Siegerentwurf-fuer-den-Jahnsportpark/!5899394/","url_text":"\"Es bleibt nur ein rotes Band\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Tageszeitung","url_text":"Die Tageszeitung"}]},{"reference":"Biekler, Sabine; Loy, Thomas (22 January 2015). \"Olympia: 150 statt 30 Millionen Euro für Jahn-Sportpark\". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Berlin: Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH. Retrieved 20 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/was-kosten-die-spiele-in-berlin-olympia-150-statt-30-millionen-euro-fuer-jahn-sportpark/11262114.html","url_text":"\"Olympia: 150 statt 30 Millionen Euro für Jahn-Sportpark\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Tagesspiegel","url_text":"Der Tagesspiegel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin","url_text":"Berlin"}]},{"reference":"\"Berliner Jahn-Stadion soll bis zum Jahr 2023 durch einen Neubau ersetzt werden\". Berliner Zeitung (in German). Berlin: Berliner Verlag GmbH. 10 June 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.berliner-zeitung.de/mensch-metropole/berliner-jahn-stadion-soll-bis-zum-jahr-2023-durch-einen-neubau-ersetzt-werden-li.31593","url_text":"\"Berliner Jahn-Stadion soll bis zum Jahr 2023 durch einen Neubau ersetzt werden\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_Zeitung","url_text":"Berliner Zeitung"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin","url_text":"Berlin"}]},{"reference":"\"Jahn-Sportpark-Masterplan: vor dem Abriss kommt die VSG Altglienicke\". fupa.net (in German). Berlin: 19 Group GmbH. 22 January 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fupa.net/news/jahn-sportpark-masterplan-vor-dem-abriss-kommt-die-vsg-altglienicke-2920570","url_text":"\"Jahn-Sportpark-Masterplan: vor dem Abriss kommt die VSG Altglienicke\""}]},{"reference":"\"Umbau des Jahnsportparks: Ausstellung zeigt Wettbewerbsentwürfe\". Berliner Kurier (in German). Berlin: Berliner Verlag GmbH. 7 February 2023. Retrieved 29 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.berliner-kurier.de/berlin/umbau-des-jahn-sportparks-ausstellungen-zeigen-wettbewerbsentwuerfe-li.315063","url_text":"\"Umbau des Jahnsportparks: Ausstellung zeigt Wettbewerbsentwürfe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_Kurier","url_text":"Berliner Kurier"}]},{"reference":"Willmann, Frank (23 April 2014). \"Willmanns Kolumne: Die Feierbiester des BFC Dynamo sind zurück\". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Berlin: Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH. Retrieved 20 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tagesspiegel.de/sport/willmanns-kolumne-die-feierbiester-des-bfc-dynamo-sind-zurueck/9794266.html","url_text":"\"Willmanns Kolumne: Die Feierbiester des BFC Dynamo sind zurück\""}]},{"reference":"Bertram, Marco (10 December 2015). \"Buchreihe \"Fußballfibeln\": Ich wohne in der Zone! – Die BFC-Fans der 1980er Jahre\". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Berlin: Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH. Retrieved 26 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tagesspiegel.de/sport/buchreihe-fussballfibeln-ich-wohne-in-der-zone-die-bfc-fans-der-1980er-jahre/12704126.html","url_text":"\"Buchreihe \"Fußballfibeln\": Ich wohne in der Zone! – Die BFC-Fans der 1980er Jahre\""}]},{"reference":"Wurm, Philip (4 March 2016). \"Der große Fußball-Traum des BFC Dynamo\". Zitty (de) (in German). Berlin: GCM Go City Media GmbH. Archived from the original on 1 February 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190201063338/https://www.zitty.de/der-grosse-fussball-traum-des-bfc-dynamo/","url_text":"\"Der große Fußball-Traum des BFC Dynamo\""},{"url":"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zitty","url_text":"de"},{"url":"https://www.zitty.de/der-grosse-fussball-traum-des-bfc-dynamo/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Görke, André (30 August 2007). \"Schläger hinter Stacheldraht\". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Berlin: Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH. Retrieved 27 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tagesspiegel.de/sport/bfc-dynamo-und-1-fc-union-zu-ddr-zeiten-schlaeger-hinter-stacheldraht/1028396.html","url_text":"\"Schläger hinter Stacheldraht\""}]},{"reference":"Schwermer, Alina (15 May 2019). \"Der Ost-Ost-Konflikt\". Die Tageszeitung (in German). Berlin: taz Verlags u. Vertriebs GmbH. Retrieved 15 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://taz.de/Berliner-Fussball-Klubs/!5593199/","url_text":"\"Der Ost-Ost-Konflikt\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Tageszeitung","url_text":"Die Tageszeitung"}]},{"reference":"Willmann, Frank (2013). Stadionpartisanen nachgeladen. Fans und Hooligans in der DDR (1st ed.). Berlin: nofb-shop.de, Sole trader: Stephan Trosien. p. 39. ISBN 978-3-00-039788-2. 'Wir provozierten meist Gesängen und Spruchparolen, wie zum Beispiel: \"Hundert Meter im Quadrat, Mauer, Miene, Stacheldraht, jetz wißt ihr wo ich wohne, ja ich wohne in der Zone\". Oder: \"Einmar wird es anders sein, dann sperren wir die Bullen ein.\" Wir waren rechts, links, Punk, Hippie, Skinhead. Wir waren direkt und provozierend, lieb und böse, verliebt oder besoffen. Coole Sprüche kamen immer gut an. Rechts oder links, will ich keinen einordnen. Wir waren in unserer Fangruppe alle gegen die DDR, Rebellion!'","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-00-039788-2","url_text":"978-3-00-039788-2"}]},{"reference":"Hahn, Anne (31 August 2007). \"Hooligans in der DDR: Feuerwerk am hellichten Tag\". Der Freitag (in German). Berlin: der Freitag Mediengesellschaft mbh & Co. KG. Retrieved 1 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.freitag.de/autoren/der-freitag/feuerwerk-am-hellichten-tag","url_text":"\"Hooligans in der DDR: Feuerwerk am hellichten Tag\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Freitag","url_text":"Der Freitag"}]},{"reference":"Willmann, Frank (2013). Stadionpartisanen nachgeladen. Fans und Hooligans in der DDR (1st ed.). Berlin: nofb-shop.de, Sole trader: Stephan Trosien. p. 39. ISBN 978-3-00-039788-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-00-039788-2","url_text":"978-3-00-039788-2"}]},{"reference":"Willmann, Frank (2013). Stadionpartisanen nachgeladen. Fans und Hooligans in der DDR (1st ed.). Berlin: nofb-shop.de, Sole trader: Stephan Trosien. p. 132. ISBN 978-3-00-039788-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-00-039788-2","url_text":"978-3-00-039788-2"}]},{"reference":"Willmann, Frank (2013). Stadionpartisanen nachgeladen. Fans und Hooligans in der DDR (1st ed.). Berlin: nofb-shop.de, Sole trader: Stephan Trosien. p. 176. ISBN 978-3-00-039788-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-00-039788-2","url_text":"978-3-00-039788-2"}]},{"reference":"Köhler, Michael (2011). Written at Berlin. Hooliganismus in der DDR – Eingriff des Staates gegen die BFC Dynamo-Hooliganszene (PDF) (Bachelor thesis) (in German). Mittweida: Hochschule Mittweida. pp. 15–18. Retrieved 20 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin","url_text":"Berlin"},{"url":"https://monami.hs-mittweida.de/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/1338/file/Binder1.pdf","url_text":"Hooliganismus in der DDR – Eingriff des Staates gegen die BFC Dynamo-Hooliganszene"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittweida","url_text":"Mittweida"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hochschule_Mittweida","url_text":"Hochschule Mittweida"}]},{"reference":"Sperling, Peer (12 November 2003). \"Geschichten vom Serienmeister\". Neues Deutschland (in German). Berlin: Neues Deutschland Druckerei und Verlag GmbH. Retrieved 17 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nd-aktuell.de/artikel/44320.geschichten-vom-serienmeister.html","url_text":"\"Geschichten vom Serienmeister\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neues_Deutschland","url_text":"Neues Deutschland"}]},{"reference":"Dennis, Mike; LaPorte, Norman (2011). State and Minorities in Communist East Germany (1st ed.). New York: Berghahn Books. pp. 131–132. ISBN 978-0-85745-195-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)","url_text":"New York"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85745-195-8","url_text":"978-0-85745-195-8"}]},{"reference":"Tomlinson, Alan; Young, Christopher (2006). German Football: History, Culture, Society (1st ed.). Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. p. 56. ISBN 0-415-35195-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abingdon-on-Thames","url_text":"Abingdon-on-Thames"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-35195-2","url_text":"0-415-35195-2"}]},{"reference":"Boßdorf, Hagen (13 April 1991). \"Das prügelnde Mysterium\". Die Tageszeitung (in German). Berlin: taz Verlags u. Vertriebs GmbH. Retrieved 10 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://taz.de/!1723903/","url_text":"\"Das prügelnde Mysterium\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Tageszeitung","url_text":"Die Tageszeitung"}]},{"reference":"Bock, Sven (6 November 2018). \"\"Das Engagement gegen Rechts ist nicht immer störungsfrei\"\". fupa.net (in German). Cottbus: Lausitzer VerlagsService GmbH. Retrieved 1 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fupa.net/berichte/fc-energie-cottbus-das-engagement-gegen-rechts-ist-nicht-imm-2241924.html","url_text":"\"\"Das Engagement gegen Rechts ist nicht immer störungsfrei\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottbus","url_text":"Cottbus"}]},{"reference":"Willmann, Frank (2013). Stadionpartisanen nachgeladen. Fans und Hooligans in der DDR (1st ed.). Berlin: nofb-shop.de, Sole trader: Stephan Trosien. pp. 175–176. ISBN 978-3-00-039788-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-00-039788-2","url_text":"978-3-00-039788-2"}]},{"reference":"Köhler, Michael (2011). Written at Berlin. Hooliganismus in der DDR – Eingriff des Staates gegen die BFC Dynamo-Hooliganszene (PDF) (Bachelor thesis) (in German). Mittweida: Hochschule Mittweida. p. 20. Retrieved 6 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin","url_text":"Berlin"},{"url":"https://monami.hs-mittweida.de/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/1338/file/Binder1.pdf","url_text":"Hooliganismus in der DDR – Eingriff des Staates gegen die BFC Dynamo-Hooliganszene"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittweida","url_text":"Mittweida"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hochschule_Mittweida","url_text":"Hochschule Mittweida"}]},{"reference":"Dennis, Mike; LaPorte, Norman (2011). State and Minorities in Communist East Germany (1st ed.). New York: Berghahn Books. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-85745-195-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)","url_text":"New York"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85745-195-8","url_text":"978-0-85745-195-8"}]},{"reference":"Willmann, Frank (2013). Stadionpartisanen nachgeladen. Fans und Hooligans in der DDR (1st ed.). Berlin: nofb-shop.de, Sole trader: Stephan Trosien. pp. 75–76. ISBN 978-3-00-039788-2. Rechts war die Szene nicht, wir ham uns zwar als rechts bezeichnet, doch war das eher pure Provokation, über Politik wusste keiner groß Bescheid. Aber vor den Bullen den Arm zu heben, war schon ein Ding, da ist bei einigen Vopos's ne Welt zusammengebrochen.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-00-039788-2","url_text":"978-3-00-039788-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Neonazismus, Rassismus und Antisemitismus in der DDR\". hagalil.com (in German). München: Dr. Andrea Livnat (ViSdP ). 29 May 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2023. Ca. 300 Berliner Fans versuchten gewaltsam auf das Spielfeld zu gelangen, was \"Sicherungskräfte des Wachregimentes des MfS und der Volkspolizei\" verhindern konnten.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hagalil.com/2019/05/antisemitismus-ddr/","url_text":"\"Neonazismus, Rassismus und Antisemitismus in der DDR\""}]},{"reference":"\"FC Berlin – Das Schicksal der Ostvereine #4\". 11 Freunde (in German). Berlin: 11FREUNDE Verlag GmbH & Co. KG. 29 October 2009. Retrieved 20 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://11freunde.de/artikel/fc-berlin/384815","url_text":"\"FC Berlin – Das Schicksal der Ostvereine #4\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11_Freunde","url_text":"11 Freunde"}]},{"reference":"Boßdorf, Hagen (12 November 1990). \"Die intelligenten Idioten\". Die Tageszeitung (in German). Berlin: taz Verlags u. Vertriebs GmbH. Retrieved 10 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://taz.de/!1744536/","url_text":"\"Die intelligenten Idioten\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Tageszeitung","url_text":"Die Tageszeitung"}]},{"reference":"Willmann, Frank (26 May 2016). \"Hooligans in der DDR: \"Danach zoger wir brandschatzend durch Ostberlin\"\". Zeit Online (in German). Hamburg: Zeit Online GmbH. Retrieved 24 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zeit.de/sport/2016-05/hooligans-ddr-bfc-dynamo-berlin","url_text":"\"Hooligans in der DDR: \"Danach zoger wir brandschatzend durch Ostberlin\"\""}]},{"reference":"Fuge, Jens (3 November 2013). \"Der Tag, an dem Mike Polley starb\". 11 Freunde (in German). Berlin: 11FREUNDE Verlag GmbH & Co. KG. Retrieved 23 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://11freunde.de/artikel/der-tag-an-dem-mike-polley-starb/460400","url_text":"\"Der Tag, an dem Mike Polley starb\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11_Freunde","url_text":"11 Freunde"}]},{"reference":"Kohlhuber, Sören (4 November 2015). \"Der letzte deutsche Fußballtote\". Zeit Online (in German). Hamburg: Zeit Online GmbH. Retrieved 29 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zeit.de/sport/2015-11/mike-polley-bfc-hooligans","url_text":"\"Der letzte deutsche Fußballtote\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hooligans trauern friedlich in Berlin\". Die Tageszeitung (in German). Berlin: taz Verlags u. Vertriebs GmbH. 12 November 1990. Retrieved 3 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://taz.de/Hooligans-trauern-friedlich-in-Berlin/!1744481/","url_text":"\"Hooligans trauern friedlich in Berlin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Tageszeitung","url_text":"Die Tageszeitung"}]},{"reference":"Skorupinski, Dierek (12 February 2016). \"Tod eines Fußballfans\". Der Freitag (in German). Berlin: der Freitag Mediengesellschaft mbh & Co. KG. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210225134810/https://www.freitag.de/autoren/footballuprising/tod-eines-fussballfans","url_text":"\"Tod eines Fußballfans\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Freitag","url_text":"Der Freitag"},{"url":"https://www.freitag.de/autoren/footballuprising/tod-eines-fussballfans","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Puppe, Mattias (2 November 2010). \"Ausnahmezustand in Leutzsch: Als in Leipzig ein Fußballfan erschossen wurde\". Sportbuzzer (in German). Hannover: Sportbuzzer GmbH. Archived from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210227155713/https://www.sportbuzzer.de/artikel/ausnahmezustand-in-leutzsch-vor-20-jahren-wurde-in-leipzig-ein-hooligan-erschoss/","url_text":"\"Ausnahmezustand in Leutzsch: Als in Leipzig ein Fußballfan erschossen wurde\""},{"url":"https://www.sportbuzzer.de/artikel/ausnahmezustand-in-leutzsch-vor-20-jahren-wurde-in-leipzig-ein-hooligan-erschoss/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Gedenken an Mike Polley: BFC plant Fanmarsch zum Gastspiel bei Chemie Leipzig\". Sportbuzzer (in German). Hannover: Sportbuzzer GmbH. 29 March 2018. Retrieved 23 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sportbuzzer.de/artikel/gedenken-an-mike-polley-bfc-plant-fanmarsch-zum-gastspiel-bei-chemie-leipzig/","url_text":"\"Gedenken an Mike Polley: BFC plant Fanmarsch zum Gastspiel bei Chemie Leipzig\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gomolka: Stasi steckt hinter Rostocker Randalierern\". Die Tageszeitung (in German). Berlin: taz Verlags u. Vertriebs GmbH. 20 March 1991. Retrieved 22 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://taz.de/Gomolka-Stasi-steckt-hinter-Rostocker-Randalierern/!1727288/","url_text":"\"Gomolka: Stasi steckt hinter Rostocker Randalierern\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Tageszeitung","url_text":"Die Tageszeitung"}]},{"reference":"\"Hooligans wüteten in Rostock: Plünderungen und Straßenschlachten\". Neues Deutschland (in German). Berlin: Neues Deutschland Druckerei und Verlag GmbH. 18 March 1991. Retrieved 20 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.neues-deutschland.de/artikel/299797.pluenderungen-und-strassenschlachten.html","url_text":"\"Hooligans wüteten in Rostock: Plünderungen und Straßenschlachten\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neues_Deutschland","url_text":"Neues Deutschland"}]},{"reference":"Landwehr, Bernhard (17 May 1996). \"Dynamos abgewickelte Kinder\". Die Zeit (in German). No. 21/1996. Hamburg: Zeit Online GmbH. Archived from the original on 21 January 2017. Retrieved 9 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170121123107/http://www.zeit.de/1996/21/Dynamos_abgewickelte_Kinder/seite-2","url_text":"\"Dynamos abgewickelte Kinder\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Zeit","url_text":"Die Zeit"},{"url":"https://www.zeit.de/1996/21/Dynamos_abgewickelte_Kinder","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dynamo-Fans laufen Amok\". Spiegel (in German). Hamburg: Der Spiegel GmbH & Co. KG. 12 May 1999. Retrieved 4 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.spiegel.de/sport/fussball/anderes-inland-dynamo-fans-laufen-amok-a-22044.html","url_text":"\"Dynamo-Fans laufen Amok\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel_(website)","url_text":"Spiegel"}]},{"reference":"Schnedelbach, Lutz (26 March 2001). \"Krawalle nach Fußballspiel\". Berliner Zeitung (in German). Berlin: Berliner Verlag GmbH. Retrieved 13 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://home.snafu.de/erich.mielke/HTMLPresse/2001_03_26.html","url_text":"\"Krawalle nach Fußballspiel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_Zeitung","url_text":"Berliner Zeitung"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin","url_text":"Berlin"}]},{"reference":"\"Verletzte bei Krawall im Stadion\". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Berlin: Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH. 13 February 2005. Retrieved 13 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tagesspiegel.de/themen/brandenburg/verletzte-bei-krawall-im-stadion/584678.html","url_text":"\"Verletzte bei Krawall im Stadion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Tagesspiegel","url_text":"Der Tagesspiegel"}]},{"reference":"Hasselmann, Jörg (7 August 2005). \"Aufwärmphase für dieHooligans\". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Berlin: Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH. Retrieved 13 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/aufwaermphase-fuer-diehooligans/631124.html","url_text":"\"Aufwärmphase für dieHooligans\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Tagesspiegel","url_text":"Der Tagesspiegel"}]},{"reference":"\"BFC-Hooligans, Krawalle beim Derby gegen Union\". B.Z. (in German). Berlin: B.Z. Ullstein GmbH. 15 May 2006. Retrieved 13 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bz-berlin.de/artikel-archiv/bfc-hooligans-krawalle-beim-derby-gegen-union","url_text":"\"BFC-Hooligans, Krawalle beim Derby gegen Union\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.Z._(newspaper)","url_text":"B.Z."}]},{"reference":"Behrendt, Michael; Lier, Axel; Schlichting, Sebastian (23 August 2005). \"Vorwürfe nach Polizeieinsatz\". Die Welt (in German). Berlin: WeltN24 GmbH. Retrieved 13 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.welt.de/print-welt/article160584/Vorwuerfe-nach-Polizeieinsatz.html","url_text":"\"Vorwürfe nach Polizeieinsatz\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Welt","url_text":"Die Welt"}]},{"reference":"Plutonia, Plarre (30 August 2005). \"Polizeipräsident verteidigt Razzia\". Die Tageszeitung (in German). Berlin: taz Verlags u. Vertriebs GmbH. Retrieved 13 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://taz.de/!553429/","url_text":"\"Polizeipräsident verteidigt Razzia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Tageszeitung","url_text":"Die Tageszeitung"}]},{"reference":"Buntrock, Tanja (9 December 2008). \"58 Festnahmen bei TeBe gegen BFC Dynamo\". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Berlin: Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH. Retrieved 13 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tagesspiegel.de/sport/ausschreitungen-58-festnahmen-bei-tebe-gegen-bfc-dynamo/1391156.html","url_text":"\"58 Festnahmen bei TeBe gegen BFC Dynamo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Tagesspiegel","url_text":"Der Tagesspiegel"}]},{"reference":"Raack, Axel (11 February 2011). \"'Stadtderby mit Schwachköpfen'\". 11 Freunde (in German). Berlin: 11FREUNDE Verlag GmbH & Co. KG. Retrieved 29 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://11freunde.de/artikel/stadtderby-mit-schwachk%C3%B6pfen/574982","url_text":"\"'Stadtderby mit Schwachköpfen'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11_Freunde","url_text":"11 Freunde"}]},{"reference":"\"Vor 28 Jahren wurde Mike Polley erschossen\". Faszination Fankurve (in German). Brühl: Faszination Fankurve, Sole trader: Johannes Mäling. 3 November 2018. Retrieved 24 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.faszination-fankurve.de/index.php?head=Vor-28-Jahren-wurde-Mike-Polley-erschossen&folder=sites&site=news_detail&news_id=19244","url_text":"\"Vor 28 Jahren wurde Mike Polley erschossen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BChl_(Rhineland)","url_text":"Brühl"}]},{"reference":"\"850 BFC-Fans gedenken Mike Polley\". Die Welt (in German). Berlin: WeltN24 GmbH. 15 April 2018. Retrieved 23 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.welt.de/regionales/berlin/article175469768/850-BFC-Fans-gedenken-Mike-Polley.html","url_text":"\"850 BFC-Fans gedenken Mike Polley\""}]},{"reference":"Scwermer, Alina (25 May 2016). \"Rassismus beim BFC Dynamo: Ultralangsam aus der rechten Ecke\". Die Tageszeitung (in German). Berlin: taz Verlags u. Vertriebs GmbH. Retrieved 24 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://taz.de/Rassismus-beim-BFC-Dynamo/!5348199/","url_text":"\"Rassismus beim BFC Dynamo: Ultralangsam aus der rechten Ecke\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Tageszeitung","url_text":"Die Tageszeitung"}]},{"reference":"Willmann, Frank (26 September 2012). \"Willmanns Kolumne: Arthur aus Marzahn -\". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Berlin: Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH. Retrieved 24 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tagesspiegel.de/sport/willmanns-kolumne-arthur-aus-marzahn/7185612.html","url_text":"\"Willmanns Kolumne: Arthur aus Marzahn -\""}]},{"reference":"Bock, Andreas (31 March 2015). \"'Das hat eine neue Qualität'\". 11 Freunde (in German). Berlin: 11FREUNDE Verlag GmbH & Co. KG. Retrieved 24 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://11freunde.de/artikel/das-hat-eine-neue-qualit%C3%A4t/587703","url_text":"\"'Das hat eine neue Qualität'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11_Freunde","url_text":"11 Freunde"}]},{"reference":"Raack, Axel (2 August 2011). \"'Ich schäme mich für unsere Fans'\". 11 Freunde (in German). Berlin: 11FREUNDE Verlag GmbH & Co. KG. Retrieved 29 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://11freunde.de/artikel/ich-sch%C3%A4me-mich-f%C3%BCr-unsere-fans/576540","url_text":"\"'Ich schäme mich für unsere Fans'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11_Freunde","url_text":"11 Freunde"}]},{"reference":"\"BFC DYNAMO: Nach dem drohenden Spielverbot schlägt Fan-Beauftragter Rainer Lüdtke im B.Z.-Interview Alarm\". B.Z. (in German). Berlin: B.Z. Ullstein GmbH. 21 August 2007. Retrieved 24 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bz-berlin.de/artikel-archiv/bfc-dynamo-nach-dem-drohenden-spielverbot-schlaegt-fan-beauftragter-rainer-luedtke-im-b-z-interview-alarm","url_text":"\"BFC DYNAMO: Nach dem drohenden Spielverbot schlägt Fan-Beauftragter Rainer Lüdtke im B.Z.-Interview Alarm\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.Z._(newspaper)","url_text":"B.Z."}]},{"reference":"\"BFC Dynamo-Fans treffen sich am Alexanderplatz\". Faszination Fankurve (in German). Brühl: Faszination Fankurve, Sole trader: Johannes Mäling. 15 August 2018. Retrieved 24 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archiv.faszination-fankurve.de/index.php?head=BFC-Dynamo-Fans-treffen-sich-am-Alexanderplatz&folder=sites&site=news_detail&news_id=18718","url_text":"\"BFC Dynamo-Fans treffen sich am Alexanderplatz\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BChl_(Rhineland)","url_text":"Brühl"}]},{"reference":"Glaser, Joakim (2015). Fotboll från Mielke till Merkel – Kontinuitet, brott och förändring i supporterkultur i östra Tyskland [Football from Mielke to Merkel] (in Swedish) (1st ed.). Malmö: Arx Förlag AB. p. 98. ISBN 978-91-87043-61-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malm%C3%B6","url_text":"Malmö"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-87043-61-1","url_text":"978-91-87043-61-1"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Auf in ein neues Kapitel!\": Neue aktive Gruppe beim BFC Dynamo\". Faszination Fankurve (in German). Brühl: Faszination Fankurve, Sole trader: Johannes Mäling. 29 July 2023. Retrieved 2 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.faszination-fankurve.de/news/61146/auf-in-ein-neues-kapitel-neue-aktive-gruppe-beim-bfc-dynamo","url_text":"\"\"Auf in ein neues Kapitel!\": Neue aktive Gruppe beim BFC Dynamo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BChl_(Rhineland)","url_text":"Brühl"}]},{"reference":"Rada, Uwe (4 January 1993). \"\"Lust und Energie\" statt Rassismus\"\". Die Tageszeitung (in German). Berlin: taz Verlags u. Vertriebs GmbH. Retrieved 22 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://taz.de/quotLust-und-Energiequot-statt-Rassismus/!1637017/","url_text":"\"\"Lust und Energie\" statt Rassismus\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Tageszeitung","url_text":"Die Tageszeitung"}]},{"reference":"Busch, Ralf (16 January 1993). \"Fußballfans\". Die Tageszeitung (in German). Berlin: taz Verlags u. Vertriebs GmbH. Retrieved 22 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://taz.de/Fussballfans/!1634921/","url_text":"\"Fußballfans\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Tageszeitung","url_text":"Die Tageszeitung"}]},{"reference":"\"GAFFIS auf?\". Neues Deutschland (in German). Berlin: Neues Deutschland Druckerei und Verlag GmbH. 10 December 1993. Retrieved 2 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nd-aktuell.de/artikel/457877.affis-auf.html","url_text":"\"GAFFIS auf?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neues_Deutschland","url_text":"Neues Deutschland"}]},{"reference":"Krauss, Martin (11 April 1994). \"Fußball nicht den Rechten überlassen\". Die Tageszeitung (in German). Berlin: taz Verlags u. Vertriebs GmbH. 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Retrieved 12 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kicker.de/backhaus-nachfolger-gefunden-kunert-trainiert-den-bfc-dynamo-968149/artikel","url_text":"\"Backhaus-Nachfolger gefunden: Kunert trainiert den BFC Dynamo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kicker_(sports_magazine)","url_text":"Kicker"}]},{"reference":"Jahn, Michael (10 December 1997). \"Der FC Berlin konkurriert mit Mohammed al-Fayed\". Berliner Zeitung (in German). Berlin: Berliner Verlag GmbH. Retrieved 23 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://home.snafu.de/erich.mielke/HTMLPresse/1997_12_10.html","url_text":"\"Der FC Berlin konkurriert mit Mohammed al-Fayed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_Zeitung","url_text":"Berliner Zeitung"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin","url_text":"Berlin"}]},{"reference":"Jahn, Michael (11 April 1999). \"Trainer Häusler ist zum Erfolg verdammt\". Berliner Zeitung (in German). Berlin: Berliner Verlag GmbH. Retrieved 16 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.berliner-zeitung.de/archiv/modelle-der-dritten-profiliga-nehmen-gestalt-an-trainer-haeusler-ist-zum-erfolg-verdammt-li.1190301","url_text":"\"Trainer Häusler ist zum Erfolg verdammt\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_Zeitung","url_text":"Berliner Zeitung"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin","url_text":"Berlin"}]},{"reference":"\"BFC Dynamo\". fussball.de (in German). Frankfurt am Main: DFB GmbG. Retrieved 28 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fussball.de/verein/bfc-dynamo-berlin/-/id/00ES8GNCAC00008KVV0AG08LVUPGND5I#!/","url_text":"\"BFC Dynamo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main","url_text":"Frankfurt am Main"}]},{"reference":"Bunkus, Mathias (24 June 2019). \"Peter Meyer vom BFC Dynamo: \"Wir wollen diesen Wahnsinn nicht mitmachen\"\". Berliner Zeitung (in German). Berlin: Berliner Verlag GmbH. Retrieved 11 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.berliner-zeitung.de/sport-leidenschaft/peter-meyer-vom-bfc-dynamo-wir-wollen-diesen-wahnsinn-nicht-mitmachen-li.23691","url_text":"\"Peter Meyer vom BFC Dynamo: \"Wir wollen diesen Wahnsinn nicht mitmachen\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_Zeitung","url_text":"Berliner Zeitung"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin","url_text":"Berlin"}]},{"reference":"Wähner, Bernd (18 May 2022). \"Engagierte Arbeit im Nachwuchszentrum des BFC Dynamo\". Berliner Woche (in German). Berlin: FUNKE Berlin Wochenblatt GmbH. Retrieved 29 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.berliner-woche.de/alt-hohenschoenhausen/c-sport/engagierte-arbeit-im-nachwuchszentrum-des-bfc-dynamo_a345896","url_text":"\"Engagierte Arbeit im Nachwuchszentrum des BFC Dynamo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_Woche","url_text":"Berliner Woche"}]},{"reference":"Rohdenburg, Chris (14 August 2017). \"Rydlewicz exklusiv: Chancen? \"Wäre alles nur Gelaber\"\". sport.de (in German). Munster: HEIM:SPIEL Medien GmbH & Co. KG. Retrieved 11 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sport.de/news/ne2853463/rydlewicz-exklusiv-chancen-waere-alles-nur-gelaber/","url_text":"\"Rydlewicz exklusiv: Chancen? \"Wäre alles nur Gelaber\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munster","url_text":"Munster"}]},{"reference":"Stöckigt, Maxim (19 June 2003). \"Der Kindergarten Sportforum\". Berliner Zeitung (in German). Berlin: Berliner Verlag GmbH. Retrieved 7 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.berliner-zeitung.de/archiv/der-bfc-beginnt-frueh-mit-der-nachwuchsfoerderung-der-kindergarten-sportforum-li.1198982","url_text":"\"Der Kindergarten Sportforum\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_Zeitung","url_text":"Berliner Zeitung"}]},{"reference":"\"BFC Dynamo gegen VfB: \"Go-Kart gegen Formel-1-Wagen\"\". dfb.de (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Deutscher Fußball-Bund e.V. 1 August 2013. Retrieved 11 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dfb.de/news/detail/bfc-dynamo-gegen-vfb-go-kart-gegen-formel-1-wagen-45365/?no_cache=1","url_text":"\"BFC Dynamo gegen VfB: \"Go-Kart gegen Formel-1-Wagen\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"KITA-PROJEKT\". bfc.com (in German). Berlin: Berliner Fussball Club Dynamo e.V. Retrieved 29 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://bfc.com/nw_maredo_kitaprojekt.php","url_text":"\"KITA-PROJEKT\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin","url_text":"Berlin"}]},{"reference":"\"Jugendförderverein\". bfc.com (in German). Berlin: Berliner Fussball Club Dynamo e.V. Retrieved 11 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://bfc.com/nw_foerderverein.php","url_text":"\"Jugendförderverein\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin","url_text":"Berlin"}]},{"reference":"Kopp, Johannes (16 January 2016). \"Happy Birthday, Feindbild\". Die Tageszeitung (in German). Berlin: taz Verlags u. Vertriebs GmbH. Retrieved 23 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://taz.de/!489166/","url_text":"\"Happy Birthday, Feindbild\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Tageszeitung","url_text":"Die Tageszeitung"}]},{"reference":"Kannowski, Stephan (1999). Der Einfluss der SED auf den Sport der DDR am Beispiel des Fußballvereins 1. FC Union Berlin (October 1999 ed.). Hamburg: Diplomarbeiten Agentur diplom.de (Bedey Media GmbH). p. 31. ISBN 978-3832419226. Nicht weniger als vierzig hauptamtliche Trainer arbeiten für den Verein.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3832419226","url_text":"978-3832419226"}]},{"reference":"Raack, Alex (8 November 2009). \"\"Besondere Voraussetzungen\"\". 11 Freunde (in German). Berlin: 11FREUNDE Verlag GmbH & Co. KG. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201017040812/https://11freunde.de/artikel/besondere-voraussetzungen/571334","url_text":"\"\"Besondere Voraussetzungen\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11_Freunde","url_text":"11 Freunde"},{"url":"https://11freunde.de/artikel/besondere-voraussetzungen/571334","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jahn, Michael (15 January 2016). \"Interview mit Frank Rohde und Thomas Doll: BFC Dynamo feiert 50. Geburtstag\". Berliner Zeitung (in German). Berlin: Berliner Verlag GmbH. Retrieved 15 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.berliner-zeitung.de/sport-leidenschaft/interview-mit-frank-rohde-und-thomas-doll-bfc-dynamo-feiert-50-geburtstag-li.53645","url_text":"\"Interview mit Frank Rohde und Thomas Doll: BFC Dynamo feiert 50. Geburtstag\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_Zeitung","url_text":"Berliner Zeitung"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin","url_text":"Berlin"}]},{"reference":"Reichelt, Frank (1995). Das System des Leistungssports in der DDR: Darstellung der Struktur und des Aufbaus anhand ausgewählter Beispiele (1st ed.). Hamburg: Diplomica Verlag GmbH. p. 31. ISBN 9783832429607.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783832429607","url_text":"9783832429607"}]},{"reference":"Braun, Jutta; Teichler, Hans Joachim (2006). Sportstadt Berlin im Kalten Krieg: Prestigekämpfe und Systemwettstreit. Berlin: Christoph Links Verlag GmbH. p. 321. ISBN 978-3-86153-399-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86153-399-3","url_text":"978-3-86153-399-3"}]},{"reference":"Leske, Hanns (2012). \"Hierachie des DDR-Klubfußballs: Priviligierung des Schwerpunktclubs\". Fußball in der DDR: Kicken im Auftrag der SED (in German) (2nd ed.). Erfurt: Landeszentrale für politische Bildung Thüringen. ISBN 978-3-937967-91-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt","url_text":"Erfurt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-937967-91-2","url_text":"978-3-937967-91-2"}]},{"reference":"Leske, Hanns (2021). Enzyklopädie des DDR-Fußballs (PDF) (2nd ed.). Bielefeld: Verlag Die Werkstatt GmbH. pp. 18–21. ISBN 978-3-89533-556-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 February 2022. Ab Mitte der siezbsiger Jahre übernahm dann der BFC die dominierende und priviligierte Position. Er konnte sich aus dem Nachwuchsbereich aller Dynamo-Sportgemeinschaften (außer Dynamo-Klubs im Bezirk Dresen) bedienen und tat dies auch reichlich, hinzu kamen noch jene Berliner Stadtbezirke, die bis 1971 Einzugsbereich des ASK bzw. FC Vorwärts gewesen waren.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanns_Leske","url_text":"Leske, Hanns"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220213201443/https://beta.werkstatt-verlag.de/sites/default/files/leseprobe/Enzyklop%C3%A4die%20des%20DDR-Fussballs%202te%20Auflage%202021%209783895335563.pdf","url_text":"Enzyklopädie des DDR-Fußballs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielefeld","url_text":"Bielefeld"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89533-556-3","url_text":"978-3-89533-556-3"},{"url":"https://beta.werkstatt-verlag.de/sites/default/files/leseprobe/Enzyklop%C3%A4die%20des%20DDR-Fussballs%202te%20Auflage%202021%209783895335563.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hahn, Anne (12 May 2022). \"BFC Dynamo: Der Mythos des Schiebermeisters\". Die Zeit (in German). Hamburg: Zeit Online GmbH. Retrieved 12 May 2022. Dynamo betrieb in der DDR flächendeckend Trainingszentren, die je nach Einzugsgebiet dem BFC oder der SG Dynamo Dresden zugeordnet waren. Das Einzugsgebiet für den BFC umfasste die Dynamo-Gemeinschaften Rostock-Mitte, Neustrelitz, Fürstenwalde, Schwerin und Berlin. In diesen Trainingszentren wurden die besten Talente zusammengefasst, die bei einem zentralen, mehrtägigen Sichtungslehrgang ausgewählt wurden.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zeit.de/sport/2022-05/bfc-dynamo-ddr-oberliga-zehn-meisterschaften","url_text":"\"BFC Dynamo: Der Mythos des Schiebermeisters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Zeit","url_text":"Die Zeit"}]},{"reference":"Luther, Jörn; Willmann, Frank (2003). BFC Dynamo – Der Meisterclub (in German) (1st ed.). Berlin: Das Neue Berlin. p. 75. ISBN 3-360-01227-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin","url_text":"Berlin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-360-01227-5","url_text":"3-360-01227-5"}]},{"reference":"Hoffmann, Nils (20 March 2003). Der Ausbau der Kinder- und Jugendsportschulen (KJS) der DDR unter besonderer Betrachtung des Konflikts um einen \"humaneren Kinderhochleistungssport\" zwischen dem Ministerium für Volksbildung und dem DTSB (PDF) (Thesis) (in German). Mainz: University of Mainz. pp. 26–27, 43–45. Retrieved 18 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://download.uni-mainz.de/fb02-sport-mueller/Texte/HOFFMANNExArbeit03.pdf","url_text":"Der Ausbau der Kinder- und Jugendsportschulen (KJS) der DDR unter besonderer Betrachtung des Konflikts um einen \"humaneren Kinderhochleistungssport\" zwischen dem Ministerium für Volksbildung und dem DTSB"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz","url_text":"Mainz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Mainz","url_text":"University of Mainz"}]},{"reference":"Ritter, Andreas (January 2002). Written at Berlin. Wandlungen in der Steuerung des DDR-Hochleistungssports in der 1960 und 1970 Jahren (PDF) (PhD) (in German). Potsdam: University of Potsdam. p. 188. ISBN 3935024614. Retrieved 18 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin","url_text":"Berlin"},{"url":"https://publishup.uni-potsdam.de/opus4-ubp/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/64/file/ritter.pdf","url_text":"Wandlungen in der Steuerung des DDR-Hochleistungssports in der 1960 und 1970 Jahren"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam","url_text":"Potsdam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Potsdam","url_text":"University of Potsdam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3935024614","url_text":"3935024614"}]},{"reference":"Hoffmann, Nils (20 March 2003). Der Ausbau der Kinder- und Jugendsportschulen (KJS) der DDR unter besonderer Betrachtung des Konflikts um einen \"humaneren Kinderhochleistungssport\" zwischen dem Ministerium für Volksbildung und dem DTSB (PDF) (Thesis) (in German). Mainz: University of Mainz. pp. 43–44. Retrieved 18 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://download.uni-mainz.de/fb02-sport-mueller/Texte/HOFFMANNExArbeit03.pdf","url_text":"Der Ausbau der Kinder- und Jugendsportschulen (KJS) der DDR unter besonderer Betrachtung des Konflikts um einen \"humaneren Kinderhochleistungssport\" zwischen dem Ministerium für Volksbildung und dem DTSB"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz","url_text":"Mainz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Mainz","url_text":"University of Mainz"}]},{"reference":"\"Leistungssport (Geschichte)\". mdr.de (in German). Leipzig: Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk. 4 October 2018. Retrieved 18 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ndr.de/geschichte/grenzenlos/leistungssport102_page-1.html","url_text":"\"Leistungssport (Geschichte)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitteldeutscher_Rundfunk","url_text":"Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk"}]},{"reference":"Kummer, Micharl (2010). Die Fußballclubs Rot-Weiß Erfurt und Carl Zeiss Jena und ihre Vorgänger inder DDR: Ein Vergleich ihrer Bedingungen (PDF) (PhD) (in German). Potsdam: University of Potsdam. p. 181.","urls":[{"url":"https://publishup.uni-potsdam.de/opus4-ubp/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/4849/file/kummer_diss.pdf","url_text":"Die Fußballclubs Rot-Weiß Erfurt und Carl Zeiss Jena und ihre Vorgänger inder DDR: Ein Vergleich ihrer Bedingungen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam","url_text":"Potsdam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Potsdam","url_text":"University of Potsdam"}]},{"reference":"Kannowski, Stephan (1999). Der Einfluss der SED auf den Sport der DDR am Beispiel des Fußballvereins 1. FC Union Berlin (October 1999 ed.). Hamburg: Diplomarbeiten Agentur diplom.de (Bedey Media GmbH). p. 30. ISBN 978-3832419226. Der BFC Dynamo Berlin besaß das einmalige Privileg im Fußball der DDR, die besten Spieler und Talente nach Ostberlin zu delegieren. Allein für den Erfolg von Fußballverein BFC Dynamo Berlin wurden über 33 Trainingszentren des SV Dynamo errichtet, in denen junge begabte Fußballspieler ausgebildet wurden. Zuden bestand eine Partnerschaft mit dem Bezirk Cottbus.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3832419226","url_text":"978-3832419226"}]},{"reference":"Luther, Jörn; Willmann, Frank (2003). BFC Dynamo – Der Meisterclub (in German) (1st ed.). Berlin: Das Neue Berlin. p. 203. ISBN 3-360-01227-5. Das DDR - weite Sichtungssystem mit 33 Trainingszentren der SV Dynamo sowie der Partnerbezirk Cottbus hatte den Talentstrom nie abreißen lassen.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin","url_text":"Berlin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-360-01227-5","url_text":"3-360-01227-5"}]},{"reference":"Japke, Josephine (21 June 2018). Written at Königs Wusterhausen. Die gesellschaftspolitische Stellung des 1. FC Union Berlin zu Zeiten der DDR (PDF) (BA) (in German). Mittweida: Hochschule Mittweida. pp. 13–15. Retrieved 13 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigs_Wusterhausen","url_text":"Königs Wusterhausen"},{"url":"https://monami.hs-mittweida.de/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/8807/file/BA+UNION.pdf","url_text":"Die gesellschaftspolitische Stellung des 1. FC Union Berlin zu Zeiten der DDR"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittweida","url_text":"Mittweida"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hochschule_Mittweida","url_text":"Hochschule Mittweida"}]},{"reference":"Leske, Hanns (2012). \"Hierarchie des DDR-Klubfußballs: Privilegierung der Schwerpunktclubs\". Fußball in der DDR: Kicken im Auftrag der SED (in German) (2nd ed.). Erfurt: Landeszentrale für politische Bildung Thüringen. ISBN 978-3-937967-91-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt","url_text":"Erfurt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-937967-91-2","url_text":"978-3-937967-91-2"}]},{"reference":"Farshi, Sabbagh; Hadi, Mohammad (20 May 2011). Written at Hamburg. Deutsch-Deutsche Transfers: Der Wechsel von Thomas Doll vom BFC Dynamo zum HSV 1990 (PDF) (Bachelor thesis) (in German). Mittweida: Hochschule Mittweida. pp. 21–22. Retrieved 4 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg","url_text":"Hamburg"},{"url":"https://monami.hs-mittweida.de/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/1235/file/BA_Arbeit_Pruefungsexemplar_Hadi_Farshi.pdf","url_text":"Deutsch-Deutsche Transfers: Der Wechsel von Thomas Doll vom BFC Dynamo zum HSV 1990"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittweida","url_text":"Mittweida"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hochschule_Mittweida","url_text":"Hochschule Mittweida"}]},{"reference":"Kummer, Michael (2010). Die Fußballclubs Rot-Weiß Erfurt und Carl Zeiss Jena und ihre Vorgänger inder DDR: Ein Vergleich ihrer Bedingungen (PDF) (PhD) (in German). Potsdam: University of Potsdam. p. 215. Retrieved 5 April 2021. Der Bundesvorstand des DTSB versuchte nach 1971, die Reihe der Schwerpunktklubs, zu denen auch der FC Carl Zeiss gehörte, mit mehr Personal (Trainer, Betreuer, medzinisches und Verwaltungspersonal) und besser materiell-technischen Bedingungen auszustatten und die Nachwuchsgewinnung durch die Neufestlegung von Einzugsgebieten zugunsten dieser Clubs zu verbessern.","urls":[{"url":"https://publishup.uni-potsdam.de/opus4-ubp/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/4849/file/kummer_diss.pdf","url_text":"Die Fußballclubs Rot-Weiß Erfurt und Carl Zeiss Jena und ihre Vorgänger inder DDR: Ein Vergleich ihrer Bedingungen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam","url_text":"Potsdam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Potsdam","url_text":"University of Potsdam"}]},{"reference":"Kummer, Michael (2010). Die Fußballclubs Rot-Weiß Erfurt und Carl Zeiss Jena und ihre Vorgänger inder DDR: Ein Vergleich ihrer Bedingungen (PDF) (PhD) (in German). Potsdam: University of Potsdam. p. 318. Retrieved 1 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://publishup.uni-potsdam.de/opus4-ubp/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/4849/file/kummer_diss.pdf","url_text":"Die Fußballclubs Rot-Weiß Erfurt und Carl Zeiss Jena und ihre Vorgänger inder DDR: Ein Vergleich ihrer Bedingungen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam","url_text":"Potsdam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Potsdam","url_text":"University of Potsdam"}]},{"reference":"\"Talentförderung: Großer Knall\". Spiegel (in German). Hamburg: SPIEGEL-Verlag Rudolf Augstein GmbH & Co. KG. 21 January 1991. Retrieved 15 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-13489183.html","url_text":"\"Talentförderung: Großer Knall\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel_(website)","url_text":"Spiegel"}]},{"reference":"\"DDR: Schluck Pillen oder kehr Fabriken aus\". Der Spiegel (in German). Hamburg: SPIEGEL-Verlag Rudolf Augstein GmbH & Co. KG. 19 March 1979. Retrieved 14 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-40350218.html","url_text":"\"DDR: Schluck Pillen oder kehr Fabriken aus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel_(website)","url_text":"Der Spiegel"}]},{"reference":"Luther, Jörn; Willmann, Frank (2003). BFC Dynamo – Der Meisterclub. Berlin: Das Neue Berlin GmbH. p. 75. ISBN 3-360-01227-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-360-01227-5","url_text":"3-360-01227-5"}]},{"reference":"Stolz, Sascha (7 August 2006). \"Berlins große Mannschaften: Der FC Bayern des Ostens - Mit zehn Titeln in Folge stellte der BFC Dynamo in der früheren DDR einen Europa-Rekord auf\". Fußball-Woche (de) (in German). Berlin: Fußball-Woche Verlags GmbH. Retrieved 22 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://home.snafu.de/erich.mielke/HTMLPresse/2006_08_07.html","url_text":"\"Berlins große Mannschaften: Der FC Bayern des Ostens - Mit zehn Titeln in Folge stellte der BFC Dynamo in der früheren DDR einen Europa-Rekord auf\""},{"url":"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu%C3%9Fball-Woche","url_text":"de"}]},{"reference":"Gläser, Andreas (21 August 2005). \"Willkommen in der Zone\". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Berlin: Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH. Retrieved 7 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tagesspiegel.de/sport/willkommen-in-der-zone/635018.html","url_text":"\"Willkommen in der Zone\""}]},{"reference":"Schoen, Herbert (1 April 1999). \"Leserbrife: Wieso war der BFC so oft DDR-Meister?\". Neues Deutschland (in German). Berlin: Neues Deutschland Druckerei und Verlag GmbH. Retrieved 2 September 2020. Herbert Schoen: Wo sind denn in dem Artikel von Herrn Wieczorek die vielen Namen von Oberligaklubs und fertigen Oberligaspielern, die in den letzten 10 BFC-Meisterjahren einen »Marschbefehl« erhielten? Selbstverständlich wurden in jungen Jahren auch viele Talente aus der Sportvereinigung Dynamo sowie kleinen Vereinen frühzeitig in den Klub delegiert. Aber außer Lauck und Doll sind keine Spieler aus anderen Oberligavereinen im Kader gewesen.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.neues-deutschland.de/artikel/757817.wieso-war-der-bfc-so-oft-ddr-meister.html","url_text":"\"Leserbrife: Wieso war der BFC so oft DDR-Meister?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neues_Deutschland","url_text":"Neues Deutschland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Schoen","url_text":"Herbert Schoen"}]},{"reference":"Veth, Manuel (27 July 2017). \"Dynamo Berlin – The Rise and Long Fall of Germany's Other Record Champion\". fussballstadt.com. Retrieved 8 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://fussballstadt.com/dynamo-berlin-history-east-germany/","url_text":"\"Dynamo Berlin – The Rise and Long Fall of Germany's Other Record Champion\""}]},{"reference":"Farshi, Sabbagh; Hadi, Mohammad (20 May 2011). Written at Hamburg. Deutsch-Deutsche Transfers: Der Wechsel von Thomas Doll vom BFC Dynamo zum HSV 1990 (PDF) (Bachelor thesis) (in German). Mittweida: Hochschule Mittweida. pp. 34–35. Retrieved 10 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg","url_text":"Hamburg"},{"url":"https://monami.hs-mittweida.de/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/1235/file/BA_Arbeit_Pruefungsexemplar_Hadi_Farshi.pdf","url_text":"Deutsch-Deutsche Transfers: Der Wechsel von Thomas Doll vom BFC Dynamo zum HSV 1990"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittweida","url_text":"Mittweida"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hochschule_Mittweida","url_text":"Hochschule Mittweida"}]},{"reference":"\"Das Beispiel ist gegeben: Einstiger Juniorenauswahlspieler Ralf Schulenberg steht nun in der Nachwuchsmannschaft unserer Republik\". Neue Fußballwoche (in German). Vol. 1971, no. 6. Berlin: DFV der DDR. 9 February 1971. p. 13. ISSN 0323-8407. Retrieved 1 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://home.snafu.de/erich.mielke/HTMLPresse/1971_02_09_3.html","url_text":"\"Das Beispiel ist gegeben: Einstiger Juniorenauswahlspieler Ralf Schulenberg steht nun in der Nachwuchsmannschaft unserer Republik\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Fu%C3%9Fball-Verband_der_DDR","url_text":"DFV der DDR"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0323-8407","url_text":"0323-8407"}]},{"reference":"Binkowski, Manfred (1 June 1977). \"Der BFC Dynamo rief - und 144 Jungen kamen\". Die neue Fußballwoche (in German). Vol. 1977, no. 22. Berlin: DFV der DDR. p. 16. ISSN 0323-8407. Retrieved 8 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://home.snafu.de/erich.mielke/HTMLPresse/1977_06_01.html","url_text":"\"Der BFC Dynamo rief - und 144 Jungen kamen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Fu%C3%9Fball-Verband_der_DDR","url_text":"DFV der DDR"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0323-8407","url_text":"0323-8407"}]},{"reference":"Babenschneider, Jürgen (12 December 2009). \"Dynamo voller Energie: Günter \"Moppel\" Schröter und die ersten internationalen Schritte des DDR-Fußballs\". Fußball-Woche (de) (in German). Berlin: Fußball-Woche Verlags GmbH.","urls":[{"url":"http://home.snafu.de/erich.mielke/HTMLPresse/2009_01_12_2.html","url_text":"\"Dynamo voller Energie: Günter \"Moppel\" Schröter und die ersten internationalen Schritte des DDR-Fußballs\""},{"url":"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu%C3%9Fball-Woche","url_text":"de"}]},{"reference":"Luther, Jörn; Willmann, Frank (2003). BFC Dynamo – Der Meisterclub. Berlin: Das Neue Berlin GmbH. p. 107. ISBN 3-360-01227-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-360-01227-5","url_text":"3-360-01227-5"}]},{"reference":"Baingo, Andreas (20 July 2020). \"BFC Dynamo: Raus aus der Schmuddelecke\". Berliner Kurier (in German). Berlin.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.berliner-kurier.de/sport/bfc-dynamo-raus-aus-der-schmuddelecke-li.93885","url_text":"\"BFC Dynamo: Raus aus der Schmuddelecke\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_Kurier","url_text":"Berliner Kurier"}]},{"reference":"Bertram, Marco (13 April 2020). \"Nordwall und Gegengerade\". 11 Freunde (in German). Berlin. Archived from the original on 29 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210429165526/https://11freunde.de/artikel/nordwall-und-gegengerade/1769170","url_text":"\"Nordwall und Gegengerade\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11_Freunde","url_text":"11 Freunde"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin","url_text":"Berlin"},{"url":"https://11freunde.de/artikel/nordwall-und-gegengerade/1769170","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ford, Matt (7 November 2019). \"'Stasi club' BFC Dynamo: What happened to the record East German champions?\". Deutsche Welle. Bonn.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dw.com/en/stasi-club-bfc-dynamo-what-happened-to-the-record-east-german-champions/a-51084561","url_text":"\"'Stasi club' BFC Dynamo: What happened to the record East German champions?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Welle","url_text":"Deutsche Welle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonn","url_text":"Bonn"}]},{"reference":"Hahn, Anne (12 May 2022). \"BFC Dynamo: Der Mythos des Schiebermeisters\". Die Zeit (in German). Hamburg.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zeit.de/sport/2022-05/bfc-dynamo-ddr-oberliga-zehn-meisterschaften","url_text":"\"BFC Dynamo: Der Mythos des Schiebermeisters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Zeit","url_text":"Die Zeit"}]},{"reference":"Thiede, Jens Patrick (3 October 2008). \"Stasi-nazi-ossi-hooligan-image på prøve: Dynamos evige arv og tavse transformation\". Tipsbladet (in Danish). Copenhagen.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tipsbladet.dk/artikel/stasi-nazi-ossi-hooligan-image-paa-proeve-dynamos-evige-arv-og-tavse-transformation","url_text":"\"Stasi-nazi-ossi-hooligan-image på prøve: Dynamos evige arv og tavse transformation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipsbladet","url_text":"Tipsbladet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen","url_text":"Copenhagen"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Kirchoff
Mary Kirchoff
["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links"]
American novelist Mary KirchoffBornMary L. KirchoffLake Geneva, Wisconsin, U.S.OccupationAuthor, editorNationalityAmericanEducationLawrence University (BA)GenreRole-playing games, fantasySpouseSteve Winter (September 1985-)Mark Hamilton Mary L. Kirchoff is an American author of fantasy and young adult novels. Biography Kirchoff was born and raised in Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, the city where the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game was invented. "I went to school with Ernie Gygax and a number of people who later worked for TSR... I was vaguely aware of the people who played things like the D&D game at school. Then I went away to college and learned more about roleplaying games. I realized were coming from my home town." Kirchoff graduated from Lawrence University with a B.A. in English. She was hired by TSR as the editor of the Polyhedron newszine in 1982, shortly after its second issue. Kirchoff also did graphic design for Dragon magazine, and worked with Roger Moore on TSR's Ares science-fiction magazine. Kirchoff's first published book, Light on Quests Mountain, was set in Gamma World for TSR's Endless Quest series. She later wrote other books in the collection. Kirchoff decided to write full-time, supported by her then-boyfriend, TSR game editor and designer Steve Winter. In September 1985, Kirchoff married Steve Winter. She worked on books such as The Art of the Dragonlance Saga and Leaves from the Inn of the Last Home, and later left then rejoined the company as a full-time editor. Meanwhile, Kirchoff began looking for a new Forgotten Realms book to follow Darkwalker on Moonshae: "I went to the slush pile and read the first 30 pages of a book called Echoes of the Third Magic by a guy named Bob Salvatore. The story didn't really fit what we were looking for, but there was something about the writing that grabbed me." Kirchoff wrote and published a short story and six novels for the Dragonlance series, including Wanderlust, Flint the King, Kendermore, "The Black Wing," and the Defenders of Magic trilogy. She also co-created the Dark Sun setting with Troy Denning and Tim Brown.: 26  After Wizards of the Coast purchased TSR, Peter Adkison brought her back as the manager of TSR's division for book publishing.: 282  She was eventually promoted to head of the book department: "Every book we published hit numerous bestseller lists -- it was a golden time." After five years of writing Dragonlance novels at night and running the book department by day, she withdrew to spend more time with her children; five years later, she returned as executive editor of the restructured book-publishing program. She rose to Vice President of Marketing, Publishing, and Tabletop Games, with brand and financial responsibility for all that had once been TSR, as well as the Avalon Hill brand of board games. Kirchoff has been the head of Wizards of the Coast's Book Publishing division. She left Wizards of the Coast in December 2004. She went on to become Chief Marketing Officer at start-up video game company 38 Studios for nearly three years. Her works have been translated into more than nine languages. She later became an acquiring editor for TOR Books. References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Kenson, Stephen (December 1999). "ProFiles: Mary Kirchoff". Dragon (#266). Renton, Washington: Wizards of the Coast: 24. ^ Buker, Derek M. (2002). The science fiction and fantasy readers' advisory: the librarian's guide to cyborgs, aliens, and sorcerers. ALA Editions. pp. 127–128. ISBN 0-8389-0831-4. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) ^ "TSR Profiles". Dragon (#106). Lake Geneva, Wisconsin: TSR, Inc.: 61 February 1986. ^ Varney, Allen (March 1998). "ProFiles: Troy Denning". Dragon (#245). Renton, Washington: Wizards of the Coast: 112. ^ a b Shannon Appelcline (2011). Designers & Dragons. Mongoose Publishing. ISBN 978-1-907702-58-7. ^ "Mary Kirchoff". Archived from the original on February 24, 2009. ^ "Mary Kirchoff, at the WorldCat Identities Web Site". Retrieved 5 August 2008. External links Mary Kirchoff at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database "Mary Kirchoff :: Pen & Paper RPG Database". Archived from the original on October 4, 2007. Retrieved January 26, 2018. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Catalonia United States Czech Republic Other IdRef vteDungeons & DragonsBasicsGeneral Adventurers League Controversies Editions Gen Con Popular culture Film series Related products Retro-clones Sources and influences Gameplay Adventures Alignment Attribute Dungeon Master Game mechanics Magic Magic item Miniatures Psionics Creators Gary Gygax Dave Arneson Keith Baker Richard Baker David Cook Monte Cook Ed Greenwood Jeff Grubb Rob Heinsoo Tracy Hickman Robert J. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-buker2002-2"}],"text":"Mary L. Kirchoff is an American author of fantasy and young adult novels.[2]","title":"Mary Kirchoff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lake Geneva, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Geneva,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Dungeons & Dragons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons"},{"link_name":"role-playing game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role-playing_game"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dragon_#266-1"},{"link_name":"TSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSR,_Inc."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dragon_#266-1"},{"link_name":"Lawrence University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_University"},{"link_name":"B.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dragon_#266-1"},{"link_name":"Polyhedron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyhedron_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dragon_#266-1"},{"link_name":"Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Roger Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_E._Moore"},{"link_name":"Ares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ares_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dragon_#266-1"},{"link_name":"Gamma World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_World"},{"link_name":"Endless Quest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endless_Quest"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dragon_#266-1"},{"link_name":"Steve Winter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Winter"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dragon_#266-1"},{"link_name":"Steve Winter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Winter"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dragon_#106-3"},{"link_name":"Leaves from the Inn of the Last Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaves_from_the_Inn_of_the_Last_Home"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dragon_#266-1"},{"link_name":"Forgotten Realms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forgotten_Realms"},{"link_name":"Darkwalker on Moonshae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darkwalker_on_Moonshae"},{"link_name":"Bob Salvatore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._A._Salvatore"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dragon_#266-1"},{"link_name":"Dragonlance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragonlance"},{"link_name":"Wanderlust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanderlust_(1991_novel)"},{"link_name":"Flint the King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint_the_King"},{"link_name":"Kendermore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendermore"},{"link_name":"The Black Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Wing"},{"link_name":"Defenders of Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Defenders_of_Magic&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dragon_#266-1"},{"link_name":"Dark Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Sun"},{"link_name":"Troy Denning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_Denning"},{"link_name":"Tim Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Brown_(game_designer)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dragon_#245-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-designers-5"},{"link_name":"Wizards of the Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizards_of_the_Coast"},{"link_name":"Peter Adkison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Adkison"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-designers-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dragon_#266-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dragon_#266-1"},{"link_name":"Avalon Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalon_Hill"},{"link_name":"Wizards of the Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizards_of_the_Coast"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wizardsbio-6"},{"link_name":"38 Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/38_Studios"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"TOR Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_Books"}],"text":"Kirchoff was born and raised in Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, the city where the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game was invented.[1] \"I went to school with Ernie Gygax and a number of people who later worked for TSR... I was vaguely aware of the people who played things like the D&D game at school. Then I went away to college and learned more about roleplaying games. I realized [they] were coming from my home town.\"[1] Kirchoff graduated from Lawrence University with a B.A. in English.[1] She was hired by TSR as the editor of the Polyhedron newszine in 1982, shortly after its second issue.[1] Kirchoff also did graphic design for Dragon magazine, and worked with Roger Moore on TSR's Ares science-fiction magazine.[1]Kirchoff's first published book, Light on Quests Mountain, was set in Gamma World for TSR's Endless Quest series. She later wrote other books in the collection.[1] Kirchoff decided to write full-time, supported by her then-boyfriend, TSR game editor and designer Steve Winter.[1] In September 1985, Kirchoff married Steve Winter.[3] She worked on books such as The Art of the Dragonlance Saga and Leaves from the Inn of the Last Home, and later left then rejoined the company as a full-time editor.[1] Meanwhile, Kirchoff began looking for a new Forgotten Realms book to follow Darkwalker on Moonshae: \"I went to the slush pile and read the first 30 pages of a book called Echoes of the Third Magic by a guy named Bob Salvatore. The story didn't really fit what we were looking for, but there was something about the writing that grabbed me.\"[1]Kirchoff wrote and published a short story and six novels for the Dragonlance series, including Wanderlust, Flint the King, Kendermore, \"The Black Wing,\" and the Defenders of Magic trilogy.[1] She also co-created the Dark Sun setting with Troy Denning and Tim Brown.[4][5]: 26  After Wizards of the Coast purchased TSR, Peter Adkison brought her back as the manager of TSR's division for book publishing.[5]: 282  She was eventually promoted to head of the book department: \"Every book we published hit numerous bestseller lists -- it was a golden time.\"[1] After five years of writing Dragonlance novels at night and running the book department by day, she withdrew to spend more time with her children; five years later, she returned as executive editor of the restructured book-publishing program.[1] She rose to Vice President of Marketing, Publishing, and Tabletop Games, with brand and financial responsibility for all that had once been TSR, as well as the Avalon Hill brand of board games.Kirchoff has been the head of Wizards of the Coast's Book Publishing division.[6] She left Wizards of the Coast in December 2004. She went on to become Chief Marketing Officer at start-up video game company 38 Studios for nearly three years.Her works have been translated into more than nine languages.[7]She later[when?] became an acquiring editor for TOR Books.","title":"Biography"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_De_Col
Filippo De Col
["1 Career","2 References","3 External links"]
Italian footballer Filippo De Col Personal informationDate of birth (1993-10-28) 28 October 1993 (age 30)Place of birth Agordo, ItalyHeight 1.84 m (6 ft 0 in)Position(s) Right backTeam informationCurrent team VicenzaNumber 26Youth career2009–2011 MilanSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2011–2012 Legnago Salus 31 (2)2012–2013 Virtus Entella 31 (2)2013–2014 Verona 0 (0)2013–2014 → Virtus Lanciano (loan) 36 (0)2014–2019 Spezia 110 (0)2015–2016 → Cesena (loan) 4 (0)2020–2021 Virtus Entella 25 (0)2021–2023 Südtirol 68 (3)2023– Vicenza 32 (2)International career2013–2014 Italy U20 3 (0)2014 Italy U21 2 (0) *Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 2 May 2024 Filippo De Col (born 28 October 1993) is an Italian footballer who plays as a right defender for Serie C Group A club Vicenza. Career De Col started his professional career at Milan, leaving the club in 2011, signing with Legnago Salus. After an outstanding season in Serie D, he then signed with Virtus Entella in July 2012. On 1 July 2013 De Col signed with Serie A-bound Verona, being immediately loaned to Virtus Lanciano, in Serie B. De Col and colleague Claudio Terzi were involved in a WhatsApp match-fixing scandal along with Emanuele Calaiò at the end of the 2017–18 season. On 2 September 2019, his contract with Spezia was dissolved by mutual consent. On 23 January 2020, he returned to Virtus Entella, signing a contract until the end of the 2019–20 season with an extension option. On 17 June 2021, he joined Südtirol on a two-year contract. After two seasons at Südtirol, De Col moved to Vicenza on contract until 30 June 2025. References ^ FIGC. "Convocazioni e presenze in campo". Federazione Italiana Giuoco Calcio. Retrieved 4 November 2021. ^ FIGC. "Convocazioni e presenze in campo". Federazione Italiana Giuoco Calcio. Retrieved 4 November 2021. ^ Filippo De Col at Soccerway ^ Virtus Entella, arriva il 19enne Filippo De Col: è un campione d’Europa (19-year-old Filippo De Col arrives at Virtus Entella: a European champion); Radio Aldebaran, 5 July 2012 (in Italian) ^ Filippo De Col firma all’Hellas Verona (Filippo De Col signs with Hellas Verona); Corriere delle Alpi, 1 July 2013 (in Italian) ^ Mercato: Filippo De Col è un giocatore della Virtus: Arriva in prestito dal Verona (Market: Filippo De Col is a Virtus player: arrives on loan from Verona); Virtus Lanciano's official website, 3 August 2013 (in Italian) ^ "Parma striker Emanuele Calaio accused of match-fixing by messaging opposition". BBC Sport. 6 July 2018. Retrieved 24 July 2018. ^ "Mercato: rescissione contrattuale per Filippo De Col" (Press release) (in Italian). Spezia. 2 September 2019. ^ "Ufficiale, Filippo De Col torna all'Entella" (Press release) (in Italian). Virtus Entella. 23 January 2020. ^ "Filippo De Col ist ein neuer Spieler des FC Südtirol" (in German). Südtirol. 17 June 2021. ^ "Ufficiale: Filippo De Col in biancorosso a titolo definitvo" (in Italian). Vicenza. 15 July 2023. External links Filippo De Col at TuttoCalciatori.net (in Italian) vteLR Vicenza – current squad 1 Bržan 5 Rossi 8 Cavion 9 Ferrari 10 Ronaldo 11 Rolfini 12 Massolo 14 Cuomo 15 Greco 17 Delle Monache 19 Pellegrini 23 Laezza 26 De Col 28 Corradi 29 Proia 32 Costa 33 Lattanzio 44 Talarico 55 Golemić 73 Sandon 76 Fantoni 98 Confente 99 Della Morte Head coach: Vecchi
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"right defender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)#Full-back"},{"link_name":"Serie C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_C"},{"link_name":"Vicenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LR_Vicenza"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Filippo De Col (born 28 October 1993) is an Italian footballer who plays as a right defender for Serie C Group A club Vicenza.[3]","title":"Filippo De Col"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.C._Milan"},{"link_name":"Legnago Salus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.C._Legnago_Salus_S.S.D."},{"link_name":"Serie D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_D"},{"link_name":"Virtus Entella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtus_Entella"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Serie A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_A"},{"link_name":"Verona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellas_Verona_F.C."},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Virtus Lanciano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.S._Virtus_Lanciano_1924"},{"link_name":"Serie B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_B"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Claudio Terzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudio_Terzi"},{"link_name":"WhatsApp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WhatsApp"},{"link_name":"Emanuele Calaiò","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuele_Calai%C3%B2"},{"link_name":"2017–18 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Serie_B"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Spezia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spezia_Calcio"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Virtus Entella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtus_Entella"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Südtirol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.C._S%C3%BCdtirol"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Südtirol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.C._S%C3%BCdtirol"},{"link_name":"Vicenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LR_Vicenza"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"De Col started his professional career at Milan, leaving the club in 2011, signing with Legnago Salus. After an outstanding season in Serie D, he then signed with Virtus Entella in July 2012.[4]On 1 July 2013 De Col signed with Serie A-bound Verona,[5] being immediately loaned to Virtus Lanciano, in Serie B.[6]De Col and colleague Claudio Terzi were involved in a WhatsApp match-fixing scandal along with Emanuele Calaiò at the end of the 2017–18 season.[7]On 2 September 2019, his contract with Spezia was dissolved by mutual consent.[8]On 23 January 2020, he returned to Virtus Entella, signing a contract until the end of the 2019–20 season with an extension option.[9]On 17 June 2021, he joined Südtirol on a two-year contract.[10]After two seasons at Südtirol, De Col moved to Vicenza on contract until 30 June 2025.[11]","title":"Career"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"FIGC. \"Convocazioni e presenze in campo\". Federazione Italiana Giuoco Calcio. Retrieved 4 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://figc.it/it/nazionali/nazionali-in-cifre/dettaglio-convocato/?calciatoreId=45788&squadraId=20","url_text":"\"Convocazioni e presenze in campo\""}]},{"reference":"FIGC. \"Convocazioni e presenze in campo\". Federazione Italiana Giuoco Calcio. Retrieved 4 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://figc.it/it/nazionali/nazionali-in-cifre/dettaglio-convocato/?calciatoreId=45788&squadraId=13","url_text":"\"Convocazioni e presenze in campo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Parma striker Emanuele Calaio accused of match-fixing by messaging opposition\". BBC Sport. 6 July 2018. Retrieved 24 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/44738976","url_text":"\"Parma striker Emanuele Calaio accused of match-fixing by messaging opposition\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mercato: rescissione contrattuale per Filippo De Col\" (Press release) (in Italian). Spezia. 2 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.acspezia.com/news/mercato-rescissione-contrattuale-per-filippo-de-col.20514.html","url_text":"\"Mercato: rescissione contrattuale per Filippo De Col\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spezia_Calcio","url_text":"Spezia"}]},{"reference":"\"Ufficiale, Filippo De Col torna all'Entella\" (Press release) (in Italian). Virtus Entella. 23 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.entella.it/prima-squadra/ufficiale-filippo-de-col-torna-allentella/","url_text":"\"Ufficiale, Filippo De Col torna all'Entella\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtus_Entella","url_text":"Virtus Entella"}]},{"reference":"\"Filippo De Col ist ein neuer Spieler des FC Südtirol\" (in German). Südtirol. 17 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fc-suedtirol.com/de/news/filippo-de-col-ist-ein-neuer-spieler-des-fc-s%C3%BCdtirol/24-1591.html","url_text":"\"Filippo De Col ist ein neuer Spieler des FC Südtirol\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.C._S%C3%BCdtirol","url_text":"Südtirol"}]},{"reference":"\"Ufficiale: Filippo De Col in biancorosso a titolo definitvo\" (in Italian). Vicenza. 15 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://lrvicenza.net/ufficiale-filippo-de-col-in-biancorosso-a-titolo-definitivo/","url_text":"\"Ufficiale: Filippo De Col in biancorosso a titolo definitvo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LR_Vicenza","url_text":"Vicenza"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushkaram
Pushkaram
["1 Tradition","2 The rivers","3 Celebrations","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Indian river worship festival Godavari Pushkaram at Bhadrachalam, 2015 Pushkaram is an Indian festival dedicated to worshiping of rivers. It is also known as Pushkaralu (in Telugu), Pushkara (in Kannada) or Pushkar. It is celebrated at shrines along the banks of 12 major sacred rivers in India, in the form of ancestor worship, spiritual discourses, devotional music and cultural programmes. The celebration happens annually, once in 12 years along each river. Each river is associated with a zodiac sign, and the river for each year's festival is based on which sign Jupiter is in at the time. Due to regional variations, some of the zodiac signs are associated with multiple rivers. Tradition According to a legend mentioned in astrology treatises such as Jataka Parijata (1426), a Brahmin was granted a boon from Shiva after severe penance. The boon was that he would be able to live in water and purify the holy rivers. The Brahmin came to be known as Pushkara ("the one who nourishes"). On a request from Bṛhaspati (Jupiter), he decided to enter one of the 12 sacred rivers when Bṛhaspati traveled from one zodiac sign to another. The rivers Each river is associated with a zodiac sign, and the river for each year's festival is based on which zodiac sign the planet Jupiter (Bṛhaspati) is in at that time. There are periods when Jupiter is in retrograde motion, resulting in entry into the same Zodiac sign twice in a year. On such occasions, the second entry of Jupiter is reckoned for celebrating the first part of the festival. The Pushkaram tradition is not mentioned in the early Hindu texts; it is part of the medieval Hindu astrological lore. Therefore, the names of 12 rivers may vary depending on the regional traditions. For example, in Maharashtra, Bhima is associated with Scorpio sign, while in Tamil Nadu, Tamraparni is associated with it. The sacred rivers include:: 32  # Rashi (Hindu zodiac sign) Corresponding Western zodiac sign River Next Pushkaram 1 Mesha Aries Ganga; Ganga Pushkaram April 22 - May 5, 2023 2 Vrishabha Taurus Narmada; Narmada Pushkaram May 1-13, 2024 3 Mithuna Gemini Saraswati; Sarasvati Pushkaram May 15–26, 2025 4 Karka Cancer Yamuna; Yamuna Pushkaram June 2–13, 2026 5 Simha Leo Godavari; Godavari Pushkaram June 26 - July 7, 2027 6 Kanya Virgo Krishna, Krishna in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh; Krishna Pushkaralu In Tamil Nadu, the festival is celebrated at the Sangu Theertham tank at Vedagiriswarar temple. August 12–23, 2028 7 Tula Libra Kaveri; Kaveri Pushkaram September 12–23, 2029 8 Vrishchika Scorpio Bhima, Bhima in Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana; Bhima Pushkaram and Tamraparni river in Tamil Nadu. October 12–23, 2018 9 Dhanus Sagittarius Tapti, (Pushkaravahini); Tapti Pushkaravahini In Assam, the festival is celebrated on the banks of Brahmaputra river. March 29 - April 9, 2019 10 Makara Capricorn Tungabhadra; Tungabhadra Pushkaralu November 20 - December 1, 2020 11 Kumbha Aquarius Sindhu (Indus); Sindhu Pushkaram April 6–17, 2021 12 Mina Pisces Pranhita (Parineeta); Pranahita Pushkaralu April 13–24, 2022 Celebrations Pushkaram celebrations include reverence of ancestors, spiritual discourses, devotional music and cultural programmes. The devotees engage in activities such as snana (bath in the river), dāna (charity), japa (recitation of mantras), archana and dhyana (meditation). Theoretically, the festival lasts as long as Jupiter remains in the corresponding zodiac sign (generally, for one year). However, it draws major crowds only during the first 12 days. The first 12 days when the Jupiter enters the zodiac sign and the last 12 days when it exits the zodiac sign are considered as most auspicious. A dip in the sacred river is believed to erase all sins. The first twelve days are known as Adi Pushkaram, and the last twelve days are called Anthya Pushkaram. It is believed that during the above period of twenty-four days, "Pushkar", imbued with the power to make any river holy, will travel with Jupiter as Jupiter moves from one Zodiac house to another. Planets that fall in the "Pushkara navamsa" or "Puskara bhaga" of a birthchart are considered to be very beneficial and auspicious in jyotish astrology. In Telugu-speaking states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, Pushkaralu are celebrated for Godavari, Krishna, Tungabhadra, Pranahita and Bhima (near Bhima-Krishna Sangam) rivers. The major towns and cities to easily reach out by train and extensive bus services for pushkaralu in Telugu states are Godavari: Rajahmundry (Airport also), Bhadrachalam, Mancherial, Basara; Krishna: Vijayawada/Amaravati (Airport also), Nagarjuna Sagar, Srisailam, Beechupalli, Repalle; Tungabhadra: Mantralayam, Kurnool, Alampur; Pranahita: Kaleswaram-Sironcha (of Maharashtra), Korisini, and Vemanpally; Bhima: Khalhalli. All these places can be reached by direct bus services from Hyderabad and all local district headquarters. In Tamil Nadu, Pushkaram is celebrated in Tamraparni River when Jupiter is in Scorpio. In the four places where River Tamraparni flows from south to north, Banathirtham, Papanasam, Thirupudaimaruthur and Sinthupoondurai, the festival is celebrated in accordance with tradition. The Tamraparni temple at Suthamalli is also a place of religious celebration during the Pushkaram year. See also Kumbh Mela Godavari Maha Pushkaram Krishna Pushkaram References ^ a b Roshen Dalal (18 April 2014). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 921–. ISBN 978-81-8475-277-9. ^ a b c d Shrikala Warrier (2014). Kamandalu: The Seven Sacred Rivers of Hinduism. Mayur. pp. 25–26. ISBN 9780953567973. ^ L.D.S. Pillai (1 December 1996). Panchang and Horoscope. Asian Educational Services. p. 14. ISBN 978-81-206-0258-8. ^ Pillai, L.D.S. (1 December 1996). Panchang and Horoscope. Asian Educational Services. p. 14. ISBN 978-81-206-0258-8. ^ "Tamil Nadu: Thamirabarani Maha Pushkaram in October". ^ Ranee Kumar (2003-07-26). "Holy Dip". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 2016-07-24. ^ "Pranahita Pushkaram from today". The Times of India. 2015-12-06. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pushkaram. Telangana Pushkaralu Thirulalukundram temple pushkaramela Tungabhdra Pushkatalu
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:River_Godavari_at_Bhadrachalam_during_Pushkaram_in_2015.JPG"},{"link_name":"Godavari Pushkaram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godavari_Pushkaram"},{"link_name":"Bhadrachalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhadrachalam"},{"link_name":"Telugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_language"},{"link_name":"Kannada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_language"},{"link_name":"ancestor worship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestor_worship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roshen2014-1"}],"text":"Godavari Pushkaram at Bhadrachalam, 2015Pushkaram is an Indian festival dedicated to worshiping of rivers. It is also known as Pushkaralu (in Telugu), Pushkara (in Kannada) or Pushkar.It is celebrated at shrines along the banks of 12 major sacred rivers in India, in the form of ancestor worship, spiritual discourses, devotional music and cultural programmes. The celebration happens annually, once in 12 years along each river. Each river is associated with a zodiac sign, and the river for each year's festival is based on which sign Jupiter is in at the time. Due to regional variations, some of the zodiac signs are associated with multiple rivers.[1]","title":"Pushkaram"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jataka Parijata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jataka_Parijata"},{"link_name":"Shiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva"},{"link_name":"penance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapas_(Sanskrit)"},{"link_name":"Bṛhaspati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%B9%9Bhaspati"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shrikala_2014-2"}],"text":"According to a legend mentioned in astrology treatises such as Jataka Parijata (1426), a Brahmin was granted a boon from Shiva after severe penance. The boon was that he would be able to live in water and purify the holy rivers. The Brahmin came to be known as Pushkara (\"the one who nourishes\"). On a request from Bṛhaspati (Jupiter), he decided to enter one of the 12 sacred rivers when Bṛhaspati traveled from one zodiac sign to another.[2]","title":"Tradition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"zodiac sign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_astrology#R%C4%81%C5%9Bi_%E2%80%93_zodiacal_signs"},{"link_name":"Jupiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter"},{"link_name":"Bṛhaspati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%B9%9Bhaspati"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LDS1996-3"},{"link_name":"retrograde motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apparent_retrograde_motion"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"Bhima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhima_River"},{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"Tamraparni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thamirabarani_River"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roshen2014-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shrikala_2014-2"}],"text":"Each river is associated with a zodiac sign, and the river for each year's festival is based on which zodiac sign the planet Jupiter (Bṛhaspati) is in at that time.[3] There are periods when Jupiter is in retrograde motion, resulting in entry into the same Zodiac sign twice in a year. On such occasions, the second entry of Jupiter is reckoned for celebrating the first part of the festival.[4]The Pushkaram tradition is not mentioned in the early Hindu texts; it is part of the medieval Hindu astrological lore. Therefore, the names of 12 rivers may vary depending on the regional traditions. For example, in Maharashtra, Bhima is associated with Scorpio sign, while in Tamil Nadu, Tamraparni is associated with it. The sacred rivers include:[1][2]: 32","title":"The rivers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dāna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%81na"},{"link_name":"archana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archana_(Hinduism)"},{"link_name":"dhyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shrikala_2014-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shrikala_2014-2"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Pushkaram celebrations include reverence of ancestors, spiritual discourses, devotional music and cultural programmes. The devotees engage in activities such as snana (bath in the river), dāna (charity), japa (recitation of mantras), archana and dhyana (meditation).[2]Theoretically, the festival lasts as long as Jupiter remains in the corresponding zodiac sign (generally, for one year). However, it draws major crowds only during the first 12 days.[6] The first 12 days when the Jupiter enters the zodiac sign and the last 12 days when it exits the zodiac sign are considered as most auspicious. A dip in the sacred river is believed to erase all sins.[2] The first twelve days are known as Adi Pushkaram, and the last twelve days are called Anthya Pushkaram. It is believed that during the above period of twenty-four days, \"Pushkar\", imbued with the power to make any river holy, will travel with Jupiter as Jupiter moves from one Zodiac house to another. Planets that fall in the \"Pushkara navamsa\" or \"Puskara bhaga\" of a birthchart are considered to be very beneficial and auspicious in jyotish astrology. [citation needed]In Telugu-speaking states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, Pushkaralu are celebrated for Godavari, Krishna, Tungabhadra, Pranahita and Bhima (near Bhima-Krishna Sangam) rivers. The major towns and cities to easily reach out by train and extensive bus services for pushkaralu in Telugu states are Godavari: Rajahmundry (Airport also), Bhadrachalam, Mancherial, Basara; Krishna: Vijayawada/Amaravati (Airport also), Nagarjuna Sagar, Srisailam, Beechupalli, Repalle; Tungabhadra: Mantralayam, Kurnool, Alampur; Pranahita: Kaleswaram-Sironcha (of Maharashtra), Korisini, and Vemanpally; Bhima: Khalhalli. All these places can be reached by direct bus services from Hyderabad and all local district headquarters. [7]In Tamil Nadu, Pushkaram is celebrated in Tamraparni River when Jupiter is in Scorpio. In the four places where River Tamraparni flows from south to north, Banathirtham, Papanasam, Thirupudaimaruthur and Sinthupoondurai, the festival is celebrated in accordance with tradition. The Tamraparni temple at Suthamalli is also a place of religious celebration during the Pushkaram year.","title":"Celebrations"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juventudes_Socialistas_Unificadas
Unified Socialist Youth
["1 See also","2 References"]
JSU poster The Unified Socialist Youth (Spanish: Juventudes Socialistas Unificadas; JSU) was a youth organization formed in the spring of 1936 in Spain through the amalgamation of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) and Communist Party of Spain (PCE) youth groups. Its leader, Santiago Carrillo, came from the Socialist youth, but had secretly joined the Communist youth prior to the merger, and the group was soon dominated by the PCE. See also Antifascist Worker and Peasant Militias References ^ Beevor (2006) p. xxxv (political parties, groupings and organisations). Authority control databases International VIAF National Spain United States This article about a youth organization is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"title":"Antifascist Worker and Peasant Militias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifascist_Worker_and_Peasant_Militias"}]
[]
[{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/134470399","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX107991","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n95045779","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unified_Socialist_Youth&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_Centauri
T Centauri
["1 References"]
Variable star in the constellation Centaurus Not to be confused with Tau Centauri or Theta Centauri. T Centauri Observation dataEpoch J2000.0      Equinox J2000.0 Constellation Centaurus Right ascension 13h 41m 45.56335s Declination −33° 35′ 50.5658″ Apparent magnitude (V) 5.56 a- 8.44 Spectral typeK0:e-M4II:e Other designations T Cen, CD−32° 9549, HD 119090, HIP 66825, HR 5147, SAO 204739 A visual band light curve for T Centauri, plotted from ASAS data T Centauri is a variable star located in the far southern constellation Centaurus. It varies between magnitudes 5.56 and 8.44 over 181.4 days, making it intermittently visible to the naked eye. Pulsating between spectral classes K0:e and M4II:e, it has been classed as a semiregular variable, though Sebastian Otero of the American Association of Variable Star Observers has noted its curve more aligned with RV Tauri variable stars and has classified it as one. References ^ a b c d e f SIMBAD, T Centauri (accessed 22 July 2014) ^ a b c d e Watson, Christopher (27 December 2012). "T Centauri". AAVSO Website. American Association of Variable Star Observers. Retrieved 22 July 2014. ^ "ASAS All Star Catalogue". The All Sky Automated Survey. Retrieved 8 December 2021. vteConstellation of Centaurus List of stars in Centaurus Centaurus in Chinese astronomy StarsBayer α A (Rigil Kentaurus) B (Toliman) C (Proxima Centauri) β (Hadar) γ (Muhlifain) δ ε ζ (Alnair) η θ (Menkent) ι κ λ μ ν ξ1 ξ2 ο1 ο2 π ρ σ τ υ1 υ2 φ χ ψ Flamsteed 1 (i) 2 (g) 3 (k) 4 (h) Variable R T U V Y RR SV SX BV DY V346 V744 V752 V761 (a) V763 (C1) V766 V779 V803 V810 V816 (Przybylski's Star) V831 V842 V885 V886 V863 V945 (H) V1032 V1400 HR 4460 (A) 4466 (C2) 4476 (C3) 4499 4522 4523 4537 (j) 4546 (B) 4620 (E) 4652 (D) 4682 (F) 4712 (x1) 4721 4724 (x2) 4732 (G) 4748 (u) 4796 4817 (l) 4831 (w) 4874 (p) 4888 (e) 4889 (n) 4940 (f) 4979 4989 5006 (r) 5035 (J) 5041 (m) 5071 (K) 5089 (d) 5141 (Q) 5172 (M) 5174 (z) 5207 (N) 5222 (y) 5224 5241 5297 5358 (v) 5371 5471 (b) 5485 (c1) 5489 (c2) HD 97413 98176 100453 101930 102117 (Uklun) 103197 107914 108236 109749 110113 113538 113766 114386 114729 115600 116434 117207 117618 (Dofida) 121228 121504 124448 125072 125595 131399 Other 2MASS J1126−5003 2M1207 Gaia BH2 GJ 3737 PSR B1259−63/LS 2883 PSR J1311–3430 WASP-15 (Nyamien) WASP-41 WASP-42 WASP-167/KELT-13 Exoplanets 2M1207b b Centauri b HD 102117 b HD 103197 b HD 109749 b HD 101930 b HD 113538 b c HD 114386 b HD 114729 b HD 117207 b HD 117618 b HD 121504 b HIP 65426 b HIP 67522 b Proxima Centauri b c d WASP-15b Star clusters IC 2944 NGC 3766 NGC 4230 NGC 5286 NGC 5281 NGC 5316 NGC 5460 NGC 5617 NGC 5662 ω Scorpius–Centaurus association Stock 16 Nebulae Boomerang Nebula Fleming 1 G292.0+1.8 IC 2944 NGC 3918 NGC 5307 RCW 79 Southern Crab Nebula SN 185 (RCW 86) SuWt 2 GalaxiesNGC 3783 4444 4603 4622 4650A 4683 4696 4706 4709 4729 4730 4743 4744 4945 4976 5011 A 5026 5090 5091 5102 5114 5128 (Centaurus A) 5161 5253 5291 5398 5408 Other ESO 269-57 ESO 325-G004 ESO 383-76 ESO 444-46 IRAS 13224-3809 PKS 1144-379 PKS 1353−341 Galaxy clusters Abell S740 Shapley Supercluster Astronomical events Nova Centauri 2013 SN 185 SN 1895B SN 1986G Category This variable star–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"image_text":"A visual band light curve for T Centauri, plotted from ASAS data[3]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/TCenLightCurve.png/220px-TCenLightCurve.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"Watson, Christopher (27 December 2012). \"T Centauri\". AAVSO Website. American Association of Variable Star Observers. Retrieved 22 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aavso.org/vsx/index.php?view=detail.top&oid=7300","url_text":"\"T Centauri\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_of_Variable_Star_Observers","url_text":"American Association of Variable Star Observers"}]},{"reference":"\"ASAS All Star Catalogue\". The All Sky Automated Survey. Retrieved 8 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.astrouw.edu.pl/asas/?page=aasc","url_text":"\"ASAS All Star Catalogue\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranson_criteria
Ranson criteria
["1 Usage","1.1 Acute pancreatitis not secondary to gallstones","1.2 Acute pancreatitis secondary to gallstones","2 Alternatives","3 Interpretation","4 References"]
Ranson criteriaPurposeassess mortality risk of acute pancreatitis The Ranson criteria form a clinical prediction rule for predicting the prognosis and mortality risk of acute pancreatitis. They were introduced in 1974 by the English-American pancreatic expert and surgeon Dr. John Ranson (1938–1995). Usage A score of 3 or more indicates severe acute pancreatitis. This can cause organ failure, necrosis, infected necrosis, pseudocyst, and abscess. If diagnosed with severe acute pancreatitis, people will need to be admitted to a high-dependency unit or intensive care unit. Acute pancreatitis not secondary to gallstones At admission: Blood glucose > 11.11 mmol/L (> 200 mg/dL) Age > 55 years Serum LDH > 350 IU/L Serum AST > 250 IU/L WBC count > 16000 cells/mm3 Within 48 hours: Serum calcium < 2.0 mmol/L (< 8.0 mg/dL) Hematocrit decreased by > 10% Oxygen (hypoxemia with PaO2 < 60 mmHg) BUN increased by 1.8 or more mmol/L (5 or more mg/dL) after IV fluid hydration Base deficit (negative base excess) > 4 mEq/L Sequestration of fluids > 6 L Acute pancreatitis secondary to gallstones At admission: Glucose > 220 mg/dl Age > 70 years LDH > 400 IU/L AST > 250 IU/ 100 ml WBC count > 18000 cells/mm3 Within 48 hours: Serum calcium < 8 mg/dL Hematocrit decreased by > 10% Base deficit > 4 mEq/L BUN increased by > 2 mg/dL Sequestered fluid > 6L Alternatives Alternatively, pancreatitis severity can be assessed by any of the following: APACHE II score ≥ 8 Balthazar computed tomography severity index (CTSI) BISAP score Organ failure Substantial pancreatic necrosis (at least 30% glandular necrosis according to contrast-enhanced CT) Modified Glasgow Criteria Interpretation If the score ≥ 3, severe pancreatitis likely. If the score < 3, severe pancreatitis is unlikely Or Score 0 to 2 : 2% mortality Score 3 to 4 : 15% mortality Score 5 to 6 : 40% mortality Score 7 to 8 : 100% mortality References ^ Ranson JH, Rifkind KM, Roses DF, Fink SD, Eng K, Spencer FC (1974). "Prognostic signs and the role of operative management in acute pancreatitis". Surgery, Gynecology & Obstetrics. 139 (1): 69–81. PMID 4834279. ^ Baron, Todd H.; Desiree E. Morgan (1999-05-06). "Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis". N Engl J Med. 340 (18): 1412–1417. doi:10.1056/NEJM199905063401807. PMID 10228193. Retrieved 2009-02-08. vteTests and procedures involving the human digestive systemDigestive system surgeryDigestive tractUpper GI tractSGs / Esophagus Esophagectomy Heller myotomy Sialography Impedance–pH monitoring Esophageal pH monitoring Esophageal motility study Functional Lumen Imaging Probe High resolution manometry Stomach Sengstaken–Blakemore tube) Nasogastric tube Gastric lavage Bariatric surgery Adjustable gastric band Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty Gastric bypass surgery Sleeve gastrectomy Vertical banded gastroplasty surgery Collis gastroplasty Gastrectomy Billroth I Billroth II Roux-en-Y Gastroenterostomy Gastropexy Gastrostomy Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy Esophagogastric dissociation Hill repair Nissen fundoplication Pyloromyotomy Schilling test Medical imaging Endoscopy Esophagogastroduodenoscopy Barium swallow Upper gastrointestinal series Lower GI tractSmall bowel Bariatric surgery Duodenal switch Jejunoileal bypass Bowel resection Ileostomy Intestine transplantation Jejunostomy Partial ileal bypass surgery Strictureplasty Large bowel Appendectomy Colectomy Colonic polypectomy Colostomy Hartmann's operation Rectum Abdominoperineal resection Lower anterior resection Total mesorectal excision Anal canal Anal sphincterotomy Anorectal manometry Lateral internal sphincterotomy Rubber band ligation Transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization Medical imaging Endoscopy: Colonoscopy Anoscopy Capsule endoscopy Enteroscopy Proctoscopy Sigmoidoscopy Abdominal ultrasonography Defecography Double-contrast barium enema Endoanal ultrasound Enteroclysis Lower gastrointestinal series Small-bowel follow-through Transrectal ultrasonography Virtual colonoscopy Stool tests Fecal fat test Fecal pH test Stool guaiac test AccessoryLiver Artificial extracorporeal liver support Bioartificial liver devices Liver dialysis Hepatectomy Liver biopsy Liver transplantation Portal hypertension Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt Distal splenorenal shunt procedure Gallbladder, bile duct Cholecystectomy Cholecystostomy ERCP Hepatoportoenterostomy Medical imaging: Cholangiography IV MRCP PTC Cholecystography Cholescintigraphy Pancreas Frey's procedure Pancreas transplantation Pancreatectomy Pancreaticoduodenectomy Puestow procedure AbdominopelvicPeritoneum Diagnostic peritoneal lavage Intraperitoneal injection Laparoscopy Omentopexy Paracentesis Peritoneal dialysis Hernia Hernia repair Inguinal hernia surgery Femoral hernia repair Other Laparotomy Exploratory laparotomy Rapid urease test / Urea breath test Clinical prediction rules MELD PELD UKELD Child–Pugh score Ranson criteria Milan criteria
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"clinical prediction rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_prediction_rule"},{"link_name":"acute pancreatitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_pancreatitis"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"pancreatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreas"},{"link_name":"surgeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_surgery"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid4834279-1"}],"text":"The Ranson criteria form a clinical prediction rule for predicting the prognosis and mortality risk of acute pancreatitis. They were introduced in 1974 by the English-American pancreatic expert and surgeon Dr. John Ranson (1938–1995).[1]","title":"Ranson criteria"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"organ failure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_failure"},{"link_name":"necrosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrosis"},{"link_name":"pseudocyst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudocyst"},{"link_name":"abscess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abscess"},{"link_name":"high-dependency unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-dependency_unit"},{"link_name":"intensive care unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_care_unit"}],"text":"A score of 3 or more indicates severe acute pancreatitis. This can cause organ failure, necrosis, infected necrosis, pseudocyst, and abscess. If diagnosed with severe acute pancreatitis, people will need to be admitted to a high-dependency unit or intensive care unit.","title":"Usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blood glucose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_glucose"},{"link_name":"LDH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactate_dehydrogenase"},{"link_name":"AST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspartate_transaminase"},{"link_name":"WBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_blood_cell"},{"link_name":"Hematocrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematocrit"},{"link_name":"hypoxemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxemia"},{"link_name":"BUN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BUN"},{"link_name":"base excess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_excess"}],"sub_title":"Acute pancreatitis not secondary to gallstones","text":"At admission:Blood glucose > 11.11 mmol/L (> 200 mg/dL)\nAge > 55 years\nSerum LDH > 350 IU/L\nSerum AST > 250 IU/L\nWBC count > 16000 cells/mm3Within 48 hours:Serum calcium < 2.0 mmol/L (< 8.0 mg/dL)\nHematocrit decreased by > 10%\nOxygen (hypoxemia with PaO2 < 60 mmHg)\nBUN increased by 1.8 or more mmol/L (5 or more mg/dL) after IV fluid hydration\nBase deficit (negative base excess) > 4 mEq/L\nSequestration of fluids > 6 L","title":"Usage"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Acute pancreatitis secondary to gallstones","text":"At admission:Glucose > 220 mg/dl\nAge > 70 years\nLDH > 400 IU/L\nAST > 250 IU/ 100 ml\nWBC count > 18000 cells/mm3Within 48 hours:Serum calcium < 8 mg/dL\nHematocrit decreased by > 10%\nBase deficit > 4 mEq/L\nBUN increased by > 2 mg/dL\nSequestered fluid > 6L","title":"Usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"APACHE II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APACHE_II"},{"link_name":"CT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computed_tomography"}],"text":"Alternatively, pancreatitis severity can be assessed by any of the following:[2]APACHE II score ≥ 8\nBalthazar computed tomography severity index (CTSI)\nBISAP score\nOrgan failure\nSubstantial pancreatic necrosis (at least 30% glandular necrosis according to contrast-enhanced CT)\nModified Glasgow Criteria","title":"Alternatives"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"If the score ≥ 3, severe pancreatitis likely.\nIf the score < 3, severe pancreatitis is unlikelyOrScore 0 to 2 : 2% mortality\nScore 3 to 4 : 15% mortality\nScore 5 to 6 : 40% mortality\nScore 7 to 8 : 100% mortality","title":"Interpretation"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Ranson JH, Rifkind KM, Roses DF, Fink SD, Eng K, Spencer FC (1974). \"Prognostic signs and the role of operative management in acute pancreatitis\". Surgery, Gynecology & Obstetrics. 139 (1): 69–81. PMID 4834279.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4834279","url_text":"4834279"}]},{"reference":"Baron, Todd H.; Desiree E. Morgan (1999-05-06). \"Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis\". N Engl J Med. 340 (18): 1412–1417. doi:10.1056/NEJM199905063401807. PMID 10228193. Retrieved 2009-02-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/340/18/1412","url_text":"\"Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM199905063401807","url_text":"10.1056/NEJM199905063401807"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10228193","url_text":"10228193"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Paraense_Second_Division
Campeonato Paraense Second Division
["1 List of champions","2 Titles by team","2.1 By city","3 External links"]
This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Campeonato Paraense Second Division" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2024) Football leagueCampeonato Paraense Second DivisionFounded1994StateParáConfederationCBFFederação Paraense de FutebolNumber of teams18Level on pyramid2Promotion toCampeonato ParaenseRelegation toParaense 3rd DivisionCurrent championsCanaã (1st title) (2023)Most championshipsBragantinoVila Rica(3 titles each)TV partnersTV Cultura do ParáWebsitehttp://www.fpfpara.com.br The Campeonato Paraense Second Division, Campeonato Paraense Série B1, also nicknamed Segundinha, is the second tier professional football league in the Brazilian state of Pará. Run by the Federação Paraense de Futebol, the championship is contested between 18 clubs, in which the two best teams are promoted to Campeonato Paraense and the two worst teams are relegated to Paraense 3rd Division. List of champions Season Champions Runners-up 1994 Pedreira (1) Pinheirense 1995 Vila Rica (1) Matubeira 1996 Ananindeua (1) Santa Rosa 1997 São Francisco (1) São Raimundo 1999 Carajás (1) Tiradentes 2000 Pedreira (2) Bragantino 2001 Vila Rica (2) Ananindeua 2002 Bragantino (1) Vila Rica 2003 Castanhal (1) Vila Rica 2004 Abaeté (1) Independente 2005 Vênus (1) AC Izabelense 2006 Tiradentes (1) Vila Rica 2007 Vila Rica (3) Pinheirense 2008 Sport Belém (1) Time Negra 2009 Independente (1) Santa Rosa 2010 Parauapebas (1) Abaeté 2011 Bragantino (2) São Francisco 2012 Paragominas (1) Santa Cruz 2013 Time Negra (2) Gavião Kyikatejê 2014 Vênus (2) Tuna Luso 2015 Águia de Marabá (1) São Raimundo 2016 Pinheirense (1) Castanhal 2017 Bragantino (3) Parauapebas 2018 Tapajós (1) São Francisco 2019 Itupiranga (1) Carajás 2020 Tuna Luso (1) Gavião Kyikatejê 2021 Amazônia Independente (1) Caeté 2022 Cametá (1) São Francisco 2023 Canaã (1) Santa Rosa Note Carajás EC is called Time Negra from 2007 to 2016 due a partnership with Paysandu SC. Titles by team Bragantino – 3 Vila Rica – 3 Carajás – 2 Pedreira – 2 Vênus – 2 Abaeté – 1 Águia de Marabá – 1 Ananindeua – 1 Cametá – 1 Canaã – 1 Castanhal – 1 Independente – 1 Itupiranga – 1 Paragominas – 1 Parauapebas – 1 Pinheirense – 1 São Francisco – 1 Sport Belém – 1 Tapajós – 1 Tiradentes – 1 Tuna Luso – 1 Amazônia Independente – 1 By city City Championships Clubs Belém 11 Vila Rica (3), Carajás (2), Pedreira (2), Pinheirense (1), Sport Belém (1), Tiradentes (1), Tuna Luso (1) Abaetetuba 3 Vênus (2), Abaeté (1) Bragança 3 Bragantino (3) Santarém 3 Amazônia Independente (1), São Francisco (1), Tapajós (1) Ananindeua 1 Ananindeua (1) Cametá 1 Cametá (1) Canaã dos Carajás 1 Canaã (1) Castanhal 1 Castanhal (1) Itupiranga 1 Itupiranga (1) Marabá 1 Águia de Marabá (1) Paragominas 1 Paragominas (1) Parauapebas 1 Parauapebas (1) Tucuruí 1 Independente (1) External links FPF Official Website vte Football in BrazilBrazilian Football Confederation (CBF)Men'sNational teams National team (History Records Players Managers) U-23 U-20 U-17 U-15 Futsal Beach League system Série A Série B Série C Série D Domestic cups Copa do Brasil Supercopa do Brasil Copa do Nordeste Copa Verde Youth competitions U-23 U-20 (Cup, Supercup) U-17 (Cup, Supercup) Copa São Paulo (U-20) Copa Votorantim (U-15) State competitionsChampionships(List) Acre (2) Alagoas (2) Amapá (2) Amazonas (2) Bahia (2, 3) Ceará (2, 3) Distrito Federal (2, 3) Espírito Santo (2) Goiás (2, 3) Maranhão (2) Mato Grosso (2) Mato Grosso do Sul (2, 3) Minas Gerais (2, 3) Pará (2, 3) Paraíba (2, 3) Paraná (2, 3) Pernambuco (2, 3) Piauí (2) Rio de Janeiro (2, 3, 4, 5) Rio Grande do Norte (2) Rio Grande do Sul (2, 3) Rondônia (2) Roraima Santa Catarina (2, 3) São Paulo (2, 3, 4, 5, 6) Sergipe (2) Tocantins (2) Cups Alagoas Amazonas Bahia Ceará Espírito Santo Goiás Maranhão Mato Grosso Mato Grosso do Sul Minas Gerais Pará Paraíba Paraná Pernambuco Piauí Rio de Janeiro Rio Grande do Norte Rio Grande do Sul Rondônia Santa Catarina São Paulo Sergipe Tocantins Other Ceará (Copa dos Campeões Cearenses) Minas Gerais (Troféu Inconfidência, Recopa Mineira) Pará (Supercopa Grão-Pará) Rio de Janeiro (Taça Guanabara, Taça Rio) Rio Grande do Norte (Copa Cidade do Natal, Copa RN) Rio Grande do Sul (Recopa Gaúcha) Santa Catarina (Recopa Catarinense) São Paulo (Campeonato do Interior) Defunct competitions Wanderpreis Cup (1904–12) Campeonato Citadino de Porto Alegre (1910–72) Taça Salutaris (1911) Taça dos Campeões Estaduais RJ–SP (1912–87) Campeonato da Cidade de Campos (1914–77) Campeonato Fluminense (1915–78) Taça Ioduran (1917–19) Taça Competência (1918–32) Copa dos Campeões Estaduais (1920–37) Campeonato Brasileiro de Seleções Estaduais (1922–87) Torneio Rio–São Paulo (1933–2002) Taça Campeonato Estadual FPF (1934) Taça da Prefeitura do Distrito Federal (1938–96) Taça Cidade de São Paulo (1942–52) Torneio Prefeito Lineu Prestes (1950) Taça Armando Arruda Pereira (1952) Taça Brasil (1959–68) Campeonato Sul-Brasileiro (1962) Torneio dos Campeões 1967 Torneio Roberto Gomes Pedrosa (1967–70) Torneio Centro-Sul (1968–69) Torneio Norte-Nordeste (1968–70) Torneio dos Campeões da CBD (1969) Torneio do Povo (1971–73) Torneio de Integração da Amazônia (1975–2003) Torneio Nunes Freire (1976) Copa dos Campeões da Copa Brasil (1978) Torneio dos Campeões (1982) Torneio Heleno Nunes (1984) Taça Brahma dos Campeões (1992) Torneio Rei Dadá (1995) Copa dos Campeões Mundiais (1995–97) Torneio Maria Quitéria (1996–98) Festival Brasileiro de Futebol (1997) Copa Norte (1997–2002) Copa Centro-Oeste (1999–2002) Copa Sul-Minas (1999–2002) Copa dos Campeões (2000–02) Copa Integração (2005–09) Copa Alagipe (2005) Recopa Sul-Brasileira (2007–10) Super Series (2015) Primeira Liga (2016–17) Taça Asa Branca (2016–17) Copa Rubro–Verde (2018–19) Youth Copa Santiago (U-17) (1989–2020) Copa Macáe (U-17) (1997–2009) Taça Belo Horizonte (1985–2014, U-20), (2015–2018, U-17) Copa RS de Futebol (U-20) (2006–19) Awards CBF Ranking Champions Clubs G-12 Derbies Footballers Expatriate Managers Mascots Records Triple Crown Referees Seasons Transfers Venues Women'sNational teams National team (Managers) U-20 U-17 Futsal League system Série A1 Série A2 Série A3 Domestic cups Supercopa Feminina Youth competitions U-20 U-17 State championships Acre Alagoas Amapá Amazonas Bahia Ceará Distrito Federal Espírito Santo Goiás Maranhão Mato Grosso Mato Grosso do Sul Minas Gerais Pará Paraíba Paraná Pernambuco Piauí Rio de Janeiro Rio Grande do Norte Rio Grande do Sul Rondônia Roraima Santa Catarina São Paulo Sergipe Tocantins Defunct competitions Copa do Brasil Champions Clubs Footballers State federations Acre Alagoas Amapá Amazonas Bahia Ceará Distrito Federal Espírito Santo Goiás Maranhão Mato Grosso Mato Grosso do Sul Minas Gerais Pará Paraíba Paraná Pernambuco Piauí Rio de Janeiro Rio Grande do Norte Rio Grande do Sul Rondônia Roraima Santa Catarina São Paulo Sergipe Tocantins
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Pará","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Federação Paraense de Futebol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Paraense_de_Futebol"},{"link_name":"Campeonato Paraense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Paraense"},{"link_name":"Paraense 3rd Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Paraense_Third_Division"}],"text":"Football leagueThe Campeonato Paraense Second Division, Campeonato Paraense Série B1, also nicknamed Segundinha, is the second tier professional football league in the Brazilian state of Pará. Run by the Federação Paraense de Futebol, the championship is contested between 18 clubs, in which the two best teams are promoted to Campeonato Paraense and the two worst teams are relegated to Paraense 3rd Division.","title":"Campeonato Paraense Second Division"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carajás EC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caraj%C3%A1s_Esporte_Clube"},{"link_name":"Paysandu SC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paysandu_SC"}],"text":"NoteCarajás EC is called Time Negra from 2007 to 2016 due a partnership with Paysandu SC.","title":"List of champions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bragantino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bragantino_Clube_do_Par%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Vila Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clube_Atl%C3%A9tico_Vila_Rica"},{"link_name":"Carajás","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caraj%C3%A1s_Esporte_Clube"},{"link_name":"Pedreira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedreira_Esporte_Clube"},{"link_name":"Vênus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=V%C3%AAnus_Atl%C3%A9tico_Clube&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Abaeté","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaet%C3%A9_Futebol_Clube"},{"link_name":"Águia de Marabá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81guia_de_Marab%C3%A1_Futebol_Clube"},{"link_name":"Ananindeua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clube_Municipal_Ananindeua"},{"link_name":"Cametá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camet%C3%A1_Sport_Club"},{"link_name":"Canaã","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cana%C3%A3_Futebol_Clube"},{"link_name":"Castanhal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castanhal_Esporte_Clube"},{"link_name":"Independente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independente_Atl%C3%A9tico_Clube_(PA)"},{"link_name":"Itupiranga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_Clube_Itupiranga"},{"link_name":"Paragominas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paragominas_Futebol_Clube"},{"link_name":"Parauapebas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parauapebas_Futebol_Clube"},{"link_name":"Pinheirense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinheirense_Esporte_Clube"},{"link_name":"São Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Francisco_Futebol_Clube_(PA)"},{"link_name":"Sport Belém","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_Club_Bel%C3%A9m"},{"link_name":"Tapajós","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapaj%C3%B3s_Futebol_Clube"},{"link_name":"Tiradentes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Atl%C3%A9tica_Tiradentes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tuna Luso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuna_Luso_Brasileira"},{"link_name":"Amazônia Independente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaz%C3%B4nia_Independente_Futebol_Clube"}],"text":"Bragantino – 3\nVila Rica – 3\nCarajás – 2\nPedreira – 2\nVênus – 2\nAbaeté – 1\nÁguia de Marabá – 1\nAnanindeua – 1\nCametá – 1\nCanaã – 1\nCastanhal – 1\nIndependente – 1\nItupiranga – 1\nParagominas – 1\nParauapebas – 1\nPinheirense – 1\nSão Francisco – 1\nSport Belém – 1\nTapajós – 1\nTiradentes – 1\nTuna Luso – 1\nAmazônia Independente – 1","title":"Titles by team"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"By city","title":"Titles by team"}]
[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustace_Palmer
Eustace Palmer
["1 Early life","2 Education","3 Career","4 Literary works","5 References","6 Sources"]
Eustace Palmer is a Sierra Leonean professor, literary critic, and author. Early life Eustace Palmer was born in Freetown, Sierra Leone to ethnic Creole parents. Education Palmer was educated at primary and secondary schools in Sierra Leone. He attended the Prince of Wales School in Freetown, Sierra Leone. Palmer pursued his postgraduate education in the United Kingdom where he obtained an honors degree and Ph.D. In English Language and Literature from the University of Edinburgh. Palmer taught for several years at Fourah Bay College, the University of Sierra Leone. He was Professor of English, Chair of the English Department, Dean of the Faculty (School) of Arts, Public Orator, and Dean of Graduate Studies at Fourah Bay College. Career He has taught at the University of Texas at Austin, at Randolph Macon Woman's College, and as a Professor of English at Fourah Bay College, University of Sierra Leone. Currently, he teaches at Georgia College & State University. Palmer is an author and a literary critic. He was President of the African Literature Association (ALA) from 2006 to 2007. He is the recipient of the ALA's Distinguished Member award as well as the Georgia College & State University's Distinguished Professor Award. Literary works Palmer has many published books of literary criticism, including Studies in the English Novel, An Introduction to the African Novel, The Growth of the African Novel, Of War and Women Oppression and Optimism: New Essays on the African Novel and Knowledge is More Than Mere Words: A Critical Introduction to Sierra Leonean Literature. Palmer is also a novelist, the author of the novels A Hanging is Announced, Canfira's Travels, A Tale of Three Women and A Pillar of the Community. References ^ McDowell, Robert E. (1973). "Palmer, Eustace. An introduction to the African novel. New York: Africana, 1972". World Literature Written in English. 12 (1): 45–47. doi:10.1080/17449857308588242. ^ "Dr. Eustace Palmer" Archived 2015-11-09 at the Wayback Machine, Sierra Leonean Writers Series. Sources https://www.reinhardt.edu/academics/graduate-programs/mfa-cw/mfa-cw-faculty-staff/mfa-cw-eustace-palmer/ https://www.sl-writers-series.org/index.php/en/about-slws/107-members/112-dr-eustace-palmer Archived 2020-07-25 at the Wayback Machine http://www.thepatrioticvanguard.com/exclusive-a-rare-interview-with-professor-eustace-palmer-of-sierra-leone http://www.thisissierraleone.com/professor-eustace-palmerbroken-down-an-authors-writing-process/ https://africanlit.org/celebrating-eldred-durosimi-jones-and-eustace-palmer-reading-contemporary-sierra-leonean-literature/
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Eustace Palmer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Freetown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freetown"},{"link_name":"Creole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole"}],"text":"Eustace Palmer was born in Freetown, Sierra Leone to ethnic Creole parents.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prince of Wales School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_School"},{"link_name":"honors degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honours_degree"},{"link_name":"Ph.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"University of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Fourah Bay College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourah_Bay_College"},{"link_name":"Fourah Bay College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourah_Bay_College"}],"text":"Palmer was educated at primary and secondary schools in Sierra Leone. He attended the Prince of Wales School in Freetown, Sierra Leone. Palmer pursued his postgraduate education in the United Kingdom where he obtained an honors degree and Ph.D. In English Language and Literature from the University of Edinburgh. Palmer taught for several years at Fourah Bay College, the University of Sierra Leone. He was Professor of English, Chair of the English Department, Dean of the Faculty (School) of Arts, Public Orator, and Dean of Graduate Studies at Fourah Bay College.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Texas at Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin"},{"link_name":"Randolph Macon Woman's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randolph_Macon_Woman%27s_College"},{"link_name":"University of Sierra Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sierra_Leone"},{"link_name":"Georgia College & State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_College_%26_State_University"},{"link_name":"Georgia College & State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_College_%26_State_University"}],"text":"He has taught at the University of Texas at Austin, at Randolph Macon Woman's College, and as a Professor of English at Fourah Bay College, University of Sierra Leone. Currently, he teaches at Georgia College & State University. Palmer is an author and a literary critic. He was President of the African Literature Association (ALA) from 2006 to 2007. He is the recipient of the ALA's Distinguished Member award as well as the Georgia College & State University's Distinguished Professor Award.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Palmer has many published books of literary criticism, including Studies in the English Novel, An Introduction to the African Novel,[1] The Growth of the African Novel, Of War and Women Oppression and Optimism: New Essays on the African Novel and Knowledge is More Than Mere Words: A Critical Introduction to Sierra Leonean Literature. Palmer is also a novelist, the author of the novels A Hanging is Announced, Canfira's Travels, A Tale of Three Women and A Pillar of the Community.[2]","title":"Literary works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"https://www.reinhardt.edu/academics/graduate-programs/mfa-cw/mfa-cw-faculty-staff/mfa-cw-eustace-palmer/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.reinhardt.edu/academics/graduate-programs/mfa-cw/mfa-cw-faculty-staff/mfa-cw-eustace-palmer/"},{"link_name":"https://www.sl-writers-series.org/index.php/en/about-slws/107-members/112-dr-eustace-palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.sl-writers-series.org/index.php/en/about-slws/107-members/112-dr-eustace-palmer"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200725213903/https://www.sl-writers-series.org/index.php/en/about-slws/107-members/112-dr-eustace-palmer"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"http://www.thepatrioticvanguard.com/exclusive-a-rare-interview-with-professor-eustace-palmer-of-sierra-leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.thepatrioticvanguard.com/exclusive-a-rare-interview-with-professor-eustace-palmer-of-sierra-leone"},{"link_name":"http://www.thisissierraleone.com/professor-eustace-palmerbroken-down-an-authors-writing-process/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.thisissierraleone.com/professor-eustace-palmerbroken-down-an-authors-writing-process/"},{"link_name":"https://africanlit.org/celebrating-eldred-durosimi-jones-and-eustace-palmer-reading-contemporary-sierra-leonean-literature/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//africanlit.org/celebrating-eldred-durosimi-jones-and-eustace-palmer-reading-contemporary-sierra-leonean-literature/"}],"text":"https://www.reinhardt.edu/academics/graduate-programs/mfa-cw/mfa-cw-faculty-staff/mfa-cw-eustace-palmer/\nhttps://www.sl-writers-series.org/index.php/en/about-slws/107-members/112-dr-eustace-palmer Archived 2020-07-25 at the Wayback Machine\nhttp://www.thepatrioticvanguard.com/exclusive-a-rare-interview-with-professor-eustace-palmer-of-sierra-leone\nhttp://www.thisissierraleone.com/professor-eustace-palmerbroken-down-an-authors-writing-process/\nhttps://africanlit.org/celebrating-eldred-durosimi-jones-and-eustace-palmer-reading-contemporary-sierra-leonean-literature/","title":"Sources"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"McDowell, Robert E. (1973). \"Palmer, Eustace. An introduction to the African novel. New York: Africana, 1972\". World Literature Written in English. 12 (1): 45–47. doi:10.1080/17449857308588242.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17449857308588242?journalCode=rjpw19","url_text":"\"Palmer, Eustace. An introduction to the African novel. New York: Africana, 1972\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17449857308588242","url_text":"10.1080/17449857308588242"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald
Roald
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 62°34′57″N 6°07′29″E / 62.5824°N 6.1247°E / 62.5824; 6.1247For persons named Roald, see Roald (name). This article is about the village in Giske, Norway. For the former municipality of Roald in Norway, see Vigra. Village in Western Norway, NorwayRoaldVillageView of Roald (in the background)RoaldLocation in Møre og RomsdalShow map of Møre og RomsdalRoaldRoald (Norway)Show map of NorwayCoordinates: 62°34′57″N 6°07′29″E / 62.5824°N 6.1247°E / 62.5824; 6.1247CountryNorwayRegionWestern NorwayCountyMøre og RomsdalDistrictSunnmøreMunicipalityGiske MunicipalityArea • Total0.74 km2 (0.29 sq mi)Elevation4 m (13 ft)Population (2018) • Total943 • Density1,274/km2 (3,300/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)Post Code6040 Vigra Roald is a village in Giske Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. The village is located on the northern part of the island Vigra. Roald is located about 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of the city centre of Ålesund. It is connected to the mainland via two undersea tunnels which opened in 1987 (and was extensively upgraded in 2008). Ålesund Airport, Vigra is located 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) south of the village of Roald. Vigra Church is also located a short distance south of Roald. The 0.74-square-kilometre (180-acre) village has a population (2018) of 943 and a population density of 1,274 inhabitants per square kilometre (3,300/sq mi). The village of Roald was the administrative centre of the old Roald Municipality that existed from 1890 until its dissolution in 1964. The former municipality was later renamed Vigra Municipality. Since 1964, it has been a part of Giske Municipality. References ^ a b c Statistisk sentralbyrå (1 January 2018). "Urban settlements. Population and area, by municipality". ^ "Roald, Giske (Møre og Romsdal)". yr.no. Retrieved 2019-08-06. ^ Jukvam, Dag (1999). "Historisk oversikt over endringer i kommune- og fylkesinndelingen" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Statistisk sentralbyrå. This Møre og Romsdal location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serena_M._Au%C3%B1%C3%B3n-Chancellor
Serena Auñón-Chancellor
["1 Education","2 Medical career","3 NASA career","3.1 NEEMO","3.2 ISS mission","3.3 Management Astronaut","3.4 Russian accusations","4 Research","5 Personal life","6 Honors and awards","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
American physician, engineer, and NASA astronaut Serena Auñón-ChancellorNASA portrait, 2009BornSerena Maria Auñón (1976-04-09) April 9, 1976 (age 48)Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S.EducationGeorge Washington University (BS)University of Texas, Houston (MD)University of Texas, Galveston (MPH)Space careerNASA astronautTime in space196d 17h 49mSelectionNASA Group 20 (2009)MissionsSoyuz MS-09 (Expedition 56/57)Mission insignia Serena Maria Auñón-Chancellor (born April 9, 1976) is an American physician, engineer, and NASA astronaut. She visited the ISS as a flight engineer for Expedition 56/57 on the International Space Station. Education Auñón-Chancellor attended Poudre High School in Fort Collins, Colorado. She holds a B.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from George Washington University, an M.D. from the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) in 2001, and an M.P.H. degree from the University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB) in 2006. She completed a three-year residency in internal medicine at UTMB in Galveston, Texas, in 2004, and then completed an additional year as Chief Resident. She also completed an aerospace medicine residency at UTMB. She is board-certified in Internal Medicine and Aerospace Medicine. Medical career Auñón-Chancellor was hired by NASA as a flight surgeon and spent over nine months in Russia supporting medical operations for International Space Station astronauts. She received the 2009 Julian E. Ward Memorial Award from the Aerospace Medical Association for her contributions to spaceflight crewmember clinical care and development of medical kits to support launch and landing in Kazakhstan. NASA career Auñón-Chancellor was selected as an astronaut candidate in June 2009. She completed the astronaut candidacy training program in 2011. As part of her training, she spent two months in Antarctica from 2010 to 2011 as part of the ANSMET (Antarctic Search for Meteorites) expedition. The ANSMET expedition consisted of a 9-member systematic team and a 4-member reconnaissance team that explored new areas where future teams may go. Collectively they returned over 1200 meteorites. She served as the deputy crew surgeon for STS-127 and Expedition 22. She also serves as the deputy lead for Orion – Medical Operations. NEEMO In June 2012, Auñón piloted a DeepWorker 2000 submersible as part of the NASA/NOAA NEEMO 16 underwater exploration mission off Key Largo, Florida. In July 2015, Auñón-Chancellor participated as an aquanaut in the NEEMO 20 crew. ISS mission In 2018 she spent 196 days 17 hours 49 mins in space aboard the ISS as part of Soyuz MS-09 (Expedition 56/57). She represented NASA and the USA as Flight Engineer 1 from 6 June 2018 to 20 December 2018. Management Astronaut Aunon-Chancellor is a Management Astronaut and covers medical issues and on-orbit support in the Astronaut Office. In January 2020, she released a study on an unnamed astronaut who had to treat their own deep vein thrombosis on the International Space Station. Russian accusations In 2021 Russian state-owned news service TASS published accusations from an anonymous source claiming Auñón-Chancellor had an emotional breakdown in space and sabotaged the Soyuz spacecraft by drilling a hole in the module attached to the ISS during Expedition 56 in 2018. No evidence implicating Auñón-Chancellor was given. The accusation was denied by NASA, and came during a period of increasingly poor relations between NASA and the Russian space agency following the near-disastrous uncontrolled thruster firing of Russia’s Nauka ISS module. Research Auñón-Chancellor's research is concerned with the medical implications of space radiation exposure, including computer modelling of the radiation environment of a crewed orbiting spacecraft. Personal life Auñón's father is Jorge Auñón, a Cuban exile who arrived in the United States in 1960; her mother is Margaret Auñón. Auñón-Chancellor is married to physicist Jeff Chancellor and has a step-daughter (from her husband's previous marriage). Auñón-Chancellor is a licensed amateur radio operator with the call sign of KG5TMT. She earned her Technician Class license and was granted her callsign by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on June 2, 2017. During the final weeks of her ISS mission, Auñón-Chancellor made random (unscheduled) ham radio contacts from the ISS, generally as the ISS made its Saturday morning and early afternoon (US Time) passes over the US. Honors and awards Auñón-Chancellor has received the following awards and honors: 2004 - Thomas N. and Gleaves James Award for Excellent Performance by a Third-Year Resident in Internal Medicine. 2006 - William K. Douglas Award 2007 - Outstanding UTMB Resident Award 2009 - United States Air Force Flight Surgeons Julian Ward Award See also List of female astronauts – Women who have traveled to spacePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets List of Hispanic astronauts References  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. ^ a b c d NASA HQ (June 29, 2009). "NASA Selects New Astronauts for Future Space Exploration". NASA. Archived from the original on August 1, 2009. Retrieved June 29, 2009. ^ NASA HQ (June 29, 2009). "Astronaut Candidates". NASA. Retrieved June 29, 2009. ^ NASA (June 29, 2009). "In Their Own Words: Serena M. Aunon". NASA. Archived from the original on October 28, 2009. Retrieved June 29, 2009. ^ a b "Julian A. Ward Award". Archived from the original on July 20, 2011. ^ a b "Julian E Ward Award". Society of United States Air Force Flight Surgeons. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2018. ^ Harvey, Ralph (February 2011). "2010-2011 ANSMET Field Season Report". Antarctic Meteorite Newsletter. Vol. 34, no. 1. Archived from the original on August 17, 2022. ^ Squyres, Steve (June 17, 2012). "NEEMO 16: EVA Divers and Subs". NASA. Archived from the original on December 13, 2012. Retrieved July 12, 2012. ^ "Image of the Week: Aquanaut to astronaut". UK Space Agency. June 26, 2012. Retrieved July 12, 2012. ^ "crew of NEEMO 20". July 20, 2015. ^ "Serena M. Aunon-Chancellor, (M.D.) NASA Astronaut" (PDF). NASA. October 2019. Retrieved June 24, 2021. ^ January 2020, Leonard David 03 (January 3, 2020). "An Astronaut Got a Blood Clot in Space. Here's How Doctors on Earth Fixed It". Space.com.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ Thompson, Amy (August 14, 2021). "Russian space officials try to blame NASA astronaut for Soyuz air leak in 2018: report". Space.com. Retrieved January 23, 2022. ^ Berger, Eric (August 13, 2021). "NASA stands by its astronaut after incendiary Russian claims". Ars Technica. Retrieved January 23, 2022. ^ Davenport, Christian (December 21, 2021). "Tensions with Russia are now spilling into space, complicating International Space Station partnership". Washington Post. Retrieved January 23, 2022. ^ Chancellor, Jeffery C.; Auñon-Chancellor, Serena M.; Charles, John (January 2018). "Medical Implications of Space Radiation Exposure Due to Low-Altitude Polar Orbits". Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance. 89 (1): 1. doi:10.3357/AMHP.ED0118.2018. PMID 29233235 – via Ingenta Connect. ^ Chancellor JC, Blue RS, Cengel KA, Auñón-Chancellor SM, Rubins KH, Katzgraber HG, Kennedy AR (April 2018). "Limitations in predicting the space radiation health risk for exploration astronauts". npj Microgravity. 4: 8. doi:10.1038/s41526-018-0043-2. PMC 5882936. PMID 29644336. ^ "Graduate Student Jeff Chancellor Honored For Space Radiation Research". Texas A&M Today. May 18, 2018. ^ "Serena Aunon-Chancellor: family". www.spacefacts.de. Retrieved July 20, 2020. ^ "via the ARRL: Radio Amateurs to Swap Spots on International Space Station (ISS) Crew". June 3, 2018. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 8, 2018. ^ "KG5TMT Callsign Page". QRZ Callsign Database. Retrieved July 20, 2020. ^ "International Space Station Crew Member Fires Up NA1SS to Seek Random Contacts". www.arrl.org. Retrieved July 20, 2020. ^ "Serena Auñón-Chancellor" (PDF). NASA. October 2016. Retrieved June 12, 2018. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Serena M. Aunon. "Serena M. Aunon-Chancellor, (M.D.) NASA Astronaut" (PDF). NASA. October 2019. Retrieved June 24, 2021. Spacefacts biography of Serena M. Auñón 5 Things You Didn’t Know About Astronaut Serena Auñón-Chancellor NASA Johnson Space Center YouTube Channel, June 5, 2018 Serena Auñón-Chancellor on X vteNASA Astronaut Group 20, "The Chumps", 2009 NASA Astronaut Group 19 ← NASA Astronaut Group 20 → NASA Astronaut Group 21Pilots Jack D. Fischer Scott D. Tingle Gregory R. Wiseman Mission specialists Serena Auñón-Chancellor Jeanette J. Epps Michael S. Hopkins Kjell N. Lindgren Kathleen Rubins Mark T. Vande Hei Internationalmission specialists Jeremy Hansen (Canada) Norishige Kanai (Japan) Takuya Onishi (Japan) David Saint-Jacques (Canada) Kimiya Yui (Japan) vte NASA Astronaut Groups NASA Astronaut Corps Groups 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Related List of astronauts by year of selection Astronaut ranks and positions List of United States Marine Corps astronauts List of United States Space Force astronauts vteUnderwater diving Diving activities Diving modes Atmospheric pressure diving Freediving Saturation diving Scuba diving Snorkeling Surface oriented diving Surface-supplied diving Unmanned diving Diving equipment Cleaning and disinfection of personal diving equipment Human factors in diving equipment design Basic equipment Diving mask Snorkel Swimfin Breathing gas Bailout gas Bottom gas Breathing air Decompression gas Emergency gas supply Heliox Hydreliox Hydrox Nitrox Oxygen Travel gas Trimix Buoyancy andtrim equipment Buoyancy compensator Power inflator Dump valve Variable buoyancy pressure vessel Diving weighting system Ankle weights Integrated weights Trim weights Weight belt Decompressionequipment Decompression buoy Decompression chamber Decompression cylinder Decompression trapeze Dive computer Diving bell Diving shot Diving stage Jersey upline Jonline Diving suit Atmospheric diving suit JIM suit Newtsuit Dry suit Sladen suit Standard diving suit Rash vest Wetsuit Dive skins Hot-water suit Helmetsand masks Anti-fog Diving helmet Free-flow helmet Lightweight demand helmet Orinasal mask Reclaim helmet Shallow water helmet Standard diving helmet Diving mask Band mask Full-face mask Half mask Instrumentation Bottom timer Depth gauge Dive computer Dive timer Diving watch Helium release valve Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor Pneumofathometer Submersible pressure gauge Mobilityequipment Diver propulsion vehicle Diving bell Closed bell Wet bell Diving stage Swimfin Monofin PowerSwim Towboard Wet sub Safetyequipment Alternative air source Octopus regulator Pony bottle Bolt snap Buddy line Dive light Diver's cutting tool Diver's knife Diver's telephone Through-water communications Underwater acoustic communication Diving bell Diving safety harness Emergency gas supply Bailout block Bailout bottle Lifeline Screw gate carabiner Emergency locator beacon Rescue tether Safety helmet Shark-proof cage Snoopy loop Navigation equipment Distance line Diving compass Dive reel Line marker Surface marker buoy Silt screw Underwaterbreathingapparatus Atmospheric diving suit Diving cylinder Burst disc Scuba cylinder valve Diving helmet Reclaim helmet Diving regulator Mechanism of diving regulators Regulator malfunction Regulator freeze Single-hose regulator Twin-hose regulator Full-face diving mask Open-circuitscuba Scuba set Bailout bottle Decompression cylinder Independent doubles Manifolded twin set Scuba manifold Pony bottle Scuba configuration Sidemount Sling cylinder Diving rebreathers Carbon dioxide scrubber Carleton CDBA Clearance Divers Life Support Equipment Cryogenic rebreather CUMA DSEA Dolphin Halcyon PVR-BASC Halcyon RB80 IDA71 Interspiro DCSC LAR-5 LAR-6 LAR-V LARU Mark IV Amphibian Porpoise Ray Siebe Gorman CDBA Salvus Siva Surface-supplieddiving equipment Air line Diver's umbilical Diving air compressor Gas panel Hookah Scuba replacement Snuba Standard diving dress Divingequipmentmanufacturers AP Diving Apeks Aqua Lung America Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique Beuchat René Cavalero Cis-Lunar Cressi-Sub Dacor DESCO Dive Xtras Divex Diving Unlimited International Drägerwerk Fenzy Maurice Fernez Technisub Oscar Gugen Heinke HeinrichsWeikamp Johnson Outdoors Mares Morse Diving Nemrod Oceanic Worldwide Porpoise Shearwater Research Siebe Gorman Submarine Products Suunto Diving support equipmentAccess equipment Boarding stirrup Diver lift Diving bell Diving ladder Diving platform (scuba) Diving stage Downline Jackstay Launch and recovery system Messenger line Moon pool Breathing gashandling Air filtration Activated carbon Hopcalite Molecular sieve Silica gel Booster pump Carbon dioxide scrubber Cascade filling system Diver's pump Diving air compressor Diving air filter Water separator High pressure breathing air compressor Low pressure breathing air compressor Gas blending Gas blending for scuba diving Gas panel Gas reclaim system Gas storage bank Gas storage quad Gas storage tube Helium analyzer Nitrox production Membrane gas separation Pressure swing adsorption Oxygen analyser Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor Oxygen compatibility Decompressionequipment Air-lock Built-in breathing system Decompression tables Diving bell Bell cursor Closed bell Clump weight Launch and recovery system Wet bell Diving chamber Diving stage Recreational Dive Planner Saturation system Platforms Dive boat Canoe and kayak diving Combat Rubber Raiding Craft Liveaboard Subskimmer Diving support vessel HMS Challenger (K07) Underwaterhabitat Aquarius Reef Base Continental Shelf Station Two Helgoland Habitat Scott Carpenter Space Analog Station SEALAB Tektite habitat Remotely operatedunderwater vehicles 8A4-class ROUV ABISMO Atlantis ROV Team CURV Deep Drone Épaulard Global Explorer ROV Goldfish-class ROUV Kaikō ROV Kaşif ROUV Long-Term Mine Reconnaissance System Mini Rover ROV OpenROV ROV KIEL 6000 ROV PHOCA Scorpio ROV Sea Dragon-class ROV Seabed tractor Seafox drone SeaPerch SJT-class ROUV T1200 Trenching Unit VideoRay UROVs Safety equipment Diver down flag Diving shot ENOS Rescue-System Hyperbaric lifeboat Hyperbaric stretcher Jackstay Jonline Reserve gas supply General Diving spread Air spread Saturation spread Hot water system Sonar Underwater acoustic positioning system Underwater acoustic communication FreedivingActivities Aquathlon Apnoea finswimming Freediving Haenyeo Pearl hunting Ama Snorkeling Spearfishing Underwater football Underwater hockey Underwater rugby Underwater target shooting Competitions Nordic Deep Vertical Blue Disciplines Constant weight (CWT) Constant weight bi-fins (CWTB) Constant weight without fins (CNF) Dynamic apnea (DYN) Dynamic apnea without fins (DNF) Free immersion (FIM) No-limits apnea (NLT) Static apnea (STA) Skandalopetra diving Variable weight apnea (VWT) Variable weight apnea without fins Equipment Diving mask Diving suit Hawaiian sling Polespear Snorkel (swimming) Speargun Swimfins Monofin Water polo cap Freedivers Deborah Andollo Simone Arrigoni Peppo Biscarini Michael Board Sara Campbell Derya Can Göçen Goran Čolak Carlos Coste Robert Croft Mandy-Rae Cruickshank Yasemin Dalkılıç Leonardo D'Imporzano Flavia Eberhard Şahika Ercümen Emma Farrell Francisco Ferreras Pierre Frolla Flavia Eberhard Mehgan Heaney-Grier Elisabeth Kristoffersen Andriy Yevhenovych Khvetkevych Loïc Leferme Enzo Maiorca Jacques Mayol Audrey Mestre Karol Meyer Kate Middleton Stéphane Mifsud Alexey Molchanov Natalia Molchanova Dave Mullins Patrick Musimu Guillaume Néry Herbert Nitsch Umberto Pelizzari Liv Philip Annelie Pompe Stig Severinsen Tom Sietas Aharon Solomons Martin Štěpánek Walter Steyn Tanya Streeter William Trubridge Devrim Cenk Ulusoy Fatma Uruk Danai Varveri Alessia Zecchini Nataliia Zharkova Hazards Barotrauma Drowning Freediving blackout Deep-water blackout Shallow-water blackout Hypercapnia Hypothermia Historical Ama Octopus wrestling Swimming at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's underwater swimming Organisations AIDA International Scuba Schools International Australian Underwater Federation British Freediving Association Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins Performance Freediving International Professional divingOccupations Ama Commercial diver Commercial offshore diver Hazmat diver Divemaster Diving instructor Diving safety officer Diving superintendent Diving supervisor Haenyeo Media diver Police diver Public safety diver Scientific diver Underwater archaeologist Militarydiving Army engineer diver Canadian Armed Forces Divers Clearance diver Frogman Minentaucher Royal Navy ships diver United States military divers U.S. Navy diver U.S.Navy master diver Militarydivingunits Clearance Diving Branch (RAN) Commando Hubert Combat Divers Service (Lithuania) Comando Raggruppamento Subacquei e Incursori Teseo Tesei Decima Flottiglia MAS Frogman Corps (Denmark) Fuerzas Especiales Fukuryu GRUMEC Grup Gerak Khas Jagdkommando JW Formoza JW GROM JW Komandosów Kommando Spezialkräfte Marine KOPASKA MARCOS Marine Commandos Marinejegerkommandoen Marine Raider Regiment Minedykkerkommandoen Namibian Marine Corps Operational Diving Unit Naval Diving Unit (Singapore) Naval Service Diving Section Naval Special Operations Command Operational Diving Division (SA Navy) Royal Engineers Russian commando frogmen Sappers Divers Group Shayetet 13 Special Air Service Special Air Service Regiment Special Actions Detachment Special Boat Service Special Boat Squadron (Sri Lanka) Special Forces Command (Turkey) Special Forces Group (Belgium) Special Operations Battalion (Croatia) Special Service Group (Navy) Special Warfare Diving and Salvage Tactical Divers Group US Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance US Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions US Navy SEALs Underwater Construction Teams Underwater Demolition Command Underwater Demolition Team Underwater Offence (Turkish Armed Forces) UNGERIN Underwaterwork Commercial offshore diving Dive leader Diver training Recreational diver training Hazmat diving Hyperbaric welding Marine construction Offshore construction Underwater construction Media diving Nondestructive testing Pearl hunting Police diving Potable water diving Public safety diving Scientific diving Ships husbandry Sponge diving Submarine pipeline Underwater archaeology Archaeology of shipwrecks Underwater cutting and welding Underwater demolition Underwater inspection Underwater logging Underwater photography Underwater search and recovery Underwater searches Underwater videography Underwater survey Salvage diving SS Egypt Kronan La Belle SS Laurentic RMS Lusitania Mars Mary Rose USS Monitor HMS Royal George Vasa Divingcontractors COMEX Helix Energy Solutions Group International Marine Contractors Association Tools andequipment Abrasive waterjet Airlift Baited remote underwater video In-water surface cleaning Brush cart Cavitation cleaning Pressure washing Pigging Lifting bag Remotely operated underwater vehicle Thermal lance Tremie Water jetting Underwaterweapons Limpet mine Speargun Hawaiian sling Polespear Underwaterfirearm Gyrojet Mk 1 Underwater Defense Gun Powerhead Underwater pistols Heckler & Koch P11 SPP-1 underwater pistol Underwater revolvers AAI underwater revolver Underwater rifles ADS amphibious rifle APS underwater rifle ASM-DT amphibious rifle QBS-06 Recreational diving Recreational dive sites Index of recreational dive sites List of wreck diving sites Outline of recreational dive sites Specialties Altitude diving Cave diving Deep diving Ice diving Muck diving Open-water diving Rebreather diving Sidemount diving Solo diving Technical diving Underwater photography Wreck diving Diverorganisations British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC) Cave Divers Association of Australia (CDAA) Cave Diving Group (CDG) Comhairle Fo-Thuinn (CFT) Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas (FEDAS) Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins (FFESSM) International Association for Handicapped Divers (IAHD) Quintana Roo Speleological Survey (QRSS) Woodville Karst Plain Project (WKPP) Diving tourismindustry Dive center Diving in East Timor Diving in the Maldives Environmental impact of recreational diving Scuba diving tourism Scuba diving in the Cayman Islands Shark tourism Sinking ships for wreck diving sites Underwater diving on Guam Diving eventsand festivals Diversnight Underwater Bike Race Diving safety Human factors in diving equipment design Human factors in diving safety Life-support system Safety-critical system Scuba diving fatalities Underwater diving emergency Water safety Water surface searches Divinghazards List of diving hazards and precautions Environmental Current Delta-P Entanglement hazard Overhead Silt out Wave action Equipment Freeflow Use of breathing equipment in an underwater environment Failure of diving equipment other than breathing apparatus Single point of failure Physiological Cold shock response Decompression Nitrogen narcosis Oxygen toxicity Seasickness Uncontrolled decompression Diver behaviour and competence Lack of competence Overconfidence effect Panic Task loading Trait anxiety Willful violation Consequences Barotrauma Decompression sickness Drowning Hypothermia Hypoxia Hypercapnia Hyperthermia Non-freezing cold injury Divingprocedures Ascending and descending Emergency ascent Boat diving Canoe and kayak diving Buddy diving buddy check Decompression Decompression practice Pyle stop Ratio decompression Dive briefing Dive log Dive planning Rule of thirds Scuba gas planning Diver communications Diver rescue Diver training Doing It Right Drift diving Gas blending for scuba diving Night diving Rebreather diving Scuba gas management Solo diving Riskmanagement Checklist Hazard identification and risk assessment Hazard analysis Job safety analysis Risk assessment Hyperbaric evacuation and rescue Risk control Hierarchy of hazard controls Incident pit Lockout–tagout Permit To Work Redundancy Safety data sheet Situation awareness Diving team Bellman Chamber operator Diver medical technician Diver's attendant Diving supervisor Diving systems technician Gas man Life support technician Stand-by diver Equipmentsafety Breathing gas quality Testing and inspection of diving cylinders Hydrostatic test Sustained load cracking Diving regulator Breathing performance of regulators Occupationalsafety andhealth Association of Diving Contractors International International Marine Contractors Association Code of practice Contingency plan Diving regulations Emergency response plan Diving safety officer Diving superintendent Diving supervisor Operations manual Standard operating procedure Diving medicineDivingdisorders List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders Cramp Motion sickness Surfer's ear Pressurerelated Alternobaric vertigo Barostriction Barotrauma Air embolism Aerosinusitis Barodontalgia Dental barotrauma Middle ear barotrauma Pulmonary barotrauma Compression arthralgia Decompression illness Dysbarism Oxygen Freediving blackout Hyperoxia Hypoxia Oxygen toxicity Inert gases Avascular necrosis Decompression sickness Dysbaric osteonecrosis Inner ear decompression sickness Isobaric counterdiffusion Taravana High-pressure nervous syndrome Hydrogen narcosis Nitrogen narcosis Carbon dioxide Hypercapnia Hypocapnia Breathing gascontaminants Carbon monoxide poisoning Immersionrelated Asphyxia Drowning Hypothermia Immersion diuresis Instinctive drowning response Laryngospasm Salt water aspiration syndrome Swimming-induced pulmonary edema Treatment Demand valve oxygen therapy First aid Hyperbaric medicine Hyperbaric treatment schedules In-water recompression Oxygen therapy Therapeutic recompression Personnel Diving Medical Examiner Diving Medical Practitioner Diving Medical Technician Hyperbaric nursing Screening Atrial septal defect Effects of drugs on fitness to dive Fitness to dive Psychological fitness to dive ResearchResearchers indiving physiologyand medicine Arthur J. Bachrach Albert R. Behnke Peter B. Bennett Paul Bert George F. Bond Robert Boyle Alf O. Brubakk Albert A. Bühlmann John R. Clarke Guybon Chesney Castell Damant Kenneth William Donald William Paul Fife John Scott Haldane Robert William Hamilton Jr. Henry Valence Hempleman Leonard Erskine Hill Brian Andrew Hills Felix Hoppe-Seyler Christian J. Lambertsen Simon Mitchell Charles Momsen Neal W. Pollock John Rawlins Charles Wesley Shilling Edward D. Thalmann Jacques Triger Diving medicalresearchorganisations Aerospace Medical Association Divers Alert Network (DAN) Diving Diseases Research Centre (DDRC) Diving Medical Advisory Council (DMAC) European Diving Technology Committee (EDTC) European Underwater and Baromedical Society (EUBS) National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine Rubicon Foundation South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society (SPUMS) Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association (SAUHMA) Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society (UHMS) United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit (NEDU) Law Civil liability in recreational diving Diving regulations Duty of care List of legislation regulating underwater diving Investigation of diving accidents Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage History of underwater diving History of decompression research and development History of Diving Museum History of scuba diving List of researchers in underwater diving Lyons Maritime Museum Man in the Sea Museum Timeline of diving technology Pearling in Western Australia US Navy decompression models and tables Archeologicalsites SS Commodore USS Monitor Queen Anne's Revenge Whydah Gally Underwater artand artists The Diver Jason deCaires Taylor Engineersand inventors Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont William Beebe Georges Beuchat Giovanni Alfonso Borelli Joseph-Martin Cabirol John R. Clarke Jacques Cousteau Charles Anthony Deane John Deane Louis de Corlieu Auguste Denayrouze Ted Eldred Henry Fleuss Émile Gagnan Karl Heinrich Klingert Peter Kreeft Christian J. Lambertsen Yves Le Prieur John Lethbridge Ernest William Moir Joseph Salim Peress Auguste Piccard Joe Savoie Willard Franklyn Searle Gordon Smith Augustus Siebe Pierre-Marie Touboulic Jacques Triger Historicalequipment Aqua-Lung RV Calypso SP-350 Denise Magnesium torch Nikonos Porpoise regulator Standard diving dress Sub Marine Explorer Vintage scuba Diverpropulsionvehicles Advanced SEAL Delivery System Cosmos CE2F series Dry Combat Submersible Human torpedo Motorised Submersible Canoe Necker Nymph R-2 Mala-class swimmer delivery vehicle SEAL Delivery Vehicle Shallow Water Combat Submersible Siluro San Bartolomeo Welfreighter Wet Nellie Military andcovert operations Raid on Alexandria (1941) Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior Scientific projects 1992 cageless shark-diving expedition Mission 31 Awards and events Hans Hass Award International Scuba Diving Hall of Fame London Diving Chamber Dive Lectures NOGI Awards Women Divers Hall of Fame IncidentsDive boat incidents Sinking of MV Conception Diver rescues Alpazat cave rescue Tham Luang cave rescue Early diving John Day (carpenter) Charles Spalding Ebenezer Watson Freediving fatalities Loïc Leferme Audrey Mestre Nicholas Mevoli Natalia Molchanova Offshorediving incidents Byford Dolphin diving bell accident Drill Master diving accident Star Canopus diving accident Stena Seaspread diving accident Venture One diving accident Waage Drill II diving accident Wildrake diving accident Professionaldiving fatalities Roger Baldwin John Bennett Victor F. Guiel Jr. Francis P. Hammerberg Craig M. Hoffman Peter Henry Michael Holmes Johnson Sea Link accident Edwin Clayton Link Gerard Anthony Prangley Per Skipnes Robert John Smyth Albert D. Stover Richard A. Walker Lothar Michael Ward Joachim Wendler Bradley Westell Arne Zetterström Scuba divingfatalities 1973 Mount Gambier cave diving accident Ricardo Armbruster Allan Bridge David Bright Berry L. Cannon Cotton Coulson Cláudio Coutinho E. Yale Dawson Deon Dreyer Milan Dufek Sheck Exley Maurice Fargues Fernando Garfella Palmer Guy Garman Steve Irwin death Jim Jones Henry Way Kendall Artur Kozłowski Yuri Lipski Kirsty MacColl Agnes Milowka François de Roubaix Chris and Chrissy Rouse Dave Shaw Wesley C. Skiles Dewey Smith Rob Stewart Esbjörn Svensson Josef Velek PublicationsManuals NOAA Diving Manual U.S. Navy Diving Manual Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival Underwater Handbook Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving The new science of skin and scuba diving Professional Diver's Handbook Basic Scuba Standards andCodes of Practice Code of Practice for Scientific Diving (UNESCO) DIN 7876 IMCA Code of Practice for Offshore Diving ISO 24801 Recreational diving services — Requirements for the training of recreational scuba divers General non-fiction The Darkness Beckons Goldfinder The Last Dive Shadow Divers The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure Research List of Divers Alert Network publications Dive guides Training and registrationDivertraining Competence and assessment Competency-based learning Refresher training Skill assessment Diver training standard Diving instructor Diving school Occupational diver training Commercial diver training Military diver training Public safety diver training Scientific diver training Recreational diver training Introductory diving Teaching method Muscle memory Overlearning Stress exposure training Skills Combat sidestroke Diver navigation Diver trim Ear clearing Frenzel maneuver Valsalva maneuver Finning techniques Scuba skills Buddy breathing Low impact diving Diamond Reef System Surface-supplied diving skills Underwater searches RecreationalscubacertificationlevelsCore diving skills Advanced Open Water Diver Autonomous diver CMAS* scuba diver CMAS** scuba diver Introductory diving Low Impact Diver Master Scuba Diver Open Water Diver Supervised diver Leadership skills Dive leader Divemaster Diving instructor Master Instructor Specialist skills Rescue Diver Solo diver Diver trainingcertificationand registrationorganisations European Underwater Federation (EUF) International Diving Regulators and Certifiers Forum (IDRCF) International Diving Schools Association (IDSA) International Marine Contractors Association (IMCA) List of diver certification organizations National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Nautical Archaeology Society Universal Referral Program World Recreational Scuba Training Council (WRSTC) Commercial divercertificationauthorities Australian Diver Accreditation Scheme (ADAS) Commercial diver registration in South Africa Divers Institute of Technology Health and Safety Executive (HSE) Department of Employment and Labour Commercial divingschools Divers Academy International Norwegian diver school Free-divingcertificationagencies AIDA International (AIDA) Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) Performance Freediving International (PI) Scuba Schools International (SSI) Recreationalscubacertificationagencies American Canadian Underwater Certifications (ACUC) American Nitrox Divers International (ANDI) Association nationale des moniteurs de plongée (ANMP) British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC) Comhairle Fo-Thuinn (CFT) Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas (FEDAS) Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins (FFESSM) Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee (FIAS) Global Underwater Explorers (GUE) International Association for Handicapped Divers (IAHD) International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers (IANTD) International Life Saving Federation (ILS) Israeli Diving Federation (TIDF) National Academy of Scuba Educators (NASE) National Association of Underwater Instructors (NAUI) Nederlandse Onderwatersport Bond (NOB) Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI) Professional Diving Instructors Corporation (PDIC) Professional Technical and Recreational Diving (ProTec) Rebreather Association of International Divers (RAID) Sub-Aqua Association (SAA) Scuba Diving International (SDI) Scuba Educators International (SEI) Scottish Sub Aqua Club (ScotSAC) Scuba Schools International (SSI) Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu (TSSF) United Diving Instructors (UDI) YMCA SCUBA Program Scientific divercertificationauthorities American Academy of Underwater Sciences (AAUS) CMAS Scientific Committee Technical divercertificationagencies American Nitrox Divers International (ANDI) British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC) Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) Diving Science and Technology (DSAT) Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee (FIAS) International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers (IANTD) Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI) Professional Diving Instructors Corporation (PDIC) Professional Technical and Recreational Diving (ProTec) Rebreather Association of International Divers (RAID) Trimix Scuba Association (TSA) Technical Extended Range (TXR) Cavediving Cave Divers Association of Australia (CDAA) Cave Diving Group (CDG) Global Underwater Explorers (GUE) National Speleological Society#Cave Diving Group (CDG) National Association of Underwater Instructors (NAUI) Technical Diving International (TDI) Military divertraining centres Defence Diving School Navy Diving Salvage and Training Center Underwater Escape Training Unit Military divertraining courses United States Marine Corps Combatant Diver Course Underwater sportsSurface snorkeling Finswimming Snorkeling/breath-hold Spearfishing Underwater football Underwater hockey Australia Turkey Underwater rugby Colombia United States Underwater target shooting Breath-hold Aquathlon Apnoea finswimming Freediving Open Circuit Scuba Immersion finswimming Sport diving Underwater cycling Underwater orienteering Underwater photography Rebreather Underwater photography Sports governingorganisations and federations International AIDA International Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques) National AIDA Hellas Australian Underwater Federation British Freediving Association British Octopush Association British Underwater Sports Association Comhairle Fo-Thuinn Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins South African Underwater Sports Federation Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu Underwater Society of America) Competitions 14th CMAS Underwater Photography World Championship Underwater Hockey World Championships Underwater Orienteering World Championships Underwater Rugby World Championships Underwater diversPioneersof diving Eduard Admetlla i Lázaro Aquanaut Mary Bonnin Amelia Behrens-Furniss James F. Cahill Jacques Cousteau Billy Deans Dottie Frazier Trevor Hampton Hans Hass Dick Rutkowski Teseo Tesei Arne Zetterström Underwaterscientistsarchaeologists andenvironmentalists Michael Arbuthnot Robert Ballard George Bass Mensun Bound Louis Boutan Hugh Bradner Cathy Church Eugenie Clark James P. Delgado Sylvia Earle John Christopher Fine George R. Fischer Anders Franzén Honor Frost Fernando Garfella Palmer David Gibbins Graham Jessop Swietenia Puspa Lestari Pilar Luna Robert F. Marx Anna Marguerite McCann Innes McCartney Charles T. Meide Mark M. Newell Lyuba Ognenova-Marinova John Peter Oleson Mendel L. Peterson Richard Pyle Andreas Rechnitzer William R. Royal Margaret Rule Gunter Schöbel Stephanie Schwabe Myriam Seco E. Lee Spence Robert Sténuit Peter Throckmorton Cristina Zenato Scuba recordholders Pascal Bernabé Jim Bowden Mark Ellyatt Sheck Exley Nuno Gomes Claudia Serpieri Krzysztof Starnawski Underwaterfilmmakersand presenters Samir Alhafith David Attenborough Ramón Bravo Jean-Michel Cousteau Richie Kohler Paul Rose Andy Torbet Ivan Tors Andrew Wight Underwaterphotographers Doug Allan Tamara Benitez Georges Beuchat Adrian Biddle Jonathan Bird Eric Cheng Neville Coleman Jacques Cousteau John D. Craig Ben Cropp Bernard Delemotte David Doubilet Candice Farmer John Christopher Fine Rodney Fox Ric Frazier Stephen Frink Peter Gimbel Monty Halls Hans Hass Henry Way Kendall Rudie Kuiter Joseph B. MacInnis Luis Marden Agnes Milowka Noel Monkman Pete Oxford Steve Parish Zale Parry Pierre Petit Leni Riefenstahl Peter Scoones Brian Skerry Wesley C. Skiles E. Lee Spence Philippe Tailliez Ron Taylor Valerie Taylor Albert Tillman John Veltri Stan Waterman Michele Westmorland John Ernest Williamson J. Lamar Worzel Underwaterexplorers Caves Graham Balcombe Sheck Exley Martyn Farr Jochen Hasenmayer Jill Heinerth Jarrod Jablonski William Hogarth Main Tom Mount Jack Sheppard Bill Stone Reefs Arthur C. Clarke Wrecks Leigh Bishop John Chatterton Clive Cussler Bill Nagle Valerie van Heest Aristotelis Zervoudis Aquanauts Andrew Abercromby Joseph M. Acaba Clayton Anderson Richard R. Arnold Serena Auñón-Chancellor Michael Barratt (astronaut) Robert A. Barth Robert L. Behnken Randolph Bresnik Timothy J. Broderick Justin Brown Berry L. Cannon Scott Carpenter Gregory Chamitoff Steve Chappell Catherine Coleman Robin Cook Craig B. Cooper Fabien Cousteau Philippe Cousteau Timothy Creamer Jonathan Dory Pedro Duque Sylvia Earle Jeanette Epps Sheck Exley Albert Falco Andrew J. Feustel Michael Fincke Satoshi Furukawa Ronald J. Garan Jr. Michael L. Gernhardt Christopher E. Gerty David Gruber Chris Hadfield Jeremy Hansen José M. Hernández John Herrington Paul Hill Akihiko Hoshide Mark Hulsbeck Emma Hwang Norishige Kanai Les Kaufman Scott Kelly Karen Kohanowich Timothy Kopra Dominic Landucci Jon Lindbergh Kjell N. Lindgren Michael López-Alegría Joseph B. MacInnis Sandra Magnus Thomas Marshburn Matthias Maurer K. Megan McArthur Craig McKinley Jessica Meir Simone Melchior Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger Andreas Mogensen Karen Nyberg John D. Olivas Takuya Onishi Luca Parmitano Nicholas Patrick Tim Peake Thomas Pesquet Marc Reagan Garrett Reisman Kathleen Rubins Dick Rutkowski Tara Ruttley David Saint-Jacques Josef Schmid Robert Sheats Dewey Smith Steve Squyres Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper Robert Sténuit Hervé Stevenin Nicole Stott James Talacek Daniel M. Tani Robert Thirsk Bill Todd Mark T. Vande Hei Koichi Wakata Rex J. Walheim Shannon Walker John Morgan Wells Joachim Wendler Douglas H. Wheelock Peggy Whitson Dafydd Williams Jeffrey Williams Sunita Williams Reid Wiseman Kimiya Yui Writers and journalists Michael C. Barnette Victor Berge Philippe Diolé Gary Gentile Bret Gilliam Bob Halstead Hillary Hauser Trevor Jackson Steve Lewis John Mattera Rescuers Craig Challen Richard Harris Rick Stanton John Volanthen Frogmen Lionel Crabb Ian Edward Fraser Sydney Knowles James Joseph Magennis Commercial salvors Keith Jessop Science of underwater diving List of researchers in underwater diving Divingphysics Metre sea water Neutral buoyancy Underwater acoustics Modulated ultrasound Underwater vision Underwater computer vision Divingphysiology Blood shift Cold shock response Diving reflex Equivalent narcotic depth Maximum operating depth Physiological response to water immersion Thermal balance of the underwater diver Underwater vision Work of breathing Decompressiontheory Decompression models: Bühlmann decompression algorithm Haldane's decompression model Reduced gradient bubble model Thalmann algorithm Thermodynamic model of decompression Varying Permeability Model Equivalent air depth Oxygen window Physiology of decompression Divingenvironment Underwater exploration Deep-sea exploration Classification List of diving environments by type Altitude diving Benign water diving Confined water diving Deep diving Inland diving Inshore diving Muck diving Night diving Open-water diving Black-water diving Blue-water diving Penetration diving Cave diving Torricellian chamber Ice diving Wreck diving Recreational dive sites Underwater environment Underwater diving environment Impact Environmental impact of recreational diving Low impact diving Other Bathysphere Defense against swimmer incursions Diver detection sonar Offshore survey Rugged compact camera Underwater domain awareness Underwater vehicle Deep-submergencevehicle Aluminaut DSV Alvin American submarine NR-1 Bathyscaphe Archimède FNRS-2 FNRS-3 Harmony class bathyscaphe Sea Pole-class bathyscaphe Trieste II Deepsea Challenger Ictineu 3 JAGO Jiaolong Konsul-class submersible Limiting Factor Russian submarine Losharik Mir Nautile Pisces-class deep submergence vehicle DSV Sea Cliff DSV Shinkai DSV Shinkai 2000 DSV Shinkai 6500 DSV Turtle DSV-5 Nemo Submarine rescue International Submarine Escape and Rescue Liaison Office Submarine Escape and Rescue system (Royal Swedish Navy) McCann Rescue Chamber Submarine rescue ship Deep-submergencerescue vehicle LR5 LR7 MSM-1 Mystic-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle DSRV-1 Mystic DSRV-2 Avalon NATO Submarine Rescue System Priz-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle Russian deep submergence rescue vehicle AS-28 Russian submarine AS-34 ASRV Remora SRV-300 Submarine Rescue Diving Recompression System Type 7103 DSRV URF (Swedish Navy) Submarine escape Escape trunk Submarine escape training facility Submarine Escape Training Facility (Australia) Escape set Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus Momsen lung Steinke hood Submarine Escape Immersion Equipment Specialinterestgroups Artificial Reef Society of British Columbia CMAS Europe Coral Reef Alliance Divers Alert Network Green Fins Finger Lakes Underwater Preserve Association Karst Underwater Research Nautical Archaeology Program Nautical Archaeology Society Naval Air Command Sub Aqua Club Project AWARE Reef Check Reef Life Survey Rubicon Foundation Save Ontario Shipwrecks SeaKeys Sea Research Society Society for Underwater Historical Research Society for Underwater Technology Underwater Archaeology Branch, Naval History & Heritage Command Neutral buoyancyfacilities forAstronaut training Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory Neutral buoyancy pool Neutral buoyancy simulation as a training aid Neutral Buoyancy Simulator Space Systems Laboratory Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center Other Nautilus Productions Helicopter Aircrew Breathing Device Scuba diving therapy Seabed mining Category Commons Glossary Indexes: Dive sites Divers Diving Outline Portal Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newclass-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cand-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-itow-3"},{"link_name":"Expedition 56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedition_56"},{"link_name":"57","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedition_57"},{"link_name":"International Space Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station"}],"text":"Serena Maria Auñón-Chancellor (born April 9, 1976) is an American physician, engineer, and NASA astronaut.[1][2][3]\nShe visited the ISS as a flight engineer for Expedition 56/57 on the International Space Station.","title":"Serena Auñón-Chancellor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"B.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science"},{"link_name":"George Washington University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_University"},{"link_name":"M.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_Health_Science_Center_at_Houston"},{"link_name":"M.P.H.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Public_Health"},{"link_name":"University of Texas Medical Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_Medical_Branch"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newclass-1"},{"link_name":"UTMB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_Medical_Branch"},{"link_name":"aerospace medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace_medicine"}],"text":"Auñón-Chancellor attended Poudre High School in Fort Collins, Colorado. She holds a B.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from George Washington University, an M.D. from the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) in 2001, and an M.P.H. degree from the University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB) in 2006.[1] She completed a three-year residency in internal medicine at UTMB in Galveston, Texas, in 2004, and then completed an additional year as Chief Resident. She also completed an aerospace medicine residency at UTMB. She is board-certified in Internal Medicine and Aerospace Medicine.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"flight surgeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_surgeon"},{"link_name":"International Space Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station"},{"link_name":"Aerospace Medical Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace_Medical_Association"},{"link_name":"spaceflight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaceflight"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Julian_E._Ward-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ward-5"}],"text":"Auñón-Chancellor was hired by NASA as a flight surgeon and spent over nine months in Russia supporting medical operations for International Space Station astronauts.She received the 2009 Julian E. Ward Memorial Award from the Aerospace Medical Association for her contributions to spaceflight crewmember clinical care and development of medical kits to support launch and landing in Kazakhstan.[4][5]","title":"Medical career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newclass-1"},{"link_name":"ANSMET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSMET"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"STS-127","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-127"},{"link_name":"Expedition 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedition_22"},{"link_name":"Orion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Julian_E._Ward-4"}],"text":"Auñón-Chancellor was selected as an astronaut candidate in June 2009.[1] She completed the astronaut candidacy training program in 2011.As part of her training, she spent two months in Antarctica from 2010 to 2011 as part of the ANSMET (Antarctic Search for Meteorites) expedition. The ANSMET expedition consisted of a 9-member systematic team and a 4-member reconnaissance team that explored new areas where future teams may go. Collectively they returned over 1200 meteorites.[6]She served as the deputy crew surgeon for STS-127 and Expedition 22. She also serves as the deputy lead for Orion – Medical Operations.[4]","title":"NASA career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DeepWorker 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeepWorker_2000"},{"link_name":"submersible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submersible"},{"link_name":"NEEMO 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEEMO#NEEMO_16:_June_11%E2%80%9322,_2012"},{"link_name":"Key Largo, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_Largo,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sixteen1-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sixteen2-8"},{"link_name":"aquanaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquanaut"},{"link_name":"NEEMO 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEEMO#NEEMO_20:_July_20_%E2%80%93_August_2,_2015"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"NEEMO","text":"In June 2012, Auñón piloted a DeepWorker 2000 submersible as part of the NASA/NOAA NEEMO 16 underwater exploration mission off Key Largo, Florida.[7][8]In July 2015, Auñón-Chancellor participated as an aquanaut in the NEEMO 20 crew.[9]","title":"NASA career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soyuz MS-09","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_MS-09"},{"link_name":"Expedition 56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedition_56"},{"link_name":"57","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedition_57"}],"sub_title":"ISS mission","text":"In 2018 she spent 196 days 17 hours 49 mins in space aboard the ISS as part of Soyuz MS-09 (Expedition 56/57). She represented NASA and the USA as Flight Engineer 1 from 6 June 2018 to 20 December 2018.","title":"NASA career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio2019-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Management Astronaut","text":"Aunon-Chancellor is a Management Astronaut and covers medical issues and on-orbit support in the Astronaut Office.[10] In January 2020, she released a study on an unnamed astronaut who had to treat their own deep vein thrombosis on the International Space Station. \n[11]","title":"NASA career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nauka ISS module","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauka_(ISS_module)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thompson1-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-berger1-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davenport1-14"}],"sub_title":"Russian accusations","text":"In 2021 Russian state-owned news service TASS published accusations from an anonymous source claiming Auñón-Chancellor had an emotional breakdown in space and sabotaged the Soyuz spacecraft by drilling a hole in the module attached to the ISS during Expedition 56 in 2018. No evidence implicating Auñón-Chancellor was given. The accusation was denied by NASA, and came during a period of increasingly poor relations between NASA and the Russian space agency following the near-disastrous uncontrolled thruster firing of Russia’s Nauka ISS module.[12][13][14]","title":"NASA career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Auñón-Chancellor's research is concerned with the medical implications of space radiation exposure, including computer modelling of the radiation environment of a crewed orbiting spacecraft.[15][16]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newclass-1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"amateur radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_radio"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Auñón's father is Jorge Auñón, a Cuban exile who arrived in the United States in 1960; her mother is Margaret Auñón.[1]Auñón-Chancellor is married to physicist Jeff Chancellor[17] and has a step-daughter (from her husband's previous marriage).[18]Auñón-Chancellor is a licensed amateur radio operator with the call sign of KG5TMT.[19] She earned her Technician Class license and was granted her callsign by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on June 2, 2017.[20] During the final weeks of her ISS mission, Auñón-Chancellor made random (unscheduled) ham radio contacts from the ISS, generally as the ISS made its Saturday morning and early afternoon (US Time) passes over the US.[21]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NASAbio-22"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ward-5"}],"text":"Auñón-Chancellor has received the following awards and honors:[22]2004 - Thomas N. and Gleaves James Award for Excellent Performance by a Third-Year Resident in Internal Medicine.\n2006 - William K. Douglas Award\n2007 - Outstanding UTMB Resident Award\n2009 - United States Air Force Flight Surgeons Julian Ward Award[5]","title":"Honors and awards"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of female astronauts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_female_astronauts"},{"title":"List of Hispanic astronauts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hispanic_astronauts"}]
[{"reference":"NASA HQ (June 29, 2009). \"NASA Selects New Astronauts for Future Space Exploration\". NASA. Archived from the original on August 1, 2009. Retrieved June 29, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090801162824/http://www.nasa.gov/astronauts/ascans2009.html","url_text":"\"NASA Selects New Astronauts for Future Space Exploration\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA","url_text":"NASA"},{"url":"http://www.nasa.gov/astronauts/ascans2009.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"NASA HQ (June 29, 2009). \"Astronaut Candidates\". NASA. Retrieved June 29, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/ascanbio.html","url_text":"\"Astronaut Candidates\""}]},{"reference":"NASA (June 29, 2009). \"In Their Own Words: Serena M. Aunon\". NASA. Archived from the original on October 28, 2009. Retrieved June 29, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091028205915/http://www.nasa.gov/astronauts/2009_aunon.html","url_text":"\"In Their Own Words: Serena M. Aunon\""},{"url":"http://www.nasa.gov/astronauts/2009_aunon.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Julian A. Ward Award\". Archived from the original on July 20, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110720190013/http://www.asma.org/journal/html_news/ward-aunon.php","url_text":"\"Julian A. Ward Award\""},{"url":"http://www.asma.org/journal/html_news/ward-aunon.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Julian E Ward Award\". Society of United States Air Force Flight Surgeons. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuroi_Ushio
Kuroi Ushio
["1 Plot","2 Background","3 Legacy","4 Adaptation","5 Bibliography","6 References"]
1950 Japanese novel Kuroi Ushio AuthorYasushi InoueOriginal title黯い潮LanguageJapanesePublisherBungei Shunjū (magazine)Kadokawa Bunko (book)Publication date1950, 1952Publication placeJapanMedia typePrint Kuroi Ushio (黯い潮, lit. Black Tide) is the first full-length novel by Japanese writer Yasushi Inoue, set against the background of the 1949 Shimoyama incident. It first appeared in serialised form in the literary magazine Bungei Shunjū in 1950 and later in book form in 1952. Plot After the violent death of Sadanori Shimoyama, president of the Japanese National Railways, journalist Hayami, who works for the fictitious newspaper "K", is entrusted with the task of managing the coverage of the case. While rivaling newspapers advocate a murder theory, Hayami, who resents sensationalism, interprets the evidence and unofficial statements by police officers as suicide, for which he faces criticism by superiors and readers. During the investigations, Hayami thinks back to the death of his young wife Harumi 16 years ago, who committed suicide with another man, leaving behind no explanatory letter but only a short message telling him that she loves him. He also has repeated meetings with his former art teacher Usan, who wants him to help publish a book on ancient cloth colouring techniques. Usan offers him his daughter Keiko, who appears to be interested in Hayami, as a wife. The Shimoyama case eventually remains unsolved, and Hayami decides against the prospect of marrying Keiko. Background At the time of Shimoyama's death, Inoue was working for the Mainichi Shimbun newspaper, which favoured a suicide theory, while the Asahi Shimbun advocated the theory that Shimoyama had been murdered. The case was closed by the police without announcing a definite cause of death. Legacy Kuroi Ushio is regarded as one of Inoue's best-known works, which "encouraged the vogue of novelistic treatment of contemporary social and political events". Inoue's novel has not seen an English translation and publication yet. A translation into German appeared in 1980. Adaptation Kuroi Ushio was adapted into a film of the same name in 1954, directed by and starring Sō Yamamura. Bibliography Inoue, Yasushi (1952). 黯い潮 (Kuroi Ushio). Tokyo: Kadokawa Bunko. Inoue, Yasushi (1979). 黯い潮・霧の道 (Kuroi Ushio / Kiri no michi). Tokyo: Bungeishunjū. Inoue, Yasushi (1980). Schwarze Flut (Kuroi Ushio) (in German). Frankfurt: Suhrkamp. References ^ a b "「井上靖 人と文学3 -新聞記者時代-」展 ("Yasushi Inoue and Literature 3–Newspaper Reporter Era–" Exhibition)". Yasushi Inoue Memorial Hall (in Japanese). Retrieved 22 July 2021. ^ Domsch, Sebastian (6 March 2001). "Lebensfarben, Todesfarben (Life colours, death colours)". Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (in German). Retrieved 22 July 2021. ^ Shibata, Tetsutaka (19 May 2009). "振り返る昭和 昭和24年 戦後最大の謎、下山事件" (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 23 March 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2021. ^ Frédéric, Louis (2002). Japan Encyclopedia. Cambridge and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 390. ISBN 978-0-67400770-3. ^ Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan. Vol. 3. Tokyo and New York: Kōdansha. 1983. p. 311. ^ "黒い潮 (Kuroi Ushio)". Kinenote (in Japanese). Retrieved 22 July 2021. vteWorks by Yasushi Inoue The Hunting Gun (1949) The Bullfight (1949) Kuroi Ushio (1950) Life of a Counterfeiter (1951) Hyōheki (1956)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yasushi Inoue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasushi_Inoue"},{"link_name":"Shimoyama incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimoyama_incident"},{"link_name":"Bungei Shunjū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bungei_Shunj%C5%AB_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inouememorial-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-faz-2"}],"text":"Kuroi Ushio (黯い潮, lit. Black Tide) is the first full-length novel by Japanese writer Yasushi Inoue, set against the background of the 1949 Shimoyama incident. It first appeared in serialised form in the literary magazine Bungei Shunjū in 1950[1][2] and later in book form in 1952.","title":"Kuroi Ushio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese National Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_National_Railways"},{"link_name":"sensationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensationalism"}],"text":"After the violent death of Sadanori Shimoyama, president of the Japanese National Railways, journalist Hayami, who works for the fictitious newspaper \"K\", is entrusted with the task of managing the coverage of the case. While rivaling newspapers advocate a murder theory, Hayami, who resents sensationalism, interprets the evidence and unofficial statements by police officers as suicide, for which he faces criticism by superiors and readers. During the investigations, Hayami thinks back to the death of his young wife Harumi 16 years ago, who committed suicide with another man, leaving behind no explanatory letter but only a short message telling him that she loves him. He also has repeated meetings with his former art teacher Usan, who wants him to help publish a book on ancient cloth colouring techniques. Usan offers him his daughter Keiko, who appears to be interested in Hayami, as a wife. The Shimoyama case eventually remains unsolved, and Hayami decides against the prospect of marrying Keiko.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mainichi Shimbun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainichi_Shimbun"},{"link_name":"Asahi Shimbun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asahi_Shimbun"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inouememorial-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Asahi-3"}],"text":"At the time of Shimoyama's death, Inoue was working for the Mainichi Shimbun newspaper, which favoured a suicide theory, while the Asahi Shimbun advocated the theory that Shimoyama had been murdered.[1] The case was closed by the police without announcing a definite cause of death.[3]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Kuroi Ushio is regarded as one of Inoue's best-known works,[4] which \"encouraged the vogue of novelistic treatment of contemporary social and political events\".[5]Inoue's novel has not seen an English translation and publication yet. A translation into German appeared in 1980.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sō Yamamura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%8D_Yamamura"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Kuroi Ushio was adapted into a film of the same name in 1954, directed by and starring Sō Yamamura.[6]","title":"Adaptation"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Inoue, Yasushi (1952). 黯い潮 (Kuroi Ushio). Tokyo: Kadokawa Bunko.\nInoue, Yasushi (1979). 黯い潮・霧の道 (Kuroi Ushio / Kiri no michi). Tokyo: Bungeishunjū.\nInoue, Yasushi (1980). Schwarze Flut (Kuroi Ushio) (in German). Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Inoue, Yasushi (1952). 黯い潮 (Kuroi Ushio). Tokyo: Kadokawa Bunko.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Inoue, Yasushi (1979). 黯い潮・霧の道 (Kuroi Ushio / Kiri no michi). Tokyo: Bungeishunjū.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Inoue, Yasushi (1980). Schwarze Flut (Kuroi Ushio) (in German). Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"「井上靖 人と文学3 -新聞記者時代-」展 (\"Yasushi Inoue and Literature 3–Newspaper Reporter Era–\" Exhibition)\". Yasushi Inoue Memorial Hall (in Japanese). Retrieved 22 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://inoue.abs-tomonokai.jp/Exhibition/2012/2012-pe45.html","url_text":"\"「井上靖 人と文学3 -新聞記者時代-」展 (\"Yasushi Inoue and Literature 3–Newspaper Reporter Era–\" Exhibition)\""}]},{"reference":"Domsch, Sebastian (6 March 2001). \"Lebensfarben, Todesfarben (Life colours, death colours)\". Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (in German). Retrieved 22 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/buecher/rezensionen/belletristik/rezension-belletristik-lebensfarben-todesfarben-117275.html","url_text":"\"Lebensfarben, Todesfarben (Life colours, death colours)\""}]},{"reference":"Shibata, Tetsutaka (19 May 2009). \"振り返る昭和 昭和24年 戦後最大の謎、下山事件\" [Playback Showa 24 (1949) - Shimoyama Incident, the biggest mystery after the war] (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 23 March 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140323045444/http://doraku.asahi.com/earth/showa/090519.html","url_text":"\"振り返る昭和 昭和24年 戦後最大の謎、下山事件\""},{"url":"http://doraku.asahi.com/earth/showa/090519.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Frédéric, Louis (2002). Japan Encyclopedia. Cambridge and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 390. ISBN 978-0-67400770-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-67400770-3","url_text":"978-0-67400770-3"}]},{"reference":"Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan. Vol. 3. Tokyo and New York: Kōdansha. 1983. p. 311.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"黒い潮 (Kuroi Ushio)\". Kinenote (in Japanese). Retrieved 22 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kinenote.com/main/public/cinema/detail.aspx?cinema_id=24114","url_text":"\"黒い潮 (Kuroi Ushio)\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://inoue.abs-tomonokai.jp/Exhibition/2012/2012-pe45.html","external_links_name":"\"「井上靖 人と文学3 -新聞記者時代-」展 (\"Yasushi Inoue and Literature 3–Newspaper Reporter Era–\" Exhibition)\""},{"Link":"https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/buecher/rezensionen/belletristik/rezension-belletristik-lebensfarben-todesfarben-117275.html","external_links_name":"\"Lebensfarben, Todesfarben (Life colours, death colours)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140323045444/http://doraku.asahi.com/earth/showa/090519.html","external_links_name":"\"振り返る昭和 昭和24年 戦後最大の謎、下山事件\""},{"Link":"http://doraku.asahi.com/earth/showa/090519.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.kinenote.com/main/public/cinema/detail.aspx?cinema_id=24114","external_links_name":"\"黒い潮 (Kuroi Ushio)\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_and_miss_engine
Hit-and-miss engine
["1 Construction","2 Design","2.1 Operation","3 Usage","4 Replacement with throttle-governed engines","5 Preservation","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
Obsolete type of gasoline engine This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Hit-and-miss engine" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2010) A preserved hit-and-miss engine:1917 Amanco 2+1⁄4 hp (1.7 kW) 'Hired Man' A hit-and-miss engine or Hit 'N' Miss is a type of stationary internal combustion engine that is controlled by a governor to only fire at a set speed. They are usually 4-stroke but 2-stroke versions were made. It was conceived in the late 19th century and produced by various companies from the 1890s through approximately the 1940s. The name comes from the speed control on these engines: they fire ("hit") only when operating at or below a set speed, and cycle without firing ("miss") when they exceed their set speed. This is as compared to the "throttle governed" method of speed control. The sound made when the engine is running without a load is a distinctive "Snort POP whoosh whoosh whoosh whoosh snort POP" as the engine fires and then coasts until the speed decreases and it fires again to maintain its average speed. The snorting is caused by the atmospheric intake valve used on many of these engines. Many engine manufacturers made hit-and-miss engines during their peak use—from approximately 1910 through the early 1930s, when more modern designs began to replace them. Some of the largest engine manufacturers were Stover, Hercules, International Harvester (McCormick Deering), John Deere (Waterloo Engine Works), Maytag and Fairbanks Morse. In the Canadian Atlantic Provinces, primarily in Newfoundland, these engines were known, in colloquial conversation, as "Make-and-Break" engines. The main usage here was to drive traditional skiff style utility and fishing boats. Construction This is a video montage of the Otto engines running at the Western Minnesota Steam Threshers Reunion (WMSTR), in Rollag, Minnesota. It is a type of hit-and-miss engine.(2min 16sec, 320x240, 340 kbit/s video) A hit-and-miss engine is a type of flywheel engine. A flywheel engine is an engine that has a large flywheel or set of flywheels connected to the crankshaft. The flywheels maintain engine speed during engine cycles that do not produce driving mechanical forces. The flywheels store energy on the combustion stroke and supply the stored energy to the mechanical load on the other three strokes of the piston. When these engines were designed, technology was less advanced and manufacturers made all parts very large. A typical 6 horsepower (4.5 kW) engine weighs approximately 1000 pounds (454 kg). Typically, the material for all significant engine parts was cast iron. Small functional pieces were made of steel and machined to tolerance. The fuel system of a hit-and-miss engine consists of a fuel tank, fuel line, check valve and fuel mixer. The fuel tank most typically holds gasoline but many users started the engines with gasoline and then switched to a cheaper fuel, such as kerosene or diesel. The fuel line connects the fuel tank to the mixer. Along the fuel line, a check valve keeps the fuel from running back to the tank between combustion strokes. The mixer creates the correct fuel-air mixture by means of a needle valve attached to a weighted or spring-loaded piston usually in conjunction with an oil-damped dashpot. Mixer operation is simple, it contains only one moving part, that being the needle valve. While there are exceptions, a mixer doesn't store fuel in a bowl of any kind. Fuel is simply fed to the mixer, where due to the effect of Bernoulli's principle, it is self-metered in the venturi created below the weighted piston by the action of the attached needle valve, the method used to this day in the SU carburetor. Sparks to ignite the fuel mixture are created by either a spark plug or a device called an ignitor. When a spark plug is used, the spark was generated by either a magneto or else a trembler (or 'buzz') coil. A buzz coil uses battery power to generate a continuous series of high voltage pulses that are fed to the spark plug. For igniter ignition, either a battery and coil is used or a "low tension" magneto is used. With battery and coil ignition, a battery is wired in series with a wire coil and the igniter contacts. When the contacts of the ignitor are closed (the contacts reside inside the combustion chamber), electricity flows through the circuit. When the contacts are opened by the timing mechanism, a spark is generated across the contacts, which ignite the mixture. When a low tension magneto (really a low-voltage high-current generator) is used, the output of the magneto is fed directly to the igniter points and the spark is generated as with a battery and coil. Except for very large examples, lubrication was almost always manual. Main crankshaft bearings and the connecting rod bearing on the crankshaft generally has a grease cup—a small container (cup) filled with grease and a screwed-on cover. A typical engine oiler. This is one made by Lunkenheimer When the cover is screwed down tighter, grease is forced out of the bottom of the cup and into the bearing. Some early engines have just a hole in the bearing casting cap where an operator squirts lubricating oil while the engine is running. The piston is lubricated by a drip oiler that continuously feeds drips of oil onto the piston. The excess oil from the piston runs out of the cylinder onto the engine and eventually onto the ground. The drip oiler can be adjusted to drip faster or slower depending on the need for lubrication, dictated by how hard the engine is working. The rest of the moving engine components were all lubricated by oil that the engine operator had to apply periodically while the engine was running. Virtually all hit-and-miss engines are of the "open crank" style, that is, there is no enclosed crankcase. The crankshaft, connecting rod, camshaft, gears, governor, etc. are all completely exposed and can be viewed in operation when the engine is running. This makes for a messy environment as oil and sometimes grease are thrown from the engine as well as oil running onto the ground. Another disadvantage is that dirt and dust can get on all moving engine parts, causing excessive wear and engine malfunctions. Frequent cleaning of the engine is therefore required to keep it in proper operating condition. Cooling of the majority of hit-and-miss engines is by hopper cooling, with water in an open reservoir. There was a small portion of small and fractional horsepower engines that were air-cooled with the aid of an incorporated fan. The water-cooled engine has a built in reservoir (larger engines usually don't have a reservoir and require connection to a large external tank for cooling water via pipe connections on the cylinder). The water reservoir includes the area around the cylinder as well as the cylinder head (most cases) and a tank mounted or cast above the cylinder. When the engine runs it heats the water. Cooling is accomplished by the water steaming off and removing heat from the engine. When an engine runs under load for a period of time, it is common for the water in the reservoir to boil. Replacement of lost water is needed from time to time. A danger of the water-cooled design is freezing in cold weather. Many engines were ruined when a forgetful operator neglected to drain the water when the engine was not in use, and the water froze and broke the cast iron engine pieces. However, New Holland patented a v-shaped reservoir, so that expanding ice pushed up and into a larger space rather than break the reservoir. Water jacket repairs are common on many of the engines that still exist. Design These were simple engines compared to modern engine design. However, they incorporate some innovative designs in several areas, often in an attempt to circumvent patent infringement for a particular component. This is particularly true of the governor. Governors are centrifugal, swinging arm, pivot arm, and many others. The actuator mechanism to govern speed is also varied depending on patents existing and the governor used. See, for example, U.S. Patents 543,157 from 1895 or 980,658 from 1911. However accomplished, the governor has one job - to control the speed of the engine. In modern engines, power output is controlled by throttling the flow of the air through the intake by means of a butterfly valve; the only exception to this being in diesels and Valvetronic petrol engines. Operation The intake valve on hit-and-miss engines has no actuator; instead, a light spring holds the intake valve closed unless a vacuum in the cylinder draws it open. This vacuum only occurs if the exhaust valve is closed during the piston's down-stroke. When the hit-and-miss engine is operating above its set speed, the governor holds the exhaust valve open, preventing a vacuum in the cylinder and causing the intake valve to remain closed, thus interrupting the Otto cycle firing mechanism. When the engine is operating at or below its set speed, the governor lets the exhaust valve close. On the next down-stroke, a vacuum in the cylinder opens the intake valve and lets the fuel-air mixture enter. This mechanism prevents fuel consumption during the intake stroke of "miss" cycles. A video explanation on the workings of a hit and miss engine can be found here Usage A Jaeger trash pump used for pumping dirty (trashy) water. It has a Hercules 2½ HP (1.9 kW) engine. This is an example of an integrated function of hit-and-miss engines (i.e., not belted) Hit-and-miss engines produced power outputs from 1 through approximately 100 horsepower (0.75 - 75 kW). These engines run slowly—typically from 250 revolutions per minute (rpm) for large horsepower engines to 600 rpm for small horsepower engines. They powered pumps for cultivation, saws for cutting wood, generators for electricity in rural areas, farm equipment, and many other stationary applications. Some were mounted on cement mixers. These engines also ran some early washing machines. They were a labour-saving device on farms, and helped farmers accomplish much more than they could previously. The engine was typically belted to the device being powered by a wide flat belt, typically from 2 - 6 inches (5 – 15 cm) wide. The flat belt was driven by a pulley on the engine that attached either to a flywheel or to the crankshaft. The pulley was specially made to have a circumference slightly tapered from the middle to each edge (like an over-inflated car tyre) so that the middle of the pulley was a slightly larger diameter. This kept the flat belt in the centre of the pulley. Replacement with throttle-governed engines By the 1930s, more-advanced engines became common. Flywheel engines are extremely heavy for the power produced, and run at very slow speeds. Older engines required a lot of maintenance and were not easily incorporated into mobile applications. In the late 1920s, International Harvester already had the model M engine, which was an enclosed version of a flywheel engine. Their next step was the model LA, which was a totally enclosed engine (except for the valve system) featuring self-lubrication (oil in the crankcase), reliable spark plug ignition, faster-speed operation (up to about 750-800 RPM) and most of all, light in weight compared to earlier generations. While the 1½ HP (1.1 kW) model LA still weighed about 150 pounds (68 kg), it was far lighter than the model M 1½ HP engine, which is in the 300-350 pound (136 – 159 kg) range. Later a slightly improved LA, the LB was produced. The models M, LA and LB are throttle governed. As time passed, more engine manufacturers moved to the enclosed crankcase engine. Companies like Briggs and Stratton were also producing lightweight air-cooled engines in the 1/2 to 2 HP (.37 - 1.5 kW) range and used much lighter-weight materials. These engines also run at much higher speeds (up to approximately 2,000-4,000 RPM) and therefore produce more power for a given size than slow flywheel engines. Most flywheel engine production ceased in the 1940s, but modern engines of this kind remain in use for applications where the low speed is desirable, mostly in oil field applications such as pumpjacks. Maintenance is less of a problem with modern flywheel engines than older ones due to their enclosed crankcases and more advanced materials. Preservation Thousands of out-of-use flywheel engines were scrapped in the iron and steel drives of World War II—but many survived and have been restored to working order by enthusiasts. Numerous preserved hit-and-miss engines may be seen in action at shows dedicated to antique engines (which often also have antique tractors), as well as in the stationary engine section of steam fairs, vintage vehicle rallies, and county fairs. See also Bang-bang control References ^ a b "Early History Of The Wisconsin Motor Company". ^ Michael Lawrence Mery, "Explosive engine," U.S. patent 543,157 (filed: Feb. 7, 1895; issued: July 23, 1895). ^ Theodore C. Menges, "Speed-regulator for internal-combustion engines," U.S. patent 980,658 (filed: Oct. 28, 1909; issued: Jan. 3, 1911). Wendel, C.H. (1983). American Gasoline Engines Since 1872. Crestline. ISBN 0-912612-22-3. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hit-and-miss engines. Harry's Old Engine "Antique gas engine collection" – a wide variety of hit-and-miss engine manuals (different makes, different uses), each with a detailed, illustrated description page, some including audio clips of the engines running Video of a 6hp Root & Vandervoort Hit & Miss Engine Description of Novo 6HP engine (manufactured in Lansing Michigan) with video showing engine in operation Description of a Fairbanks Jack-of-all-trades engine Description of a Jaeger 2HP engine Description of a Reid 15HP engine Video of large hit-and-miss engine Video of small hit-and-miss engine "International Harvester Famous 3 Horsepower Hit-Miss Engine" – Description of International Harvester Famous 3 Horsepower Hit-Miss Engine Gas Engine Magazine (features) – Enthusiast's magazine covering the history and preservation of hit-and-miss engines 7 hp Fuller & Johnson Restoration Authority control databases: National Japan
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amanco_hit-and-miss_engine(GDSF_2007).JPG"},{"link_name":"stationary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stationary_engine"},{"link_name":"internal combustion engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine"},{"link_name":"governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_(device)"},{"link_name":"throttle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throttle"},{"link_name":"valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve"},{"link_name":"Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules_Engine_Company"},{"link_name":"International Harvester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Harvester"},{"link_name":"McCormick Deering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCormick_Deering&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John Deere (Waterloo Engine Works)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Deere"},{"link_name":"Maytag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maytag"},{"link_name":"Fairbanks Morse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairbanks_Morse"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Provinces"},{"link_name":"Newfoundland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland"},{"link_name":"colloquial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloquial"},{"link_name":"skiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiff"}],"text":"A preserved hit-and-miss engine:1917 Amanco 2+1⁄4 hp (1.7 kW) 'Hired Man'A hit-and-miss engine or Hit 'N' Miss is a type of stationary internal combustion engine that is controlled by a governor to only fire at a set speed. They are usually 4-stroke but 2-stroke versions were made. It was conceived in the late 19th century and produced by various companies from the 1890s through approximately the 1940s. The name comes from the speed control on these engines: they fire (\"hit\") only when operating at or below a set speed, and cycle without firing (\"miss\") when they exceed their set speed. This is as compared to the \"throttle governed\" method of speed control. The sound made when the engine is running without a load is a distinctive \"Snort POP whoosh whoosh whoosh whoosh snort POP\" as the engine fires and then coasts until the speed decreases and it fires again to maintain its average speed. The snorting is caused by the atmospheric intake valve used on many of these engines.Many engine manufacturers made hit-and-miss engines during their peak use—from approximately 1910 through the early 1930s, when more modern designs began to replace them. Some of the largest engine manufacturers were Stover, Hercules, International Harvester (McCormick Deering), John Deere (Waterloo Engine Works), Maytag and Fairbanks Morse.In the Canadian Atlantic Provinces, primarily in Newfoundland, these engines were known, in colloquial conversation, as \"Make-and-Break\" engines. The main usage here was to drive traditional skiff style utility and fishing boats.","title":"Hit-and-miss engine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Otto engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_engines"},{"link_name":"WMSTR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMSTR"},{"link_name":"flywheel engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flywheel_engine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bWW-1"},{"link_name":"flywheel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flywheel"},{"link_name":"crankshaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crankshaft"},{"link_name":"cast iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast_iron"},{"link_name":"steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel"},{"link_name":"machined","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machined"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bWW-1"},{"link_name":"check valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Check_valve"},{"link_name":"gasoline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoline"},{"link_name":"kerosene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerosene"},{"link_name":"diesel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_fuel"},{"link_name":"needle valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Needle_valve"},{"link_name":"dashpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashpot"},{"link_name":"Bernoulli's principle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli%27s_principle"},{"link_name":"SU carburetor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SU_carburetor"},{"link_name":"spark plug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spark_plug"},{"link_name":"ignitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_turbine"},{"link_name":"magneto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignition_magneto"},{"link_name":"trembler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trembler_coil"},{"link_name":"coil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_tension_coil"},{"link_name":"connecting rod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecting_rod"},{"link_name":"grease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grease_(lubricant)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Engine_oiler.jpg"},{"link_name":"crankcase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crankcase"},{"link_name":"camshaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camshaft"},{"link_name":"hopper cooling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopper_cooling"},{"link_name":"cylinder head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder_head"}],"text":"This is a video montage of the Otto engines running at the Western Minnesota Steam Threshers Reunion (WMSTR), in Rollag, Minnesota. It is a type of hit-and-miss engine.(2min 16sec, 320x240, 340 kbit/s video)A hit-and-miss engine is a type of flywheel engine.[1] A flywheel engine is an engine that has a large flywheel or set of flywheels connected to the crankshaft. The flywheels maintain engine speed during engine cycles that do not produce driving mechanical forces. The flywheels store energy on the combustion stroke and supply the stored energy to the mechanical load on the other three strokes of the piston. When these engines were designed, technology was less advanced and manufacturers made all parts very large. A typical 6 horsepower (4.5 kW) engine weighs approximately 1000 pounds (454 kg). Typically, the material for all significant engine parts was cast iron. Small functional pieces were made of steel and machined to tolerance.[1]The fuel system of a hit-and-miss engine consists of a fuel tank, fuel line, check valve and fuel mixer. The fuel tank most typically holds gasoline but many users started the engines with gasoline and then switched to a cheaper fuel, such as kerosene or diesel. The fuel line connects the fuel tank to the mixer. Along the fuel line, a check valve keeps the fuel from running back to the tank between combustion strokes. The mixer creates the correct fuel-air mixture by means of a needle valve attached to a weighted or spring-loaded piston usually in conjunction with an oil-damped dashpot.Mixer operation is simple, it contains only one moving part, that being the needle valve. While there are exceptions, a mixer doesn't store fuel in a bowl of any kind. Fuel is simply fed to the mixer, where due to the effect of Bernoulli's principle, it is self-metered in the venturi created below the weighted piston by the action of the attached needle valve, the method used to this day in the SU carburetor.Sparks to ignite the fuel mixture are created by either a spark plug or a device called an ignitor. When a spark plug is used, the spark was generated by either a magneto or else a trembler (or 'buzz') coil. A buzz coil uses battery power to generate a continuous series of high voltage pulses that are fed to the spark plug. For igniter ignition, either a battery and coil is used or a \"low tension\" magneto is used. With battery and coil ignition, a battery is wired in series with a wire coil and the igniter contacts. When the contacts of the ignitor are closed (the contacts reside inside the combustion chamber), electricity flows through the circuit. When the contacts are opened by the timing mechanism, a spark is generated across the contacts, which ignite the mixture. When a low tension magneto (really a low-voltage high-current generator) is used, the output of the magneto is fed directly to the igniter points and the spark is generated as with a battery and coil.Except for very large examples, lubrication was almost always manual. Main crankshaft bearings and the connecting rod bearing on the crankshaft generally has a grease cup—a small container (cup) filled with grease and a screwed-on cover.A typical engine oiler. This is one made by LunkenheimerWhen the cover is screwed down tighter, grease is forced out of the bottom of the cup and into the bearing. Some early engines have just a hole in the bearing casting cap where an operator squirts lubricating oil while the engine is running. The piston is lubricated by a drip oiler that continuously feeds drips of oil onto the piston. The excess oil from the piston runs out of the cylinder onto the engine and eventually onto the ground. The drip oiler can be adjusted to drip faster or slower depending on the need for lubrication, dictated by how hard the engine is working. The rest of the moving engine components were all lubricated by oil that the engine operator had to apply periodically while the engine was running.Virtually all hit-and-miss engines are of the \"open crank\" style, that is, there is no enclosed crankcase. The crankshaft, connecting rod, camshaft, gears, governor, etc. are all completely exposed and can be viewed in operation when the engine is running. This makes for a messy environment as oil and sometimes grease are thrown from the engine as well as oil running onto the ground. Another disadvantage is that dirt and dust can get on all moving engine parts, causing excessive wear and engine malfunctions. Frequent cleaning of the engine is therefore required to keep it in proper operating condition.Cooling of the majority of hit-and-miss engines is by hopper cooling, with water in an open reservoir. There was a small portion of small and fractional horsepower engines that were air-cooled with the aid of an incorporated fan. The water-cooled engine has a built in reservoir (larger engines usually don't have a reservoir and require connection to a large external tank for cooling water via pipe connections on the cylinder). The water reservoir includes the area around the cylinder as well as the cylinder head (most cases) and a tank mounted or cast above the cylinder. When the engine runs it heats the water. Cooling is accomplished by the water steaming off and removing heat from the engine. When an engine runs under load for a period of time, it is common for the water in the reservoir to boil. Replacement of lost water is needed from time to time. A danger of the water-cooled design is freezing in cold weather. Many engines were ruined when a forgetful operator neglected to drain the water when the engine was not in use, and the water froze and broke the cast iron engine pieces. However, New Holland patented a v-shaped reservoir, so that expanding ice pushed up and into a larger space rather than break the reservoir. Water jacket repairs are common on many of the engines that still exist.","title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Governors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_(device)"},{"link_name":"centrifugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugal_governor"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"throttling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throttle"},{"link_name":"butterfly valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly_valve"},{"link_name":"Valvetronic petrol engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valvetronic"}],"text":"These were simple engines compared to modern engine design. However, they incorporate some innovative designs in several areas, often in an attempt to circumvent patent infringement for a particular component. This is particularly true of the governor. Governors are centrifugal, swinging arm, pivot arm, and many others. The actuator mechanism to govern speed is also varied depending on patents existing and the governor used. See, for example, U.S. Patents 543,157[2] from 1895 or 980,658[3] from 1911. However accomplished, the governor has one job - to control the speed of the engine. In modern engines, power output is controlled by throttling the flow of the air through the intake by means of a butterfly valve; the only exception to this being in diesels and Valvetronic petrol engines.","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Otto cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_cycle"},{"link_name":"here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=fYKxwno6QUY&t=32s"}],"sub_title":"Operation","text":"The intake valve on hit-and-miss engines has no actuator; instead, a light spring holds the intake valve closed unless a vacuum in the cylinder draws it open. This vacuum only occurs if the exhaust valve is closed during the piston's down-stroke. When the hit-and-miss engine is operating above its set speed, the governor holds the exhaust valve open, preventing a vacuum in the cylinder and causing the intake valve to remain closed, thus interrupting the Otto cycle firing mechanism. When the engine is operating at or below its set speed, the governor lets the exhaust valve close. On the next down-stroke, a vacuum in the cylinder opens the intake valve and lets the fuel-air mixture enter. This mechanism prevents fuel consumption during the intake stroke of \"miss\" cycles.A video explanation on the workings of a hit and miss engine can be found here","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jaeger_pump.jpg"},{"link_name":"horsepower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower"},{"link_name":"revolutions per minute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_per_minute"},{"link_name":"pumps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump"},{"link_name":"saws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saw"},{"link_name":"generators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_generator"}],"text":"A Jaeger trash pump used for pumping dirty (trashy) water. It has a Hercules 2½ HP (1.9 kW) engine. This is an example of an integrated function of hit-and-miss engines (i.e., not belted)Hit-and-miss engines produced power outputs from 1 through approximately 100 horsepower (0.75 - 75 kW). These engines run slowly—typically from 250 revolutions per minute (rpm) for large horsepower engines to 600 rpm for small horsepower engines. They powered pumps for cultivation, saws for cutting wood, generators for electricity in rural areas, farm equipment, and many other stationary applications. Some were mounted on cement mixers. These engines also ran some early washing machines. They were a labour-saving device on farms, and helped farmers accomplish much more than they could previously.The engine was typically belted to the device being powered by a wide flat belt, typically from 2 - 6 inches (5 – 15 cm) wide. The flat belt was driven by a pulley on the engine that attached either to a flywheel or to the crankshaft. The pulley was specially made to have a circumference slightly tapered from the middle to each edge (like an over-inflated car tyre) so that the middle of the pulley was a slightly larger diameter. This kept the flat belt in the centre of the pulley.","title":"Usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Harvester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Harvester"},{"link_name":"Briggs and Stratton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briggs_and_Stratton"},{"link_name":"oil field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_field"},{"link_name":"pumpjacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumpjack"}],"text":"By the 1930s, more-advanced engines became common. Flywheel engines are extremely heavy for the power produced, and run at very slow speeds. Older engines required a lot of maintenance and were not easily incorporated into mobile applications.In the late 1920s, International Harvester already had the model M engine, which was an enclosed version of a flywheel engine. Their next step was the model LA, which was a totally enclosed engine (except for the valve system) featuring self-lubrication (oil in the crankcase), reliable spark plug ignition, faster-speed operation (up to about 750-800 RPM) and most of all, light in weight compared to earlier generations. While the 1½ HP (1.1 kW) model LA still weighed about 150 pounds (68 kg), it was far lighter than the model M 1½ HP engine, which is in the 300-350 pound (136 – 159 kg) range. Later a slightly improved LA, the LB was produced. The models M, LA and LB are throttle governed. As time passed, more engine manufacturers moved to the enclosed crankcase engine. Companies like Briggs and Stratton were also producing lightweight air-cooled engines in the 1/2 to 2 HP (.37 - 1.5 kW) range and used much lighter-weight materials. These engines also run at much higher speeds (up to approximately 2,000-4,000 RPM) and therefore produce more power for a given size than slow flywheel engines.Most flywheel engine production ceased in the 1940s, but modern engines of this kind remain in use for applications where the low speed is desirable, mostly in oil field applications such as pumpjacks. Maintenance is less of a problem with modern flywheel engines than older ones due to their enclosed crankcases and more advanced materials.","title":"Replacement with throttle-governed engines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"stationary engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stationary_engine"},{"link_name":"steam fairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_fair"}],"text":"Thousands of out-of-use flywheel engines were scrapped in the iron and steel drives of World War II—but many survived and have been restored to working order by enthusiasts. Numerous preserved hit-and-miss engines may be seen in action at shows dedicated to antique engines (which often also have antique tractors), as well as in the stationary engine section of steam fairs, vintage vehicle rallies, and county fairs.","title":"Preservation"}]
[{"image_text":"A preserved hit-and-miss engine:1917 Amanco 2+1⁄4 hp (1.7 kW) 'Hired Man'","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Amanco_hit-and-miss_engine%28GDSF_2007%29.JPG/220px-Amanco_hit-and-miss_engine%28GDSF_2007%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"This is a video montage of the Otto engines running at the Western Minnesota Steam Threshers Reunion (WMSTR), in Rollag, Minnesota. It is a type of hit-and-miss engine.(2min 16sec, 320x240, 340 kbit/s video)"},{"image_text":"A typical engine oiler. This is one made by Lunkenheimer","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Engine_oiler.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Jaeger trash pump used for pumping dirty (trashy) water. It has a Hercules 2½ HP (1.9 kW) engine. This is an example of an integrated function of hit-and-miss engines (i.e., not belted)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Jaeger_pump.jpg/220px-Jaeger_pump.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Bang-bang control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bang-bang_control"}]
[{"reference":"\"Early History Of The Wisconsin Motor Company\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.osagcd.com/FeaturedEngine.html","url_text":"\"Early History Of The Wisconsin Motor Company\""}]},{"reference":"Wendel, C.H. (1983). American Gasoline Engines Since 1872. Crestline. ISBN 0-912612-22-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-912612-22-3","url_text":"0-912612-22-3"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Williams_(offensive_tackle)
Kyle Williams (offensive tackle)
["1 Early years","2 College career","3 Professional career","3.1 Seattle Seahawks","4 Personal","5 External links"]
American football player (born 1984) For the Buffalo Bills defensive tackle, see Kyle Williams (defensive tackle). American football player Kyle WilliamsNo. 78Position:Offensive tacklePersonal informationBorn: (1984-03-19) March 19, 1984 (age 40)Stockton, California, U.S.Height:6 ft 6 in (1.98 m)Weight:305 lb (138 kg)Career informationCollege:University of Southern CaliforniaUndrafted:2007Career history Seattle Seahawks (2007–2009) Career NFL statisticsGames played:4Games started:2 Kyle A. Williams (born March 19, 1984) is a former American football offensive tackle. He was signed by the Seattle Seahawks as an undrafted free agent in 2007. He played college football at Southern California. Early years Williams began his high school career at St. Mary's High School in Stockton, California, before transferring to Highland Park High School in Dallas, Texas. He was a member of the West Squad for the 2002 U.S. Army All-American Bowl. College career Williams played college football at the University of Southern California. Williams was invited to play in the 2007 Texas vs. The Nation College All Star Game. He is currently one of only 4 offensive lineman in college football history to block for three Heisman Trophy winners, Carson Palmer, Matt Leinart and Reggie Bush. Professional career Seattle Seahawks Williams signed with the National Football League's Seattle Seahawks in April, 2007. Personal Williams is the nephew of former NFL defensive tackle Eric Williams. Additionally, his grandfather Roy O. Williams played for the San Francisco 49ers in 1963. His other grandfather, Rod Rojas, was a 3 sport lettermen for Lehigh University. External links Seattle Seahawks bio USC Trojans bio vte2003 USC Trojans football—AP national champions Marcell Allmond Kevin Arbet Collin Ashton Sam Baker Darnell Bing John David Booty Will Buchanon Reggie Bush Dominique Byrd Matt Cassel Shaun Cody Keary Colbert Hershel Dennis Sedrick Ellis Matt Grootegoed Gregg Guenther Brandon Hancock Alex Holmes Lawrence Jackson Winston Justice Ryan Kalil Norm Katnik Ryan Killeen David Kirtman Jason Leach Matt Leinart Whitney Lewis Oscar Lua Tom Malone Fred Matua Chris McFoy Jason Mitchell Mike Patterson Will Poole LaJuan Ramsey Drew Radovich Jacob Rogers Frostee Rucker Dallas Sartz Steve Smith Matt Spanos Lofa Tatupu Terrell Thomas Kenechi Udeze Lenny Vandermade John Walker Chauncey Washington Lee Webb LenDale White Kyle Williams Mike Williams Thomas Williams Eric Wright Manuel Wright Justin Wyatt Head coach: Pete Carroll Assistant coaches: Greg Burns Brennan Carroll Norm Chow Tim Davis Nick Holt Lane Kiffin Ed Orgeron Kennedy Pola Steve Sarkisian Rocky Seto vte2004 USC Trojans football—AP national champions (BCS / Coaches Poll vacated) Kevin Arbet Collin Ashton Sam Baker Darnell Bing John David Booty Will Buchanon Reggie Bush Jeff Byers Dominique Byrd Matt Cassel Shaun Cody Mario Danelo Fred Davis Hershel Dennis Sedrick Ellis Matt Grootegoed Brandon Hancock Alex Holmes Lawrence Jackson Dwayne Jarrett Winston Justice Ryan Kalil Ryan Killeen David Kirtman Jason Leach Matt Leinart Whitney Lewis Oscar Lua Deuce Lutui Tom Malone Fred Matua Chris McFoy Jason Mitchell Mike Patterson Josh Pinkard Ryan Powdrell Chilo Rachal Drew Radovich LaJuan Ramsey Keith Rivers Frostee Rucker Dallas Sartz Steve Smith Matt Spanos Lofa Tatupu Terrell Thomas John Walker Scott Ware Chauncey Washington Lee Webb LenDale White Kyle Williams Thomas Williams Eric Wright Manuel Wright Justin Wyatt Head coach: Pete Carroll Assistant coaches: Greg Burns Brennan Carroll Norm Chow Tim Davis Lane Kiffin Todd McNair Ken Norton Jr. Ed Orgeron Rocky Seto Carl Smith
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buffalo Bills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Bills"},{"link_name":"defensive tackle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_tackle"},{"link_name":"Kyle Williams (defensive tackle)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Williams_(defensive_tackle)"},{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"offensive tackle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offensive_tackle"},{"link_name":"Seattle Seahawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Seahawks"},{"link_name":"undrafted free agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undrafted_free_agent"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USC_Trojans_football"}],"text":"For the Buffalo Bills defensive tackle, see Kyle Williams (defensive tackle).American football playerKyle A. Williams (born March 19, 1984) is a former American football offensive tackle. He was signed by the Seattle Seahawks as an undrafted free agent in 2007. He played college football at Southern California.","title":"Kyle Williams (offensive tackle)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Mary's High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Mary%27s_High_School_(Stockton,_California)"},{"link_name":"Stockton, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockton,_California"},{"link_name":"Highland Park High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_Park_High_School_(University_Park,_Texas)"},{"link_name":"Dallas, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas,_Texas"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army All-American Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army_All-American_Bowl"}],"text":"Williams began his high school career at St. Mary's High School in Stockton, California, before transferring to Highland Park High School in Dallas, Texas. He was a member of the West Squad for the 2002 U.S. Army All-American Bowl.","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"University of Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_California"},{"link_name":"Texas vs. The Nation College All Star Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_vs._The_Nation_Game"},{"link_name":"Carson Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carson_Palmer"},{"link_name":"Matt Leinart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Leinart"},{"link_name":"Reggie Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggie_Bush"}],"text":"Williams played college football at the University of Southern California. Williams was invited to play in the 2007 Texas vs. The Nation College All Star Game. He is currently one of only 4 offensive lineman in college football history to block for three Heisman Trophy winners, Carson Palmer, Matt Leinart and Reggie Bush.","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"}],"sub_title":"Seattle Seahawks","text":"Williams signed with the National Football League's Seattle Seahawks in April, 2007.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eric Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Williams_(defensive_lineman)"},{"link_name":"San Francisco 49ers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_49ers"}],"text":"Williams is the nephew of former NFL defensive tackle Eric Williams. Additionally, his grandfather Roy O. Williams played for the San Francisco 49ers in 1963. His other grandfather, Rod Rojas, was a 3 sport lettermen for Lehigh University.","title":"Personal"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130202030015/http://www.seahawks.com/Team/Players.aspx?id=52072","external_links_name":"Seattle Seahawks bio"},{"Link":"http://usctrojans.cstv.com/sports/m-footbl/mtt/williams_kyle00.html","external_links_name":"USC Trojans bio"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitzi_Shore
Mitzi Shore
["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Overview","2.2 1979 strike and picket","2.3 Belly Room","2.4 Comedy Channel Inc.","3 Depictions in media","4 Personal life","5 Death","6 References","7 External links"]
American comedy club owner Mitzi ShoreShore in the 1980sBornLillian Saidel(1930-07-25)July 25, 1930Marinette, Wisconsin, U.S.DiedApril 11, 2018(2018-04-11) (aged 87)West Hollywood, California, U.S.OccupationComedy club ownerSpouse Sammy Shore ​ ​(m. 1950; div. 1974)​Children4, including Pauly Shore Mitzi Shore (born Lillian Saidel; July 25, 1930 – April 11, 2018) was an American comedy club owner. Her husband, Sammy Shore, co-founded The Comedy Store in 1972 and she became its owner two years later. Through the club, she had a huge influence on the careers of up-and-coming comedians for many decades. Early life Shore was born Lillian Saidel in Marinette, Wisconsin, on July 25, 1930, the daughter of Jewish parents Fanny and Morris Saidel. Her father was a traveling salesman. She grew up near Green Bay, Wisconsin, and attended Green Bay East High School. She later studied art at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, but dropped out to marry Sammy Shore after meeting him in 1950. Career Overview Shore's husband Sammy co-founded The Comedy Store in 1972 alongside screenwriter and actor Rudy De Luca. When Sammy and Mitzi divorced in 1974, Mitzi acquired complete ownership as part of their divorce settlement. Sammy was later quoted in 2003 by the Los Angeles Times as explaining that he "relinquished control of the club to lower his alimony payments". Shortly after she took full control, Shore obtained a significant cash loan from comedian Shecky Greene to help ensure continued operations. She was not only involved in day-to-day management but also in the recruitment and development of talent. Comedians whose rise to fame was associated with working at the Comedy Store include Roseanne Barr, Bill Burr, Jim Carrey, Chevy Chase, Andrew Dice Clay, Joey Diaz, Whoopi Goldberg, Bobcat Goldthwait, Tony Hinchcliffe, Sam Kinison, Bobby Lee, Jay Leno, David Letterman, Sebastian Maniscalco, Marc Maron, Carlos Mencia, Joe Rogan, Garry Shandling, Duncan Trussell, Jerry Seinfeld, Robin Williams, and John Witherspoon. 1979 strike and picket Shore with Richard Belzer at the Comedy Store Shore refused to pay comics who performed in her club, insisting that the venue was a sort of "college of comedy" where comedians learned their craft rather than a money-making enterprise. However, in 1979, after the club had been expanded extensively, comedians began to insist that they be paid for their work. Shore refused and the performers picketed the establishment in what became a bitter six-week strike action. Among those involved in leading the strike were Jay Leno, Tom Dreesen, and the club's MC David Letterman. After several months of picketing, and an incident in which Leno was injured by a car attempting to rush the picket line, Shore relented after Budd Friedman from The Improv decided to start paying comics. She then agreed to pay talent $15 (an amount equal to $63 today) per set. The events in L.A. set a precedent that resulted in New York City comedy clubs beginning to pay their talent as well, and other comedy clubs across the U.S. followed suit by paying comics to perform. Belly Room As early as 1978, Shore had converted the upstairs section of The Comedy Store into the Belly Room: a 50-seat audience for which she exclusively booked female comedians. At the time, professional comedy was very much a "boys' club", and bookings for female comedians were rare; opportunities for women to perform their own stand-up material with the most popular comics in the U.S. were unheard of. Shore's liberal risk-taking with booking talent continued for decades. In the 1990s, once female comics had become more established, Shore continued to cross boundaries with her audience by creating specialty nights for Latino, gay and lesbian performers. She was also instrumental in providing a space for Black American comics in Los Angeles. Phat Tuesday's became a staple in the Black comedy scene and was the start of many of today's favorite comics. Comedy Channel Inc. Shore owned and operated Comedy Channel Inc. from 1982 until her death—a company established to create and sell video tapes of performances at The Comedy Store. In 1989, HBO launched its premium cable service The Comedy Channel. Shore's suit claimed HBO's service was an "indirect unauthorized use" of the name and trademark Comedy Channel. Mitzi Shore retained counsel James Blancarte and sued HBO for copyright infringement. The channel merged with Viacom's competing Ha! channel two years later, first under the name CTV: The Comedy Network, and then under its current name Comedy Central. Depictions in media The character Goldie on the Showtime series I'm Dying Up Here is based loosely on Shore. Joe Rogan dedicated his 2018 comedy special Strange Times to Shore following her death earlier in the year. Personal life Shore and her husband Sammy were married in 1950 and divorced in 1974. They had four children: sons Peter, Scott, and Pauly, and daughter Sandi. Death On April 11, 2018, at the age of 87, Shore died of an undisclosed neurological disorder at a hospice in West Hollywood, California. She had been suffering from Parkinson's disease in her later years. References ^ Dustin Rowles (January 26, 2010). "Exclusive: Dave and Leno – The Early Years". Pajiba. Retrieved March 26, 2014. ^ a b c d e f "Comedy Store Owner Mitzi Shore Dead at 87". Los Angeles Times. April 11, 2018. Retrieved April 11, 2018. ^ "Comedy world mourns death of Green Bay native Mitzi Shore at age 87". Green Bay Press Gazette. April 11, 2018. Retrieved April 11, 2018. ^ a b c d e f Arthur Lawry (April 11, 2018). "Mitzi Shore, Comedy Store owner, dead at 87". CNN. Retrieved April 11, 2018. ^ a b c d e "Comedy Club Owner Mitzi Shore, A Gatekeeper Of Careers, Dies At 87". NPR. April 11, 2018. Retrieved April 11, 2018. ^ a b Paul Brownfield (June 22, 2003). "Echo of laughter". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 26, 2014. ^ a b Lawrence Christon (April 11, 1993). "COMEDY: A Room of Their Own: Thanks to impresario Mitzi Shore and the Belly Room, for a while back in 1978–79 female comedians had a small spot to work in together, a place where they could be bad, get better and launch careers". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 26, 2014. ^ a b c "Mitzi Shore, Comedy Store Founder and Owner, Dies at 87". San Francisco Gate. April 11, 2018. Retrieved April 11, 2018. ^ "The Inflation Calculator". ^ "The First Comedy Strike". Time. February 4, 2008. Retrieved May 17, 2015. ^ Chuck Crisfulli (January 9, 1994). "Mitzi Shore: Still Minding the Store". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 26, 2014. ^ Steven Rea (May 30, 1989). "Two Cable Nets To Joke Around The Clock". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Interstate General Media. Retrieved March 26, 2014. ^ Ramses Flores (January 29, 2010). "Tom Hanks Developing Film Based on The Life of Mitzi Shore and The History of The Comedy Store". Collider. Retrieved March 26, 2014. ^ "'Joe Rogan: Strange Times' On Netflix Sums It Up About Right". Decider. 2018-10-02. Retrieved 2020-11-10. ^ "Interview with Sammy Shore". Classic Showbiz. 3 June 2011. Retrieved April 11, 2018. ^ Shore, Pauly (2018-09-28). "I'm sad to inform you all my sister sandi shore passed today she was my older sis~I loved her very much~I know a lot of comics did too~she was a great person very unique and special to me~we're thinking of you tonight Sandi @TheComedyStore". @paulyshore. Retrieved 2020-02-24. ^ "Pauly Shore harnesses his roots". usatoday.com. Retrieved April 11, 2018. ^ Paul Brownfield (June 22, 2003). "Echo of laughter". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 16 July 2017. ^ Shore, Sandi C. (2004). Sandi C. Shore's Secrets to Stand-Up Success: A Complete Step-By-Step Workbook. Emmis Books. ISBN 978-1-57860-160-8. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mitzi Shore. Mitzi Shore at the Comedy Store Mitzi Shore at IMDb Mitzi Shore at Find a Grave
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Through the club, she had a huge influence on the careers of up-and-coming comedians for many decades.[1]","title":"Mitzi Shore"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marinette, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinette,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Green Bay, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bay,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAobit-2"},{"link_name":"Green Bay East High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bay_East_High_School"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"University of Wisconsin–Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison"},{"link_name":"Sammy Shore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Shore"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAobit-2"}],"text":"Shore was born Lillian Saidel in Marinette, Wisconsin, on July 25, 1930, the daughter of Jewish parents Fanny and Morris Saidel. Her father was a traveling salesman. She grew up near Green Bay, Wisconsin,[2] and attended Green Bay East High School.[3] She later studied art at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, but dropped out to marry Sammy Shore after meeting him in 1950.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Comedy Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Comedy_Store"},{"link_name":"Rudy De Luca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_De_Luca"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPR-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimes2003-6"},{"link_name":"Shecky Greene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shecky_Greene"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimes2003-6"},{"link_name":"Roseanne Barr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roseanne_Barr"},{"link_name":"Bill Burr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Burr"},{"link_name":"Jim Carrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Carrey"},{"link_name":"Chevy Chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevy_Chase"},{"link_name":"Andrew Dice Clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Dice_Clay"},{"link_name":"Joey Diaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Diaz"},{"link_name":"Whoopi Goldberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whoopi_Goldberg"},{"link_name":"Bobcat Goldthwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobcat_Goldthwait"},{"link_name":"Tony Hinchcliffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Hinchcliffe"},{"link_name":"Sam Kinison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Kinison"},{"link_name":"Bobby Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Lee"},{"link_name":"Jay Leno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Leno"},{"link_name":"David Letterman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Letterman"},{"link_name":"Sebastian Maniscalco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Maniscalco"},{"link_name":"Marc Maron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Maron"},{"link_name":"Carlos Mencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Mencia"},{"link_name":"Joe Rogan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Rogan"},{"link_name":"Garry Shandling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry_Shandling"},{"link_name":"Duncan Trussell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_Trussell"},{"link_name":"Jerry Seinfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Seinfeld"},{"link_name":"Robin Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Williams"},{"link_name":"John Witherspoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Witherspoon_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAobit-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPR-5"}],"sub_title":"Overview","text":"Shore's husband Sammy co-founded The Comedy Store in 1972 alongside screenwriter and actor Rudy De Luca.[4] When Sammy and Mitzi divorced in 1974, Mitzi acquired complete ownership as part of their divorce settlement.[5] Sammy was later quoted in 2003 by the Los Angeles Times as explaining that he \"relinquished control of the club to lower his alimony payments\".[6] Shortly after she took full control, Shore obtained a significant cash loan from comedian Shecky Greene to help ensure continued operations. She was not only involved in day-to-day management but also in the recruitment and development of talent.[6]Comedians whose rise to fame was associated with working at the Comedy Store include Roseanne Barr, Bill Burr, Jim Carrey, Chevy Chase, Andrew Dice Clay, Joey Diaz, Whoopi Goldberg, Bobcat Goldthwait, Tony Hinchcliffe, Sam Kinison, Bobby Lee, Jay Leno, David Letterman, Sebastian Maniscalco, Marc Maron, Carlos Mencia, Joe Rogan, Garry Shandling, Duncan Trussell, Jerry Seinfeld, Robin Williams, and John Witherspoon.[2][4][5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Richard_Belzer_tries_to_kiss_Mitzi_Shore_at_the_Comedy_Store.jpg"},{"link_name":"Richard Belzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Belzer"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimes1993-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-4"},{"link_name":"strike action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_action"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFG-8"},{"link_name":"Jay Leno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Leno"},{"link_name":"Tom Dreesen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Dreesen"},{"link_name":"David Letterman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Letterman"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPR-5"},{"link_name":"The Improv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Improv"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPR-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"1979 strike and picket","text":"Shore with Richard Belzer at the Comedy StoreShore refused to pay comics who performed in her club, insisting that the venue was a sort of \"college of comedy\" where comedians learned their craft rather than a money-making enterprise.[7] However, in 1979, after the club had been expanded extensively, comedians began to insist that they be paid for their work.[4] Shore refused and the performers picketed the establishment in what became a bitter six-week strike action.[8] Among those involved in leading the strike were Jay Leno, Tom Dreesen, and the club's MC David Letterman.[5]After several months of picketing, and an incident in which Leno was injured by a car attempting to rush the picket line, Shore relented after Budd Friedman from The Improv decided to start paying comics. She then agreed to pay talent $15 (an amount equal to $63 today)[9] per set.[5] The events in L.A. set a precedent that resulted in New York City comedy clubs beginning to pay their talent as well, and other comedy clubs across the U.S. followed suit by paying comics to perform.[10]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimes1993-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-4"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimes1994-11"}],"sub_title":"Belly Room","text":"As early as 1978, Shore had converted the upstairs section of The Comedy Store into the Belly Room: a 50-seat audience for which she exclusively booked female comedians. At the time, professional comedy was very much a \"boys' club\", and bookings for female comedians were rare; opportunities for women to perform their own stand-up material with the most popular comics in the U.S. were unheard of.[7]Shore's liberal risk-taking with booking talent continued for decades.[4] In the 1990s, once female comics had become more established, Shore continued to cross boundaries with her audience by creating specialty nights for Latino, gay and lesbian performers. She was also instrumental in providing a space for Black American comics in Los Angeles. Phat Tuesday's became a staple in the Black comedy scene and was the start of many of today's favorite comics.[11]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAobit-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-4"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-philly1989-12"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-4"},{"link_name":"Ha!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha!_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Comedy Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_Central"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFG-8"}],"sub_title":"Comedy Channel Inc.","text":"Shore owned and operated Comedy Channel Inc. from 1982 until her death—a company established to create and sell video tapes of performances at The Comedy Store.[2]In 1989, HBO launched its premium cable service The Comedy Channel.[4] Shore's suit claimed HBO's service was an \"indirect unauthorized use\" of the name and trademark Comedy Channel.[12] Mitzi Shore retained counsel James Blancarte and sued HBO for copyright infringement.[4] The channel merged with Viacom's competing Ha! channel two years later, first under the name CTV: The Comedy Network, and then under its current name Comedy Central.[8]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Showtime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showtime_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"I'm Dying Up Here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_Dying_Up_Here"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-collider2010-13"},{"link_name":"Joe Rogan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Rogan"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The character Goldie on the Showtime series I'm Dying Up Here is based loosely on Shore.[13]Joe Rogan dedicated his 2018 comedy special Strange Times to Shore following her death earlier in the year.[14]","title":"Depictions in media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sammy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Shore"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Pauly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauly_Shore"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Shore and her husband Sammy were married in 1950 and divorced in 1974.[15] They had four children: sons Peter, Scott, and Pauly, and daughter Sandi.[16][17][18][19]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Hollywood, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Hollywood,_California"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAobit-2"},{"link_name":"Parkinson's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAobit-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPR-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFG-8"}],"text":"On April 11, 2018, at the age of 87, Shore died of an undisclosed neurological disorder at a hospice in West Hollywood, California.[2] She had been suffering from Parkinson's disease in her later years.[2][5][8]","title":"Death"}]
[{"image_text":"Shore with Richard Belzer at the Comedy Store","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Richard_Belzer_tries_to_kiss_Mitzi_Shore_at_the_Comedy_Store.jpg/220px-Richard_Belzer_tries_to_kiss_Mitzi_Shore_at_the_Comedy_Store.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Dustin Rowles (January 26, 2010). \"Exclusive: Dave and Leno – The Early Years\". Pajiba. Retrieved March 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pajiba.com/trade_news/playtone-developing-movie-based-on-las-the-comedy-store.php#.UzL8_vldWjI","url_text":"\"Exclusive: Dave and Leno – The Early Years\""}]},{"reference":"\"Comedy Store Owner Mitzi Shore Dead at 87\". Los Angeles Times. April 11, 2018. Retrieved April 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-mitzi-shore-dead-at-87-story.html","url_text":"\"Comedy Store Owner Mitzi Shore Dead at 87\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Comedy world mourns death of Green Bay native Mitzi Shore at age 87\". Green Bay Press Gazette. April 11, 2018. Retrieved April 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.greenbaypressgazette.com/story/entertainment/2018/04/11/mitzi-shore-comedy-store-dead-parkinsons-green-bay/507665002/","url_text":"\"Comedy world mourns death of Green Bay native Mitzi Shore at age 87\""}]},{"reference":"Arthur Lawry (April 11, 2018). \"Mitzi Shore, Comedy Store owner, dead at 87\". CNN. Retrieved April 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/2018/04/11/entertainment/mitzi-shore-obituary/index.html","url_text":"\"Mitzi Shore, Comedy Store owner, dead at 87\""}]},{"reference":"\"Comedy Club Owner Mitzi Shore, A Gatekeeper Of Careers, Dies At 87\". NPR. April 11, 2018. Retrieved April 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2018/04/11/601630195/comedy-club-owner-mitzi-shore-a-gatekeeper-of-careers-dies-at-87","url_text":"\"Comedy Club Owner Mitzi Shore, A Gatekeeper Of Careers, Dies At 87\""}]},{"reference":"Paul Brownfield (June 22, 2003). \"Echo of laughter\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/2003/jun/22/entertainment/ca-brown22","url_text":"\"Echo of laughter\""}]},{"reference":"Lawrence Christon (April 11, 1993). \"COMEDY: A Room of Their Own: Thanks to impresario Mitzi Shore and the Belly Room, for a while back in 1978–79 female comedians had a small spot to work in together, a place where they could be bad, get better and launch careers\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1993-04-11/entertainment/ca-21423_1_female-comedians","url_text":"\"COMEDY: A Room of Their Own: Thanks to impresario Mitzi Shore and the Belly Room, for a while back in 1978–79 female comedians had a small spot to work in together, a place where they could be bad, get better and launch careers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mitzi Shore, Comedy Store Founder and Owner, Dies at 87\". San Francisco Gate. April 11, 2018. Retrieved April 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/the-wrap/article/Mitzi-Shore-Comedy-Store-Founder-and-Owner-Dies-12825112.php","url_text":"\"Mitzi Shore, Comedy Store Founder and Owner, Dies at 87\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Inflation Calculator\".","urls":[{"url":"https://westegg.com/inflation/","url_text":"\"The Inflation Calculator\""}]},{"reference":"\"The First Comedy Strike\". Time. February 4, 2008. Retrieved May 17, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1709866,00.html","url_text":"\"The First Comedy Strike\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time"}]},{"reference":"Chuck Crisfulli (January 9, 1994). \"Mitzi Shore: Still Minding the Store\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1994-01-09/entertainment/ca-9907_1_mitzi-shore","url_text":"\"Mitzi Shore: Still Minding the Store\""}]},{"reference":"Steven Rea (May 30, 1989). \"Two Cable Nets To Joke Around The Clock\". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Interstate General Media. Retrieved March 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.philly.com/1989-05-30/news/26114100_1_comedy-channel-cable-channel-michael-j-fuchs","url_text":"\"Two Cable Nets To Joke Around The Clock\""}]},{"reference":"Ramses Flores (January 29, 2010). \"Tom Hanks Developing Film Based on The Life of Mitzi Shore and The History of The Comedy Store\". Collider. Retrieved March 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://collider.com/tom-hanks-developing-film-based-on-the-life-of-mitzi-shore-and-the-history-of-the-comedy-store/","url_text":"\"Tom Hanks Developing Film Based on The Life of Mitzi Shore and The History of The Comedy Store\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Joe Rogan: Strange Times' On Netflix Sums It Up About Right\". Decider. 2018-10-02. Retrieved 2020-11-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://decider.com/2018/10/02/joe-rogan-strange-times-on-netflix-review/","url_text":"\"'Joe Rogan: Strange Times' On Netflix Sums It Up About Right\""}]},{"reference":"\"Interview with Sammy Shore\". Classic Showbiz. 3 June 2011. Retrieved April 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://classicshowbiz.blogspot.com/2011/06/interview-with-sammy-shore.html","url_text":"\"Interview with Sammy Shore\""}]},{"reference":"Shore, Pauly (2018-09-28). \"I'm sad to inform you all my sister sandi shore passed today she was my older sis~I loved her very much~I know a lot of comics did too~she was a great person very unique and special to me~we're thinking of you tonight Sandi @TheComedyStore\". @paulyshore. Retrieved 2020-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/paulyshore/status/1045870690124091392?lang=en","url_text":"\"I'm sad to inform you all my sister sandi shore passed today she was my older sis~I loved her very much~I know a lot of comics did too~she was a great person very unique and special to me~we're thinking of you tonight Sandi @TheComedyStore\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pauly Shore harnesses his roots\". usatoday.com. Retrieved April 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/life/television/news/2005-07-13-shore-store_x.htm","url_text":"\"Pauly Shore harnesses his roots\""}]},{"reference":"Paul Brownfield (June 22, 2003). \"Echo of laughter\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 16 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/2003/jun/22/entertainment/ca-brown22","url_text":"\"Echo of laughter\""}]},{"reference":"Shore, Sandi C. (2004). Sandi C. Shore's Secrets to Stand-Up Success: A Complete Step-By-Step Workbook. Emmis Books. ISBN 978-1-57860-160-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tecvGI5C67gC&q=Sandi+C.+Shore&pg=PA188","url_text":"Sandi C. Shore's Secrets to Stand-Up Success: A Complete Step-By-Step Workbook"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57860-160-8","url_text":"978-1-57860-160-8"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirjam_Cveti%C4%8D
Mirjam Cvetič
["1 Education and career","2 Recognition","3 References","4 Further reading","5 External links"]
Slovenian-American physicist Cvetič in 2012 Mirjam Cvetič is a Slovenian-American theoretical physicist at the University of Pennsylvania, where she is Fay R. and Eugene L. Langberg Professor of Physics and of Mathematics. Her research includes the applications of string theory and M-theory to black hole behavior and particle phenomenology, and she has published highly cited works on supersymmetry. Education and career Cvetič earned bachelor's and master's degrees at the University of Ljubljana in 1979 and 1981, respectively. She completed her doctorate at the University of Maryland, College Park in 1984. Her dissertation, Origin of Mass Hierarchies in Gauge Theories, was supervised by Jogesh Pati. After working as a researcher at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center and the University of Pennsylvania, she joined the University of Pennsylvania faculty in 1989. She became Class of 1965 Endowed Term Professor in 1999, and Fay R. and Eugene L. Langberg Endowed Chair in 2003. As of 2020, she is the lead editor of Physical Review D. She is also a member and co-PI of the Simons Collaboration on Special Holonomy in Geometry, Analysis, and Physics. Recognition Cvetič was named a Fellow of the American Physical Society in 2001, "for her work in a wide range of topics in supergravity and string theory, from non-perturbative gravitational effects such as black holes and domain walls to their phenomenological consequences". She was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2023. She won the University of Maryland Physics Distinguished Alumni Award in 2007. In 2019, the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation gave her their Carl Friedrich von Siemens Research Award, funding her for a visit to the Max Planck Institute for Physics. References ^ a b c Faculty profiles at the University of Pennsylvania: Physics & Astronomy; Mathematics. Retrieved 2019-05-30. ^ a b "Mirjam Cvetic Receives Physics Distinguished Alumni Award", The Photon, vol. 56, University of Maryland Physics Department, May 1, 2007 ^ "Mirjam Cvetič on string theory and supersymmetry", ScienceWatch, March 2012 – via Clarivate Analytics ^ Mirjam Cvetič at the Mathematics Genealogy Project ^ "Langberg Endowed Chair in Physics: Dr. Cvetic", University of Pennsylvania Almanac, 49 (34): 1, May 27, 2003 ^ "Mirjam Cvetič Selected as Lead Editor of Physical Review D", APS News, 29 (3), American Physical Society, March 2020. See also her inaugural editorial, Cvetič, Mirjam (July 2020), "Editorial: The Future of Physical Review D", Physical Review D, 102 (1): 010001, Bibcode:2020PhRvD.102a0001C, doi:10.1103/physrevd.102.010001 ^ "Mirjam Cvetič", Simons Collaboration on Special Holonomy in Geometry, Analysis, and Physics, retrieved 2020-08-28 ^ APS Fellow Archive: 2001, Division of Particles and Fields, American Physical Society, retrieved 2020-08-28 ^ New members, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 2023, retrieved 2023-04-21 ^ Humboldt Research Prize for Mirjam Cvetic: the renowned string theorist to join the Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Institute for Physics, January 29, 2020, retrieved 2020-08-28 Further reading "Editor in the Spotlight: Mirjam Cvetič of Physics Letters B", Editors' Update, vol. 44, Elsevier, September 15, 2014, archived from the original on 2014-10-12 External links Mirjam Cvetič publications indexed by Google Scholar Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel United States Australia Netherlands Academics CiNii Google Scholar MathSciNet Mathematics Genealogy Project ORCID zbMATH People Trove Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mirjam_Cvetic.jpg"},{"link_name":"theoretical physicist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_physics"},{"link_name":"University of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-profiles-1"},{"link_name":"string theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_theory"},{"link_name":"M-theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-theory"},{"link_name":"black hole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole"},{"link_name":"particle phenomenology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenology_(physics)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-daa-2"},{"link_name":"supersymmetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersymmetry"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asw-3"}],"text":"Cvetič in 2012Mirjam Cvetič is a Slovenian-American theoretical physicist at the University of Pennsylvania, where she is Fay R. and Eugene L. Langberg Professor of Physics and of Mathematics.[1] Her research includes the applications of string theory and M-theory to black hole behavior and particle phenomenology,[2] and she has published highly cited works on supersymmetry.[3]","title":"Mirjam Cvetič"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Ljubljana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Ljubljana"},{"link_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-profiles-1"},{"link_name":"Jogesh Pati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jogesh_Pati"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mgp-4"},{"link_name":"Stanford Linear Accelerator Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Linear_Accelerator_Center"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-profiles-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-langberg-5"},{"link_name":"Physical Review D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_Review_D"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prd-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-simons-7"}],"text":"Cvetič earned bachelor's and master's degrees at the University of Ljubljana in 1979 and 1981, respectively. She completed her doctorate at the University of Maryland, College Park in 1984.[1] Her dissertation, Origin of Mass Hierarchies in Gauge Theories, was supervised by Jogesh Pati.[4] After working as a researcher at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center and the University of Pennsylvania, she joined the University of Pennsylvania faculty in 1989. She became Class of 1965 Endowed Term Professor in 1999, and Fay R. and Eugene L. Langberg Endowed Chair in 2003.[1][5]As of 2020, she is the lead editor of Physical Review D.[6] She is also a member and co-PI of the Simons Collaboration on Special Holonomy in Geometry, Analysis, and Physics.[7]","title":"Education and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fellow of the American Physical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_American_Physical_Society"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-faps-8"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amacad-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-daa-2"},{"link_name":"Alexander von Humboldt Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Max Planck Institute for Physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Physics"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-humboldt-10"}],"text":"Cvetič was named a Fellow of the American Physical Society in 2001, \"for her work in a wide range of topics in supergravity and string theory, from non-perturbative gravitational effects such as black holes and domain walls to their phenomenological consequences\".[8] She was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2023.[9]She won the University of Maryland Physics Distinguished Alumni Award in 2007.[2] In 2019, the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation gave her their Carl Friedrich von Siemens Research Award, funding her for a visit to the Max Planck Institute for Physics.[10]","title":"Recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Editor in the Spotlight: Mirjam Cvetič of Physics Letters B\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20141012133707/http://editorsupdate.elsevier.com/issue-44-september-2014/editor-spotlight-mirjam-cvetic-physics-letters-b/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//editorsupdate.elsevier.com/issue-44-september-2014/editor-spotlight-mirjam-cvetic-physics-letters-b/"}],"text":"\"Editor in the Spotlight: Mirjam Cvetič of Physics Letters B\", Editors' Update, vol. 44, Elsevier, September 15, 2014, archived from the original on 2014-10-12","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Cvetič in 2012","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Mirjam_Cvetic.jpg/170px-Mirjam_Cvetic.jpg"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_Wentworth
Buddy Wentworth
["1 References"]
The HonorableBuddy WentworthDeputy minister of Education, Culture, Youth and SportIn office1990 – 21 March 1995PresidentSam NujomaPreceded byposition establishedDeputy minister of Higher Education and Vocational TrainingIn office21 March 1995 – 2005PresidentSam NujomaPreceded byposition established Personal detailsBornJames Wilfred Wentworth17 January 1937Died(2014-06-04)4 June 2014 (aged 77)Olympia, Windhoek, NamibiaNationalityNamibianPolitical partySWAPOChildren10OccupationPoliticianProfessionTeacher James Wilfred "Buddy" Wentworth (17 January 1937 – 4 June 2014) was a Namibian politician. He was a member of the SWAPO fraction of the Constituent Assembly of Namibia and served as deputy minister in several education-related portfolios in the first, second and third National Assemblies of Namibia. At the time he retired in 2005 he was one of two longest serving deputy ministers of Namibia. Wentworth came to Namibia from South Africa in 1970 and worked as teacher in Rehoboth, and as school principal at Tamariskia Primary School, Swakopmund. He joined SWAPO in 1972. Wentworth was a founding chairperson of the Franco-Namibian Cultural Centre in Windhoek, and chaired the National Commission for Unesco. He was a practicing Muslim. He was married twice, and had 10 children. Wentworth was a recipient of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques for his contribution to the Namibian independence struggle. He died of heart failure on 4 June 2014 at his home in Olympia, Windhoek, aged 77. References ^ "Buddy Wentworth dies of heart failure". Namib Times. 4 June 2014. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. ^ a b c "Former deputy minister Wentworth dies". The Namibian. 5 June 2014. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 5 June 2014. ^ Nakale, Albertina (5 June 2014). "Buddy Wentworth dies at home". New Era. This article about a Namibian politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentley_EXP_10_Speed_6
Bentley EXP 10 Speed 6
["1 Overview","2 Design","3 Powertrain","4 Gallery","5 References","6 External links"]
This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (May 2020) Motor vehicle Bentley EXP 10 Speed 6The Bentley EXP 10 Speed 6 concept at the2015 Geneva Motor ShowOverviewManufacturerBentley Motors LimitedProduction2015 (concept car)AssemblyCrewe, England, United Kingdom (Bentley Crewe)Designer Exterior: John Paul Gregory, Barney Vernon, Bora Kim, Xavier Domontier Interior: Bret Boydell, Aron Prost, Jonnathan Punter (layout) Body and chassisClassGrand tourer (S)Body style2-door coupéLayoutF4 layoutDoorsSwan doorsPowertrainEngine3.0L EA839 (CZSE) Turbo V6Electric motorPermanent Magnet Synchronous ElectricHybrid drivetrainPHEV The Bentley EXP 10 Speed 6 is a hybrid concept car by Bentley launched in 2015 at the Geneva Motor Show. Overview The Bentley EXP 10 is two seat coupe that was smaller than the Bentley Continental GT at the time. It takes its name from the 6½lit. Bentley Speed Six of the late 1920s. The project was managed by Bentley's head of design, Luc Donckerwolke. Design The Bentley EXP 10 Speed Six represented a new design direction for Bentley, and was a significant departure from the brand's previous styling language at the time. The Speed 6 retains Bentley's signature dual round full-LED headlamps, but the main headlamp is almost an oval-shape, but when seen from head-on it appears to be perfectly round. The second headlamps is similar to the second headlamps of the Bentayga and Mulsanne, and is smaller than the main headlamp and features an integrated headlamp-washer. The rear tail-lights were also unique. The taillights are red-coloured glass and are in an oval shape, they protrude from the rear of the car and are full-LED taillights, and their shape is almost exactly the same shape as seen in the Speed Six's wide dual tailpipes. The Speed Six was Bentley's first two-seater, and it featured an aerodynamic design with many different creases and lines in its body, and Bentley's signature "Flying B" design element has been the inspiration for the b-shaped crease on the Speed Six's side panels and doors. And a Flying B side-grill is present as well. Additionally, the Speed 6 is Bentley's first use of 3D printing, with parts of the grill and other parts of the body being 3D-printed. The grill is Bentley's signature mesh-like grill, and features for the first-time a "3D design". The Speed 6 is still a coachbuilt and mostly-handmade car, just as other Bentley's are. Inside the Speed 6 features several curved OLED displays, the first use of curved and OLED technology in a Bentley. For a car of its class, it features an unprecedented amount of leather, wood veneers, bespoke options, and interior appointments compared to its potential rivals including the Lamborghini Huracan, Jaguar F-Type, Porsche 911, Ferrari California, and others. The Speed Six would eventually inspire the design language of the most recent Bentley products, most notably the 2018 Continental. Powertrain The concept car featured a V6 plug-in hybrid powertrain, the first V6 plug-in hybrid powertrain ever used in a Bentley concept or production vehicle (a V8 plug-in hybrid was used in the Mulsanne Hybrid Concept in 2014). Gallery References ^ "Bentley EXP 10 Speed 6 unveiled in Geneva" (Press release). Bentley. 2 March 2015. Retrieved 27 March 2017. ^ Harvey, Michael (4 March 2015). "Bentley debuts the EXP 10 Speed 6". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 6 March 2015. Retrieved 27 March 2017. ^ Undercoffler, David (2 March 2015). "Bentley Shows Off EXP 10 Concept Coupe". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 27 March 2017. ^ "Now that's more like it! Bentley EXP 10 Speed 6 points to new two-seat sports car". Car Magazine. Retrieved 5 March 2015. ^ "Bentley EXP 10 Speed 6 hybrid supercar concept revealed". Auto Express. Retrieved 5 March 2015. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bentley EXP 10 Speed 6. Official website vteBentleyA part of Volkswagen GroupSister brands Audi Audi Sport Ducati Lamborghini Porsche Scania SEAT Cupra Škoda Volkswagen Current modelsCars Bentayga Continental GT Flying Spur Official state cars State Limousine Discontinued 3 Litre 3.5 Litre 4 Litre 4½ Litre 8 Litre Arnage Azure Brooklands Continental R Corniche Mark V Mulsanne (1980) Mulsanne (2010) R Type S1 S2 S3 Speed Six T-Series Turbo R Turbo RT Concepts EXP 9 F EXP 10 Speed 6 EXP 12 Speed 6e Grand Convertible Hunaudières Java EXP 100 GT Other H. J. Mulliner & Co. Category Commons
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"hybrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_car"},{"link_name":"concept car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_car"},{"link_name":"Bentley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentley"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Geneva Motor Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Motor_Show#2015"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Motor vehicleThe Bentley EXP 10 Speed 6[1] is a hybrid concept car by Bentley[2] launched in 2015 at the Geneva Motor Show.[3]","title":"Bentley EXP 10 Speed 6"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bentley Continental GT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentley_Continental_GT"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Bentley Speed Six","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentley_Speed_Six"},{"link_name":"Luc Donckerwolke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luc_Donckerwolke"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Bentley EXP 10 is two seat coupe that was smaller than the Bentley Continental GT at the time.[4] It takes its name from the 6½lit. Bentley Speed Six of the late 1920s. The project was managed by Bentley's head of design, Luc Donckerwolke.[5]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OLED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OLED"},{"link_name":"Lamborghini Huracan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamborghini_Huracan"},{"link_name":"Jaguar F-Type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar_F-Type"},{"link_name":"Porsche 911","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porsche_911"},{"link_name":"Ferrari California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrari_California"}],"text":"The Bentley EXP 10 Speed Six represented a new design direction for Bentley, and was a significant departure from the brand's previous styling language at the time. The Speed 6 retains Bentley's signature dual round full-LED headlamps, but the main headlamp is almost an oval-shape, but when seen from head-on it appears to be perfectly round. The second headlamps is similar to the second headlamps of the Bentayga and Mulsanne, and is smaller than the main headlamp and features an integrated headlamp-washer.The rear tail-lights were also unique. The taillights are red-coloured glass and are in an oval shape, they protrude from the rear of the car and are full-LED taillights, and their shape is almost exactly the same shape as seen in the Speed Six's wide dual tailpipes.The Speed Six was Bentley's first two-seater, and it featured an aerodynamic design with many different creases and lines in its body, and Bentley's signature \"Flying B\" design element has been the inspiration for the b-shaped crease on the Speed Six's side panels and doors. And a Flying B side-grill is present as well.Additionally, the Speed 6 is Bentley's first use of 3D printing, with parts of the grill and other parts of the body being 3D-printed. The grill is Bentley's signature mesh-like grill, and features for the first-time a \"3D design\". The Speed 6 is still a coachbuilt and mostly-handmade car, just as other Bentley's are.Inside the Speed 6 features several curved OLED displays, the first use of curved and OLED technology in a Bentley. For a car of its class, it features an unprecedented amount of leather, wood veneers, bespoke options, and interior appointments compared to its potential rivals including the Lamborghini Huracan, Jaguar F-Type, Porsche 911, Ferrari California, and others.The Speed Six would eventually inspire the design language of the most recent Bentley products, most notably the 2018 Continental.","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"plug-in hybrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid"},{"link_name":"hybrid powertrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_powertrain"},{"link_name":"Mulsanne Hybrid Concept","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentley_Mulsanne_(2010)"}],"text":"The concept car featured a V6 plug-in hybrid powertrain, the first V6 plug-in hybrid powertrain ever used in a Bentley concept or production vehicle (a V8 plug-in hybrid was used in the Mulsanne Hybrid Concept in 2014).","title":"Powertrain"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bentley_EXP_10_001.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bentley_EXP_10_002.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bentley_EXP_10_003.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bentley_EXP_10_004.JPG"}],"title":"Gallery"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancathia
Ancathia
["1 References"]
Genus of flowering plants Ancathia Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Asterids Order: Asterales Family: Asteraceae Subfamily: Carduoideae Tribe: Cardueae Subtribe: Onopordinae Genus: AncathiaDC. Species: A. igniaria Binomial name Ancathia igniaria(Spreng.) DC. Synonyms Cirsium igniarium Spreng. Carduus elegans Willd. ex Steud. Carduus igniarius (Spreng.) Pall. ex DC. Cnicus igniarius (Spreng.) Benth. & Hook.f. Cirsium elegans Willd. ex Spreng. Ancathia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. The only known species is Ancathia igniaria, native to Mongolia, Xinjiang, Altay, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Azerbaijan. References ^ a b Flann, C (ed) 2009+ Global Compositae Checklist ^ Candolle, Augustin Pyramus de. 1833. Archives de Botanique 2: 331 ^ Tropicos, Ancathia DC. ^ Flora of China Vol. 20-21 Page 159 肋果蓟 lei guo ji Ancathia igniaria (Sprengel) Candolle Taxon identifiersAncathia Wikidata: Q3310202 Wikispecies: Ancathia CoL: 62BR5 EoL: 5109307 FNA: 101617 FoC: 101617 GBIF: 3097008 GRIN: 615 IPNI: 7622-1 IRMNG: 1326373 NCBI: 324584 Open Tree of Life: 249614 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:7622-1 Tropicos: 40013584 WFO: wfo-4000001900 WoRMS: 1075436 Ancathia igniaria Wikidata: Q12195276 CoL: DKCD FNA: 200023147 FoC: 200023147 GBIF: 3097009 iNaturalist: 853753 IPNI: 176578-1 NCBI: 324585 Observation.org: 128824 Open Tree of Life: 249616 Plant List: gcc-137173 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:176578-1 Tropicos: 2728930 WFO: wfo-0000038449 WoRMS: 1112994 This Cardueae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"Asteraceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia"},{"link_name":"Xinjiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang"},{"link_name":"Altay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altai_Republic"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"Uzbekistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Ancathia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae.[2][3]The only known species is Ancathia igniaria, native to Mongolia, Xinjiang, Altay, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Azerbaijan.[1][4]","title":"Ancathia"}]
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[{"Link":"https://archive.today/20141106144627/http://dixon.iplantcollaborative.org/compositaeweb/default.aspx?Page=NameDetails&TabNum=0&NameId=fe5659d9-ddae-4850-b442-ede2ed0a51c9","external_links_name":"Flann, C (ed) 2009+ Global Compositae Checklist"},{"Link":"http://www.tropicos.org/Name/40013584","external_links_name":"Tropicos, Ancathia DC."},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200023147","external_links_name":"Flora of China Vol. 20-21 Page 159 肋果蓟 lei guo ji Ancathia igniaria (Sprengel) Candolle"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/62BR5","external_links_name":"62BR5"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/5109307","external_links_name":"5109307"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=101617","external_links_name":"101617"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=101617","external_links_name":"101617"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/3097008","external_links_name":"3097008"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomygenus.aspx?id=615","external_links_name":"615"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/7622-1","external_links_name":"7622-1"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1326373","external_links_name":"1326373"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=324584","external_links_name":"324584"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=249614","external_links_name":"249614"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A7622-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:7622-1"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/40013584","external_links_name":"40013584"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-4000001900","external_links_name":"wfo-4000001900"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1075436","external_links_name":"1075436"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/DKCD","external_links_name":"DKCD"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200023147","external_links_name":"200023147"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200023147","external_links_name":"200023147"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/3097009","external_links_name":"3097009"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/853753","external_links_name":"853753"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/176578-1","external_links_name":"176578-1"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=324585","external_links_name":"324585"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/128824/","external_links_name":"128824"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=249616","external_links_name":"249616"},{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/gcc-137173","external_links_name":"gcc-137173"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A176578-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:176578-1"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/2728930","external_links_name":"2728930"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000038449","external_links_name":"wfo-0000038449"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1112994","external_links_name":"1112994"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancathia&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werk_80
Werk 80
["1 Track listing","1.1 CD","1.2 LP","1.3 Werk 80 II limited edition","2 Credits","3 References"]
1997 studio album by AtrocityWerk 80Studio album by AtrocityReleasedSummer 1997RecordedSpring 1997Danse Macabre StudioBayreuth, GermanyGenreIndustrial metal, gothic metalLength46:06LabelMassacreProducerAlexander Krull, Bruno KrammAtrocity chronology Willenskraft(1996) Werk 80(1997) Non Plus Ultra: 1989-1999(1999) Singles from Werk 80 "Shout"Released: 1997 "Tainted Love"Released: 1997 "Das Letzte Mal"Released: 1997 Werk 80 is the fifth full-length album by German industrial gothic metal band Atrocity and was released in 1997. It's the band's first full-length album with cover versions of popular 1980s songs. Atrocity released a sequel, Werk 80 II, in 2008. Track listing CD No.TitleWriter(s)Original artistLength1."Shout"Roland Orzabal, Ian StanleyTears for Fears6:302."Rage Hard"Brian Nash, Holly Johnson, Mark O'Toole, Peter GillFrankie Goes to Hollywood5:003."Wild Boys"Andy Taylor, John Taylor, Nick Rhodes, Roger Taylor, Simon Le BonDuran Duran4:134."The Great Commandment"Heiko Maile, Marcus Meyn, Oliver KreyssigCamouflage3:315."Send Me An Angel"David Sterry, Richard ZatorskiReal Life3:506."Tainted Love"Ed CobbGloria Jones2:507."Der Mussolini"Gabi Delgado, Robert GörlD.A.F.3:508."Being Boiled"Philip Oakey, Martyn Ware, Ian Craig MarshThe Human League3:529."Don't Go"Alison Moyet, Vince ClarkeYazoo3:0410."Let's Dance"David BowieDavid Bowie5:1411."Maid of Orleans"Andy McCluskeyOrchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark4:1212."Die Deutschmaschine" (bonus track on limited edition)And OneAnd One4:28 LP Disc one, side oneNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Shout"Orzabal, Stanley6:302."Rage Hard"Nash, Johnson, O'Toole, Gill5:003."Wild Boys"Taylor, Taylor, Rhodes, Taylor, Le Bon4:13 Disc one, side twoNo.TitleWriter(s)Length4."The Great Commandment"Maile, Meyn, Kreyssig3:315."Send Me An Angel"Sterry, Zatorski3:506."Tainted Love"Cobb2:507."Der Mussolini"Delgado, Görl3:50 Disc two, side oneNo.TitleWriter(s)Length8."Being Boiled"Oakey, Ware, Marsh3:529."Don't Go"Moyet, Clarke3:0410."Let's Dance"Bowie5:1411."Maid of Orleans"McCluskey4:12 Disc two, side twoNo.TitleWriter(s)Original artistLength12."Das Letzte Mal" (original title: "Als Wär's Das Letzte Mal") Deutsch-Amerikanische Freundschaft 13."Die Deutschmaschine"And OneAnd One 14."Verschwende Deine Jugend" Deutsch-Amerikanische Freundschaft  Werk 80 II limited edition On 29 February 2008 Atrocity released the follow-up Werk 80 II. A limited two disc edition was released on the same day, with on the second disc a re-pressing of the original Werk 80 with additional bonus tracks that had been previously released as tracks on the fourth side of the LP and two extra tracks of singles released from Werk 80: "Tainted Love (Albrin-mix)" and "Shout (Edit)".: Credits Produced by Alexander Krull & Bruno Kramm. Recorded & Mixed at Dance Macabre Studio, Bayreuth. Engineered by Bruno Kramm, Eva Istok, Ingo Beitz. Mixed by Bruno Kramm and Alexander Krull. Mastered by Alexander Krull at Master Sound. Keyboards and sampling by Bruno Kramm. Guest vocals by Liv Kristine Espenaes. Classical voice by Sofia Solovej. References ^ "Review at Wavegothic". ^ Encyclopaedia Metallum - Atrocity (Ger) - Werk 80 ^ ATROCITY - Werk 80 Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group This 1990s metal album–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"industrial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_music"},{"link_name":"gothic metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_metal"},{"link_name":"Atrocity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrocity_(band)"},{"link_name":"cover versions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_version"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Werk 80 II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werk_80_II"}],"text":"Werk 80 is the fifth full-length album by German industrial gothic metal band Atrocity and was released in 1997. It's the band's first full-length album with cover versions of popular 1980s songs.[1] Atrocity released a sequel, Werk 80 II, in 2008.","title":"Werk 80"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shout_(Tears_for_Fears_song)"},{"link_name":"Roland Orzabal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Orzabal"},{"link_name":"Ian Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Stanley"},{"link_name":"Tears for Fears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tears_for_Fears"},{"link_name":"Rage Hard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rage_Hard"},{"link_name":"Brian Nash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Nash"},{"link_name":"Holly Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Mark O'Toole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_O%27Toole_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Peter Gill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Gill_(FGTH_drummer)"},{"link_name":"Frankie Goes to Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankie_Goes_to_Hollywood"},{"link_name":"Wild Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wild_Boys_(song)"},{"link_name":"Andy Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Taylor_(guitarist)"},{"link_name":"John Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Taylor_(bass_guitarist)"},{"link_name":"Nick Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Rhodes"},{"link_name":"Roger Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Taylor_(Duran_Duran_drummer)"},{"link_name":"Simon Le Bon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Le_Bon"},{"link_name":"Duran Duran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duran_Duran"},{"link_name":"The Great Commandment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Commandment_(song)"},{"link_name":"Camouflage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camouflage_(band)"},{"link_name":"Send Me An Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Send_Me_an_Angel_(Real_Life_song)"},{"link_name":"Real Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Life_(band)"},{"link_name":"Tainted Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tainted_Love"},{"link_name":"Ed Cobb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Cobb"},{"link_name":"Gloria Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Jones"},{"link_name":"Der Mussolini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Der_Mussolini&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gabi Delgado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabi_Delgado"},{"link_name":"Robert Görl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_G%C3%B6rl"},{"link_name":"D.A.F.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsch_Amerikanische_Freundschaft"},{"link_name":"Being Boiled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Being_Boiled"},{"link_name":"Philip Oakey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Oakey"},{"link_name":"Martyn Ware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyn_Ware"},{"link_name":"Ian Craig Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Craig_Marsh"},{"link_name":"The Human League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Human_League"},{"link_name":"Don't Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Go_(Yazoo_song)"},{"link_name":"Alison Moyet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alison_Moyet"},{"link_name":"Vince Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Clarke"},{"link_name":"Yazoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazoo_(band)"},{"link_name":"Let's Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%27s_Dance_(David_Bowie_song)"},{"link_name":"David Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie"},{"link_name":"Maid of Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maid_of_Orleans_(The_Waltz_Joan_of_Arc)"},{"link_name":"Andy McCluskey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_McCluskey"},{"link_name":"Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestral_Manoeuvres_in_the_Dark"},{"link_name":"Die Deutschmaschine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschmaschine"},{"link_name":"And One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/And_One"}],"sub_title":"CD","text":"No.TitleWriter(s)Original artistLength1.\"Shout\"Roland Orzabal, Ian StanleyTears for Fears6:302.\"Rage Hard\"Brian Nash, Holly Johnson, Mark O'Toole, Peter GillFrankie Goes to Hollywood5:003.\"Wild Boys\"Andy Taylor, John Taylor, Nick Rhodes, Roger Taylor, Simon Le BonDuran Duran4:134.\"The Great Commandment\"Heiko Maile, Marcus Meyn, Oliver KreyssigCamouflage3:315.\"Send Me An Angel\"David Sterry, Richard ZatorskiReal Life3:506.\"Tainted Love\"Ed CobbGloria Jones2:507.\"Der Mussolini\"Gabi Delgado, Robert GörlD.A.F.3:508.\"Being Boiled\"Philip Oakey, Martyn Ware, Ian Craig MarshThe Human League3:529.\"Don't Go\"Alison Moyet, Vince ClarkeYazoo3:0410.\"Let's Dance\"David BowieDavid Bowie5:1411.\"Maid of Orleans\"Andy McCluskeyOrchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark4:1212.\"Die Deutschmaschine\" (bonus track on limited edition)And OneAnd One4:28","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Send Me An Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Send_Me_an_Angel_(Real_Life_song)"},{"link_name":"Die Deutschmaschine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschmaschine"}],"sub_title":"LP","text":"Disc one, side oneNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"Shout\"Orzabal, Stanley6:302.\"Rage Hard\"Nash, Johnson, O'Toole, Gill5:003.\"Wild Boys\"Taylor, Taylor, Rhodes, Taylor, Le Bon4:13Disc one, side twoNo.TitleWriter(s)Length4.\"The Great Commandment\"Maile, Meyn, Kreyssig3:315.\"Send Me An Angel\"Sterry, Zatorski3:506.\"Tainted Love\"Cobb2:507.\"Der Mussolini\"Delgado, Görl3:50Disc two, side oneNo.TitleWriter(s)Length8.\"Being Boiled\"Oakey, Ware, Marsh3:529.\"Don't Go\"Moyet, Clarke3:0410.\"Let's Dance\"Bowie5:1411.\"Maid of Orleans\"McCluskey4:12Disc two, side twoNo.TitleWriter(s)Original artistLength12.\"Das Letzte Mal\" (original title: \"Als Wär's Das Letzte Mal\") Deutsch-Amerikanische Freundschaft 13.\"Die Deutschmaschine\"And OneAnd One 14.\"Verschwende Deine Jugend\" Deutsch-Amerikanische Freundschaft","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Werk 80 II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werk_80_II"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Werk 80 II limited edition","text":"On 29 February 2008 Atrocity released the follow-up Werk 80 II. A limited two disc edition was released on the same day, with on the second disc a re-pressing of the original Werk 80 with additional bonus tracks that had been previously released as tracks on the fourth side of the LP and two extra tracks of singles released from Werk 80: \"Tainted Love (Albrin-mix)\" and \"Shout (Edit)\".:[2]","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexander Krull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Krull"},{"link_name":"Liv Kristine Espenaes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liv_Kristine_Espenaes"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Produced by Alexander Krull & Bruno Kramm.\nRecorded & Mixed at Dance Macabre Studio, Bayreuth.\nEngineered by Bruno Kramm, Eva Istok, Ingo Beitz.\nMixed by Bruno Kramm and Alexander Krull.\nMastered by Alexander Krull at Master Sound.\nKeyboards and sampling by Bruno Kramm.\nGuest vocals by Liv Kristine Espenaes.\nClassical voice by Sofia Solovej.[3]","title":"Credits"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Braeden
Eric Braeden
["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Victor Newman","3 Personal life","3.1 Health","4 Filmography","5 Awards and nominations","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
German actor (born 1941) Eric BraedenBraeden in 2013BornHans-Jörg Gudegast (1941-04-03) April 3, 1941 (age 83)Bredenbek, Free State of Prussia, Germany (present-day Schleswig-Holstein, Germany)EducationUniversity of MontanaOccupationActorYears active1960–presentSpouse Dale Russell ​(m. 1966)​ChildrenChristian GudegastWebsiteericbraeden.com Eric Braeden (born Hans-Jörg Gudegast; April 3, 1941) is a German film and television actor, known for his roles as Victor Newman on the CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless, as Hans Dietrich in the 1960s TV series The Rat Patrol, Dr. Charles Forbin in Colossus: The Forbin Project, as Dr. Otto Hasslein in Escape from the Planet of the Apes, and as John Jacob Astor IV in the 1997 film Titanic. He won a Daytime Emmy Award in 1998 for Lead Actor in a Drama Series for the role of Victor Newman on The Young and the Restless. Early life Braeden was born Hans-Jörg Gudegast in Bredenbek, Germany (near Kiel), a small village in northern Germany where his father was once mayor. He emigrated to the United States in 1959, and attended the University of Montana, Missoula. In his autobiography, titled I'll Be Damned, published by HarperCollins in 2017, Braeden said that he was a survivor of the MV Wilhelm Gustloff sinking. The ship was a German transport evacuating civilians, military personnel, and technicians as part of Operation Hannibal, which was sunk on January 30, 1945, by Soviet submarine S-13, in the Baltic Sea. An estimated 9,400 people died. It was the largest loss of life in a single ship sinking in history. Career Braeden accumulated many TV and film credits during his first two decades in America, and guest-starred in 120 roles. His earliest credits were all under his birth name, Hans Gudegast. During the 1960s, he appeared in several episodes of TV's longest-running World War II drama (1962–1967) Combat!, always playing a German soldier. In 1965, he appeared in a film called Morituri starring Marlon Brando and Yul Brynner, and guest-starred in The Man From U.N.C.L.E. as T.H.R.U.S.H. agent Mr. Oakes in "The Discotheque Affair", season two, episode five. Braeden in The Rat Patrol, 1966 In 1966, he guest-starred as Luftwaffe Major Bentz in episode 28, "Day of Reckoning", of season two of the TV series Twelve O'Clock High (a series which was very loosely based on the classic 1949 war film with the same name) and also appeared in an episode of the 1966 espionage drama series Blue Light. His main character for the next two years was his regular starring role playing German Hauptmann (Captain) Hans Dietrich on the TV series The Rat Patrol (1966–1968), He starred in the 1969 Western 100 Rifles with Raquel Welch, Burt Reynolds, and Jim Brown (noted for the first big-screen interracial love scene between Welch and Brown), once again playing a villainous German military officer opposite Fernando Lamas. This was his last credit under his birth name. His starring role in the movie Colossus: The Forbin Project (1970), was when he first took the stage name of Eric Braeden. Lew Wasserman of Universal Pictures told him that no one would be allowed to star in an American film if he or she had a German name. After much thought, he took the name Braeden from his hometown of Bredenbek. His other movie appearances in the 1970s included the role of Dr. Otto Hasslein in Escape from the Planet of the Apes (1971), and that of the arrogant but formidable race-car driver, Bruno von Stickle, in Walt Disney's 1977 Herbie Goes to Monte Carlo. Throughout the 1970s, he also guest-starred in a variety of television shows, including The Six Million Dollar Man, Wonder Woman, and The Mary Tyler Moore Show, and also appeared in several episodes of the long-running CBS Western series Gunsmoke. Braeden in July 2007 In addition to many episodic roles, Braeden also appeared as Colonel John Jacob Astor IV in the 1997 blockbuster film Titanic. Braeden told Cindy Elavsky that filming the scene in Titanic, in which his character drowned, "was one of the scariest moments in this business for me." Victor Newman In 1980, he was offered the role of self-made business magnate Victor Newman on the daytime soap opera The Young and the Restless. Initially, the role was for a 26-week run. His character imprisoned his wife's lover, and became so popular the character became a love-to-hate villain, and his contract was extended. Braeden won a Daytime Emmy for his work in 1998. In February 2017 he celebrated his 37th anniversary with the show. In 2020, the show marked Braeden's 40th anniversary as Victor onscreen. In October 2009, Braeden and The Young and the Restless came to an impasse regarding contract negotiations, and press reports indicated he might leave the show. CBS later announced, though, that Braeden had inked a new three-year deal and would remain with the show, agreeing to a reduction in salary, which was the original issue. Personal life In 1958, Braeden, under his birth name Hans-Jörg Gudegast, won the Germany National Team Championship in track and field (discus, shot put, and javelin) with the Rendsburger TSV. Braeden later went on to win the 1973 National Challenge Cup as a fullback with the Jewish American soccer club Maccabi Los Angeles, scoring the winning goal in the semifinal game and a penalty kick in the championship game against Chicago Croatian. In the 1970s/80s, he could often be seen boxing at the Hoover Street and Broadway gyms in Los Angeles. He was a tennis player and has participated in many celebrity events. He married his college sweetheart Dale Russell in 1966. His son, Christian, is a director who created the film Den of Thieves, starring Gerard Butler. Health In April 2023, Braeden announced he was diagnosed with "high-grade" bladder cancer. He discovered his cancer diagnosis while recovering from knee-replacement surgery and while undergoing prostate-related treatment. In August 2023, Braeden revealed he was now cancer-free. Filmography Year Title Role Notes 1961 Operation Eichmann Klaus 1962–1964 Combat! Corporal Hans Gruber / Sergeant Ecktmann 6 episodes 1965 Morituri Radio Officer Uncredited The Man from U.N.C.L.E. Mr. Oakes Episode: "The Discotheque Affair" 12 O'Clock High Major Gerhard Bentz / Captain Zoller 2 episodes 1966–1967 Mission: Impossible Andrei Fetyakov / Marcus Von Frank 2 episodes 1966–1968 The Rat Patrol Captain Hans Dietrich 58 episodes 1966 The Virginian Augustin Episodes: "No Drums, No Trumpets" 1968 Dayton's Devils Max Eikhart 1969 100 Rifles Lieutenant Franz Von Klemme 1969–1973 Hawaii Five-O Djebara / Klaus Marburg / Dr. Paul Farrar 3 episodes 1970 The Mask of Sheba Dr. Morgan TV movie Colossus: The Forbin Project Dr. Charles A. Forbin The Young Rebels Major Zanker Episode: "The Hostages" 1971 Escape from the Planet of the Apes Dr. Otto Hasslein Mannix Viktor Gruniev Episode: “Woman in the Shadows” Bearcats! Colonel Reinert Episode: "Dos Gringos" 1971–1974 Gunsmoke Jack Sinclair / Talley / Carl Jaekel 5 episode 1972 The Judge and Jake Wyler Anton Granicek TV movie 1973 McCloud Ravik Episode: "The Million Dollar Round Up" Lady Ice Peter Brinker The Six Million Dollar Man Findletter TV movie Death Race Stoeffer TV movie The Adulteress Hank Baron 1973–1975 Barnaby Jones Hans / Jennings / Raven / Steven Kingston 2 episodes 1974 Banacek Paul Bolitho Episode: "The Vanishing Chalice" The Ultimate Thrill Roland Parlay Kolchak: The Night Stalker Bernhardt Stieglitz Episode: "The Werewolf" 1975 Death Scream Kosinsky TV movie 1976 Cannon Carl Bruckner Episode: “The Quasar Kill” 1975–1978 Wonder Woman Donalsen / Captain Drangel 2 episodes 1977 The Mary Tyler Moore Show Karl Heller Episode: "The Critic" Kojak Kenneth Krug Episode: "When You Hear the Beep, Drop Dead" Code Name: Diamond Head Ernest Graeber TV movie Herbie Goes to Monte Carlo Bruno Von Stickle 1978 The Eddie Capra Mysteries Leo Episode: "Murder! Murder!" Piranha Dr. Robert Hoak (swimming double) Uncredited 1979 CHiPs Senator Bob Larwin Episode: "MAIT Team" 1980 The Aliens Are Coming Leonard Nero TV movie 1980–present The Young and the Restless Victor Newman 1981 Charlie's Angels John Reardon Episode: "Attack Angels" 1986 Airwolf Nick Kincaid Episode: "Birds of Paradise" 1986 Murder, She Wrote Colonel Gerhardt Brunner Episode: "One White Rose for Death" 1990 The Ambulance The Doctor Lucky Chances Dimitri Stanislopolous 3 episodes 1993 Perry Mason: Wicked Wives David Morrison 1994 The Nanny Frank Bradley Sr. Episode: "Sunday in the Park with Fran" 1995 Diagnosis: Murder Himself Episode: "Death in the Daytime" 1997 Titanic John Jacob Astor IV 1998 Meet the Deedles Elton Deedle 1999 The Bold and the Beautiful Victor Newman 4 episodes (January 25–28, 1999 ) 2008 The Man Who Came Back Reese Paxton 2008 How I Met Your Mother Robin Scherbatsky Sr. Episode: "Happily Ever After" 2018 Den of Thieves "Ziggy" Zerhusen Awards and nominations List of awards and nominations for Eric Braeden Year Award Category Work Result Ref. 1986 Soap Opera Digest Award Outstanding Actor in a Leading Role on a Daytime Serial The Young and the Restless Nominated 1987 Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series The Young and the Restless Nominated 1988 Soap Opera Digest Award Outstanding Actor in a Leading Role: Daytime The Young and the Restless Nominated 1989 Soap Opera Digest Award Outstanding Actor in a Leading Role: Daytime The Young and the Restless Won ' 1990 Distinguished German-American of the Year N/A Himself Won 1990 Soap Opera Digest Award Outstanding Lead Actor: Daytime The Young and the Restless Nominated 1990 Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series The Young and the Restless Nominated 1991 Soap Opera Digest Award Outstanding Lead Actor: Daytime The Young and the Restless Nominated 1992 People's Choice Awards Favorite Male Performer In A Daytime Serial The Young and the Restless Won 1993 Soap Opera Digest Award Hottest Male Star The Young and the Restless Nominated 1994 Soap Opera Digest Award Hottest Male Star The Young and the Restless Nominated 1996 Daytime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series The Young and the Restless Nominated 1997 Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series The Young and the Restless Nominated 1997 Soap Opera Digest Award Outstanding Lead Actor: Daytime The Young and the Restless Won 1998 Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series The Young and the Restless Won 1999 Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series The Young and the Restless Nominated 1999 Soap Opera Digest Award Outstanding Lead Actor The Young and the Restless Nominated 2000 Soap Opera Digest Award Favourite Actor The Young and the Restless Nominated 2001 Soap Opera Digest Award Outstanding Lead Actor The Young and the Restless Won 2000 Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series The Young and the Restless Nominated 2004 Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series The Young and the Restless Nominated 2005 Soap Opera Digest Award Outstanding Lead Actor The Young and the Restless Nominated 2007 Hollywood Walk of Fame N/A Himself Won 2007 Gilmore Award the Pacific Pioneers, a radio and television industry group N/A Himself Won 2009 Friend of German Award from the American Association of Teachers of German N/A Himself Won 2017 Soap Awards France Best Villain of the Year The Young and the Restless Won 2018 Soap Awards France Best Actor of the Year The Young and the Restless Nominated 2018 Soap Awards France Best Villain of the Year The Young and the Restless Nominated 2020 Soap Hub Awards Favorite The Young and the Restless Actor The Young and the Restless Won See also Victor Newman and Nikki Reed Supercouple Distinguished German-American of the Year References ^ a b c "Eric Braeden". Soap Opera Digest. Archived from the original on January 18, 2022. Retrieved January 18, 2022. ^ "Daytime Emmy Winners & Nominees: 1998". SoapOperaDigest.com. Archived from the original on July 15, 2009. Retrieved July 10, 2009. ^ Braeden, Eric (2017). I'll Be Damned: How My Young and Restless Life Led Me to America's #1 Daytime Drama. HarperCollins. ISBN 9780062476111. ^ Weaver, Tom. "Eric Braeden Interview". In I Talked with a Zombie: Interviews with 23 veterans of Horror and Sci-fi Films and Television, McFarland, 2009, pp. 11–12 ^ Elavsky, Cindy (2012-03-16). "Celebrity Extra". Downriver Sunday Times. Retrieved 2012-03-23. ^ "Daytime Emmys Central: 25th Annual (1997-1998)". ^ "I'll be Damned! Eric Braeden's Life Story is Soon to Hit Shelves – the Suds Hub". Archived from the original on 2016-11-08. Retrieved 2016-11-07. ^ "TV Iron Man Eric Braeden Marks 40 Years on 'Young and the Restless'". 14 February 2020. ^ Kate Stanhope. "Eric Braeden Returning to Young and the Restless". TVGuide.com. ^ Zeller, Johnathan (June 29, 2015). "Los Angeles' Forgotten Jewish Soccer Dynasty". VICE Sports. Archived from the original on April 28, 2016. Retrieved June 30, 2015. ^ a b "Victor, Victorious". Soap Opera Weekly. 2007-02-13. p. 32. ^ "'Young and the Restless' star Eric Braeden reveals cancer diagnosis". MSN. Retrieved April 24, 2023. ^ "'Young and the Restless' star Eric Braeden says he has cancer — and reveals common symptom he had". Yahoo. 24 April 2023. ^ "Eric Braeden, 'Young and the Restless' star, says he's now cancer-free". CNN. 15 August 2023. Retrieved October 28, 2023. ^ "B&B; Daily Recaps Archives - Recaps for The week of January 25, 1999". Soapcentral. Archived from the original on July 12, 2001. Retrieved December 2, 2023. ^ "B&B; Daily Recaps Archives - Recaps for The week of January 25, 1999". Soapcentral. Archived from the original on March 14, 2016. Retrieved December 2, 2023. ^ "1987 Emmy Winners & Nominees". Soap Opera Digest. New York City, New York: American Media, Inc. Archived from the original on August 18, 2004. Retrieved May 6, 2013. ^ "The Soap Opera Digest Awards: 1989". Soap Opera Digest. soapoperadigest.com. 11 April 2003. Archived from the original on March 3, 2009. Retrieved March 15, 2013. ^ Goudas, John N. (May 26, 1990). "Emmy nominees announced". TimesDaily. Florence, Alabama: Tennessee Valley Printing Co. p. 70. Retrieved May 6, 2013. ^ Richmond, Ray (April 5, 1996). "'Y&R' leads Emmy nominations". Observer–Reporter. Washington, Pennsylvania: Observer Publishing Company. p. 11. Retrieved May 6, 2013. ^ "1997 Emmy Winners & Nominees". Soap Opera Digest. New York City, New York: American Media, Inc. Archived from the original on August 18, 2004. Retrieved May 6, 2013. ^ "Readers just can't cope without scoop on soaps". Sun Journal. March 28, 1997. Retrieved February 10, 2013. ^ Margulies, Lee (May 18, 1998). "'All My Children' Tops Daytime Emmys". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. Archived from the original on December 24, 2013. Retrieved May 6, 2013. ^ "Daytime Emmy Nominees List 1". Variety. Los Angeles, California: Penske Business Media. March 11, 1999. Archived from the original on September 28, 2013. Retrieved May 6, 2013. ^ "The Soap Opera Digest Awards: 2001". Soap Opera Digest. soapoperadigest.com. 14 April 2003. Archived from the original on March 3, 2009. Retrieved March 15, 2013. ^ Havens, Candace (May 12, 2000). "Lead actress Emmy race too close to call". The Union Democrat. Sonora, California: Western Communications. p. 55. Retrieved May 6, 2013. ^ "The 31st Annual Daytime Emmy Award Nominations" (PDF). New York: emmyonline.org and National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. March 4, 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 29, 2013. Retrieved May 6, 2013. ^ "Soap Awards France 2017 : Hélène Rollès, Les Mystères de l'amour, Ambroise Michel, Terre de passions, Eric Braeden... le palmarès complet". France: toutelatele.com and Médiamétrie. June 1, 2017. Retrieved August 17, 2020. ^ a b "Soap Awards France 2018 : Sharon Case, Clément Rémiens, Fanny (Elsa Esnoult), Demain nous appartient... le palmarès complet". France: toutelatele.com and Médiamétrie. March 28, 2018. Retrieved July 4, 2020. ^ Montgomery, Daniel (September 2, 2020). "1st Annual Soap Hub Awards decided by fans honored 'Days of Our Lives,' Steve Burton, Sharon Case and more". Gold Derby. Penske Media Corporation. Retrieved September 3, 2020. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eric Braeden. Eric Braeden at IMDb Eric Braeden at AllMovie Eric Braeden at The Interviews: An Oral History of Television Interview with Eric Braeden. Accessed February 11, 2017 vteDaytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series1970s Macdonald Carey (1974) Macdonald Carey (1975) Larry Haines (1976) Val Dufour (1977) James Pritchett (1978) Al Freeman Jr. (1979) 1980s Douglass Watson (1980) Douglass Watson (1981) Anthony Geary (1982) Robert S. Woods (1983) Larry Bryggman (1984) Darnell Williams (1985) David Canary (1986) Larry Bryggman (1987) David Canary (1988) David Canary (1989) 1990s A Martinez (1990) Peter Bergman (1991) Peter Bergman (1992) David Canary (1993) Michael Zaslow (1994) Justin Deas (1995) Charles Keating (1996) Justin Deas (1997) Eric Braeden (1998) Anthony Geary (1999) 2000s Anthony Geary (2000) David Canary (2001) Peter Bergman (2002) Maurice Benard (2003) Anthony Geary (2004) Christian LeBlanc (2005) Anthony Geary (2006) Christian LeBlanc (2007) Anthony Geary (2008) Christian LeBlanc (2009) 2010s Michael Park (2010) Michael Park (2011) Anthony Geary (2012) Doug Davidson (2013) Billy Miller (2014) Anthony Geary (2015) Tyler Christopher (2016) Scott Clifton (2017) James Reynolds (2018) Maurice Benard (2019) 2020s Jason Thompson (2020) Maurice Benard (2021) John McCook (2022) Thorsten Kaye (2023) Thorsten Kaye (2024) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany United States Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOD_stats-1"},{"link_name":"Victor Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Newman_(fictional_character)"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"soap opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_opera"},{"link_name":"The Young and the Restless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Young_and_the_Restless"},{"link_name":"The Rat Patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rat_Patrol"},{"link_name":"Colossus: The Forbin Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colossus:_The_Forbin_Project"},{"link_name":"Escape from the Planet of the Apes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escape_from_the_Planet_of_the_Apes"},{"link_name":"John Jacob Astor IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jacob_Astor_IV"},{"link_name":"Titanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanic_(1997_film)"},{"link_name":"Daytime Emmy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytime_Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"Lead Actor in a Drama Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Lead_Actor_in_a_Drama_Series"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOD_stats-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Emmy_1998-2"}],"text":"Eric Braeden (born Hans-Jörg Gudegast; April 3, 1941)\n[1] is a German film and television actor, known for his roles as Victor Newman on the CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless, as Hans Dietrich in the 1960s TV series The Rat Patrol, Dr. Charles Forbin in Colossus: The Forbin Project, as Dr. Otto Hasslein in Escape from the Planet of the Apes, and as John Jacob Astor IV in the 1997 film Titanic. He won a Daytime Emmy Award in 1998 for Lead Actor in a Drama Series for the role of Victor Newman on The Young and the Restless.[1][2]","title":"Eric Braeden"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bredenbek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bredenbek"},{"link_name":"Kiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOD_stats-1"},{"link_name":"University of Montana, Missoula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Montana,_Missoula"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"MV Wilhelm Gustloff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Wilhelm_Gustloff"},{"link_name":"Operation Hannibal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Hannibal"},{"link_name":"Soviet submarine S-13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_submarine_S-13"}],"text":"Braeden was born Hans-Jörg Gudegast in Bredenbek, Germany (near Kiel),[1] a small village in northern Germany where his father was once mayor. He emigrated to the United States in 1959, and attended the University of Montana, Missoula.[citation needed]In his autobiography, titled I'll Be Damned, published by HarperCollins in 2017,[3] Braeden said that he was a survivor of the MV Wilhelm Gustloff sinking. The ship was a German transport evacuating civilians, military personnel, and technicians as part of Operation Hannibal, which was sunk on January 30, 1945, by Soviet submarine S-13, in the Baltic Sea. An estimated 9,400 people died. It was the largest loss of life in a single ship sinking in history.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Combat!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat!"},{"link_name":"Morituri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morituri_(1965_film)"},{"link_name":"Marlon Brando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlon_Brando"},{"link_name":"Yul Brynner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yul_Brynner"},{"link_name":"The Man From U.N.C.L.E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_From_U.N.C.L.E."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eric_Braeden_Hans_Gudegast_The_Rat_Patrol_1966.JPG"},{"link_name":"Luftwaffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe"},{"link_name":"Twelve O'Clock High","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_O%27Clock_High_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"1949 war film with the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_O%27Clock_High"},{"link_name":"Blue Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Light_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Hauptmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauptmann"},{"link_name":"The Rat Patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rat_Patrol"},{"link_name":"100 Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_Rifles"},{"link_name":"Raquel Welch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raquel_Welch"},{"link_name":"Burt Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burt_Reynolds"},{"link_name":"Jim Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Brown"},{"link_name":"Fernando Lamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Lamas"},{"link_name":"Colossus: The Forbin Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colossus:_The_Forbin_Project"},{"link_name":"Lew Wasserman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lew_Wasserman"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Escape from the Planet of the Apes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escape_from_the_Planet_of_the_Apes"},{"link_name":"Herbie Goes to Monte Carlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbie_Goes_to_Monte_Carlo"},{"link_name":"The Six Million Dollar Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Six_Million_Dollar_Man"},{"link_name":"Wonder Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonder_Woman_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Mary Tyler Moore Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mary_Tyler_Moore_Show"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"Gunsmoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunsmoke"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eric_Braeden_(Los_Angeles,_July_2007).jpg"},{"link_name":"John Jacob Astor IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jacob_Astor_IV"},{"link_name":"blockbuster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockbuster_(entertainment)"},{"link_name":"Titanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanic_(1997_film)"},{"link_name":"Cindy Elavsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cindy_Elavsky"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Braeden accumulated many TV and film credits during his first two decades in America, and guest-starred in 120 roles. His earliest credits were all under his birth name, Hans Gudegast.During the 1960s, he appeared in several episodes of TV's longest-running World War II drama (1962–1967) Combat!, always playing a German soldier. In 1965, he appeared in a film called Morituri starring Marlon Brando and Yul Brynner, and guest-starred in The Man From U.N.C.L.E. as T.H.R.U.S.H. agent Mr. Oakes in \"The Discotheque Affair\", season two, episode five.Braeden in The Rat Patrol, 1966In 1966, he guest-starred as Luftwaffe Major Bentz in episode 28, \"Day of Reckoning\", of season two of the TV series Twelve O'Clock High (a series which was very loosely based on the classic 1949 war film with the same name) and also appeared in an episode of the 1966 espionage drama series Blue Light. His main character for the next two years was his regular starring role playing German Hauptmann (Captain) Hans Dietrich on the TV series The Rat Patrol (1966–1968),He starred in the 1969 Western 100 Rifles with Raquel Welch, Burt Reynolds, and Jim Brown (noted for the first big-screen interracial love scene between Welch and Brown), once again playing a villainous German military officer opposite Fernando Lamas. This was his last credit under his birth name.His starring role in the movie Colossus: The Forbin Project (1970), was when he first took the stage name of Eric Braeden. Lew Wasserman of Universal Pictures told him that no one would be allowed to star in an American film if he or she had a German name. After much thought, he took the name Braeden from his hometown of Bredenbek.[4]His other movie appearances in the 1970s included the role of Dr. Otto Hasslein in Escape from the Planet of the Apes (1971), and that of the arrogant but formidable race-car driver, Bruno von Stickle, in Walt Disney's 1977 Herbie Goes to Monte Carlo. Throughout the 1970s, he also guest-starred in a variety of television shows, including The Six Million Dollar Man, Wonder Woman, and The Mary Tyler Moore Show, and also appeared in several episodes of the long-running CBS Western series Gunsmoke.Braeden in July 2007In addition to many episodic roles, Braeden also appeared as Colonel John Jacob Astor IV in the 1997 blockbuster film Titanic. Braeden told Cindy Elavsky that filming the scene in Titanic, in which his character drowned, \"was one of the scariest moments in this business for me.\"[5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victor Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Newman_(fictional_character)"},{"link_name":"Daytime Emmy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytime_Emmy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Victor Newman","text":"In 1980, he was offered the role of self-made business magnate Victor Newman on the daytime soap opera The Young and the Restless. Initially, the role was for a 26-week run. His character imprisoned his wife's lover, and became so popular the character became a love-to-hate villain, and his contract was extended.Braeden won a Daytime Emmy for his work in 1998.[6] In February 2017 he celebrated his 37th anniversary with the show.[7] In 2020, the show marked Braeden's 40th anniversary as Victor onscreen.[8]In October 2009, Braeden and The Young and the Restless came to an impasse regarding contract negotiations, and press reports indicated he might leave the show. CBS later announced, though, that Braeden had inked a new three-year deal and would remain with the show, agreeing to a reduction in salary, which was the original issue.[9]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1973 National Challenge Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_National_Challenge_Cup"},{"link_name":"Jewish American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_American"},{"link_name":"Maccabi Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccabi_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"penalty kick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Chicago Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Croatian"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2007sow-11"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Gudegast"},{"link_name":"Den of Thieves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_of_Thieves_(film)"},{"link_name":"Gerard Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Butler"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2007sow-11"}],"text":"In 1958, Braeden, under his birth name Hans-Jörg Gudegast, won the Germany National Team Championship in track and field (discus, shot put, and javelin) with the Rendsburger TSV. Braeden later went on to win the 1973 National Challenge Cup as a fullback with the Jewish American soccer club Maccabi Los Angeles, scoring the winning goal in the semifinal game and a penalty kick in the championship game against Chicago Croatian.[10] In the 1970s/80s, he could often be seen boxing at the Hoover Street and Broadway gyms in Los Angeles. He was a tennis player and has participated in many celebrity events.[11]He married his college sweetheart Dale Russell in 1966. His son, Christian, is a director who created the film Den of Thieves, starring Gerard Butler.[11]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bladder cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladder_cancer"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"prostate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostate"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Health","text":"In April 2023, Braeden announced he was diagnosed with \"high-grade\" bladder cancer.[12] He discovered his cancer diagnosis while recovering from knee-replacement surgery and while undergoing prostate-related treatment.[13] In August 2023, Braeden revealed he was now cancer-free.[14]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"}]
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[{"title":"Victor Newman and Nikki Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Newman_and_Nikki_Reed"},{"title":"Supercouple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercouple"},{"title":"Distinguished German-American of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_German-American_of_the_Year"}]
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ISBN 9780062476111.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HbxRjwEACAAJ","url_text":"I'll Be Damned: How My Young and Restless Life Led Me to America's #1 Daytime Drama"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780062476111","url_text":"9780062476111"}]},{"reference":"Elavsky, Cindy (2012-03-16). \"Celebrity Extra\". Downriver Sunday Times. Retrieved 2012-03-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://downriversundaytimes.com/2012/03/16/celebrity-extra-139/","url_text":"\"Celebrity Extra\""}]},{"reference":"\"Daytime Emmys Central: 25th Annual (1997-1998)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soapcentral.com/emmys/archives/1997.php","url_text":"\"Daytime Emmys Central: 25th Annual (1997-1998)\""}]},{"reference":"\"I'll be Damned! Eric Braeden's Life Story is Soon to Hit Shelves – the Suds Hub\". Archived from the original on 2016-11-08. Retrieved 2016-11-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161108052006/http://thesudshub.com/ill-be-damned-eric-braedens-life-story-is-soon-to-hit-shelves/","url_text":"\"I'll be Damned! Eric Braeden's Life Story is Soon to Hit Shelves – the Suds Hub\""},{"url":"http://thesudshub.com/ill-be-damned-eric-braedens-life-story-is-soon-to-hit-shelves/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"TV Iron Man Eric Braeden Marks 40 Years on 'Young and the Restless'\". 14 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2020/biz/news/eric-braeden-young-the-restless-40th-anniversary-1203504100/","url_text":"\"TV Iron Man Eric Braeden Marks 40 Years on 'Young and the Restless'\""}]},{"reference":"Kate Stanhope. \"Eric Braeden Returning to Young and the Restless\". TVGuide.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvguide.com/News/Eric-Braeden-Returning-1011214.aspx","url_text":"\"Eric Braeden Returning to Young and the Restless\""}]},{"reference":"Zeller, Johnathan (June 29, 2015). \"Los Angeles' Forgotten Jewish Soccer Dynasty\". VICE Sports. Archived from the original on April 28, 2016. Retrieved June 30, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20160428064100/https://sports.vice.com/ca/article/los-angeles-forgotten-jewish-soccer-dynasty","url_text":"\"Los Angeles' Forgotten Jewish Soccer Dynasty\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_(magazine)","url_text":"VICE Sports"},{"url":"https://sports.vice.com/ca/article/los-angeles-forgotten-jewish-soccer-dynasty","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Victor, Victorious\". 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Retrieved May 6, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130929081434/http://www.emmyonline.org/releases/pdf/Daytime_Emmy_Nom_Release_Final_for_Web.pdf","url_text":"\"The 31st Annual Daytime Emmy Award Nominations\""},{"url":"http://www.emmyonline.org/releases/pdf/Daytime_Emmy_Nom_Release_Final_for_Web.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Soap Awards France 2017 : Hélène Rollès, Les Mystères de l'amour, Ambroise Michel, Terre de passions, Eric Braeden... le palmarès complet\". France: toutelatele.com and Médiamétrie. June 1, 2017. Retrieved August 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.toutelatele.com/soap-awards-france-2017-helene-rolles-les-mysteres-de-l-amour-ambroise-michel-terre-de-passions-eric-braeden-le-palmares-complet-91285","url_text":"\"Soap Awards France 2017 : Hélène Rollès, Les Mystères de l'amour, Ambroise Michel, Terre de passions, Eric Braeden... le palmarès complet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France","url_text":"France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9diam%C3%A9trie","url_text":"Médiamétrie"}]},{"reference":"\"Soap Awards France 2018 : Sharon Case, Clément Rémiens, Fanny (Elsa Esnoult), Demain nous appartient... le palmarès complet\". France: toutelatele.com and Médiamétrie. March 28, 2018. Retrieved July 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.toutelatele.com/soap-awards-france-2018-sharon-case-clement-remiens-fanny-elsa-esnoult-demain-nous-appartient-le-palmares-complet-98859","url_text":"\"Soap Awards France 2018 : Sharon Case, Clément Rémiens, Fanny (Elsa Esnoult), Demain nous appartient... le palmarès complet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France","url_text":"France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9diam%C3%A9trie","url_text":"Médiamétrie"}]},{"reference":"Montgomery, Daniel (September 2, 2020). \"1st Annual Soap Hub Awards decided by fans honored 'Days of Our Lives,' Steve Burton, Sharon Case and more\". Gold Derby. Penske Media Corporation. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Miller
Sonny Miller
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Film vs videotape","4 Awards","5 References","6 External links"]
American film director Sonny MillerSonny Miller enjoying a beer after a long filming session at Teahupo'oPersonal informationBornSonny MillerJuly 18, 1960San Jose, CaliforniaDiedJuly 8, 2014(2014-07-08) (aged 53)La Jolla, CaliforniaNicknameCap'n FunResidenceEscondido, CaliforniaSurfing careerSponsorsRip CurlMajor achievementsSearching for Tom Curren Video of the Year by Surfer Magazine in 1997. Sonny Miller (July 18, 1960 – July 8, 2014) was an American cinematographer and waterman specializing in surfing and nature photography. He achieved success filming surfing related dramas, In God's Hands (1998). Riding Giants (2004), The Big Bounce (2004), Lords of Dogtown (2005), Blue Crush (2002) and Die Another Day. Miller experienced a heart attack and could not be revived just one week after the death of his mother, Suzanne Gilliland. Married to Debra Levinson (1999-2009) Early life Born in San Jose, California in 1960, Miller moved to Encinitas, California, sometime prior to 1971, where he learned to surf. He attended San Dieguito High School and studied photography at Palomar College. His career began with the accepted submission of still surfing photographs to Surfer and Breakout magazines, he was also a contributor to Snowboard Magazine with his work appearing on the début cover. Miller soon expanded into 16 mm film for motion photography. Career Also known as Cap'n Fun, Miller and Tom Curren teamed to produce the series, The Search (1992). Filmed and directed by Miller, the series would travel the world and focus on Curran's freestyle surfing as most of the footage at the time, focused on Curren in competition. Miller's surfing documentaries include: Breakin’ on Thru (1992), The Search (1992), The Search II (1993), For the Sea (1994), Beyond the Boundaries (1994), Feral Kingdom (1995), Aloha Bowls (1996), Tripping the Planet (1996) and Searching for Tom Curren, which was awarded Video of the Year by Surfer magazine in 1997. In 2000, Miller's work began to include Hollywood feature films, his work includes, In God's Hands (1998), Blue Crush (2002), Riding Giants (2004), The Big Bounce (2004), Lords of Dogtown (2005) and the James Bond film, Die Another Day. He appeared onscreen opposite Michelle Rodriguez and Kate Bosworth as a surf contest announcer in Blue Crush, and his work is said to appear in the remake of Point Break (2015). In 2014, it was announced that Helen Hunt's, Ride, Miller's final film, would be dedicated in remembrance of Miller. In 2015, Hunt memorialised her friend and their experiences in "Sonny Miller's Lesson for Us All: 'Nature Dictates'", for the Huffington Post. At the time of his death, Miller was filming, Ricochet Surf Dog for an ESPN feature, a story of a service-dog whose balance helps to allow the disabled to enjoy the experience surfing. Film vs videotape Miller was known to have a preference for film over videotape and the (16 mm film) format likely due to its compact size for action filming. Film boasts distinct differences in contrast, resolution, color and unlike videotape, 16-millimeter could also be filmed in slow-motion. Miller's work was transferred to videotape after editing. Helen Hunt recalls, "He carried this box, this box that paid for his house, and his motorcycles and his dying mom's care, and his food and his way of life. I don't know what that was, his way of life, but I heard rumors it included putting up friends and their babies who found themselves between places to live, five dogs, that sort of thing. All paid for by this box he made to make movies in the water. That thing never left his side. I took him to breakfast once, and he brought it to the table." The box that Hunt refers to is the waterproof camera housings that Miller specialized in. In a recently discovered interview of Miller, filmed at his home and workshop coined "Rancho Relaxo", in Escondido California, Miller displays a collection of waterproof housings containing various 16 mm, 35 mm, videotape, high-definition and high-speed cameras. "Sonny Miller, one of surfing's finest lensmen." Surfer Magazine Awards Year Nominee / work Award Result 1997 Searching for Tom Curren Surfer magazine's Video of the Year Won 2006 X Games Eleven: Surfing Sports Emmy Award for Outstanding Camera Work Nominated 2007 ESPN: Down the Barrel Sports Emmy Award Outstanding Camera Work Shared with: Jeff Alred, Brian Brousseau, Samson Chan, Pascal Charpentier, Daren Crawford, Matt Goodman, Mark Healy, Craig Hoffman, Trent Kamerman, Maik Kuhne, Garrett McNamara, Joel Parkinson, Per Peterson, Michael Prickett, Kelly Slater, Mike Stewart, Raimana Van-Bastolae Won References ^ a b c d Jamie Brisick (9 July 2014). "SONNY MILLER: 1960–2014 Longtime surf filmmaker (aka "Cap'n Fun") passes away at 53". Surfline.com. Retrieved 14 July 2014. There was no such thing as a bad time with Cap'n Fun. Plane delays, flat tires, waveless weeks at remote surf spots --Sonny always saw the bright side, always found the humor. ^ a b c d Jake Howard (10 July 2014). "Surf cinematographer Sonny Miller dies". ESPN. Retrieved 14 July 2014. Miller was largely considered to be one of the great filmmakers and photographers in the history of surfing. ^ a b c "Filmmaker Sonny Miller Dies; Surf Community Remembers". The Inertia. 9 July 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2014. ^ a b c James Marriott (10 July 2014). "Sonny Miller has died, leaves us with amazing films". Inentertainment.co.uk. Retrieved 14 July 2014. ^ a b c Hunt, Helen (30 April 2015). "Sonny Miller's Lesson for Us All: 'Nature Dictates'". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 14 May 2015. They made exactly one like him. "Nature dictates." I'm going to be like that. In the water, smile on my face, loving the world anyway. I am like that, just not quite as much as him. ^ a b c "Surf filmmaker Sonny Miller passes away". surfertoday.com. Surfer Today. 10 July 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2014. "We did a mission to Tonga in '92 together and I realized then that no matter how far from home or how bad the surf, Sonny was always happy and positive and truly epitomized the meaning of being stoked," reveals Kelly Slater. ^ Chris Cantore (9 July 2014). "Sonny Miller, legendary local surf filmmaker, dies at 53". DiscoverSD.com. Retrieved 14 July 2014. Arguably one of the most well-regarded and prolific surf filmmakers of his generation, Sonny is the creative force behind groundbreaking surf films including The Search, Tripping the Planet, and Searching for Tom Curren. ^ a b c Justin Housman (9 July 2014). "R.I.P. Sonny Miller, 1960–2014 Cherished filmmaker passes away". surfermag.com. Surfer. Retrieved 14 July 2014. Beginning in 1992, Miller made a number of movies for Rip Curl, all beautifully composed and lavishly shot on 16-mm film. The Search, Feral Kingdom, Tripping the Planet, and Searching for Tom Curren remain among the finest surf films ever made. ^ "Rip Sonny Miller Pioneering Snowboard Photographer 1960 2014". SnowBoarding.com. 11 July 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2014. ^ "Sonny Miller: 1960–2014". Rip Curl. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help) ^ Miller, Sonny (11 June 2013). "Live The Search Series: Tom Curren Collection "Jeffrey's Bay"". Rip Curl YouTube Channel. Retrieved 14 May 2015. ^ a b c "Miller, Sonny". Encyclopedia of Surfing. Retrieved 14 July 2014. ^ "Cameraman Sonny Miller dies at 53". Hollywood.com. 11 July 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2014. ^ Anita Busch (10 July 2014). "R.I.P. Legendary Cameraman Sonny Miller". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 14 July 2014. ^ Fleming, Mike Jr. (9 September 2014). "Helen Hunt's 'Ride' Gets Screen Media Deal". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 14 May 2015. ^ "Surf dog Ricochet on ESPN's Sport's Center KLEENEX ALERT". Surf Dog Ricochet Surf Dog Ricochet. 27 August 2013. Retrieved 14 May 2015. ^ "TALK STORY: SONNY MILLER (1960–2014)". Surfline. 2014. Retrieved 15 May 2015. Shortly after it was shot, the computer the footage was on crashed, and we thought it was gone forever. Somehow, someone backed it up on a forgotten hard drive and it was recently discovered at Surfline's HB office. ^ "2006 Sports Emmy Award". Awards and Winners. 2006. Archived from the original on 15 May 2015. Retrieved 15 May 2015. ^ "1 The 29th Annual Emmy Awards for Sports" (PDF). Emmy Online. 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 May 2015. Retrieved 15 May 2015. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sonny Miller. Official website Sonny Miller at IMDb Sonny Miller Films on Instagram Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain Israel United States
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with his work appearing on the début cover.[9] Miller soon expanded into 16 mm film for motion photography.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-surfertoday-6"},{"link_name":"Tom Curren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Curren"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rip_Curl-10"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Surfline-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rip_Curl_Youtube-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Surfing-12"},{"link_name":"Surfer magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfer_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SurferMag-8"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Surfing-12"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-surfertoday-6"},{"link_name":"In God's Hands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_God%27s_Hands_(film)"},{"link_name":"Blue Crush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Crush"},{"link_name":"Riding Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riding_Giants"},{"link_name":"The Big Bounce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Bounce_(2004_film)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-INentertainment-4"},{"link_name":"Lords of Dogtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lords_of_Dogtown"},{"link_name":"James Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bond"},{"link_name":"Die Another Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Another_Day"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Inertia-3"},{"link_name":"Michelle Rodriguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Rodriguez"},{"link_name":"Kate Bosworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Bosworth"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hollywood.com-13"},{"link_name":"Point Break","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_Break_(2015_film)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeadlineHollywood-14"},{"link_name":"Helen Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Hunt"},{"link_name":"Ride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ride_(2014_film)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dedication-15"},{"link_name":"Huffington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huffington_Post"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Huffpo_Sonny_Miller-5"},{"link_name":"ESPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Inertia-3"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ricochet_ESPN-16"}],"text":"Also known as Cap'n Fun,[6] Miller and Tom Curren teamed to produce the series, The Search (1992).[10] Filmed and directed by Miller,[1] the series would travel the world and focus on Curran's freestyle surfing as most of the footage at the time, focused on Curren in competition.[11][12] Miller's surfing documentaries include: Breakin’ on Thru (1992), The Search (1992), The Search II (1993), For the Sea (1994), Beyond the Boundaries (1994), Feral Kingdom (1995), Aloha Bowls (1996), Tripping the Planet (1996) and Searching for Tom Curren, which was awarded Video of the Year by Surfer magazine in 1997.[2][8][12]In 2000, Miller's work began to include Hollywood feature films,[6] his work includes, In God's Hands (1998), Blue Crush (2002), Riding Giants (2004), The Big Bounce (2004),[4] Lords of Dogtown (2005) and the James Bond film, Die Another Day.[2][3] He appeared onscreen opposite Michelle Rodriguez and Kate Bosworth as a surf contest announcer in Blue Crush,[13] and his work is said to appear in the remake of Point Break (2015).[14]In 2014, it was announced that Helen Hunt's, Ride, Miller's final film, would be dedicated in remembrance of Miller.[15] In 2015, Hunt memorialised her friend and their experiences in \"Sonny Miller's Lesson for Us All: 'Nature Dictates'\", for the Huffington Post.[5] At the time of his death, Miller was filming, Ricochet Surf Dog for an ESPN feature, a story of a service-dog whose balance helps to allow the disabled to enjoy the experience surfing.[3][16]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Surfing-12"},{"link_name":"Helen Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Hunt"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Huffpo_Sonny_Miller-5"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Interview-17"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SurferMag-8"}],"text":"Miller was known to have a preference for film over videotape and the (16 mm film) format likely due to its compact size for action filming. Film boasts distinct differences in contrast, resolution, color and unlike videotape, 16-millimeter could also be filmed in slow-motion. Miller's work was transferred to videotape after editing.[12]Helen Hunt recalls, \"He carried this box, this box that paid for his house, and his motorcycles and his dying mom's care, and his food and his way of life. I don't know what that was, his way of life, but I heard rumors it included putting up friends and their babies who found themselves between places to live, five dogs, that sort of thing. All paid for by this box he made to make movies in the water. That thing never left his side. I took him to breakfast once, and he brought it to the table.\"[5]The box that Hunt refers to is the waterproof camera housings that Miller specialized in. In a recently discovered interview of Miller, filmed at his home and workshop coined \"Rancho Relaxo\", in Escondido California, Miller displays a collection of waterproof housings containing various 16 mm, 35 mm, videotape, high-definition and high-speed cameras.[17]\"Sonny Miller, one of surfing's finest lensmen.\" Surfer Magazine[8]","title":"Film vs videotape"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Jamie Brisick (9 July 2014). \"SONNY MILLER: 1960–2014 Longtime surf filmmaker (aka \"Cap'n Fun\") passes away at 53\". Surfline.com. Retrieved 14 July 2014. There was no such thing as a bad time with Cap'n Fun. Plane delays, flat tires, waveless weeks at remote surf spots --Sonny always saw the bright side, always found the humor.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.surfline.com/surf-news/sonny-miller-1960-2014_111877/","url_text":"\"SONNY MILLER: 1960–2014 Longtime surf filmmaker (aka \"Cap'n Fun\") passes away at 53\""}]},{"reference":"Jake Howard (10 July 2014). \"Surf cinematographer Sonny Miller dies\". ESPN. Retrieved 14 July 2014. Miller was largely considered to be one of the great filmmakers and photographers in the history of surfing.","urls":[{"url":"http://xgames.espn.go.com/surfing/article/11199909/surf-cinematographer-sonny-miller-dies","url_text":"\"Surf cinematographer Sonny Miller dies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN","url_text":"ESPN"}]},{"reference":"\"Filmmaker Sonny Miller Dies; Surf Community Remembers\". The Inertia. 9 July 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theinertia.com/news/filmmaker-sonny-miller-dies-is-remembered-by-surf-community/","url_text":"\"Filmmaker Sonny Miller Dies; Surf Community Remembers\""}]},{"reference":"James Marriott (10 July 2014). \"Sonny Miller has died, leaves us with amazing films\". Inentertainment.co.uk. Retrieved 14 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.inentertainment.co.uk/20140710/sonny-miller-has-died-leaves-us-with-amazing-films/","url_text":"\"Sonny Miller has died, leaves us with amazing films\""}]},{"reference":"Hunt, Helen (30 April 2015). \"Sonny Miller's Lesson for Us All: 'Nature Dictates'\". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 14 May 2015. They made exactly one like him. \"Nature dictates.\" I'm going to be like that. In the water, smile on my face, loving the world anyway. I am like that, just not quite as much as him.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huffingtonpost.com/helen-hunt/sonny-millers-lesson-for-us-all-nature-dictates_b_7180194.html","url_text":"\"Sonny Miller's Lesson for Us All: 'Nature Dictates'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Huffington_Post","url_text":"The Huffington Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Surf filmmaker Sonny Miller passes away\". surfertoday.com. Surfer Today. 10 July 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2014. \"We did a mission to Tonga in '92 together and I realized then that no matter how far from home or how bad the surf, Sonny was always happy and positive and truly epitomized the meaning of being stoked,\" reveals Kelly Slater.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.surfertoday.com/surfing/surf-filmmaker-sonny-miller-passes-away","url_text":"\"Surf filmmaker Sonny Miller passes away\""}]},{"reference":"Chris Cantore (9 July 2014). \"Sonny Miller, legendary local surf filmmaker, dies at 53\". DiscoverSD.com. Retrieved 14 July 2014. Arguably one of the most well-regarded and prolific surf filmmakers of his generation, Sonny is the creative force behind groundbreaking surf films including The Search, Tripping the Planet, and Searching for Tom Curren.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.discoversd.com/news/2014/Jul/09/sonny-miller-encinitas-surf-death/","url_text":"\"Sonny Miller, legendary local surf filmmaker, dies at 53\""}]},{"reference":"Justin Housman (9 July 2014). \"R.I.P. Sonny Miller, 1960–2014 Cherished filmmaker passes away\". surfermag.com. Surfer. Retrieved 14 July 2014. Beginning in 1992, Miller made a number of movies for Rip Curl, all beautifully composed and lavishly shot on 16-mm film. The Search, Feral Kingdom, Tripping the Planet, and Searching for Tom Curren remain among the finest surf films ever made.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.surfermag.com/features/rip-sonny-miller-1960-2014/","url_text":"\"R.I.P. Sonny Miller, 1960–2014 Cherished filmmaker passes away\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfer_(magazine)","url_text":"Surfer"}]},{"reference":"\"Rip Sonny Miller Pioneering Snowboard Photographer 1960 2014\". SnowBoarding.com. 11 July 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.snowboarding.com/news/brand/rip-sonny-miller-pioneering-snowboard-photographer-1960-2014","url_text":"\"Rip Sonny Miller Pioneering Snowboard Photographer 1960 2014\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sonny Miller: 1960–2014\". Rip Curl.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rip_Curl","url_text":"Rip Curl"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Sonny (11 June 2013). \"Live The Search Series: Tom Curren Collection \"Jeffrey's Bay\"\". Rip Curl YouTube Channel. Retrieved 14 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oGDt18yECrY","url_text":"\"Live The Search Series: Tom Curren Collection \"Jeffrey's Bay\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rip_Curl","url_text":"Rip Curl"}]},{"reference":"\"Miller, Sonny\". Encyclopedia of Surfing. Retrieved 14 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://encyclopediaofsurfing.com/entries/miller-sonny","url_text":"\"Miller, Sonny\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cameraman Sonny Miller dies at 53\". Hollywood.com. 11 July 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hollywood.com/news/brief/57191004/cameraman-sonny-miller-dies-at-53","url_text":"\"Cameraman Sonny Miller dies at 53\""}]},{"reference":"Anita Busch (10 July 2014). \"R.I.P. Legendary Cameraman Sonny Miller\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 14 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deadline.com/2014/07/rip-legendary-cameraman-sonny-miller/","url_text":"\"R.I.P. Legendary Cameraman Sonny Miller\""}]},{"reference":"Fleming, Mike Jr. (9 September 2014). \"Helen Hunt's 'Ride' Gets Screen Media Deal\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 14 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2014/09/helen-hunts-ride-gets-screen-media-deal-831939/","url_text":"\"Helen Hunt's 'Ride' Gets Screen Media Deal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"}]},{"reference":"\"Surf dog Ricochet on ESPN's Sport's Center KLEENEX ALERT\". Surf Dog Ricochet Surf Dog Ricochet. 27 August 2013. Retrieved 14 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=907AZkWid-c","url_text":"\"Surf dog Ricochet on ESPN's Sport's Center KLEENEX ALERT\""}]},{"reference":"\"TALK STORY: SONNY MILLER (1960–2014)\". Surfline. 2014. Retrieved 15 May 2015. Shortly after it was shot, the computer the footage was on crashed, and we thought it was gone forever. Somehow, someone backed it up on a forgotten hard drive and it was recently discovered at Surfline's HB office.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.surfline.com/surflinetv/featured-clips/talk-story-sonny-miller-1960-2014_112173","url_text":"\"TALK STORY: SONNY MILLER (1960–2014)\""}]},{"reference":"\"2006 Sports Emmy Award\". Awards and Winners. 2006. Archived from the original on 15 May 2015. Retrieved 15 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150515205138/http://awardsandwinners.com/category/sports-emmy-award/2006/","url_text":"\"2006 Sports Emmy Award\""},{"url":"http://awardsandwinners.com/category/sports-emmy-award/2006/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"1 The 29th Annual Emmy Awards for Sports\" (PDF). Emmy Online. 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 May 2015. Retrieved 15 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150515204913/http://www.emmyonline.org/mediacenter/_pdf/sports_29th_producers_proof.pdf","url_text":"\"1 The 29th Annual Emmy Awards for Sports\""},{"url":"http://www.emmyonline.org/mediacenter/_pdf/sports_29th_producers_proof.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_Connecticut
WVIT
["1 History","1.1 Early years","1.2 Viacom and NBC ownership","2 Programming","2.1 News operation","2.2 Notable former on-air staff","3 Technical information","3.1 Subchannels","3.2 Analog-to-digital conversion","3.3 Spectrum auction repack","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 41°42′2″N 72°49′55″W / 41.70056°N 72.83194°W / 41.70056; -72.83194NBC TV station in New Britain, Connecticut WVITNew Britain–Hartford–New Haven, ConnecticutUnited StatesCityNew Britain, ConnecticutChannelsDigital: 31 (UHF), shared with WRDM-CDVirtual: 30BrandingNBC CT; NBC ConnecticutProgrammingAffiliations30.1: NBCfor others, see § SubchannelsOwnershipOwnerNBC Owned Television Stations(Comcast / NBCUniversal)(NBC Telemundo License LLC)Sister stationsWRDM-CD / WDMR-LDHistoryFoundedJuly 11, 1952First air dateFebruary 13, 1953 (71 years ago) (1953-02-13)Former call signsWKNB-TV (1953–1957)WNBC (1957–1960)WHNB-TV (1960–1978)Former channel number(s)Analog: 30 (UHF, 1953–2009)Digital: 35 (UHF, 2004–2019)Former affiliationsCBS (secondary, 1953–1955)Call sign meaningViacom International Television (Former owner's official subsidiary for trademark, copyright and station licensing purposes)Technical informationLicensing authorityFCCFacility ID74170ERP374 kWHAAT450 m (1,476 ft)Transmitter coordinates41°42′2″N 72°49′55″W / 41.70056°N 72.83194°W / 41.70056; -72.83194LinksPublic license information Public fileLMSWebsitewww.nbcconnecticut.com WVIT (channel 30) is a television station licensed to New Britain, Connecticut, United States, serving as the NBC outlet for the Hartford–New Haven market. It is owned and operated by the network's NBC Owned Television Stations division alongside Class A Telemundo outlet WRDM-CD (channel 19). The two stations share studios on New Britain Avenue in West Hartford and transmitter facilities on Rattlesnake Mountain in Farmington, Connecticut. History Early years WVIT signed on for the first time on February 13, 1953, as WKNB-TV, owned by the New Britain Broadcasting Company along with WKNB radio (840 AM, now WRYM). The calls stood for Kensington–New Britain. It is Connecticut's second-oldest television station and the first on the UHF band. It has been an NBC affiliate for nearly all of its history. However, during its first two and a half years, it carried CBS programming as one of two affiliates in Connecticut, along with WNHC-TV (now WTNH) in New Haven. At the time, Hartford and New Haven were recognized by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) as separate television markets; the commission would merge them into one market in 1954. In January 1955, NBC announced it would purchase the WKNB stations for just over $600,000. Though the network was acquiring both radio and television outlets, the key to the deal was channel 30–as one of the first UHF stations to be owned by a major network, the FCC encouraged the networks to expand their owned-and-operated holdings to include outlets in the new band to help ensure its viability. Indeed, NBC made plans to boost channel 30's signal to cover the entire market. WKNB-TV began carrying the full NBC programming schedule in October 1955. The FCC approved the sale to NBC in December 1956, nearly two years after it was first announced. The network then renamed channel 30 WNBC (for New Britain, Connecticut) in January 1957. In its first stint as an NBC-owned station, channel 30 failed to gain much headway in the ratings, largely because television manufacturers were not required to include UHF tuning capability until 1964. Viewers had to buy an expensive converter to watch WNBC, and even with one the picture was barely viewable. In addition, plans to relocate the station's tower and to boost transmission power never moved forward. In September 1957, the Hartford-based Travelers Insurance Company signed on independent station WTIC-TV (channel 3, now WFSB), the state's second and last VHF station. Within a year of its debut (and despite its radio sister having been an NBC radio affiliate for over thirty years) WTIC-TV became Connecticut's CBS affiliate, replacing its owned-and-operated station, WHCT-TV (channel 18, now Univision affiliate WUVN). NBC then realized its UHF experiment was a lost cause (it had shut down its other owned UHF station in Buffalo, New York, in October 1958), and in June 1959 sold WNBC and WKNB radio for $750,000 to Plains Television Inc., a joint venture of Transcontinental Properties and H & E Balaban Corporation (WKNB was spun off immediately afterward). As part of the deal, Springfield Television, the owner of fellow NBC affiliate WWLP in Springfield, Massachusetts, was to have held a one-third share in channel 30; it abandoned this stake before the deal's completion after concerns arose over WWLP and WNBC's overlapping coverage areas, but continued to hold an option to reacquire it for some time afterward pending FCC approval. In May 1960, channel 30's callsign changed again – this time to WHNB-TV (for Hartford-New Britain); NBC reclaimed the WNBC calls for its flagship radio and television combination (the former WRCA-AM-FM-TV) in New York City. In 1966, WHNB-TV became, once again, one of two NBC affiliates in Connecticut; the network signed with Waterbury-licensed WATR-TV (channel 20) in order to get its programming into New Haven on a strong signal. By this time, television manufacturers were now required to include all-channel tuning. Channel 30 itself made up for the shortfall in its market coverage by operating two low-power translators (starting in 1971): W79AI (channel 79) in Torrington and W59AA (channel 59) in New Haven. They also operated W79AH in Waterbury in the 1960s. Viacom and NBC ownership WVIT's NBC30 logo used from 2005 until July 16, 2009. The numeric "30" had been in use in one form or another since 1992. In the summer of 1977, Plains Television announced it would sell WHNB-TV to the original iteration of Viacom for $15 million. The former CBS Inc. subsidiary was making its first foray into broadcast station ownership. Shortly after assuming control in the spring of 1978, channel 30's call letters were changed to the present WVIT on June 12 (for "Viacom International Television") to reflect its new ownership. Viacom immediately announced plans to boost WVIT's signal, and also made upgrades in the station's news department. In 1980, channel 30 signed on with a new transmitter that more than doubled its coverage area, giving it a clear signal to much of New Haven for the first time, though the channel 59 repeater was kept in service. WVIT became the sole Connecticut-based NBC affiliate in March 1982, when WATR-TV's affiliation contract with NBC ended and the station became independent WTXX (it is now WCCT-TV). The Torrington translator was turned off in 1987, and the New Haven repeater was shut down in the middle 1990s to allow full-powered WTVU (now WCTX) to begin operations. In 1993, WVIT and WTXX entered into a part-time local marketing agreement after talks with Fox affiliate WTIC-TV (channel 61) failed. Viacom purchased Paramount Pictures in 1994, placing its five-station group (WVIT; KMOV in St. Louis; WHEC-TV in Rochester, New York; WNYT in Albany, New York; and KSLA-TV in Shreveport, Louisiana) under common ownership with the Paramount Stations Group; the two groups were formally consolidated in December 1995. The merged company decided to divest itself of all of its major network affiliates to focus on stations that carried its then-upstart United Paramount Network (UPN). WVIT, the first television outlet Viacom purchased was the last station to be sold, as Viacom agreed to trade channel 30 to former owner NBC in return for future purchase rights to WWHO in Chillicothe, Ohio, and WLWC in New Bedford, Massachusetts, two UPN-affiliated stations NBC was operating by way of local marketing agreements. The sale closed on December 8, 1997, making WVIT an NBC O&O for the second time in its history. It also ended its part-time LMA with WTXX, and the LMA deal was transferred to WTIC-TV. On December 4, 2017, NBCUniversal announced that it would buy Telemundo affiliate WRDM-CD and its Springfield satellite station WDMR-LP from ZGS Communications, as with several other NBC O&Os, WRDM would become a sister station to WVIT, creating the third duopoly in the Hartford–New Haven television market, following the duopolies of Nexstar Media Group's WTNH/WCTX and Tegna's WTIC-TV/WCCT-TV (though as a low-power station, WRDM is exempt from FCC ownership caps, including the duopoly rule). ZGS had sold WRDM's spectrum in the FCC's incentive auction for $10,574,516 and indicated that the station would enter into a post-auction channel sharing agreement, which occurred with WVIT at the start of the year. The sale was officially completed on February 1, 2018. Programming On June 16, 2017, WVIT announced that it would not air that week's edition of Sunday Night with Megyn Kelly, which featured an interview with radio host Alex Jones. The station cited viewer, advertiser and management sensitivities to the views of Jones, as he had previously expressed a denial of the Sandy Hook Elementary School shootings. Otherwise, the station clears the entire NBC lineup. News operation This section needs expansion with: early history of WVIT's news operation. You can help by adding to it. (November 2020) On June 13, 2016, WVIT became the second station in Connecticut to debut a 4 p.m. newscast. On the same day, WVIT began using Artworks' new "Look N" standardized graphics that were first adopted by sister station WNBC, while its music changed to 615 Music's "The Tower", which was first adopted in 2000 by sister stations WMAQ-TV and KNBC. On June 7, 2021, WVIT debuted its 7 p.m. newscast, becoming the first and only station in Connecticut to have a prime time newscast. Notable former on-air staff Chris Berman (now sportscaster for ESPN since 1979) Van Hackett Brian Kilmeade (now political commentator for Fox News) Rob Marciano (now senior meteorologist for ABC News) Natalie Morales (later with NBC News, now with the CBS Daytime talk show The Talk) Rob Morrison Beasley Reece (formerly with KYW-TV in Philadelphia from 1998 to 2015) Brian Shactman (now with CNBC) Chris Wragge (now with WCBS-TV) Technical information Subchannels The station's signal is multiplexed: Subchannels of WVIT Channel Res. Aspect Short name Programming 30.1 1080i 16:9 WVIT-HD Main WVIT programming / NBC 30.2 480i COZI-TV Cozi TV 30.3 NBCLX NBC LX Home 30.4 OXYGEN Oxygen Digital subchannel 30.2 carried NBC Weather Plus; national network operations for that service ended in December 2008. NBC Plus then aired on that subchannel. This channel utilized the same graphics as Weather Plus, with a new 'NBC Plus' logo, and without the on-camera meteorologist segments. On December 20, 2012, WVIT replaced NBC Plus with Cozi TV; WVIT was the last NBC-owned station to carry NBC Plus. Digital subchannel 30.3 carried Universal Sports until its transition into a cable- and satellite-exclusive service on January 1, 2012, and eventually Universal Sports shut down altogether on November 16, 2015. The 30.3 subchannel was reactivated in 2015, when WVIT added the Spanish-language digital network TeleXitos, normally only carried on Telemundo stations; TeleXitos moved to a subchannel of WRDM-CD after its acquisition by NBCUniversal in February 2018. WVIT again reactivated the 30.3 subchannel in 2020, coinciding with the launch of LX. Analog-to-digital conversion WVIT's NBC Connecticut first logo, used from July 2009 until July 2017 WVIT shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 30, on June 12, 2009, as part of the federally mandated transition from analog to digital television. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 35, using virtual channel 30. With the transition, the height of the station's transmitter tower was increased to 434 meters (1,424 ft). Spectrum auction repack On August 2, 2019, WVIT was moved from channel 35 to channel 31. References ^ "FCC begins granting new TV; Denver gets three." Broadcasting – Telecasting, July 14, 1952, pp. 5, 102. Accessed January 5, 2019. ^ "Facility Technical Data for WVIT". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission. ^ "New TV grantees prepare plans" (PDF). Broadcasting – Telecasting. February 23, 1953. p. 62. Retrieved January 5, 2019. ^ Gross, Julian. "UHF is television too." Broadcasting – Telecasting, July 6, 1953, pp. 84, 86, 88, 90. Accessed January 5, 2019. ^ "WKNB-TV signs; CBS-TV affiliation announced" (PDF). Broadcasting – Telecasting. January 5, 1953. p. 75. Retrieved January 5, 2019. ^ "Power plays take shape in television networking" (PDF). Broadcasting – Telecasting. January 10, 1955. p. 27. Retrieved December 29, 2018. ^ "NBC gets green light on New Britain buy" (PDF). Broadcasting – Telecasting. December 17, 1956. p. 81. Retrieved December 29, 2018. ^ "NBC rechristens WKNB-TV to WNBC(TV) West Hartford" (PDF). Broadcasting – Telecasting. January 14, 1957. p. 100. Retrieved December 29, 2018. ^ "WNBC (TV) advertisement" (PDF). Broadcasting – Telecasting. January 14, 1957. p. 77. Retrieved December 29, 2018. ^ "For the record–Station authorizations, applications–Existing TV stations–Call letters assigned" (PDF). Broadcasting – Telecasting. January 21, 1957. p. 108. Retrieved December 30, 2018. ^ "NBC sells WNBC (TV) to Scheftel group." Broadcasting, June 29, 1959, pp. 73–74. Accessed December 30, 2018. ^ "Changing Hands." Broadcasting, September 28, 1959, pp. 98–100. Accessed December 30, 2018. ^ "Conn. sale protest dismissed by FCC." Broadcasting, November 30, 1959, pp. 70–71. Accessed December 30, 2018. ^ "WRCA to be WNBC?" (PDF). Broadcasting. April 4, 1960. p. 88. Retrieved December 30, 2018. ^ "For the record–Station authorizations, applications–Existing TV stations–Call letters assigned" (PDF). Broadcasting. May 9, 1960. p. 100. Retrieved December 30, 2018. ^ "WATR-TV joining NBC-TV" (PDF). Broadcasting. July 25, 1966. p. 66. Retrieved December 30, 2018. ^ W79AI ^ W59AA New Haven ^ "Viacom gets into station ownership" (PDF). Broadcasting. June 20, 1977. p. 28. Retrieved December 30, 2018. ^ "For the Record–Call letters–Grants–Existing TVs" (PDF). Broadcasting. August 7, 1978. p. 67. Retrieved December 30, 2018. ^ "WVIT/Katz Television Continental advertisement" (PDF). Broadcasting. June 12, 1978. p. 12. Retrieved December 30, 2018. ^ "WVIT/Katz Television Continental advertisement" (PDF). Broadcasting. December 24, 1979. p. 2. Retrieved December 30, 2018. ^ "WATR-TV decides to go it alone" (PDF). Broadcasting. February 22, 1982. p. 72. Retrieved December 30, 2018. ^ Lender, Jon (June 11, 1993). "WVIT Leases Time on WTXX as WTIC Protests". Hartford Courant. Retrieved October 27, 2021. ^ Foisie, Geoffrey, and Christopher Stern. "Viacom, Paramount say 'I do.'" Broadcasting and Cable, September 20, 1993, pp. 14–16. Accessed January 5, 2019. ^ Foisie, Geoffrey. "At long last: Viacom Paramount." Broadcasting and Cable, February 21, 1994, pp. 7, 10, 14. Accessed January 5, 2019. ^ Flint, Joe (December 18, 1995). "Viacom Group Merged Under Par's Cassara". Variety. Retrieved March 5, 2023. ^ Zier, Julie A., and Steve McClellan. "Minority-led group eyes Viacom stations." Broadcasting and Cable, November 7, 1994, pp. 6. Accessed January 5, 2019. ^ McClellan, Steve (August 4, 1997). "NBC, Paramount swap stations" (PDF). Broadcasting and Cable. p. 12. Retrieved January 5, 2019. ^ Keveney, Bill. "Managers, reporter fired in WVIT-TV shakeup". Hartford Courant. Retrieved November 24, 2018. ^ Miller, Mark K. (December 4, 2017). "NBCU Adding ZGS Stations To Telemundo". TVNewsCheck. Archived from the original on December 6, 2017. Retrieved December 4, 2017. ^ "FCC Broadcast Television Spectrum Incentive Auction Auction 1001 Winning Bids" (PDF). Federal Communications Commission. April 4, 2017. Retrieved December 15, 2017. ^ "NBCU Completes ZGS Stations Buy". TVNewsCheck. February 1, 2018. Retrieved February 1, 2018. ^ Otterson, Joe (June 16, 2017). "Connecticut NBC Station Will Not Air Megyn Kelly's Alex Jones Interview". Variety. Retrieved June 22, 2017. ^ Chris Ariens (June 16, 2017). "NBC Connecticut NBC Station Won't Air Megyn Kelly Interview with Alex Jones". TVNewser. AdWeek. Retrieved June 17, 2017. ^ "4 NBC Stations to Launch Afternoon Newscast". January 4, 2016. ^ RabbitEars TV Query for WVIT ^ List of Digital Full-Power Stations External links Official website UHF Morgue: W79AI, former WVIT translator vteBroadcast television in ConnecticutEnglish (Hartford–New Haven) WHNH-CD 2 (.1 This, .2 Grio, .3 NewsNet, .4 Local) WFSB 3 (.1 CBS, .2 Mystery, .3 Laff, .4 Ind. simulcast of 27.1, .5 News, .6 WX) WTNH 8 (.1 ABC, .2 REW) WETN-LD 16 (.1 Retro) WCCT-TV 20 (.1 CW, .2 Grit, .3 Comet, .4 Quest) WEDH 24 / WEDY 65 (24.1/65.3 PBS, .2 Kids, 24.3/65.1 CPTV Spirit) WHPX-TV 26 (.1 Ion, .2 Bounce, .3 Court, .4 Scripps, .5 Defy, .6 JTV, .7 QVC, .8 HSN) WWAX-LD 27 (.1 Ind., .2 Charge!, .3 local news/WX, .4 Bark TV, .5 Corner Store, .6 The365, .7 Outlaw) WVIT 30 (.1 NBC, .2 Cozi, .3 LX, .4 Oxygen) WRNT-LD 32 (.1 Ads, .3 MtrSpt1, .4 Daystar, .5 LC, .6 Buzzr, .7 HQ) WTXX-LD 34 (.1/.5-.6 Ads, .2 beIN Xtra, .3 L&C) WHCT-LD 35 (.1 MeTV, .2 H&I, .3 Start, .4 Movies!, .5 Catchy, .6 MeTV+, .7 Story) WCTX 59 (.1 MNT, .2 Comet) WTIC-TV 61 (.1 Fox, .2 ANT, .3 Get, .4 Crime, .5 Nest) Spanish (Hartford–New Haven) WUVN 18 (.1 UNI, .4 LATV) WRDM-CD 19 (.1 TMD, .2 TXO) WRNT-LD 32 (.2 Daystar Español) WTXX-LD 34 (.4 beIN Español) WUTH-CD 47 (.1 UniMás) English (Bridgeport) WZME 43 (.1 Story, .2 MeTV+, .3 MeTV, .4 MeTV Toons , .8 Retro, .9 Heartland, .12 Ads) WEDW 49 (.1 PBS, .2 Kids, .3 CPTV Spirit) ATSC 3.0 digital WCCT-TV (3.1 CBS, 8.1 ABC, 20.1 CW, 61.1 Fox) WEDN (53.1 PBS, 53.2 Create, 53.3 CPTV Spirit) Cable channels Citizens TV Connecticut Network HPATV MSG MSGSN NBC Sports Boston NECN NESN SNY YES Streaming channels Eyewitness News NOW NBC Connecticut News FOX 61+ Adjacent areas Albany–Schenectady–Troy, NY Boston, MA–Manchester, NH New York City, NY Providence, RI–New Bedford, MA Springfield–Holyoke, MA vteBroadcast television in the Pioneer Valley region of western Massachusetts This region includes the following cities: Springfield Chicopee Holyoke AmherstReception may vary by location and some stations may only be viewable with cable television Full power WWLP (22.1 NBC, 22.2 CW+, 22.3 Ion, 22.4 Mystery) WGGB-TV (40.1 ABC, 40.2 Fox/MNTV, 40.3 Court, 40.4 Outlaw) WGBY-TV (57.1 PBS, 57.2 World, 57.3 Kids, 57.4 Create) Low power WDMR-LD (14.1 TMD, 14.2 TXO, 14.3 LX, 14.4 Oxygen) WFXQ-CD (28.1 NBC, 28.2 CW+) WSHM-LD (33.1 CBS, 33.2 Cozi, 33.3 Start, 33.4 Grit, 33.5 Defy, 33.6 Laff, 33.7 The365) WHTX-LD (43.1 UNI, 43.2 This, 43.3 Grio) ATSC 3.0 digital WFXQ-CD (28.1 NBC, 28.2 CW+) Cable stations NBC Sports Boston NECN NESN Spectrum News 1 (on Spectrum-operated systems) Defunct stations WCDC-TV (19.1 ABC, 19.2 Get, 19.3 Crime, Adams) WRLP 32 (NBC, Greenfield) Adjacent areas Hartford–New Haven, CT New York City, NY Portland–Augusta, ME Massachusetts television Albany Boston Providence Springfield vteNBC network affiliates serving New EnglandConnecticut WVIT 30 (New Britain) Maine WLBZ 2 (Bangor) WCSH 6 (Portland) WWPI-LD 16 (Presque Isle) Massachusetts WJAR 10 (Providence, RI; serving Bristol County) WBTS-CD 15 (Nashua, NH/Boston) WWLP 22 (Springfield) New Hampshire WCSH 6 (Portland, ME; serving Coös and Carroll counties) WBTS-CD 15 (Nashua) Rhode Island WJAR 10 (Providence) Vermont WBTS-CD 15 (Nashua, NH; serving Windham County) WPTZ 5 (Plattsburgh, NY; serving remainder of the state) See also ABC CBS CW Fox Ion MyNetworkTV NBC PBS Other stations in New England vteNBCUniversalA division of ComcastPredecessors MCA Inc. PolyGram RCA Seagram Company Ltd. Vivendi Universal Executives Dick Ebersol Bonnie Hammer Donna Langley Steve Burke Pearlena Igbokwe Noah Oppenheim Cesar Conde Studio GroupUniversal FilmedEntertainment Group Universal Pictures Back Lot Music DreamWorks Animation Focus Features Illumination Illumination Studios Paris NBCUniversal Entertainment Japan United International Pictures* Universal Animation Studios Universal Pictures Home Entertainment Working Title Films Amblin Partners Amblin Entertainment DreamWorks Pictures UniversalStudio Group Universal Television Universal Content Productions Universal International Studios Carnival Films Matchbox Pictures DreamWorks Animation Television DreamWorks Classics Big Idea Entertainment Bullwinkle Studios* Harvey Entertainment Destinations& Experiences GroupUnited States Universal Studios Hollywood CityWalk Universal Orlando Universal Studios Florida Islands of Adventure CityWalk Epic Universe Universal Kids Resort Universal Horror Unleashed International Universal Studios Japan Universal Studios Singapore Universal Beijing Resort Universal Studios Beijing Media GroupTelevision networks NBC Bravo E! Syfy USA Network Universal Kids Oxygen Streaming Hayu Peacock PictureBox Films Fandango Media (70%) Vudu Hulu (33%) NBCSports Group NBC Olympics NBC Sports Ventures Alli Golf Channel NBC Sports Digital GolfNow NBC Sports part owner MLB Network NHL Network Regional Networks Bay Area (45%) Boston California Chicago (20%) Philadelphia SNY (8%) InternationalNetworksvteNBCUniversal International NetworksA division of NBCUniversalAsia DreamWorks Channel Golf Channel (Indonesia) Australia & New Zealand Bravo New Zealand Australia Universal TV Australia New Zealand Europe, Middle East and Africa 13th Street France Germany Spain & Portugal Poland DreamWorks Channel Diva E! Golf Channel (France) Movies 24 Syfy France Germany Poland Portugal Spain UK & Ireland Studio Universal Telemundo Africa Universal TV Germany Latin America & Brazil Universal TV E! Golf Channel Studio Universal USA Network Telemundo Internacional DreamWorks Channel Universal+ (outside of Brazil) Defunct 13th Street Netherlands and Flanders 13th Street Australia Diva TV Diva Universal Italy Diva Asia E! Asia E! Australia and New Zealand Hallmark Channel International Hallmark Channel Benelux & Scandinavia KidsCo Sci Fi Romania Steel Style Network Australia Syfy Netherlands and Flanders Syfy Russia Syfy Asia Syfy Australia Syfy Latin America Universal Channel Greece Universal Channel Poland Universal Channel Turkey Universal Channel Japan Universal Channel Asia Universal TV UK & Ireland Other assets Distribution Domestic International Telemundo Enterprises Group Telemundo Puerto Rico Studios Telemundo Studios Universo Telemundo Deportesw/NBC Sports Group Noticias Telemundo Local Group O&OsNBC OwnedTV Stations KNBC KNSD KNTV KXAS-TV WBTS-CD WCAU WMAQ-TV WNBC WRC-TV WTVJ WVIT K15CU-D KTEL-TV Other properties Cozi TV NBC LX NBC LX Home NECN TelemundoStation Group KASA-TV/KTEL-CD/KUPT KBLR KCSO KDEN-TV KHRR KNSO KSTS KTAZ KTDO KTLM KTMD KTMW KUAN KVDA KVEA KXTX-TV WKAQ-TV WNEU WNJU WRDM-CD/WDMR-LP WRIW-CD WRMD-CD WRTD-CD WSCV WSNS-TV WTMO-CD WWSI WWDT-CD WYCN-LD WZTD-LD WZDC-CD Other properties: TeleXitos Other units Affiliate relations NBC Telemundo EMKA, Ltd. International Media Distribution News GroupMain divisions NBC News NBCNews.com NBC Out MSNBC CNBC global channels CNBC Africa (licensee) Asia Europe World CNBC Europe branches Class CNBC (20%) CNBC-e Africa (licensee) Arabia CNBC Asia branches CNBC TV18 CNBC Awaaz CNBC Indonesia JKN-CNBC Nikkei CNBC Former/defunctproperties 13th Street (Australia) A&E Networks (A&E)* Canal+ Group Castle Films Chapman Entertainment Chiller Chiller Films CIC Video Cloo Comcast Network Craftsy Diva Diva Universal (Italy) E! (Asia) Entertainment Rights Esquire Network Fearnet Filmation FilmDistrict G4 Good Machine Gramercy Pictures Hallmark Channel (international) ITC Entertainment Interscope Communications Miss Universe* Multimedia Entertainment NBCSN NBC Sports Northwest NBC Weather Plus October Films Pacific Data Images Peacock Productions PolyGram Filmed Entertainment Propaganda Films Savoy Pictures SBS CNBC Shift Seeso Spencer Gifts Style Network (Australia) Syfy (Asia) Syfy (Australia) Tell-Tale Productions The Entertainment Channel* Total Television UPA Universal Channel (Asia) Universal Channel (Greece) Universal Channel (Japan) Universal Channel (Poland) Universal TV (UK and Ireland) Universal Interactive Universal Music Group Universal Channel (Turkey) Vivendi Universal Games Walter Lantz Productions Western Publishing Gold Key Comics Whitman Publishing Golden Books Family Entertainment Golden Book Video Woodland Animations ZGS Communications * Denotes joint ventures vteOwned-and-operated stations of the major television networks of the United StatesABC TV StationsABC/Localish KABC-TV KFSN-TV KGO-TV KTRK-TV WABC-TV WLS-TV WPVI-TV WTVD CBS News and StationsCBS/CBS News Local KCBS-TV KCNC-TV KDKA-TV KOVR KPIX-TV KTVT KYW-TV WBBM-TV WBZ-TV WCBS-TV WCCO-TV WFOR-TV WJZ-TV WWJ-TV Fox TV StationsFox KCPQ KDFW KMSP-TV KRIV KSAZ-TV KTBC KTTV KTVU WAGA-TV WFLD WITI WJBK WNYW WOFL / WOGX WTTG WTVT WTXF-TV MyNetworkTV KCOP-TV KDFI KTXH KUTP KZJO WDCA WFTC / KFTC WPWR-TV WRBW WWOR-TV NBCU TV StationsNBC/Cozi(NBCOTS) KNBC KNSD KNTV K15CU-D KXAS-TV WBTS-CD WCAU WMAQ-TV WNBC WKAQ-DT3 WRC-TV WTVJ WVIT Telemundo/TeleXitos (TSG) KASA-TV KBLR KCSO-LD KDEN-TV KHRR KNSO KSTS KTAZ KTDO KTLM KTMD KTMW KUAN-LD KVDA KVEA KXTX-TV WKAQ-TV WNEU WNJU WRDM-CD / WDMR-LD WRIW-CD / WYCN-LD WRMD-CD WRTD-CD WSCV WSNS-TV WTMO-CD WWDT-CD WWSI WZTD-LD WZDC-CD Nexstar Media GroupThe CW KASN1 KAZT-TV / KAZT-CD2 KCLO-DT2 KDAF KGCW KGET-DT2 KHON-DT2 / KHAW-DT2 / KAII-DT2 KIAH KNVA3 KPLR-TV KRCW-TV KRON-TV KTLA KTKA-DT33 KUCW KWBQ / KRWB-TV1 KWGN-TV KXMA-TV / KXMB-DT2 / KXMC-DT2 / KXMD-DT2 KXTU-LD / KXRM-DT2 WBDT3 WBRL-CD / WGMB-DT2 WCBD-DT2 WDCW WFNA WHDF / WHNT-DT2 WHLT-DT2 WJTV-DT2 WLAJ-DT21 WMBB-DT2 WNAC-DT21 WNCT-DT2 WNLO WOTV-DT2 WPIX1 WSAV-DT2 WTVW1 WWCW / WFXR-DT2 WWLP / WFXQ-CD WWTI-DT2 WYCW TelevisaUnivision USAUnivision KABE-CD KAKW-DT KCEC4 KDTV-DT KFTV-DT KLUZ-TV4 KMEX-DT KTVW-DT KUTH-DT KUVE-DT KUVN-DT KUVS-DT KWEX-DT KXLN-DT WFDC-DT WGBO-DT WLTV-DT WQHS-DT WUNI4 WUVC-DT WUVG-DT WUVP-DT WVEA-TV WVEN-TV WXTV-DT UniMás KBTF-CD KFPH-DT KFSF-DT KTFF-DT KFTH-DT KTFK-DT KTFO-CD KFTR-DT KFTU-DT KNIC-DT KSTR-DT WAMI-DT WFPA-CD WFUT-DT WTNC-LD WXFT-DT 1These stations are owned by Mission Broadcasting but operated by Nexstar under an LMA.2These stations are owned by Londen Media Group but operated by Nexstar under a TBA.3These stations are owned by Vaughan Media but operated by Nexstar under an LMA.4TelevisaUnivision USA owns the licenses to these stations but the stations themselves are operated by Entravision Communications under an LMA.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"television station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_station"},{"link_name":"New Britain, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Britain,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"Hartford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford"},{"link_name":"New Haven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven"},{"link_name":"market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_market"},{"link_name":"owned and operated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owned_and_operated"},{"link_name":"NBC Owned Television Stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_Owned_Television_Stations"},{"link_name":"Class A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_A_television_service"},{"link_name":"Telemundo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemundo"},{"link_name":"WRDM-CD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRDM-CD"},{"link_name":"West Hartford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Hartford"},{"link_name":"Rattlesnake Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattlesnake_Mountain_(Connecticut)"},{"link_name":"Farmington, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmington,_Connecticut"}],"text":"NBC TV station in New Britain, ConnecticutWVIT (channel 30) is a television station licensed to New Britain, Connecticut, United States, serving as the NBC outlet for the Hartford–New Haven market. It is owned and operated by the network's NBC Owned Television Stations division alongside Class A Telemundo outlet WRDM-CD (channel 19). The two stations share studios on New Britain Avenue in West Hartford and transmitter facilities on Rattlesnake Mountain in Farmington, Connecticut.","title":"WVIT"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WRYM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRYM"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Kensington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensington,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"WTNH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTNH"},{"link_name":"Federal Communications Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Travelers Insurance Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travelers_Insurance_Company"},{"link_name":"independent station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_station"},{"link_name":"WFSB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WFSB"},{"link_name":"radio sister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTIC_(AM)"},{"link_name":"Univision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univision"},{"link_name":"WUVN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WUVN"},{"link_name":"its other owned UHF station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBUF-TV"},{"link_name":"Buffalo, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Springfield Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield_Television"},{"link_name":"WWLP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWLP"},{"link_name":"Springfield, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"WRCA-AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNBC_(AM)"},{"link_name":"FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WQHT"},{"link_name":"TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNBC"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Waterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterbury"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Torrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrington,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Early years","text":"WVIT signed on for the first time on February 13, 1953, as WKNB-TV, owned by the New Britain Broadcasting Company along with WKNB radio (840 AM, now WRYM).[3] The calls stood for Kensington–New Britain. It is Connecticut's second-oldest television station and the first on the UHF band.[4] It has been an NBC affiliate for nearly all of its history. However, during its first two and a half years, it carried CBS programming as one of two affiliates in Connecticut,[5] along with WNHC-TV (now WTNH) in New Haven. At the time, Hartford and New Haven were recognized by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) as separate television markets; the commission would merge them into one market in 1954.In January 1955, NBC announced it would purchase the WKNB stations for just over $600,000.[6] Though the network was acquiring both radio and television outlets, the key to the deal was channel 30–as one of the first UHF stations to be owned by a major network, the FCC encouraged the networks to expand their owned-and-operated holdings to include outlets in the new band to help ensure its viability. Indeed, NBC made plans to boost channel 30's signal to cover the entire market.WKNB-TV began carrying the full NBC programming schedule in October 1955. The FCC approved the sale to NBC in December 1956, nearly two years after it was first announced.[7] The network then renamed channel 30 WNBC (for New Britain, Connecticut) in January 1957.[8][9][10] In its first stint as an NBC-owned station, channel 30 failed to gain much headway in the ratings, largely because television manufacturers were not required to include UHF tuning capability until 1964. Viewers had to buy an expensive converter to watch WNBC, and even with one the picture was barely viewable. In addition, plans to relocate the station's tower and to boost transmission power never moved forward.In September 1957, the Hartford-based Travelers Insurance Company signed on independent station WTIC-TV (channel 3, now WFSB), the state's second and last VHF station. Within a year of its debut (and despite its radio sister having been an NBC radio affiliate for over thirty years) WTIC-TV became Connecticut's CBS affiliate, replacing its owned-and-operated station, WHCT-TV (channel 18, now Univision affiliate WUVN). NBC then realized its UHF experiment was a lost cause (it had shut down its other owned UHF station in Buffalo, New York, in October 1958), and in June 1959 sold WNBC and WKNB radio for $750,000 to Plains Television Inc., a joint venture of Transcontinental Properties and H & E Balaban Corporation (WKNB was spun off immediately afterward).[11][12] As part of the deal, Springfield Television, the owner of fellow NBC affiliate WWLP in Springfield, Massachusetts, was to have held a one-third share in channel 30; it abandoned this stake before the deal's completion after concerns arose over WWLP and WNBC's overlapping coverage areas, but continued to hold an option to reacquire it for some time afterward pending FCC approval.[13] In May 1960, channel 30's callsign changed again – this time to WHNB-TV (for Hartford-New Britain); NBC reclaimed the WNBC calls for its flagship radio and television combination (the former WRCA-AM-FM-TV) in New York City.[14][15]In 1966, WHNB-TV became, once again, one of two NBC affiliates in Connecticut; the network signed with Waterbury-licensed WATR-TV (channel 20) in order to get its programming into New Haven on a strong signal.[16] By this time, television manufacturers were now required to include all-channel tuning. Channel 30 itself made up for the shortfall in its market coverage by operating two low-power translators (starting in 1971): W79AI (channel 79) in Torrington[17] and W59AA (channel 59) in New Haven.[18] They also operated W79AH in Waterbury in the 1960s.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WVIT30prehd.png"},{"link_name":"the original iteration of Viacom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viacom_(1952%E2%80%932005)"},{"link_name":"CBS Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Inc."},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"WCCT-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCCT-TV"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"WCTX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCTX"},{"link_name":"local marketing agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_marketing_agreement"},{"link_name":"Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"WTIC-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTIC-TV"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Paramount Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Pictures"},{"link_name":"KMOV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KMOV"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis"},{"link_name":"WHEC-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHEC-TV"},{"link_name":"Rochester, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_New_York"},{"link_name":"WNYT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNYT_(TV)"},{"link_name":"Albany, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_New_York"},{"link_name":"KSLA-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSLA-TV"},{"link_name":"Shreveport, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shreveport,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Paramount Stations Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Stations_Group"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-v-viacompsg-27"},{"link_name":"UPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPN"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"WWHO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWHO"},{"link_name":"Chillicothe, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chillicothe,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"WLWC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLWC"},{"link_name":"New Bedford, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Bedford,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Telemundo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemundo"},{"link_name":"WRDM-CD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRDM-CD"},{"link_name":"satellite station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_station"},{"link_name":"ZGS Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZGS_Communications"},{"link_name":"duopoly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duopoly_(broadcasting)"},{"link_name":"Nexstar Media Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexstar_Media_Group"},{"link_name":"Tegna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegna_Inc."},{"link_name":"WTIC-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTIC-TV"},{"link_name":"WCCT-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCCT-TV"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tvnc-saletotelemundo-31"},{"link_name":"incentive auction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incentive_auction"},{"link_name":"channel sharing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_sharing"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fcc-wrdmsale-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Viacom and NBC ownership","text":"WVIT's NBC30 logo used from 2005 until July 16, 2009. The numeric \"30\" had been in use in one form or another since 1992.In the summer of 1977, Plains Television announced it would sell WHNB-TV to the original iteration of Viacom for $15 million. The former CBS Inc. subsidiary was making its first foray into broadcast station ownership.[19] Shortly after assuming control in the spring of 1978, channel 30's call letters were changed to the present WVIT on June 12 (for \"Viacom International Television\") to reflect its new ownership.[20][21] Viacom immediately announced plans to boost WVIT's signal, and also made upgrades in the station's news department.[22] In 1980, channel 30 signed on with a new transmitter that more than doubled its coverage area, giving it a clear signal to much of New Haven for the first time, though the channel 59 repeater was kept in service. WVIT became the sole Connecticut-based NBC affiliate in March 1982, when WATR-TV's affiliation contract with NBC ended and the station became independent WTXX (it is now WCCT-TV).[23] The Torrington translator was turned off in 1987, and the New Haven repeater was shut down in the middle 1990s to allow full-powered WTVU (now WCTX) to begin operations. In 1993, WVIT and WTXX entered into a part-time local marketing agreement after talks with Fox affiliate WTIC-TV (channel 61) failed.[24]Viacom purchased Paramount Pictures in 1994, placing its five-station group (WVIT; KMOV in St. Louis; WHEC-TV in Rochester, New York; WNYT in Albany, New York; and KSLA-TV in Shreveport, Louisiana) under common ownership with the Paramount Stations Group;[25][26] the two groups were formally consolidated in December 1995.[27] The merged company decided to divest itself of all of its major network affiliates to focus on stations that carried its then-upstart United Paramount Network (UPN).[28] WVIT, the first television outlet Viacom purchased was the last station to be sold, as Viacom agreed to trade channel 30 to former owner NBC in return for future purchase rights to WWHO in Chillicothe, Ohio, and WLWC in New Bedford, Massachusetts, two UPN-affiliated stations NBC was operating by way of local marketing agreements. The sale closed on December 8, 1997, making WVIT an NBC O&O for the second time in its history. It also ended its part-time LMA with WTXX, and the LMA deal was transferred to WTIC-TV.[29][30]On December 4, 2017, NBCUniversal announced that it would buy Telemundo affiliate WRDM-CD and its Springfield satellite station WDMR-LP from ZGS Communications, as with several other NBC O&Os, WRDM would become a sister station to WVIT, creating the third duopoly in the Hartford–New Haven television market, following the duopolies of Nexstar Media Group's WTNH/WCTX and Tegna's WTIC-TV/WCCT-TV (though as a low-power station, WRDM is exempt from FCC ownership caps, including the duopoly rule).[31] ZGS had sold WRDM's spectrum in the FCC's incentive auction for $10,574,516 and indicated that the station would enter into a post-auction channel sharing agreement, which occurred with WVIT at the start of the year.[32] The sale was officially completed on February 1, 2018.[33]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sunday Night with Megyn Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Night_with_Megyn_Kelly"},{"link_name":"Alex Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Jones"},{"link_name":"denial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_negationism"},{"link_name":"Sandy Hook Elementary School shootings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shootings"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"On June 16, 2017, WVIT announced that it would not air that week's edition of Sunday Night with Megyn Kelly, which featured an interview with radio host Alex Jones. The station cited viewer, advertiser and management sensitivities to the views of Jones, as he had previously expressed a denial of the Sandy Hook Elementary School shootings.[34][35] Otherwise, the station clears the entire NBC lineup.","title":"Programming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"WNBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNBC"},{"link_name":"WMAQ-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMAQ-TV"},{"link_name":"KNBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KNBC"}],"sub_title":"News operation","text":"On June 13, 2016, WVIT became the second station in Connecticut to debut a 4 p.m. newscast.[36] On the same day, WVIT began using Artworks' new \"Look N\" standardized graphics that were first adopted by sister station WNBC, while its music changed to 615 Music's \"The Tower\", which was first adopted in 2000 by sister stations WMAQ-TV and KNBC.On June 7, 2021, WVIT debuted its 7 p.m. newscast, becoming the first and only station in Connecticut to have a prime time newscast.","title":"Programming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chris Berman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Berman"},{"link_name":"ESPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN"},{"link_name":"Van Hackett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Hackett"},{"link_name":"Brian Kilmeade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Kilmeade"},{"link_name":"Fox News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News"},{"link_name":"Rob Marciano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Marciano"},{"link_name":"ABC News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News"},{"link_name":"Natalie Morales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_Morales_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"NBC News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News"},{"link_name":"CBS Daytime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Daytime"},{"link_name":"The Talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Talk_(talk_show)"},{"link_name":"Rob Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Morrison_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"Beasley Reece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beasley_Reece"},{"link_name":"KYW-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KYW-TV"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Brian Shactman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Shactman"},{"link_name":"CNBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC"},{"link_name":"Chris Wragge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Wragge"},{"link_name":"WCBS-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCBS-TV"}],"sub_title":"Notable former on-air staff","text":"Chris Berman (now sportscaster for ESPN since 1979)\nVan Hackett\nBrian Kilmeade (now political commentator for Fox News)\nRob Marciano (now senior meteorologist for ABC News)\nNatalie Morales (later with NBC News, now with the CBS Daytime talk show The Talk)\nRob Morrison\nBeasley Reece (formerly with KYW-TV in Philadelphia from 1998 to 2015)\nBrian Shactman (now with CNBC)\nChris Wragge (now with WCBS-TV)","title":"Programming"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Technical information"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"multiplexed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplex_(TV)"},{"link_name":"NBC Weather Plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_Weather_Plus"},{"link_name":"NBC Plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_Plus"},{"link_name":"Cozi TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cozi_TV"},{"link_name":"Universal Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Sports"},{"link_name":"satellite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_television"},{"link_name":"Spanish-language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"TeleXitos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TeleXitos"},{"link_name":"WRDM-CD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRDM-CD"},{"link_name":"LX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LX_(TV_network)"}],"sub_title":"Subchannels","text":"The station's signal is multiplexed:Digital subchannel 30.2 carried NBC Weather Plus; national network operations for that service ended in December 2008. NBC Plus then aired on that subchannel. This channel utilized the same graphics as Weather Plus, with a new 'NBC Plus' logo, and without the on-camera meteorologist segments. On December 20, 2012, WVIT replaced NBC Plus with Cozi TV; WVIT was the last NBC-owned station to carry NBC Plus. Digital subchannel 30.3 carried Universal Sports until its transition into a cable- and satellite-exclusive service on January 1, 2012, and eventually Universal Sports shut down altogether on November 16, 2015. The 30.3 subchannel was reactivated in 2015, when WVIT added the Spanish-language digital network TeleXitos, normally only carried on Telemundo stations; TeleXitos moved to a subchannel of WRDM-CD after its acquisition by NBCUniversal in February 2018. WVIT again reactivated the 30.3 subchannel in 2020, coinciding with the launch of LX.","title":"Technical information"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WVIT_2009_Logo.png"},{"link_name":"UHF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UHF"},{"link_name":"federally mandated transition from analog to digital television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_television_transition_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"virtual channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_channel"}],"sub_title":"Analog-to-digital conversion","text":"WVIT's NBC Connecticut first logo, used from July 2009 until July 2017WVIT shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 30, on June 12, 2009, as part of the federally mandated transition from analog to digital television.[38] The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 35, using virtual channel 30. With the transition, the height of the station's transmitter tower was increased to 434 meters (1,424 ft).","title":"Technical information"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Spectrum auction repack","text":"On August 2, 2019, WVIT was moved from channel 35 to channel 31.","title":"Technical information"}]
[{"image_text":"WVIT's NBC Connecticut first logo, used from July 2009 until July 2017","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/WVIT_2009_Logo.png/220px-WVIT_2009_Logo.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Facility Technical Data for WVIT\". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission.","urls":[{"url":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityTechDetails.html?facilityId=74170","url_text":"\"Facility Technical Data for WVIT\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission","url_text":"Federal Communications Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"New TV grantees prepare plans\" (PDF). Broadcasting – Telecasting. February 23, 1953. p. 62. Retrieved January 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/53-OCR/BC-1953-02-23-OCR-Page-0062.pdf","url_text":"\"New TV grantees prepare plans\""}]},{"reference":"\"WKNB-TV signs; CBS-TV affiliation announced\" (PDF). Broadcasting – Telecasting. January 5, 1953. p. 75. Retrieved January 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/53-OCR/BC-1953-01-05-OCR-Page-0075.pdf","url_text":"\"WKNB-TV signs; CBS-TV affiliation announced\""}]},{"reference":"\"Power plays take shape in television networking\" (PDF). Broadcasting – Telecasting. January 10, 1955. p. 27. Retrieved December 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/55-OCR/1955-01-10-BC-OCR-Page-0027.pdf","url_text":"\"Power plays take shape in television networking\""}]},{"reference":"\"NBC gets green light on New Britain buy\" (PDF). Broadcasting – Telecasting. December 17, 1956. p. 81. Retrieved December 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/56-OCR/1956-12-17-BC-OCR-Page-0081.pdf","url_text":"\"NBC gets green light on New Britain buy\""}]},{"reference":"\"NBC rechristens WKNB-TV to WNBC(TV) West Hartford\" (PDF). Broadcasting – Telecasting. January 14, 1957. p. 100. Retrieved December 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/57-OCR/1957-01-14-BC-OCR-Page-0100.pdf","url_text":"\"NBC rechristens WKNB-TV to WNBC(TV) West Hartford\""}]},{"reference":"\"WNBC (TV) advertisement\" (PDF). Broadcasting – Telecasting. January 14, 1957. p. 77. Retrieved December 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/57-OCR/1957-01-14-BC-OCR-Page-0077.pdf","url_text":"\"WNBC (TV) advertisement\""}]},{"reference":"\"For the record–Station authorizations, applications–Existing TV stations–Call letters assigned\" (PDF). Broadcasting – Telecasting. January 21, 1957. p. 108. Retrieved December 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/57-OCR/1957-01-21-BC-OCR-Page-0108.pdf","url_text":"\"For the record–Station authorizations, applications–Existing TV stations–Call letters assigned\""}]},{"reference":"\"WRCA to be WNBC?\" (PDF). Broadcasting. April 4, 1960. p. 88. Retrieved December 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/60-OCR/BC-1960-04-04-OCR-Page-0086.pdf","url_text":"\"WRCA to be WNBC?\""}]},{"reference":"\"For the record–Station authorizations, applications–Existing TV stations–Call letters assigned\" (PDF). Broadcasting. May 9, 1960. p. 100. Retrieved December 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/60-OCR/BC-1960-05-09-OCR-Page-0100.pdf","url_text":"\"For the record–Station authorizations, applications–Existing TV stations–Call letters assigned\""}]},{"reference":"\"WATR-TV joining NBC-TV\" (PDF). Broadcasting. July 25, 1966. p. 66. Retrieved December 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/66-OCR/1966-07-25-BC-OCR-Page-0066.pdf","url_text":"\"WATR-TV joining NBC-TV\""}]},{"reference":"\"Viacom gets into station ownership\" (PDF). Broadcasting. June 20, 1977. p. 28. Retrieved December 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/77-OCR/BC-1977-06-20-OCR-Page-0028.pdf","url_text":"\"Viacom gets into station ownership\""}]},{"reference":"\"For the Record–Call letters–Grants–Existing TVs\" (PDF). Broadcasting. August 7, 1978. p. 67. Retrieved December 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/78-OCR/1978-08-07-BC-OCR-Page-0067.pdf","url_text":"\"For the Record–Call letters–Grants–Existing TVs\""}]},{"reference":"\"WVIT/Katz Television Continental advertisement\" (PDF). Broadcasting. June 12, 1978. p. 12. Retrieved December 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/78-OCR/1978-06-12-BC-OCR-Page-0012.pdf","url_text":"\"WVIT/Katz Television Continental advertisement\""}]},{"reference":"\"WVIT/Katz Television Continental advertisement\" (PDF). Broadcasting. December 24, 1979. p. 2. Retrieved December 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/79-OCR/BC-1979-12-24-OCR-Page-0002.pdf","url_text":"\"WVIT/Katz Television Continental advertisement\""}]},{"reference":"\"WATR-TV decides to go it alone\" (PDF). Broadcasting. February 22, 1982. p. 72. Retrieved December 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/82-OCR/1982-02-22-BC-OCR-Page-0076.pdf","url_text":"\"WATR-TV decides to go it alone\""}]},{"reference":"Lender, Jon (June 11, 1993). \"WVIT Leases Time on WTXX as WTIC Protests\". Hartford Courant. Retrieved October 27, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.courant.com/news/connecticut/hc-xpm-1993-06-11-0000100900-story.html","url_text":"\"WVIT Leases Time on WTXX as WTIC Protests\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford_Courant","url_text":"Hartford Courant"}]},{"reference":"Flint, Joe (December 18, 1995). \"Viacom Group Merged Under Par's Cassara\". Variety. Retrieved March 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/1995/tv/features/viacom-group-merged-under-par-s-cassara-99123610/","url_text":"\"Viacom Group Merged Under Par's Cassara\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"McClellan, Steve (August 4, 1997). \"NBC, Paramount swap stations\" (PDF). Broadcasting and Cable. p. 12. Retrieved January 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/97-OCR/BC-1997-08-04-OCR-Page-0014.pdf","url_text":"\"NBC, Paramount swap stations\""}]},{"reference":"Keveney, Bill. \"Managers, reporter fired in WVIT-TV shakeup\". Hartford Courant. Retrieved November 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.courant.com/news/connecticut/hc-xpm-1997-12-06-9712060245-story.html","url_text":"\"Managers, reporter fired in WVIT-TV shakeup\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford_Courant","url_text":"Hartford Courant"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Mark K. (December 4, 2017). \"NBCU Adding ZGS Stations To Telemundo\". TVNewsCheck. Archived from the original on December 6, 2017. Retrieved December 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171206074450/http://www.tvnewscheck.com/article/109362/nbcu-adding-zgs-stations-to-telemundo","url_text":"\"NBCU Adding ZGS Stations To Telemundo\""},{"url":"http://www.tvnewscheck.com/article/109362/nbcu-adding-zgs-stations-to-telemundo","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"FCC Broadcast Television Spectrum Incentive Auction Auction 1001 Winning Bids\" (PDF). Federal Communications Commission. April 4, 2017. Retrieved December 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://transition.fcc.gov/Daily_Releases/Daily_Business/2017/db0413/DA-17-314A2.pdf","url_text":"\"FCC Broadcast Television Spectrum Incentive Auction Auction 1001 Winning Bids\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission","url_text":"Federal Communications Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"NBCU Completes ZGS Stations Buy\". TVNewsCheck. February 1, 2018. Retrieved February 1, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tvnewscheck.com/article/110882/nbcu-completes-zgs-stations-buy","url_text":"\"NBCU Completes ZGS Stations Buy\""}]},{"reference":"Otterson, Joe (June 16, 2017). \"Connecticut NBC Station Will Not Air Megyn Kelly's Alex Jones Interview\". Variety. Retrieved June 22, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2017/tv/news/connecticut-nbcmegyn-kelly-alex-jones-interview-1202469317/","url_text":"\"Connecticut NBC Station Will Not Air Megyn Kelly's Alex Jones Interview\""}]},{"reference":"Chris Ariens (June 16, 2017). \"NBC Connecticut NBC Station Won't Air Megyn Kelly Interview with Alex Jones\". TVNewser. AdWeek. Retrieved June 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.adweek.com/tvnewser/connecticut-nbc-station-wont-air-megyn-kelly-interview-with-alex-jones/332564","url_text":"\"NBC Connecticut NBC Station Won't Air Megyn Kelly Interview with Alex Jones\""}]},{"reference":"\"4 NBC Stations to Launch Afternoon Newscast\". January 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.adweek.com/tvspy/4-nbc-stations-to-launch-afternoon-newscast/161020","url_text":"\"4 NBC Stations to Launch Afternoon Newscast\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inside_money
Inside money
["1 See also","2 References"]
In monetary economics, inside money is money issued by private intermediaries (i.e. commercial banks) in the form of debt (credit). This money is typically in the form of demand deposits or other deposits, and hence is part of the money supply. The money, which is an asset of the depositor but coincides with a liability of the bank, is inside money. Inside money is thus a liability (equivalently a negative asset) to the issuer, so the net amount of assets associated with inside money in an economy is zero. Most money circulating in a modern economy is inside money. In contrast, gold is regarded as outside money. See also Money portal Outside money Mutual credit References ^ "What is money?". European Central Bank. Retrieved 2017-06-20. ^ Bruce Champ and Scott Freeman (2009). "Chapter 7: Liquidity and Financial Intermediation". Modeling Monetary Economics. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-521-78354-5. ^ Lagos, Ricardo. "Inside and Outside Money," (PDF). Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved 2 April 2012. ^ Did Russia Intentionally Trigger A Monetary System Reset? This money or currency-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
[{"title":"Money portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Money"},{"title":"Outside money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outside_money"},{"title":"Mutual credit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_credit"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_747_hull_losses
Boeing 747 hull losses
["1 1970s","2 1980s","3 1990s","4 2000s","5 2010s","6 2020s","7 References"]
China Airlines Flight 605, a Boeing 747-400, resulted in a hull loss after overrunning the runway on landing at Kai Tak Airport, Hong Kong, in 1993. As of July 2020, a total of 60 Boeing 747 aircraft, or just under 4% of the total number of 747s built, first flown commercially in 1970, have been involved in accidents and incidents resulting in a hull loss, meaning that the aircraft was either destroyed or damaged beyond economical repair. Of the 60 Boeing 747 aircraft losses, 32 resulted in no loss of life; in one, a hostage was murdered; and in one, a terrorist died. Some of the aircraft that were declared damaged beyond economical repair were older 747s that sustained relatively minor damage. Had these planes been newer, repairing them might have been economically viable, although with the 747's increasing obsolescence, this is becoming less common. Some 747s have been involved in accidents resulting in the highest death toll of any civil aviation accident, the highest death toll of any single airplane accident, and the highest death toll of a midair collision. As with most airliner accidents, the root of cause(s) in these incidents involved a confluence of multiple factors that rarely could be ascribed to flaws with the 747's design or its flying characteristics. 1970s Pan Am Flight 93 was the first hull loss of a Boeing 747 (747-121), the result of terrorism after it was hijacked by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine. On September 6, 1970, a new Pan American World Airways aircraft flying from Amsterdam to New York City was hijacked and flown first to Beirut, then to Cairo. Shortly after the occupants were evacuated from the aircraft after arriving at Cairo, it was blown up. Japan Airlines Flight 404, the second 747 hull loss, was very similar to the first. The aircraft was hijacked on a flight from Amsterdam to Anchorage, Alaska, on July 20, 1973, by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine working with the Japanese Red Army. It flew to Dubai, then Damascus, before ending its journey at Benghazi. The occupants were released and the aircraft was blown up. One of the hijackers died. Lufthansa Flight 540 was the first fatal crash of a 747. On November 20, 1974, it stalled and crashed moments after taking off from Nairobi, with 59 deaths and 98 survivors. The cause was an error by the flight engineer in combination with a lack of a sufficient warning system. Air France Flight 193, a Boeing 747-128 (N28888) operating the sector between Bombay (now Mumbai) and Tel Aviv to Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport, was destroyed by fire, June 12, 1975, on the ground at Bombay’s (now Mumbai’s) Santa Cruz Airport, following an aborted take-off, with no fatalities. Imperial Iranian Air Force Flight ULF48, a 747 freighter, crashed near Madrid on May 9, 1976, due to the structural failure of its left wing in flight, killing the 17 people on board. The accident investigation determined that a lightning strike caused an explosion in a fuel tank in the wing, leading to flutter and the separation of the wing. On March 27, 1977, the deadliest aviation accident in history occurred when KLM Flight 4805 collided on the runway with Pan Am 1736 in heavy fog at Tenerife Airport, resulting in 583 fatalities. Both aircraft were 747s. The 61 survivors were all from the Pan Am 747. The Pan Am aircraft was the first 747 to enter commercial service. Air India Flight 855 crashed into the sea off the coast of Mumbai (formerly Bombay) on New Year's Day, 1978. All 213 passengers and crew died. The cause was lack of situational awareness on the captain's part after executing a banked turn. 1980s Korean Air Lines Flight 015, operating a flight from Los Angeles to Seoul, with a refueling stop at Anchorage, Alaska, was damaged beyond repair at landing on November 19, 1980. Of the 226 occupants, 15 passengers and crew died. On August 4, 1983, Pan Am Flight 73, a 747-100, struck a VASI light installation and its concrete base landing at Karachi International Airport, causing the nose gear to collapse backwards and to the left, resulting in total destruction of the VASI light installation and damage to the forward cargo hold, floor of the first class section, and the stairway leading to the upper deck. (Not to be confused with a later hijacking in 1986 of a Pan Am Flight 73.) On September 1, 1983, Korean Air Lines Flight 007, a 747-200B from New York City to Seoul via Anchorage, was shot down by the Soviet Air Force just west of Sakhalin Island while flying through prohibited airspace. All 269 passengers and crew were killed. On November 27, 1983, Avianca Flight 011, a 747-200 flying from Paris to Bogotá via Madrid, crashed into a mountainside due to a navigational error while maneuvering to land at Madrid Barajas International Airport, killing 181 of the 192 on board. On March 16, 1985, a UTA Boeing 747-300 (registration F-GDUA) was destroyed on the ground at Paris CDG when a fire was accidentally started while the aircraft's cabin was being cleaned. On June 23, 1985, a bomb exploded on Air India Flight 182, a 747-200B en route from Montreal to New Delhi, causing the aircraft to explode and crash off the southwest coast of Ireland, killing all 329 on board. Until the September 11 attacks of 2001, the Air India bombing was the single deadliest terrorist attack involving aircraft. It remains the "worst mass murder in Canadian history." On August 12, 1985, Japan Airlines Flight 123 crashed when the rear pressure bulkhead of a 747SR flying from Tokyo to Osaka failed at cruising altitude, severing the aircraft's vertical stabilizer. The pilots kept it in the air for 32 minutes, but it eventually struck Mount Takamagahara and crashed. Of the 524 people on board, only four passengers survived, making it the deadliest-ever single-aircraft accident. The accident was caused by Boeing improperly repairing the tail strike suffered by the same aircraft seven years earlier. On December 2, 1985, Air France Flight 091 overshot the runway during a landing at Rio de Janeiro-Galeão International Airport, Brazil. No fatalities occurred, but the aircraft was damaged beyond repair. On November 28, 1987, South African Airways Flight 295, a 747-200BSCD "Combi" en route from Taipei to Johannesburg, crashed into the ocean off Mauritius after a fire broke out in the rear cargo hold, damaging vital control systems. All 159 people on board died. On December 21, 1988, Pan Am Flight 103, a 747-100, disintegrated in midair after a bomb in the luggage hold exploded; the wings, with their tanks full of fuel, landed on Lockerbie, Scotland. All 259 people on board and 11 people in Lockerbie died. A Libyan national was eventually convicted at a Scottish court sitting in the Netherlands of murder in connection with the bombing. On February 19, 1989, Flying Tiger Line Flight 66, a 747-200F, was flying using a non-directional beacon approach to Runway 33 at Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport, Kuala Lumpur, when the aircraft hit a hillside 600 ft (180 m) above sea level, resulting in the deaths of all four people on board. 1990s On May 7, 1990, Air India Flight 132 touched down at Delhi-Indira Gandhi International Airport after a flight from London-Heathrow. On application of reverse thrust, a failure of the number-one engine pylon-to-wing attachment caused this engine to tilt nose down. Hot exhaust gasses caused a fire on the left wing. The aircraft, VT-EBO, was damaged beyond repair. The reconstructed wreckage of TWA Flight 800 British Airways Flight 149 was a 747-100 flying from London Heathrow Airport to Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport, Kuala Lumpur, with stopovers in Kuwait International Airport and Madras International Airport (now Chennai). The aircraft landed in Kuwait City on August 1, 1990, four hours after the Gulf War broke out. All 385 passengers and crew were taken hostage by Iraqi forces; one was executed, but the others were released. The aircraft was subsequently blown up. On December 29, 1991, China Airlines Flight 358, a 747-200, crashed shortly after takeoff from Chiang Kai-shek International Airport in Taipei, Taiwan, killing all five crewmembers, when the number-three and number-four engines (both right engines) detached from the aircraft. On October 4, 1992, El Al Flight 1862, a 747-200F, crashed shortly after takeoff from Amsterdam Schiphol Airport after the right-side engines both fell off, due to metal fatigue, and damaged the right wing, killing all three crew members and the single passenger on board, as well as 39 people on the ground. On November 4, 1993, China Airlines Flight 605, a brand-new 747-400 from Taipei to Hong Kong Kai Tak Airport, landed 2,000 feet (610 m) past the threshold on runway 13, with insufficient braking power. Unable to stop before the end of the runway, the captain steered the aircraft into Victoria Harbour. All passengers were evacuated via inflatable life rafts. The vertical fin was blown off with explosives, as it disrupted airport operations. The aircraft was recovered from the harbor days later and was written off. On December 20, 1995, Tower Air Flight 41, a 747-100, veered off the left side of runway 4L during an attempted takeoff at John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK), New York City, New York. The flight was a regularly scheduled passenger/cargo flight conducted under the provisions of Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part 121. Of the 468 persons aboard (451 passengers, 12 cabin crew members, three flight crew members, and two cockpit jumpseat occupants), 24 passengers sustained minor injuries, and a flight attendant received serious injuries. The aircraft was damaged beyond repair. On July 17, 1996, TWA Flight 800, a 747-100 bound for Charles de Gaulle Airport in Paris, exploded during its climb from JFK in New York, killing all 230 people aboard. A spark from a wire in the center fuel tank is believed to have caused the explosion. Changes in fuel tank management were adopted after the crash.(reconstruction pictured) On November 12, 1996, Saudi Arabian Airlines Flight 763, a 747-100B, collided with Kazakhstan Airlines Flight 1907, an Ilyushin Il-76, in midair over Charkhi Dadri in Haryana, India, resulting in the deaths of all 349 occupants of both aircraft, the deadliest midair collision in history. On August 6, 1997, Korean Air Flight 801, a Boeing 747-300, crashed into a hillside while on approach to Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport on the island of Guam due to pilot error. Of the 254 people on board, 25 survived. On December 27, 1997, a Pakistan Airlines Boeing 747 plane from Karachi to London, crashed when landing at Dubai International Airport. It overshot the runway and went through the perimeter wall. There were no fatalities. On August 5, 1998, Korean Air Flight 8702, a Boeing 747-400, overshot a runway while landing. The fuselage split and 25 people were injured. On March 5, 1999, Air France flight 6745, a 747-2B3F (F-GPAN) carrying 66 tons of cargo from Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport to Madras International Airport, Madras via Karachi and Bangalore HAL Airport, was destroyed by fire after landing with the nose gear up. No fatalities occurred. On December 22, 1999, Korean Air Cargo Flight 8509, a 747-200F from London Stansted Airport, crashed shortly after take-off, killing all four crew. The captain of the aircraft had mishandled it due to erroneous indications on his attitude indicator. 2000s On October 31, 2000, Singapore Airlines Flight 006, a 747-400 flying from Singapore to Los Angeles via Taipei, collided with construction equipment while attempting to take off from a closed runway at Taiwan's Chiang Kai-shek International Airport (now Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport), killing 79 passengers and four crew members on board. There were 96 survivors, including all three pilots. On November 5, 2000, Cameroon Airlines Flight 070, a Boeing 747-2H7B (SCD), flying from Douala, Cameroon to Paris, France, overran the runway while attempting to land due to pilot error. All 203 occupant on-board survived. On August 23, 2001, Saudia Flight 3830 a, 747-300, rolled into a drainage ditch at Kuala Lumpur Airport and toppled forward, causing severe damage to the nose section. Reportedly, the aircraft was being taxied by a ground engineer on the number two and -three engines. When trying to make a turn, the brakes and steering had no effect, and the aircraft continued into the ditch. The auxiliary hydraulic pumps, which actuated brakes and steering, were thought to be switched off. On November 27, 2001, an MK Airlines 747-200F crashed about 700 m short of the runway near Port Harcourt Airport, Nigeria. Of the 13 on board, one died. On May 25, 2002, China Airlines Flight 611, a 747-200B en route to Hong Kong International Airport from Chiang Kai-shek International Airport, broke up in midair 20 minutes after take-off and crashed into the Taiwan Strait, killing all 225 occupants on board. Subsequent investigation determined the cause to be metal fatigue cracking due to an improperly performed repair after a tail strike. On November 29, 2003, a Hydro Air Cargo Boeing 747-258C, registered as ZS-OOS, landed on an incorrect runway which was closed for maintenance, damaging the aircraft. All nine occupants survived. On October 14, 2004, MK Airlines Flight 1602, a 747-200F, crashed while attempting to take off from Halifax Stanfield International Airport, killing all seven on board. The aircraft's take-off weight had been incorrectly calculated, and it was only airborne briefly before stalling at the end of the runway. On November 7, 2004, an Air Atlanta Boeing 747 freighter was taking off when airport tower workers noticed a fire in one of the engines. Reportedly, there was a loud sound at around the same time and the aircraft crashed. On January 24, 2005, Atlas Air Flight 8995 overran the 23L runway on landing. It collided with ILS aerials, which caused a fire in engines two and three. On August 19, 2005, Northwest Airlines Flight 74, a Boeing 747-251B, registered as N627US, landed with its nose gear retracted due to the pilots believing otherwise. All 340 occupants on-board survived without any injuries. On June 7, 2006, Tradewinds Airlines Flight 444, a 747-200F, aborted a take-off from Rionegro/Medellín-José María Córdova Airport and overran the runway. The aircraft was damaged beyond repair and withdrawn from service. On February 2, 2008, an Atlas Air Boeing 747-2D7B, registered as N527MC, was written off after the cargo broke loose and demolished the aft bulkhead. All occupants survived. On March 25, 2008, Saudi Arabian Airlines Flight 810, a Boeing 747-357 registered as TF-ARS, caught fire on the right wing immediately after landing due to faulty maintenance. All 325 occupants on-board survived without any serious injuries. Wikinews has related news: Report blames 747 crash at Brussels on bird strike On May 25, 2008, Kalitta Air Flight 207, a 747-200F, suffered a bird strike during take-off from Brussels Airport, Belgium. The crew aborted take-off, but the aircraft was unable to stop before it overran the runway and broke up, with no injuries. On July 7, 2008, Centurion Air Cargo Flight 164, a 747-200F, crashed into a farm field near the small village of Madrid, Colombia, shortly after take-off from El Dorado International Airport. The crew had reported an engine fire and were attempting to return to the airport. One of the aircraft's engines hit a farmhouse and killed two people inside it. On August 3, 2008, a Boeing 747-481D (Domestic) owned by All Nippon Airways, chemically caught fire during internal cleaning of the aircraft. An inflammable cleaning agent was to blame. Fortunately, no one was on-board the aircraft. On October 27, 2008, a Boeing 747-228F (SCD) operating for Cargo B Airlines, registered as OO-CBA, suffered a major tail strike incident while attempting to takeoff from Brussel-Zaventem Airport. All six occupants survive without any injuries. On September 4, 2009, Air India Flight 829, a 747-400, suffered an engine fire at Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport, Mumbai, shortly before take-off. None of the 229 occupants was injured or killed, but the aircraft was written off. 2010s On July 17, 2010, Saudi Arabian Airlines Flight 9302, a Boeing 747-306M, suffered an uncontained engine failure during take-off. All 22 occupants on-board survived without any injuries. On September 3, 2010, UPS Airlines Flight 6, a 747-400F, crashed near Dubai International Airport, killing two crew members. The crash was blamed on lithium-ion batteries in the cargo hold that caught fire. On July 28, 2011, Asiana Airlines Flight 991, a 747-400F, caught fire and crashed in the sea near Jeju Island, killing both crew members. On April 29, 2013, National Airlines Flight 102, 747-400BCF, stalled and crashed shortly after taking off from Bagram Airfield in Bagram, killing all seven crew members. On December 4, 2013, a leased Boeing 747-281B(SF) operating for Saudi Arabian Airlines, ran off the runway to avoid construction equipment but, unfortunately, it hit other construction equipment parked. Interestingly, the flight crew weren't updated on new ATIS about not using the first 1100 meters on the runway. On December 22, 2013, the right wing on British Airways Flight 34, a Boeing 747-436 registered as G-BNLL, struck a building at O. R. Tambo International Airport in Johannesburg while taxiing on the wrong taxiway. Both the aircraft's wing and the building sustained severe damage, but no injuries occurred amongst the crew or 189 passengers, although four on the ground were injured. The aircraft was officially written off in February 2014. On June 8, 2014, there was an attack on Jinnah International Airport. Several aircraft were damaged and written off, including a PIA Boeing 747-367, registered as AP-BFV. There were 36 fatalities, including the 10 attackers. On March 19, 2015, 7O-YMN, a 747-SP used by the president of Yemen, was damaged by gunfire from troops loyal to deposed president Ali Abdullah Saleh. Photos released a few months later showed the remains of the destroyed aircraft. On June 16, 2015, Delta Air Lines Flight 159, a 747-400 (N664US) was en route from Detroit Metropolitan Airport to Incheon International Airport in Seoul. About two and a half hours from landing, the flight encountered a hailstorm that caused damage to the radome and leading edges on the wings. Additionally there was severe turbulence that caused items to fall inside the cabin, although no injuries were reported. The aircraft eventually had temporary repairs made in order for the aircraft to fly to storage at Pinal Airpark in Marana, Arizona on July 10, 2015. It was determined that it was not economically feasible to complete repairs, and the aircraft was scrapped in 2016. On January 16, 2017, Turkish Airlines Flight 6491, a 747-400F operated by ACT Airlines en route from Hong Kong to Istanbul via Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, overshot the runway on landing in thick fog at Manas International Airport in Bishkek and caught fire; 39 people died, including all four crew members, as well as 35 residents of a village at the crash site. On November 7, 2018, Sky Lease Cargo Flight 4854, a 747-400F, overran the runway while landing at Halifax Stanfield International Airport. The aircraft sustained substantial damage but all four occupants survived, three with minor injuries. 2020s Aviation portal On August 27, 2020, A Boeing 747-SP belonging to Las Vegas Sands Corporation was damaged beyond repair by Hurricane Laura while stored at Chennault International Airport in Louisiana, U.S. The tip of the right wing struck a steel beam, causing the tip to separate. The nose section of the aircraft was also damaged by the wing of another aircraft stored at the airport. References ^ a b List of Boeing 747 hull losses retrieved February 17, 2013. ^ Page describing N4723U incident retrieved January 13, 2008. ^ Page describing N808MC incident retrieved January 13, 2008. ^ Page describing N752PA incident retrieved January 13, 2008. ^ Page describing JA8109 incident retrieved January 13, 2008. ^ a b c d Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747-130 D-ABYB Nairobi International Airport (NBO)". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved June 7, 2022. ^ Page describing the crash of IIAF 5-8104 retrieved January 13, 2008. ^ "Special Investigation Report - Wing Failure of Boeing 747-131, Near Madrid, Spain, May 9, 1976" (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. October 6, 1978. Retrieved September 8, 2010. ^ "1977: Hundreds dead in Tenerife plane crash", "On This Day." BBC News. Retrieved: May 26, 2006. ^ Accident with Pan Am Flight 73 at Aviation Safety Network Retrieved July 16, 2016 ^ a b Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747-230B HL7442 Sakhalinsk ". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved June 7, 2022. ^ "ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747-3B3 F-GDUA Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport (CDG)". ^ Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747-237B VT-EFO Cork, Ireland". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved June 7, 2022. ^ "Japan marks air crash anniversary", BBC News. Retrieved: August 12, 2005. ^ Aviation Safety Network record. Retrieved July 17, 2016 ^ a b Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747-244B ZS-SAS Mauritius". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved June 7, 2022. ^ Page describing N807FT accident retrieved February 14, 2015. ^ a b Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747-237B VT-EBO Delhi-Indira Gandhi International Airport (DEL)". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved June 7, 2022. ^ Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747-2R7F B-198 Wanli". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved June 7, 2022. ^ Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747-258F 4X-AXG Bijlmermeer, Amsterdam". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved June 7, 2022. ^ Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747-409 B-165 Hong Kong-Kai Tak International Airport (HKG)". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved June 7, 2022. ^ Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747-121 (SCD) N613FF Miami International Airport, FL (MIA)". www.asndata.aviation-safety.net. Archived from the original on September 22, 2021. Retrieved June 7, 2022. ^ Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747-131 N93119 East Moriches, NY". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved June 7, 2022. ^ Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747-168B HZ-AIH Charki Dadri". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved June 7, 2022. ^ Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747-3B5 HL7468 Guam-Agana International Airport (GUM)". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved June 7, 2022. ^ "December 28, 1997: PIA flight careens off runway in Dubai". December 27, 2017. ^ "ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747-2B3F (SCD) F-GPAN Chennai Airport (MAA)". Aviation-safety.net. Retrieved March 29, 2014. ^ "Rushing to Die, The Crash of Singapore Airlines flight 006" Archived November 19, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Airline Safety. Retrieved: December 17, 2007. ^ "Runway excursion Accident Boeing 747-2H7B (SCD) TJ-CAB,". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved May 26, 2024. ^ Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747-368 HZ-AIO Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KUL)". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved May 12, 2019. ^ "ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747-246F 9G-MKI Port Harcourt". Aviation-safety.net. Retrieved March 29, 2014. ^ Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747-209B B-18255 Penghu islands, Taiwan ". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved June 7, 2022. ^ "Accident Boeing 747-258C ZS-OOS,". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved May 26, 2024. ^ Page describing 9G-MKJ accident. aviation-safety.net. Retrieved: August 17, 2008. ^ "Aviation Photo #0763399: Boeing 747-230F/SCD - Untitled (Air Atlanta Cargo)". ^ "ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747-212BSF N808MC Düsseldorf Airport (DUS)". ^ "Accident Boeing 747-251B N627US,". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved May 26, 2024. ^ Page describing N922FT accident. aviation-safety.net. Retrieved: April 6, 2015. ^ "Accident Boeing 747-2D7B N527MC,". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved May 26, 2024. ^ "BOEING 747 - MSN 22471 N527MC". ^ Page describing N704CK accident. Retrieved: August 17, 2008. ^ "Crash: Kalitta B742 at Bogota on Jul 7th 2008, engine fire, impacted a farmhouse". The Aviation Herald. July 11, 2008. Retrieved June 3, 2013. ^ "OT Boeing 747-481D JA8955,". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved May 27, 2024. ^ "ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747-437 VT-ESM Mumbai-Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport (BOM)". Aviation-safety.net. Retrieved January 25, 2020. ^ "Accident Boeing 747-306M HS-VAC,". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved May 27, 2024. ^ "Cargo plane crashes near Dubai motorway killing two". BBC. September 3, 2010. Retrieved September 3, 2010. ^ "Crash: National Air Cargo B744 at Bagram on Apr 29th 2013, lost height shortly after takeoff following load shift and stall". Avherald.com. Retrieved March 29, 2014. ^ "Runway excursion Serious incident Boeing 747-281B (SF) EK74798,". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved May 27, 2024. ^ "ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747-436 G-BNLL Johannesburg-O.R. Tambo International Airport (JNB)". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved July 17, 2017. ^ "ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747SP-27 7O-YMN Aden International Airport (ADE)". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved July 29, 2015. ^ Hammerand, Jim. "Hail pummels Delta 747 over China; NWA's "Spirit of Beijing" may face scrapyard (Photos)". Biz Journals. Retrieved August 31, 2022. ^ "N664US DELTA AIR LINES BOEING 747-400". Planespotters. Retrieved August 31, 2022. ^ "Belarus' First Deputy Foreign Minister signs Book of Condolences at Kyrgyzstan's embassy". Belarusin Telegraph Agency. January 17, 2017. Retrieved January 17, 2017. ^ "Под Бишкеком упал грузовой самолет Turkish Airlines (фото)" . Zanoza (in Russian). January 16, 2017. Retrieved January 16, 2017. ^ "При крушении Boeing под Бишкеком погибли не менее 16 человек" . RIA Novosti (in Russian). January 16, 2017. Retrieved January 16, 2017. ^ "ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747SP-21 VQ-BMS Lake Charles-Chennault International Airport, LA (CWF)". vteBoeing 747 familyBase models 747-100 747SP 747-200 747-300 747-400 747-8 Government & military E-4 Shuttle Carrier Aircraft SOFIA VC-25 (Air Force One) YAL-1 Notable aircraft 747 Supertanker Boeing Dreamlifter City of Canberra Jumbo Stay N661US N7470 N747PA N747GE Spirit of Mojave Topics Hull losses In fiction Operators Other 747 (performance art) Jumbo: The Plane that Changed the World
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:China_Airlines_B-165_damage.jpg"},{"link_name":"China Airlines Flight 605","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Airlines_Flight_605"},{"link_name":"Boeing 747-400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_747-400"},{"link_name":"Kai Tak Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai_Tak_Airport"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boeing_747_hull_losses&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Boeing 747","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_747"},{"link_name":"accidents and incidents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_accidents_and_incidents"},{"link_name":"hull loss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_loss"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ASN-1"},{"link_name":"hostage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Airways_Flight_149"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ASN-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"highest death toll of any civil aviation accident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenerife_airport_disaster"},{"link_name":"highest death toll of any single airplane accident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Air_Lines_Flight_123"},{"link_name":"highest death toll of a midair collision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Charkhi_Dadri_mid-air_collision"}],"text":"China Airlines Flight 605, a Boeing 747-400, resulted in a hull loss after overrunning the runway on landing at Kai Tak Airport, Hong Kong, in 1993.As of July 2020[update], a total of 60 Boeing 747 aircraft, or just under 4% of the total number of 747s built, first flown commercially in 1970, have been involved in accidents and incidents resulting in a hull loss, meaning that the aircraft was either destroyed or damaged beyond economical repair.[1] Of the 60 Boeing 747 aircraft losses, 32 resulted in no loss of life; in one, a hostage was murdered; and in one, a terrorist died.[1] Some of the aircraft that were declared damaged beyond economical repair were older 747s that sustained relatively minor damage. Had these planes been newer, repairing them might have been economically viable, although with the 747's increasing obsolescence, this is becoming less common.[2][3] Some 747s have been involved in accidents resulting in the highest death toll of any civil aviation accident, the highest death toll of any single airplane accident, and the highest death toll of a midair collision. As with most airliner accidents, the root of cause(s) in these incidents involved a confluence of multiple factors that rarely could be ascribed to flaws with the 747's design or its flying characteristics.","title":"Boeing 747 hull losses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pan Am Flight 93","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawson%27s_Field_hijackings#Pan_Am_Flight_93"},{"link_name":"Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Pan American World Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_World_Airways"},{"link_name":"Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Japan Airlines Flight 404","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Airlines_Flight_404"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"Anchorage, Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Japanese Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Red_Army"},{"link_name":"Dubai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai"},{"link_name":"Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus"},{"link_name":"Benghazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benghazi"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Lufthansa Flight 540","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufthansa_Flight_540"},{"link_name":"Nairobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobi"},{"link_name":"flight engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_engineer"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ranter-6"},{"link_name":"Air France Flight 193","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_France"},{"link_name":"Santa Cruz Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Maharaj_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ranter-6"},{"link_name":"Imperial Iranian Air Force Flight ULF48","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Iranian_Air_Force_Flight_ULF48"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"flutter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroelasticity"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"KLM Flight 4805 collided on the runway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenerife_airport_disaster"},{"link_name":"Pan Am 1736","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenerife_airport_disaster"},{"link_name":"Tenerife Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenerife_North_Airport"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Air India Flight 855","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_India_Flight_855"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"Bombay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay"},{"link_name":"situational awareness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situational_awareness"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ranter-6"}],"text":"Pan Am Flight 93 was the first hull loss of a Boeing 747 (747-121), the result of terrorism after it was hijacked by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine. On September 6, 1970, a new Pan American World Airways aircraft flying from Amsterdam to New York City was hijacked and flown first to Beirut, then to Cairo. Shortly after the occupants were evacuated from the aircraft after arriving at Cairo, it was blown up.[4]\nJapan Airlines Flight 404, the second 747 hull loss, was very similar to the first. The aircraft was hijacked on a flight from Amsterdam to Anchorage, Alaska, on July 20, 1973, by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine working with the Japanese Red Army. It flew to Dubai, then Damascus, before ending its journey at Benghazi. The occupants were released and the aircraft was blown up. One of the hijackers died.[5]\nLufthansa Flight 540 was the first fatal crash of a 747. On November 20, 1974, it stalled and crashed moments after taking off from Nairobi, with 59 deaths and 98 survivors. The cause was an error by the flight engineer in combination with a lack of a sufficient warning system.[6]\nAir France Flight 193, a Boeing 747-128 (N28888) operating the sector between Bombay (now Mumbai) and Tel Aviv to Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport, was destroyed by fire, June 12, 1975, on the ground at Bombay’s (now Mumbai’s) Santa Cruz Airport, following an aborted take-off, with no fatalities.[6]\nImperial Iranian Air Force Flight ULF48, a 747 freighter, crashed near Madrid on May 9, 1976, due to the structural failure of its left wing in flight, killing the 17 people on board. The accident investigation determined that a lightning strike caused an explosion in a fuel tank in the wing, leading to flutter and the separation of the wing.[7][8]\nOn March 27, 1977, the deadliest aviation accident in history occurred when KLM Flight 4805 collided on the runway with Pan Am 1736 in heavy fog at Tenerife Airport, resulting in 583 fatalities. Both aircraft were 747s. The 61 survivors were all from the Pan Am 747. The Pan Am aircraft was the first 747 to enter commercial service.[9]\nAir India Flight 855 crashed into the sea off the coast of Mumbai (formerly Bombay) on New Year's Day, 1978. All 213 passengers and crew died. The cause was lack of situational awareness on the captain's part after executing a banked turn.[6]","title":"1970s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean Air Lines Flight 015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_015"},{"link_name":"Seoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ranter-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Korean Air Lines Flight 007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007"},{"link_name":"Anchorage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Soviet Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aviation-safety.net-11"},{"link_name":"Avianca Flight 011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avianca_Flight_011"},{"link_name":"Bogotá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"Madrid Barajas International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid_Barajas_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aviation-safety.net-11"},{"link_name":"UTA Boeing 747-300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_de_Transports_Aeriens#Incidents_and_Accidents"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Air India Flight 182","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_India_Flight_182"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"September 11 attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Japan Airlines Flight 123","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Airlines_Flight_123"},{"link_name":"Osaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka"},{"link_name":"vertical stabilizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_stabilizer"},{"link_name":"Mount Takamagahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Takamagahara"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"South African Airways Flight 295","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Airways_Flight_295"},{"link_name":"Taipei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei"},{"link_name":"Johannesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg"},{"link_name":"Mauritius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-16"},{"link_name":"Pan Am Flight 103","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_103"},{"link_name":"Lockerbie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockerbie,_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-16"},{"link_name":"Flying Tiger Line Flight 66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Tiger_Line_Flight_66"},{"link_name":"non-directional beacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-directional_beacon"},{"link_name":"Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Abdul_Aziz_Shah_Airport"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Korean Air Lines Flight 015, operating a flight from Los Angeles to Seoul, with a refueling stop at Anchorage, Alaska, was damaged beyond repair at landing on November 19, 1980. Of the 226 occupants, 15 passengers and crew died.[6]\nOn August 4, 1983, Pan Am Flight 73, a 747-100, struck a VASI light installation and its concrete base landing at Karachi International Airport, causing the nose gear to collapse backwards and to the left, resulting in total destruction of the VASI light installation and damage to the forward cargo hold, floor of the first class section, and the stairway leading to the upper deck.[10] (Not to be confused with a later hijacking in 1986 of a Pan Am Flight 73.)\nOn September 1, 1983, Korean Air Lines Flight 007, a 747-200B from New York City to Seoul via Anchorage, was shot down by the Soviet Air Force just west of Sakhalin Island while flying through prohibited airspace. All 269 passengers and crew were killed.[11]\nOn November 27, 1983, Avianca Flight 011, a 747-200 flying from Paris to Bogotá via Madrid, crashed into a mountainside due to a navigational error while maneuvering to land at Madrid Barajas International Airport, killing 181 of the 192 on board.[11]\nOn March 16, 1985, a UTA Boeing 747-300 (registration F-GDUA) was destroyed on the ground at Paris CDG when a fire was accidentally started while the aircraft's cabin was being cleaned.[12]\nOn June 23, 1985, a bomb exploded on Air India Flight 182, a 747-200B en route from Montreal to New Delhi, causing the aircraft to explode and crash off the southwest coast of Ireland, killing all 329 on board. Until the September 11 attacks of 2001, the Air India bombing was the single deadliest terrorist attack involving aircraft. It remains the \"worst mass murder in Canadian history.\"[13]\nOn August 12, 1985, Japan Airlines Flight 123 crashed when the rear pressure bulkhead of a 747SR flying from Tokyo to Osaka failed at cruising altitude, severing the aircraft's vertical stabilizer. The pilots kept it in the air for 32 minutes, but it eventually struck Mount Takamagahara and crashed. Of the 524 people on board, only four passengers survived, making it the deadliest-ever single-aircraft accident. The accident was caused by Boeing improperly repairing the tail strike suffered by the same aircraft seven years earlier.[14]\nOn December 2, 1985, Air France Flight 091 overshot the runway during a landing at Rio de Janeiro-Galeão International Airport, Brazil. No fatalities occurred, but the aircraft was damaged beyond repair.[15]\nOn November 28, 1987, South African Airways Flight 295, a 747-200BSCD \"Combi\" en route from Taipei to Johannesburg, crashed into the ocean off Mauritius after a fire broke out in the rear cargo hold, damaging vital control systems. All 159 people on board died.[16]\nOn December 21, 1988, Pan Am Flight 103, a 747-100, disintegrated in midair after a bomb in the luggage hold exploded; the wings, with their tanks full of fuel, landed on Lockerbie, Scotland. All 259 people on board and 11 people in Lockerbie died. A Libyan national was eventually convicted at a Scottish court sitting in the Netherlands of murder in connection with the bombing.[16]\nOn February 19, 1989, Flying Tiger Line Flight 66, a 747-200F, was flying using a non-directional beacon approach to Runway 33 at Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport, Kuala Lumpur, when the aircraft hit a hillside 600 ft (180 m) above sea level, resulting in the deaths of all four people on board.[17]","title":"1980s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Air India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_India"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TWA800reconstruction.jpg"},{"link_name":"British Airways Flight 149","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Airways_Flight_149"},{"link_name":"London Heathrow Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Heathrow_Airport"},{"link_name":"Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Abdul_Aziz_Shah_Airport"},{"link_name":"Kuwait International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Madras International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Gulf War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-18"},{"link_name":"China Airlines Flight 358","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Airlines_Flight_358"},{"link_name":"Chiang Kai-shek International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"El Al Flight 1862","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Al_Flight_1862"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam Schiphol Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam_Schiphol_Airport"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"China Airlines Flight 605","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Airlines_Flight_605"},{"link_name":"Kai Tak Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai_Tak_Airport"},{"link_name":"Victoria Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Harbour"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Tower Air Flight 41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_Air_Flight_41"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"TWA Flight 800","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TWA_Flight_800"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabian Airlines Flight 763","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Charkhi_Dadri_mid-air_collision"},{"link_name":"Ilyushin Il-76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-76"},{"link_name":"Haryana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryana"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Korean Air Flight 801","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Air_Flight_801"},{"link_name":"Boeing 747-300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_747-300"},{"link_name":"Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_B._Won_Pat_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Pakistan Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Airlines"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Korean Air Flight 8702","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Air_Flight_8702"},{"link_name":"Boeing 747-400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_747-400"},{"link_name":"tons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_ton"},{"link_name":"Madras International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Madras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras"},{"link_name":"Karachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinnah_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Bangalore HAL Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HAL_Airport"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Korean Air Cargo Flight 8509","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Air_Cargo_Flight_8509"},{"link_name":"London Stansted Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Stansted_Airport"},{"link_name":"attitude indicator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attitude_indicator"}],"text":"On May 7, 1990, Air India Flight 132 touched down at Delhi-Indira Gandhi International Airport after a flight from London-Heathrow. On application of reverse thrust, a failure of the number-one engine pylon-to-wing attachment caused this engine to tilt nose down. Hot exhaust gasses caused a fire on the left wing. The aircraft, VT-EBO, was damaged beyond repair.[18]The reconstructed wreckage of TWA Flight 800British Airways Flight 149 was a 747-100 flying from London Heathrow Airport to Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport, Kuala Lumpur, with stopovers in Kuwait International Airport and Madras International Airport (now Chennai). The aircraft landed in Kuwait City on August 1, 1990, four hours after the Gulf War broke out. All 385 passengers and crew were taken hostage by Iraqi forces; one was executed, but the others were released. The aircraft was subsequently blown up.[18]\nOn December 29, 1991, China Airlines Flight 358, a 747-200, crashed shortly after takeoff from Chiang Kai-shek International Airport in Taipei, Taiwan, killing all five crewmembers, when the number-three and number-four engines (both right engines) detached from the aircraft.[19]\nOn October 4, 1992, El Al Flight 1862, a 747-200F, crashed shortly after takeoff from Amsterdam Schiphol Airport after the right-side engines both fell off, due to metal fatigue, and damaged the right wing, killing all three crew members and the single passenger on board, as well as 39 people on the ground.[20]\nOn November 4, 1993, China Airlines Flight 605, a brand-new 747-400 from Taipei to Hong Kong Kai Tak Airport, landed 2,000 feet (610 m) past the threshold on runway 13, with insufficient braking power. Unable to stop before the end of the runway, the captain steered the aircraft into Victoria Harbour. All passengers were evacuated via inflatable life rafts. The vertical fin was blown off with explosives, as it disrupted airport operations. The aircraft was recovered from the harbor days later and was written off.[21]\nOn December 20, 1995, Tower Air Flight 41, a 747-100, veered off the left side of runway 4L during an attempted takeoff at John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK), New York City, New York. The flight was a regularly scheduled passenger/cargo flight conducted under the provisions of Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part 121. Of the 468 persons aboard (451 passengers, 12 cabin crew members, three flight crew members, and two cockpit jumpseat occupants), 24 passengers sustained minor injuries, and a flight attendant received serious injuries. The aircraft was damaged beyond repair.[22]\nOn July 17, 1996, TWA Flight 800, a 747-100 bound for Charles de Gaulle Airport in Paris, exploded during its climb from JFK in New York, killing all 230 people aboard. A spark from a wire in the center fuel tank is believed to have caused the explosion. Changes in fuel tank management were adopted after the crash.[23](reconstruction pictured)\nOn November 12, 1996, Saudi Arabian Airlines Flight 763, a 747-100B, collided with Kazakhstan Airlines Flight 1907, an Ilyushin Il-76, in midair over Charkhi Dadri in Haryana, India, resulting in the deaths of all 349 occupants of both aircraft, the deadliest midair collision in history.[24]\nOn August 6, 1997, Korean Air Flight 801, a Boeing 747-300, crashed into a hillside while on approach to Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport on the island of Guam due to pilot error. Of the 254 people on board, 25 survived.[25]\nOn December 27, 1997, a Pakistan Airlines Boeing 747 plane from Karachi to London, crashed when landing at Dubai International Airport. It overshot the runway and went through the perimeter wall. There were no fatalities.[26]\nOn August 5, 1998, Korean Air Flight 8702, a Boeing 747-400, overshot a runway while landing. The fuselage split and 25 people were injured.\nOn March 5, 1999, Air France flight 6745, a 747-2B3F (F-GPAN) carrying 66 tons of cargo from Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport to Madras International Airport, Madras via Karachi and Bangalore HAL Airport, was destroyed by fire after landing with the nose gear up. No fatalities occurred.[27]\nOn December 22, 1999, Korean Air Cargo Flight 8509, a 747-200F from London Stansted Airport, crashed shortly after take-off, killing all four crew. The captain of the aircraft had mishandled it due to erroneous indications on his attitude indicator.","title":"1990s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Singapore Airlines Flight 006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Airlines_Flight_006"},{"link_name":"Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Taoyuan_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Cameroon Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon_Airlines"},{"link_name":"overran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runway_excursion"},{"link_name":"pilot error","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_error"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Saudia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudia"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"MK Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MK_Airlines"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"China Airlines Flight 611","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Airlines_Flight_611"},{"link_name":"metal fatigue cracking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue_(material)"},{"link_name":"tail strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail_strike"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Hydro Air Cargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydro_Air_Cargo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"registered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_registration"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"MK Airlines Flight 1602","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MK_Airlines_Flight_1602"},{"link_name":"Halifax Stanfield International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifax_Stanfield_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Air Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Atlanta"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Atlas Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_Air"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Northwest Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Airlines"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Atlas Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_Air"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabian Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudia"},{"link_name":"Report blames 747 crash at Brussels on bird strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikinews.org/wiki/Report_blames_747_crash_at_Brussels_on_bird_strike"},{"link_name":"Kalitta Air Flight 207","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalitta_Air_Flight_207"},{"link_name":"bird strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_strike"},{"link_name":"Brussels Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels_Airport"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Centurion Air Cargo Flight 164","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centurion_Air_Cargo_Flight_164"},{"link_name":"El Dorado International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Dorado_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"All Nippon Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Nippon_Airways"},{"link_name":"Cargo B Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_B_Airlines"},{"link_name":"tail strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailstrike"},{"link_name":"Brussel-Zaventem Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels_Airport"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Air India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_India"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"text":"On October 31, 2000, Singapore Airlines Flight 006, a 747-400 flying from Singapore to Los Angeles via Taipei, collided with construction equipment while attempting to take off from a closed runway at Taiwan's Chiang Kai-shek International Airport (now Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport), killing 79 passengers and four crew members on board.[28] There were 96 survivors, including all three pilots.\nOn November 5, 2000, Cameroon Airlines Flight 070, a Boeing 747-2H7B (SCD), flying from Douala, Cameroon to Paris, France, overran the runway while attempting to land due to pilot error. All 203 occupant on-board survived.[29]\nOn August 23, 2001, Saudia Flight 3830 a, 747-300, rolled into a drainage ditch at Kuala Lumpur Airport and toppled forward, causing severe damage to the nose section. Reportedly, the aircraft was being taxied by a ground engineer on the number two and -three engines. When trying to make a turn, the brakes and steering had no effect, and the aircraft continued into the ditch. The auxiliary hydraulic pumps, which actuated brakes and steering, were thought to be switched off.[30]\nOn November 27, 2001, an MK Airlines 747-200F crashed about 700 m short of the runway near Port Harcourt Airport, Nigeria. Of the 13 on board, one died.[31]\nOn May 25, 2002, China Airlines Flight 611, a 747-200B en route to Hong Kong International Airport from Chiang Kai-shek International Airport, broke up in midair 20 minutes after take-off and crashed into the Taiwan Strait, killing all 225 occupants on board. Subsequent investigation determined the cause to be metal fatigue cracking due to an improperly performed repair after a tail strike.[32]\nOn November 29, 2003, a Hydro Air Cargo Boeing 747-258C, registered as ZS-OOS, landed on an incorrect runway which was closed for maintenance, damaging the aircraft. All nine occupants survived.[33]\nOn October 14, 2004, MK Airlines Flight 1602, a 747-200F, crashed while attempting to take off from Halifax Stanfield International Airport, killing all seven on board. The aircraft's take-off weight had been incorrectly calculated, and it was only airborne briefly before stalling at the end of the runway.[34]\nOn November 7, 2004, an Air Atlanta Boeing 747 freighter was taking off when airport tower workers noticed a fire in one of the engines. Reportedly, there was a loud sound at around the same time and the aircraft crashed.[35]\nOn January 24, 2005, Atlas Air Flight 8995 overran the 23L runway on landing. It collided with ILS aerials, which caused a fire in engines two and three.[36]\nOn August 19, 2005, Northwest Airlines Flight 74, a Boeing 747-251B, registered as N627US, landed with its nose gear retracted due to the pilots believing otherwise. All 340 occupants on-board survived without any injuries.[37]On June 7, 2006, Tradewinds Airlines Flight 444, a 747-200F, aborted a take-off from Rionegro/Medellín-José María Córdova Airport and overran the runway. The aircraft was damaged beyond repair and withdrawn from service.[38]\nOn February 2, 2008, an Atlas Air Boeing 747-2D7B, registered as N527MC, was written off after the cargo broke loose and demolished the aft bulkhead. All occupants survived.[39][40]\nOn March 25, 2008, Saudi Arabian Airlines Flight 810, a Boeing 747-357 registered as TF-ARS, caught fire on the right wing immediately after landing due to faulty maintenance. All 325 occupants on-board survived without any serious injuries.Wikinews has related news:\n Report blames 747 crash at Brussels on bird strikeOn May 25, 2008, Kalitta Air Flight 207, a 747-200F, suffered a bird strike during take-off from Brussels Airport, Belgium. The crew aborted take-off, but the aircraft was unable to stop before it overran the runway and broke up, with no injuries.[41]\nOn July 7, 2008, Centurion Air Cargo Flight 164, a 747-200F, crashed into a farm field near the small village of Madrid, Colombia, shortly after take-off from El Dorado International Airport. The crew had reported an engine fire and were attempting to return to the airport. One of the aircraft's engines hit a farmhouse and killed two people inside it.[42]\nOn August 3, 2008, a Boeing 747-481D (Domestic) owned by All Nippon Airways, chemically caught fire during internal cleaning of the aircraft. An inflammable cleaning agent was to blame. Fortunately, no one was on-board the aircraft.\nOn October 27, 2008, a Boeing 747-228F (SCD) operating for Cargo B Airlines, registered as OO-CBA, suffered a major tail strike incident while attempting to takeoff from Brussel-Zaventem Airport. All six occupants survive without any injuries.[43]\nOn September 4, 2009, Air India Flight 829, a 747-400, suffered an engine fire at Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport, Mumbai, shortly before take-off. None of the 229 occupants was injured or killed, but the aircraft was written off.[44]","title":"2000s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saudi Arabian Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudia"},{"link_name":"uncontained engine failure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbine_engine_failure"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"UPS Airlines Flight 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPS_Airlines_Flight_6"},{"link_name":"747-400F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_747-400#747-400F"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Asiana Airlines Flight 991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiana_Airlines_Flight_991"},{"link_name":"Jeju Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeju_Island"},{"link_name":"National Airlines Flight 102","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Airlines_Flight_102"},{"link_name":"Bagram Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagram_Airfield"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabian Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudia"},{"link_name":"ATIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_terminal_information_service"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"O. R. Tambo International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O._R._Tambo_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"taxiway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxiway"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"an attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Jinnah_International_Airport_attack"},{"link_name":"Jinnah International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinnah_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"PIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_International_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Ali Abdullah Saleh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Abdullah_Saleh"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Delta Air Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines"},{"link_name":"Detroit Metropolitan Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Metropolitan_Airport"},{"link_name":"Incheon International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incheon_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Pinal Airpark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinal_Airpark"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Turkish Airlines Flight 6491","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Airlines_Flight_6491"},{"link_name":"ACT Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Bishkek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishkek"},{"link_name":"Kyrgyzstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan"},{"link_name":"Manas International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manas_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTA_-_17-01-17-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Sky Lease Cargo Flight 4854","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Lease_Cargo_Flight_4854"}],"text":"On July 17, 2010, Saudi Arabian Airlines Flight 9302, a Boeing 747-306M, suffered an uncontained engine failure during take-off. All 22 occupants on-board survived without any injuries.[45]\nOn September 3, 2010, UPS Airlines Flight 6, a 747-400F, crashed near Dubai International Airport, killing two crew members. The crash was blamed on lithium-ion batteries in the cargo hold that caught fire.[46]\nOn July 28, 2011, Asiana Airlines Flight 991, a 747-400F, caught fire and crashed in the sea near Jeju Island, killing both crew members.\nOn April 29, 2013, National Airlines Flight 102, 747-400BCF, stalled and crashed shortly after taking off from Bagram Airfield in Bagram, killing all seven crew members.[47]\nOn December 4, 2013, a leased Boeing 747-281B(SF) operating for Saudi Arabian Airlines, ran off the runway to avoid construction equipment but, unfortunately, it hit other construction equipment parked. Interestingly, the flight crew weren't updated on new ATIS about not using the first 1100 meters on the runway.[48]\n\nOn December 22, 2013, the right wing on British Airways Flight 34, a Boeing 747-436 registered as G-BNLL, struck a building at O. R. Tambo International Airport in Johannesburg while taxiing on the wrong taxiway. Both the aircraft's wing and the building sustained severe damage, but no injuries occurred amongst the crew or 189 passengers, although four on the ground were injured. The aircraft was officially written off in February 2014.[49]\nOn June 8, 2014, there was an attack on Jinnah International Airport. Several aircraft were damaged and written off, including a PIA Boeing 747-367, registered as AP-BFV. There were 36 fatalities, including the 10 attackers.\n\nOn March 19, 2015, 7O-YMN, a 747-SP used by the president of Yemen, was damaged by gunfire from troops loyal to deposed president Ali Abdullah Saleh. Photos released a few months later showed the remains of the destroyed aircraft.[50]\nOn June 16, 2015, Delta Air Lines Flight 159, a 747-400 (N664US) was en route from Detroit Metropolitan Airport to Incheon International Airport in Seoul. About two and a half hours from landing, the flight encountered a hailstorm that caused damage to the radome and leading edges on the wings. Additionally there was severe turbulence that caused items to fall inside the cabin, although no injuries were reported.[51] The aircraft eventually had temporary repairs made in order for the aircraft to fly to storage at Pinal Airpark in Marana, Arizona on July 10, 2015. It was determined that it was not economically feasible to complete repairs, and the aircraft was scrapped in 2016.[52]\nOn January 16, 2017, Turkish Airlines Flight 6491, a 747-400F operated by ACT Airlines en route from Hong Kong to Istanbul via Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, overshot the runway on landing in thick fog at Manas International Airport in Bishkek and caught fire; 39 people died, including all four crew members, as well as 35 residents of a village at the crash site.[53][54][55]\nOn November 7, 2018, Sky Lease Cargo Flight 4854, a 747-400F, overran the runway while landing at Halifax Stanfield International Airport. The aircraft sustained substantial damage but all four occupants survived, three with minor injuries.","title":"2010s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aviation portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Aviation"},{"link_name":"747-SP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_747SP"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas Sands Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Sands_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Laura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Laura"},{"link_name":"Chennault International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennault_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"text":"Aviation portalOn August 27, 2020, A Boeing 747-SP belonging to Las Vegas Sands Corporation was damaged beyond repair by Hurricane Laura while stored at Chennault International Airport in Louisiana, U.S. The tip of the right wing struck a steel beam, causing the tip to separate. The nose section of the aircraft was also damaged by the wing of another aircraft stored at the airport.[56]","title":"2020s"}]
[{"image_text":"China Airlines Flight 605, a Boeing 747-400, resulted in a hull loss after overrunning the runway on landing at Kai Tak Airport, Hong Kong, in 1993.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/China_Airlines_B-165_damage.jpg/260px-China_Airlines_B-165_damage.jpg"},{"image_text":"The reconstructed wreckage of TWA Flight 800","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/TWA800reconstruction.jpg/220px-TWA800reconstruction.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Ranter, Harro. \"ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747-130 D-ABYB Nairobi International Airport (NBO)\". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved June 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19741120-0","url_text":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747-130 D-ABYB Nairobi International Airport (NBO)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Special Investigation Report - Wing Failure of Boeing 747-131, Near Madrid, Spain, May 9, 1976\" (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. October 6, 1978. Retrieved September 8, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/AAR7812.pdf","url_text":"\"Special Investigation Report - Wing Failure of Boeing 747-131, Near Madrid, Spain, May 9, 1976\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Transportation_Safety_Board","url_text":"National Transportation Safety Board"}]},{"reference":"Ranter, Harro. \"ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747-230B HL7442 Sakhalinsk [Okhotsk Sea]\". aviation-safety.net. 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Belarusin Telegraph Agency. January 17, 2017. Retrieved January 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://eng.belta.by/society/view/belarus-first-deputy-foreign-minister-signs-book-of-condolences-at-kyrgyzstans-embassy-98008-2017/","url_text":"\"Belarus' First Deputy Foreign Minister signs Book of Condolences at Kyrgyzstan's embassy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Под Бишкеком упал грузовой самолет Turkish Airlines (фото)\" [A Turkish Airlines cargo plane crashed near Bishkek (with pictures)]. Zanoza (in Russian). January 16, 2017. Retrieved January 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://zanoza.kg/doc/350851_pod_bishkekom_ypal_gryzovoy_samolet_turkish_airlines_foto.html","url_text":"\"Под Бишкеком упал грузовой самолет Turkish Airlines (фото)\""}]},{"reference":"\"При крушении Boeing под Бишкеком погибли не менее 16 человек\" [At least 16 people killed in Boeing crash near Bishkek]. RIA Novosti (in Russian). January 16, 2017. 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Wing Failure of Boeing 747-131, Near Madrid, Spain, May 9, 1976\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/27/newsid_2531000/2531063.stm","external_links_name":"\"1977: Hundreds dead in Tenerife plane crash\""},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19830804-0","external_links_name":"Accident with Pan Am Flight 73 at Aviation Safety Network"},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19830901-0","external_links_name":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747-230B HL7442 Sakhalinsk [Okhotsk Sea]\""},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19850316-1","external_links_name":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747-3B3 F-GDUA Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport (CDG)\""},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19850623-2","external_links_name":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747-237B VT-EFO Cork, Ireland\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4144688.stm","external_links_name":"\"Japan marks air crash anniversary\""},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19851202-0","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19871128-0","external_links_name":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747-244B ZS-SAS Mauritius\""},{"Link":"http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19890219-0","external_links_name":"Page describing N807FT accident"},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19900507-0","external_links_name":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747-237B VT-EBO Delhi-Indira Gandhi International Airport (DEL)\""},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19911229-0","external_links_name":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747-2R7F B-198 Wanli\""},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19921004-2","external_links_name":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747-258F 4X-AXG Bijlmermeer, Amsterdam\""},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19931104-0","external_links_name":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747-409 B-165 Hong Kong-Kai Tak International Airport (HKG)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210922104627/https://www.asndata.aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19951023-3","external_links_name":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747-121 (SCD) N613FF Miami International Airport, FL (MIA)\""},{"Link":"https://www.asndata.aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19951023-3","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19960717-0","external_links_name":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747-131 N93119 East Moriches, NY\""},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19961112-0","external_links_name":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747-168B HZ-AIH Charki Dadri\""},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19970806-0","external_links_name":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747-3B5 HL7468 Guam-Agana International Airport (GUM)\""},{"Link":"https://gulfnews.com/today-history/december-28-1997-pia-flight-careens-off-runway-in-dubai-1.2147924","external_links_name":"\"December 28, 1997: PIA flight careens off runway in Dubai\""},{"Link":"http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19990305-0","external_links_name":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747-2B3F (SCD) F-GPAN Chennai Airport (MAA)\""},{"Link":"http://airlinesafety.com/editorials/Singapore006.htm","external_links_name":"\"Rushing to Die, The Crash of Singapore Airlines flight 006\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101119073120/http://airlinesafety.com/editorials/Singapore006.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/asndb/323397","external_links_name":"\"Runway excursion Accident Boeing 747-2H7B (SCD) TJ-CAB,\""},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20010823-0","external_links_name":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747-368 HZ-AIO Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KUL)\""},{"Link":"http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20011127-0","external_links_name":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747-246F 9G-MKI Port Harcourt\""},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20020525-0","external_links_name":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747-209B B-18255 Penghu islands, Taiwan [Taiwan Strait]\""},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/322718","external_links_name":"\"Accident Boeing 747-258C ZS-OOS,\""},{"Link":"http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20041014-0","external_links_name":"Page describing 9G-MKJ accident."},{"Link":"https://www.airliners.net/photo/Untitled-Air-Atlanta-Cargo/Boeing-747-230F-SCD/763399/L","external_links_name":"\"Aviation Photo #0763399: Boeing 747-230F/SCD - Untitled (Air Atlanta Cargo)\""},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20050124-0","external_links_name":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747-212BSF N808MC Düsseldorf Airport (DUS)\""},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/asndb/322350","external_links_name":"\"Accident Boeing 747-251B N627US,\""},{"Link":"http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20060607-0","external_links_name":"Page describing N922FT accident."},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/asndb/321784","external_links_name":"\"Accident Boeing 747-2D7B N527MC,\""},{"Link":"https://www.airfleets.net/ficheapp/plane-b747-22471.htm","external_links_name":"\"BOEING 747 - MSN 22471 N527MC\""},{"Link":"http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20080525-0","external_links_name":"Page describing N704CK accident."},{"Link":"http://avherald.com/h?article=40950475","external_links_name":"\"Crash: Kalitta B742 at Bogota on Jul 7th 2008, engine fire, impacted a farmhouse\""},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/asndb/321663","external_links_name":"\"OT Boeing 747-481D JA8955,\""},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20090904-0","external_links_name":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747-437 VT-ESM Mumbai-Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport (BOM)\""},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/321277","external_links_name":"\"Accident Boeing 747-306M HS-VAC,\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-11183476","external_links_name":"\"Cargo plane crashes near Dubai motorway killing two\""},{"Link":"http://avherald.com/h?article=46183bb4&opt=0","external_links_name":"\"Crash: National Air Cargo B744 at Bagram on Apr 29th 2013, lost height shortly after takeoff following load shift and stall\""},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/asndb/320626","external_links_name":"\"Runway excursion Serious incident Boeing 747-281B (SF) EK74798,\""},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20131222-0","external_links_name":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747-436 G-BNLL Johannesburg-O.R. Tambo International Airport (JNB)\""},{"Link":"http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20150319-0","external_links_name":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747SP-27 7O-YMN Aden International Airport (ADE)\""},{"Link":"https://www.bizjournals.com/twincities/news/2015/06/30/hail-pummels-delta-747-over-china-nwas-spirit-of.html","external_links_name":"\"Hail pummels Delta 747 over China; NWA's \"Spirit of Beijing\" may face scrapyard (Photos)\""},{"Link":"https://www.planespotters.net/airframe/boeing-747-400-n664us-delta-air-lines/3vnove","external_links_name":"\"N664US DELTA AIR LINES BOEING 747-400\""},{"Link":"http://eng.belta.by/society/view/belarus-first-deputy-foreign-minister-signs-book-of-condolences-at-kyrgyzstans-embassy-98008-2017/","external_links_name":"\"Belarus' First Deputy Foreign Minister signs Book of Condolences at Kyrgyzstan's embassy\""},{"Link":"http://zanoza.kg/doc/350851_pod_bishkekom_ypal_gryzovoy_samolet_turkish_airlines_foto.html","external_links_name":"\"Под Бишкеком упал грузовой самолет Turkish Airlines (фото)\""},{"Link":"https://ria.ru/world/20170116/1485746373.html","external_links_name":"\"При крушении Boeing под Бишкеком погибли не менее 16 человек\""},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20200827-0","external_links_name":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747SP-21 VQ-BMS Lake Charles-Chennault International Airport, LA (CWF)\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yekaterina_Mikhailova-Demina
Yekaterina Mikhailova-Demina
["1 Wartime career","2 Post-war career and recognition","3 Awards and honors","4 See also","5 References","5.1 Bibliography"]
Russian military doctor (1925–2019) Ekaterina Mikhailova-DeminaMikhailova-Demina in 2016Native nameЕкатерина Илларионовна Михайлова-ДёминаBorn(1925-12-22)22 December 1925Leningrad, Soviet UnionDied24 June 2019(2019-06-24) (aged 93)Moscow, RussiaAllegiance Soviet UnionService/branchMarinesYears of service1941–1945RankChief Petty OfficerUnit369th Independent Naval Infantry BattalionBattles/warsWorld War IIAwardsHero of the Soviet Union Ekaterina Illarionovna Mikhailova-Demina (Russian: Екатерина Илларионовна Михайлова-Дёмина; 22 December 1925 – 24 June 2019) was a Russian military doctor who was the only woman to have served in front-line reconnaissance in the Soviet Marines during World War II. During the war she served as a marine medic, carried hundreds of men to safety, and was seriously wounded three times. She was denied higher awards at the end of the war due to the Soviet Union's unequal treatment of women soldiers. In May 1990, President Mikhail Gorbachev awarded her the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. Wartime career Mikhailova-Demina was born in Leningrad. Her parents died when she was young and she grew up in a Leningrad orphanage. She was 15 when the Great Patriotic War started in June 1941. The train she was travelling to Brest on was bombed. She volunteered for military service in Smolensk by claiming to be 17. Her application was rejected. Instead, she was accepted by a military hospital. The hospital was bombed soon after and the patients were evacuated. Mikhailova-Demina remained and became a Red Army field medic, which was desperately short of medical personnel. She suffered a serious leg injury in fighting near Gzhatsk and was sent to the Urals to recuperate. She returned to duty aboard the Soviet Navy hospital ship Red Moscow, transporting wounded soldiers from Stalingrad to Krasnoyarsk. She was promoted to chief petty officer and commended for exemplary service. Boredom caused her to volunteer for front-line service with the marines of the Azov Flotilla; the request was only accepted after she appealed to the government in Moscow. She joined the 369th Independent Naval Infantry Battalion in February 1943; she first saw action on the Taman Peninsula on the Azov Sea, and later on the Black Sea and the Dniester. The unit transferred to the Danube Flotilla, seeing action in Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Yugoslavia and Austria; she ended the war in Vienna. She was not welcomed at first by the men in her unit. However, she was soon accepted after she proved that she could handle herself well in the front line. As well as scouting enemy territory alongside her male colleagues, her work involved treating the wounded and evacuating them to safety. She won her first medal for valour for participating in the recapture of Temryuk on the Taman Peninsula and was awarded the first of two Orders of the Patriotic War for taking part in the Battle of Kerch. In August 1944 Mikhailova-Demina participated in a commando-style operation to recapture the city of Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi in Ukraine. Her unit crossed the Dniester estuary in rubber boats and climbed an enemy-held ridge. Mikhailova-Demina was in the first group to climb the ridge and joined in the charge to expel the enemy from the ridge. She single-handedly assaulted a fortified German position, blew up their bunker, killed 20 Nazis, taking 14 prisoners, and treated 17 wounded sailors and helped them get to safety. She earned an Order of the Red Banner for her role in the assault. Four months later, in December 1944, her unit had advanced to Yugoslavia. During an attack on the Ilok fortress in Croatia, she was one of 50 marines who carried out a diversionary attack from a small island in the Danube below the fortress. The unit had to use trees as firing positions as the island was flooded. In the firefight that followed, Mikhailova-Demina was shot through the hand. Only 13 of her unit survived the intense gun battle and all were wounded. Some of the casualties fell out of their trees and into the freezing water but were saved by Mikhailova-Demina, who jumped in and used belts and rifle slings to tie the wounded men to the trees. Seven men were saved by her. The battle left her with double pneumonia in addition to the wound to her hand and required her to be hospitalized. Despite this, she left the hospital early without authorization and returned to her unit. She was awarded a second Order of the Red Banner for her heroism. Post-war career and recognition Mikhailova-Demina was demobilised in November 1945 but continued to work in the medical profession after the war, including stints with the Soviet Red Cross and Red Crescent Society. She was awarded the Florence Nightingale Medal by the International Committee of the Red Cross for her work during the war. In 1950 she graduated from the Second Leningrad Medical Institute and worked as a doctor for 36 years, retiring in 1985. She was nominated three times for the Hero of the Soviet Union, the country's highest distinction, but was turned down on each occasion. She finally received the medal along with the Order of Lenin and Gold Star by a decree issued by President Gorbachev on 5 May 1990 to mark the 45th anniversary of the end of the war. Mikhailova-Demina was one of the last honored before the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. After the death of Yevdokiya Pasko in January 2017, Demina remained the last living female Hero of the Soviet Union that was a veteran of the Second World War, with the other two being cosmonauts Valentina Tereshkova and Svetlana Savitskaya. Mikhailova-Demina died in June 2019 at the age of 93 and was buried in the Troyekurovskoye Cemetery (plot 26). Awards and honors Florence Nightingale Medal (15 May 1979) Hero of the Soviet Union (5 May 1990) Order of Lenin (5 May 1990) Two Orders of the Red Banner (27 September 1944 and 8 March 1945) Order of the Patriotic War 1st class and 2nd class (1st class - 11 March 1985; 2nd class - 15 February 1944) Medal "For Courage" (31 October 1943) Medal "For the Capture of Vienna" Medal "For the Capture of Königsberg" Medal "For the Capture of Budapest" various jubilee medals See also Soviet Union portal List of female Heroes of the Soviet Union References ^ a b c d e f g h i Легендарная разведчица ограблена в Москве. Novye Izvestia (in Russian). 1 July 2008. Archived from the original on 26 September 2011. Retrieved 21 August 2011. ^ a b c d e f g h Sakaida, Henry (2003). Heroines of the Soviet Union 1941-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. pp. 23–25. ISBN 978-1-84176-598-3. ^ Simonov & Chudinova 2017, p. 126. ^ a b Simonov & Chudinova 2017, p. 129. ^ a b c Cook, Bernard A. (2006). Women and war: a historical encyclopedia from antiquity to the present, Volume 1. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 554. ISBN 978-1-85109-770-8. ^ @RusEmbSriLanka (22 August 2021). "#OTD in 1944 #Soviet 18 y.o. nurse Ekaterina Mikhailova,..." (Tweet). Retrieved 4 March 2023 – via Twitter. ^ Simonov & Chudinova 2017, p. 128. ^ У Победы - женское лицо (in Russian). TV1. 8 May 2004. Archived from the original on 29 September 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2011. ^ "Пасько Евдокия Борисовна". www.warheroes.ru. Retrieved 9 February 2018. Bibliography Simonov, Andrey; Chudinova, Svetlana (2017). Женщины - Герои Советского Союза и России. Moscow: Russian Knights Foundation, Museum of Technology V. Zadorozhny. ISBN 9785990960701. OCLC 1019634607.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Soviet Marines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Naval_Infantry"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Novye_Izvestia-1"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Gorbachev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev"},{"link_name":"Hero of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sakaida-2"}],"text":"Ekaterina Illarionovna Mikhailova-Demina (Russian: Екатерина Илларионовна Михайлова-Дёмина; 22 December 1925 – 24 June 2019) was a Russian military doctor who was the only woman to have served in front-line reconnaissance in the Soviet Marines during World War II.[1]During the war she served as a marine medic, carried hundreds of men to safety, and was seriously wounded three times. She was denied higher awards at the end of the war due to the Soviet Union's unequal treatment of women soldiers. In May 1990, President Mikhail Gorbachev awarded her the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.[2]","title":"Yekaterina Mikhailova-Demina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leningrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leningrad"},{"link_name":"Great Patriotic War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Patriotic_War"},{"link_name":"Brest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest,_Belarus"},{"link_name":"Smolensk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smolensk"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Novye_Izvestia-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Novye_Izvestia-1"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"Gzhatsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gzhatsk"},{"link_name":"Urals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urals"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sakaida-2"},{"link_name":"Soviet Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Navy"},{"link_name":"Stalingrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalingrad"},{"link_name":"Krasnoyarsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krasnoyarsk"},{"link_name":"dubious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement"},{"link_name":"discuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Yekaterina_Mikhailova-Demina#Dubious"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimonovChudinova2017126-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimonovChudinova2017129-4"},{"link_name":"Azov Flotilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azov_Flotilla"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cook-5"},{"link_name":"Taman Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taman_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Azov Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azov_Sea"},{"link_name":"Black Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea"},{"link_name":"Dniester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dniester"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Novye_Izvestia-1"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Novye_Izvestia-1"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cook-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sakaida-2"},{"link_name":"Temryuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temryuk"},{"link_name":"Orders of the Patriotic War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_the_Patriotic_War"},{"link_name":"Kerch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerch"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Novye_Izvestia-1"},{"link_name":"commando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commando"},{"link_name":"Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Dniester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dniester"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sakaida-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Order of the Red Banner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Banner"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Novye_Izvestia-1"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Ilok fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilok_Castle"},{"link_name":"Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sakaida-2"},{"link_name":"pneumonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cook-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sakaida-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Novye_Izvestia-1"}],"text":"Mikhailova-Demina was born in Leningrad. Her parents died when she was young and she grew up in a Leningrad orphanage.She was 15 when the Great Patriotic War started in June 1941. The train she was travelling to Brest on was bombed. She volunteered for military service in Smolensk[1] by claiming to be 17.[1] Her application was rejected. Instead, she was accepted by a military hospital.The hospital was bombed soon after and the patients were evacuated. Mikhailova-Demina remained and became a Red Army field medic, which was desperately short of medical personnel. She suffered a serious leg injury in fighting near Gzhatsk and was sent to the Urals to recuperate.[2] She returned to duty aboard the Soviet Navy hospital ship Red Moscow, transporting wounded soldiers from Stalingrad to Krasnoyarsk[dubious – discuss].[3] She was promoted to chief petty officer and commended for exemplary service.[4]Boredom caused her to volunteer for front-line service with the marines of the Azov Flotilla; the request was only accepted after she appealed to the government in Moscow. She joined the 369th Independent Naval Infantry Battalion[5] in February 1943; she first saw action on the Taman Peninsula on the Azov Sea, and later on the Black Sea and the Dniester.[1] The unit transferred to the Danube Flotilla, seeing action in Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Yugoslavia and Austria;[1] she ended the war in Vienna.[5]She was not welcomed at first by the men in her unit. However, she was soon accepted after she proved that she could handle herself well in the front line. As well as scouting enemy territory alongside her male colleagues, her work involved treating the wounded and evacuating them to safety.[2] She won her first medal for valour for participating in the recapture of Temryuk on the Taman Peninsula and was awarded the first of two Orders of the Patriotic War for taking part in the Battle of Kerch.[1]In August 1944 Mikhailova-Demina participated in a commando-style operation to recapture the city of Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi in Ukraine. Her unit crossed the Dniester estuary in rubber boats and climbed an enemy-held ridge. Mikhailova-Demina was in the first group to climb the ridge and joined in the charge to expel the enemy from the ridge. She single-handedly assaulted a fortified German position, blew up their bunker, killed 20 Nazis, taking 14 prisoners, and treated 17 wounded sailors and helped them get to safety.[2][6] She earned an Order of the Red Banner for her role in the assault.[1]Four months later, in December 1944, her unit had advanced to Yugoslavia. During an attack on the Ilok fortress in Croatia, she was one of 50 marines who carried out a diversionary attack from a small island in the Danube below the fortress. The unit had to use trees as firing positions as the island was flooded. In the firefight that followed, Mikhailova-Demina was shot through the hand. Only 13 of her unit survived the intense gun battle and all were wounded. Some of the casualties fell out of their trees and into the freezing water but were saved by Mikhailova-Demina, who jumped in and used belts and rifle slings to tie the wounded men to the trees. Seven men were saved by her.[2] The battle left her with double pneumonia in addition to the wound to her hand and required her to be hospitalized.[5] Despite this, she left the hospital early without authorization and returned to her unit.[2] She was awarded a second Order of the Red Banner for her heroism.[1]","title":"Wartime career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimonovChudinova2017128-7"},{"link_name":"Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"Red Crescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Crescent"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sakaida-2"},{"link_name":"Florence Nightingale Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Nightingale_Medal"},{"link_name":"International Committee of the Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Second Leningrad Medical Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_State_Medical_Academy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Novye_Izvestia-1"},{"link_name":"Order of Lenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Lenin"},{"link_name":"fall of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sakaida-2"},{"link_name":"Yevdokiya Pasko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevdokiya_Pasko"},{"link_name":"Valentina Tereshkova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentina_Tereshkova"},{"link_name":"Svetlana Savitskaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetlana_Savitskaya"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Troyekurovskoye Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troyekurovskoye_Cemetery"}],"text":"Mikhailova-Demina was demobilised in November 1945[7] but continued to work in the medical profession after the war, including stints with the Soviet Red Cross and Red Crescent Society.[2] She was awarded the Florence Nightingale Medal by the International Committee of the Red Cross for her work during the war.[8] In 1950 she graduated from the Second Leningrad Medical Institute and worked as a doctor for 36 years, retiring in 1985.[1]She was nominated three times for the Hero of the Soviet Union, the country's highest distinction, but was turned down on each occasion. She finally received the medal along with the Order of Lenin and Gold Star by a decree issued by President Gorbachev on 5 May 1990 to mark the 45th anniversary of the end of the war. Mikhailova-Demina was one of the last honored before the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991.[2]After the death of Yevdokiya Pasko in January 2017, Demina remained the last living female Hero of the Soviet Union that was a veteran of the Second World War, with the other two being cosmonauts Valentina Tereshkova and Svetlana Savitskaya.[9]Mikhailova-Demina died in June 2019 at the age of 93 and was buried in the Troyekurovskoye Cemetery (plot 26).","title":"Post-war career and recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Florence Nightingale Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Nightingale_Medal"},{"link_name":"Hero of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Order of Lenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Lenin"},{"link_name":"Orders of the Red Banner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Banner"},{"link_name":"Order of the Patriotic War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Patriotic_War"},{"link_name":"Medal \"For Courage\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_%22For_Courage%22_(Russia)"},{"link_name":"Medal \"For the Capture of Vienna\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_%22For_the_Capture_of_Vienna%22"},{"link_name":"Medal \"For the Capture of Königsberg\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_%22For_the_Capture_of_K%C3%B6nigsberg%22"},{"link_name":"Medal \"For the Capture of Budapest\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_%22For_the_Capture_of_Budapest%22"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimonovChudinova2017129-4"}],"text":"Florence Nightingale Medal (15 May 1979)\nHero of the Soviet Union (5 May 1990)\nOrder of Lenin (5 May 1990)\nTwo Orders of the Red Banner (27 September 1944 and 8 March 1945)\nOrder of the Patriotic War 1st class and 2nd class (1st class - 11 March 1985; 2nd class - 15 February 1944)\nMedal \"For Courage\" (31 October 1943)\nMedal \"For the Capture of Vienna\"\nMedal \"For the Capture of Königsberg\"\nMedal \"For the Capture of Budapest\"\nvarious jubilee medals[4]","title":"Awards and honors"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Expos%C3%A9
Miami Exposé
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 References","4 External links"]
1956 film by Fred F. Sears Miami ExposéTheatrical release posterDirected byFred F. SearsScreenplay byRobert E. KentStory bySam KatzmanProduced bySam KatzmanStarringLee J. CobbPatricia MedinaEdward ArnoldCinematographyBenjamin H. KlineEdited byAl ClarkProductioncompanyClover ProductionsDistributed byColumbia PicturesRelease date September 1956 (1956-09) Running time75 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish Miami Exposé is a 1956 American film noir crime film directed by Fred F. Sears and starring Lee J. Cobb, Patricia Medina and Edward Arnold. The film marked the last performance of Arnold, who was fatally stricken during the production. Also in the film is a brief appearance by boxing great Jake "The Raging Bull" LaMotta, playing a thug during the Everglades chase scene. Plot Miami police lieutenant Bart Scott informs his captain of his plans to retire. His fiancée, Ann Easton, a widow whose husband was killed in the line of duty, refuses to marry Bart until he quits the force. The captain is murdered by a gunman who also is found dead. The gunman's wife, Lila Hodges, witnesses the crime. She becomes of grave concern to many in Miami with criminal ties, including attorney Raymond Sheridan, who is offering lobbyist Oliver Tubbs a million-dollar bribe to get Miami gambling legalized, and gangster Louis Ascot, who offers Lila sanctuary and takes her to Cuba. Scott manages to get to Lila and persuade her to return to Miami to testify. When she expresses reluctance to do so, he parades her in public, where thugs attempt to kill her. Convinced that she has to help, Lila is taken to Scott's home in the Everglades to remain in hiding until the trial, but when Ascot comes after her, Lila and Ann end up armed and trying to hold off the gunmen until Scott can arrive with reinforcements. Sheridan, meanwhile, after double-crossing Tubbs, is killed by him. Cast Lee J. Cobb as Lt. Barton 'Bart' Scott Patricia Medina as Lila Hodges Edward Arnold as Oliver Tubbs Michael Granger as Louis Ascot Eleanore Tanin as Ann Easton Alan Napier as Raymond Sheridan Harry Lauter as Det. Tim Grogan Chris Alcaide as Morrie Pell Hugh Sanders as Chief Charles Landon Barry L. Connors as Stevie Easton References ^ Miami Exposé at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films External links Miami Exposé at IMDb Miami Exposé at AllMovie Miami Exposé at the TCM Movie Database Miami Exposé at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films Review of film at Variety vteFilms produced by Sam KatzmanShowmen's/Screencraft His Private Secretary (1933) Police Call (1933) Ship of Wanted Men (1933) Public Stenographer (1934) The Moth (1934) The Big Race (1934) St. Louis Woman (1934) Supreme A Demon for Trouble (1934) Western Justice (1934) The Brand of Hate (1934) Smokey Smith (1935) Tombstone Terror (1935) Trail of Terror (1935) Alias John Law (1935) Big Calibre (1935) Sundown Saunders (1935) Brand of the Outlaws (1936) The Kid Ranger (1936) VictoryPeter B. Kyne Danger Ahead (1935) Hot Off the Press (1935) Bars of Hate (1935) The Fighting Coward (1935) Taming the Wild (1936) aka Madcap A Face in the Fog (1936) Rio Grande Romance (1936) Kelly of the Secret Service (1936) Tom Tyler Rip Roarin' Buckaroo (1936) The Phantom of the Range (1936) Orphan of the Pecos (1937) (also d) Brothers of the West (1937) (also d) Cheyenne Rides Again (1937) Lost Ranch (1937) (also d) Mystery Range (1937) Feud of the Trail (1937) Serials Shadow of Chinatown (1936) Blake of Scotland Yard (1937) Herman Brix Two Minutes to Play (1936) Silks and Saddles (1936) Amateur Crook (1937) (also d) Flying Fists (1937) Million Dollar Racket (1937) Sky Racket (1937) (also d) Tim McCoy Six-Gun Trail (1938) Lightning Carson Rides Again (1938) Texas Wildcats (1939) Code of the Cactus (1939) Outlaws' Paradise (1939) Trigger Fingers (1939) The Fighting Renegade (1939) Straight Shooter (1939) Puritan The Rogues' Tavern (1936) MonogramEast Side Kids East Side Kids (1940) Boys of the City (1940) That Gang of Mine (1940) Pride of the Bowery (1941) Flying Wild (1941) Bowery Blitzkrieg (1941) Spooks Run Wild (1941) Mr. Wise Guy (1942) Let's Get Tough! (1942) Smart Alecks (1942) 'Neath Brooklyn Bridge (1942) Kid Dynamite (1942) Clancy Street Boys (1942) Ghosts on the Loose (1943) Mr. Muggs Steps Out (1943) Million Dollar Kid (1943) Follow the Leader (1944) Block Busters (1944) Bowery Champs (1944) Docks of New York (1945) Mr. Muggs Rides Again (1945) Come Out Fighting (1945) Bela Lugosi Invisible Ghost (1941) Bowery at Midnight (1942) The Corpse Vanishes (1942) Black Dragons (1942) The Ape Man (1943) Voodoo Man (1944) Return of the Ape Man (1944) Musicals Zis Boom Bah (1942) Billy Gilbert Spotlight Scandals (1943) Crazy Knights (1944) Three of a Kind (1944) Trouble Chasers (1945) The Teen-Agers Junior Prom (1946) Freddie Steps Out (1946) High School Hero (1946) Vacation Days (1947) ColumbiaSerials Who's Guilty? (1945) Jungle Raiders (1945) Brenda Starr, Reporter (1945) Hop Harrigan (1946) Chick Carter, Detective (1946) Son of the Guardsman (1946) Jack Armstrong (1947) The Vigilante (1947) The Sea Hound (1947) Brick Bradford (1947) Congo Bill (1948) Tex Granger (1948) Superman (1948) Adventures of Sir Galahad (1949) Batman and Robin (1949) Bruce Gentry – Daredevil of the Skies (1949) Pirates of the High Seas (1950) Atom Man vs. Superman (1950) Cody of the Pony Express (1950) Captain Video: Master of the Stratosphere (1951) The Mysterious Island (1951) Roar of the Iron Horse (1951) Son of Geronimo (1952) Blackhawk (1952) The Great Adventures of Captain Kidd (1953) The Lost Planet (1953) Riding with Buffalo Bill (1954) Gunfighters of the Northwest (1954) Adventures of Captain Africa Mighty Jungle Avenger! (1955) Perils of the Wilderness (1956) Blazing the Overland Trail (1956) Jean Porter Betty Co-Ed (1946) Little Miss Broadway (1947) Sweet Genevieve (1947) Two Blondes and a Redhead (1947) Jon Hall Last of the Redskins (1947) The Prince of Thieves (1948) The Mutineers (1949) Hurricane Island (1951) When the Redskins Rode (1951) Brave Warrior (1952) Last Train from Bombay (1952) Jungle Jim Jungle Jim (1948) The Lost Tribe (1949) Mark of the Gorilla (1950) Captive Girl (1950) Pygmy Island (1950) Fury of the Congo (1951) Jungle Manhunt (1951) Jungle Jim in the Forbidden Land (1952) Voodoo Tiger (1952) Savage Mutiny (1953) Valley of the Head Hunters (1953) Killer Ape (1953) Jungle Man-Eaters (1954) Cannibal Attack (1954) Jungle Moon Men (1955) Devil Goddess (1956) Gloria Henry Racing Luck (1948) Triple Threat (1948) Gloria Jean I Surrender Dear (1948) Manhattan Angel (1949) Musical Mary Lou (1948) Glamour Girl (1948) Crime Chinatown at Midnight (1949) State Penitentiary (1950) Revenue Agent (1950) Chain Gang (1950) The Miami Story (1954) Chicago Syndicate (1955) The Crooked Web (1955) Inside Detroit (1955) Teen-Age Crime Wave (1955) Miami Exposé (1956) Rumble on the Docks (1956) Escape from San Quentin (1957) The Tijuana Story (1957) The World Was His Jury (1958) William Castle Serpent of the Nile (1953) Fort Ti (1953) Slaves of Babylon (1953) Conquest of Cochise (1953) The Law vs. Billy the Kid (1954) Jesse James vs. the Daltons (1954) Masterson of Kansas (1954) The Battle of Rogue River (1954) Charge of the Lancers (1954) Drums of Tahiti (1954) The Saracen Blade (1954) The Iron Glove (1954) Duel on the Mississippi (1955) The Gun That Won the West (1955) New Orleans Uncensored (1955) Uranium Boom (1956) The Houston Story (1956) Action Barbary Pirate (1949) The Mutineers (1949) Last of the Buccaneers (1950) Tyrant of the Sea (1950) The Magic Carpet (1951) The Golden Hawk (1952) Thief of Damascus (1952) Prisoners of the Casbah (1953) Flame of Calcutta (1953) Siren of Bagdad (1953) Prince of Pirates (1953) Target Hong Kong (1953) The 49th Man (1953) Pirates of Tripoli (1955) Crash Landing (1958) War Purple Heart Diary (1951) A Yank in Korea (1951) The Pathfinder (1952) A Yank in Indo-China (1952) Sky Commando (1953) Mission Over Korea (1953) The Last Blitzkrieg (1959) The Enemy General (1960) Western California Conquest (1952) Jack McCall, Desperado (1953) Seminole Uprising (1955) Blackjack Ketchum, Desperado (1956) Utah Blaine (1957) The Wild Westerners (1962) Sci-fi Creature with the Atom Brain (1955) It Came from Beneath the Sea (1955) Earth vs. the Flying Saucers (1956) The Werewolf (1956) The Man Who Turned to Stone (1957) The Giant Claw (1957) Zombies of Mora Tau (1957) The Night the World Exploded (1957) Lock Up Your Daughters (1959) Rock Musical Rock Around the Clock (1956) Cha-Cha-Cha Boom! (1956) Calypso Heat Wave (1957) Don't Knock the Rock (1957) Juke Box Rhythm (1959) Twist Around the Clock (1961) Don't Knock the Twist (1961) Drama Going Steady (1958) Life Begins at 17 (1958) The Flying Fontaines (1959) The Love-Ins (1967) For Singles Only (1968) Fox Pirates of Tortuga (1961) The Wizard of Baghdad (1961) TV Tallahassee 7000 (1961) MGMMusicals Hootenanny Hoot (1963) Get Yourself a College Girl (1964) Kissin' Cousins (1964) Your Cheatin' Heart (1964) Harum Scarum (1965) When the Boys Meet the Girls (1965) Hold On! (1966) The Fastest Guitar Alive (1967) A Time to Sing (1968) Non-musical Hot Rods to Hell (1967) Riot on Sunset Strip (1967) (sold to AIP) The Young Runaways (1968) Other Angel, Angel, Down We Go (1969) How to Succeed with Sex (1970) The Loners (1972) This 1950s crime film-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milvian_Bridge
Ponte Milvio
["1 Early history","2 Problems","2.1 Love locks","2.2 Football violence","3 See also","4 References","5 Sources","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 41°56′08″N 12°28′01″E / 41.93556°N 12.46694°E / 41.93556; 12.46694Ancient Roman bridge, a landmark of Rome, Italy This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Ponte Milvio" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Ponte MilvioPons Milvius (Latin)Ponte Milvio over the TiberCoordinates41°56′08″N 12°28′01″E / 41.93556°N 12.46694°E / 41.93556; 12.46694CrossesTiberLocaleRome, ItalyOther name(s)Milvian Bridge, Mulvian BridgePons MulviusPonte MolleCharacteristicsDesignArch bridgeMaterialStone, brickTotal length136 mWidth8.75 mLongest span18.55 mNo. of spans6HistoryConstruction end109 BC (stone bridge)LocationClick on the map for a fullscreen view The Milvian (or Mulvian) Bridge (Italian: Ponte Milvio or Ponte Molle; Latin: Pons Milvius or Pons Mulvius) is a bridge over the Tiber in northern Rome, Italy. It was an economically and strategically important bridge in the era of the Roman Empire and was the site of the famous Battle of the Milvian Bridge in 312 AD, which led to the imperial rule of Constantine. Early history 18th-century engraving by Piranesi Pathway over the Milvian bridge A bridge was built by consul Gaius Claudius Nero in 206 BC after he had defeated the Carthaginian army in the Battle of the Metaurus. In 109 BC, censor Marcus Aemilius Scaurus built a new bridge of stone in the same position, demolishing the old one. In 63 BC, letters from the conspirators of the Catiline conspiracy were intercepted here, allowing Cicero to read them to the Roman Senate the next day. In AD 312, Constantine I defeated his stronger rival Maxentius between this bridge and Saxa Rubra, in the famous Battle of the Milvian Bridge. During the Middle Ages, the bridge was renovated by a monk named Acuzio, and in 1429 Pope Martin V asked a famous architect, Francesco da Genazzano, to repair it because it was collapsing. During the 18th and 19th centuries, the bridge was modified by two architects, Giuseppe Valadier and Domenico Pigiani. The bridge was badly damaged in 1849 by Garibaldi's troops in an attempt to block a French invasion but repaired by Pope Pius IX the following year. In January 1873 the novelist Henry James, an unlikely yet adequate horseman, made the Ponte Milvio the first of many Roman destinations on horseback. He commented “I can stick on a horse better than I supposed.” Problems Love padlocks on the bridge Love locks Following the release of the popular book and movie "I Want You" (Ho voglia di te 2006) by author Federico Moccia, couples started - as a token of love - to attach padlocks to a lamppost on the bridge. After attaching the lock, they throw the key behind them into the Tiber. However, after the lamppost partially collapsed in 2007 because of the weight of the padlocks, all parts of the bridge including its balustrades, railings and garbage bins were used. It has continued despite Rome's city council introducing a €50 fine for anyone found attaching locks to the bridge. In 2012 city authorities removed all locks from the bridge. The love lock tradition has since spread around Italy, the rest of Europe and across the globe. Football violence The bridge is known as a place where football hooligans or ultras from A.S. Roma attack fans from opposing teams on match days. The lightning attack or puncicata, as it is known in Roman slang, is where a flash mob of ultras ambush fans, stabbing them in the buttocks before running away. The bridge is used because its design and location make it suitable. On the occasions of games played by the other local team, S.S.Lazio, the A.S. Roma fans tend to avoid the area, as it is where Lazio ultras usually gather. See also Ponte Sant'Angelo – Ancient bridge in Rome List of Roman bridges Roman architecture Roman engineering References ^ De viris illustribus, 72 read in line ^ The Life of Henry James. Leon Edel, Peregrine Books edition, 1973. Vol 1. Chap 48 “Roman rides”. P.349. ^ "Locks of love clutter Rome's oldest bridge". New York Times. August 5, 2007. ^ "Rome's Ponte Milvio bridge: 'Padlocks of love' removed". BBC News. September 10, 2012. ^ "Roma v Liverpool: Roma's passionate support blighted by a violent minority". BBC News. May 1, 2018. Sources O’Connor, Colin (1993), Roman Bridges, Cambridge University Press, pp. 64f, ISBN 0-521-39326-4 External links Pons Mulvius (II) at Structurae Ritual draws sweethearts to Rome bridge article describing the padlock ritual Google Map Lucentini, M. (2012). The Rome Guide: Step by Step through History's Greatest City. ISBN 978-1623710088. Media related to Ponte Milvio at Wikimedia Commons Preceded byPons Fabricius Landmarks of RomePonte Milvio Succeeded byPonte Sant'Angelo vteLandmarks of RomeWalls and gates Aurelian Walls Ardeatina Asinaria Latina Maggiore Metronia Nomentana Pia Pinciana Popolo Portese San Pancrazio San Paolo San Giovanni San Sebastiano Settimiana Tiburtina Leonine Wall Cavalleggeri Pertusa Santo Spirito Castra Praetoria Janiculum Wall Terreus Wall Romuli Wall Servian Wall Caelimontana Capena Collina Dolabella Esquilina Fontinalis Gallienus Viminale Naevia Querquetulana Trigemina Ancient obelisks Lateran Obelisk Flaminian Obelisk Obelisk of Minerveo Obelisk of Montecitorio Ancient RomanlandmarksTriumphal arches Arch of Constantine Arch of Dolabella Arch of Drusus Arch of Gallienus Arch of Janus Arch of Septimius Severus Arch of Titus Arcus Novus Aqueducts Aqua Appia Aqua Alexandrina Aqua Anio Vetus Aqua Anio Novus Aqua Claudia Aqua Julia Aqua Marcia Aqua Tepula Sewers Cloaca Maxima Cloaca Circi Maximi Public baths Baths of Agrippa Baths of Caracalla Baths of Diocletian Baths of Nero Baths of Trajan Religious Ara Pacis Temple of Antoninus and Faustina Temple of Apollo Palatinus Temple of Apollo Sosianus Temple of Hadrian Temple of Hercules Victor Temple of Janus Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus Temple of Jupiter Tonans Temple of Minerva Medica Temple of Portunus Temple of Saturn Temple of Vesta House of the Vestals Largo di Torre Argentina Lupercal Pantheon Porta Maggiore Basilica Fora Roman Forum Imperial fora Forum of Augustus Forum of Caesar Forum of Nerva Forum of Vespasian Trajan's Forum Forum Boarium Forum Holitorium Civic Basilica Argentaria Basilica Julia Basilica of Junius Bassus Basilica of Maxentius Basilica of Neptune Basilica Ulpia Comitium Curia Julia Portico Dii Consentes Porticus Octaviae Tabularium Entertainment Circus Maximus Circus of Maxentius Circus of Nero Colosseum Ludus Magnus Gardens of Maecenas Gardens of Sallust Stadium of Domitian Theatre of Marcellus Theatre of Pompey Palaces and villae Domus Augustana Domus Aurea Domus Transitoria Flavian Palace House of Augustus Palace of Domitian Villa Gordiani Villa of Livia Insula dell'Ara Coeli Villa of the Quintilii Villa of the sette bassi Column monuments Column of Antoninus Pius Column of Marcus Aurelius "Column of Phocas" Trajan's Column Five-Columns Monument Commerce Porticus Aemilia Trajan's Market Tombs Casal Rotondo Catacombs of Domitilla Catacombs of Rome Catacombs of San Sebastiano Columbarium of Pomponius Hylas Mausoleum of Augustus Mausoleum of Helena Mausoleum of Maxentius Pyramid of Cestius Tomb of Eurysaces the Baker Tomb of Hilarus Fuscus Tomb of the Haterii Tomb of the Scipios Tombs of Via Latina Tomb of Priscilla Vigna Randanini Bridges Pons Cestius Pons Fabricius Ponte Milvio Ponte Sant'Angelo Roman Catholicbasilicas Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran Basilica of Saint Mary Major Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls Basilica of Saint Peter in the Vatican S. Lorenzo fuori le mura S. Agnese fuori le mura S. Agostino S. Anastasia al Palatino S. Andrea delle Fratte S. Andrea della Valle S. Antonio da Padova in Via Merulana S. Apollinare alle Terme Ss. Apostoli S. Balbina S. Bartolomeo all'Isola Ss. Bonifacio ed Alessio S. Camillo de Lellis S. Carlo al Corso S. Cecilia in Trastevere Ss. Celso e Giuliano S. Clemente Ss. Cosma e Damiano S. Crisogono S. Croce in Via Flaminia S. Croce in Gerusalemme S. Eugenio S. Eustachio S. Francesca Romana S. Giovanni a Porta Latina S. Giovanni dei Fiorentini Ss. Giovanni e Paolo S. Lorenzo in Damaso S. Lorenzo in Lucina S. Maria Ausiliatrice S. Marco S. Maria degli Angeli S. Maria in Montesanto S. Maria in Cosmedin S. Maria in Domnica S. Maria in Aracoeli S. Maria del Popolo S. Maria sopra Minerva S. Maria in Trastevere S. Maria in Via S. Maria in Via Lata S. Maria della Vittoria S. Martino ai Monti Ss. Nereo e Achilleo S. Nicola in Carcere S. Pancrazio Pantheon S. Pietro in Vincoli S. Prassede S. Pudenziana Ss. Quattro Coronati S. Saba S. Sabina Sacro Cuore di Maria Sacro Cuore di Cristo Re Sacro Cuore di Gesù a Castro Pretorio S. Sebastiano fuori le mura S. Silvestro in Capite S. Sisto Vecchio S. Sofia a Via Boccea S. Stefano Rotondo S. Teresa S. Vitale Other churches List of churches in Rome Castles and palaces Arx Casa dei Cavalieri di Rodi Castel Sant'Angelo Domus Internationalis Paulus VI Palazzo Aragona Gonzaga Palazzo Barberini Palazzo Barberini ai Giubbonari Palazzo Borghese Palazzo della Cancelleria Palazzo Chigi Palazzo Colonna Palazzo della Consulta Palazzo Farnese Palazzo Fusconi-Pighini Palazzo Giustinani Lateran Palace Palazzo Madama Palazzo Malta Palazzo di Giustizia Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne Palazzo Mattei Palazzo del Quirinale Palazzo Pamphilj Palazzo Poli Palazzo Riario Palazzo Ruspoli Palazzo Spada Palazzo Valentini Palazzo Vidoni-Caffarelli Palazzo del Viminale Palazzo Wedekind Palazzo Zuccari Villa Farnesina Villa Giulia Villa Madama Fountains Api Acqua Felice Acqua Paola Babuino Barcaccia Il Facchino Marforio Moro Nasone Navicella Neptune Nettuno del Pantheon Pianto di Piazza d'Aracoeli di Piazza Colonna di Piazza Farnese della Piazza dei Quiriti di Piazza Nicosia in Piazza Santa Maria in Trastevere di Ponte Sisto Quattro Fiumi Quattro Fontane Tartarughe Trevi Fountain Tritons Tritone Other landmarks Altare della Patria (Tomb of the Unknown Soldier of Italy) Campo Verano Capocci Tower Column of the Immaculate Conception Conti Tower Hospital of the Holy Spirit Milizie Tower Sisto Bridge Spanish Steps Squares, streetsand public spaces Appian Way Campo de' Fiori Clivus Capitolinus Piazza Colonna Piazza d'Aracoeli Piazza del Popolo Piazza della Minerva Piazza della Repubblica Piazza Farnese Piazza Navona Piazza San Pietro Piazza di Spagna Piazza Venezia Via dei Coronari Via del Corso Via della Conciliazione Via dei Fori Imperiali Via Sacra Via Veneto Parks, gardensand zoos Bioparco Villa Ada Villa Borghese gardens Villa Doria Pamphili Villa Medici Villa Torlonia Parco degli Acquedotti Museums andart galleries Boncompagni Ludovisi Decorative Art Museum Capitoline Museums Casa di Goethe Doria Pamphilj Gallery Galleria Borghese Galleria Comunale d'Arte Moderna Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna Giorgio de Chirico House Museum Galleria Spada Jewish Museum of Rome Keats–Shelley Memorial House MAXXI Museo Archeologico Ostiense Museo Barracco di Scultura Antica Museo Civico di Zoologia Museo delle anime del Purgatorio Museo delle Mura Museo di Roma Museo di Roma in Trastevere Museo nazionale del Palazzo di Venezia Museo Nazionale Etrusco Museo Nazionale Romano Museo Storico Nazionale dell'Arte Sanitaria Museum of Contemporary Art of Rome Museum of Roman Civilization Museum of the Ara Pacis Museum of the Liberation of Rome National Museum of Oriental Art Palazzo Colonna Palazzo delle Esposizioni Pigorini National Museum Porta San Paolo Railway Museum Santa Cecilia Musical Instruments Museum Venanzo Crocetti Museum Art Apollo Belvedere Augustus of Prima Porta Colossus of Constantine La Bocca della Verità Laocoön and His Sons Ludovisi Battle sarcophagus Ecstasy of Saint Teresa Pietà Portonaccio sarcophagus Raphael Rooms Sistine Chapel ceiling Velletri Sarcophagus LandscapeSeven Hills Aventine Caelian Capitoline Esquiline Palatine Quirinal Viminal Tiber Island Monte Testaccio Metropolitan Cityof Rome Capital Appian Way Regional Park Capo di Bove Castello Orsini-Odescalchi Frascati Hadrian's Villa Ostia Antica Villa Aldobrandini Villa d'Este Villa Farnese Events and traditions Festa della Repubblica Rome Quadriennale Rome Film Festival Enclave Vatican City vteAncient bridges on the Tiber (from source to mouth)Upstream Milvius (Molle) Ælius (Sant'Angelo) Neronianus† Agrippae (Sisto) Aurelius† After Tiber Isl. Fabricius Cestius Æmilius (Rotto)† Sublicius† Probi† † partly or wholly underwater or demolished Names are in the original Latin; in parentheses are the Italian names that differ significantly vteRoman bridgesEngland Chesters Bridge Piercebridge Roman Bridge Pons Aelius France Pont Ambroix Pont de Bornègre Pont des Marchands Pont du Gard Pont Flavien Pont Julien Pont Serme Pont sur la Laye Roman Bridge (Saint-Thibéry) Roman Bridge (Vaison-la-Romaine) Germany Caesar's Rhine bridges Roman Bridge (Trier) Iran Band-e Kaisar Italy Pons Aemilius Pons Agrippae Ponte Altinate Pons Cestius Pons Fabricius Pons Neronianus Pons Probi Pons Sublicius Pont d'Aël Pont de Pierre (Aosta) Pont-Saint-Martin Ponte d'Augusto (Narni) Ponte di Tiberio Ponte Corvo Ponte del Gran Caso Ponte Milvio Ponte Molino (Padua) Ponte Nomentano Ponte Pietra (Verona) Ponte di Pioraco Ponte di Quintodecimo Ponte Salario Ponte San Lorenzo Ponte di San Vito Ponte Sant'Angelo Susegana Bridge Lebanon Leontes Bridge Portugal Ponte de Rubiães Ponte Nova da Cava da Velha Roman Bridge (Chaves) Roman Bridge of Catribana Romania Constantine's Bridge (Danube) Trajan's Bridge Spain Acueducto de los Milagros Albarregas Roman bridge Alconétar Bridge Aqueduct of Segovia Alcántara Bridge Les Ferreres Aqueduct Puente de Alcántara Puente Romano, Mérida Roman bridge of Ávila Roman bridge of Córdoba Roman bridge of Lugo Roman bridge of Salamanca Roman bridge of Talamanca de Jarama Syria Ain Diwar Bridge Bridge at Nimreh Gemarrin Bridge Kharaba Bridge Turkey Aesepus Bridge Arapsu Bridge Bridge at Oinoanda Constantine's Bridge (Mysia) Eurymedon Bridge (Aspendos) Eurymedon Bridge (Selge) Karamagara Bridge Kemer Bridge Limyra Bridge Misis Bridge Macestus Bridge Nysa Bridge Penkalas Bridge Pergamon Bridge Sangarius Bridge Severan Bridge Stone Bridge (Adana) Valens Aqueduct Bridge White Bridge (Mysia) Full list of Roman bridges Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Geographic Pleiades Structurae
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It was an economically and strategically important bridge in the era of the Roman Empire and was the site of the famous Battle of the Milvian Bridge in 312 AD, which led to the imperial rule of Constantine.","title":"Ponte Milvio"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Piranesi-Ponte-Milvio.jpg"},{"link_name":"Piranesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Piranesi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Milviske-Bro-2.jpg"},{"link_name":"consul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consul"},{"link_name":"Gaius Claudius Nero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Claudius_Nero"},{"link_name":"Carthaginian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthage"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Metaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Metaurus"},{"link_name":"censor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_censor"},{"link_name":"Marcus Aemilius Scaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aemilius_Scaurus_(consul_115_BC)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Catiline conspiracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Catilinarian_conspiracy"},{"link_name":"Cicero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero"},{"link_name":"Roman Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Senate"},{"link_name":"Constantine I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_I_(emperor)"},{"link_name":"Maxentius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxentius"},{"link_name":"Saxa Rubra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxa_Rubra"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Milvian Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Milvian_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"monk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monk"},{"link_name":"Acuzio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acuzio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pope Martin V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Martin_V"},{"link_name":"architect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architect"},{"link_name":"Francesco da Genazzano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francesco_da_Genazzano&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Valadier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Valadier"},{"link_name":"Domenico Pigiani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Domenico_Pigiani&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Garibaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garibaldi"},{"link_name":"Pius IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_IX"},{"link_name":"Henry James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_James"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"18th-century engraving by PiranesiPathway over the Milvian bridgeA bridge was built by consul Gaius Claudius Nero in 206 BC after he had defeated the Carthaginian army in the Battle of the Metaurus. In 109 BC, censor Marcus Aemilius Scaurus built a new bridge[1] of stone in the same position, demolishing the old one. In 63 BC, letters from the conspirators of the Catiline conspiracy were intercepted here, allowing Cicero to read them to the Roman Senate the next day. In AD 312, Constantine I defeated his stronger rival Maxentius between this bridge and Saxa Rubra, in the famous Battle of the Milvian Bridge.During the Middle Ages, the bridge was renovated by a monk named Acuzio, and in 1429 Pope Martin V asked a famous architect, Francesco da Genazzano, to repair it because it was collapsing. During the 18th and 19th centuries, the bridge was modified by two architects, Giuseppe Valadier and Domenico Pigiani.The bridge was badly damaged in 1849 by Garibaldi's troops in an attempt to block a French invasion but repaired by Pope Pius IX the following year.In January 1873 the novelist Henry James, an unlikely yet adequate horseman, made the Ponte Milvio the first of many Roman destinations on horseback. He commented “I can stick on a horse better than I supposed.”[2]","title":"Early history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ponte_Milvio_-_Lucchetti_1.JPG"}],"text":"Love padlocks on the bridge","title":"Problems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Federico Moccia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Moccia"},{"link_name":"padlocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_padlock"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Rome's city council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Rome"},{"link_name":"€50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"love lock tradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_lock"}],"sub_title":"Love locks","text":"Following the release of the popular book and movie \"I Want You\" (Ho voglia di te 2006) by author Federico Moccia, couples started - as a token of love - to attach padlocks to a lamppost on the bridge. After attaching the lock, they throw the key behind them into the Tiber.[3] However, after the lamppost partially collapsed in 2007 because of the weight of the padlocks, all parts of the bridge including its balustrades, railings and garbage bins were used. It has continued despite Rome's city council introducing a €50 fine for anyone found attaching locks to the bridge. In 2012 city authorities removed all locks from the bridge.[4] The love lock tradition has since spread around Italy, the rest of Europe and across the globe.","title":"Problems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football hooligans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_hooligan"},{"link_name":"ultras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultras"},{"link_name":"A.S. Roma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.S._Roma"},{"link_name":"lightning attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_mob"},{"link_name":"S.S.Lazio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.S.Lazio"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Football violence","text":"The bridge is known as a place where football hooligans or ultras from A.S. Roma attack fans from opposing teams on match days. The lightning attack or puncicata, as it is known in Roman slang, is where a flash mob of ultras ambush fans, stabbing them in the buttocks before running away. The bridge is used because its design and location make it suitable. On the occasions of games played by the other local team, S.S.Lazio, the A.S. Roma fans tend to avoid the area, as it is where Lazio ultras usually gather.[5]","title":"Problems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-39326-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-39326-4"}],"text":"O’Connor, Colin (1993), Roman Bridges, Cambridge University Press, pp. 64f, ISBN 0-521-39326-4","title":"Sources"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Ticket_to_Tomahawk
A Ticket to Tomahawk
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 The Emma Sweeny","4 Soundtrack","5 References","6 External links"]
1950 film by Richard Sale A Ticket to TomahawkTheatrical release posterDirected byRichard SaleWritten byMary LoosRichard SaleProduced byRobert BasslerStarringDan DaileyAnne BaxterCinematographyHarry JacksonEdited byHarmon JonesMusic byCyril J. MockridgeColor processTechnicolorProductioncompany20th Century FoxDistributed by20th Century FoxRelease dates April 18, 1950 (1950-04-18) (Denver, Colorado) May 19, 1950 (1950-05-19) (United States) Running time90 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBox office$1.3 million A Ticket to Tomahawk is a 1950 American Western film directed by Richard Sale and starring Dan Dailey and Anne Baxter. It was released by 20th Century Fox. Marilyn Monroe appeared in one of her earliest roles. Plot In 1876, Johnny Jameson (Dan Dailey), a "drummer" (traveling salesman), is the only passenger on the inaugural run of the Tomahawk and Western Railroad's narrow gauge train through the Colorado Rockies. The train is pulled by the Tomahawk and Western's only locomotive, a Baldwin ten-wheeler named Emma Sweeny. During the ride, the conductor tells Johnny that certain people, stagecoach operators for example, would like to see the railroad's franchise fail. Soon afterwards, Dakota (Rory Calhoun), Trancas and Gila, who work for Colonel Dawson, the area stageline operator, cause a giant boulder to fall directly in the path of the train. Engineer Terence Sweeny (Walter Brennan) manages to stop the train in time, and he and the crew then disembark to move the rock. Johnny decides to walk to the town of Epitaph and hitches a ride with Trancas and Gila. At the sheriff's office, when Johnny tries to report the train's delay to deputy Chuckity Jones (Charles Kemper), he is knocked out by Trancas. U.S. Marshal Dodge, meanwhile, is in the room next door getting ready to welcome the train with help from his tomboyish, knife-wielding granddaughter Kit (Anne Baxter). As they leave for the depot they are surprised by Trancas and Gila. The marshal shoots Trancas but is wounded by Gila. Johnny comes round and Kit suspects that he may also be one of the gang. Despite Chuckity intervening on his behalf she orders him to leave town before sunset. Kit is deputized as a U.S. Marshal by her grandfather, who now cannot travel because of his wound. She and an Indian companion named Pawnee (Chief Yowlachie) are assigned to escort the train to Tomahawk. Colonel Dawson orders Dakota to join the posse that is escorting the train and also an Indian scout, Black Wolf, to stir up the local Arapahos. Other gang members plot to blow up the engine during a night stop. Only after he has bought his ticket out of town does Sweeny learn that there is no track laid for the next forty miles. He is informed by local railway entrepreneur, Bishop, that the rails were lost at sea en route from England. Bishop explains that, as the train must reach Tomahawk to fulfill the requirements of the franchise contract, he has arranged for the Emma Sweeny to be hauled by a team of mules. Another condition is that the train must reach Tomahawk by a rapidly approaching deadline with at least one paying passenger. Kit is not pleased to discover that the passenger assigned to her care is Johnny, who is now reluctant to travel on the train. Johnny is roped to the side of the engine, and the locomotive, minus its passenger car, sets off pulled by the mules and accompanied by assorted wagons. Chinese laundry man Long Time (Victor Sen Yung) joins the group with much delayed laundry for Tomahawk, together with Madame Adelaide (Connie Gilchrist) and her dancing girls, Annie, Ruby, Clara (Marilyn Monroe) and Julie. A musician with pianola accompanies them. As planned, Dawson's men Bat, Charley and Fargo show up at a night stop claiming to be telegraph men who are there to repair lines cut by the Arapahos. Kit gives them permission to bunk in the camp. Johnny convinces Madame Adelaide and the dancers to put on a show in the camp, and later joins in the musical performance himself. Kit gradually softens her attitude towards Johnny. When all are asleep, Bat and Charley leave while Fargo tosses sticks of dynamite under the engine. Johnny, sleeping alongside the train, smells the lit fuse and alerts the others. Kit cuts the fuse with a shot and disables Fargo, but before he can talk, Dakota kills him. Some time later, a few miles beyond where the track restarts, Bat and Charley are placing dynamite charges under a trestle. Johnny, Kit and Pawnee are scouting ahead and stop at the bridge. Bat and Charley consider shooting them, but are then themselves attacked and killed by Indians, and the dynamite is set off prematurely. Kit, Johnny and Pawnee are chased back to the train, which is then attacked by the war party. Johnny identifies the Arapaho chief, Crooked Knife, having previously worked with him in a travelling western show. After the war party is driven off, Johnny volunteers to talk peace with him. He has learned that Long Time is carrying a load of fireworks and develops a plan. He is welcomed by Crooked Knife, who agrees to allow the train safe passage. However, some of the braves distrust Johnny and ask him to produce a sign that he is "big medicine." Johnny sets off a rocket, signaling Kit and Dakota to set off the rest of the fireworks on a nearby hill, and the Indians are impressed. As the railway bridge is now out, Kit intends to take the locomotive over a mountain by dismantling it and carrying it in pieces. Dawson, meanwhile, thinks he has been double-crossed and shoots Black Wolf. He then rounds up his men for a final showdown. The Emma Sweeny is stripped of her cab, smokestack, tender and various other parts, and hauled over the mountain by the mules in several pieces. When they reach the track, the engine is put back together. Kit discovers that the water tower needed to fill the tender has been sabotaged by Dakota, but unknown to Dakota, the tender was already filled with water. When Kit discovers that he sabotaged the tower, Dakota jumps aboard the train, slugs Johnny and forces the fireman to start the engine moving, leaving Kit and the rest of the party behind. Kit jumps into the cab. Dakota tries to shoot Kit, but is out of ammunition and throws his gun at her instead, knocking her unconscious. Johnny wakes up, and while he and Dakota fight on top of the cabin, Kit comes round and throws her knife at Dakota, causing him to fall off the train and plunge to his death in a ravine. Dawson and his gang ambush the train but cannot catch up with it. However, they manage to shoot holes the boiler. The Emma Sweeny loses steam pressure and slows to a halt within sight of Tomahawk. A posse, headed by Marshall Dodge, rides out from the town and, together with the Araphoe, subdue Dawson's gang. Dawson flees but is pursued by Pawnee, who takes him out by throwing a tomahawk at him. As the train has stopped just short of its goal, Johnny attempts to talk the mayor of Tomahawk into extending the town limits, thereby fulfilling the requirements of the franchise. He succeeds with seconds to spare. Kit has fallen in love with Johnny, but he says he cannot be with her, as he cannot give up his traveling life. She grabs her knife and threatens to cripple him to prevent him from traveling. Several years later, Johnny is married to Kit and working as the train conductor. As the train sets off, he limps after it, waving to Kit and their five young daughters, all named after Madame Adelaide's dancers. Cast Dan Dailey as Johnny Behind-the-Deuces Anne Baxter as Kit Dodge Jr. Rory Calhoun as Dakota Walter Brennan as Terence Sweeny Charles Kemper as Deputy Chuckity Jones Connie Gilchrist as Madame Adelaide Arthur Hunnicutt as Sad Eyes Will Wright as Dodge Chief Yowlachie as Pawnee Victor Sen Yung as Dodge Marilyn Monroe as Clara (uncredited) Olin Howland as Railway Conductor (uncredited) George Melford as Stationmaster (uncredited) Charles Stevens as Trancos (uncredited) The Emma Sweeny Rio Grande Southern#20 "in costume" as the Emma Sweeny. The steam locomotive that stars in the film, known as Emma Sweeny, was actually Rio Grande Southern #20, a 3-foot-gauge 4-6-0 Ten-Wheeler built by the Schenectady Locomotive Works in 1899. To appear older, it was dressed up with a false smokestack, headlight, and various other parts. It was also given a colorful paint scheme. The scenes of Emma Sweeny running under steam were shot on the Denver & Rio Grande Western Railroad's Silverton Branch (now the Durango & Silverton Railroad) north of Rockwood, Colorado, and a shot of the train crossing a large trestle used the Rio Grande Southern Railroad's Lightner Creek Trestle. For the scenes where the locomotive is pulled by mules while off the track, a full-size wooden replica of RGS #20 was built, as the real locomotive would have been too heavy for the mules to pull. The mules pulled the model over parts of Molas Pass and on Reservoir Hill, which is now the site of Fort Lewis College. After filming was completed, the replica changed hands several times, eventually being used in Petticoat Junction as a studio stand-in for the Hooterville Cannonball. (The "real" Hooterville Cannonball was Sierra Railway #3, a larger standard-gauge Ten-Wheeler). The wooden Emma Sweeny model was later put on display in Jackson, California, still in its Hooterville Cannonball appearance. In 2011, it was donated to the Durango Railroad Historical Society, which has restored the model to its Emma Sweeny appearance and placed it on display at Santa Rita Park in Durango, Colorado. In 2020, Rio Grande Southern #20 returned to operation, having last run in 1951. It was restored over a 14-year period and made its public debut on August 1, 2020. It is now operational and resides at the Colorado Railroad Museum. Soundtrack Song Performer(s) Note(s) "Oh, What a Forward Young Man You Are" Performed by Marilyn Monroe, Marion Marshall, Joyce MacKenzie, Barbara Smith and Dan Dailey – "A Ticket to Tomahawk" Sung by chorus during the opening credits Later sung by Dan Dailey (on guitar) "Pat Works on the Railway" Sung by Dan Dailey (on mandolin) (uncredited) "Ta-ra-ra Boom-der-é" – (uncredited) "Oh, Dem Golden Slippers!" – (uncredited) "Polly Wolly Doodle" – (uncredited) "She'll Be Comin' Around the Mountain When She Comes" – (uncredited) "Ach, Du Lieber Augustine" – (uncredited) "The Irish Washerwoman" – (uncredited) "Cheyenne" – Played by the calliope References ^ "Top Grosses of 1950". Variety. January 3, 1951. p. 58. ^ Solomon, Aubrey (2002). Twentieth Century-Fox: A Corporate and Financial History. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8108-4244-1 – via Google Books. ^ "Emma Sweeny History". Durango Railroad Historical Society. Archived from the original on October 1, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ "Emma Sweeny #1 – www.rgusrail.com". www.rgusrail.com. Retrieved September 27, 2020. ^ "Emma Sweeny Restoration". Durango Railroad Historical Society. Retrieved August 6, 2020. ^ "Colorado Railroad Museum News Release: Rio Grande Southern No. 20". ^ "A Ticket to Tomahawk (1950): Soundtracks". IMDb. Retrieved June 29, 2014. External links A Ticket to Tomahawk at IMDb A Ticket to Tomahawk at AllMovie A Ticket to Tomahawk at Rotten Tomatoes A Ticket to Tomahawk at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films A Ticket to Tomahawk at the TCM Movie Database
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_(genre)"},{"link_name":"Richard Sale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Sale_(director)"},{"link_name":"Dan Dailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Dailey"},{"link_name":"Anne Baxter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Baxter"},{"link_name":"20th Century Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Fox"},{"link_name":"Marilyn Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe"}],"text":"A Ticket to Tomahawk is a 1950 American Western film directed by Richard Sale and starring Dan Dailey and Anne Baxter. It was released by 20th Century Fox. Marilyn Monroe appeared in one of her earliest roles.","title":"A Ticket to Tomahawk"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dan Dailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Dailey"},{"link_name":"traveling salesman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Door-to-door"},{"link_name":"Colorado Rockies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Rockies_(mountains)"},{"link_name":"stagecoach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagecoach"},{"link_name":"Rory Calhoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rory_Calhoun"},{"link_name":"Walter Brennan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Brennan"},{"link_name":"Charles Kemper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Kemper"},{"link_name":"Anne Baxter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Baxter"},{"link_name":"Chief Yowlachie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Yowlachie"},{"link_name":"Arapahos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arapahos"},{"link_name":"Victor Sen Yung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Sen_Yung"},{"link_name":"Connie Gilchrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connie_Gilchrist"},{"link_name":"Marilyn Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe"}],"text":"In 1876, Johnny Jameson (Dan Dailey), a \"drummer\" (traveling salesman), is the only passenger on the inaugural run of the Tomahawk and Western Railroad's narrow gauge train through the Colorado Rockies. The train is pulled by the Tomahawk and Western's only locomotive, a Baldwin ten-wheeler named Emma Sweeny.During the ride, the conductor tells Johnny that certain people, stagecoach operators for example, would like to see the railroad's franchise fail. Soon afterwards, Dakota (Rory Calhoun), Trancas and Gila, who work for Colonel Dawson, the area stageline operator, cause a giant boulder to fall directly in the path of the train. Engineer Terence Sweeny (Walter Brennan) manages to stop the train in time, and he and the crew then disembark to move the rock.Johnny decides to walk to the town of Epitaph and hitches a ride with Trancas and Gila. At the sheriff's office, when Johnny tries to report the train's delay to deputy Chuckity Jones (Charles Kemper), he is knocked out by Trancas. U.S. Marshal Dodge, meanwhile, is in the room next door getting ready to welcome the train with help from his tomboyish, knife-wielding granddaughter Kit (Anne Baxter). As they leave for the depot they are surprised by Trancas and Gila. The marshal shoots Trancas but is wounded by Gila. Johnny comes round and Kit suspects that he may also be one of the gang. Despite Chuckity intervening on his behalf she orders him to leave town before sunset.Kit is deputized as a U.S. Marshal by her grandfather, who now cannot travel because of his wound. She and an Indian companion named Pawnee (Chief Yowlachie) are assigned to escort the train to Tomahawk. Colonel Dawson orders Dakota to join the posse that is escorting the train and also an Indian scout, Black Wolf, to stir up the local Arapahos. Other gang members plot to blow up the engine during a night stop.Only after he has bought his ticket out of town does Sweeny learn that there is no track laid for the next forty miles. He is informed by local railway entrepreneur, Bishop, that the rails were lost at sea en route from England. Bishop explains that, as the train must reach Tomahawk to fulfill the requirements of the franchise contract, he has arranged for the Emma Sweeny to be hauled by a team of mules. Another condition is that the train must reach Tomahawk by a rapidly approaching deadline with at least one paying passenger. Kit is not pleased to discover that the passenger assigned to her care is Johnny, who is now reluctant to travel on the train. Johnny is roped to the side of the engine, and the locomotive, minus its passenger car, sets off pulled by the mules and accompanied by assorted wagons. Chinese laundry man Long Time (Victor Sen Yung) joins the group with much delayed laundry for Tomahawk, together with Madame Adelaide (Connie Gilchrist) and her dancing girls, Annie, Ruby, Clara (Marilyn Monroe) and Julie. A musician with pianola accompanies them.As planned, Dawson's men Bat, Charley and Fargo show up at a night stop claiming to be telegraph men who are there to repair lines cut by the Arapahos. Kit gives them permission to bunk in the camp. Johnny convinces Madame Adelaide and the dancers to put on a show in the camp, and later joins in the musical performance himself. Kit gradually softens her attitude towards Johnny.When all are asleep, Bat and Charley leave while Fargo tosses sticks of dynamite under the engine. Johnny, sleeping alongside the train, smells the lit fuse and alerts the others. Kit cuts the fuse with a shot and disables Fargo, but before he can talk, Dakota kills him.Some time later, a few miles beyond where the track restarts, Bat and Charley are placing dynamite charges under a trestle. Johnny, Kit and Pawnee are scouting ahead and stop at the bridge. Bat and Charley consider shooting them, but are then themselves attacked and killed by Indians, and the dynamite is set off prematurely. Kit, Johnny and Pawnee are chased back to the train, which is then attacked by the war party. Johnny identifies the Arapaho chief, Crooked Knife, having previously worked with him in a travelling western show.After the war party is driven off, Johnny volunteers to talk peace with him. He has learned that Long Time is carrying a load of fireworks and develops a plan. He is welcomed by Crooked Knife, who agrees to allow the train safe passage. However, some of the braves distrust Johnny and ask him to produce a sign that he is \"big medicine.\" Johnny sets off a rocket, signaling Kit and Dakota to set off the rest of the fireworks on a nearby hill, and the Indians are impressed. As the railway bridge is now out, Kit intends to take the locomotive over a mountain by dismantling it and carrying it in pieces. Dawson, meanwhile, thinks he has been double-crossed and shoots Black Wolf. He then rounds up his men for a final showdown.The Emma Sweeny is stripped of her cab, smokestack, tender and various other parts, and hauled over the mountain by the mules in several pieces. When they reach the track, the engine is put back together. Kit discovers that the water tower needed to fill the tender has been sabotaged by Dakota, but unknown to Dakota, the tender was already filled with water.When Kit discovers that he sabotaged the tower, Dakota jumps aboard the train, slugs Johnny and forces the fireman to start the engine moving, leaving Kit and the rest of the party behind. Kit jumps into the cab. Dakota tries to shoot Kit, but is out of ammunition and throws his gun at her instead, knocking her unconscious. Johnny wakes up, and while he and Dakota fight on top of the cabin, Kit comes round and throws her knife at Dakota, causing him to fall off the train and plunge to his death in a ravine.Dawson and his gang ambush the train but cannot catch up with it. However, they manage to shoot holes the boiler. The Emma Sweeny loses steam pressure and slows to a halt within sight of Tomahawk. A posse, headed by Marshall Dodge, rides out from the town and, together with the Araphoe, subdue Dawson's gang. Dawson flees but is pursued by Pawnee, who takes him out by throwing a tomahawk at him.As the train has stopped just short of its goal, Johnny attempts to talk the mayor of Tomahawk into extending the town limits, thereby fulfilling the requirements of the franchise. He succeeds with seconds to spare. Kit has fallen in love with Johnny, but he says he cannot be with her, as he cannot give up his traveling life. She grabs her knife and threatens to cripple him to prevent him from traveling.Several years later, Johnny is married to Kit and working as the train conductor. As the train sets off, he limps after it, waving to Kit and their five young daughters, all named after Madame Adelaide's dancers.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dan Dailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Dailey"},{"link_name":"Anne Baxter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Baxter"},{"link_name":"Rory Calhoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rory_Calhoun"},{"link_name":"Walter Brennan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Brennan"},{"link_name":"Charles Kemper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Kemper"},{"link_name":"Connie Gilchrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connie_Gilchrist"},{"link_name":"Arthur Hunnicutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Hunnicutt"},{"link_name":"Will Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Wright_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Chief Yowlachie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Yowlachie"},{"link_name":"Victor Sen Yung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Sen_Yung"},{"link_name":"Marilyn Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe"},{"link_name":"Olin Howland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olin_Howland"},{"link_name":"George Melford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Melford"},{"link_name":"Charles Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Stevens_(actor)"}],"text":"Dan Dailey as Johnny Behind-the-Deuces\nAnne Baxter as Kit Dodge Jr.\nRory Calhoun as Dakota\nWalter Brennan as Terence Sweeny\nCharles Kemper as Deputy Chuckity Jones\nConnie Gilchrist as Madame Adelaide\nArthur Hunnicutt as Sad Eyes\nWill Wright as Dodge\nChief Yowlachie as Pawnee\nVictor Sen Yung as Dodge\nMarilyn Monroe as Clara (uncredited)\nOlin Howland as Railway Conductor (uncredited)\nGeorge Melford as Stationmaster (uncredited)\nCharles Stevens as Trancos (uncredited)","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rio_Grande_Southern_-20.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rio Grande Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Grande_Southern"},{"link_name":"Schenectady Locomotive Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schenectady_Locomotive_Works"},{"link_name":"Denver & Rio Grande Western Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_%26_Rio_Grande_Western"},{"link_name":"Durango & Silverton Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durango_and_Silverton_Narrow_Gauge_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Molas Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molas_Pass"},{"link_name":"Fort Lewis College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Lewis_College"},{"link_name":"Petticoat Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petticoat_Junction"},{"link_name":"Hooterville Cannonball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooterville_Cannonball"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Sierra Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Railway#3"},{"link_name":"#3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_No._3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Jackson, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson,_California"},{"link_name":"Durango Railroad Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.drhs315.org/"},{"link_name":"Durango, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durango,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Colorado Railroad Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Railroad_Museum"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Rio Grande Southern#20 \"in costume\" as the Emma Sweeny.The steam locomotive that stars in the film, known as Emma Sweeny, was actually Rio Grande Southern #20, a 3-foot-gauge 4-6-0 Ten-Wheeler built by the Schenectady Locomotive Works in 1899. To appear older, it was dressed up with a false smokestack, headlight, and various other parts. It was also given a colorful paint scheme. The scenes of Emma Sweeny running under steam were shot on the Denver & Rio Grande Western Railroad's Silverton Branch (now the Durango & Silverton Railroad) north of Rockwood, Colorado, and a shot of the train crossing a large trestle used the Rio Grande Southern Railroad's Lightner Creek Trestle.For the scenes where the locomotive is pulled by mules while off the track, a full-size wooden replica of RGS #20 was built, as the real locomotive would have been too heavy for the mules to pull. The mules pulled the model over parts of Molas Pass and on Reservoir Hill, which is now the site of Fort Lewis College.After filming was completed, the replica changed hands several times, eventually being used in Petticoat Junction as a studio stand-in for the Hooterville Cannonball.[3] (The \"real\" Hooterville Cannonball was Sierra Railway #3, a larger standard-gauge Ten-Wheeler[4]).The wooden Emma Sweeny model was later put on display in Jackson, California, still in its Hooterville Cannonball appearance. In 2011, it was donated to the Durango Railroad Historical Society, which has restored the model to its Emma Sweeny appearance and placed it on display at Santa Rita Park in Durango, Colorado.[5]In 2020, Rio Grande Southern #20 returned to operation, having last run in 1951. It was restored over a 14-year period and made its public debut on August 1, 2020. It is now operational and resides at the Colorado Railroad Museum.[6]","title":"The Emma Sweeny"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Soundtrack"}]
[{"image_text":"Rio Grande Southern#20 \"in costume\" as the Emma Sweeny.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Rio_Grande_Southern_-20.jpg/220px-Rio_Grande_Southern_-20.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Top Grosses of 1950\". Variety. January 3, 1951. p. 58.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/variety181-1951-01#page/n57/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Top Grosses of 1950\""}]},{"reference":"Solomon, Aubrey (2002). Twentieth Century-Fox: A Corporate and Financial History. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8108-4244-1 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WIZwZOz8LHsC&pg=PA212","url_text":"Twentieth Century-Fox: A Corporate and Financial History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-4244-1","url_text":"978-0-8108-4244-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Emma Sweeny History\". Durango Railroad Historical Society. Archived from the original on October 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171001225017/http://www.drhs315.org/blog/emma-sweeney-2/history/","url_text":"\"Emma Sweeny History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Emma Sweeny #1 – www.rgusrail.com\". www.rgusrail.com. Retrieved September 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rgusrail.com/coes1.html","url_text":"\"Emma Sweeny #1 – www.rgusrail.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Emma Sweeny Restoration\". Durango Railroad Historical Society. Retrieved August 6, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.drhs315.org/blog/?page_id=1024","url_text":"\"Emma Sweeny Restoration\""}]},{"reference":"\"Colorado Railroad Museum News Release: Rio Grande Southern No. 20\".","urls":[{"url":"https://coloradorailroadmuseum.org/2020/07/02/news-release-rgs-20/","url_text":"\"Colorado Railroad Museum News Release: Rio Grande Southern No. 20\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Ticket to Tomahawk (1950): Soundtracks\". IMDb. Retrieved June 29, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0043046/soundtrack?ref_=tt_trv_snd","url_text":"\"A Ticket to Tomahawk (1950): Soundtracks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.drhs315.org/","external_links_name":"Durango Railroad Historical Society"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/variety181-1951-01#page/n57/mode/1up","external_links_name":"\"Top Grosses of 1950\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WIZwZOz8LHsC&pg=PA212","external_links_name":"Twentieth Century-Fox: A Corporate and Financial History"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171001225017/http://www.drhs315.org/blog/emma-sweeney-2/history/","external_links_name":"\"Emma Sweeny History\""},{"Link":"http://www.rgusrail.com/coes1.html","external_links_name":"\"Emma Sweeny #1 – www.rgusrail.com\""},{"Link":"http://www.drhs315.org/blog/?page_id=1024","external_links_name":"\"Emma Sweeny Restoration\""},{"Link":"https://coloradorailroadmuseum.org/2020/07/02/news-release-rgs-20/","external_links_name":"\"Colorado Railroad Museum News Release: Rio Grande Southern No. 20\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0043046/soundtrack?ref_=tt_trv_snd","external_links_name":"\"A Ticket to Tomahawk (1950): Soundtracks\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0043046/","external_links_name":"A Ticket to Tomahawk"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v49907","external_links_name":"A Ticket to Tomahawk"},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/a-ticket-to-tomahawk","external_links_name":"A Ticket to Tomahawk"},{"Link":"https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/26528","external_links_name":"A Ticket to Tomahawk"},{"Link":"https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/93288/enwp","external_links_name":"A Ticket to Tomahawk"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrie_Cox
Torrie Cox
["1 Early life","2 College career","3 Professional career","4 Personal life","5 References","6 External links"]
American football player (born 1980) American football player Torrie CoxCox in 2008No. 27, 24Position:Cornerback, return specialistPersonal informationBorn: (1980-10-29) October 29, 1980 (age 43)Miami, Florida, U.S.Height:5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)Weight:192 lb (87 kg)Career informationHigh school:Miami Northwestern(Miami, Florida)College:PittsburghNFL draft:2003 / Round: 6 / Pick: 205Career history Tampa Bay Buccaneers (2003–2009) Career highlights and awards First-team All-Big East (2002) First-team All-ECAC (2002) Career NFL statisticsTackles:85Interceptions:1Passes defended:5Return yards:1,758Total TDs:1Player stats at PFR Torrie Tywan Cox (born October 29, 1980) is a former American football cornerback. He was selected by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the sixth round of the 2003 NFL draft. He played college football at Pittsburgh. Early life Cox attended Northwestern High School in Miami, Florida, and was a standout in football. In football, he rushed for over 1,500 yards and won All-City, All-Dade County, and All-State honors. College career During college, Torrie Cox was considered one of the hardest hitting defensive backs in the Big East Conference. He earned first-team All-Big East honors and All-ECAC awards in his senior year. Also during his senior year, he played in the East-West Shrine Game. In addition, he earned Pittsburgh's special teams MVP award in his sophomore, junior and senior years. Cox finished his college career with 156 tackles (128 solo tackles), 28 passes defended, three interceptions and three fumble recoveries. On special teams, he returned 65 kickoffs for 1,570 yards (24.2 yards per return) and one touchdown. Professional career Cox was selected by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the sixth round of the 2003 NFL Draft. In 2003, Cox saw some playing time on special teams and at cornerback in the preseason, but suffered a torn anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and was forced to injured reserve on August 22 for the rest of the season. Cox played in 11 games in 2004. His 26.2-yard kick return average ranked fourth in the NFL that season and second in team history. He recorded his first interception return for a touchdown versus the San Francisco 49ers. He finished the 2004 season with eight tackles, one interception and two passes defended; as well as six special teams tackles and one fumble recovery. Cox returned 33 kickoffs for 866 yards. His longest return came against the St. Louis Rams. It was for 59 yards. In 2005, Cox played in 15 regular season games as well as the postseason loss to the Washington Redskins. He recorded two tackles on defense, and had 19 special teams tackles. He also added one forced fumble. Cox returned 24 kickoffs for 464 yards (19.3 yards per return). His longest return came against the Carolina Panthers. It was for 30 yards. Cox played in all 16 of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in 2006. He was tied for first on the team with 20 special teams tackles. He was a first alternate to the Pro Bowl as a special teams player. Cox was suspended for the first four games of the 2007 season. He had played in four games before suffering a season ending knee injury. The Buccaneers placed Cox on injured reserve on October 31, 2007. During training camp in July 2008, Cox was again placed on season-ending injured reserve with a torn ACL. Cox was again placed on injured reserve on November 30, 2009, due to a hip injury. He was released on March 4, 2010. Personal life Cox is married to his highschool sweetheart Kawana and they have a son, Torrie Cox, Jr., who was born on September 12, 2003, and twins Tyra and Tywan born May 9, 2007. References ^ "2003 NFL Draft Listing". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2023-03-27. ^ Buccaneers ^ Rotoworld Archived 2007-10-22 at the Wayback Machine External links Tampa Bay Buccaneers bio vteTampa Bay Buccaneers 2003 NFL draft selections Dewayne White Chris Simms Lance Nimmo Austin King Sean Mahan Torrie Cox
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"cornerback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornerback"},{"link_name":"Tampa Bay Buccaneers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers"},{"link_name":"2003 NFL draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_NFL_draft"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Panthers_football"}],"text":"American football playerTorrie Tywan Cox (born October 29, 1980) is a former American football cornerback. He was selected by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the sixth round of the 2003 NFL draft.[1] He played college football at Pittsburgh.","title":"Torrie Cox"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northwestern High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Northwestern_High_School"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_school_football"},{"link_name":"rushed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rush_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Dade County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami-Dade_County,_Florida"}],"text":"Cox attended Northwestern High School in Miami, Florida, and was a standout in football. In football, he rushed for over 1,500 yards and won All-City, All-Dade County, and All-State honors.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"defensive backs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_back"},{"link_name":"Big East Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_East_Conference_(1979%E2%80%932013)"},{"link_name":"ECAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_College_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"East-West Shrine Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East-West_Shrine_Game"},{"link_name":"MVP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_valuable_player"},{"link_name":"tackles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tackle_(football_move)"},{"link_name":"passes defended","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pass_deflected"},{"link_name":"interceptions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interception"},{"link_name":"fumble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumble"},{"link_name":"special teams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_teams"},{"link_name":"kickoffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickoff_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"touchdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchdown"}],"text":"During college, Torrie Cox was considered one of the hardest hitting defensive backs in the Big East Conference. He earned first-team All-Big East honors and All-ECAC awards in his senior year. Also during his senior year, he played in the East-West Shrine Game. In addition, he earned Pittsburgh's special teams MVP award in his sophomore, junior and senior years. Cox finished his college career with 156 tackles (128 solo tackles), 28 passes defended, three interceptions and three fumble recoveries. On special teams, he returned 65 kickoffs for 1,570 yards (24.2 yards per return) and one touchdown.","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers_season"},{"link_name":"preseason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preseason"},{"link_name":"anterior cruciate ligament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_cruciate_ligament"},{"link_name":"injured reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injured_reserve"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers_season"},{"link_name":"San Francisco 49ers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_49ers"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Rams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Rams"},{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers_season"},{"link_name":"postseason loss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_playoffs,_2005%E2%80%9306#NFC:_Washington_Redskins_17.2C_Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers_10"},{"link_name":"Washington Redskins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Redskins"},{"link_name":"Carolina Panthers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_Panthers"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers_season"},{"link_name":"Pro Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Bowl"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers_season"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"knee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knee"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers_season"}],"text":"Cox was selected by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the sixth round of the 2003 NFL Draft. In 2003, Cox saw some playing time on special teams and at cornerback in the preseason, but suffered a torn anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and was forced to injured reserve on August 22 for the rest of the season.Cox played in 11 games in 2004. His 26.2-yard kick return average ranked fourth in the NFL that season and second in team history. He recorded his first interception return for a touchdown versus the San Francisco 49ers. He finished the 2004 season with eight tackles, one interception and two passes defended; as well as six special teams tackles and one fumble recovery. Cox returned 33 kickoffs for 866 yards. His longest return came against the St. Louis Rams. It was for 59 yards.In 2005, Cox played in 15 regular season games as well as the postseason loss to the Washington Redskins. He recorded two tackles on defense, and had 19 special teams tackles. He also added one forced fumble. Cox returned 24 kickoffs for 464 yards (19.3 yards per return). His longest return came against the Carolina Panthers. It was for 30 yards.Cox played in all 16 of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in 2006. He was tied for first on the team with 20 special teams tackles. He was a first alternate to the Pro Bowl as a special teams player.[2]Cox was suspended for the first four games of the 2007 season.[3] He had played in four games before suffering a season ending knee injury. The Buccaneers placed Cox on injured reserve on October 31, 2007.During training camp in July 2008, Cox was again placed on season-ending injured reserve with a torn ACL.Cox was again placed on injured reserve on November 30, 2009, due to a hip injury. He was released on March 4, 2010.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Cox is married to his highschool sweetheart Kawana and they have a son, Torrie Cox, Jr., who was born on September 12, 2003, and twins Tyra and Tywan born May 9, 2007.","title":"Personal life"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igby_Rigney
Igby Rigney
["1 Biography","2 Filmography","3 References","4 External links"]
American actor (born 2000) Igby RigneyBorn (2000-06-06) June 6, 2000 (age 24)Ossining, New YorkNationalityUnited StatesOccupationActorYears active2018–present Igby Rigney (born June 6, 2000) is an American actor, born in Ossining, New York. Biography Igby Rigney is from Ossining, New York and attended Pace University in New York. In 2018, he began his career in television in an episode of the series Blue Bloods. In 2020, he played Chance, one of the American football players carrying a heavy secret shared with Jadin, Joe Bell's murdered son because he is homosexual in the drama Joe Bell by Reinaldo Marcus Green, a true story about Joe Bell who crossed the United States to raise awareness about bullying and homophobia after his son's suicide In 2021, he played the role of young Jesse during the flashback scenes in Fast & Furious 9 (F9) directed by Justin Lin. He subsequently appeared in Mike Flanagan's Netflix series Midnight Mass (as Warren Flynn), The Midnight Club and The Fall of the House of Usher. Filmography Film and Television appearances Year Title Role Notes 2018 Blue Bloods Evan Scott Season 8, Episode 19 2021 Joe Bell Chance directed by Reinaldo Marcus Green 2021 Fast & Furious 9 (F9) Young Jesse directed by Justin Lin 2021 Midnight Mass Warren Flynn created by Mike Flanagan 2022 The Midnight Club Kevin created by Mike Flanagan 2022 Double Down South Little Nick directed by Tom Schulman 2022 The Sex Lives of College Girls Wes Season 2, Episode 3 2023 The Fall of the House of Usher Toby Miniseries; 3 episodes References ^ "Who Is Igby Rigney Biography, Age, Height, Family, Girlfriend, Movies And TV Show, The Midnight Club Role, Net Worth 2022, Instagram, Wiki". The SportsGrail. Retrieved 2022-10-09. ^ "Anti-bullying Joe Bell his heart in the right place". Boston Herald. Retrieved 2021-07-23. ^ "Mark Wahlberg got 'as thin as possible' for new movie". boston.com. Retrieved 2021-09-26. ^ Cooper Hood (25 June 2021). "F9 Cast Guide: Every New & Returning Character". Screenrant. Retrieved 26 September 2021.. ^ "The Midnight Club: Netflix Horror Series From Mike Flanagan & Trevor Macy's Intrepid Pictures & Leah Fong Sets Cast". deadline.com. Retrieved 2021-09-27. ^ "Igby Rigney on the 'Terrifying' Story Behind His Midnight Club Role". Men's Health. Retrieved 2023-10-27. ^ "All 23 Mike Flanagan Actors In The Fall Of The House Of Usher". Screen Rant. Retrieved 2023-10-27. External links Igby Rigney at IMDb Authority control databases: People Deutsche Synchronkartei
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ossining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossining_(town),_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"}],"text":"Igby Rigney (born June 6, 2000) is an American actor, born in Ossining, New York.","title":"Igby Rigney"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pace University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pace_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Blue Bloods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Bloods_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"Joe Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Bell_(film)"},{"link_name":"Reinaldo Marcus Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinaldo_Marcus_Green"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Fast & Furious 9 (F9)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F9_(film)"},{"link_name":"Justin Lin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Lin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Mike Flanagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Flanagan_(filmmaker)"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"Midnight Mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnight_Mass_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"The Midnight Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Midnight_Club"},{"link_name":"The Fall of the House of Usher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fall_of_the_House_of_Usher_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Igby Rigney is from Ossining, New York and attended Pace University in New York.[1]In 2018, he began his career in television in an episode of the series Blue Bloods.In 2020, he played Chance, one of the American football players carrying a heavy secret shared with Jadin, Joe Bell's murdered son because he is homosexual in the drama Joe Bell by Reinaldo Marcus Green,[2] a true story about Joe Bell who crossed the United States to raise awareness about bullying and homophobia after his son's suicide[3]In 2021, he played the role of young Jesse during the flashback scenes in Fast & Furious 9 (F9) directed by Justin Lin.[4] He subsequently appeared in Mike Flanagan's Netflix series Midnight Mass (as Warren Flynn), The Midnight Club and The Fall of the House of Usher.[5][6][7]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Who Is Igby Rigney Biography, Age, Height, Family, Girlfriend, Movies And TV Show, The Midnight Club Role, Net Worth 2022, Instagram, Wiki\". The SportsGrail. Retrieved 2022-10-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://thesportsgrail.com/who-is-igby-rigney-biography-age-height-family-girlfriend-movies-and-tv-show-the-midnight-club-role-net-worth-2022-instagram-wiki/","url_text":"\"Who Is Igby Rigney Biography, Age, Height, Family, Girlfriend, Movies And TV Show, The Midnight Club Role, Net Worth 2022, Instagram, Wiki\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anti-bullying Joe Bell his heart in the right place\". Boston Herald. Retrieved 2021-07-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bostonherald.com/2021/07/23/anti-bullying-joe-bell-has-heart-in-the-right-place/","url_text":"\"Anti-bullying Joe Bell his heart in the right place\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Herald","url_text":"Boston Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"Mark Wahlberg got 'as thin as possible' for new movie\". boston.com. Retrieved 2021-09-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boston.com/culture/entertainment/2019/11/22/mark-wahlberg-weight-loss-good-joe-bell","url_text":"\"Mark Wahlberg got 'as thin as possible' for new movie\""}]},{"reference":"Cooper Hood (25 June 2021). \"F9 Cast Guide: Every New & Returning Character\". Screenrant. Retrieved 26 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://screenrant.com/fast-furious-9-cast-guide-new-returning-characters/","url_text":"\"F9 Cast Guide: Every New & Returning Character\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Midnight Club: Netflix Horror Series From Mike Flanagan & Trevor Macy's Intrepid Pictures & Leah Fong Sets Cast\". deadline.com. Retrieved 2021-09-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2021/02/the-midnight-club-netflix-horror-series-mike-flanagan-leah-fong-cast-christopher-pike-1234684848/","url_text":"\"The Midnight Club: Netflix Horror Series From Mike Flanagan & Trevor Macy's Intrepid Pictures & Leah Fong Sets Cast\""}]},{"reference":"\"Igby Rigney on the 'Terrifying' Story Behind His Midnight Club Role\". Men's Health. Retrieved 2023-10-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.menshealth.com/entertainment/a41590347/igby-rigney-midnight-club-season-1-interview/","url_text":"\"Igby Rigney on the 'Terrifying' Story Behind His Midnight Club Role\""}]},{"reference":"\"All 23 Mike Flanagan Actors In The Fall Of The House Of Usher\". Screen Rant. Retrieved 2023-10-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thewrap.com/fall-of-the-house-of-usher-cast-characters-netflix/","url_text":"\"All 23 Mike Flanagan Actors In The Fall Of The House Of Usher\""}]}]
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