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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Romano | Cape Romano | ["1 Kice-Morgan Island","2 Human presence","3 References"] | Coordinates: 25°50′43″N 81°40′43″W / 25.84528°N 81.67861°W / 25.84528; -81.67861Geographic feature in Florida
Chart of Kice, Morgan, and Cape Romano islands, with Cape Romano on the South (right) end
Cape Romano is a cape on the Gulf Coast of Florida, United States. It is on Cape Romano Island, one of a group of islands known collectively as Kice-Morgan Island.
Marjory Stoneman Douglas stated that the cape was named for Bernard Romans, who charted all of the coasts of East and West Florida in 1774. The feature is called "Cape Roman or Punta Larga" on Romans's 1774 map. John Lee Williams, in 1837, refers to the south point of "Isle Roman" as "Cape Roman" "of the British ", and "Puerta Longa", "Punta Longa", and "Cape Acies" "of the Spanish charts".
Kice-Morgan Island
Kice-Morgan Island is located south of Marco Island, in Collier County. It is separated from Marco Island by Caxambas Bay. John Lee Williams called the island south of Caxambas Bay "Isle Roman", and described it as 15 miles (24 km) long and 10 to 12 miles (16 to 19 km) wide. The island complex consists of narrow barrier beaches with large mangrove mangals (forests) behind the beaches. The Kice Island barrier beach was 2.5 miles (4.0 km) long in 1976, extending southsouthwest from Caxamabas Pass and Bay. Hurricane Wilma made landfall near Cape Romano in 2005, bringing a 10-foot (3.0 m) storm surge onto Kice Island. The storm opened an inlet, Morgan Pass, in the middle of the island. The southern portion of Kice Island is now called Morgan Island. In the decade following Hurricane Wilma, much of the beach on Morgan Island was eroded away. Some sand from the Kice-Morgan beaches has moved south, forming a spit at the southern end of Morgan Island. Other sand from the Kice-Morgan beaches has moved further south, onto the Cape Romano shoals south of the cape. As of 2023, the NOAA chart shows Cape Romano on Cape Romano Island, which lies behind the Morgan Island beach. The sand spit at the southern end of Morgan Island extends further south than Cape Romano Island.
Human presence
A pyramid-shaped house that stood on Cape Romano in the 1980s
The town of Muspa, a sub-chiefdom of the Calusa, may have been located on or near Cape Romano. One Spanish map gave the name "Punta de Muspa" to the cape, and descriptions of the location of the town fit the cape, as well. John Lee Williams reported plantations in the vicinity of Caxambas Bay in 1837, which led Charlton Tebeau to suggest there may have been one at Cape Romano. A military expedition in 1838 camped on Cape Romano at the site of a former settlement, where they found fresh water. The cape was later reported to have a reliable fresh water well, which was used by residents of the area. Joe Dickman lived on Cape Romano as a hermit from the 1930s until the 1960s. Several houses were built on or near Cape Romano in the 1970s and 1980s, but beach erosion left them in open water, and hurricanes have washed them away, including the Cape Romano Dome House.
References
^ Douglas, Marjory Stoneman (1947). The Everglades: River of Grass. Coconut, Florida: Hurricane House Publishers. p. 271.
^ Phillips, P. Lee (1975) . Notes on the Life and Works of Bernard Romans (Facsimile ed.). Gainesville, Florida: The University Presses of Florida. Third foldout segment of 1774 map at back of book.
^ a b Williams, John Lee (1837). The Territory of Florida (PDF). New York: A. T. Goodrich. pp. v, 5, 8, 26, 28, 33.
^ Carter, Luthor J. (May 14, 1976). "Wetlands: Denial of Marco Permits Fails to Resolve the Delimma". Science. New Series. 192 (4240): 644. JSTOR 1741632.
^ "Hurricane Wilma DEP Report" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-08-08.
^ a b Davis, Richard A. Jr. (2016). Barrier Islands of the Florida Gulf Coast Peninsula. Sarasota, Florida: Pineapple Press. pp. 60–64. ISBN 978-1-56164-808-5.
^ Hann, John H. (2003). Indians of Central and South Florida 1513–1763. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. p. 29. ISBN 0-8130-2645-8.
^ Tebeau, Charlton W. (1968). Man in the Everglades (2nd ed.). Coral Gables, Florida: University of Miami Press. pp. 63, 64, 99, 125.
^ Lammers, Bob (September 11, 2008). "Son of Minister marched to the beat of a different drummer" (PDF). The Community Post.
^ Arbogast, Ryan (2022-11-03). "Cape Romano Dome Homes sink due to Hurricane Ian". NBC2 News. Retrieved 2023-08-11.
Authority control databases
NARA
25°50′43″N 81°40′43″W / 25.84528°N 81.67861°W / 25.84528; -81.67861 | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kice_Island_chart.png"},{"link_name":"cape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_(geography)"},{"link_name":"Gulf Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Coast"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"Marjory Stoneman Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjory_Stoneman_Douglas"},{"link_name":"Bernard Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Romans"},{"link_name":"East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Florida"},{"link_name":"West Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Florida"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ToF-3"}],"text":"Geographic feature in FloridaChart of Kice, Morgan, and Cape Romano islands, with Cape Romano on the South (right) endCape Romano is a cape on the Gulf Coast of Florida, United States. It is on Cape Romano Island, one of a group of islands known collectively as Kice-Morgan Island.Marjory Stoneman Douglas stated that the cape was named for Bernard Romans, who charted all of the coasts of East and West Florida in 1774. The feature is called \"Cape Roman or Punta Larga\" on Romans's 1774 map. John Lee Williams, in 1837, refers to the south point of \"Isle Roman\" as \"Cape Roman\" \"of the British [charts]\", and \"Puerta Longa\", \"Punta Longa\", and \"Cape Acies\" \"of the Spanish charts\".[1][2][3]","title":"Cape Romano"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marco Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Island,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Collier County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collier_County,_Florida"},{"link_name":"barrier beaches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrier_island"},{"link_name":"mangrove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Wilma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Wilma"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ToF-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davis-6"}],"text":"Kice-Morgan Island is located south of Marco Island, in Collier County. It is separated from Marco Island by Caxambas Bay. John Lee Williams called the island south of Caxambas Bay \"Isle Roman\", and described it as 15 miles (24 km) long and 10 to 12 miles (16 to 19 km) wide. The island complex consists of narrow barrier beaches with large mangrove mangals (forests) behind the beaches. The Kice Island barrier beach was 2.5 miles (4.0 km) long in 1976, extending southsouthwest from Caxamabas Pass and Bay. Hurricane Wilma made landfall near Cape Romano in 2005, bringing a 10-foot (3.0 m) storm surge onto Kice Island. The storm opened an inlet, Morgan Pass, in the middle of the island. The southern portion of Kice Island is now called Morgan Island. In the decade following Hurricane Wilma, much of the beach on Morgan Island was eroded away. Some sand from the Kice-Morgan beaches has moved south, forming a spit at the southern end of Morgan Island. Other sand from the Kice-Morgan beaches has moved further south, onto the Cape Romano shoals south of the cape. As of 2023, the NOAA chart shows Cape Romano on Cape Romano Island, which lies behind the Morgan Island beach. The sand spit at the southern end of Morgan Island extends further south than Cape Romano Island.[3][4][5][6]","title":"Kice-Morgan Island"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CapeRomanoPyramid.png"},{"link_name":"Muspa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muspa"},{"link_name":"Calusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calusa"},{"link_name":"Charlton Tebeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlton_W._Tebeau"},{"link_name":"Cape Romano Dome House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Romano_Dome_House"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davis-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"A pyramid-shaped house that stood on Cape Romano in the 1980sThe town of Muspa, a sub-chiefdom of the Calusa, may have been located on or near Cape Romano. One Spanish map gave the name \"Punta de Muspa\" to the cape, and descriptions of the location of the town fit the cape, as well. John Lee Williams reported plantations in the vicinity of Caxambas Bay in 1837, which led Charlton Tebeau to suggest there may have been one at Cape Romano. A military expedition in 1838 camped on Cape Romano at the site of a former settlement, where they found fresh water. The cape was later reported to have a reliable fresh water well, which was used by residents of the area. Joe Dickman lived on Cape Romano as a hermit from the 1930s until the 1960s. Several houses were built on or near Cape Romano in the 1970s and 1980s, but beach erosion left them in open water, and hurricanes have washed them away, including the Cape Romano Dome House.[7][8][6][9][10]","title":"Human presence"}] | [{"image_text":"Chart of Kice, Morgan, and Cape Romano islands, with Cape Romano on the South (right) end","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Kice_Island_chart.png/220px-Kice_Island_chart.png"},{"image_text":"A pyramid-shaped house that stood on Cape Romano in the 1980s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/CapeRomanoPyramid.png/300px-CapeRomanoPyramid.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Douglas, Marjory Stoneman (1947). The Everglades: River of Grass. Coconut, Florida: Hurricane House Publishers. p. 271.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Phillips, P. Lee (1975) [1924]. Notes on the Life and Works of Bernard Romans (Facsimile ed.). Gainesville, Florida: The University Presses of Florida. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliane_Becks_Nininahazwe | Eliane Becks Nininahazwe | ["1 Career","2 Personal life","3 References"] | Burundian singer and musician
Eliane Becks NininahazweThe Dutch World AIDS Day poster featuring NininahazweBornMurira, Commune of Gihanga, Burundi
Eliane Becks Nininahazwe is a Burundian singer and musician, who is also known for promoting AIDS/HIV awareness both in Burundi, and in the Netherlands, where she now lives.
Career
Eliane Becks Nininahazwe was born and raised in Murira, Commune of Gihanga, Burundi. She was brought up during the fighting between the Hutu and Tutsi tribes, which resulted in the death of her sister during childbirth as they failed to get her to a hospital. She was diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes, and suffered from hyperglycaemia. Nininahazwe managed to control her blood sugar levels through regular check ups. Later on, she fell pregnant and her boyfriend left her, but she decided to keep the child.
Four months after giving birth, she met Dutchman Michael Becks, with whom she moved to Angola for his work. During a routine check for diabetes, at the hospital she attended, she was diagnosed with HIV. After a bad experience at that hospital, she sought medical treatment in South Africa. Because of the stigma against HIV in Africa, the couple hid her medication whenever they travelled across borders in that continent. They then moved to The Netherlands, where she founded her company Indonongo named after the one stringed instrument made from a cow's horn which she played. Such is the rarity of the instrument in the Netherlands - she brings back parts and equipment whenever she returns to Burundi.
Ever since that, she has become an AIDS/HIV activist, promoting knowledge regarding the issues around the disease and fighting against the stigma which is still quite prevalent in Africa. Nininahazwe continues to openly promote AIDS awareness, with her being one of roughly two hundred people promoting World AIDS Day in 2015 on the official website. As a part of the celebrations in the following year, she sang at an event in The Netherlands promoting AIDS awareness and celebrating the work of The Netherlands drama No Socks No Shoes. Also in 2016, she was named one of the winners of that year's Voice Achievers Awards, winning the African Inspiration Award.
Personal life
She is married with children, and now lives in Amersfoort, Netherlands.
References
^ a b "Who is Elaine Becks Nininahazwe?". Indonongo.nl. Archived from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
^ a b c d ""Auch mit HIV kann man sich selbst lieben"" (in German). Magazin.hiv. 18 December 2014. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
^ "Eliane Becks Nininahazwe". Nederlandse Publieke Omroep. 24 September 2017. Archived from the original on 9 November 2017. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
^ a b Nicols, James Michael (1 December 2015). "'A Day With HIV' Campaign Recognizes World AIDS Day". Huffington Post. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
^ "BURUNDI: ELIANE BECKS NININAHAZWE LA MYSTERIEUSE VOIX DE L' " INDONONGO "" (in French). Afrique.fr. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
^ "GAM TV drama series highlight taboos and stigma against people living with HIV/Aids". The Voice. 7 December 2016. Archived from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
^ "The Voice Achievers Award 2016 Honours Distinguished Africans & Friends Of Africa". African Heritage. 4 November 2016. Retrieved 8 November 2017. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AIDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS"},{"link_name":"HIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"}],"text":"Eliane Becks Nininahazwe is a Burundian singer and musician, who is also known for promoting AIDS/HIV awareness both in Burundi, and in the Netherlands, where she now lives.","title":"Eliane Becks Nininahazwe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Murira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murira"},{"link_name":"Commune of Gihanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_of_Gihanga"},{"link_name":"Burundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nongo.nl-1"},{"link_name":"Hutu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutu"},{"link_name":"Tutsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutsi"},{"link_name":"Type 1 diabetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_1_diabetes"},{"link_name":"hyperglycaemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperglycaemia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mag-2"},{"link_name":"Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola"},{"link_name":"HIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mag-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-day-4"},{"link_name":"stigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badge_of_shame"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mag-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mag-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-day-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Eliane Becks Nininahazwe was born and raised in Murira, Commune of Gihanga, Burundi.[1] She was brought up during the fighting between the Hutu and Tutsi tribes, which resulted in the death of her sister during childbirth as they failed to get her to a hospital. She was diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes, and suffered from hyperglycaemia. Nininahazwe managed to control her blood sugar levels through regular check ups. Later on, she fell pregnant and her boyfriend left her, but she decided to keep the child.[2]Four months after giving birth, she met Dutchman Michael Becks, with whom she moved to Angola for his work. During a routine check for diabetes, at the hospital she attended, she was diagnosed with HIV.[2][3][4] After a bad experience at that hospital, she sought medical treatment in South Africa. Because of the stigma against HIV in Africa, the couple hid her medication whenever they travelled across borders in that continent. They then moved to The Netherlands, where she founded her company Indonongo named after the one stringed instrument made from a cow's horn which she played.[2] Such is the rarity of the instrument in the Netherlands - she brings back parts and equipment whenever she returns to Burundi.[5]Ever since that, she has become an AIDS/HIV activist, promoting knowledge regarding the issues around the disease and fighting against the stigma which is still quite prevalent in Africa.[2] Nininahazwe continues to openly promote AIDS awareness, with her being one of roughly two hundred people promoting World AIDS Day in 2015 on the official website.[4] As a part of the celebrations in the following year, she sang at an event in The Netherlands promoting AIDS awareness and celebrating the work of The Netherlands drama No Socks No Shoes.[6] Also in 2016, she was named one of the winners of that year's Voice Achievers Awards, winning the African Inspiration Award.[7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amersfoort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amersfoort"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nongo.nl-1"}],"text":"She is married with children, and now lives in Amersfoort, Netherlands.[1]","title":"Personal life"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Who is Elaine Becks Nininahazwe?\". Indonongo.nl. Archived from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 8 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190301140157/http://www.indonongo.nl/about/eliane-becks","url_text":"\"Who is Elaine Becks Nininahazwe?\""},{"url":"http://www.indonongo.nl/about/eliane-becks","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Auch mit HIV kann man sich selbst lieben\"\" (in German). Magazin.hiv. 18 December 2014. Retrieved 8 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://magazin.hiv/2014/12/18/auch-mit-hiv-kann-man-sich-selbst-lieben/","url_text":"\"\"Auch mit HIV kann man sich selbst lieben\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eliane Becks Nininahazwe\". Nederlandse Publieke Omroep. 24 September 2017. Archived from the original on 9 November 2017. 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Retrieved 8 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.afrique.fr/culturel/burundi-eliane-becks-la-voix-de-l%E2%80%99-indonongo/","url_text":"\"BURUNDI: ELIANE BECKS NININAHAZWE LA MYSTERIEUSE VOIX DE L' \" INDONONGO \"\""}]},{"reference":"\"GAM TV drama series highlight taboos and stigma against people living with HIV/Aids\". The Voice. 7 December 2016. Archived from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 8 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190301141832/https://thevoicenewsmagazine.com/african-news/health/entry/658-gam-tv-drama-series-highlight-taboos-and-stigma-against-people-living-with-hiv-aids","url_text":"\"GAM TV drama series highlight taboos and stigma against people living with HIV/Aids\""},{"url":"https://thevoicenewsmagazine.com/african-news/health/entry/658-gam-tv-drama-series-highlight-taboos-and-stigma-against-people-living-with-hiv-aids","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Voice Achievers Award 2016 Honours Distinguished Africans & Friends Of Africa\". African Heritage. 4 November 2016. Retrieved 8 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.africanheritagemagazine.de/award-list-the-voice-achievers-award-2016-honours-distinguished-africans-friends-of-africa/","url_text":"\"The Voice Achievers Award 2016 Honours Distinguished Africans & Friends Of Africa\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190301140157/http://www.indonongo.nl/about/eliane-becks","external_links_name":"\"Who is Elaine Becks Nininahazwe?\""},{"Link":"http://www.indonongo.nl/about/eliane-becks","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://magazin.hiv/2014/12/18/auch-mit-hiv-kann-man-sich-selbst-lieben/","external_links_name":"\"\"Auch mit HIV kann man sich selbst lieben\"\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171109022634/https://www.npo.nl/de-nachtzoen/24-09-2017/VPWON_1273752","external_links_name":"\"Eliane Becks Nininahazwe\""},{"Link":"https://www.npo.nl/de-nachtzoen/24-09-2017/VPWON_1273752","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/heres-what-its-like-to-live-with-hiv-in-2015_us_565c7fb7e4b072e9d1c27609","external_links_name":"\"'A Day With HIV' Campaign Recognizes World AIDS Day\""},{"Link":"http://www.afrique.fr/culturel/burundi-eliane-becks-la-voix-de-l%E2%80%99-indonongo/","external_links_name":"\"BURUNDI: ELIANE BECKS NININAHAZWE LA MYSTERIEUSE VOIX DE L' \" INDONONGO \"\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190301141832/https://thevoicenewsmagazine.com/african-news/health/entry/658-gam-tv-drama-series-highlight-taboos-and-stigma-against-people-living-with-hiv-aids","external_links_name":"\"GAM TV drama series highlight taboos and stigma against people living with HIV/Aids\""},{"Link":"https://thevoicenewsmagazine.com/african-news/health/entry/658-gam-tv-drama-series-highlight-taboos-and-stigma-against-people-living-with-hiv-aids","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.africanheritagemagazine.de/award-list-the-voice-achievers-award-2016-honours-distinguished-africans-friends-of-africa/","external_links_name":"\"The Voice Achievers Award 2016 Honours Distinguished Africans & Friends Of Africa\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizinska_de_Mirbel | Lizinska de Mirbel | ["1 Early years","2 Studies","3 Success","4 Notes","5 Sources"] | French miniaturist (1796–1849)
Lizinska de MirbelMadame de Mirbel, by Charles-Émile-Callande de ChampmartinBornLizinska Aimée Zoé de Rue(1796-07-26)26 July 1796Cherbourg, FranceDied29 August 1849(1849-08-29) (aged 53)Paris, FranceNationalityFrenchOccupationMiniaturist
Lizinska de Mirbel (26 July 1796 – 29 August 1849) was a French painter of miniature portraits. She was very fashionable among the aristocracy of Paris during the Bourbon Restoration and the July Monarchy.
Early years
Lizinca-Aimée-Zoé Rue was born in Cherbourg on 8 Thermidor year IV (26 July 1796).
Her father was Gilles-Marie-Georges Rue, controller of the navy.
Her mother was Eulalie-Zoé Bailly de Monthion, sister of General François Gédéon Bailly de Monthion (1776–1850).
Her relatives were all wealthy, apart from her father.
She spent her early childhood in Cherbourg, then moved to Sas van Gent during the Consulate when her father was reduced in rank to deputy commissioner of registration there.
Around 1806, after her father had been dismissed from the navy, Lizinca moved to Paris to stay with her uncle, General de Monthion.
Her father suffered from a disease of the brain, and ended his life in a hospital.
General de Monthion tried to give Lizinca an excellent education.
Studies
Lizinca chose painting as a way to earn a living.
She decided to specialise in miniatures, which were less messy than larger oil paintings.
At the age of 18 she enrolled as a pupil of Jean-Baptiste Jacques Augustin.
Augustin taught her the technical skills of miniature painting, and she then followed the advice of a family friend, M. Belloc, and left the studio to devote herself to learning to draw by copying the masters.
Her first commercial effort was a miniature of a niece of M. Rousseau, then one of the mayors of Paris and later a Peer of France.
She made a number of other practice miniatures before making her first portraits.
These included President Amy, King Louis XVIII of France, the Duke of Fitz-James and Perronet, the king's valet.
The portraits of President Amy and Perronet are among her masterpieces.
Success
Lizinca made her studies of the king during several breakfasts, where she had to stand at all times, close enough to study the face but not so close as to disturb him.
The painting was a success, and the king took an interest in her as a sensible and witty but modest woman.
Lizinca became one of the nominal mistresses of Louis XVIII, who had been widowed since 1810 and followed convention by always having an official mistress.
As with the other women, the relationship was not sexual.
The king's true interest was in a few men whose fortunes he had made.
Charles X distributing awards to artists at the Salon of 1824. Lizinska de Mirbel is in the foreground, at the edge of the red carpet, facing the viewer.
The king helped to find a husband for Lizinca, and she accepted his choice.
She married Charles François Brisseau de Mirbel on 18 May 1824.
He was born on 27 March 1776, was 48 years old when they married and had been a widower for 13 years.
He was a member of the Académie des Sciences and a knight of the Legion of Honour.
He was a professor of botany at the Jardin des plantes.
The government gave the Mirbels a small apartment on the third floor of a house near the Carrousel.
James Fenimore Cooper visited Lizinca there in 1827. He noted that he had to climb up a narrow, steep and winding set of stairs, and observed that "M. de is a man of talents and great respectability, and his wife is exceedingly clever, but they are not rich. He is a professor, and she is an artist."
Cooper wrote,
The door opens, and I enter. The little drawing-room is crowded; chiefly with men. Two card tables are set, and at one I recognize a party, in which are three dukes of the vieille cour, with M. de Duras at their head! The rest of the company was a little more mixed, but, on the whole, it savoured strongly of Coblentz and the émigration. This was more truly French than any thing I had yet stumbled on. One or two of the grandees looked at me as if, better informed than Scott, they knew that General La Fayette had not gone to America to live. Some of these gentlemen certainly do not love us; but I had cut out too much work for the night to stay and return the big looks of even dukes, and, watching an opportunity, when the eyes of Madame de were another way, I stole out of the room.
From this time Lizinca de Mirbel became much in demand by the Paris élite due to the king's favour.
She was house painter to Louis XVIII and his successor Charles X.
She won a second class medal at the 1822 Exposition.
She was awarded the first class gold medal at the Paris Salon of 1827 for her miniatures and watercolors.
Her work won awards in all the subsequent exhibitions apart from those of 1836, 1838 and 1843.
She competed at the 1849 exhibition, where she won a second class medal.
Some of her portraits exhibited at different shows included those of King Charles X, the Duke of Fitz-James (1827), Élie, duc Decazes, the Princess of Chalais, Count Demidoff (1834), Louis-Philippe, Louise of Orléans, the Duke of Orleans, the Count of Paris, Fanny Elssler (1839), General Gourgaud (1841), François Guizot (1844), the Duchess of Treviso (1845), the Marshal de Reggio (1847) and Émile de Girardin (1848).
Lizinca de Mirbel was particularly known for her portraits of elderly men and women.
Pierre Paul Emmanuel de Pommayrac was one of her pupils.
She died of cholera on 30 August 1849 during an epidemic.
Notes
^ a b c d e f g h Véru'smor 1850, p. 584.
^ a b c d Augustin 1872.
^ Dag'Naud 2012, p. 397.
^ Cooper 1983, p. 221.
^ Cooper 1983, p. 222.
^ Lizinska de Mirbel (1796-1849) French artist.
^ Necrology 1880, p. 460.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lizinska de Mirbel.
Sources
Augustin, Jal A (1872), "MIRBEL (Lizinka -Aimée – Zoé RUE, Mad de). 1796-1849", Dictionnaire critique de biographie et d'histoire (in French), retrieved 2017-11-20
Cooper, James Fenimore (1983), Gleanings in Europe: France, SUNY Press, ISBN 978-0-87395-368-9, retrieved 2017-11-20
Dag'Naud, Alain (2012-11-21), Le grand bêtisier de l'Histoire de France (in French), Larousse, ISBN 978-2-03-589355-0, retrieved 2017-11-19
"Lizinska de Mirbel (1796-1849) French artist", LiveAuctioneers, retrieved 2017-11-20
"Necrology", The American Art Review, Dana Estes and C.E. Lauriat, 1880, retrieved 2017-11-19
Véru'smor (1850), "Mme DE MIRBEL", Annuaire du Département de la Manche (in French), 22, retrieved 2017-11-20
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
United States
Artists
RKD Artists
ULAN
People
Deutsche Biographie | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bourbon Restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France"},{"link_name":"July Monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Monarchy"}],"text":"Lizinska de Mirbel (26 July 1796 – 29 August 1849) was a French painter of miniature portraits. She was very fashionable among the aristocracy of Paris during the Bourbon Restoration and the July Monarchy.","title":"Lizinska de Mirbel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cherbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherbourg"},{"link_name":"Sas van Gent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sas_van_Gent"},{"link_name":"Consulate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Consulate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEV%C3%A9ru'smor1850584-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAugustin1872-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEV%C3%A9ru'smor1850584-1"}],"text":"Lizinca-Aimée-Zoé Rue was born in Cherbourg on 8 Thermidor year IV (26 July 1796).\nHer father was Gilles-Marie-Georges Rue, controller of the navy.\nHer mother was Eulalie-Zoé Bailly de Monthion, sister of General François Gédéon Bailly de Monthion (1776–1850).\nHer relatives were all wealthy, apart from her father.\nShe spent her early childhood in Cherbourg, then moved to Sas van Gent during the Consulate when her father was reduced in rank to deputy commissioner of registration there.\nAround 1806, after her father had been dismissed from the navy, Lizinca moved to Paris to stay with her uncle, General de Monthion.[1]\nHer father suffered from a disease of the brain, and ended his life in a hospital.[2]\nGeneral de Monthion tried to give Lizinca an excellent education.[1]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAugustin1872-2"},{"link_name":"Jean-Baptiste Jacques Augustin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Jacques_Augustin"},{"link_name":"Louis XVIII of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVIII_of_France"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEV%C3%A9ru'smor1850584-1"}],"text":"Lizinca chose painting as a way to earn a living.\nShe decided to specialise in miniatures, which were less messy than larger oil paintings.[2]\nAt the age of 18 she enrolled as a pupil of Jean-Baptiste Jacques Augustin.\nAugustin taught her the technical skills of miniature painting, and she then followed the advice of a family friend, M. Belloc, and left the studio to devote herself to learning to draw by copying the masters.\nHer first commercial effort was a miniature of a niece of M. Rousseau, then one of the mayors of Paris and later a Peer of France.\nShe made a number of other practice miniatures before making her first portraits.\nThese included President Amy, King Louis XVIII of France, the Duke of Fitz-James and Perronet, the king's valet.\nThe portraits of President Amy and Perronet are among her masterpieces.[1]","title":"Studies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAugustin1872-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDag'Naud2012397-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Francois-Joseph_Heim_001.jpg"},{"link_name":"Académie des Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Legion of Honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Honour"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAugustin1872-2"},{"link_name":"Jardin des plantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jardin_des_plantes"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEV%C3%A9ru'smor1850584-1"},{"link_name":"James Fenimore Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper1983221-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper1983222-5"},{"link_name":"Charles X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_X_of_France"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEV%C3%A9ru'smor1850584-1"},{"link_name":"Paris Salon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon_(Paris)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEV%C3%A9ru'smor1850584-1"},{"link_name":"Élie, duc Decazes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lie,_duc_Decazes"},{"link_name":"Count Demidoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoly_Nikolaievich_Demidov,_1st_Prince_of_San_Donato"},{"link_name":"Louis-Philippe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Philippe"},{"link_name":"Louise of Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_of_Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"Duke of Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Philippe,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"Count of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Philippe,_Count_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"Fanny Elssler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanny_Elssler"},{"link_name":"General Gourgaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspard_Gourgaud"},{"link_name":"François Guizot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot"},{"link_name":"Marshal de Reggio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Oudinot"},{"link_name":"Émile de Girardin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_de_Girardin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELizinska_de_Mirbel_(1796-1849)_French_artist-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEV%C3%A9ru'smor1850584-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENecrology_1880460-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEV%C3%A9ru'smor1850584-1"}],"text":"Lizinca made her studies of the king during several breakfasts, where she had to stand at all times, close enough to study the face but not so close as to disturb him. \nThe painting was a success, and the king took an interest in her as a sensible and witty but modest woman.[2]\nLizinca became one of the nominal mistresses of Louis XVIII, who had been widowed since 1810 and followed convention by always having an official mistress.\nAs with the other women, the relationship was not sexual.\nThe king's true interest was in a few men whose fortunes he had made.[3]Charles X distributing awards to artists at the Salon of 1824. Lizinska de Mirbel is in the foreground, at the edge of the red carpet, facing the viewer.The king helped to find a husband for Lizinca, and she accepted his choice.\nShe married Charles François Brisseau de Mirbel on 18 May 1824.\nHe was born on 27 March 1776, was 48 years old when they married and had been a widower for 13 years.\nHe was a member of the Académie des Sciences and a knight of the Legion of Honour.[2]\nHe was a professor of botany at the Jardin des plantes.[1]\nThe government gave the Mirbels a small apartment on the third floor of a house near the Carrousel.\nJames Fenimore Cooper visited Lizinca there in 1827. He noted that he had to climb up a narrow, steep and winding set of stairs, and observed that \"M. de [Mirbel] is a man of talents and great respectability, and his wife is exceedingly clever, but they are not rich. He is a professor, and she is an artist.\"[4]\nCooper wrote,The door opens, and I enter. The little drawing-room is crowded; chiefly with men. Two card tables are set, and at one I recognize a party, in which are three dukes of the vieille cour, with M. de Duras at their head! The rest of the company was a little more mixed, but, on the whole, it savoured strongly of Coblentz and the émigration. This was more truly French than any thing I had yet stumbled on. One or two of the grandees looked at me as if, better informed than Scott, they knew that General La Fayette had not gone to America to live. Some of these gentlemen certainly do not love us; but I had cut out too much work for the night to stay and return the big looks of even dukes, and, watching an opportunity, when the eyes of Madame de [Mirbel] were another way, I stole out of the room.[5]From this time Lizinca de Mirbel became much in demand by the Paris élite due to the king's favour.\nShe was house painter to Louis XVIII and his successor Charles X.[1]\nShe won a second class medal at the 1822 Exposition.\nShe was awarded the first class gold medal at the Paris Salon of 1827 for her miniatures and watercolors.\nHer work won awards in all the subsequent exhibitions apart from those of 1836, 1838 and 1843.\nShe competed at the 1849 exhibition, where she won a second class medal.[1]\nSome of her portraits exhibited at different shows included those of King Charles X, the Duke of Fitz-James (1827), Élie, duc Decazes, the Princess of Chalais, Count Demidoff (1834), Louis-Philippe, Louise of Orléans, the Duke of Orleans, the Count of Paris, Fanny Elssler (1839), General Gourgaud (1841), François Guizot (1844), the Duchess of Treviso (1845), the Marshal de Reggio (1847) and Émile de Girardin (1848).[6]Lizinca de Mirbel was particularly known for her portraits of elderly men and women.[1]\nPierre Paul Emmanuel de Pommayrac was one of her pupils.[7]\nShe died of cholera on 30 August 1849 during an epidemic.[1]","title":"Success"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEV%C3%A9ru'smor1850584_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEV%C3%A9ru'smor1850584_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEV%C3%A9ru'smor1850584_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEV%C3%A9ru'smor1850584_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEV%C3%A9ru'smor1850584_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEV%C3%A9ru'smor1850584_1-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEV%C3%A9ru'smor1850584_1-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEV%C3%A9ru'smor1850584_1-7"},{"link_name":"Véru'smor 1850","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFV%C3%A9ru'smor1850"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAugustin1872_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAugustin1872_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAugustin1872_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAugustin1872_2-3"},{"link_name":"Augustin 1872","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAugustin1872"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDag'Naud2012397_3-0"},{"link_name":"Dag'Naud 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDag'Naud2012"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper1983221_4-0"},{"link_name":"Cooper 1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCooper1983"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper1983222_5-0"},{"link_name":"Cooper 1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCooper1983"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELizinska_de_Mirbel_(1796-1849)_French_artist_6-0"},{"link_name":"Lizinska de Mirbel (1796-1849) French artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLizinska_de_Mirbel_(1796-1849)_French_artist"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENecrology_1880460_7-0"},{"link_name":"Necrology 1880","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNecrology_1880"},{"link_name":"Lizinska de Mirbel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lizinska_de_Mirbel"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f g h Véru'smor 1850, p. 584.\n\n^ a b c d Augustin 1872.\n\n^ Dag'Naud 2012, p. 397.\n\n^ Cooper 1983, p. 221.\n\n^ Cooper 1983, p. 222.\n\n^ Lizinska de Mirbel (1796-1849) French artist.\n\n^ Necrology 1880, p. 460.Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lizinska de Mirbel.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"MIRBEL (Lizinka -Aimée – Zoé RUE, Mad de). 1796-1849\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gw.geneanet.org/afgsueil?lang=es&n=rue&p=lizinka+aimee+zoe"},{"link_name":"Gleanings in Europe: France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=iev7lTmQPZsC&pg=PA221"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-87395-368-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87395-368-9"},{"link_name":"Le grand bêtisier de l'Histoire de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=q__ICQAAQBAJ&pg=PT397"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-03-589355-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-03-589355-0"},{"link_name":"\"Lizinska de Mirbel (1796-1849) French artist\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.liveauctioneers.com/item/46271917_lizinska-de-mirbel-1796-1849-french-artist"},{"link_name":"\"Necrology\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=5tJKAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA460"},{"link_name":"\"Mme DE MIRBEL\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//le50enlignebis.free.fr/spip.php?article11374"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q405768#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/30303236"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/117050563"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/no2005086245"},{"link_name":"RKD Artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/56365"},{"link_name":"ULAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500023095"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd117050563.html?language=en"}],"text":"Augustin, Jal A (1872), \"MIRBEL (Lizinka -Aimée – Zoé RUE, Mad de). 1796-1849\", Dictionnaire critique de biographie et d'histoire (in French), retrieved 2017-11-20\nCooper, James Fenimore (1983), Gleanings in Europe: France, SUNY Press, ISBN 978-0-87395-368-9, retrieved 2017-11-20\nDag'Naud, Alain (2012-11-21), Le grand bêtisier de l'Histoire de France (in French), Larousse, ISBN 978-2-03-589355-0, retrieved 2017-11-19\n\"Lizinska de Mirbel (1796-1849) French artist\", LiveAuctioneers, retrieved 2017-11-20\n\"Necrology\", The American Art Review, Dana Estes and C.E. Lauriat, 1880, retrieved 2017-11-19\nVéru'smor (1850), \"Mme DE MIRBEL\", Annuaire du Département de la Manche (in French), 22, retrieved 2017-11-20Authority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nGermany\nUnited States\nArtists\nRKD Artists\nULAN\nPeople\nDeutsche Biographie","title":"Sources"}] | [{"image_text":"Charles X distributing awards to artists at the Salon of 1824. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_(Nuneaton_and_Bedworth_ward) | Nuneaton and Bedworth | ["1 History","2 Governance","2.1 Political control","2.2 Leadership","2.3 Composition","2.4 Elections","2.5 Premises","3 Subdivisions","4 Twinnings","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 52°31′18″N 1°28′03″W / 52.5218°N 1.4676°W / 52.5218; -1.4676
Borough & Non-metropolitan district in EnglandNuneaton and BedworthBorough & Non-metropolitan districtMarket Place in Nuneaton, the borough's largest townShown within WarwickshireSovereign stateUnited KingdomConstituent countryEnglandRegionWest MidlandsAdministrative countyWarwickshireAdmin. HQNuneatonGovernment • TypeNon-metropolitan borough • MPsMarcus JonesCraig TraceyMark PawseyArea • Total31 sq mi (79 km2) • Rank218thPopulation (2022) • Total135,481 • RankRanked 173rd • Density4,400/sq mi (1,700/km2)Ethnicity (2021) • Ethnic groups
List
87.1% White
8% Asian
1.8% Mixed
1.8% Black
1.2% other
Religion (2021) • Religion
List
48.5% Christianity
37.8% no religion
3% Islam
1.6% Hinduism
0.1% Judaism
2.6% Sikhism
0.5% Buddhism
0.6% other
5.3% not stated
Time zoneUTC+0 (Greenwich Mean Time) • Summer (DST)UTC+1 (British Summer Time)PostcodeCV7, CV10, CV11, CV12ONS code44UC (ONS)E07000219 (GSS)
Nuneaton and Bedworth is a local government district with borough status in Warwickshire, England. It includes the towns of Nuneaton (where the council is based) and Bedworth, as well as a modest rural hinterland including the village of Bulkington.
The neighbouring districts are Rugby, Coventry, North Warwickshire and Hinckley and Bosworth.
History
The district was created on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972, by a merger of two former districts which were both abolished at the same time, these were:
Bedworth Urban District
Nuneaton Municipal Borough
The new district was initially named Nuneaton, after its largest town. Nuneaton's borough status, which it had held since 1907, was transferred to the enlarged district, allowing the chair of the council to take the title of mayor. Following a campaign from Bedworth residents the borough's name was changed to "Nuneaton and Bedworth" with effect from 1 October 1980.
Governance
Nuneaton and Bedworth Borough CouncilTypeTypeNon-metropolitan district LeadershipMayorMartin Walsh, Conservative since 17 May 2023 LeaderChris Watkins, Labour since 2 May 2024 Chief ExecutiveBrent Davis since 2021 StructureSeats38 councillorsPolitical groups
Administration (20)
Labour (20)
Other parties (18)
Conservative (16)
Green (2)
ElectionsVoting systemFirst past the postLast election5 May 2022Next election2 May 2024Meeting placeTown Hall, Coton Road, Nuneaton, CV11 5AAWebsitewww.nuneatonandbedworth.gov.uk
Bedworth, the second town and second-largest settlement in the borough
Nuneaton and Bedworth Borough Council provides district-level services. County-level services are provided by Warwickshire County Council. There are no civil parishes in the borough, which is an unparished area.
Political control
The council has been under Labour majority control since 2024.
Political control of the council since the 1974 reforms has been as follows:
Party in control
Years
Labour
1974–2008
Conservative
2008–2010
No overall control
2010–2012
Labour
2012–2018
No overall control
2018–2021
Conservative
2021–2024
Labour
2024–present
Leadership
The role of mayor is largely ceremonial in Nuneaton and Bedworth. Political leadership is provided instead by the leader of the council. The leaders since 1974 have been:
Councillor
Party
From
To
John Haynes
Labour
May 1974
May 1982
Bill Olner
Labour
May 1982
May 1986
Dennis Harvey
Labour
1986
May 2008
Marcus Jones
Conservative
May 2008
May 2009
Peter Gilbert
Conservative
May 2009
12 May 2010
Dennis Harvey
Labour
12 May 2010
6 May 2018
Julie Jackson
Labour
16 May 2018
9 May 2021
Kristofer Wilson
Conservative
19 May 2021
2 May 2024
Chris Watkins
Labour
2 May 2024
Composition
Following the 2024 election the composition of the council was:
Party
Councillors
Labour
20
Conservative
16
Green
2
Total
38
The next election is due in 2026.
Elections
See also: Nuneaton and Bedworth Borough Council elections
Since the last boundary changes in 2002 the council has comprised 34 councillors representing 17 wards, with each ward electing two councillors. Elections are held in alternate years, with half the council (one councillor for each ward) elected each time for a four-year term of office. New ward boundaries have been drawn up to come into effect for the 2024 election, increasing the number of wards to 19 and councillors to 38.
Premises
The council is based at Nuneaton Town Hall on Coton Road in Nuneaton. The building was purpose-built for the old Nuneaton Borough Council and opened in 1934.
Subdivisions
Bulkington, the third-largest settlement in the borough
Wards of Nuneaton and Bedworth
Nuneaton and Bedworth are divided into 19 wards, each represented by 2 councillors, giving a total of 38 councillors. The borough has no civil parishes.
Ward name
Approximate coverage
Population(2001 census)
Population(2011 census)
Arbury
Heath End, Glendale, Bermuda, Arbury
5,482
6,736
Attleborough
Attleborough, Maple Park, SW Whitestone
7,564
7,676
Bede
Collycroft (east), Furnace Fields (north), Bedworth town centre, Burnside, Water Tower estate
6,760
6,666
Bulkington
Bulkington, Weston-in-Arden, Ryton, Marston Jabbett, Bramcote (west)
6,303
6,146
Camp Hill
Camp Hill
7,325
7,321
Chilvers Coton
Chilvers Coton
Eastboro
Eastboro
Exhall
Exhall (west), Ash Green, Neals Green, Keresley End
7,381
8,006
Galley Common
Galley Common, Chapel End, Whittleford
7,593
8,233
Heath
Bedworth Heath, Goodyers End, Market End
6,377
7,473
Milby
Milby
Poplar
Furnace Fields (south), Coalpit Field, Exhall (east), Hawkesbury Village
6,850
8,043
Slough
Collycroft (west), Mount Pleasant, Bedworth Woodlands, Woodland Park
7,058
7,041
St Mary's
St Mary's
St Nicolas
Horeston Grange, Hinckley Road, The Long Shoot, St Nicolas Park (south)
7,073
6,943
Stockingford East
Stockingford East
Stockingford West
Stockingford West
Weddington
Weddington, St Nicolas Park (north)
7,286
7,256
Whitestone
Whitestone (except SW part), Attleborough Fields
7,435
6,877
TOTAL
NUNEATON & BEDWORTH
119,132
125,252
For a sortable list of wards in Nuneaton and Bedworth by population, see List of wards in Nuneaton and Bedworth by population.
Twinnings
Nuneaton and Bedworth is twinned with:
Roanne, France
Guadalajara, Castile-La Mancha, Spain
Cottbus, Germany
References
^ a b UK Census (2021). "2021 Census Area Profile – Nuneaton and Bedworth Local Authority (E07000219)". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
^ "The English Non-metropolitan District (Definition) Order 1972", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, SI 1972/2039, retrieved 17 November 2023
^ "The English Non-metropolitan Districts (Names) Order 1973", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, SI 1973/551, retrieved 3 January 2024
^ "Nuneaton Urban District / Municipal Borough". A Vision of Britain through Time. GB Historical GIS / University of Portsmouth. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
^ "District Councils and Boroughs". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 28 March 1974. Retrieved 4 December 2021.
^ Alteration of Areas and Status of Local Authorities 1 October 1980 to 1 April 1981 (PDF). London: Department of the Environment. 1981. p. 17. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
^ "Bedworth Timeline". The Bedworth Society. Archived from the original on 25 March 2014. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
^ "Council minutes, 17 May 2023". Nuneaton and Bedworth Borough Council. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
^ Harrison, Claire (16 January 2024). "Nuneaton and Bedworth council boss to quit and replacement needed at up to £124,656". Coventry Live. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
^ "Local Government Act 1972", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, 1972 c. 70, retrieved 31 May 2023
^ "Election Maps". Ordnance Survey. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
^ "Compositions calculator". The Elections Centre. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
^ "Nuneaton & Bedworth". BBC News Online. 19 April 2009. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
^ "Council minutes". Nuneaton and Bedworth Borough Council. Retrieved 9 September 2022.
^ Harrison, Claire (30 November 2017). "Borough council leader announces shock retirement". Coventry Live. Retrieved 9 September 2022.
^ https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cp9g8k10z7go
^ "Nuneaton & Bedworth election result". BBC. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
^ "The Borough of Nuneaton and Bedworth (Electoral Changes) Order 2000", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, SI 2000/2058, retrieved 21 January 2024
^ "The Nuneaton and Bedworth (Electoral Changes) Order 2024", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, SI 2024/3, retrieved 21 January 2024
^ Veasey, E.A. (2002), Nuneaton A History, Phillimore & Co. Limited, pages 104, 113–114, 126 ISBN 1 86077 215 3.
External links
The Nuneaton Local History Group
Nuneaton and Bedworth Borough Council
Election Results
vteCeremonial county of WarwickshireBoroughs or districts
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WhitnashSee also: List of civil parishes in Warwickshire
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52°31′18″N 1°28′03″W / 52.5218°N 1.4676°W / 52.5218; -1.4676 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"local government district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district"},{"link_name":"borough status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_status_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Warwickshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwickshire"},{"link_name":"Nuneaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuneaton"},{"link_name":"Bedworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedworth"},{"link_name":"Bulkington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulkington"},{"link_name":"Rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_of_Rugby"},{"link_name":"Coventry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry"},{"link_name":"North Warwickshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Warwickshire"},{"link_name":"Hinckley and Bosworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinckley_and_Bosworth"}],"text":"Borough & Non-metropolitan district in EnglandNuneaton and Bedworth is a local government district with borough status in Warwickshire, England. 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County-level services are provided by Warwickshire County Council.[10] There are no civil parishes in the borough, which is an unparished area.[11]","title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-electionscentre-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lose-13"}],"sub_title":"Political control","text":"The council has been under Labour majority control since 2024.Political control of the council since the 1974 reforms has been as follows:[12][13]","title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"leader of the council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_council"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Leadership","text":"The role of mayor is largely ceremonial in Nuneaton and Bedworth. Political leadership is provided instead by the leader of the council. 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The borough has no civil parishes.For a sortable list of wards in Nuneaton and Bedworth by population, see List of wards in Nuneaton and Bedworth by population.","title":"Subdivisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"twinned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_twinning"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Roanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanne"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Guadalajara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Castile-La Mancha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castile-La_Mancha"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Cottbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottbus"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"}],"text":"Nuneaton and Bedworth is twinned with:Roanne, France\n Guadalajara, Castile-La Mancha, Spain\n Cottbus, Germany","title":"Twinnings"}] | [{"image_text":"Bedworth, the second town and second-largest settlement in the borough","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Bedworth_civic_hall_30s07.JPG/220px-Bedworth_civic_hall_30s07.JPG"},{"image_text":"Bulkington, the third-largest settlement in the borough","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Church_Street%2C_Bulkington_2.jpg/220px-Church_Street%2C_Bulkington_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wards of Nuneaton and Bedworth","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Nuneaton_and_Bedworth_UK_ward_map_2010_%28blank%29.svg/220px-Nuneaton_and_Bedworth_UK_ward_map_2010_%28blank%29.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"UK Census (2021). \"2021 Census Area Profile – Nuneaton and Bedworth Local Authority (E07000219)\". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 5 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census","url_text":"UK Census"},{"url":"https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/sources/census_2021/report?compare=E07000219","url_text":"\"2021 Census Area Profile – Nuneaton and Bedworth Local Authority (E07000219)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics_(United_Kingdom)","url_text":"Office for National Statistics"}]},{"reference":"\"The English Non-metropolitan District (Definition) Order 1972\", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, SI 1972/2039, retrieved 17 November 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1972/2039/made","url_text":"\"The English Non-metropolitan District (Definition) Order 1972\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk","url_text":"legislation.gov.uk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)","url_text":"The National Archives"}]},{"reference":"\"The English Non-metropolitan Districts (Names) Order 1973\", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, SI 1973/551, retrieved 3 January 2024","urls":[{"url":"https://legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1973/551/made","url_text":"\"The English Non-metropolitan Districts (Names) Order 1973\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk","url_text":"legislation.gov.uk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)","url_text":"The National Archives"}]},{"reference":"\"Nuneaton Urban District / Municipal Borough\". A Vision of Britain through Time. GB Historical GIS / University of Portsmouth. Retrieved 21 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10026969","url_text":"\"Nuneaton Urban District / Municipal Borough\""}]},{"reference":"\"District Councils and Boroughs\". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 28 March 1974. Retrieved 4 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1974/mar/28/district-councils-and-boroughs#S5CV0871P0_19740328_CWA_145","url_text":"\"District Councils and Boroughs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansard","url_text":"Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)"}]},{"reference":"Alteration of Areas and Status of Local Authorities 1 October 1980 to 1 April 1981 (PDF). London: Department of the Environment. 1981. p. 17. Retrieved 21 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20221201180331mp_/https://s3-eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/lgbce/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/11373/bulletin80-82.pdf","url_text":"Alteration of Areas and Status of Local Authorities 1 October 1980 to 1 April 1981"}]},{"reference":"\"Bedworth Timeline\". The Bedworth Society. Archived from the original on 25 March 2014. Retrieved 21 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140325132118/http://www.bedworth-society.co.uk/bedworth-timeline","url_text":"\"Bedworth Timeline\""},{"url":"http://www.bedworth-society.co.uk/bedworth-timeline","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Council minutes, 17 May 2023\". Nuneaton and Bedworth Borough Council. Retrieved 21 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nuneatonandbedworth.gov.uk/meetings/meeting/2733/council","url_text":"\"Council minutes, 17 May 2023\""}]},{"reference":"Harrison, Claire (16 January 2024). \"Nuneaton and Bedworth council boss to quit and replacement needed at up to £124,656\". Coventry Live. Retrieved 21 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.coventrytelegraph.net/news/local-news/nuneaton-bedworth-council-boss-quit-28447510","url_text":"\"Nuneaton and Bedworth council boss to quit and replacement needed at up to £124,656\""}]},{"reference":"\"Local Government Act 1972\", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, 1972 c. 70, retrieved 31 May 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1972/70/","url_text":"\"Local Government Act 1972\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk","url_text":"legislation.gov.uk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)","url_text":"The National Archives"}]},{"reference":"\"Election Maps\". Ordnance Survey. Retrieved 9 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/election-maps/gb/","url_text":"\"Election Maps\""}]},{"reference":"\"Compositions calculator\". The Elections Centre. Retrieved 10 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.electionscentre.co.uk/?page_id=3825","url_text":"\"Compositions calculator\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nuneaton & Bedworth\". BBC News Online. 19 April 2009. Retrieved 7 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/election2010/council/html/3728.stm","url_text":"\"Nuneaton & Bedworth\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News_Online","url_text":"BBC News Online"}]},{"reference":"\"Council minutes\". Nuneaton and Bedworth Borough Council. Retrieved 9 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nuneatonandbedworth.gov.uk/meetings/committee/63/council","url_text":"\"Council minutes\""}]},{"reference":"Harrison, Claire (30 November 2017). \"Borough council leader announces shock retirement\". Coventry Live. Retrieved 9 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.coventrytelegraph.net/news/local-news/borough-council-leader-announces-shock-13977583","url_text":"\"Borough council leader announces shock retirement\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nuneaton & Bedworth election result\". BBC. Retrieved 4 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election/2024/england/councils/E07000219","url_text":"\"Nuneaton & Bedworth election result\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Borough of Nuneaton and Bedworth (Electoral Changes) Order 2000\", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, SI 2000/2058, retrieved 21 January 2024","urls":[{"url":"https://legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2000/2058/made","url_text":"\"The Borough of Nuneaton and Bedworth (Electoral Changes) Order 2000\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk","url_text":"legislation.gov.uk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)","url_text":"The National Archives"}]},{"reference":"\"The Nuneaton and Bedworth (Electoral Changes) Order 2024\", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, SI 2024/3, retrieved 21 January 2024","urls":[{"url":"https://legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2024/3/made","url_text":"\"The Nuneaton and Bedworth (Electoral Changes) Order 2024\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk","url_text":"legislation.gov.uk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)","url_text":"The National Archives"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nuneaton_and_Bedworth¶ms=52.5218_N_1.4676_W_type:adm3rd_region:GB-WAR","external_links_name":"52°31′18″N 1°28′03″W / 52.5218°N 1.4676°W / 52.5218; 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garo:_The_Animation | Garo: The Animation | ["1 Plot","1.1 Garo: The Carved Seal of Flames","1.2 Garo: Divine Flame","1.3 Garo: Crimson Moon","1.4 Garo: The Fleeting Cherry Blossom","1.5 Garo: Vanishing Line","2 Anime","3 Audio drama","4 References","5 External links"] | Japanese anime franchise
Garo: The Animation牙狼〈GARO〉(Garo)GenreDark fantasy, superheroCreated byKeita Amemiya
Anime television seriesGaro: The Carved Seal of FlamesDirected byYuichiro HayashiProduced byTakahiro SuzukiWritten byYasuko KobayashiMusic byMonacaStudioMAPPALicensed byNA: FunimationSEA: MedialinkOriginal networkTV Tokyo (TXN), Star Channel, Family GekijoOriginal run October 3, 2014 – March 27, 2015Episodes24 + OVA (List of episodes)
Anime television seriesGaro: Crimson MoonDirected byAtsushi WakabayashiProduced byJunichi TakagiWritten byShō AikawaToshiki InoueMusic byMonacaStudioMAPPALicensed byNA: FunimationSEA: MedialinkOriginal networkTV Tokyo (TXN), Star Channel, Family GekijoOriginal run October 9, 2015 – April 1, 2016Episodes23 + OVA (List of episodes)
Anime filmGaro: The Fleeting Cherry BlossomDirected bySatoshi NishimuraProduced byTakahiro SuzukiTakashi KuboWritten byYasuko KobayashiMusic byRyuuichi Takada (Monaca)StudioStudio M2Studio VOLNReleasedOctober 6, 2018 (2018-10-06)Runtime82 minutes
Related
Garo: Divine Flame (film)
Garo: Vanishing Line
Anime and manga portal
Garo: The Animation is a Japanese animated franchise based on the Garo tokusatsu drama. Each entry takes place within its own narrative and continuity. Each entry is licensed for streaming in North America by Funimation.
The first entry of the series, titled in Japan as Garo: The Carved Seal of Flames (Japanese: 牙狼〈GARO〉-炎の刻印-, Hepburn: Garo -Honō no Kokuin-), premiered in October 2014, featuring character designs from Hiroyuki Takei. A sequel follow-up film titled Garo: Divine Flame (牙狼〈GARO〉-DIVINE FLAME-) premiered in Japan on May 21, 2016.
A second anime series titled Garo: Crimson Moon (Japanese: 牙狼〈GARO〉-紅蓮ノ月-, Hepburn: GARO -Guren no Tsuki-) premiered in October 2015. This second series, which had a premiere event at the 88th Comiket, features character designs from Masakazu Katsura. A film sequel titled Garo: The Fleeting Cherry Blossom (薄墨桜 -GARO-, Usuzumizakura -GARO-, lit. "Gray Cherry Blossoms: Garo") premiered in Japan on October 6, 2018.
A third anime series titled Garo: Vanishing Line (牙狼〈GARO〉-VANISHING LINE-) premiered in October 2017.
Plot
Main article: List of Garo: The Animation characters
Garo: The Carved Seal of Flames
The first series is set in the fictitious Valiante Kingdom (ヴァリアンテ国, Variante-koku), which resembles Spain during the Spanish Inquisition. After the king, under the influence of his advisor Mendoza, launches a witch hunt that endangers both Makai Knights and Makai Alchemists, a Makai Alchemist named Anna is burned at the stake while giving birth to León Luis, who is spirited off by his Makai Knight father Germán Luis to be trained to inherit the title of Golden Knight Garo. Years later, after Valiante is now plagued with Horrors as Mendoza, revealed to be an excommunicated Makai Alchemist, uses them to assert his authority after usurping the throne, the king's son Prince Alfonso seeks out the assistance of Garo to reclaim the throne, but also trains as a Makai Knight to become Gaia the Knight of Defense. The fully grown León returns to the land of his birth at this time to avenge his mother. Both he and Alfonso meet and learn that they are in fact maternal cousins whose grandfather was the previous Garo. Though León was relieved of the Garo title after Mendoza's assumed death for misconduct, Alfonso contends with the surviving Horrors in his kingdom. After discarding his drive for revenge and deciding to become a protector instead, León reclaims his armor and title, and joins forces with his friends to search for Mendoza once it is confirmed that he is still alive.
Garo: Divine Flame
Main article: Garo: Divine Flame
Divine Flame takes place four years after the events of the first season, Garo: The Carved Seal of Flames. It follows the adventures of León, Alfonso, Ema and Germán as they try to stop a powerful Horror who plans to use Germán's son Roberto as a sacrifice.
Garo: Crimson Moon
Crimson Moon is set in Japan during the Heian period, and features fictionalized versions of many Japanese historical figures. This time, Garo is a young Japanese man named Raikou who cannot properly summon the Garo armor himself, and instead relies on his companion, a female Makai Alchemist named Seimei, whose Makai magic allows him to become Garo to fight the Horrors infesting Heian-kyō. They are accompanied by a young boy named Kintoki who wishes to follow in Raikou's footsteps. Their journey pits them against the evil Ashiya Douman, a fallen Makai Alchemist who summons Horrors to do his bidding. They are later accompanied in their fight by Fujiwara no Yasusuke, who becomes the bearer of the armor of Zanga the White Lotus Knight.
Garo: The Fleeting Cherry Blossom
The film features the characters from the Crimson Moon series; Raikou, Kintoki and Seimei. They are confronted by a Horror that inhabits an ancient cherry blossom tree. The Horror is activated by the brother and sister Tokimaru and Akira in revenge against Emperor Michinaga for their clan's ancestor Duke Kan, Sugawara-no-Michizane of the Hajimi, who was accused of treason and exiled. Tokimaru and Akira plan to take revenge on the current Emperor Michinaga, but Raikou, Kintoki and Seimei with the aid of the Makai Knight Yasusuke combine to stop the Horror. Later, Michinaga is arrested for callous disregard of the safety of the population within the capital.
Garo: Vanishing Line
Main article: Garo: Vanishing Line
Vanishing Line is set during the modern era in the fictitious Russell City, a prosperous American city based on New York City. This time, the bearer of Golden Knight Garo is a muscular man named Sword. He is the first to hear the first stirrings of the plot, and throws himself into a shadow war in order to expose it. His only clue is the key word "El Dorado." He meets Sophia Heness, a young girl searching for her missing older brother who has only left her with the same words: "El Dorado." With Sword having also lost his younger sister in the past, both are drawn together by the words, and work together to find out its meaning.
Anime
Main article: List of Garo: The Animation episodes
Audio drama
A four-episode audio drama series features a crossover between the three anime series.
"Crimson Thunder" (紅雷, "Kōrai"): An episode focusing on Sophie, Ema Guzmán, and Seimei.
"Fate" (宿命, "Shukumei"): An episode focusing on Sword and Raikou.
"Inner Darkness" (心闇, "Shin'en"): An episode focusing on Luke, León Luis, and Fujiwara no Yasusuke.
"Gold" (黄金, "Ōgon"): An episode focusing on León Luis, Raikou, and Sword.
References
^ Eisenbeis, Richard (October 6, 2015). "Your Complete Fall 2015 Anime Guide". Kotaku. Retrieved August 29, 2018.
^ "Funimation Streams Gonna be the Twin-Tails!!, Ushinawareta Mirai o Motomete, Daitoshokan no Hitsujikai, Garo, Bahamut, Donten ni Warau, Lord Marksman & Vanadis". Anime News Network. 2014-10-03.
^ "「牙狼＜GARO＞」アニメ化決定 劇場映画、TVシリーズなど新作企画続々発表 | アニメ！アニメ！". Animeanime.jp. 2013-11-24. Retrieved 2013-11-25.
^ "人気特撮シリーズ『牙狼＜GARO＞』2014年以降の新ラインアップ発表！". CNET Japan. 2013-11-25. Retrieved 2013-11-25.
^ "Garo Anime Film's Teaser, Story, Visual, Title, Spring Release Unveiled". Anime News Network. 2015-11-23. Retrieved 2016-01-18.
^ Komatsu, Mikikazu (2016-03-19). "'Garo Movie: Divine Flame' Set Release Day on May 21". Crunchyroll. Retrieved 2016-03-19.
^ "＜牙狼＞テレビアニメ第2弾「紅蓮ノ月」制作へ メインキャラクターデザインに桂正和". Yahoo! Japan. 2015-08-07. Retrieved 2015-08-15.
^ "Kyoto International Manga Anime Fair 2018 to be held on September 15-16". 2018-09-07. Retrieved 2018-11-01.
^ "Garo Anime Film Reveals Cast, Staff, Title, Fall Opening". Anime News Network. 2018-03-23. Retrieved 2018-03-23.
^ "Usuzumizakura -Garo- Anime Film Reveals Trailer, October 6 Debut, More Cast, Theme Song Artist, Visual". Anime News Network. 2018-09-07. Retrieved 2018-09-07.
^ "Garo Anime's Main Cast Announced". Anime News Network. 2014-08-13. Retrieved 2014-08-16.
^ "2014年秋放送予定のTVアニメ『牙狼〈GARO〉-炎の刻印-』、メインキャストが浪川大輔・堀内賢雄らに決定。9月18日... | moca". Moca-news.net. Archived from the original on 2014-08-16. Retrieved 2014-08-16.
External links
Official website for Garo: The Carved Seal of Flames
Garo: The Carved Seal of Flames at TV Tokyo
Official website for Garo: Crimson Moon
Garo: Crimson Moon at TV Tokyo
Garo: Crimson Moon (anime) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia
vteGAROTV series
GARO (2005)
episodes
Beast of the Demon Night (2006)
Makai Senki (2011)
episodes
Yami o Terasu Mono (2013)
episodes
Makai no Hana (2014)
episodes
Gold Storm Sho (2015)
episodes
Makai Retsuden (2016)
Zero: Dragon Blood (2017)
Kami no Kiba: Jinga (2018)
Versus Road (2020)
Films
Red Requiem (2010)
Kiba Gaiden (2011)
Soukoku no Maryu (2013)
Tōgen no Fue (2013)
Zero: Black Blood (2014)
episodes
Gold Storm Sho (2015)
Bikuu (2015)
Kami no Kiba (2018)
Gekkou no Tabibito (2019)
Characters
List of characters
Horrors
Anime
Garo: The Animation
List of characters
List of episodes
The Carved Seal of Flames
Crimson Moon
Divine Flame
Vanishing Line
The Fleeting Cherry Blossom
Other media
Garo Project
Golden Knight Garo
vteMAPPATelevision series
Kids on the Slope (2012)
Teekyu 1–3 (2012–2013)
Hajime no Ippo: Rising (2013–2014)
Terror in Resonance (2014)
Garo: The Carved Seal of Flames (2014–2015)
Rage of Bahamut: Genesis (2014)
Punch Line (2015)
Ushio & Tora (2015–2016)
Garo: Crimson Moon (2015–2016)
Days (2016)
Yuri on Ice (2016)
Idol Incidents (2017)
Rage of Bahamut: Virgin Soul (2017)
Kakegurui (2017)
Altair: A Record of Battles (2017)
Garo: Vanishing Line (2017–2018)
Inuyashiki (2017)
Banana Fish (2018)
Zombie Land Saga (2018)
Dororo (2019)
Kakegurui ×× (2019)
Sarazanmai (2019)
To the Abandoned Sacred Beasts (2019)
Granblue Fantasy The Animation Season 2 (2019)
Uchitama?! Have you seen my Tama? (2020)
Dorohedoro (2020)
Listeners (2020)
The God of High School (2020)
Mr Love: Queen's Choice (2020)
Jujutsu Kaisen (2020–present)
The Gymnastics Samurai (2020)
Attack on Titan: The Final Season (2020–2023)
Zombie Land Saga Revenge (2021)
Re-Main (2021)
The Idaten Deities Know Only Peace (2021)
Takt Op. Destiny (2021)
Dance Dance Danseur (2022)
Chainsaw Man (2022)
Vinland Saga (season 2) (2023)
Campfire Cooking in Another World with My Absurd Skill (2023)
Hell's Paradise: Jigokuraku (2023)
Bucchigiri?! (2024)
Oblivion Battery (2024)
Lazarus (TBA)
Zenshu (TBA)
Feature films
Garo: Divine Flame (2016)
In This Corner of the World (2016)
Jujutsu Kaisen 0 (2021)
Maboroshi (2023)
Chainsaw Man – The Movie: Reze Arc (TBA)
Zombie Land Saga the Movie (TBA)
ONAs
Oblivion Battery (2020)
Yasuke (2021)
Kakegurui Twin (2022)
OVAs
Days (2017–2018)
Related
Lily Hoshikawa
Oretachi Maji-kō Destroy (2021)
Category
vteWorks by Masakazu KatsuraSeries
Wing-Man (1983–1985)
Video Girl Ai (1989–1992)
Shadow Lady (1992–1993, 1995–1996)
DNA² (1993–1994)
I"s (1997–2000)
Zetman (2002–2014)
Sachie-chan Good!! (2008)
Jiya (2009–2010)
Character designs
Iria: Zeiram the Animation (1994)
Love & Destroy (1999)
Tiger & Bunny (2011)
Garo: The Carved Seal of Flames (2014–2015)
The Girl in Twilight (2018)
Astral Chain (2019)
vteWorks directed by Satoshi NishimuraAnime television series
Trigun (1998)
Hajime no Ippo (2000–2002)
Ushio & Tora (2015–2016)
Karakuri Circus (2018–2019)
Films
Hajime no Ippo: Champion Road (2003)
Trigun: Badlands Rumble (2010)
Garo: The Fleeting Cherry Blossom (2018)
vteStudio VOLNTelevision series
Ushio & Tora (2015–2016)
Idol Incidents (2017)
Karakuri Circus (2018–2019)
Back Arrow (2021)
Blue Exorcist: Shimane Illuminati Saga (2024)
Films
I Want to Eat Your Pancreas (2018)
Usuzumizakura: Garo (2018) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"animated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"Garo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garo_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"tokusatsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokusatsu"},{"link_name":"Funimation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funimation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Hepburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_romanization"},{"link_name":"Hiroyuki Takei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroyuki_Takei"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anime-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnet-4"},{"link_name":"Garo: Divine Flame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garo:_Divine_Flame"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Hepburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_romanization"},{"link_name":"Comiket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comiket"},{"link_name":"Masakazu Katsura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakazu_Katsura"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Garo: Vanishing Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garo:_Vanishing_Line"}],"text":"Garo: The Animation is a Japanese animated franchise based on the Garo tokusatsu drama. Each entry takes place within its own narrative and continuity. Each entry is licensed for streaming in North America by Funimation.[2]The first entry of the series, titled in Japan as Garo: The Carved Seal of Flames (Japanese: 牙狼〈GARO〉-炎の刻印-, Hepburn: Garo -Honō no Kokuin-), premiered in October 2014, featuring character designs from Hiroyuki Takei.[3][4] A sequel follow-up film titled Garo: Divine Flame (牙狼〈GARO〉-DIVINE FLAME-) premiered in Japan on May 21, 2016.[5][6]A second anime series titled Garo: Crimson Moon (Japanese: 牙狼〈GARO〉-紅蓮ノ月-, Hepburn: GARO -Guren no Tsuki-) premiered in October 2015. This second series, which had a premiere event at the 88th Comiket, features character designs from Masakazu Katsura.[7] A film sequel titled Garo: The Fleeting Cherry Blossom[8] (薄墨桜 -GARO-, Usuzumizakura -GARO-, lit. \"Gray Cherry Blossoms: Garo\") premiered in Japan on October 6, 2018.[9][10]A third anime series titled Garo: Vanishing Line (牙狼〈GARO〉-VANISHING LINE-) premiered in October 2017.","title":"Garo: The Animation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Spanish Inquisition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Garo: The Carved Seal of Flames","text":"The first series is set in the fictitious Valiante Kingdom (ヴァリアンテ国, Variante-koku), which resembles Spain during the Spanish Inquisition. After the king, under the influence of his advisor Mendoza, launches a witch hunt that endangers both Makai Knights and Makai Alchemists, a Makai Alchemist named Anna is burned at the stake while giving birth to León Luis, who is spirited off by his Makai Knight father Germán Luis to be trained to inherit the title of Golden Knight Garo. Years later, after Valiante is now plagued with Horrors as Mendoza, revealed to be an excommunicated Makai Alchemist, uses them to assert his authority after usurping the throne, the king's son Prince Alfonso seeks out the assistance of Garo to reclaim the throne, but also trains as a Makai Knight to become Gaia the Knight of Defense. The fully grown León returns to the land of his birth at this time to avenge his mother. Both he and Alfonso meet and learn that they are in fact maternal cousins whose grandfather was the previous Garo. Though León was relieved of the Garo title after Mendoza's assumed death for misconduct, Alfonso contends with the surviving Horrors in his kingdom. After discarding his drive for revenge and deciding to become a protector instead, León reclaims his armor and title, and joins forces with his friends to search for Mendoza once it is confirmed that he is still alive.[11][12]","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Garo: Divine Flame","text":"Divine Flame takes place four years after the events of the first season, Garo: The Carved Seal of Flames. It follows the adventures of León, Alfonso, Ema and Germán as they try to stop a powerful Horror who plans to use Germán's son Roberto as a sacrifice.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heian period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heian_period"},{"link_name":"Raikou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minamoto_no_Yorimitsu"},{"link_name":"Seimei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe_no_Seimei"},{"link_name":"Heian-kyō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heian-ky%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Kintoki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kintoki"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara_clan"}],"sub_title":"Garo: Crimson Moon","text":"Crimson Moon is set in Japan during the Heian period, and features fictionalized versions of many Japanese historical figures. This time, Garo is a young Japanese man named Raikou who cannot properly summon the Garo armor himself, and instead relies on his companion, a female Makai Alchemist named Seimei, whose Makai magic allows him to become Garo to fight the Horrors infesting Heian-kyō. They are accompanied by a young boy named Kintoki who wishes to follow in Raikou's footsteps. Their journey pits them against the evil Ashiya Douman, a fallen Makai Alchemist who summons Horrors to do his bidding. They are later accompanied in their fight by Fujiwara no Yasusuke, who becomes the bearer of the armor of Zanga the White Lotus Knight.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Garo: The Fleeting Cherry Blossom","text":"The film features the characters from the Crimson Moon series; Raikou, Kintoki and Seimei. They are confronted by a Horror that inhabits an ancient cherry blossom tree. The Horror is activated by the brother and sister Tokimaru and Akira in revenge against Emperor Michinaga for their clan's ancestor Duke Kan, Sugawara-no-Michizane of the Hajimi, who was accused of treason and exiled. Tokimaru and Akira plan to take revenge on the current Emperor Michinaga, but Raikou, Kintoki and Seimei with the aid of the Makai Knight Yasusuke combine to stop the Horror. Later, Michinaga is arrested for callous disregard of the safety of the population within the capital.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Garo: Vanishing Line","text":"Vanishing Line is set during the modern era in the fictitious Russell City, a prosperous American city based on New York City. This time, the bearer of Golden Knight Garo is a muscular man named Sword. He is the first to hear the first stirrings of the plot, and throws himself into a shadow war in order to expose it. His only clue is the key word \"El Dorado.\" He meets Sophia Heness, a young girl searching for her missing older brother who has only left her with the same words: \"El Dorado.\" With Sword having also lost his younger sister in the past, both are drawn together by the words, and work together to find out its meaning.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Anime"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"A four-episode audio drama series features a crossover between the three anime series.\"Crimson Thunder\" (紅雷, \"Kōrai\"): An episode focusing on Sophie, Ema Guzmán, and Seimei.\n\"Fate\" (宿命, \"Shukumei\"): An episode focusing on Sword and Raikou.\n\"Inner Darkness\" (心闇, \"Shin'en\"): An episode focusing on Luke, León Luis, and Fujiwara no Yasusuke.\n\"Gold\" (黄金, \"Ōgon\"): An episode focusing on León Luis, Raikou, and Sword.","title":"Audio drama"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Eisenbeis, Richard (October 6, 2015). \"Your Complete Fall 2015 Anime Guide\". Kotaku. Retrieved August 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://kotaku.com/your-complete-fall-2015-anime-guide-1734659405","url_text":"\"Your Complete Fall 2015 Anime Guide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotaku","url_text":"Kotaku"}]},{"reference":"\"Funimation Streams Gonna be the Twin-Tails!!, Ushinawareta Mirai o Motomete, Daitoshokan no Hitsujikai, Garo, Bahamut, Donten ni Warau, Lord Marksman & Vanadis\". Anime News Network. 2014-10-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-10-03/funimation-streams-gonna-be-the-twin-tails-ushinawareta-mirai-o-motomete-daitoshokan-no-hitsujikai-garo-bahamut-donten-ni-warau-lord-marksman-and-vanadis/.79536","url_text":"\"Funimation Streams Gonna be the Twin-Tails!!, Ushinawareta Mirai o Motomete, Daitoshokan no Hitsujikai, Garo, Bahamut, Donten ni Warau, Lord Marksman & Vanadis\""}]},{"reference":"\"「牙狼＜GARO＞」アニメ化決定 劇場映画、TVシリーズなど新作企画続々発表 | アニメ！アニメ！\". Animeanime.jp. 2013-11-24. Retrieved 2013-11-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://animeanime.jp/article/2013/11/24/16444.html","url_text":"\"「牙狼＜GARO＞」アニメ化決定 劇場映画、TVシリーズなど新作企画続々発表 | アニメ！アニメ！\""}]},{"reference":"\"人気特撮シリーズ『牙狼＜GARO＞』2014年以降の新ラインアップ発表！\". CNET Japan. 2013-11-25. Retrieved 2013-11-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://japan.cnet.com/release/30058319/","url_text":"\"人気特撮シリーズ『牙狼＜GARO＞』2014年以降の新ラインアップ発表！\""}]},{"reference":"\"Garo Anime Film's Teaser, Story, Visual, Title, Spring Release Unveiled\". Anime News Network. 2015-11-23. Retrieved 2016-01-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2015-11-23/garo-anime-film-teaser-story-visual-title-spring-release-unveiled/.95701","url_text":"\"Garo Anime Film's Teaser, Story, Visual, Title, Spring Release Unveiled\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"Komatsu, Mikikazu (2016-03-19). \"'Garo Movie: Divine Flame' Set Release Day on May 21\". Crunchyroll. Retrieved 2016-03-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2016/03/19/garo-movie-divine-flame-set-release-day-on-may-21","url_text":"\"'Garo Movie: Divine Flame' Set Release Day on May 21\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crunchyroll","url_text":"Crunchyroll"}]},{"reference":"\"＜牙狼＞テレビアニメ第2弾「紅蓮ノ月」制作へ メインキャラクターデザインに桂正和\". Yahoo! Japan. 2015-08-07. Retrieved 2015-08-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://headlines.yahoo.co.jp/hl?a=20150807-00000009-mantan-ent","url_text":"\"＜牙狼＞テレビアニメ第2弾「紅蓮ノ月」制作へ メインキャラクターデザインに桂正和\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_Japan","url_text":"Yahoo! Japan"}]},{"reference":"\"Kyoto International Manga Anime Fair 2018 to be held on September 15-16\". 2018-09-07. Retrieved 2018-11-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://neotokyo2099.com/2018/09/07/kyoto-international-manga-anime-fair-2018-to-be-held-on-september-15-16/","url_text":"\"Kyoto International Manga Anime Fair 2018 to be held on September 15-16\""}]},{"reference":"\"Garo Anime Film Reveals Cast, Staff, Title, Fall Opening\". Anime News Network. 2018-03-23. Retrieved 2018-03-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-03-23/garo-anime-film-reveals-cast-staff-title-fall-opening/.129399","url_text":"\"Garo Anime Film Reveals Cast, Staff, Title, Fall Opening\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Usuzumizakura -Garo- Anime Film Reveals Trailer, October 6 Debut, More Cast, Theme Song Artist, Visual\". Anime News Network. 2018-09-07. Retrieved 2018-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-09-07/usuzumizakura-garo-anime-film-reveals-trailer-october-6-debut-more-cast-theme-song-artist-visual/.136484","url_text":"\"Usuzumizakura -Garo- Anime Film Reveals Trailer, October 6 Debut, More Cast, Theme Song Artist, Visual\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Garo Anime's Main Cast Announced\". Anime News Network. 2014-08-13. Retrieved 2014-08-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-08-12/garo-anime-main-cast-announced/.77536","url_text":"\"Garo Anime's Main Cast Announced\""}]},{"reference":"\"2014年秋放送予定のTVアニメ『牙狼〈GARO〉-炎の刻印-』、メインキャストが浪川大輔・堀内賢雄らに決定。9月18日... | moca\". Moca-news.net. Archived from the original on 2014-08-16. Retrieved 2014-08-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140816191232/http://moca-news.net/article/20140810/201408100000a/01/","url_text":"\"2014年秋放送予定のTVアニメ『牙狼〈GARO〉-炎の刻印-』、メインキャストが浪川大輔・堀内賢雄らに決定。9月18日... | moca\""},{"url":"http://moca-news.net/article/20140810/201408100000a/01/","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://kotaku.com/your-complete-fall-2015-anime-guide-1734659405","external_links_name":"\"Your Complete Fall 2015 Anime Guide\""},{"Link":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-10-03/funimation-streams-gonna-be-the-twin-tails-ushinawareta-mirai-o-motomete-daitoshokan-no-hitsujikai-garo-bahamut-donten-ni-warau-lord-marksman-and-vanadis/.79536","external_links_name":"\"Funimation Streams Gonna be the Twin-Tails!!, Ushinawareta Mirai o Motomete, Daitoshokan no Hitsujikai, Garo, Bahamut, Donten ni Warau, Lord Marksman & Vanadis\""},{"Link":"http://animeanime.jp/article/2013/11/24/16444.html","external_links_name":"\"「牙狼＜GARO＞」アニメ化決定 劇場映画、TVシリーズなど新作企画続々発表 | アニメ！アニメ！\""},{"Link":"http://japan.cnet.com/release/30058319/","external_links_name":"\"人気特撮シリーズ『牙狼＜GARO＞』2014年以降の新ラインアップ発表！\""},{"Link":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2015-11-23/garo-anime-film-teaser-story-visual-title-spring-release-unveiled/.95701","external_links_name":"\"Garo Anime Film's Teaser, Story, Visual, Title, Spring Release Unveiled\""},{"Link":"http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2016/03/19/garo-movie-divine-flame-set-release-day-on-may-21","external_links_name":"\"'Garo Movie: Divine Flame' Set Release Day on May 21\""},{"Link":"http://headlines.yahoo.co.jp/hl?a=20150807-00000009-mantan-ent","external_links_name":"\"＜牙狼＞テレビアニメ第2弾「紅蓮ノ月」制作へ メインキャラクターデザインに桂正和\""},{"Link":"https://neotokyo2099.com/2018/09/07/kyoto-international-manga-anime-fair-2018-to-be-held-on-september-15-16/","external_links_name":"\"Kyoto International Manga Anime Fair 2018 to be held on September 15-16\""},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-03-23/garo-anime-film-reveals-cast-staff-title-fall-opening/.129399","external_links_name":"\"Garo Anime Film Reveals Cast, Staff, Title, Fall Opening\""},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-09-07/usuzumizakura-garo-anime-film-reveals-trailer-october-6-debut-more-cast-theme-song-artist-visual/.136484","external_links_name":"\"Usuzumizakura -Garo- Anime Film Reveals Trailer, October 6 Debut, More Cast, Theme Song Artist, Visual\""},{"Link":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-08-12/garo-anime-main-cast-announced/.77536","external_links_name":"\"Garo Anime's Main Cast Announced\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140816191232/http://moca-news.net/article/20140810/201408100000a/01/","external_links_name":"\"2014年秋放送予定のTVアニメ『牙狼〈GARO〉-炎の刻印-』、メインキャストが浪川大輔・堀内賢雄らに決定。9月18日... | moca\""},{"Link":"http://moca-news.net/article/20140810/201408100000a/01/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://garo-project.jp/ANIME/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.tv-tokyo.co.jp/anime/garo-honoo/","external_links_name":"Garo: The Carved Seal of Flames"},{"Link":"http://garo-project.jp/ANIME2/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.tv-tokyo.co.jp/anime/garo-gurennotsuki/","external_links_name":"Garo: Crimson Moon"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/anime.php?id=17526","external_links_name":"Garo: Crimson Moon"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCri_M%C3%B5is | Jüri Mõis | ["1 References"] | Estonian politician and businessman
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Jüri MõisMayor of TallinnIn officeNovember 1999 – June 2001Preceded byPeeter LeppSucceeded byTõnis PaltsMinister of the InteriorIn office25 March 1999 – 5 November 1999Prime MinisterMart LaarPreceded byOlari TaalSucceeded byTarmo Loodus
Personal detailsBorn (1956-10-25) 25 October 1956 (age 67)Pärnu, Estonia
Jüri Mõis (born 25 October 1956 in Pärnu) is an Estonian politician and businessman, who was mayor of Tallinn between November 1999 and June 2001, and who was the Minister of the Interior between 25 March and 5 November 1999. He is one of the three founders of Hansapank.
References
^ Ingus Berzins. "Are Your Pockets Bulging?". The Baltic Course. Retrieved 2010-12-26.
Political offices
Preceded byOlari Taal
Minister of the Interior 25 March 1999 – 5 November 1999
Succeeded byTarmo Loodus
Preceded byPeeter Lepp
Mayor of Tallinn November 1999 – June 2001
Succeeded byTõnis Palts
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
This article about a mayor in Estonia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pärnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A4rnu"},{"link_name":"Estonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"politician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politician"},{"link_name":"mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor"},{"link_name":"Tallinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallinn"},{"link_name":"Minister of the Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_the_Interior_(Estonia)"},{"link_name":"Hansapank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansapank"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Jüri Mõis (born 25 October 1956 in Pärnu) is an Estonian politician and businessman, who was mayor of Tallinn between November 1999 and June 2001, and who was the Minister of the Interior between 25 March and 5 November 1999. He is one of the three founders of Hansapank.[1]","title":"Jüri Mõis"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Ingus Berzins. \"Are Your Pockets Bulging?\". The Baltic Course. Retrieved 2010-12-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.baltic-course.com/archive/eng/02/finance.htm","url_text":"\"Are Your Pockets Bulging?\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"http://www.baltic-course.com/archive/eng/02/finance.htm","external_links_name":"\"Are Your Pockets Bulging?\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/51147121773526392471","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1110914229","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C3%BCri_M%C3%B5is&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Beard%27s_Town | Little Beard's Town | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Coordinates: 42°46′N 77°52′W / 42.767°N 77.867°W / 42.767; -77.867Little Beard's Town, also known as Chenussio (in Seneca) and "Genesee Castle", was a powerful Seneca town in the Genesee River Valley near modern Leicester in Livingston County, New York, where Cuylerville stands today.
It surrounded the area that is now Rt. 39, between Geneseo and Cuylerville, New York. At the time of its destruction by Sullivan, the town was located on the west side of the Genesee River. Ten years prior, it had been on the east side of the river, as the Seneca villages were generally moved approximately every 10 years.
The town was named after its founder, Little Beard, a prominent Seneca sachem in the late 18th century. It was famous for its beautiful surroundings and the productivity of its vegetable gardens, fruit orchards, and fields of corn. It had about 130 houses-- "finely built log cabins with ample furnishings; some even had glass window panes," as well as a large council building, built around a central square. It was located near three other Seneca towns, all of which were destroyed during the Sullivan Expedition in the American Revolutionary War.
The Seneca and three other Iroquois nations fought on the British side during the American Revolutionary War. Little Beard and his warriors participated in the Cherry Valley massacre and the Boyd and Parker ambush, in which two soldiers were brought to Little Beard's Town and tortured. Subsequently, troops of the Continental Army under Major General John Sullivan attacked Little Beard's Town and other Iroquois settlements in the Genesee and Mohawk valleys, destroying buildings and crops. The residents had to flee.
"Little Beard's Town was burnt by Sullivan-Clinton’s forces on Sept. 14-15, 1779."
One famous resident fled with the Seneca to more secure villages, around Niagara Falls, with three children. This was Mary Jemison, a Scots-Irish immigrant colonist who had been captured by the Seneca at age 15 with her family, most of whom were killed. She was adopted and married into the tribe, and lived with them all her life.
A fictional account of the burning of the town is given in The Scouts of the Valley by Joseph A. Altsheler.
"The Men in Sullivans Army were so greatly impressed by the 22 inch long ears of corn, the fine vegetable gardens and the fruit orchards that many determined to return and settle on this land after the war." The site was reserved as a Seneca reservation in the 1797 Treaty of Big Tree, along with five other parcels on the Genesee River; they sold those parcels to the Ogden Land Company in 1826, a sale that the modern Seneca Nation of Indians does not recognize as valid.
In 2004, the 225th Anniversary of the Groveland Ambuscade and the Boyd-Parker Massacre, local historical societies set up a civilian camp for re-enactors at the site of Little Beard’s Town.
References
^ a b "Hidden in Plain Sight...: When & Where: Timeline & Main Events". Sullivan / Clinton Campaign Then & Now. Retrieved 2013-11-11.
^ Norton, A. Tiffany (1879). History of Sullivan's Campaign Against the Iroquois. Lima, New York: A. Tiffany Norton, Publisher. p. 166. A. Tiffany Norton.
^ "Boyd-Parker Torture Tree - Leicester, NY". Historic Trees on Waymarking.com. Retrieved 2013-11-11.
^ a b "Historical, Ambuscade Monument". Town of Groveland, New York. Retrieved 2013-11-11.
^ "Boyd-Parker Torture site, Genesee Castle". Retrieved 2013-11-11.
^ "Mary Jemison". Ohio History Central. Retrieved 2013-11-11.
^ Seaver, James E (1823). "Chapter 7 ... Sullivan comes on to Genesee Flats and destroys the property of the Indians". A Narrative of the Life of Mrs. Mary Jemison. Retrieved 2013-11-11.
^ Altsheler, Joseph A. "Chapter XXII. Little Beard's Town". The Scouts of the Valley. Retrieved 2013-11-11.
^ Quigley, Kellen (December 31, 2022). "Seneca Nation purchases ancestral Genesee Valley land". The Salamanca Press. Retrieved 2022-12-31.
^ "225th Anniversary Groveland Ambuscade". Selin's Rifles, Revolutionary War Reenactors. Retrieved 2013-11-11.
External links
A Narrative of the Life of Mrs. Mary Jemison, Selections (PDF). National Humanities Center. Mary Jemison's account of the burning of the town
42°46′N 77°52′W / 42.767°N 77.867°W / 42.767; -77.867 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seneca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca_tribe"},{"link_name":"Genesee River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesee_River"},{"link_name":"Leicester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_(town),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Livingston County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingston_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Cuylerville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuylerville,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Rt. 39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_39"},{"link_name":"Geneseo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneseo,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hidden-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Little Beard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Beard"},{"link_name":"sachem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagamore_(title)"},{"link_name":"log cabins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log_cabins"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Sullivan Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sullivan_Expedition"},{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"Cherry Valley massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry_Valley_massacre"},{"link_name":"Boyd and Parker ambush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyd_and_Parker_ambush"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ambush-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Continental Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Army"},{"link_name":"John Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sullivan_(general)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hidden-1"},{"link_name":"Niagara Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Falls"},{"link_name":"Mary Jemison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Jemison"},{"link_name":"Scots-Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people"},{"link_name":"immigrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigrant"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ambush-4"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Big Tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Big_Tree"},{"link_name":"Ogden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_A._Ogden"},{"link_name":"Seneca Nation of Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca_Nation_of_Indians"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-canawaugus-repurchase-9"},{"link_name":"re-enactors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_reenactment"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Little Beard's Town, also known as Chenussio (in Seneca) and \"Genesee Castle\", was a powerful Seneca town in the Genesee River Valley near modern Leicester in Livingston County, New York, where Cuylerville stands today.It surrounded the area that is now Rt. 39, between Geneseo and Cuylerville, New York.[1] At the time of its destruction by Sullivan, the town was located on the west side of the Genesee River. Ten years prior, it had been on the east side of the river, as the Seneca villages were generally moved approximately every 10 years.[2]The town was named after its founder, Little Beard, a prominent Seneca sachem in the late 18th century. It was famous for its beautiful surroundings and the productivity of its vegetable gardens, fruit orchards, and fields of corn. It had about 130 houses-- \"finely built log cabins with ample furnishings; some even had glass window panes,\"[3] as well as a large council building, built around a central square. It was located near three other Seneca towns, all of which were destroyed during the Sullivan Expedition in the American Revolutionary War.The Seneca and three other Iroquois nations fought on the British side during the American Revolutionary War. Little Beard and his warriors participated in the Cherry Valley massacre and the Boyd and Parker ambush, in which two soldiers were brought to Little Beard's Town and tortured.[4][5] Subsequently, troops of the Continental Army under Major General John Sullivan attacked Little Beard's Town and other Iroquois settlements in the Genesee and Mohawk valleys, destroying buildings and crops. The residents had to flee.\"Little Beard's Town was burnt by Sullivan-Clinton’s forces on Sept. 14-15, 1779.\"[1]One famous resident fled with the Seneca to more secure villages, around Niagara Falls, with three children. This was Mary Jemison, a Scots-Irish immigrant colonist who had been captured by the Seneca at age 15 with her family, most of whom were killed. She was adopted and married into the tribe, and lived with them all her life.[6][7]A fictional account of the burning of the town is given in The Scouts of the Valley by Joseph A. Altsheler.[8]\"The Men in Sullivans Army were so greatly impressed by the 22 inch long ears of corn, the fine vegetable gardens and the fruit orchards that many determined to return and settle on this land after the war.\"[4] The site was reserved as a Seneca reservation in the 1797 Treaty of Big Tree, along with five other parcels on the Genesee River; they sold those parcels to the Ogden Land Company in 1826, a sale that the modern Seneca Nation of Indians does not recognize as valid.[9]In 2004, the 225th Anniversary of the Groveland Ambuscade and the Boyd-Parker Massacre, local historical societies set up a civilian camp for re-enactors at the site of Little Beard’s Town.[10]","title":"Little Beard's Town"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Hidden in Plain Sight...: When & Where: Timeline & Main Events\". Sullivan / Clinton Campaign Then & Now. Retrieved 2013-11-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sullivanclinton.com/archives/000102.php","url_text":"\"Hidden in Plain Sight...: When & Where: Timeline & Main Events\""}]},{"reference":"Norton, A. Tiffany (1879). History of Sullivan's Campaign Against the Iroquois. Lima, New York: A. Tiffany Norton, Publisher. p. 166. A. Tiffany Norton.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historysullivan02tiffgoog","url_text":"History of Sullivan's Campaign Against the Iroquois"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historysullivan02tiffgoog/page/n172","url_text":"166"}]},{"reference":"\"Boyd-Parker Torture Tree - Leicester, NY\". Historic Trees on Waymarking.com. Retrieved 2013-11-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WMEGQ9_Boyd_Parker_Torture_Tree_Leicester_NY","url_text":"\"Boyd-Parker Torture Tree - Leicester, NY\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historical, Ambuscade Monument\". Town of Groveland, New York. Retrieved 2013-11-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.grovelandny.org/Town_Offices/Town_Historian/town_historian.html","url_text":"\"Historical, Ambuscade Monument\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boyd-Parker Torture site, Genesee Castle\". Retrieved 2013-11-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://gaz.jrshelby.com/boyd-parker.htm","url_text":"\"Boyd-Parker Torture site, Genesee Castle\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mary Jemison\". Ohio History Central. Retrieved 2013-11-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Mary_Jemison?ModPagespeed=noscript","url_text":"\"Mary Jemison\""}]},{"reference":"Seaver, James E (1823). \"Chapter 7 ... Sullivan comes on to Genesee Flats and destroys the property of the Indians\". A Narrative of the Life of Mrs. Mary Jemison. Retrieved 2013-11-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://womenshistory.about.com/library/etext/bl_nlmj07.htm","url_text":"\"Chapter 7 ... Sullivan comes on to Genesee Flats and destroys the property of the Indians\""}]},{"reference":"Altsheler, Joseph A. \"Chapter XXII. Little Beard's Town\". The Scouts of the Valley. Retrieved 2013-11-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americanliterature.com/author/joseph-a-altsheler/book/the-scouts-of-the-valley/chapter-xxii-little-beards-town","url_text":"\"Chapter XXII. Little Beard's Town\""}]},{"reference":"Quigley, Kellen (December 31, 2022). \"Seneca Nation purchases ancestral Genesee Valley land\". The Salamanca Press. Retrieved 2022-12-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.salamancapress.com/news/seneca-nation-purchases-ancestral-genesee-valley-land/article_7fcb785a-885b-11ed-9c26-87556795cadf.html","url_text":"\"Seneca Nation purchases ancestral Genesee Valley land\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamanca_Press","url_text":"Salamanca Press"}]},{"reference":"\"225th Anniversary Groveland Ambuscade\". Selin's Rifles, Revolutionary War Reenactors. Retrieved 2013-11-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.captainselinscompany.org/groveland2004/groveland225.html","url_text":"\"225th Anniversary Groveland Ambuscade\""}]},{"reference":"A Narrative of the Life of Mrs. Mary Jemison, Selections (PDF). National Humanities Center.","urls":[{"url":"http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/makingrev/war/text7/maryjemisonny.pdf","url_text":"A Narrative of the Life of Mrs. Mary Jemison, Selections"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Humanities_Center","url_text":"National Humanities Center"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Little_Beard%27s_Town¶ms=42_46_N_77_52_W_","external_links_name":"42°46′N 77°52′W / 42.767°N 77.867°W / 42.767; -77.867"},{"Link":"http://www.sullivanclinton.com/archives/000102.php","external_links_name":"\"Hidden in Plain Sight...: When & Where: Timeline & Main Events\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historysullivan02tiffgoog","external_links_name":"History of Sullivan's Campaign Against the Iroquois"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historysullivan02tiffgoog/page/n172","external_links_name":"166"},{"Link":"http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WMEGQ9_Boyd_Parker_Torture_Tree_Leicester_NY","external_links_name":"\"Boyd-Parker Torture Tree - Leicester, NY\""},{"Link":"http://www.grovelandny.org/Town_Offices/Town_Historian/town_historian.html","external_links_name":"\"Historical, Ambuscade Monument\""},{"Link":"http://gaz.jrshelby.com/boyd-parker.htm","external_links_name":"\"Boyd-Parker Torture site, Genesee Castle\""},{"Link":"http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Mary_Jemison?ModPagespeed=noscript","external_links_name":"\"Mary Jemison\""},{"Link":"http://womenshistory.about.com/library/etext/bl_nlmj07.htm","external_links_name":"\"Chapter 7 ... 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greensill_lobbying_scandal | Greensill scandal | ["1 Background","2 Lobbying","2.1 David Cameron","2.2 Greensill","2.3 Civil servants","3 Inquiries","3.1 UK lobbying registrar","3.2 Cabinet Office","3.3 House of Commons Treasury Committee","3.4 Financial Reporting Council","3.5 Serious Fraud Office","4 References"] | David CameronLord HeywoodFormer Prime Minister David Cameron and former Cabinet Secretary Jeremy Heywood, who were both implicated in the scandal.
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vteBritish political lobbying scandal
The Greensill scandal is a political controversy in the United Kingdom related to lobbying activities on behalf of financial services company Greensill Capital. It implicated former Prime Minister David Cameron, former Cabinet Secretary Lord Heywood and several other civil servants, and occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic.
First reported by the Financial Times and The Sunday Times, it arose from the insolvency of the supply chain financing firm Greensill Capital in March 2021, first reported by The Wall Street Journal. Reports emerged that Cameron had lobbied former Chancellor of the Exchequer Rishi Sunak in 2020 to change rules in order to allow Greensill to join the Covid Corporate Financing Facility, a government loan scheme that was initiated to support companies during the pandemic-related economic recession.
A Cabinet Office inquiry found Lord Heywood to be primarily responsible for Lex Greensill's being given a role in government and access into 10 Downing Street. That inquiry and two other separate official inquiries found that Cameron had not broken any lobbying rules or acted unlawfully in relation to his Greensill lobbying activities, although a Treasury committee report said in finding he did not break lobbying rules “that reflects on the insufficient strength of the rules”.
Background
During Cameron's 2010–2016 premiership, financier Lex Greensill, suggested by the image of a business card published by the Labour Party to be a senior advisor to the Prime Minister, was alleged by The Sunday Times to have had access to eleven departments and agencies. In 2018, Cameron became an adviser to Greensill Capital and held shares in the company. It has been reported that he may have made $60 million from a listing of the company, as well as it being reported that "people familiar with the matter" said he was being paid over $1 million a year for 25 days work per year.
Documents obtained by the BBC's Panorama suggested that Cameron earned around £7m from his salary and selling shares. In 2019, Cameron arranged for a private meeting with Lex Greensill and Secretary of State for Health and Social Care Matt Hancock. Some NHS trusts went on to use Greensill Capital's services.
Lobbying
David Cameron
In 2020, several months before Greensill Capital collapsed, Cameron lobbied the government to change the rules to allow it to join the Covid Corporate Financing Facility scheme, which would enable it to issue government guaranteed loans to support firms during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom, which had had a major economic impact. Cameron lobbied the Chancellor of the Exchequer Rishi Sunak via a series of text messages. There was also at least one phone call between the two, the nature of which was not disclosed. Cameron's requests on behalf of Greensill were declined.
Cameron also lobbied an official of the German government on behalf of Greensill. In November 2020, he participated in a virtual call with the German ambassador alongside senior representatives from Greensill to discuss introducing its products into the German civil service.
According to Cameron, his lobbying on Greensill's behalf did not break any rule of conduct.
Greensill
Between March and June 2020, Greensill held ten virtual meetings with permanent secretaries Tom Scholar and Charles Roxburgh.
Civil servants
The investigations highlighted that Greensill not only had lobbying links with David Cameron, but with some senior civil servants and private companies too.
Bill Crothers served as the UK Government's Chief Commercial Officer from 2012 to 2015, receiving a salary of up to £149,000 a year. According to The Times, in that role, "he was closely involved in bringing Lex Greensill into the heart of government as a crown representative, a role that gave him access to government procurement strategy". He became an advisor to Greensill while still a civil servant, before becoming a director of the company in August 2016. He did not declare his association to the civil service ethics watchdog, nor did he obtain permission from the Advisory Committee on Business Appointments (ACOBA) to take up his post-civil service job: ACOBA vets all private sector appointments of former senior civil servants and government ministers.
Inquiries
UK lobbying registrar
By 25 March 2021, a formal investigation had been launched by the UK lobbying registrar to investigate whether David Cameron's work for Greensill had breached lobbying laws. The investigation cleared Cameron of any wrongdoing, concluding that his "activities had not fallen within the criteria that required registration".
Cabinet Office
On 12 April 2021 the government announced a Cabinet Office inquiry into the lobbying activity performed on behalf of Greensill, to be led by specialist finance solicitor Nigel Boardman, a non-executive board member of the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy. The Cabinet Office inquiry published its 141-page report on 21 July 2021. In it, the then Cabinet Secretary Jeremy Heywood was criticised. Heywood was found to be primarily responsible for Lex Greensill being given a role in government and "extraordinarily privileged" access into 10 Downing Street. It also concluded that Cameron "did not breach the current lobbying rules and his actions were not unlawful" and that he "on occasion understated the nature of his relationship with Greensill Capital".
House of Commons Treasury Committee
On 14 April 2021 the House of Commons Treasury Committee announced they would be holding an inquiry. On 20 July 2021, they published the report of their inquiry into lessons learnt from the failure of Greensill Capital. The inquiry found that Cameron had not broken the rules related to lobbying by former ministers. The report also said that the current rules had "insufficient strength", and that there was a "good case for strengthening them" and that in his lobbying of Greensill, Cameron had shown a "significant lack of judgement".
Financial Reporting Council
On 28 June 2021, the Financial Reporting Council announced that it had opened an investigation into the audit of Greensill Capital (UK) Limited by Saffery Champness LLP. The investigation is ongoing as of July 2023. The Financial Times reported that larger audit firms had refused to act for Greensill due to reputational concerns, after it had sought to appoint a larger audit firm due to Saffery Champness' limited experience in auditing such companies.
Serious Fraud Office
In January 2024, The Guardian reported that David Cameron’s activities at Greensill Capital were a "matter of interest" in a Serious Fraud Office investigation. The SFO had questioned witnesses about Cameron’s involvement with Greensill as part of a wider inquiry into "suspected fraud, fraudulent trading and money laundering" in GFG Alliance companies.
References
^ "UK opens probe into former PM Cameron's lobbying: Reports". Al Jazeera. 12 April 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
^ Neate, Rupert (19 July 2021). "David Cameron showed 'significant lack of judgment' on Greensill, inquiry finds". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
^ Powell, Rob (12 April 2021). "Greensill: What is the lobbying scandal and why is David Cameron involved?". Sky News. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
^ a b c Swinford, Steven (29 March 2021). "David Cameron 'told friends he would make $60m from Greensill deal'". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
^ Smith, Robert; Pooler, Michael; Storbeck, Olaf (5 March 2021). "The unravelling of Lex Greensill: a mix of bravado and financial alchemy". Financial Times. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
^ "David Cameron earned more than $1m a year as Greensill lobbyist". CityAM. 13 July 2021. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
^ "Greensill: David Cameron 'made $10m' before company's collapse". BBC News. 9 August 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
^ a b "Matt Hancock 'had private drink' with David Cameron and Lex Greensill". BBC News. 11 April 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
^ Moon, Louise (18 March 2021). "David Cameron lobbied ex-colleagues for Greensill access to Covid loan scheme". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
^ a b c Boardman, Nigel (22 July 2021). "Review into the Development and Use of Supply Chain Finance in Government" (PDF). Cabinet Office. gov.uk. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
^ "Greensill: What is the David Cameron lobbying row about?". BBC News. 9 August 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
^ Savage, Michael (17 April 2021). "Labour ramps up pressure on Sunak over Greensill calls with Cameron". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
^ "Cameron pitched Greensill's services to German government official". Financial Times. 16 April 2021. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
^ Kirka, Danica (12 April 2021). "UK lobbying scandal snares ex-PM Cameron; govt starts probe". Associated Press. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
^ Makortoff, Kalyeena (21 March 2021). "David Cameron texted Rishi Sunak to get Covid loans for Greensill, says report". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
^ a b Makortoff, Kalyeena; Butler, Ben; Smith, Joseph (13 April 2021). "Greensill scandal: ex-civil servant had $8m stake in lender". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
^ a b Wright, Oliver; Aldrick, Philip. "Bill Crothers: Ex-civil servant's Greensill role not vetted". The Times. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
^ Makortoff, Kalyeena (25 March 2021). "David Cameron faces investigation into possible lobbying law breach". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
^ "Ex-PM David Cameron cleared by lobbying watchdog". BBC News. 26 March 2021. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
^ "Greensill: Government to investigate Cameron's lobbying". BBC News. 12 April 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
^ a b Syal, Rajeev (22 July 2021). "Lex Greensill given 'extraordinarily privileged' No 10 access, inquiry finds". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
^ "Greensill had extraordinarily privileged access to government, says inquiry". BBC News. 22 July 2021. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
^ Tolhurst, Alain (15 April 2021). "Here Are All the Inquiries David Cameron Will Have To Answer To Over Greensill Lobbying Scandal". Politics Home. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
^ "Lessons from Greensill Capital". House of Commons Treasury Committee. UK Parliament. 20 July 2021. HC 151. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
^ a b "David Cameron lacked judgement over Greensill, MPs' report says". BBC News. 20 July 2021. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
^ "Investigation into Saffery Champness".
^ Ralph, Oliver; O'Dwyer, Michael (28 June 2021). "UK accounting watchdog launches probe into Greensill audit". Financial Times.
^ Isaac, Anna (27 January 2024). "David Cameron's activities at Greensill a 'matter of interest' in wider fraud inquiry". Guardian. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
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COVID-19 portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Heywood"},{"link_name":"political controversy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_controversy"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"lobbying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobbying_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Greensill Capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greensill_Capital"},{"link_name":"David Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron"},{"link_name":"Lord Heywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Heywood"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Financial Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times"},{"link_name":"The Sunday Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Times"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"supply chain financing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_chain_finance"},{"link_name":"The Wall Street Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal"},{"link_name":"Chancellor of the Exchequer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer"},{"link_name":"Rishi Sunak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishi_Sunak"},{"link_name":"Covid Corporate Financing Facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covid_Corporate_Financing_Facility"},{"link_name":"pandemic-related economic recession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Cabinet Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_Office"},{"link_name":"inquiry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquiry"},{"link_name":"Lex Greensill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_Greensill"},{"link_name":"10 Downing Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_Downing_Street"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"David CameronLord HeywoodFormer Prime Minister David Cameron and former Cabinet Secretary Jeremy Heywood, who were both implicated in the scandal.British political lobbying scandalThe Greensill scandal is a political controversy in the United Kingdom related to lobbying activities on behalf of financial services company Greensill Capital. It implicated former Prime Minister David Cameron, former Cabinet Secretary Lord Heywood and several other civil servants, and occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic.First reported by the Financial Times and The Sunday Times,[1] it arose from the insolvency of the supply chain financing firm Greensill Capital in March 2021, first reported by The Wall Street Journal. Reports emerged that Cameron had lobbied former Chancellor of the Exchequer Rishi Sunak in 2020 to change rules in order to allow Greensill to join the Covid Corporate Financing Facility, a government loan scheme that was initiated to support companies during the pandemic-related economic recession.A Cabinet Office inquiry found Lord Heywood to be primarily responsible for Lex Greensill's being given a role in government and access into 10 Downing Street. That inquiry and two other separate official inquiries found that Cameron had not broken any lobbying rules or acted unlawfully in relation to his Greensill lobbying activities, although a Treasury committee report said in finding he did not break lobbying rules “that reflects on the insufficient strength of the rules”.[2]","title":"Greensill scandal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2010–2016 premiership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiership_of_David_Cameron"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swinford0411-4"},{"link_name":"Greensill Capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greensill_Capital"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swinford0411-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Panorama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panorama_(British_TV_programme)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Matt Hancock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Hancock"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-8"}],"text":"During Cameron's 2010–2016 premiership, financier Lex Greensill, suggested by the image of a business card published by the Labour Party to be a senior advisor to the Prime Minister,[3] was alleged by The Sunday Times to have had access to eleven departments and agencies.[4] In 2018, Cameron became an adviser to Greensill Capital and held shares in the company.[5] It has been reported that he may have made $60 million from a listing of the company, as well as it being reported that \"people familiar with the matter\" said he was being paid over $1 million a year for 25 days work per year.[4][6]Documents obtained by the BBC's Panorama suggested that Cameron earned around £7m from his salary and selling shares.[7] In 2019, Cameron arranged for a private meeting with Lex Greensill and Secretary of State for Health and Social Care Matt Hancock.[8] Some NHS trusts went on to use Greensill Capital's services.[8]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Lobbying"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Covid Corporate Financing Facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covid_Corporate_Financing_Facility"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"major economic impact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boardman-20210722-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Chancellor of the Exchequer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer"},{"link_name":"Rishi Sunak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishi_Sunak"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swinford0411-4"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"David Cameron","text":"In 2020, several months before Greensill Capital collapsed, Cameron lobbied the government to change the rules to allow it to join the Covid Corporate Financing Facility scheme, which would enable it to issue government guaranteed loans to support firms during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom, which had had a major economic impact.[9][10][11] Cameron lobbied the Chancellor of the Exchequer Rishi Sunak via a series of text messages. There was also at least one phone call between the two, the nature of which was not disclosed. Cameron's requests on behalf of Greensill were declined.[4][12]Cameron also lobbied an official of the German government on behalf of Greensill. In November 2020, he participated in a virtual call with the German ambassador alongside senior representatives from Greensill to discuss introducing its products into the German civil service.[13]According to Cameron, his lobbying on Greensill's behalf did not break any rule of conduct.[14]","title":"Lobbying"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tom Scholar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Scholar"},{"link_name":"Charles Roxburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Roxburgh"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Greensill","text":"Between March and June 2020, Greensill held ten virtual meetings with permanent secretaries Tom Scholar and Charles Roxburgh.[15]","title":"Lobbying"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-$8m-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-$8m-16"},{"link_name":"Advisory Committee on Business Appointments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advisory_Committee_on_Business_Appointments"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-17"}],"sub_title":"Civil servants","text":"The investigations highlighted that Greensill not only had lobbying links with David Cameron, but with some senior civil servants and private companies too.Bill Crothers served as the UK Government's Chief Commercial Officer from 2012 to 2015, receiving a salary of up to £149,000 a year.[16] According to The Times, in that role, \"he was closely involved in bringing Lex Greensill into the heart of government as a crown representative, a role that gave him access to government procurement strategy\".[17] He became an advisor to Greensill while still a civil servant, before becoming a director of the company in August 2016.[16] He did not declare his association to the civil service ethics watchdog, nor did he obtain permission from the Advisory Committee on Business Appointments (ACOBA) to take up his post-civil service job: ACOBA vets all private sector appointments of former senior civil servants and government ministers.[17]","title":"Lobbying"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Inquiries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"UK lobbying registrar","text":"By 25 March 2021, a formal investigation had been launched by the UK lobbying registrar to investigate whether David Cameron's work for Greensill had breached lobbying laws.[18] The investigation cleared Cameron of any wrongdoing, concluding that his \"activities had not fallen within the criteria that required registration\".[19]","title":"Inquiries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cabinet Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_Office"},{"link_name":"Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_for_Business,_Energy_and_Industrial_Strategy"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-20210722-21"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boardman-20210722-10"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Heywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Heywood"},{"link_name":"10 Downing Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_Downing_Street"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-20210722-21"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boardman-20210722-10"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Cabinet Office","text":"On 12 April 2021 the government announced a Cabinet Office inquiry into the lobbying activity performed on behalf of Greensill, to be led by specialist finance solicitor Nigel Boardman, a non-executive board member of the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy.[20] The Cabinet Office inquiry published its 141-page report on 21 July 2021.[21][10] In it, the then Cabinet Secretary Jeremy Heywood was criticised. Heywood was found to be primarily responsible for Lex Greensill being given a role in government and \"extraordinarily privileged\" access into 10 Downing Street.[21][10] It also concluded that Cameron \"did not breach the current lobbying rules and his actions were not unlawful\" and that he \"on occasion understated the nature of his relationship with Greensill Capital\".[22]","title":"Inquiries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"House of Commons Treasury Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_Treasury_Committee"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hoc-20210720-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-25"}],"sub_title":"House of Commons Treasury Committee","text":"On 14 April 2021 the House of Commons Treasury Committee announced they would be holding an inquiry.[23] On 20 July 2021, they published the report of their inquiry into lessons learnt from the failure of Greensill Capital.[24] The inquiry found that Cameron had not broken the rules related to lobbying by former ministers.[25] The report also said that the current rules had \"insufficient strength\", and that there was a \"good case for strengthening them\" and that in his lobbying of Greensill, Cameron had shown a \"significant lack of judgement\".[25]","title":"Inquiries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Financial Reporting Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Reporting_Council"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Saffery Champness LLP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saffery_Champness_Chartered_Accountants"},{"link_name":"Financial Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Financial Reporting Council","text":"On 28 June 2021, the Financial Reporting Council announced that it had opened an investigation[26] into the audit of Greensill Capital (UK) Limited by Saffery Champness LLP. The investigation is ongoing as of July 2023. The Financial Times reported that larger audit firms had refused to act for Greensill due to reputational concerns, after it had sought to appoint a larger audit firm due to Saffery Champness' limited experience in auditing such companies.[27]","title":"Inquiries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"Serious Fraud Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serious_Fraud_Office_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"GFG Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GFG_Alliance"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Isaac-27Jan2024-28"}],"sub_title":"Serious Fraud Office","text":"In January 2024, The Guardian reported that David Cameron’s activities at Greensill Capital were a \"matter of interest\" in a Serious Fraud Office investigation. The SFO had questioned witnesses about Cameron’s involvement with Greensill as part of a wider inquiry into \"suspected fraud, fraudulent trading and money laundering\" in GFG Alliance companies.[28]","title":"Inquiries"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"UK opens probe into former PM Cameron's lobbying: Reports\". Al Jazeera. 12 April 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/12/uk-opens-probe-into-former-pm-camerons-lobbying-reports","url_text":"\"UK opens probe into former PM Cameron's lobbying: Reports\""}]},{"reference":"Neate, Rupert (19 July 2021). \"David Cameron showed 'significant lack of judgment' on Greensill, inquiry finds\". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2021/jul/20/david-cameron-showed-significant-lack-of-judgment-on-greensill-inquiry-finds","url_text":"\"David Cameron showed 'significant lack of judgment' on Greensill, inquiry finds\""}]},{"reference":"Powell, Rob (12 April 2021). \"Greensill: What is the lobbying scandal and why is David Cameron involved?\". Sky News. Retrieved 13 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.sky.com/story/greensill-what-is-the-lobbying-scandal-and-why-is-david-cameron-involved-12272518","url_text":"\"Greensill: What is the lobbying scandal and why is David Cameron involved?\""}]},{"reference":"Swinford, Steven (29 March 2021). \"David Cameron 'told friends he would make $60m from Greensill deal'\". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 11 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/david-cameron-greensill-deal-claims-lobbying-tfd6j7ln3","url_text":"\"David Cameron 'told friends he would make $60m from Greensill deal'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460","url_text":"0140-0460"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Robert; Pooler, Michael; Storbeck, Olaf (5 March 2021). \"The unravelling of Lex Greensill: a mix of bravado and financial alchemy\". Financial Times. Retrieved 11 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/content/7e79117f-cbf5-4765-82ca-7e8f1fb5915b","url_text":"\"The unravelling of Lex Greensill: a mix of bravado and financial alchemy\""}]},{"reference":"\"David Cameron earned more than $1m a year as Greensill lobbyist\". CityAM. 13 July 2021. Retrieved 13 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cityam.com/david-cameron-earned-more-than-1m-a-year-as-greensill-lobbyist/","url_text":"\"David Cameron earned more than $1m a year as Greensill lobbyist\""}]},{"reference":"\"Greensill: David Cameron 'made $10m' before company's collapse\". BBC News. 9 August 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-58149765","url_text":"\"Greensill: David Cameron 'made $10m' before company's collapse\""}]},{"reference":"\"Matt Hancock 'had private drink' with David Cameron and Lex Greensill\". BBC News. 11 April 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-56706619","url_text":"\"Matt Hancock 'had private drink' with David Cameron and Lex Greensill\""}]},{"reference":"Moon, Louise (18 March 2021). \"David Cameron lobbied ex-colleagues for Greensill access to Covid loan scheme\". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 19 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2021/03/18/david-cameron-lobbied-former-colleagues-greensill-access-covid/","url_text":"\"David Cameron lobbied ex-colleagues for Greensill access to Covid loan scheme\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235","url_text":"0307-1235"}]},{"reference":"Boardman, Nigel (22 July 2021). \"Review into the Development and Use of Supply Chain Finance in Government\" (PDF). Cabinet Office. gov.uk. Retrieved 22 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1018175/A_report_by_Nigel_Boardman_into_the_Development_and_Use_of_Supply_Chain_Finance__and_associated_schemes__related_to_Greensill_Capital_in_Government_-_Report_of_the_Facts.pdf","url_text":"\"Review into the Development and Use of Supply Chain Finance in Government\""}]},{"reference":"\"Greensill: What is the David Cameron lobbying row about?\". BBC News. 9 August 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-56578838","url_text":"\"Greensill: What is the David Cameron lobbying row about?\""}]},{"reference":"Savage, Michael (17 April 2021). \"Labour ramps up pressure on Sunak over Greensill calls with Cameron\". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/apr/18/labour-ramps-up-pressure-on-sunak-over-greensill-calls-with-cameron","url_text":"\"Labour ramps up pressure on Sunak over Greensill calls with Cameron\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cameron pitched Greensill's services to German government official\". Financial Times. 16 April 2021. Retrieved 18 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/content/7bed418b-d4c3-4ad4-b07e-10c7fd83dac4","url_text":"\"Cameron pitched Greensill's services to German government official\""}]},{"reference":"Kirka, Danica (12 April 2021). \"UK lobbying scandal snares ex-PM Cameron; govt starts probe\". Associated Press. Retrieved 13 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/article/lobbying-david-cameron-covid-19-pandemic-europe-coronavirus-pandemic-2f84245d4901474b07fa76c8c1053b3b","url_text":"\"UK lobbying scandal snares ex-PM Cameron; govt starts probe\""}]},{"reference":"Makortoff, Kalyeena (21 March 2021). \"David Cameron texted Rishi Sunak to get Covid loans for Greensill, says report\". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2021/mar/21/david-cameron-texted-rishi-sunak-to-get-covid-loans-for-greensill-says-report","url_text":"\"David Cameron texted Rishi Sunak to get Covid loans for Greensill, says report\""}]},{"reference":"Makortoff, Kalyeena; Butler, Ben; Smith, Joseph (13 April 2021). \"Greensill scandal: ex-civil servant had $8m stake in lender\". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2021/apr/13/greensill-scandal-ex-civil-servant-faces-questions-over-whitehall-meetings","url_text":"\"Greensill scandal: ex-civil servant had $8m stake in lender\""}]},{"reference":"Wright, Oliver; Aldrick, Philip. \"Bill Crothers: Ex-civil servant's Greensill role not vetted\". The Times. Retrieved 17 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/bill-crothers-ex-civil-servants-greensill-role-not-vetted-sclcl0gp8","url_text":"\"Bill Crothers: Ex-civil servant's Greensill role not vetted\""}]},{"reference":"Makortoff, Kalyeena (25 March 2021). \"David Cameron faces investigation into possible lobbying law breach\". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2021/mar/25/david-cameron-faces-investigation-into-possible-lobbying-law-breach","url_text":"\"David Cameron faces investigation into possible lobbying law breach\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ex-PM David Cameron cleared by lobbying watchdog\". BBC News. 26 March 2021. Retrieved 5 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-56541377","url_text":"\"Ex-PM David Cameron cleared by lobbying watchdog\""}]},{"reference":"\"Greensill: Government to investigate Cameron's lobbying\". BBC News. 12 April 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-56720141","url_text":"\"Greensill: Government to investigate Cameron's lobbying\""}]},{"reference":"Syal, Rajeev (22 July 2021). \"Lex Greensill given 'extraordinarily privileged' No 10 access, inquiry finds\". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2021/jul/22/lex-greensill-given-extraordinarily-privileged-government-access-inquiry-finds","url_text":"\"Lex Greensill given 'extraordinarily privileged' No 10 access, inquiry finds\""}]},{"reference":"\"Greensill had extraordinarily privileged access to government, says inquiry\". BBC News. 22 July 2021. Retrieved 5 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-57927390","url_text":"\"Greensill had extraordinarily privileged access to government, says inquiry\""}]},{"reference":"Tolhurst, Alain (15 April 2021). \"Here Are All the Inquiries David Cameron Will Have To Answer To Over Greensill Lobbying Scandal\". Politics Home. 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Retrieved 5 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-57889549","url_text":"\"David Cameron lacked judgement over Greensill, MPs' report says\""}]},{"reference":"\"Investigation into Saffery Champness\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.frc.org.uk/news/june-2021/investigation-into-saffery-champness-for-its-audit","url_text":"\"Investigation into Saffery Champness\""}]},{"reference":"Ralph, Oliver; O'Dwyer, Michael (28 June 2021). \"UK accounting watchdog launches probe into Greensill audit\". Financial Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/content/c680bda1-c260-423e-80b4-fa792e14c3cd","url_text":"\"UK accounting watchdog launches probe into Greensill audit\""}]},{"reference":"Isaac, Anna (27 January 2024). \"David Cameron's activities at Greensill a 'matter of interest' in wider fraud inquiry\". Guardian. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalimar_Gardens_(Lahore) | Shalimar Gardens, Lahore | ["1 Names","2 Location","3 Background","4 History","5 Design and layout","5.1 Water features","5.2 Garden pavilions","5.3 Conservation","6 Gallery","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"] | Coordinates: 31°35′09″N 74°22′55″E / 31.58583°N 74.38194°E / 31.58583; 74.38194For other gardens of the same name, see Shalimar Gardens.
Mughal garden complex in Lahore, Pakistan
Shalamar Gardens, LahoreUNESCO World Heritage SiteLocationLahore, Punjab, PakistanPart ofFort and Shalamar Gardens in LahoreReference171-002Inscription1981 (5th Session)Coordinates31°35′09″N 74°22′55″E / 31.58583°N 74.38194°E / 31.58583; 74.38194Location of Shalimar Gardens, Lahore in LahoreShow map of LahoreShalimar Gardens, Lahore (Punjab, Pakistan)Show map of Punjab, PakistanShalimar Gardens, Lahore (Pakistan)Show map of Pakistan
The Shalimar Gardens (Punjabi, Urdu: شالیمار باغ, romanized: Shālīmār Bāgh) are a Mughal garden complex located in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. The gardens date from the period when the Mughal Empire was at its artistic and aesthetic zenith, and are now one of Pakistan's most popular tourist destinations.
The Shalimar Gardens were laid out as a Persian paradise garden intended to create a representation of an earthly utopia in which humans co-exist in perfect harmony with all elements of nature. Construction of the gardens began in 1641 during the reign of Emperor Shah Jahan, and was completed in 1642. In 1981 the Shalimar Gardens were inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site as they embody Mughal garden design at the apogee of its development.
Names
The gardens provide a popular recreation spot for Lahore's residents
The courtiers told the Maharaja Ranjit Singh "that Shala was a Turkic word which means pleasure and the mar means the place to live in". "The arguments of the courtiers in favour of the Turkic signification of the word failing to make any impression on Ranjit Singh, he gave his own name to the garden, and called it “Shahla Bagh” شهلا باغ, “Shahla” meaning in Persian “sweetheart” with dark gray eyes and a shade of red and “Bagh” meaning “garden.”"
The courtiers present passed high eulogies on the Maharájá's ingenuity in selecting so charming a name for the famous gardens of Láhore, and it was ordered, accordingly, that henceforward the gardens be called by that name, and written so in all public correspondence.
The gardens are however still known as the "Shalimar Gardens" nowadays. According to Muhammad Ishtiaq Khan,
The most plausible interpretation, however, seems to be that the word "Shalamar" is a corruption of original "Shalimar" .
Location
The Shalimar Garden is located next to the Grand Trunk Road, about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) east of the Delhi Gate of the Walled City of Lahore. Near Bhaghbanpura Lahore
Background
View from Farah Baksh (Bestower of Pleasure) terrace
Lahore's Shalimar Gardens were built by the Mughal royal family primarily as a venue for them to entertain guests, though a large portion was open to the general public. The gardens' design was influenced by the older Shalimar Gardens in Kashmir that were built by Shah Jahan's father, Emperor Jahangir. Unlike the gardens in Kashmir which relied on naturally sloping landscapes, the waterworks in Lahore required extensive engineering to create artificial cascades and terraces.
The Shalimar Gardens were designed as a Persian-style Charbagh "Paradise garden" - a microcosm of an earthly utopia. Though the word Bagh is translated simply as "garden", bagh represents a harmonious existence between humans and nature, and represents a poetic connection between heaven and earth. All natural elements of the bagh are appreciated - including the sun, moon, and air. Muhammad Saleh Kamboh, historian to Shah Jahan, reported that the gardens of Kashmir inspired the design for the Shalimar Garden in Lahore, and that a wide variety of trees and flowers grew together in the garden.
The site was chosen for its stable water supply. The project was managed by Khalilullah Khan, a noble of Shah Jahan's court, in cooperation with and Mulla Alaul Maulk Tuni. Ali Mardan Khan was responsible for most of the construction, and had a 100-mile-long canal built to bring water from the foothills of Kashmir to the site.
The site of the Shalimar Gardens originally belonged to the Arain Mian Family Baghbanpura. Mian Muhammad Yusuf, then the head of the Arain Mian family, ceded the site of Ishaq Pura to the Emperor Shah Jahan in order for the gardens to be built. In return, Shah Jahan granted the Arain Mian family governance of the Shalimar Gardens, and the gardens remained under their custodianship for over 350 years.
History
Inside Shalimar Gardens
Shalimar Gardens in 1895
Construction of the gardens began on 12 June 1641, and took 18 months to complete. During the Sikh era, much of the garden's marble was pillaged and used to decorate the Golden Temple and the Ram Bagh Palace in nearby Amritsar, while the gardens' costly agate gate was stripped and sold by Lehna Singh Majithia.
The garden during Sikh-rule. Lithograph titled 'The Shalimar Gardens, Lahore', from 'The Court and Camp of Runjeet Sing' by William Godolphin Osborne, ca.1840.
In 1806 Maharaja Ranjit Singh ordered the Shalimar Gardens to be repaired.
The Gardens were nationalised in 1962 by General Ayub Khan because leading Arain Mian family members had opposed his imposition of martial law in Pakistan.
The annual Mela Chiraghan festival used to take place in the gardens until General Ayub Khan forbade it in 1958.
Design and layout
The middle level terrace of the garden, known as the Faiz Bakhsh terrace, was the Emperor's garden.
Mughal Gardens were based upon Timurid gardens built in Central Asia and Iran between the 14th and 16th century. A high brick wall richly decorated with intricate fretwork encloses the site in order to allow for the creation of a Charbagh paradise garden - a microcosm of an earthly utopia.
The Shalimar Gardens are laid out in the form of a rectangle aligned along a north–south axis, and measure 658 metres by 258 metres, and cover an area of 16 hectares. Each terrace level is 4–5 metres (13–15 feet) higher than the previous level.
The uppermost terrace of the gardens is named Bagh-e-Farah Baksh, literally meaning Bestower of Pleasure. The second and third terraces are jointly known as the Bagh-e-Faiz Baksh, meaning Bestower of Goodness. The first and third terraces are both shaped as squares, while the second terrace is a narrow rectangle.
Shalimar's main entrance was onto the lower-most terrace, which was open to noblemen, and occasionally to the public. The middle terrace was the Emperor's Garden, and contained the most elaborate waterworks of any Mughal garden. The highest terrace was reserved for the Emperor's harem.
The square shaped terraces were both divided into four equivalent smaller squares by long fountains flanked by brick khayaban walkways designed to be elevated in order to provide better views of the garden. Cascades were made to flow over a marble paths in what are known as chadors, or "curtains" into the middle terrace. Water collected into a large pool, known as a haūz, over which a seating pavilion was made.
Water features
The Shalimar Garden's contain the most waterworks of any Mughal Garden. It contains 410 fountains, which discharge into wide marble pools, each known as a haūz. The enclosed garden is rendered cooler than surrounding areas by the garden's dense foliage, and water features - a relief during Lahore's blistering summers, with temperature sometimes exceeding 120 °F (49 °C). The distribution of the fountains is as follows:
The upper level terrace has 105 fountains.
The middle level terrace has 152 fountains.
The lower level terrace has 153 fountains.
All combined, the Gardens has 410 fountains.
The Gardens have 5 water cascades including the great marble cascade and Sawan Bhadoon.
Garden pavilions
Painted door from Shalimar Gardens
The buildings of the Gardens include:
Sawan Bhadun pavilions
Naqar Khana and its buildings
Khwabgah or Sleeping chambers
Hammam or Royal bath
The Aiwan or Grand hall
Aramgah or Resting place
Khawabgah of Begum Sahib or Dream place of the emperor's wife
Baradaries or summer pavilions to enjoy the coolness created by the Gardens' fountains
Diwan-e-Khas-o-Aam or Hall of special and ordinary audience with the emperor
Two gateways and minarets in the corners of the Gardens
Conservation
In 1981, Shalimar Gardens was included as a UNESCO World Heritage Site along with the Lahore Fort, under the UNESCO Convention concerning the protection of the world's cultural and natural heritage sites in 1972.
Gallery
Nigar Khana
East wall corner of the second level terrace
Minaret on the west wall corner of the second level terrace
A Mughal style structure inside the gardens
See also
Shalimar Gardens (Kashmir)
List of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Pakistan
Lahore Fort
List of parks and gardens in Lahore
List of parks and gardens in Pakistan
References
^ a b "Fort and Shalimar Gardens in Lahore". UNESCO. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p REHMAN, A. (2009). "Changing Concepts of Garden Design in Lahore from Mughal to Contemporary Times". Garden History. 37 (2): 205–217. JSTOR 27821596.
^ Shalamar Gardens Gardens of the Mughal Empire. Retrieved 20 June 2012
^ Nazir Ahmad Chaudhry (1998). Lahore: Glimpses of a Glorious Heritage. p. 279. ISBN 9789693509441..
^ a b Syad Muhammad Latif (1984). History of the Panjáb from the Remotest Antiquity to the Present Time. p. 361.
^ Khan, Muhammad Ishtiaq (2000). World heritage: sites in Pakistan. p. 88.
^ a b Clark, Emma (2004). The Art of the Islamic Garden. Crowood. ISBN 186126609X. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
^ a b c Schimmel, Annemarie (2004). The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture. Reaktion Books. p. 295. ISBN 1861891857. Retrieved 30 December 2017. shalimar lahore public.
^ Turner, Tom (2005). Garden History: Philosophy and Design 2000 BC – 2000 AD. Routledge. ISBN 9781134370825.
^ Latif, Syad Muhammad (1892). Lahore: Its History, Architectural Remains and Antiquities. Oxford University: New Imperial Press.
^ Hari Ram Gupta (1991). History of the Sikhs. ISBN 9788121505154..
^ Upon A Trailing Edge: Risk, the Heart and the Air Pilot. Troubador Publishing Ltd. 2015. p. 268.
^ "Shalimar Gardens". Gardens of the Mughal Empire. Smithsonian Productions. Retrieved 28 August 2016.
^ Hann, Michael (2013). Symbol, Pattern and Symmetry: The Cultural Significance of Structure. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1472539007. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shalimar Gardens (Lahore).
UNESCO World Heritage Site Profile
The Herbert Offen Research Collection of the Phillips Library at the Peabody Essex Museum
Sattar Sikander, The Shalimar: A Typical Muslim Garden, Islamic Environmental Design Research Centre
Chapter on Mughal Gardens from Dunbarton Oaks discusses the Shalimar Gardens
Irrigating the Shalimar Gardens in addition to canal named Shah Nahar Youtube link in Urdu
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Rohtas Fort
Taxila | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shalimar Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalimar_Gardens_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Punjabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_language"},{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Urdu"},{"link_name":"Mughal garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_garden"},{"link_name":"Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore"},{"link_name":"Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNESCO-1"},{"link_name":"Persian paradise garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charbagh"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rehman-2"},{"link_name":"Shah Jahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Jahan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rehman-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"UNESCO World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNESCO-1"}],"text":"For other gardens of the same name, see Shalimar Gardens.Mughal garden complex in Lahore, PakistanThe Shalimar Gardens (Punjabi, Urdu: شالیمار باغ, romanized: Shālīmār Bāgh) are a Mughal garden complex located in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. The gardens date from the period when the Mughal Empire was at its artistic and aesthetic zenith,[1] and are now one of Pakistan's most popular tourist destinations.The Shalimar Gardens were laid out as a Persian paradise garden intended to create a representation of an earthly utopia in which humans co-exist in perfect harmony with all elements of nature.[2] Construction of the gardens began in 1641 during the reign of Emperor Shah Jahan,[2] and was completed in 1642.[3] In 1981 the Shalimar Gardens were inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site as they embody Mughal garden design at the apogee of its development.[1]","title":"Shalimar Gardens, Lahore"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chatting_at_Shalimar_Gardens.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ranjit Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranjit_Singh"},{"link_name":"Turkic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_languages"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Latif-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Latif-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The gardens provide a popular recreation spot for Lahore's residentsThe courtiers told the Maharaja Ranjit Singh \"that Shala was a Turkic word which means pleasure and the mar means the place to live in\".[4] \"The arguments of the courtiers in favour of the Turkic signification of the word failing to make any impression on Ranjit Singh, he gave his own name to the garden, and called it “Shahla Bagh” شهلا باغ, “Shahla” meaning in Persian “sweetheart” with dark gray eyes and a shade of red and “Bagh” meaning “garden.”\"[5]The courtiers present passed high eulogies on the Maharájá's ingenuity in selecting so charming a name for the famous gardens of Láhore, and it was ordered, accordingly, that henceforward the gardens be called by that name, and written so in all public correspondence.[5]The gardens are however still known as the \"Shalimar Gardens\" nowadays. According to Muhammad Ishtiaq Khan,The most plausible interpretation, however, seems to be that the word \"Shalamar\" is a corruption of original \"Shalimar\" [...].[6]","title":"Names"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grand Trunk Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Road"},{"link_name":"Delhi Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Gate,_Lahore"},{"link_name":"Walled City of Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walled_City_of_Lahore"}],"text":"The Shalimar Garden is located next to the Grand Trunk Road, about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) east of the Delhi Gate of the Walled City of Lahore. Near Bhaghbanpura Lahore","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Faiz_Baksh_(Bestower_of_Goodness)_terrace_view_from_Farah_Baksh_(Bestower_of_Pleasure)_terrace.jpg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clark-7"},{"link_name":"Shalimar Gardens in Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalimar_Bagh,_Srinagar"},{"link_name":"Jahangir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahangir"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clark-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schimmel-8"},{"link_name":"Charbagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charbagh"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rehman-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rehman-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rehman-2"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Saleh Kamboh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Saleh_Kamboh"},{"link_name":"Shah Jahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Jahan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rehman-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rehman-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rehman-2"},{"link_name":"Shah Jahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Jahan"},{"link_name":"Mulla Alaul Maulk Tuni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulla_Alaul_Maulk_Tuni"},{"link_name":"Ali Mardan Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Mardan_Khan"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schimmel-8"},{"link_name":"Arain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arain"},{"link_name":"Mian Family Baghbanpura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mian_Family_Baghbanpura"},{"link_name":"Mian family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mian_Family_Baghbanpura"}],"text":"View from Farah Baksh (Bestower of Pleasure) terraceLahore's Shalimar Gardens were built by the Mughal royal family primarily as a venue for them to entertain guests,[7] though a large portion was open to the general public. The gardens' design was influenced by the older Shalimar Gardens in Kashmir that were built by Shah Jahan's father, Emperor Jahangir.[7] Unlike the gardens in Kashmir which relied on naturally sloping landscapes, the waterworks in Lahore required extensive engineering to create artificial cascades and terraces.[8]The Shalimar Gardens were designed as a Persian-style Charbagh \"Paradise garden\" - a microcosm of an earthly utopia.[2] Though the word Bagh is translated simply as \"garden\", bagh represents a harmonious existence between humans and nature, and represents a poetic connection between heaven and earth.[2] All natural elements of the bagh are appreciated - including the sun, moon, and air.[2] Muhammad Saleh Kamboh, historian to Shah Jahan, reported that the gardens of Kashmir inspired the design for the Shalimar Garden in Lahore,[2] and that a wide variety of trees and flowers grew together in the garden.[2]The site was chosen for its stable water supply.[2] The project was managed by Khalilullah Khan, a noble of Shah Jahan's court, in cooperation with and Mulla Alaul Maulk Tuni. Ali Mardan Khan was responsible for most of the construction, and had a 100-mile-long canal built to bring water from the foothills of Kashmir to the site.[8]The site of the Shalimar Gardens originally belonged to the Arain Mian Family Baghbanpura. Mian Muhammad Yusuf, then the head of the Arain Mian family, ceded the site of Ishaq Pura to the Emperor Shah Jahan in order for the gardens to be built. In return, Shah Jahan granted the Arain Mian family governance of the Shalimar Gardens, and the gardens remained under their custodianship for over 350 years.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shalamar_Garden_July_14_2005-Sideview_of_marble_enclosure_on_the_second_level.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shalimar_Gardens_Lahore_1895.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rehman-2"},{"link_name":"Sikh era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_empire"},{"link_name":"Golden Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Temple"},{"link_name":"Ram Bagh Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Bagh_Palace"},{"link_name":"Amritsar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amritsar"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"agate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agate"},{"link_name":"Lehna Singh Majithia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehna_Singh_Majithia"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lithograph_titled_%27The_Shalimar_Gardens,_Lahore%27,_from_%27The_Court_and_Camp_of_Runjeet_Sing%27_by_William_Godolphin_Osborne,_ca.1840.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ranjit Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranjit_Singh"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"General Ayub Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayub_Khan_(Field_Marshal)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Arain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arain"},{"link_name":"Mian family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mian_Family_Baghbanpura"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Mela Chiraghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mela_Chiraghan"},{"link_name":"General Ayub Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayub_Khan_(Field_Marshal)"}],"text":"Inside Shalimar GardensShalimar Gardens in 1895Construction of the gardens began on 12 June 1641, and took 18 months to complete.[2] During the Sikh era, much of the garden's marble was pillaged and used to decorate the Golden Temple and the Ram Bagh Palace in nearby Amritsar,[9] while the gardens' costly agate gate was stripped and sold by Lehna Singh Majithia.[10]The garden during Sikh-rule. Lithograph titled 'The Shalimar Gardens, Lahore', from 'The Court and Camp of Runjeet Sing' by William Godolphin Osborne, ca.1840.In 1806 Maharaja Ranjit Singh ordered the Shalimar Gardens to be repaired.[11]The Gardens were nationalised in 1962 by General Ayub Khan[12] because leading Arain Mian family members had opposed his imposition of martial law in Pakistan.[citation needed]The annual Mela Chiraghan festival used to take place in the gardens until General Ayub Khan forbade it in 1958.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shalimar_Gardens,_Lahore_(Faiz_Baksh_Tarrace-_2nd_tarrace_of_the_Garden).jpg"},{"link_name":"Timurid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timurid_Empire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rehman-2"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smithsonian-13"},{"link_name":"fretwork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fretwork"},{"link_name":"Charbagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charbagh"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rehman-2"},{"link_name":"hectares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectare"},{"link_name":"feet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_(length)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rehman-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rehman-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rehman-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schimmel-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rehman-2"}],"text":"The middle level terrace of the garden, known as the Faiz Bakhsh terrace, was the Emperor's garden.Mughal Gardens were based upon Timurid gardens built in Central Asia and Iran between the 14th and 16th century.[2][13] A high brick wall richly decorated with intricate fretwork encloses the site in order to allow for the creation of a Charbagh paradise garden - a microcosm of an earthly utopia.[2]The Shalimar Gardens are laid out in the form of a rectangle aligned along a north–south axis, and measure 658 metres by 258 metres, and cover an area of 16 hectares. Each terrace level is 4–5 metres (13–15 feet) higher than the previous level.The uppermost terrace of the gardens is named Bagh-e-Farah Baksh, literally meaning Bestower of Pleasure. The second and third terraces are jointly known as the Bagh-e-Faiz Baksh, meaning Bestower of Goodness. The first and third terraces are both shaped as squares, while the second terrace is a narrow rectangle.Shalimar's main entrance was onto the lower-most terrace, which was open to noblemen, and occasionally to the public.[2] The middle terrace was the Emperor's Garden, and contained the most elaborate waterworks of any Mughal garden.[2] The highest terrace was reserved for the Emperor's harem.[2]The square shaped terraces were both divided into four equivalent smaller squares by long fountains flanked by brick khayaban walkways designed to be elevated in order to provide better views of the garden.[8] Cascades were made to flow over a marble paths in what are known as chadors, or \"curtains\" into the middle terrace. Water collected into a large pool, known as a haūz, over which a seating pavilion was made.[2]","title":"Design and layout"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rehman-2"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Water features","text":"The Shalimar Garden's contain the most waterworks of any Mughal Garden.[2] It contains 410 fountains, which discharge into wide marble pools, each known as a haūz. The enclosed garden is rendered cooler than surrounding areas by the garden's dense foliage, and water features[14] - a relief during Lahore's blistering summers, with temperature sometimes exceeding 120 °F (49 °C). The distribution of the fountains is as follows:The upper level terrace has 105 fountains.\nThe middle level terrace has 152 fountains.\nThe lower level terrace has 153 fountains.\nAll combined, the Gardens has 410 fountains.The Gardens have 5 water cascades including the great marble cascade and Sawan Bhadoon.","title":"Design and layout"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_fragment_of_the_painted_door_from_Shalimar_Gardens_in_the_Lahore_Museum.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Garden pavilions","text":"Painted door from Shalimar GardensThe buildings of the Gardens include:","title":"Design and layout"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UNESCO World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"Lahore Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_Fort"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"}],"sub_title":"Conservation","text":"In 1981, Shalimar Gardens was included as a UNESCO World Heritage Site along with the Lahore Fort, under the UNESCO Convention concerning the protection of the world's cultural and natural heritage sites in 1972.","title":"Design and layout"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shalimar_Gardens,_Nigar_Khana.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shalimar_bagh.12.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chini_Khanas,_Shalimar_Gardens,_Lahore,_Punjab,_Pakistan.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shalimar_garden_1.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Faiz_Baksh_means_Bestower_of_Goodness._(Middle_Terrace).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Corridor_of_Faiz_Baksh_terrace.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shalamar_Baradari.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shalimar_garden_lahore.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shalimar_Gardens_-_Aunzee_43.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shalimar_Gardens_-_Aunzee_50.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shalimar_Gardens_-_Aunzee_48.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beautiful_pavilion_of_Faiz_Baksh_terrace.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Faiz_Bakhsh_Terrace_(Shalimar_Gardens_middle_terrace)_by_Aunzee.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shalamar_Garden_July_14_2005-East_wall_corner_of_the_second_level.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shalamar_Garden_July_14_2005-Minaret_on_west_corner_of_second_level.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shalamar_Garden_July_14_2005-East_side_red_pavilion_on_second_level.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iphone5_(6386).JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hayat_Baksh_(Bestower_of_life)_terrace_-_Shalimar_Gardens.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Painted_door_of_Shalimar_Gardens,_Lahore.jpg"}],"text":"Nigar Khana\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEast wall corner of the second level terrace\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMinaret on the west wall corner of the second level terrace\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA Mughal style structure inside the gardens","title":"Gallery"}] | [{"image_text":"The gardens provide a popular recreation spot for Lahore's residents","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Chatting_at_Shalimar_Gardens.jpg/220px-Chatting_at_Shalimar_Gardens.jpg"},{"image_text":"View from Farah Baksh (Bestower of Pleasure) terrace","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Faiz_Baksh_%28Bestower_of_Goodness%29_terrace_view_from_Farah_Baksh_%28Bestower_of_Pleasure%29_terrace.jpg/220px-Faiz_Baksh_%28Bestower_of_Goodness%29_terrace_view_from_Farah_Baksh_%28Bestower_of_Pleasure%29_terrace.jpg"},{"image_text":"Inside Shalimar Gardens","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Shalamar_Garden_July_14_2005-Sideview_of_marble_enclosure_on_the_second_level.jpg/220px-Shalamar_Garden_July_14_2005-Sideview_of_marble_enclosure_on_the_second_level.jpg"},{"image_text":"Shalimar Gardens in 1895","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Shalimar_Gardens_Lahore_1895.jpg/220px-Shalimar_Gardens_Lahore_1895.jpg"},{"image_text":"The garden during Sikh-rule. Lithograph titled 'The Shalimar Gardens, Lahore', from 'The Court and Camp of Runjeet Sing' by William Godolphin Osborne, ca.1840.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Lithograph_titled_%27The_Shalimar_Gardens%2C_Lahore%27%2C_from_%27The_Court_and_Camp_of_Runjeet_Sing%27_by_William_Godolphin_Osborne%2C_ca.1840.jpg/220px-Lithograph_titled_%27The_Shalimar_Gardens%2C_Lahore%27%2C_from_%27The_Court_and_Camp_of_Runjeet_Sing%27_by_William_Godolphin_Osborne%2C_ca.1840.jpg"},{"image_text":"The middle level terrace of the garden, known as the Faiz Bakhsh terrace, was the Emperor's garden.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Shalimar_Gardens%2C_Lahore_%28Faiz_Baksh_Tarrace-_2nd_tarrace_of_the_Garden%29.jpg/220px-Shalimar_Gardens%2C_Lahore_%28Faiz_Baksh_Tarrace-_2nd_tarrace_of_the_Garden%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Painted door from Shalimar Gardens","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/A_fragment_of_the_painted_door_from_Shalimar_Gardens_in_the_Lahore_Museum.jpg/220px-A_fragment_of_the_painted_door_from_Shalimar_Gardens_in_the_Lahore_Museum.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Shalimar Gardens (Kashmir)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalimar_Gardens_(Kashmir)"},{"title":"List of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UNESCO_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Pakistan"},{"title":"Lahore Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_Fort"},{"title":"List of parks and gardens in Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parks_and_gardens_in_Lahore"},{"title":"List of parks and gardens in Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parks_and_gardens_in_Pakistan"}] | [{"reference":"\"Fort and Shalimar Gardens in Lahore\". UNESCO. Retrieved 4 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/171/","url_text":"\"Fort and Shalimar Gardens in Lahore\""}]},{"reference":"REHMAN, A. (2009). \"Changing Concepts of Garden Design in Lahore from Mughal to Contemporary Times\". Garden History. 37 (2): 205–217. JSTOR 27821596.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/27821596","url_text":"27821596"}]},{"reference":"Nazir Ahmad Chaudhry (1998). Lahore: Glimpses of a Glorious Heritage. p. 279. ISBN 9789693509441.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bIPjAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Lahore: Glimpses of a Glorious Heritage"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789693509441","url_text":"9789693509441"}]},{"reference":"Syad Muhammad Latif (1984). History of the Panjáb from the Remotest Antiquity to the Present Time. p. 361.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RzBAAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"History of the Panjáb from the Remotest Antiquity to the Present Time"}]},{"reference":"Khan, Muhammad Ishtiaq (2000). World heritage: sites in Pakistan. p. 88.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7xZuAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"World heritage: sites in Pakistan"}]},{"reference":"Clark, Emma (2004). The Art of the Islamic Garden. Crowood. ISBN 186126609X. Retrieved 30 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CwIpAQAAMAAJ&q=shalimar+gardens+lahore","url_text":"The Art of the Islamic Garden"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/186126609X","url_text":"186126609X"}]},{"reference":"Schimmel, Annemarie (2004). The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture. Reaktion Books. p. 295. ISBN 1861891857. Retrieved 30 December 2017. shalimar lahore public.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne","url_text":"The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne/page/295","url_text":"295"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1861891857","url_text":"1861891857"}]},{"reference":"Turner, Tom (2005). Garden History: Philosophy and Design 2000 BC – 2000 AD. Routledge. ISBN 9781134370825.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134370825","url_text":"9781134370825"}]},{"reference":"Latif, Syad Muhammad (1892). Lahore: Its History, Architectural Remains and Antiquities. Oxford University: New Imperial Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.107067","url_text":"Lahore: Its History, Architectural Remains and Antiquities"}]},{"reference":"Hari Ram Gupta (1991). History of the Sikhs. ISBN 9788121505154.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zwFDAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"History of the Sikhs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788121505154","url_text":"9788121505154"}]},{"reference":"Upon A Trailing Edge: Risk, the Heart and the Air Pilot. Troubador Publishing Ltd. 2015. p. 268.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Shalimar Gardens\". Gardens of the Mughal Empire. Smithsonian Productions. Retrieved 28 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://mughalgardens.org/html/shalamar.html","url_text":"\"Shalimar Gardens\""}]},{"reference":"Hann, Michael (2013). Symbol, Pattern and Symmetry: The Cultural Significance of Structure. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1472539007. Retrieved 30 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rWABAQAAQBAJ&q=shalimar&pg=PR25","url_text":"Symbol, Pattern and Symmetry: The Cultural Significance of Structure"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1472539007","url_text":"978-1472539007"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Shalimar_Gardens,_Lahore¶ms=31_35_09_N_74_22_55_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"31°35′09″N 74°22′55″E / 31.58583°N 74.38194°E / 31.58583; 74.38194"},{"Link":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/171-002","external_links_name":"171-002"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Shalimar_Gardens,_Lahore¶ms=31_35_09_N_74_22_55_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"31°35′09″N 74°22′55″E / 31.58583°N 74.38194°E / 31.58583; 74.38194"},{"Link":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/171/","external_links_name":"\"Fort and Shalimar Gardens in Lahore\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/27821596","external_links_name":"27821596"},{"Link":"http://mughalgardens.org/html/shalamar.html","external_links_name":"Shalamar Gardens"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bIPjAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Lahore: Glimpses of a Glorious Heritage"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RzBAAQAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"History of the Panjáb from the Remotest Antiquity to the Present Time"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7xZuAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"World heritage: sites in Pakistan"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CwIpAQAAMAAJ&q=shalimar+gardens+lahore","external_links_name":"The Art of the Islamic Garden"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne","external_links_name":"The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne/page/295","external_links_name":"295"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.107067","external_links_name":"Lahore: Its History, Architectural Remains and Antiquities"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zwFDAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"History of the Sikhs"},{"Link":"http://mughalgardens.org/html/shalamar.html","external_links_name":"\"Shalimar Gardens\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rWABAQAAQBAJ&q=shalimar&pg=PR25","external_links_name":"Symbol, Pattern and Symmetry: The Cultural Significance of Structure"},{"Link":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/171/","external_links_name":"UNESCO World Heritage Site Profile"},{"Link":"http://www.pem.org/library/collections/offen","external_links_name":"The Herbert Offen Research Collection of the Phillips Library at the Peabody Essex Museum"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060214214014/http://archnet.org/library/pubdownloader/pdf/4883/doc/DPC0715.pdf","external_links_name":"Sattar Sikander, The Shalimar: A Typical Muslim Garden, Islamic Environmental Design Research Centre"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101123145354/http://doaks.org/publications/doaks_online_publications/Perspectives/perspec06.pdf","external_links_name":"Chapter on Mughal Gardens from Dunbarton Oaks discusses the Shalimar Gardens"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0qUtNdXOq3c","external_links_name":"Irrigating the Shalimar Gardens in addition to canal named Shah Nahar Youtube link in Urdu"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphastar_Pharmaceuticals | Amphastar Pharmaceuticals | ["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"] | American pharmaceutical company
Amphstar Pharmaceuticals, Inc.Company typePublicTraded asNasdaq: AMPHS&P 600 componentHeadquartersRancho Cucamonga, California, United StatesKey peopleMary Z. Luo(Chairman of the Board)Jack Yongfeng Zhang(CEO)Revenue US$ 644.4 million (2023)Operating income US$ 196.9 million (2023)Net income US$ 137.5 million (2023)Total assets US$ 741.9 million (2022)Total equity US$ 528.6 million (2022)Number of employees1,615WebsiteAmphastar.comFootnotes / references
Amphastar Pharmaceuticals is a publicly traded American speciality pharmaceutical company. It was incorporated in May 2004 and primarily develops, manufactures, and sells inhalation and intranasal products.
One of its products is naloxone, an injectable generic drug that treats opioid overdose, and the company was criticized when it doubled the price of the drug from around $20 to $40 in 2015 during the opioid epidemic. In February 2017, the FDA rejected the company's application to market a device that delivers naloxone intranasally.
In March 2018, the company won a patent infringement lawsuit brought against it by Momenta Pharmaceuticals and Sandoz Inc in an ongoing antitrust case.
In April 2023, Amphastar Pharmaceuticals bought Baqsimi from Eli Lilly in a deal worth over $1bn.
See also
List of S&P 600 companies
References
^ "U.S. SEC: Form 10-K, Amphstar Pharmaceuticals, Inc". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Retrieved July 31, 2023.
^ "Amphastar Pharmaceuticals Inc". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2024-03-19.
^ "Amphastar Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (AMPH) Income Statement - Yahoo Finance". finance.yahoo.com. Retrieved 2024-03-19.
^ "Amphastar Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (AMPH)". NASDAQ.com. NASDAQ OMX Group. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
^ "Profile:Amphastar Pharmaceuticals Inc (AMPH.O)". Reuters.
^ a b Arsalan, Arif (February 21, 2017). "After steering through a controversy over soaring price of naloxone, FDA rejects Amphastar's intranasal version". Endpoints.
^ Raymond, Nate (June 19, 2019). "Momenta, Amphastar settle generic Lovenox drug patent case". Reuters. Retrieved March 14, 2024.
^ "Eli Lilly Divests Low Blood Sugar Drug Baqsimi To Amphastar For $500M Cash". Yahoo Finance. 24 April 2023. Retrieved 2023-04-26.
^ "Amphastar buys Baqsimi to build out specialty med offering". www.thepharmaletter.com. Retrieved 2023-04-26.
External links
Official website
Business data for Amphstar Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: BloombergGoogleSEC filingsYahoo!
This United States corporation or company article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"naloxone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naloxone"},{"link_name":"opioid epidemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid_epidemic"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Enpt2017-6"},{"link_name":"intranasally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_administration"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Enpt2017-6"},{"link_name":"Sandoz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandoz"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Baqsimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucagon_(medication)"},{"link_name":"Eli Lilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Lilly_and_Company"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Amphastar Pharmaceuticals is a publicly traded American speciality pharmaceutical company.[4] It was incorporated in May 2004 and primarily develops, manufactures, and sells inhalation and intranasal products.[5]One of its products is naloxone, an injectable generic drug that treats opioid overdose, and the company was criticized when it doubled the price of the drug from around $20 to $40 in 2015 during the opioid epidemic.[6] In February 2017, the FDA rejected the company's application to market a device that delivers naloxone intranasally.[6]In March 2018, the company won a patent infringement lawsuit brought against it by Momenta Pharmaceuticals and Sandoz Inc in an ongoing antitrust case.[7]In April 2023, Amphastar Pharmaceuticals bought Baqsimi from Eli Lilly in a deal worth over $1bn.[8][9]","title":"Amphastar Pharmaceuticals"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of S&P 600 companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_S%26P_600_companies"}] | [{"reference":"\"U.S. SEC: Form 10-K, Amphstar Pharmaceuticals, Inc\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toasters | Toaster | ["1 Types","1.1 Pop-up toaster","1.2 Toaster oven","1.3 Conveyor toaster","2 History","2.1 Development of the heating element","2.2 Dual-side toasting and automated pop-up technologies","2.3 Toasting technology after the 1940s","3 Research","4 Similar inventions","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Domestic appliance used for toasting foods, especially bread
For other uses, see Toaster (disambiguation).
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A toaster from 2008
A toaster is a small electric appliance that uses radiant heat to brown sliced bread into toast. It typically consists of one or more slots into which bread is inserted, and heating elements, often made of nichrome wire, to generate heat and toast the bread to the desired level of crispiness.
Types
Untoasted slice of white breadThe same slice of bread, now toasted
Pop-up toaster
Glowing filaments of a modern 2-slice toasterA toaster ovenIn a pop-up or automatic toaster, a single vertical piece of bread is dropped into a slot on the top of the toaster. A lever on the side of the toaster is pressed down, lowering the bread into the toaster and activating the heating elements. The length of the toasting cycle (and therefore the degree of toasting) is adjustable via a lever, knob, or series of pushbuttons, and when an internal device determines that the toasting cycle is complete, the toaster turns off and the toast pops up out of the slots.
The completion of toasting may be determined by a timer (sometimes manually set) or by a thermal sensor, such as a bimetallic strip, located close to the toast.
Toasters may also be used to toast other foods such as teacakes, toaster pastries, potato waffles and crumpets, though the resultant accumulation of fat and sugar inside the toaster can contribute to its eventual failure.
Among pop-up toasters, those toasting two slices of bread are more purchased than those that can toast four. Pop-up toasters can have a range of appearances beyond just a square box and may have an exterior finish of chrome, copper, brushed metal, or any color plastic. The marketing and price of toasters may not be an indication of quality for producing good toast. A typical modern two-slice pop-up toaster can draw from 600 to 1200 watts.
Beyond the basic toasting function, some pop-up toasters offer additional features such as:
One-sided toasting, which some people prefer when toasting bagels
The ability to power the heat elements in only one of the toaster's several slots
Slots of various depths, lengths, and widths to accommodate a variety of bread types
Provisions to allow the bread to be lifted higher than the normal raised position, so toast that has shifted during the toasting process can safely and easily be removed
Toaster oven
A toaster oven
Toaster ovens are small electric ovens that provide toasting capability plus a limited amount of baking and broiling capability. Similarly to a conventional oven, toast or other items are placed on a small wire rack, but toaster ovens can heat foods faster than regular ovens due to their small volume. They are especially useful when the users do not also have a kitchen stove with an integral oven, such as in smaller apartments and recreational vehicles such as truck campers.
Conveyor toaster
A conveyor toaster
A conveyor toaster is an appliance that caramelizes and carries bread products on a belt or chain into and through a heated chamber. Conveyor toasters are designed to make many slices of toast and are generally used in the catering industry, restaurants, cafeterias, institutional cooking facilities, and other commercial food service situations where constant or high-volume toasting is required. Bread can be toasted at a rate of 250–1800+ slices an hour. The total radiant heat a conveyor toaster applies to each slice can be controlled by adjusting the conveyor speed or the output strength of the heating elements. Conveyor toasters are generally available with either a vertical or horizontal conveyor orientation. Conveyor toasters have been produced for home use; in 1938, for example, the Toast-O-Lator went into limited production.
History
Toaster before the use of electricity
Toaster with an Edison screw fitting, c. 1909
General Electric Model D-12 toaster, from 1910s
Before the development of the electric toaster, sliced bread was toasted by placing it in a metal frame or on a long-handled toasting fork and holding it near a fire or over a kitchen grill.
From the 16th century onward, long-handled forks were used as toasters, "sometimes with fitment for resting on bars of grate or fender."
Wrought-iron scroll-ornamented toasters appeared in Scotland in the 17th century. Another wrought-iron toaster was documented to be from 18th-century England.
Utensils for toasting bread over open flames appeared in America in the early 19th century, including decorative implements made from wrought iron.
Development of the heating element
The primary technical problem in toaster development at the turn of the 20th century was the development of a heating element that would be able to sustain repeated heating to red-hot temperatures without breaking or becoming too brittle. A similar technical challenge had recently been surmounted with the invention of the first successful incandescent lightbulbs by Joseph Swan and Thomas Edison. However, the light bulb took advantage of the presence of a vacuum, something that could not be used for the toaster.
The first stand-alone electric toaster, the Eclipse, was made in 1893 by Crompton & Company of Chelmsford, Essex. Its bare wires toasted bread on one side at a time.
The problem of the heating element was solved in 1905 by a young engineer named Albert Marsh, who designed an alloy of nickel and chromium, which came to be known as Nichrome.
The first US patent application for an electric toaster was filed by George Schneider of the American Electrical Heater Company of Detroit in collaboration with Marsh. One of the first applications that the Hoskins company considered for its Chromel wire was for use in toasters, but the company eventually abandoned such efforts, to focus on making just the wire itself.
The first commercially successful electric toaster was introduced by General Electric in 1909 for the GE model D-12.
Dual-side toasting and automated pop-up technologies
United States patent #1,394,450. "Bread-Toaster", patented 18 October 1921 by Charles Strite.
In 1913, Lloyd Groff Copeman and his wife Hazel Berger Copeman applied for various toaster patents, and in that same year, the Copeman Electric Stove Company introduced a toaster with an automatic bread turner. Before this, electric toasters cooked bread on one side, meaning the bread needed to be flipped by hand to cook both sides. Copeman's toaster turned the bread around without having to touch it.
The automatic pop-up toaster, which ejects the toast after toasting it, was first patented by Charles Strite in 1921. In 1925, using a redesigned version of Strite's toaster, the Waters Genter Company introduced the Model 1-A-1 Toastmaster, the first automatic, pop-up, household toaster that could brown bread on both sides simultaneously, set the heating element on a timer, and eject the toast when finished.
Toasting technology after the 1940s
In the 1980s, some high-end U.S. toasters featured automatic toast lowering and raising without the need to operate levers – simply dropping the bread into one of these "elevator toasters", such as the Sunbeam Radiant Control toaster models made from the late 1940s through the 1990s, began the toasting cycle. These toasters use the mechanically multiplied thermal expansion of the resistance wire in the center element assembly to lower the bread; the inserted slice of bread trips a lever switch to activate the heating elements and their thermal expansion is harnessed to lower the bread.
When the toast is done, as determined by a small bimetallic sensor actuated by the heat radiating off the toast, the heaters are shut off and the pull-down mechanism returns to its room-temperature position, slowly raising the finished toast. This sensing of the heat radiating off the toast means that regardless of the type of bread (white or whole grain) or its initial temperature (even frozen), the bread is always toasted to the same consistency.
Research
Several projects have added advanced technology to toasters. In 1990, Simon Hackett and John Romkey created "The Internet Toaster", a toaster that could be controlled by the Internet. In 2001, Robin Southgate from Brunel University in England created a toaster that could toast a graphic of the weather prediction (limited to sunny or cloudy) onto a piece of bread. The toaster dials a pre-coded phone number to get the weather forecast.
In 2005, Technologic Systems, a vendor of embedded systems hardware, designed a toaster running the NetBSD Unix-like operating system as a sales demonstration system. In 2012, Basheer Tome, a student at Georgia Tech, designed a toaster using color sensors to toast bread to the exact shade of brown specified by a user.
A toaster that used Twitter was cited as an early example of an application of the Internet of Things. Toasters have been used as advertising devices for online marketing.
With permanent modifications, a toaster oven can be used as a reflow oven to solder electronic components to circuit boards.
Similar inventions
A hot dog toaster
A hot dog toaster is a variation on the toaster design; it can cook hot dogs without the use of microwaves or stoves. The appliance looks similar to a regular toaster, except that there are two slots in the middle for hot dogs and two slots on the outside for toasting the buns. Or there can be a set of skewers upon which hot dog are impaled.
See also
Food portalTechnology portal
Alan MacMasters hoax
Bachelor griller
Dualit
List of cooking appliances
List of home appliances
Pie iron
References
^ a b c "Toaster Buying Guide". Consumer Reports. November 2012. Archived from the original on 17 March 2014. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
^ "Automatic Toaster Guide". Melpomene.org. Archived from the original on 17 June 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2017.
^ F26 Committee. "Test Method for Performance of Conveyor Toasters" (Report). ASTM International. doi:10.1520/f2380-18r23.
^ Sherer, Michael (2018-06-01). "Crash Course: Conveyor Toasters". Foodservice Equipment Reports Magazine. Retrieved 2023-12-27.
^ "Toast-O-Lator Electric Toaster by Crocker Wheeler Co., 1939". The Henry Ford. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
^ Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (29 November 2004). Encyclopedia of Kitchen History. Taylor & Francis. p. 392. ISBN 978-1-57958-380-4.
^ Cameron, Ian; Kingsley-Rowe, Elizabeth (1973). Collins Encyclopedia of Antiques. Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-435022-6.
^ Hume, Ivor Noël; Hume, Audrey Noel; Hume, Audrey Noël (2016-07-18). The Archaeology of Martin's Hundred: Part 1, Interpretive Studies; Part 2, Artifact Catalog. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-1-5128-1971-7.
^ Education, Great Britain Board of (1911). Report for the Year 1909-1917 on the Victoria and Albert Museum and the Bethnal Green Museum.
^ "The Howard Roth Collection of Early American Iron | Skinner Auctions 2744M, 2743T and 2757B". issuu. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
^ Binney, Ruth (1999). The Origins of Everyday Things. Reader's Digest. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-7621-0141-2.
^ "Toast". Museum of Design in Plastics. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
^ U.S. patent 811,859
^ a b c Norcross, Eric (2006). "The Cyber Toaster Museum". Toaster.org. The Toaster Museum Foundation. pp. section "1900–1920". Archived from the original on 15 August 2008. Retrieved 16 August 2008.
^ a b George, William F. (2003). Antique Electric Waffle Irons 1900–1960: A History of the Appliance Industry in 20th Century America. Trafford Publishing. p. 20. ISBN 1-55395-632-X. Retrieved 16 August 2008.
^ Clark, Neil M. (May 1927). "The World's Most Tragic Man Is the One Who Never Starts". The American. Archived from the original on 25 August 2006. Retrieved 24 February 2007.; republished in hotwire: The Newsletter of the Toaster Museum Foundation, vol. 3, no. 3, online edition.
^ Schneider, George (17 July 1906) "Electric cooker" U.S. patent 825,938
^ Dana Gloger (31 March 2009). "A Toast to the Toaster... 100 Years Old and Still Going Strong". Daily Express. Retrieved 31 March 2009.
^ F. E. Shailor (22 February 1910) "Electric heater" U.S. patent 950,058
^ Copeman, Kent L. "Lloyd Groff Copeman". LloydCopeman.com. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
^ "Lloyd Groff Copeman: The Patent Man". Absolute Michigan. Leelanau Communications, Inc. 5 May 2006. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
^ United States patent 1,394,450, "Bread-Toaster", 1921
^ "Toastmaster Toasters: When They Were Made". Toaster Museum Foundation. Archived from the original on 29 September 2016. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
^ "Kenmore "Elevator" Toaster". National Museum of American History. Archived from the original on 2022-11-23. Retrieved 2022-11-23.
^ "US2667828A - Automatic toaster". Google Patents. Archived from the original on 28 Nov 2021.
^ Dern, Daniel. "11.6. I heard someone hooked a toaster to the Internet?! Really?". Your Internet Consultant - The FAQs of Life Online. Kay Savetz. Retrieved 25 November 2008.
^ "A small slice of design". BBC News. 6 April 2001. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
^ Orlowski, Andrew (4 June 2001). "Bread as a display device – we have pictures". The Register. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
^ "NetBSD Toaster with the TS-7200 ARM9 SBC". Technologic Systems. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
^ "Color-Sensing Toasters? A Student Reimagines the Home". Bloomberg.com. BloombergBusinessweek. 26 December 2012. Archived from the original on December 29, 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
^ Costanzo, Sam (25 July 2013). "This high-tech toaster can Tweet". The Boston Globe. Boston: NYTC. ISSN 0743-1791. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
^ Ganapati, Priya (5 August 2009). "Toaster, Toilet Lead Appliance Invasion of Twitter". Wired. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
^ Murphy Kelly, Samantha (26 August 2013). "Eat What You Tweet: Toaster Strudel Personalizes Pastries on Twitter". mashable.com. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
^ Kraft, Caleb (22 October 2008). "Reflowing with a toaster". Hack a Day. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
^ "Honorable Mention". DesignStellaris2006. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Toasters.
U.S. patent 825,938 Electric cooker
U.S. patent 950,058 Electric heater, GE D-12
Toaster at HowStuffWorks
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United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toaster (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toaster_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Consumer_Reports_-_Hamilton_Beach_Digital_toaster.tiff"},{"link_name":"small electric appliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_appliance"},{"link_name":"heat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat"},{"link_name":"sliced bread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sliced_bread"},{"link_name":"toast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toast_(food)"},{"link_name":"heating elements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heating_element"},{"link_name":"nichrome wire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichrome"},{"link_name":"crispiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crispiness"}],"text":"Domestic appliance used for toasting foods, especially breadFor other uses, see Toaster (disambiguation).A toaster from 2008A toaster is a small electric appliance that uses radiant heat to brown sliced bread into toast. It typically consists of one or more slots into which bread is inserted, and heating elements, often made of nichrome wire, to generate heat and toast the bread to the desired level of crispiness.","title":"Toaster"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toast-1.jpg"},{"link_name":"white bread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_bread"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toast-2.jpg"},{"link_name":"toasted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toast_(food)"}],"text":"Untoasted slice of white breadThe same slice of bread, now toasted","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toaster_Filaments.JPG"},{"link_name":"filaments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heating_element"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zojirushi_toaster_oven_ET-TB15_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"lever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lever"},{"link_name":"heating elements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heating_element"},{"link_name":"bimetallic strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimetallic_strip"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"teacakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teacake"},{"link_name":"toaster pastries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toaster_pastry"},{"link_name":"potato waffles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato_waffle"},{"link_name":"crumpets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crumpet"},{"link_name":"fat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat"},{"link_name":"sugar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Consumer_Reports_Nov_2012-1"},{"link_name":"chrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrome_plating"},{"link_name":"copper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_electroplating"},{"link_name":"brushed metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brushed_metal"},{"link_name":"plastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Consumer_Reports_Nov_2012-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Consumer_Reports_Nov_2012-1"},{"link_name":"watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"bagels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagel"}],"sub_title":"Pop-up toaster","text":"Glowing filaments of a modern 2-slice toasterA toaster ovenIn a pop-up or automatic toaster, a single vertical piece of bread is dropped into a slot on the top of the toaster. A lever on the side of the toaster is pressed down, lowering the bread into the toaster and activating the heating elements. The length of the toasting cycle (and therefore the degree of toasting) is adjustable via a lever, knob, or series of pushbuttons, and when an internal device determines that the toasting cycle is complete, the toaster turns off and the toast pops up out of the slots.The completion of toasting may be determined by a timer (sometimes manually set) or by a thermal sensor, such as a bimetallic strip, located close to the toast.[citation needed]Toasters may also be used to toast other foods such as teacakes, toaster pastries, potato waffles and crumpets, though the resultant accumulation of fat and sugar inside the toaster can contribute to its eventual failure.Among pop-up toasters, those toasting two slices of bread are more purchased than those that can toast four.[1] Pop-up toasters can have a range of appearances beyond just a square box and may have an exterior finish of chrome, copper, brushed metal, or any color plastic.[1] The marketing and price of toasters may not be an indication of quality for producing good toast.[1] A typical modern two-slice pop-up toaster can draw from 600 to 1200 watts.[2]Beyond the basic toasting function, some pop-up toasters offer additional features such as:One-sided toasting, which some people prefer when toasting bagels\nThe ability to power the heat elements in only one of the toaster's several slots\nSlots of various depths, lengths, and widths to accommodate a variety of bread types\nProvisions to allow the bread to be lifted higher than the normal raised position, so toast that has shifted during the toasting process can safely and easily be removed","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_%26_Decker_toaster_oven.jpg"},{"link_name":"ovens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oven"},{"link_name":"kitchen stove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchen_stove"},{"link_name":"apartments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartment"},{"link_name":"recreational vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreational_vehicle"},{"link_name":"truck campers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck_camper"}],"sub_title":"Toaster oven","text":"A toaster ovenToaster ovens are small electric ovens that provide toasting capability plus a limited amount of baking and broiling capability. Similarly to a conventional oven, toast or other items are placed on a small wire rack, but toaster ovens can heat foods faster than regular ovens due to their small volume. They are especially useful when the users do not also have a kitchen stove with an integral oven, such as in smaller apartments and recreational vehicles such as truck campers.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Conveyor_toaster.jpg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"food service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_service"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Conveyor toaster","text":"A conveyor toasterA conveyor toaster is an appliance that caramelizes and carries bread products on a belt or chain into and through a heated chamber.[3] Conveyor toasters are designed to make many slices of toast and are generally used in the catering industry, restaurants, cafeterias, institutional cooking facilities, and other commercial food service situations where constant or high-volume toasting is required. Bread can be toasted at a rate of 250–1800+ slices an hour.[4] The total radiant heat a conveyor toaster applies to each slice can be controlled by adjusting the conveyor speed or the output strength of the heating elements. Conveyor toasters are generally available with either a vertical or horizontal conveyor orientation. Conveyor toasters have been produced for home use; in 1938, for example, the Toast-O-Lator went into limited production.[5]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Br%C3%B6drost_-_Hallwylska_museet_-_86976.tif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:D12cord.jpg"},{"link_name":"Edison screw fitting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edison_screw_fitting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:General_Electric_Model_D-12_toaster,_1910s.jpg"},{"link_name":"sliced bread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sliced_bread"},{"link_name":"toasting fork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toasting_fork"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Wrought-iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrought_iron"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Toaster before the use of electricityToaster with an Edison screw fitting, c. 1909General Electric Model D-12 toaster, from 1910sBefore the development of the electric toaster, sliced bread was toasted by placing it in a metal frame or on a long-handled toasting fork[6] and holding it near a fire or over a kitchen grill.From the 16th century onward, long-handled forks were used as toasters, \"sometimes with fitment for resting on bars of grate or fender.\"[7]Wrought-iron scroll-ornamented toasters appeared in Scotland in the 17th century.[8] Another wrought-iron toaster was documented to be from 18th-century England.[9]Utensils for toasting bread over open flames appeared in America in the early 19th century, including decorative implements made from wrought iron.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heating element","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heating_element"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"incandescent lightbulbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incandescent_lightbulb"},{"link_name":"Joseph Swan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Swan"},{"link_name":"Thomas Edison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Albert Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Marsh"},{"link_name":"nickel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel"},{"link_name":"chromium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium"},{"link_name":"Nichrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichrome"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US_Patent_811859-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Toaster_Museum-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-George_2003-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clark-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Toaster_Museum-14"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Chromel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromel"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-George_2003-15"},{"link_name":"General Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Toaster_Museum-14"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Development of the heating element","text":"The primary technical problem in toaster development at the turn of the 20th century was the development of a heating element that would be able to sustain repeated heating to red-hot temperatures without breaking or becoming too brittle.[citation needed] A similar technical challenge had recently been surmounted with the invention of the first successful incandescent lightbulbs by Joseph Swan and Thomas Edison. However, the light bulb took advantage of the presence of a vacuum, something that could not be used for the toaster.The first stand-alone electric toaster, the Eclipse, was made in 1893 by Crompton & Company of Chelmsford, Essex. Its bare wires toasted bread on one side at a time.[11][12]The problem of the heating element was solved in 1905 by a young engineer named Albert Marsh, who designed an alloy of nickel and chromium, which came to be known as Nichrome.[13][14][15][16]The first US patent application for an electric toaster was filed by George Schneider of the American Electrical Heater Company of Detroit in collaboration with Marsh.[14][17] One of the first applications that the Hoskins company considered for its Chromel wire was for use in toasters, but the company eventually abandoned such efforts, to focus on making just the wire itself.[15]The first commercially successful electric toaster was introduced by General Electric in 1909 for the GE model D-12.[14][18][19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:United_States_patent_1,394,450,_%22Bread-Toaster%22,_1921.pdf"},{"link_name":"United States patent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_patent_law"},{"link_name":"Charles Strite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Strite"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Groff Copeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Groff_Copeman"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lloydcopeman-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Charles Strite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Strite"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Dual-side toasting and automated pop-up technologies","text":"United States patent #1,394,450. \"Bread-Toaster\", patented 18 October 1921 by Charles Strite.In 1913, Lloyd Groff Copeman and his wife Hazel Berger Copeman applied for various toaster patents, and in that same year, the Copeman Electric Stove Company introduced a toaster with an automatic bread turner.[20] Before this, electric toasters cooked bread on one side, meaning the bread needed to be flipped by hand to cook both sides. Copeman's toaster turned the bread around without having to touch it.[21]The automatic pop-up toaster, which ejects the toast after toasting it, was first patented by Charles Strite in 1921.[22] In 1925, using a redesigned version of Strite's toaster, the Waters Genter Company introduced the Model 1-A-1 Toastmaster,[23] the first automatic, pop-up, household toaster that could brown bread on both sides simultaneously, set the heating element on a timer, and eject the toast when finished.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Sunbeam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunbeam_Products"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"room-temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Room_temperature"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Toasting technology after the 1940s","text":"In the 1980s, some high-end U.S. toasters featured automatic toast lowering and raising without the need to operate levers – simply dropping the bread into one of these \"elevator toasters\",[24] such as the Sunbeam Radiant Control toaster models made from the late 1940s through the 1990s, began the toasting cycle. These toasters use the mechanically multiplied thermal expansion of the resistance wire in the center element assembly to lower the bread; the inserted slice of bread trips a lever switch to activate the heating elements and their thermal expansion is harnessed to lower the bread.[citation needed]When the toast is done, as determined by a small bimetallic sensor actuated by the heat radiating off the toast, the heaters are shut off and the pull-down mechanism returns to its room-temperature position, slowly raising the finished toast. This sensing of the heat radiating off the toast means that regardless of the type of bread (white or whole grain) or its initial temperature (even frozen), the bread is always toasted to the same consistency.[25]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tIn-26"},{"link_name":"Brunel University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunel_University"},{"link_name":"weather prediction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_forecasting"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"embedded systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_system"},{"link_name":"NetBSD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSD"},{"link_name":"Unix-like","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix-like"},{"link_name":"operating system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Georgia Tech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Tech"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"Internet of Things","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_Things"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"online marketing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_advertising"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"reflow oven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflow_oven"},{"link_name":"circuit boards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_board"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hackaday_081022-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-circuitcellar_1785-35"}],"text":"Several projects have added advanced technology to toasters. In 1990, Simon Hackett and John Romkey created \"The Internet Toaster\", a toaster that could be controlled by the Internet.[26] In 2001, Robin Southgate from Brunel University in England created a toaster that could toast a graphic of the weather prediction (limited to sunny or cloudy) onto a piece of bread.[27] The toaster dials a pre-coded phone number to get the weather forecast.[28]In 2005, Technologic Systems, a vendor of embedded systems hardware, designed a toaster running the NetBSD Unix-like operating system as a sales demonstration system.[29] In 2012, Basheer Tome, a student at Georgia Tech, designed a toaster using color sensors to toast bread to the exact shade of brown specified by a user.[30]A toaster that used Twitter was cited as an early example of an application of the Internet of Things.[31][32] Toasters have been used as advertising devices for online marketing.[33]With permanent modifications, a toaster oven can be used as a reflow oven to solder electronic components to circuit boards.[34][35]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hot_Dog_Toaster.jpg"},{"link_name":"hot dogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_dog"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"A hot dog toasterA hot dog toaster is a variation on the toaster design; it can cook hot dogs without the use of microwaves or stoves. The appliance looks similar to a regular toaster, except that there are two slots in the middle for hot dogs and two slots on the outside for toasting the buns. Or there can be a set of skewers upon which hot dog are impaled.[citation needed]","title":"Similar inventions"}] | [{"image_text":"A toaster from 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Consumer_Reports_-_Hamilton_Beach_Digital_toaster.tiff/lossless-page1-220px-Consumer_Reports_-_Hamilton_Beach_Digital_toaster.tiff.png"},{"image_text":"Glowing filaments of a modern 2-slice toaster","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Toaster_Filaments.JPG/220px-Toaster_Filaments.JPG"},{"image_text":"A toaster oven","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Zojirushi_toaster_oven_ET-TB15_2.jpg/220px-Zojirushi_toaster_oven_ET-TB15_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"A toaster oven","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Black_%26_Decker_toaster_oven.jpg/220px-Black_%26_Decker_toaster_oven.jpg"},{"image_text":"A conveyor toaster","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Conveyor_toaster.jpg/220px-Conveyor_toaster.jpg"},{"image_text":"Toaster before the use of electricity","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Br%C3%B6drost_-_Hallwylska_museet_-_86976.tif/lossy-page1-170px-Br%C3%B6drost_-_Hallwylska_museet_-_86976.tif.jpg"},{"image_text":"Toaster with an Edison screw fitting, c. 1909","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/D12cord.jpg/220px-D12cord.jpg"},{"image_text":"General Electric Model D-12 toaster, from 1910s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/General_Electric_Model_D-12_toaster%2C_1910s.jpg/220px-General_Electric_Model_D-12_toaster%2C_1910s.jpg"},{"image_text":"United States patent #1,394,450. \"Bread-Toaster\", patented 18 October 1921 by Charles Strite.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/United_States_patent_1%2C394%2C450%2C_%22Bread-Toaster%22%2C_1921.pdf/page1-220px-United_States_patent_1%2C394%2C450%2C_%22Bread-Toaster%22%2C_1921.pdf.jpg"},{"image_text":"A hot dog toaster","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Hot_Dog_Toaster.jpg/220px-Hot_Dog_Toaster.jpg"}] | [{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg"},{"title":"Food portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Food"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Noun-technology.svg"},{"title":"Technology portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Technology"},{"title":"Alan MacMasters hoax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_MacMasters_hoax"},{"title":"Bachelor griller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_griller"},{"title":"Dualit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dualit"},{"title":"List of cooking appliances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cooking_appliances"},{"title":"List of home appliances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_home_appliances"},{"title":"Pie iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pie_iron"}] | [{"reference":"\"Toaster Buying Guide\". Consumer Reports. November 2012. Archived from the original on 17 March 2014. Retrieved 17 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://consumerreports.org/cro/toasters/buying-guide.htm","url_text":"\"Toaster Buying Guide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Reports","url_text":"Consumer Reports"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140317201027/http://consumerreports.org/cro/toasters/buying-guide.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Automatic Toaster Guide\". Melpomene.org. Archived from the original on 17 June 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180617043140/http://www.melpomene.org/review/automatic-toaster-guide","url_text":"\"Automatic Toaster Guide\""},{"url":"http://www.melpomene.org/review/automatic-toaster-guide","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"F26 Committee. \"Test Method for Performance of Conveyor Toasters\" (Report). ASTM International. doi:10.1520/f2380-18r23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.astm.org/cgi-bin/resolver.cgi?F2380-18R23","url_text":"\"Test Method for Performance of Conveyor Toasters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1520%2Ff2380-18r23","url_text":"10.1520/f2380-18r23"}]},{"reference":"Sherer, Michael (2018-06-01). \"Crash Course: Conveyor Toasters\". Foodservice Equipment Reports Magazine. Retrieved 2023-12-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fermag.com/articles/8489-crash-course-conveyor-toasters/","url_text":"\"Crash Course: Conveyor Toasters\""}]},{"reference":"\"Toast-O-Lator Electric Toaster by Crocker Wheeler Co., 1939\". The Henry Ford. Retrieved 26 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehenryford.org/collections-and-research/digital-collections/artifact/273085","url_text":"\"Toast-O-Lator Electric Toaster by Crocker Wheeler Co., 1939\""}]},{"reference":"Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (29 November 2004). Encyclopedia of Kitchen History. Taylor & Francis. p. 392. ISBN 978-1-57958-380-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-380-4","url_text":"978-1-57958-380-4"}]},{"reference":"Cameron, Ian; Kingsley-Rowe, Elizabeth (1973). Collins Encyclopedia of Antiques. Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-435022-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=E69nzckoZSoC&q=16th+century+%22toaster%22","url_text":"Collins Encyclopedia of Antiques"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-435022-6","url_text":"978-0-00-435022-6"}]},{"reference":"Hume, Ivor Noël; Hume, Audrey Noel; Hume, Audrey Noël (2016-07-18). The Archaeology of Martin's Hundred: Part 1, Interpretive Studies; Part 2, Artifact Catalog. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-1-5128-1971-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LDexDAAAQBAJ&q=17th+century+toaster","url_text":"The Archaeology of Martin's Hundred: Part 1, Interpretive Studies; Part 2, Artifact Catalog"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5128-1971-7","url_text":"978-1-5128-1971-7"}]},{"reference":"Education, Great Britain Board of (1911). Report for the Year 1909-1917 on the Victoria and Albert Museum and the Bethnal Green Museum.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DQUaAQAAIAAJ&dq=16th+century+%22toaster%22&pg=RA1-PA45","url_text":"Report for the Year 1909-1917 on the Victoria and Albert Museum and the Bethnal Green Museum"}]},{"reference":"\"The Howard Roth Collection of Early American Iron | Skinner Auctions 2744M, 2743T and 2757B\". issuu. Retrieved 18 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://issuu.com/skinnerinc/docs/2744m-2743t-2757b-wrought-iron","url_text":"\"The Howard Roth Collection of Early American Iron | Skinner Auctions 2744M, 2743T and 2757B\""}]},{"reference":"Binney, Ruth (1999). The Origins of Everyday Things. Reader's Digest. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-7621-0141-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=q6VtAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Origins of Everyday Things"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7621-0141-2","url_text":"978-0-7621-0141-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Toast\". Museum of Design in Plastics. Retrieved 23 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.modip.ac.uk/exhibitions/eat-or-take-out/toast","url_text":"\"Toast\""}]},{"reference":"Norcross, Eric (2006). \"The Cyber Toaster Museum\". Toaster.org. The Toaster Museum Foundation. pp. section \"1900–1920\". Archived from the original on 15 August 2008. Retrieved 16 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080815211550/http://www.toaster.org/museum.html","url_text":"\"The Cyber Toaster Museum\""},{"url":"http://www.toaster.org/museum.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"George, William F. (2003). Antique Electric Waffle Irons 1900–1960: A History of the Appliance Industry in 20th Century America. Trafford Publishing. p. 20. ISBN 1-55395-632-X. Retrieved 16 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SzdrtFSFG6IC&q=%22William+Hoskins%22+high-resistance+wire+electric+heating&pg=PA20","url_text":"Antique Electric Waffle Irons 1900–1960: A History of the Appliance Industry in 20th Century America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55395-632-X","url_text":"1-55395-632-X"}]},{"reference":"Clark, Neil M. (May 1927). \"The World's Most Tragic Man Is the One Who Never Starts\". The American. Archived from the original on 25 August 2006. Retrieved 24 February 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060825063214/http://www.toaster.org/hoskins_tragic.html","url_text":"\"The World's Most Tragic Man Is the One Who Never Starts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_(magazine)","url_text":"The American"},{"url":"http://www.toaster.org/hoskins_tragic.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dana Gloger (31 March 2009). \"A Toast to the Toaster... 100 Years Old and Still Going Strong\". Daily Express. Retrieved 31 March 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dailyexpress.co.uk/posts/view/92299","url_text":"\"A Toast to the Toaster... 100 Years Old and Still Going Strong\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Express","url_text":"Daily Express"}]},{"reference":"Copeman, Kent L. \"Lloyd Groff Copeman\". LloydCopeman.com. Retrieved 18 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lloydcopeman.com/biography/bio3.html","url_text":"\"Lloyd Groff Copeman\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lloyd Groff Copeman: The Patent Man\". Absolute Michigan. Leelanau Communications, Inc. 5 May 2006. Retrieved 18 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.absolutemichigan.com/dig/michigan/lloyd-groff-copeman-the-patent-man/","url_text":"\"Lloyd Groff Copeman: The Patent Man\""}]},{"reference":"\"Toastmaster Toasters: When They Were Made\". Toaster Museum Foundation. Archived from the original on 29 September 2016. Retrieved 19 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160929100544/http://www.toaster.org/tmaster_when.html","url_text":"\"Toastmaster Toasters: When They Were Made\""},{"url":"http://www.toaster.org/tmaster_when.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kenmore \"Elevator\" Toaster\". National Museum of American History. Archived from the original on 2022-11-23. Retrieved 2022-11-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_1097260","url_text":"\"Kenmore \"Elevator\" Toaster\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221123055545/https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_1097260","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"US2667828A - Automatic toaster\". Google Patents. Archived from the original on 28 Nov 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US2667828A/en","url_text":"\"US2667828A - Automatic toaster\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20211128020330/https://patents.google.com/patent/US2667828A/en","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dern, Daniel. \"11.6. I heard someone hooked a toaster to the Internet?! Really?\". Your Internet Consultant - The FAQs of Life Online. Kay Savetz. Retrieved 25 November 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.savetz.com/yic/YIC11FI_6.html","url_text":"\"11.6. I heard someone hooked a toaster to the Internet?! Really?\""}]},{"reference":"\"A small slice of design\". BBC News. 6 April 2001. Retrieved 25 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1264205.stm","url_text":"\"A small slice of design\""}]},{"reference":"Orlowski, Andrew (4 June 2001). \"Bread as a display device – we have pictures\". The Register. Retrieved 19 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theregister.co.uk/2001/06/04/bread_as_a_display_device/","url_text":"\"Bread as a display device – we have pictures\""}]},{"reference":"\"NetBSD Toaster with the TS-7200 ARM9 SBC\". Technologic Systems. Retrieved 19 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.embeddedarm.com/software/arm-netbsd-toaster.php","url_text":"\"NetBSD Toaster with the TS-7200 ARM9 SBC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Color-Sensing Toasters? A Student Reimagines the Home\". Bloomberg.com. BloombergBusinessweek. 26 December 2012. Archived from the original on December 29, 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121229233204/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-12-26/the-hue-color-sensing-toaster-a-student-reimagines-the-modern-home","url_text":"\"Color-Sensing Toasters? A Student Reimagines the Home\""},{"url":"http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-12-26/the-hue-color-sensing-toaster-a-student-reimagines-the-modern-home","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Costanzo, Sam (25 July 2013). \"This high-tech toaster can Tweet\". The Boston Globe. Boston: NYTC. ISSN 0743-1791. Retrieved 17 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boston.com/business/technology/2013/07/25/this-high-tech-toaster-can-tweet/j9QvF2Fo0wvjeeGyOXoHsJ/story.html","url_text":"\"This high-tech toaster can Tweet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe","url_text":"The Boston Globe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times_Company","url_text":"NYTC"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0743-1791","url_text":"0743-1791"}]},{"reference":"Ganapati, Priya (5 August 2009). \"Toaster, Toilet Lead Appliance Invasion of Twitter\". Wired. Retrieved 17 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2009/08/twittering-toaster/","url_text":"\"Toaster, Toilet Lead Appliance Invasion of Twitter\""}]},{"reference":"Murphy Kelly, Samantha (26 August 2013). \"Eat What You Tweet: Toaster Strudel Personalizes Pastries on Twitter\". mashable.com. Retrieved 17 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://mashable.com/2013/08/26/toaster-studel-twitter/","url_text":"\"Eat What You Tweet: Toaster Strudel Personalizes Pastries on Twitter\""}]},{"reference":"Kraft, Caleb (22 October 2008). \"Reflowing with a toaster\". Hack a Day. Retrieved 19 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://hackaday.com/2008/10/22/reflowing-with-a-toaster/","url_text":"\"Reflowing with a toaster\""}]},{"reference":"\"Honorable Mention\". DesignStellaris2006. Retrieved 19 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.circuitcellar.com/designstellaris2006/winners/1785.html","url_text":"\"Honorable Mention\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toaster&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"http://consumerreports.org/cro/toasters/buying-guide.htm","external_links_name":"\"Toaster Buying Guide\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140317201027/http://consumerreports.org/cro/toasters/buying-guide.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180617043140/http://www.melpomene.org/review/automatic-toaster-guide","external_links_name":"\"Automatic Toaster Guide\""},{"Link":"http://www.melpomene.org/review/automatic-toaster-guide","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.astm.org/cgi-bin/resolver.cgi?F2380-18R23","external_links_name":"\"Test Method for Performance of Conveyor Toasters\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1520%2Ff2380-18r23","external_links_name":"10.1520/f2380-18r23"},{"Link":"https://www.fermag.com/articles/8489-crash-course-conveyor-toasters/","external_links_name":"\"Crash Course: Conveyor Toasters\""},{"Link":"https://www.thehenryford.org/collections-and-research/digital-collections/artifact/273085","external_links_name":"\"Toast-O-Lator Electric Toaster by Crocker Wheeler Co., 1939\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=E69nzckoZSoC&q=16th+century+%22toaster%22","external_links_name":"Collins Encyclopedia of Antiques"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LDexDAAAQBAJ&q=17th+century+toaster","external_links_name":"The Archaeology of Martin's Hundred: Part 1, Interpretive Studies; Part 2, Artifact Catalog"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DQUaAQAAIAAJ&dq=16th+century+%22toaster%22&pg=RA1-PA45","external_links_name":"Report for the Year 1909-1917 on the Victoria and Albert Museum and the Bethnal Green Museum"},{"Link":"https://issuu.com/skinnerinc/docs/2744m-2743t-2757b-wrought-iron","external_links_name":"\"The Howard Roth Collection of Early American Iron | Skinner Auctions 2744M, 2743T and 2757B\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=q6VtAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"The Origins of Everyday Things"},{"Link":"https://www.modip.ac.uk/exhibitions/eat-or-take-out/toast","external_links_name":"\"Toast\""},{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US811859","external_links_name":"U.S. patent 811,859"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080815211550/http://www.toaster.org/museum.html","external_links_name":"\"The Cyber Toaster Museum\""},{"Link":"http://www.toaster.org/museum.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SzdrtFSFG6IC&q=%22William+Hoskins%22+high-resistance+wire+electric+heating&pg=PA20","external_links_name":"Antique Electric Waffle Irons 1900–1960: A History of the Appliance Industry in 20th Century America"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060825063214/http://www.toaster.org/hoskins_tragic.html","external_links_name":"\"The World's Most Tragic Man Is the One Who Never Starts\""},{"Link":"http://www.toaster.org/hoskins_tragic.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US825938","external_links_name":"U.S. patent 825,938"},{"Link":"http://www.dailyexpress.co.uk/posts/view/92299","external_links_name":"\"A Toast to the Toaster... 100 Years Old and Still Going Strong\""},{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US950058","external_links_name":"U.S. patent 950,058"},{"Link":"http://www.lloydcopeman.com/biography/bio3.html","external_links_name":"\"Lloyd Groff Copeman\""},{"Link":"http://www.absolutemichigan.com/dig/michigan/lloyd-groff-copeman-the-patent-man/","external_links_name":"\"Lloyd Groff Copeman: The Patent Man\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160929100544/http://www.toaster.org/tmaster_when.html","external_links_name":"\"Toastmaster Toasters: When They Were Made\""},{"Link":"http://www.toaster.org/tmaster_when.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_1097260","external_links_name":"\"Kenmore \"Elevator\" Toaster\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221123055545/https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_1097260","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US2667828A/en","external_links_name":"\"US2667828A - Automatic toaster\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20211128020330/https://patents.google.com/patent/US2667828A/en","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.savetz.com/yic/YIC11FI_6.html","external_links_name":"\"11.6. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As-Salamu_Alaykum | As-salamu alaykum | ["1 Pronunciation","2 Grammatical variants","3 In Islam","4 Usage by non-Arabic speakers","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Arabic greeting meaning "Peace be upon you"
"Salaam" and "Salam" redirect here. For other uses, see Salaam (disambiguation).salamu alaykum written in the Thuluth style of Arabic calligraphy
As-salamu alaykum (Arabic: ٱلسَّلَامُ عَلَيْكُمْ, as-salāmu ʿalaykum, Arabic: ⓘ), also written salamun alaykum and typically rendered in English as salam alaykum, is a greeting in Arabic that means 'Peace be upon you'. The salām (سَلَام, meaning 'peace') has become a religious salutation for Muslims worldwide when greeting each other, though its use as a greeting predates Islam, and is also common among Arabic speakers of other religions (such as Arab Christians and Mizrahi Jews).
In colloquial speech, often only salām, 'peace', is used to greet a person. This shorter greeting, salām (سَلَام), has come to be used as the general salutation in other languages as well.
The typical response to the greeting is wa ʿalaykumu s-salām (وَعَلَيْكُمُ ٱلسَّلَامُ, Arabic: ⓘ, 'and peace be upon you'). In the Quranic period one repeated as-salamu alaykum, but the inverted response is attested in Arabic not long after its appearance in Hebrew. The phrase may also be expanded to as-salāmu ʿalaykum wa-raḥmatu -llāhi wa-barakātuhū (ٱلسَّلَامُ عَلَيْكُمْ وَرَحْمَةُ ٱللَّٰهِ وَبَرَكَاتُهُ, ), 'Peace be upon you, as well as the mercy of God and His blessings'.
The use of salaam as an Arabic greeting dates at least to Laqit bin Yamar al-Ayadi (6th century), and cognates in older Semitic languages (Aramaic šlāmā ʿalḵōn (ܫܠܵܡܵܐ ܥܲܠܟ݂ܘܿܢ) and Hebrew shalom aleichem (שָׁלוֹם עֲלֵיכֶם shālôm ʻalêḵem)) can be traced back to the Old Testament period.
Pronunciation
The phrase is normally pronounced according to local dialects of speakers and is very often shortened.
For example:
In Egypt: ,
By native English-speaking Muslims: /sælɑːmuː ælaɪkʊm/, /wælaɪkʊm sælɑːm/
Grammatical variants
The expression commonly uses the second person plural masculine, even when used to address one person. It may be modified by choosing the appropriate enclitic pronoun to address a person in the masculine and feminine singular form, the dual form, or the feminine plural form. The conjugations are as follows (note: according to the standard pronunciation rules of Classical Arabic, the last short vowel in each word is not pronounced in pausa):
Gender
Greeting
Response
SingularMasculine
ٱلسَّلَامُ عَلَيْكَ
وَعَلَيْكَ ٱلسَّلَامُ
as-salāmu ʿalayka
wa ʿalayka s-salāmu
SingularFeminine
ٱلسَّلَامُ عَلَيْكِ
وَعَلَيْكِ ٱلسَّلَامُ
as-salāmu ʿalayki
wa ʿalayki s-salāmu
DualUnisex
ٱلسَّلَامُ عَلَيْكُمَا
وَعَلَيْكُمَا ٱلسَّلَامُ
as-salāmu ʿalaykumā
wa ʿalaykumā s-salāmu
PluralMasculine
ٱلسَّلَامُ عَلَيْكُمْ
وَعَلَيْكُمُ ٱلسَّلَامُ
as-salāmu ʿalaykum
wa ʿalaykumu s-salāmu
PluralFeminine
ٱلسَّلَامُ عَلَيْكُنَّ
وَعَلَيْكُنَّ ٱلسَّلَامُ
as-salāmu ʿalaykunna
wa ʿalaykunna s-salāmu
A third-person variant, ʿalayhi as-salām, "peace be upon him", is often used by Muslims for prophets other than Muhammad and other holy personalities, such as angels.
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Islamic studiesvte
According to Islamic tradition, the origin of the greeting "Peace be upon you" dates back to the first human, Adam:
Abu Huraira reported: The Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, said, "Allah said: Go and greet with peace these groups of assembled angels and listen to how they greet you, for this will be the greeting among your progeny. Adam said: Peace be upon you. The angels said: Peace be upon you and the mercy of Allah. Thus, they added the mercy of Allah"
The final Prophet said, "None of you will enter paradise until you believe and you will not believe until you love one another. Shall I not tell you about something which, if you do it, you will love one another? Spread salaam amongst yourselves."
It is also stated that one should give the Salam greeting upon entering a house. This is based upon a verse of the Quran: "However, when you enter houses, greet one another with a greeting ˹of peace˺ from Allah, blessed and good. This is how Allah makes His revelations clear to you, so perhaps you will understand." (An-Nur 24:61).
The phrase appears a total of 7 times in the Quran, each time as salamun ʿalaykum (Arabic: سَلَامٌ عَلَيْكُمْ). In Classical Arabic, used in the Qur'an and early Hadith manuscripts, the phrase is spelled as "ٱلسَّلَٰمُ عَلَيْكُمْ وَرَحْمَتُ ٱللَّٰهِ وَبَرَكَٰتُهُ". In Rasm, it is written as "السلم علىکم ورحمٮ الله وٮرکٮه".
Surah Al-An'am (6), Ayah 54:
وَإِذَا جَاءَكَ الَّذِينَ يُؤْمِنُونَ بِآيَاتِنَا فَقُلْ سَلَامٌ عَلَيْكُمْ كَتَبَ رَبُّكُمْ عَلَىٰ نَفْسِهِ الرَّحْمَةَ أَنَّهُ مَنْ عَمِلَ مِنكُمْ سُوءًا بِجَهَالَةٍ ثُمَّ تَابَ مِن بَعْدِهِ .وَأَصْلَحَ فَأَنَّهُ غَفُورٌ رَّحِيمٌ (54)
"When those who have faith in Our signs come to you, say, 'Peace to you! Your Lord has made mercy incumbent upon Himself: whoever of you commits an evil out of ignorance and then repents after that and reforms, then He is indeed All-Forgiving, All-Merciful (54).'"
Surah Al-A'raf (7), Ayah 46:
وَبَيْنَهُمَا حِجَابٌ وَعَلَى الْأَعْرَافِ رِجَالٌ يَعْرِفُونَ كُلًّا بِسِيمَاهُمْ وَنَادَوْا أَصْحَابَ الْجَنَّةِ أَن سَلَامٌ عَلَيْكُمْ لَمْ يَدْخُلُوهَا وَهُمْ يَطْمَعُونَ.(46)
"And there will be a veil between them. And on the Elevations will be certain men who recognize each of them by their mark. They will call out to the inhabitants of paradise, 'Peace be to you!' They will not have entered it, though they would be eager to do so (46)."
Surah Ar-Ra'd (13), Ayah 24:
سَلَامٌ عَلَيْكُم بِمَا صَبَرْتُمْ ۚ فَنِعْمَ عُقْبَى ٱلدَّارِ
"'Peace be to you, for your patience.' How excellent is the reward of the abode!"
Surah An-Nahl (16), Ayah 32:
الَّذِينَ تَتَوَفَّاهُمُ الْمَلَائِكَةُ طَيِّبِينَ ۙ يَقُولُونَ سَلَامٌ عَلَيْكُمُ ادْخُلُوا الْجَنَّةَ بِمَا كُنتُمْ تَعْمَلُونَ (32)
"Those whom the angels take away while they are pure. They say , 'Peace be to you! Enter paradise because of what you used to do (32).'"
Surah Maryam (19), Ayah 47:
قَالَ سَلَامٌ عَلَيْكَ سَأَسْتَغْفِرُ لَكَ رَبِّي إِنَّهُ كَانَ بِي حَفِيًّا (47)
"He said, 'Peace be to you! I shall plead with my Lord to forgive you. Indeed He is gracious to me(47).'"
Surah Al-Qasas (28), Ayah 55:
وَإِذَا سَمِعُوا اللَّغْوَ أَعْرَضُوا عَنْهُ وَقَالُوا لَنَا أَعْمَالُنَا وَلَكُمْ أَعْمَالُكُمْ سَلَامٌ عَلَيْكُمْ لَا نَبْتَغِي الْجَاهِلِينَ (55)
"And when they hear vain talk, they avoid it and say, 'Our deeds belong to us, and your deeds belong to you. Peace be to you. We do not court the ignorant (55).'"
Surah Az-Zumar (39), Ayah 73:
وَسِيقَ ٱلَّذِينَ ٱتَّقَوْا۟ رَبَّهُمْ إِلَى ٱلْجَنَّةِ زُمَرًا ۖ حَتَّىٰ إِذَا جَآءُوهَا وَفُتِحَتْ أَبْوَابُهَا وَقَالَ لَهُمْ خَزَنَتُهَا سَلَامٌ عَلَيْكُمْ طِبْتُمْ فَٱدْخُلُوهَا خَالِدِينَ
"Those who are wary of their Lord will be led to paradise in throngs. When they reach it, and its gates are opened, its keepers will say to them, 'Peace be to you! You are welcome! Enter it to remain .'"
Other variants, such as salamun ʿalā (سَلَامٌ عَلَىٰ), or the term salam (سَلَام) alone is also mentioned in several other Ayahs of the Qur'an.
Usage by non-Arabic speakers
Cognate Semitic language parallels include the Aramaic/Classical Syriac šlāmā ʿalḵōn (ܫܠܵܡܵܐ ܥܲܠܟ݂ܘܿܢ), and the Hebrew Shalom aleichem (שָׁלוֹם עֲלֵיכֶם shālôm ʻalêḵem).
In Iran, Afghanistan, Azerbaijan and Tajikistan, Salâm (سلام) is used alone more frequently, with occasional use of Salam-o aleykom and the more common beh salâmat (به سلامت), meaning " with peace". Goodbye is supplanted by a Khudâ hâfez (Persian: خدا حافظ), meaning "with the protection of God".
In Albania and Kosovo, a diminutive form in the Albanian language, Selamun Alejkem or Selamun Alejqum is rarely used, the 'q' being a voiceless palatal stop typical of Balkan Turkish and Thracian Turkish phonology. Similarly, Bosniaks and Macedonian Muslims use the phrase "selam alejkum" (Cyrillic: селам алејкум).
In Amharic, the native Amharic term Selam is used in place of Tadias, which is the equivalent of "What's up".
In Turkey, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, many religious people use Äs-sälamwaleykum or selamun aleyküm and shake hands and it is the same for saying "Hello"; more secular and non-religious people say Selam and in Kazakhstan say Sälem or Sälemetsız be as an equivalent to "Hello" or "Hi". However, many Turks pronounce it differently as Selamün aleyküm.
In Pakistan, the greeting is also associated with shaking right hands and is also often accompanied with a hug when meeting infrequently (only between the same gender). In some places, people put a hand on their heart as they shake your hand and greet. Also, the full greeting (As-salamu alaykum) is preferred versus the shorter greeting of "salam" or "salamu alaykum". Goodbye is supplanted by a "Khuda Hafiz" or the variation "Allah Hafiz", both of which mean "May God protect you".
In India, the greeting mostly among Muslims is a simple handshake or hug, As-salamu alaykum (Hindi: असलम अलैकुम) or the shorter greeting "Salam" is used in informal situations. Goodbye is supplanted by a "Khuda Hafiz" or the alternative form "Allah Hafiz" (Hindi: अल्लाह हफीज, romanized: Allāh Hāphêj), both of which mean "May God protect you".
In Bangladesh, Assalamu alaikum (Bengali: আসসালামু আলাইকুম) is the most common Muslim greeting. Some Muslims greet their elders with these words whilst raising their right hand to the forehead. Assalamu alaikum is even used as to say goodbye, while many others say "Khoda Hafez" or "Allah Hafez" (Bengali: আল্লাহ হাফেজ, romanized: Āllāha hāphêj) "May God protect you".
In Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, Assalomu aleykum is used as an informal greeting.
In Indonesia, the greeting is sometimes mixed with other greeting phrases of other religions.
Shortening the greeting to acronyms, such as A.S., As'kum (in Malaysia), or AsA is becoming common amongst Internet users in chat rooms and by people using SMS. This trend is similar to writing (S) or SAWS in place of ṣallā llāhu ʿalayhi wa-sallam.
In Chechnya and other parts of the Caucasus, Salamun Alaykum (Chechen: Саламун алайкум) is used to say hello, in Ossetia, a corrupted version of Salam is used (Ossetian: Салам).
In Senegal which has a majority of Muslims with Tasawwuf-orientation, it is a common greeting. Spelled and pronounced in Wolof: "a-sala māleykum", with the reply being "må-lekum salām."
In Xinjiang, China, "Essalam eleykum" is used as a greeting by Uyghurs, and the reply is "We-eleykum essalam".
In Portugal, the expression Salamaleque gained a totally distinct and curious meaning: due to the habit of Iberian Arabs to bow and wave their hand when greeting a person, the expression "Salamaleque" is applied to exaggerated movements or acts in order to appear to be formal, entertaining or fancy. For example: "Os rapazes chegaram cheios de salamaleques".
In Italy, Salamelecco has a similar meaning, referring to excessive courtesy and politeness.
In France, salamalec has similar meaning, referring to excessive flattery.
In Malta, Is-sliem għalikom is often used in Catholic Church masses as a way of greeting, often by the priest, as a way of saying "peace be upon you". As the Maltese language derives from Arabic, it inherited and still uses Arabic terms for religion amongst other things.
In the Maldives, "އައްސަލާމް ޢަލައިކުމް" (assalaam 'alaikum) is used as a common formal greeting, used similar to "hello".
In Nigeria, the phrase assalamu alaikum is used as a formal greeting by Muslims.
In Kurdish, the phrase "selam eleykum" is used as a formal greeting among, often shortened to just "selam".
In Russia, Muslims use variations of the phrase, such as "салам алейкум" (Russian), "салам алейкум" or "ассаламу ӏалайкум" (Chechen), "әссәләмәғәләйкүм" (Bashkir), and "әссәламү галәйкүм" (Tatar).
See also
Portal: Islam
Adhan
Dhikr
Pax vobiscum
Peace be upon him
Š-L-M
Salawat
Shahadah
Shalom aleichem (equivalent Hebrew phrase)
Tashahhud
References
^ "Sayings of the Messenger (s.a.w) – Sahih Al-Bukhari-". ahadith.net. Retrieved 2019-03-25.
^ "'As-Salaamu-Alaikum' and 'Wa-Alaikum-as-Salaam'". ccnmtl.columbia.edu. Retrieved 2013-07-27.
^ Goldziher, Ignaz (1892). "Der Dîwân des Ǵarwal b. Aus Al-Ḥuṭej'a". Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft. 46 (1): 22–23. ISSN 0341-0137. JSTOR 43362216.
^ assalamu, alaikum. "Assalamu Alaikum सलाम करने के 38 सुन्नते और आदाब In HIndi". Irfani-Islam. Archived from the original on March 1, 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ a b Arendonk, C. van; Gimaret, D. (2012-04-24), "Salām", Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Brill, retrieved 2024-02-05
^ Nöldeke, Theodor (1862). "Beitrage zur altarabischen litteratur und geschichte". Orient und Occident vol. I (in German). Dieterich. p. 708.
^ a b "shalom aleichem". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved May 19, 2018.
^ "shalom aleichem". Collins Dictionary. Retrieved May 19, 2018.
^ Dalman, Gustaf (1905). Grammatik des Jüdisch-Palästinischen Aramäisch nach den Idiomen des palästinischen Talmud und Midrasch, des Onkelostargum (Cod. Socini 84) und der Jerusalemischen Targume zum Pentateuch. Robarts - University of Toronto. Leipzig, Hinrichs. p. 244.
^ Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī 5873, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim 2841
^
^ "Surat An-Nur - The Noble Qur'an - القرآن الكريم". Quran.com. Retrieved 2013-07-27.
^ "shalom aleichem". Collins Dictionary. Retrieved May 19, 2018.
^ Friedman, Victor A. "Balkan Turkish in Macedonia and Adjacent Areas" (PDF). University of Chicago: 12. Retrieved 18 December 2019. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ "Introduction to the bangla language" (PDF). Peace Corps: 6. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
^ Enamul Haq (2012). "Customs and Traditions". In Islam, Sirajul; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0576-6. OCLC 52727562. OL 30677644M. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
^ Common Phrases
External links
A brief illustrated guide to understanding Islam
How to pronounce As salamu alaykum in Arabic
How To Pronounce Assalamualaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh in Arabic
How to pronounce Walaikum Assalam in Arabic | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Salaam (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salaam_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Assalamu-aleykum.svg"},{"link_name":"Thuluth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuluth"},{"link_name":"Arabic calligraphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_calligraphy"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"[as.sa.laː.mu ʕa.laj.kum]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6b/Ar-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%85.oga/Ar-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%85.oga.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ar-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%85.oga"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"salutation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salutation"},{"link_name":"Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslims"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ccnmtl-2"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"Arab Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Christians"},{"link_name":"Mizrahi Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"wa ʿalaykumu s-salām","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wa_alaykumu_s-salam"},{"link_name":"[wa ʕa.laj.kum mus.sa.laːm]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f0/Ar-%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85.oga/Ar-%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85.oga.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ar-%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85.oga"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[as.sa.laː.mu ʕa.laj.kum wa.raħ.ma.tu‿ɫ.ɫaː.hi wa.ba.ra.kaː.tu.huː]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic"},{"link_name":"God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God"},{"link_name":"Laqit bin Yamar al-Ayadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laqit_bin_Yamar_al-Ayadi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"cognates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognate"},{"link_name":"Semitic languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitic_languages"},{"link_name":"Aramaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramaic"},{"link_name":"shalom aleichem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalom_aleichem"},{"link_name":"Old Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Testament"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"\"Salaam\" and \"Salam\" redirect here. For other uses, see Salaam (disambiguation).salamu alaykum written in the Thuluth style of Arabic calligraphyAs-salamu alaykum (Arabic: ٱلسَّلَامُ عَلَيْكُمْ, as-salāmu ʿalaykum, Arabic: [as.sa.laː.mu ʕa.laj.kum] ⓘ), also written salamun alaykum and typically rendered in English as salam alaykum, is a greeting in Arabic that means 'Peace be upon you'. The salām (سَلَام, meaning 'peace') has become a religious salutation for Muslims[1][2] worldwide when greeting each other, though its use as a greeting predates Islam, and is also common among Arabic speakers of other religions (such as Arab Christians and Mizrahi Jews).[3]In colloquial speech, often only salām, 'peace', is used to greet a person. This shorter greeting, salām[4] (سَلَام), has come to be used as the general salutation in other languages as well.The typical response to the greeting is wa ʿalaykumu s-salām (وَعَلَيْكُمُ ٱلسَّلَامُ, Arabic: [wa ʕa.laj.kum mus.sa.laːm] ⓘ, 'and peace be upon you'). In the Quranic period one repeated as-salamu alaykum, but the inverted response is attested in Arabic not long after its appearance in Hebrew.[5] The phrase may also be expanded to as-salāmu ʿalaykum wa-raḥmatu -llāhi wa-barakātuhū (ٱلسَّلَامُ عَلَيْكُمْ وَرَحْمَةُ ٱللَّٰهِ وَبَرَكَاتُهُ, [as.sa.laː.mu ʕa.laj.kum wa.raħ.ma.tu‿ɫ.ɫaː.hi wa.ba.ra.kaː.tu.huː]), 'Peace be upon you, as well as the mercy of God and His blessings'.The use of salaam as an Arabic greeting dates at least to Laqit bin Yamar al-Ayadi (6th century),[6] and cognates in older Semitic languages (Aramaic šlāmā ʿalḵōn (ܫܠܵܡܵܐ ܥܲܠܟ݂ܘܿܢ) and Hebrew shalom aleichem (שָׁלוֹם עֲלֵיכֶם shālôm ʻalêḵem)) can be traced back to the Old Testament period.[7][8][5][9]","title":"As-salamu alaykum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dialects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic"},{"link_name":"[sæˈlæːmu ʕæˈleːku]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic"},{"link_name":"[we ʕæˈleːkom es.sæˈlæːm]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic"},{"link_name":"/sælɑːmuː ælaɪkʊm/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"/wælaɪkʊm sælɑːm/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"}],"text":"The phrase is normally pronounced according to local dialects of speakers and is very often shortened.For example:In Egypt: [sæˈlæːmu ʕæˈleːku], [we ʕæˈleːkom es.sæˈlæːm]\nBy native English-speaking Muslims: /sælɑːmuː ælaɪkʊm/, /wælaɪkʊm sælɑːm/","title":"Pronunciation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"enclitic pronoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_grammar#Enclitic_pronouns"},{"link_name":"Classical Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Arabic"},{"link_name":"pausa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pausa"},{"link_name":"ʿalayhi as-salām, \"peace be upon him\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_be_upon_him"}],"text":"The expression commonly uses the second person plural masculine, even when used to address one person. It may be modified by choosing the appropriate enclitic pronoun to address a person in the masculine and feminine singular form, the dual form, or the feminine plural form. The conjugations are as follows (note: according to the standard pronunciation rules of Classical Arabic, the last short vowel in each word is not pronounced in pausa):A third-person variant, ʿalayhi as-salām, \"peace be upon him\", is often used by Muslims for prophets other than Muhammad and other holy personalities, such as angels.","title":"Grammatical variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abu Huraira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Huraira"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"An-Nur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An-Nur"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Classical Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Arabic"},{"link_name":"Qur'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran"},{"link_name":"Hadith manuscripts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith_manuscripts"},{"link_name":"Rasm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasm"},{"link_name":"Surah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surah"},{"link_name":"Al-An'am","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-An%27am"},{"link_name":"Ayah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayah"},{"link_name":"Al-A'raf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-A%27raf"},{"link_name":"Ar-Ra'd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar-Ra%27d"},{"link_name":"An-Nahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An-Nahl"},{"link_name":"Maryam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryam_(surah)"},{"link_name":"Al-Qasas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qasas"},{"link_name":"Az-Zumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az-Zumar"}],"text":"According to Islamic tradition, the origin of the greeting \"Peace be upon you\" dates back to the first human, Adam:Abu Huraira reported: The Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, said, \"Allah said: Go and greet with peace these groups of assembled angels and listen to how they greet you, for this will be the greeting among your progeny. Adam said: Peace be upon you. The angels said: Peace be upon you and the mercy of Allah. Thus, they added the mercy of Allah\" [10]The final Prophet said, \"None of you will enter paradise until you believe and you will not believe until you love one another. Shall I not tell you about something which, if you do it, you will love one another? Spread salaam amongst yourselves.\"[11]It is also stated that one should give the Salam greeting upon entering a house. This is based upon a verse of the Quran: \"However, when you enter houses, greet one another with a greeting ˹of peace˺ from Allah, blessed and good. This is how Allah makes His revelations clear to you, so perhaps you will understand.\" (An-Nur 24:61).[12]The phrase appears a total of 7 times in the Quran, each time as salamun ʿalaykum (Arabic: سَلَامٌ عَلَيْكُمْ). In Classical Arabic, used in the Qur'an and early Hadith manuscripts, the phrase is spelled as \"ٱلسَّلَٰمُ عَلَيْكُمْ وَرَحْمَتُ ٱللَّٰهِ وَبَرَكَٰتُهُ\". In Rasm, it is written as \"السلم علىکم ورحمٮ الله وٮرکٮه\".Surah Al-An'am (6), Ayah 54:وَإِذَا جَاءَكَ الَّذِينَ يُؤْمِنُونَ بِآيَاتِنَا فَقُلْ سَلَامٌ عَلَيْكُمْ كَتَبَ رَبُّكُمْ عَلَىٰ نَفْسِهِ الرَّحْمَةَ أَنَّهُ مَنْ عَمِلَ مِنكُمْ سُوءًا بِجَهَالَةٍ ثُمَّ تَابَ مِن بَعْدِهِ .وَأَصْلَحَ فَأَنَّهُ غَفُورٌ رَّحِيمٌ (54)\n\"When those who have faith in Our signs come to you, say, 'Peace to you! Your Lord has made mercy incumbent upon Himself: whoever of you commits an evil [deed] out of ignorance and then repents after that and reforms, then He is indeed All-Forgiving, All-Merciful (54).'\"Surah Al-A'raf (7), Ayah 46:وَبَيْنَهُمَا حِجَابٌ وَعَلَى الْأَعْرَافِ رِجَالٌ يَعْرِفُونَ كُلًّا بِسِيمَاهُمْ وَنَادَوْا أَصْحَابَ الْجَنَّةِ أَن سَلَامٌ عَلَيْكُمْ لَمْ يَدْخُلُوهَا وَهُمْ يَطْمَعُونَ.(46)\n\"And there will be a veil between them. And on the Elevations will be certain men who recognize each of them by their mark. They will call out to the inhabitants of paradise, 'Peace be to you!' They will not have entered it, though they would be eager to do so (46).\"Surah Ar-Ra'd (13), Ayah 24:سَلَامٌ عَلَيْكُم بِمَا صَبَرْتُمْ ۚ فَنِعْمَ عُقْبَى ٱلدَّارِ\n\"'Peace be to you, for your patience.' How excellent is the reward of the [ultimate] abode!\"Surah An-Nahl (16), Ayah 32:الَّذِينَ تَتَوَفَّاهُمُ الْمَلَائِكَةُ طَيِّبِينَ ۙ يَقُولُونَ سَلَامٌ عَلَيْكُمُ ادْخُلُوا الْجَنَّةَ بِمَا كُنتُمْ تَعْمَلُونَ (32)\n\"Those whom the angels take away while they are pure. They say [to them], 'Peace be to you! Enter paradise because of what you used to do (32).'\"Surah Maryam (19), Ayah 47:قَالَ سَلَامٌ عَلَيْكَ سَأَسْتَغْفِرُ لَكَ رَبِّي إِنَّهُ كَانَ بِي حَفِيًّا (47)\n\"He said, 'Peace be to you! I shall plead with my Lord to forgive you. Indeed He is gracious to me(47).'\"Surah Al-Qasas (28), Ayah 55:وَإِذَا سَمِعُوا اللَّغْوَ أَعْرَضُوا عَنْهُ وَقَالُوا لَنَا أَعْمَالُنَا وَلَكُمْ أَعْمَالُكُمْ سَلَامٌ عَلَيْكُمْ لَا نَبْتَغِي الْجَاهِلِينَ (55)\n\"And when they hear vain talk, they avoid it and say, 'Our deeds belong to us, and your deeds belong to you. Peace be to you. We do not court the ignorant (55).'\"Surah Az-Zumar (39), Ayah 73:وَسِيقَ ٱلَّذِينَ ٱتَّقَوْا۟ رَبَّهُمْ إِلَى ٱلْجَنَّةِ زُمَرًا ۖ حَتَّىٰ إِذَا جَآءُوهَا وَفُتِحَتْ أَبْوَابُهَا وَقَالَ لَهُمْ خَزَنَتُهَا سَلَامٌ عَلَيْكُمْ طِبْتُمْ فَٱدْخُلُوهَا خَالِدِينَ\n\"Those who are wary of their Lord will be led to paradise in throngs. When they reach it, and its gates are opened, its keepers will say to them, 'Peace be to you! You are welcome! Enter it to remain [forever].'\"Other variants, such as salamun ʿalā (سَلَامٌ عَلَىٰ), or the term salam (سَلَام) alone is also mentioned in several other Ayahs of the Qur'an.","title":"In Islam"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cognate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognate"},{"link_name":"Semitic language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitic_languages"},{"link_name":"Aramaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramaic"},{"link_name":"Classical Syriac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_language"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew"},{"link_name":"Shalom aleichem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalom_aleichem"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-7"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Tajikistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo"},{"link_name":"Balkan Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_in_the_Balkans"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Bosniaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosniaks"},{"link_name":"Macedonian Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_Muslims"},{"link_name":"Cyrillic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrillic"},{"link_name":"Amharic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amharic"},{"link_name":"Amharic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amharic"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"Kyrgyzstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_language"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Hindi"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Bengali"},{"link_name":"Uzbekistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan"},{"link_name":"Turkmenistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"greeting phrases of other religions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interfaith_greetings_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"SMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Message_Service"},{"link_name":"ṣallā llāhu ʿalayhi wa-sallam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_be_upon_him_(Islam)"},{"link_name":"Chechnya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechnya"},{"link_name":"Chechen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechen_language"},{"link_name":"Ossetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossetia"},{"link_name":"Ossetian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossetian_language"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal"},{"link_name":"Tasawwuf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasawwuf"},{"link_name":"Wolof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolof_language"},{"link_name":"Xinjiang, China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang,_China"},{"link_name":"Uyghurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghurs"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Salamaleque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/salamaleque"},{"link_name":"Iberian Arabs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Salamelecco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/salamelecco"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"salamalec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/salamalec"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"},{"link_name":"Is-sliem għalikom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/is-sliem_g%C4%A7alikom"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Malta"},{"link_name":"Maltese language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltese_language"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"Maldives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldives"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Kurdish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_languages"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Chechen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechen_language"},{"link_name":"Bashkir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashkir_language"},{"link_name":"Tatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatar_language"}],"text":"Cognate Semitic language parallels include the Aramaic/Classical Syriac šlāmā ʿalḵōn (ܫܠܵܡܵܐ ܥܲܠܟ݂ܘܿܢ), and the Hebrew Shalom aleichem (שָׁלוֹם עֲלֵיכֶם shālôm ʻalêḵem).[7][13]\nIn Iran, Afghanistan, Azerbaijan and Tajikistan, Salâm (سلام) is used alone more frequently, with occasional use of Salam-o aleykom and the more common beh salâmat (به سلامت), meaning \"[go] with peace\". Goodbye is supplanted by a Khudâ hâfez (Persian: خدا حافظ), meaning \"with the protection of God\".\nIn Albania and Kosovo, a diminutive form in the Albanian language, Selamun Alejkem or Selamun Alejqum is rarely used, the 'q' being a voiceless palatal stop typical of Balkan Turkish and Thracian Turkish phonology.[14] Similarly, Bosniaks and Macedonian Muslims use the phrase \"selam alejkum\" (Cyrillic: селам алејкум).\nIn Amharic, the native Amharic term Selam is used in place of Tadias, which is the equivalent of \"What's up\".\nIn Turkey, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, many religious people use Äs-sälamwaleykum or selamun aleyküm and shake hands and it is the same for saying \"Hello\"; more secular and non-religious people say Selam and in Kazakhstan say Sälem or Sälemetsız be as an equivalent to \"Hello\" or \"Hi\". However, many Turks pronounce it differently as Selamün aleyküm.\nIn Pakistan, the greeting is also associated with shaking right hands and is also often accompanied with a hug when meeting infrequently (only between the same gender). In some places, people put a hand on their heart as they shake your hand and greet. Also, the full greeting (As-salamu alaykum) is preferred versus the shorter greeting of \"salam\" or \"salamu alaykum\". Goodbye is supplanted by a \"Khuda Hafiz\" or the variation \"Allah Hafiz\", both of which mean \"May God protect you\".\nIn India, the greeting mostly among Muslims is a simple handshake or hug, As-salamu alaykum (Hindi: असलम अलैकुम) or the shorter greeting \"Salam\" is used in informal situations. Goodbye is supplanted by a \"Khuda Hafiz\" or the alternative form \"Allah Hafiz\" (Hindi: अल्लाह हफीज, romanized: Allāh Hāphêj), both of which mean \"May God protect you\".\nIn Bangladesh, Assalamu alaikum (Bengali: আসসালামু আলাইকুম) is the most common Muslim greeting.[15] Some Muslims greet their elders with these words whilst raising their right hand to the forehead.[16] Assalamu alaikum is even used as to say goodbye, while many others say \"Khoda Hafez\" or \"Allah Hafez\" (Bengali: আল্লাহ হাফেজ, romanized: Āllāha hāphêj) \"May God protect you\".\nIn Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, Assalomu aleykum is used as an informal greeting.\nIn Indonesia, the greeting is sometimes mixed with other greeting phrases of other religions.\nShortening the greeting to acronyms, such as A.S., As'kum (in Malaysia), or AsA is becoming common amongst Internet users in chat rooms and by people using SMS. This trend is similar to writing (S) or SAWS in place of ṣallā llāhu ʿalayhi wa-sallam.\nIn Chechnya and other parts of the Caucasus, Salamun Alaykum (Chechen: Саламун алайкум) is used to say hello, in Ossetia, a corrupted version of Salam is used (Ossetian: Салам).\nIn Senegal which has a majority of Muslims with Tasawwuf-orientation, it is a common greeting. Spelled and pronounced in Wolof: \"a-sala māleykum\", with the reply being \"må-lekum salām.\"\nIn Xinjiang, China, \"Essalam eleykum\" is used as a greeting by Uyghurs, and the reply is \"We-eleykum essalam\".\nIn Portugal, the expression Salamaleque gained a totally distinct and curious meaning: due to the habit of Iberian Arabs to bow and wave their hand when greeting a person, the expression \"Salamaleque\" is applied to exaggerated movements or acts in order to appear to be formal, entertaining or fancy. For example: \"Os rapazes chegaram cheios de salamaleques\".\nIn Italy, Salamelecco has a similar meaning, referring to excessive courtesy and politeness.\nIn France, salamalec has similar meaning, referring to excessive flattery.\nIn Malta, Is-sliem għalikom is often used in Catholic Church masses as a way of greeting, often by the priest, as a way of saying \"peace be upon you\". As the Maltese language derives from Arabic, it inherited and still uses Arabic terms for religion amongst other things.\nIn the Maldives, \"އައްސަލާމް ޢަލައިކުމް\" (assalaam 'alaikum) is used as a common formal greeting, used similar to \"hello\".[17]\nIn Nigeria, the phrase assalamu alaikum is used as a formal greeting by Muslims.\nIn Kurdish, the phrase \"selam eleykum\" is used as a formal greeting among, often shortened to just \"selam\".\nIn Russia, Muslims use variations of the phrase, such as \"салам алейкум\" (Russian), \"салам алейкум\" or \"ассаламу ӏалайкум\" (Chechen), \"әссәләмәғәләйкүм\" (Bashkir), and \"әссәламү галәйкүм\" (Tatar).","title":"Usage by non-Arabic speakers"}] | [{"image_text":"salamu alaykum written in the Thuluth style of Arabic calligraphy","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Assalamu-aleykum.svg/220px-Assalamu-aleykum.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"title":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Islam"},{"title":"Adhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhan"},{"title":"Dhikr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhikr"},{"title":"Pax vobiscum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_(liturgy)"},{"title":"Peace be upon him","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_be_upon_him"},{"title":"Š-L-M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0-L-M"},{"title":"Salawat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salawat"},{"title":"Shahadah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahadah"},{"title":"Shalom aleichem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalom_aleichem"},{"title":"Tashahhud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashahhud"}] | [{"reference":"\"Sayings of the Messenger (s.a.w) – Sahih Al-Bukhari-\". ahadith.net. Retrieved 2019-03-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ahadith.net/bukhari/book/79/chapter/1/hadith/6229","url_text":"\"Sayings of the Messenger (s.a.w) – Sahih Al-Bukhari-\""}]},{"reference":"\"'As-Salaamu-Alaikum' and 'Wa-Alaikum-as-Salaam'\". ccnmtl.columbia.edu. Retrieved 2013-07-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://ccnmtl.columbia.edu/projects/mmt/mxp/notes/5140.html","url_text":"\"'As-Salaamu-Alaikum' and 'Wa-Alaikum-as-Salaam'\""}]},{"reference":"Goldziher, Ignaz (1892). \"Der Dîwân des Ǵarwal b. Aus Al-Ḥuṭej'a\". Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft. 46 (1): 22–23. ISSN 0341-0137. JSTOR 43362216.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/43362216","url_text":"\"Der Dîwân des Ǵarwal b. Aus Al-Ḥuṭej'a\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0341-0137","url_text":"0341-0137"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/43362216","url_text":"43362216"}]},{"reference":"assalamu, alaikum. \"Assalamu Alaikum सलाम करने के 38 सुन्नते और आदाब In HIndi\". Irfani-Islam. Archived from the original on March 1, 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220301154652/https://www.irfani-islam.in/2021/11/assalamu-alaikum.html","url_text":"\"Assalamu Alaikum सलाम करने के 38 सुन्नते और आदाब In HIndi\""}]},{"reference":"Arendonk, C. van; Gimaret, D. (2012-04-24), \"Salām\", Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Brill, retrieved 2024-02-05","urls":[{"url":"https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/salam-SIM_6520?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2","url_text":"\"Salām\""}]},{"reference":"Nöldeke, Theodor (1862). \"Beitrage zur altarabischen litteratur und geschichte\". Orient und Occident vol. I (in German). Dieterich. p. 708.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_N%C3%B6ldeke","url_text":"Nöldeke, Theodor"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=g_tGAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA708#v=onepage&q&f=false","url_text":"Orient und Occident vol. I"}]},{"reference":"\"shalom aleichem\". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved May 19, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/shalom%20aleichem","url_text":"\"shalom aleichem\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merriam-Webster","url_text":"Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary"}]},{"reference":"\"shalom aleichem\". Collins Dictionary. Retrieved May 19, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.collinsdictionary.com/amp/english/shalom-aleichem","url_text":"\"shalom aleichem\""}]},{"reference":"Dalman, Gustaf (1905). Grammatik des Jüdisch-Palästinischen Aramäisch nach den Idiomen des palästinischen Talmud und Midrasch, des Onkelostargum (Cod. Socini 84) und der Jerusalemischen Targume zum Pentateuch. Robarts - University of Toronto. Leipzig, Hinrichs. p. 244.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/grammatikdesj00dalmuoft","url_text":"Grammatik des Jüdisch-Palästinischen Aramäisch nach den Idiomen des palästinischen Talmud und Midrasch, des Onkelostargum (Cod. Socini 84) und der Jerusalemischen Targume zum Pentateuch"}]},{"reference":"\"Surat An-Nur [24:61] - The Noble Qur'an - القرآن الكريم\". Quran.com. Retrieved 2013-07-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://quran.com/24/61","url_text":"\"Surat An-Nur [24:61] - The Noble Qur'an - القرآن الكريم\""}]},{"reference":"\"shalom aleichem\". Collins Dictionary. Retrieved May 19, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.collinsdictionary.com/amp/english/shalom-aleichem","url_text":"\"shalom aleichem\""}]},{"reference":"Friedman, Victor A. \"Balkan Turkish in Macedonia and Adjacent Areas\" (PDF). University of Chicago: 12. Retrieved 18 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://humstatic.uchicago.edu/slavic/archived/papers/Friedman-TurkEncyc.pdf","url_text":"\"Balkan Turkish in Macedonia and Adjacent Areas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago","url_text":"University of Chicago"}]},{"reference":"\"Introduction to the bangla language\" (PDF). Peace Corps: 6. Retrieved 18 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://files.peacecorps.gov/multimedia/audio/languagelessons/bangladesh/BD_Bangla_Language_Lessons.pdf","url_text":"\"Introduction to the bangla language\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_Corps","url_text":"Peace Corps"}]},{"reference":"Enamul Haq (2012). \"Customs and Traditions\". In Islam, Sirajul; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0576-6. OCLC 52727562. OL 30677644M. Retrieved 13 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Customs_and_Traditions","url_text":"\"Customs and Traditions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirajul_Islam","url_text":"Islam, Sirajul"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahfuza_Khanam","url_text":"Khanam, Mahfuza"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglapedia","url_text":"Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh","url_text":"Asiatic Society of Bangladesh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6","url_text":"984-32-0576-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52727562","url_text":"52727562"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)","url_text":"OL"},{"url":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL30677644M","url_text":"30677644M"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.ahadith.net/bukhari/book/79/chapter/1/hadith/6229","external_links_name":"\"Sayings of the Messenger (s.a.w) – Sahih Al-Bukhari-\""},{"Link":"http://ccnmtl.columbia.edu/projects/mmt/mxp/notes/5140.html","external_links_name":"\"'As-Salaamu-Alaikum' and 'Wa-Alaikum-as-Salaam'\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/43362216","external_links_name":"\"Der Dîwân des Ǵarwal b. 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I"},{"Link":"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/shalom%20aleichem","external_links_name":"\"shalom aleichem\""},{"Link":"https://www.collinsdictionary.com/amp/english/shalom-aleichem","external_links_name":"\"shalom aleichem\""},{"Link":"http://archive.org/details/grammatikdesj00dalmuoft","external_links_name":"Grammatik des Jüdisch-Palästinischen Aramäisch nach den Idiomen des palästinischen Talmud und Midrasch, des Onkelostargum (Cod. Socini 84) und der Jerusalemischen Targume zum Pentateuch"},{"Link":"http://quran.com/24/61","external_links_name":"\"Surat An-Nur [24:61] - The Noble Qur'an - القرآن الكريم\""},{"Link":"https://www.collinsdictionary.com/amp/english/shalom-aleichem","external_links_name":"\"shalom aleichem\""},{"Link":"https://humstatic.uchicago.edu/slavic/archived/papers/Friedman-TurkEncyc.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Balkan Turkish in Macedonia and Adjacent Areas\""},{"Link":"https://files.peacecorps.gov/multimedia/audio/languagelessons/bangladesh/BD_Bangla_Language_Lessons.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Introduction to the bangla language\""},{"Link":"http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Customs_and_Traditions","external_links_name":"\"Customs and Traditions\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52727562","external_links_name":"52727562"},{"Link":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL30677644M","external_links_name":"30677644M"},{"Link":"https://english2dhivehi.com/","external_links_name":"Common Phrases"},{"Link":"http://www.islam-guide.com/","external_links_name":"A brief illustrated guide to understanding Islam"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=geFK3-y_VK4","external_links_name":"How to pronounce As salamu alaykum in Arabic"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bBOc-P_bmck","external_links_name":"How To Pronounce Assalamualaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh in Arabic"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=amKP_xzRaHM","external_links_name":"How to pronounce Walaikum Assalam in Arabic"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondello | Mondello | ["1 History","2 Attractions","3 Bibliography","4 References"] | Coordinates: 38°12′03″N 13°19′23″E / 38.20083°N 13.32306°E / 38.20083; 13.32306Borough of Palermo, Sicily, Italy
This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Mondello" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2021)
View of Mondello from Mount Pellegrino
Mondello (Sicilian: Munneḍḍu) is a small borough of the city of Palermo in the autonomous region of Sicily in Southern Italy.
Its beach lies between two cliffs called Mount Gallo and Mount Pellegrino. The town was originally a small fishing village situated on marshland, but at the end of the 19th century it grew into a tourist destination. A number of Liberty style villas on the seafront promenade have made it one of the gems of Art Nouveau in Europe.
History
Until the beginning of the 20th century, Mondello was an unhealthy marsh enclosed by two headlands: the Mount Pellegrino described by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe as "the most beautiful promontory in the world" and Mount Gallo. The ancient fishing village laid at the foot of the latter. It was also home to a tonnara (or almadraba), one of many scattered along the West coast of Sicily. The tonnara is no longer active.
At some point, a Palermitan nobleman had the idea to drain the swamp. Prince Francesco Lanza di Scalea, with the help of a Belgian real estate company, built a plant for the drainage of swampy waters to the sea. The newly rehabilitated areas, previously occupied by the swamp, underwent a process of expansion and evolution from the 18th to the 20th centuries.
From 1912 onwards, Mondello became the seat of the high bourgeoisie and the aristocracy. The nobility of the city fostered the construction of several exclusive and aristocratic circles, the construction of villas and the exploitation of lush gardens. King Ferdinand of Bourbon called it "a corner of paradise". Eventually, the beach of Mondello was born.
Attractions
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Antico Stabilimento Balneare of Mondello
Mondello is characterized by a sandy bay that binds the two promontories, called Monte Gallo and Mount Pellegrino, with a coastline of white sand that nowadays is approximately 1.5 kilometers long. The Natural Reserve of Capo Gallo and the reserve of Monte Pellegrino are nearby. Today the area is known for its beach, and for its Art Nouveau villas, which characterize the architecture of the burough, making it a landmark in the history of international modernism.
Bibliography
P.Hardy, A. Bing, A. Blasi, C. Bonetto, K. Christiani, Italy, pp. 759–60, Lonely Planet.
W. Dello Russo, Spiagge in Sicilia, Sime Books.
Michelin, M. Magni, M. Marca, Sicilia, p. 90, La Guida Verde 2013
Sicilia, p. 39, Lonely Planet, EDT 2013
References
^ Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Italienische Reise - Sizilien.
Authority control databases: Geographic
Pleiades
38°12′03″N 13°19′23″E / 38.20083°N 13.32306°E / 38.20083; 13.32306 | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Il_golfo_di_Mondello.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mount Pellegrino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Pellegrino"},{"link_name":"Sicilian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_language"},{"link_name":"Palermo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermo"},{"link_name":"autonomous region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_area"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily"},{"link_name":"Southern Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Italy"},{"link_name":"Mount Pellegrino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Pellegrino"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Liberty style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_style"},{"link_name":"Art Nouveau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Nouveau"},{"link_name":"according to whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"}],"text":"Borough of Palermo, Sicily, ItalyView of Mondello from Mount PellegrinoMondello (Sicilian: Munneḍḍu) is a small borough of the city of Palermo in the autonomous region of Sicily in Southern Italy.Its beach lies between two cliffs called Mount Gallo and Mount Pellegrino. The town was originally a small fishing village situated on marshland, but at the end of the 19th century it grew into a tourist destination.[citation needed] A number of Liberty style villas on the seafront promenade have made it one of the gems of Art Nouveau in Europe.[according to whom?]","title":"Mondello"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mount Pellegrino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Pellegrino"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"tonnara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonnara"},{"link_name":"almadraba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almadraba"},{"link_name":"tonnara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonnara"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Until the beginning of the 20th century, Mondello was an unhealthy marsh enclosed by two headlands: the Mount Pellegrino described by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe as \"the most beautiful promontory in the world\"[1] and Mount Gallo. The ancient fishing village laid at the foot of the latter. It was also home to a tonnara (or almadraba), one of many scattered along the West coast of Sicily. The tonnara is no longer active.At some point, a Palermitan nobleman had the idea to drain the swamp. Prince Francesco Lanza di Scalea, with the help of a Belgian real estate company, built a plant for the drainage of swampy waters to the sea. The newly rehabilitated areas, previously occupied by the swamp, underwent a process of expansion and evolution from the 18th to the 20th centuries.From 1912 onwards, Mondello became the seat of the high bourgeoisie and the aristocracy. The nobility of the city fostered the construction of several exclusive and aristocratic circles, the construction of villas and the exploitation of lush gardens.[citation needed] King Ferdinand of Bourbon called it \"a corner of paradise\". Eventually, the beach of Mondello was born.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mondello34.jpg"},{"link_name":"Antico Stabilimento Balneare of Mondello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antico_Stabilimento_Balneare_of_Mondello"},{"link_name":"Mount Pellegrino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Pellegrino"},{"link_name":"Art Nouveau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Nouveau"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Antico Stabilimento Balneare of MondelloMondello is characterized by a sandy bay that binds the two promontories, called Monte Gallo and Mount Pellegrino, with a coastline of white sand that nowadays is approximately 1.5 kilometers long. The Natural Reserve of Capo Gallo and the reserve of Monte Pellegrino are nearby. Today the area is known for its beach, and for its Art Nouveau villas, which characterize the architecture of the burough, making it a landmark in the history of international modernism.[citation needed]","title":"Attractions"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"P.Hardy, A. Bing, A. Blasi, C. Bonetto, K. Christiani, Italy, pp. 759–60, Lonely Planet.\nW. Dello Russo, Spiagge in Sicilia, Sime Books.\nMichelin, M. Magni, M. Marca, Sicilia, p. 90, La Guida Verde 2013\nSicilia, p. 39, Lonely Planet, EDT 2013","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_text":"View of Mondello from Mount Pellegrino","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Il_golfo_di_Mondello.jpg/220px-Il_golfo_di_Mondello.jpg"},{"image_text":"Antico Stabilimento Balneare of Mondello","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Mondello34.jpg/220px-Mondello34.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mondello¶ms=38_12_03_N_13_19_23_E_region:IT-PA_type:landmark_source:kolossus-dewiki","external_links_name":"38°12′03″N 13°19′23″E / 38.20083°N 13.32306°E / 38.20083; 13.32306"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mondello&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Mondello%22","external_links_name":"\"Mondello\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Mondello%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Mondello%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Mondello%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Mondello%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Mondello%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/462223","external_links_name":"Pleiades"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mondello¶ms=38_12_03_N_13_19_23_E_region:IT-PA_type:landmark_source:kolossus-dewiki","external_links_name":"38°12′03″N 13°19′23″E / 38.20083°N 13.32306°E / 38.20083; 13.32306"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CityWest_Homes | CityWest Homes | ["1 References"] | Housing management company in London
Lillington and Longmoore Gardens, one of CityWest Homes' estates.
CityWest Homes was an arm's length management organisation (ALMO) of Westminster City Council, London, England, established in April 2002 in order to manage its housing stock. They managed over 21,000 properties which included council tenant and leaseholder homes in the London borough of Westminster and elsewhere. In the City of Westminster, there are the following estates:
Bayswater
Church Street
Churchill Gardens
Grosvenor
Lillington and Longmoore
Lisson Green
Maida Vale
Marylebone
Mozart
Paddington Green
Pimlico
Queens Park
St John's Wood
Soho and Covent Garden
CityWest Homes set up its lettings arm (CityWest Homes Residential) in 2009 and lets many properties in Westminster within the private sector to professional tenants, companies and students.
In 2011, Westminster City Council renewed the contract for CityWest Homes. The contract was expected to run until 2022. The former Westminster Council’s head of housing, the controversial councillor Jonathan Glanz said the organisation’s performance was the main reason for supporting the renewal of the contract.
However, since renewal of the contract, CityWest Homes has not been without controversy, particularly over its management of the Hallfield Estate refurbishment.
CityWest Homes also came in for criticism from its tenants regarding poor maintenance and failure to tackle antisocial behaviour. This was highlighted in a 2017 independent review of CityWest Homes by Campbell Tickell for Westminster City Council "that residents are being failed by CityWest Homes".
CityWest Homes' management of services and estates was progressively rolled back and returned to Westminster City Council management, this unwinding of the ALMO was given impetus when poor housing management of various council ALMO’s came into the media spotlight following the 2017 Grenfell tower block fire. In September 2018 The decision was taken to terminate CityWest Homes. On 31 March 2019 CityWest Homes ceased to exist and all remaining housing management functions were transferred back to Westminster City Council.
References
^
"Young people help CityWest Homes kick off its 10th birthday celebrations" (Press release). CityWest Homes. 13 April 2012. Archived from the original on 20 August 2012.
^ "CityWest - Annual Report 2013". www.astwood.co.uk. Archived from the original on 3 September 2013. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
^ "Locations". Archived from the original on 2 August 2013. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
^ "The HomeArea.com Real Estate Market Monitor".
^ "Ex-council homes: how to buy a bargain". www.telegraph.co.uk.
^ "Council set to renew contract with ALMO | News | Inside Housing". Archived from the original on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
^ Westminster City Council. "CityWest Homes Committee report 10th September 2013". Archived from the original on 29 July 2014. Retrieved 24 July 2014.
^ The Standard (21 October 2013). "Westminster housing chief loses job for 'Made in Chelsea' jibe at council tenants". Retrieved 24 July 2014.
^ Government Opportunities. "Council set to renew CityWest Homes contract". Retrieved 24 July 2014.
^ Inside Housing. "Hallfield estate refurbishment contract terminated". Archived from the original on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 24 July 2014. | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lillington.jpg"},{"link_name":"arm's length management organisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%27s_length_management_organisation"},{"link_name":"Westminster City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_City_Council"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"City of Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Westminster"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Bayswater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayswater"},{"link_name":"Church Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Street_(ward)"},{"link_name":"Churchill Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchill_Gardens"},{"link_name":"Grosvenor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grosvenor_Square"},{"link_name":"Lillington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillington_Gardens"},{"link_name":"Lisson Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lisson_Green&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Maida Vale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maida_Vale"},{"link_name":"Marylebone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marylebone"},{"link_name":"Mozart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozart"},{"link_name":"Paddington Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddington_Green,_London"},{"link_name":"Pimlico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimlico"},{"link_name":"Queens Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Park,_London"},{"link_name":"St John's Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John%27s_Wood"},{"link_name":"Soho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soho"},{"link_name":"Covent Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covent_Garden"},{"link_name":"CityWest Homes Residential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CityWest_Homes_Residential&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Westminster City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_City_Council"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Hallfield Estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallfield_Estate"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Grenfell tower block fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenfell_Tower_fire"}],"text":"Lillington and Longmoore Gardens, one of CityWest Homes' estates.CityWest Homes was an arm's length management organisation (ALMO) of Westminster City Council, London, England, established in April 2002 in order to manage its housing stock.[1] They managed over 21,000 properties which included council tenant and leaseholder homes in the London borough of Westminster and elsewhere.[2] In the City of Westminster, there are the following estates:[3]Bayswater\nChurch Street\nChurchill Gardens\nGrosvenor\nLillington and Longmoore\nLisson Green\nMaida Vale\nMarylebone\nMozart\nPaddington Green\nPimlico\nQueens Park\nSt John's Wood\nSoho and Covent GardenCityWest Homes set up its lettings arm (CityWest Homes Residential) in 2009 and lets many properties in Westminster within the private sector to professional tenants, companies and students.[4][5]In 2011, Westminster City Council renewed the contract for CityWest Homes.[6] The contract was expected to run until 2022.[7] The former Westminster Council’s head of housing, the controversial councillor Jonathan Glanz[8] said the organisation’s performance was the main reason for supporting the renewal of the contract.[9]However, since renewal of the contract, CityWest Homes has not been without controversy, particularly over its management of the Hallfield Estate refurbishment.[10]\nCityWest Homes also came in for criticism from its tenants regarding poor maintenance and failure to tackle antisocial behaviour. This was highlighted in a 2017 independent review of CityWest Homes by Campbell Tickell for Westminster City Council \"that residents are being failed by CityWest Homes\".CityWest Homes' management of services and estates was progressively rolled back and returned to Westminster City Council management, this unwinding of the ALMO was given impetus when poor housing management of various council ALMO’s came into the media spotlight following the 2017 Grenfell tower block fire. In September 2018 The decision was taken to terminate CityWest Homes. On 31 March 2019 CityWest Homes ceased to exist and all remaining housing management functions were transferred back to Westminster City Council.","title":"CityWest Homes"}] | [{"image_text":"Lillington and Longmoore Gardens, one of CityWest Homes' estates.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Lillington.jpg/300px-Lillington.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Young people help CityWest Homes kick off its 10th birthday celebrations\" (Press release). CityWest Homes. 13 April 2012. 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Retrieved 1 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140304071655/http://www.insidehousing.co.uk/tenancies/council-set-to-renew-contract-with-almo/6517148.article","url_text":"\"Council set to renew contract with ALMO | News | Inside Housing\""},{"url":"http://www.insidehousing.co.uk/tenancies/council-set-to-renew-contract-with-almo/6517148.article","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Westminster City Council. \"CityWest Homes Committee report 10th September 2013\". Archived from the original on 29 July 2014. Retrieved 24 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140729064933/http://transact.westminster.gov.uk/CSU/Policy_and_Scrutiny_Committees/Current_P_and_S_Committees/Housing,%20Finance%20and%20Customer%20Services/2013-14/10%20September%202013/Item%206%20CWH%20Performance%20Update%20PS%20Report%20August%202013%20(5).docx","url_text":"\"CityWest Homes Committee report 10th September 2013\""},{"url":"http://transact.westminster.gov.uk/CSU/Policy_and_Scrutiny_Committees/Current_P_and_S_Committees/Housing,%20Finance%20and%20Customer%20Services/2013-14/10%20September%202013/Item%206%20CWH%20Performance%20Update%20PS%20Report%20August%202013%20(5).docx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"The Standard (21 October 2013). \"Westminster housing chief loses job for 'Made in Chelsea' jibe at council tenants\". Retrieved 24 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/westminster-housing-chief-loses-job-for-made-in-chelsea-jibe-at-council-tenants-8893753.html","url_text":"\"Westminster housing chief loses job for 'Made in Chelsea' jibe at council tenants\""}]},{"reference":"Government Opportunities. \"Council set to renew CityWest Homes contract\". Retrieved 24 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.govopps.co.uk/council-set-to-renew-citywest-homes-contract/","url_text":"\"Council set to renew CityWest Homes contract\""}]},{"reference":"Inside Housing. \"Hallfield estate refurbishment contract terminated\". Archived from the original on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 24 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140812101900/http://www.insidehousing.co.uk/hallfield-estate-refurbishment-contract-terminated/7001496.article","url_text":"\"Hallfield estate refurbishment contract terminated\""},{"url":"http://www.insidehousing.co.uk/hallfield-estate-refurbishment-contract-terminated/7001496.article","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120820104205/http://www.cwh.org.uk/about-us/news/young-people-help-citywest-homes-kick-off-its-10th-birthday-celebrations/","external_links_name":"\"Young people help CityWest Homes kick off its 10th birthday celebrations\""},{"Link":"http://www.cwh.org.uk/about-us/news/young-people-help-citywest-homes-kick-off-its-10th-birthday-celebrations/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130903235510/http://www.astwood.co.uk/test_site/CWANNUALREPORT2012/","external_links_name":"\"CityWest - Annual Report 2013\""},{"Link":"http://www.astwood.co.uk/test_site/CWANNUALREPORT2012/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130802090302/http://www.cwh.org.uk/locations","external_links_name":"\"Locations\""},{"Link":"http://www.cwh.org.uk/locations/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.24dash.com/news/housing/2012-10-01-ALMOs-estate-agent-arm-selling-ex-council-flats-for-over-450-000","external_links_name":"\"The HomeArea.com Real Estate Market Monitor\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/property/9508685/Ex-council-homes-how-to-buy-a-bargain.html","external_links_name":"\"Ex-council homes: how to buy a bargain\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140304071655/http://www.insidehousing.co.uk/tenancies/council-set-to-renew-contract-with-almo/6517148.article","external_links_name":"\"Council set to renew contract with ALMO | News | Inside Housing\""},{"Link":"http://www.insidehousing.co.uk/tenancies/council-set-to-renew-contract-with-almo/6517148.article","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140729064933/http://transact.westminster.gov.uk/CSU/Policy_and_Scrutiny_Committees/Current_P_and_S_Committees/Housing,%20Finance%20and%20Customer%20Services/2013-14/10%20September%202013/Item%206%20CWH%20Performance%20Update%20PS%20Report%20August%202013%20(5).docx","external_links_name":"\"CityWest Homes Committee report 10th September 2013\""},{"Link":"http://transact.westminster.gov.uk/CSU/Policy_and_Scrutiny_Committees/Current_P_and_S_Committees/Housing,%20Finance%20and%20Customer%20Services/2013-14/10%20September%202013/Item%206%20CWH%20Performance%20Update%20PS%20Report%20August%202013%20(5).docx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/westminster-housing-chief-loses-job-for-made-in-chelsea-jibe-at-council-tenants-8893753.html","external_links_name":"\"Westminster housing chief loses job for 'Made in Chelsea' jibe at council tenants\""},{"Link":"http://www.govopps.co.uk/council-set-to-renew-citywest-homes-contract/","external_links_name":"\"Council set to renew CityWest Homes contract\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140812101900/http://www.insidehousing.co.uk/hallfield-estate-refurbishment-contract-terminated/7001496.article","external_links_name":"\"Hallfield estate refurbishment contract terminated\""},{"Link":"http://www.insidehousing.co.uk/hallfield-estate-refurbishment-contract-terminated/7001496.article","external_links_name":"the original"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KMT_(song) | KMT (song) | ["1 Background","1.1 XXXTentacion controversy","1.2 Samples","1.3 Reception","2 Commercial performance","2.1 North America","2.2 Europe","3 Charts","4 Certifications","5 References"] | Song by Drake featuring Giggs"KMT"Song by Drake featuring Giggsfrom the album More Life Recorded2017StudioSOTA Studios, Studio 306 and Four Seasons, TorontoGenre
Hip hop
trap
Length2:42Label
OVO Sound
Cash Money
Young Money
Songwriter(s)
Aubrey Graham
Nathaniel Thomson
Courtney Clyburn
Cameron Shaikh
Producer(s)
Ness
Chef Pasquale
"KMT" (acronym for "Kiss My Teeth") is a song by Canadian rapper Drake from his album, More Life (2017). The song features a guest appearance from British rapper Giggs and was written by Drake, Giggs, Courtney Clyburn, and Cameron Shaikh. It was produced by Ness and Chef Pasquale.
The song saw commercial and critical success in the United Kingdom where it peaked at number nine on the UK Singles Chart and was later nominated for "Best Track" at the 2017 GRM Daily Rated Awards. "KMT" was additionally certified Gold by the British Phonographic Industry in the United Kingdom.
Background
XXXTentacion controversy
"KMT" drew comparisons to XXXTentacion's "Look at Me"
On January 28, 2017, "KMT" was previewed on stage by Drake during a concert in Amsterdam. The song was compared by users on social media to American rapper XXXTentacion's song "Look at Me" due to the similarity in flows, resulting in significant online controversy. While these events were taking place, XXXTentacion was incarcerated for battery charges.
After being granted parole, XXXTentacion was released from jail on March 26, 2017. Before appearing for an interview on Miami radio station 103.5 The Beat, he spoke with fans using the live video streaming app Periscope. During the interview with 103.5 The Beat, XXXTentacion claimed that Drake contacted a DJ that he had been associated with. According to the DJ, Drake was supposed to contact XXXTentacion's manager, but that did not occur. XXXTentacion also claimed that shortly after these exchanges took place, one of his friends contacted him during his incarceration and had shown him a live performance of "KMT" following comparisons to the similarity in flow from fans. XXXTentacion later joined his fans in accusing Drake of taking his style from "Look at Me".
Drake later appeared on an interview with DJ Semtex, where he addressed the controversy. Drake claimed that a few days after performing the track with Giggs he saw comments on Instagram accusing him of stealing XXXTentacion's flow. Drake maintained that he had never heard of XXXTentacion or his track, "Look at Me" prior to the controversy. He then goes on to explain that he searched for the song that was being referenced, and that he could see where people could draw the comparison.
Samples
"KMT" has two credited samples. One of the samples, "His World", was composed by Tomoya Ohtani and was performed by Ali Tabatabaee and Matty Lewis of the band Zebrahead. "His World" is best known as the theme song from the 2006 video game, Sonic the Hedgehog, which also serves as the theme of Sonic. When asked about the sample on Twitter, Ohtani said he was surprised and honoured that the song was sampled.
The other sample was taken from a live version of "Shutdown" by English rapper and fellow album collaborator, Skepta.
Reception
Vice magazine interviewed American listeners to see how they felt Giggs fit into the song. Interviewees said that a distinction between rappers from the United Kingdom as opposed to North America is that rappers from the UK focus more on the lyrics whereas North American rappers focus more on the flow. Multiple respondents said that Giggs' contribution did not work well with the track.
In another piece Vice claimed that Drake had to conform to American standards during his rise to fame and it was only recently that he had been able to incorporate Torontonian culture into his music. In GQ, it was further elaborated that the branding of the album as a "playlist" could be explained by Drake wanting to produce a project that was an incorporation of his favourite international artists. GQ went on to say that Drake's role in "KMT" was to introduce the song, and to let Giggs make it his own.
Commercial performance
North America
On April 8, 2017, "KMT" entered the charts at number 25 on the Billboard Canadian Hot 100 and remained in the top 100 until May 6, 2017. The song spent two weeks on the US Billboard Hot 100, entering the chart at number 48, its immediate peak, on April 8, 2017.
Europe
On March 24, 2017, "KMT" entered at number 9 on the UK Singles Chart, becoming Drake's second-highest charting song from More Life, after "Passionfruit" which peaked at number 3. "KMT" became Giggs' first top-ten entry on the UK Singles Chart. "KMT" also appeared on the UK R&B Charts and spent a total of 21 weeks on the chart, peaking at number 2.
Charts
Chart (2017)
Peak position
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)
25
France (SNEP)
183
Ireland (IRMA)
44
Portugal (AFP)
94
Scotland (OCC)
70
Sweden Heatseeker (Sverigetopplistan)
7
UK Singles (OCC)
9
UK Hip Hop/R&B (OCC)
2
US Billboard Hot 100
48
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)
26
Certifications
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
United Kingdom (BPI)
Platinum
600,000‡
‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
References
^ "Here Are the Credits for Drake's 'More Life'". XXL. Archived from the original on March 19, 2017. Retrieved October 25, 2017.
^ "More Life by Drake". Apple Music. March 18, 2017. Archived from the original on March 31, 2017. Retrieved March 20, 2017.
^ "Here Are the Credits for Drake's 'More Life'". XXL. Archived from the original on March 19, 2017. Retrieved October 5, 2017.
^ "Rated Awards: Best Track nominees revealed". GRM Daily – Grime, Rap music and Culture. Archived from the original on 2018-01-31. Retrieved 2017-09-23.
^ "Drake Previews New Song At Amsterdam Show". HotNewHipHop. Archived from the original on 2017-08-08. Retrieved 2017-08-08.
^ "The Internet Thinks Drake Is Biting XXXTENTACION's Flow On His New Track". HotNewHipHop. Archived from the original on 2017-02-01. Retrieved 2017-08-08.
^ a b Centeno, Tony. "Florida Rapper XXXTentacion Calls Out Drake After Being Released From Jail". Billboard. Archived from the original on 14 November 2019. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
^ "Here's the Rapper Who Just Called Drake a B***h". BET.com. 2017-03-30. Archived from the original on 2018-02-26. Retrieved 2017-10-04.
^ "XXXTentacion Responds to Drake Denying He Bit the Flow From 'Look At Me' – XXL". XXL Mag. Archived from the original on August 21, 2017. Retrieved October 5, 2017.
^ Carter, Chris (2017-03-17). "How does Sonic Forces' main theme measure up to past games?". Destructoid. Enthusiast Gaming. Archived from the original on 2017-03-31. Retrieved 2017-10-04.
^ Sonic Team (2006-11-14). Sonic the Hedgehog. Sega. Level/area: Credits.
^ Ohtani, 大谷 智哉 Tomoya (2018-09-05). "I was very surprised. I feel honored". @Ohtanitter. Archived from the original on 2022-10-20. Retrieved 2019-01-08.
^ Bychawski, Adam (18 March 2017). "See all the producers and samples on Drake's More Life". FACT Magazine. Archived from the original on 2021-01-30. Retrieved 2017-10-04.
^ Jones, Daisy (22 March 2017). "We Asked a Load of Americans Why They Think Giggs Sucks". VICE. Archived from the original on 5 July 2018. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
^ Bassil, Ryan (20 March 2017). "#MoreLife, More Americans Have to Wake Up to a Rap Culture That's Not Just Theirs". VICE. Archived from the original on 3 January 2019. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
^ Halls, Eleanor (19 March 2017). "Drake's More Life really is a playlist of his favourite artists". GQ Magazine. Archived from the original on 23 October 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
^ a b "Drake Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved March 28, 2017.
^ "The Hot 100". Billboard. April 8, 2017. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved April 2, 2020.
^ a b "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
^ a b "Official Hip Hop and R&B Singles Chart Top 40". Official Charts Company. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
^ "Drake feat. Giggs – KMT" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
^ "IRMA – Irish Charts". Irish Recorded Music Association. Archived from the original on June 14, 2017. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
^ "Drake – Blem". AFP Top 100 Singles. Retrieved April 7, 2017.
^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
^ "Swedish Heatseekers Chart – 17 March 2017". Retrieved 17 March 2017.
^ "Drake Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved October 5, 2017.
^ "Drake Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved March 28, 2017.
^ "British single certifications – Drake – KMT". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved October 30, 2020.
vteDrake songsSingles discographySo Far Gone (Mixtape / EP)
"Successful"
"Best I Ever Had"
"I'm Goin' In"
We Are Young Money
"Every Girl"
"BedRock"
Thank Me Later
"Fireworks"
"Over"
"Up All Night"
"Fancy"
"Miss Me"
"Find Your Love"
"9AM in Dallas"
Take Care
"Over My Dead Body"
"Headlines"
"Crew Love"
"Take Care"
"Marvins Room"
"We'll Be Fine"
"Make Me Proud"
"HYFR (Hell Ya Fucking Right)"
"The Motto"
Nothing Was the Same
"Tuscan Leather"
"Furthest Thing"
"Started from the Bottom"
"Wu-Tang Forever"
"Worst Behavior"
"From Time"
"Hold On, We're Going Home"
"The Language"
"Too Much"
"Pound Cake / Paris Morton Music 2"
"All Me"
If You're Reading This It's Too Late
"Energy"
"Preach"
What a Time to Be Alive
"Jumpman"
Views
"Controlla"
"One Dance"
"Pop Style"
"Too Good"
"Hotline Bling"
More Life
"Free Smoke"
"No Long Talk"
"Passionfruit"
"Gyalchester"
"Portland"
"KMT"
"Glow"
"Fake Love"
Scary Hours / Scorpion
"God's Plan" / "Diplomatic Immunity"
"Survival"
"Nonstop"
"Elevate"
"Emotionless"
"I'm Upset"
"8 Out of 10"
"Mob Ties"
"Can't Take a Joke"
"Talk Up"
"Jaded"
"Nice for What"
"That's How You Feel"
"In My Feelings"
"Don't Matter to Me"
Care Package
"Trust Issues"
"Paris Morton Music"
Dark Lane Demo Tapes
"Chicago Freestyle"
"Toosie Slide"
"Time Flies"
"Pain 1993"
"War"
Scary Hours 2
"What's Next"
"Wants and Needs"
"Lemon Pepper Freestyle"
Certified Lover Boy
"Champagne Poetry"
"Papi's Home"
"Girls Want Girls"
"In the Bible"
"Love All"
"Fair Trade"
"Way 2 Sexy"
"TSU"
"N 2 Deep"
"No Friends in the Industry"
"Knife Talk"
"7AM on Bridle Path"
"Race My Mind"
"Fountains"
Honestly, Nevermind
"Falling Back"
"Sticky"
"Massive"
"Jimmy Cooks"
Her Loss
"Rich Flex"
"Major Distribution"
"On BS"
"Spin Bout U"
"Circo Loco"
"Pussy & Millions"
"Jumbotron Shit Poppin"
For All the Dogs / Scary Hours Edition
"Virginia Beach"
"Amen"
"Calling for You"
"Fear of Heights"
"Daylight"
"First Person Shooter"
"IDGAF"
"7969 Santa"
"Slime You Out"
"8AM in Charlotte"
"Gently"
"Rich Baby Daddy"
"Evil Ways"
"You Broke My Heart"
Drake–Kendrick Lamar feud
"Push Ups"
"Taylor Made Freestyle"
"Family Matters"
"The Heart Part 6"
Other songs
"Forever"
"0 to 100 / The Catch Up"
"Charged Up"
"Back to Back"
"Right Hand"
"Summer Sixteen"
"Sneakin' "
"Two Birds, One Stone"
"No Frauds"
"Signs"
"Yes Indeed"
"Duppy Freestyle"
"Only You Freestyle"
"Laugh Now Cry Later"
"Bubbly"
"Search & Rescue"
"On the Radar Freestyle"
"Wah Gwan Delilah"
As featured artist2009"Throw It in the Bag (Remix)""The One""Money to Blow""I Invented Sex""Say Something""4 My Town (Play Ball)"2010"Gonorrhea""Wavin' Flag (Haiti Mix)""Un-Thinkable (I'm Ready) (Remix)""Right Above It""Loving You No More""What Up""Aston Martin Music""Deuces (Remix)""What's My Name?""Fall for Your Type""In the Morning""Moment 4 Life"2011"Feel Love""Unusual""I'm on One""She Will""It's Good""Still Got It""Round of Applause""Mr. Wrong"2012"Champion""Stay Schemin'""No Lie""Pop That""Amen""Enough Said""Diced Pineapples""We in This Bitch 1.5""Fuckin' Problems""The Zone"2013"Poetic Justice""Right Here""Love Me""No Guns Allowed""No New Friends""Live For""I Do It""Cabaret""Know Bout Me""Mine"2014"Odio""Who Do You Love?""Trophies""Believe Me""Recognize""Tuesday""Only"2015"Truffle Butter""Blessings""100""R.I.C.O.""Where Ya At"2016"Work""Come and See Me""Why You Always Hatin?""For Free""No Shopping""Back on Road""Big Amount""Used to This"2017"Both""Come Closer""To the Max""No Complaints"2018"Look Alive""Walk It Talk It""Lemon (Remix)""Girls Need Love""Bigger Than You""Sicko Mode""No Stylist""Never Recover""Flip the Switch""Mia""Going Bad"2019"No Guidance""Gold Roses""Won't Be Late""Loyal"2020"Life Is Good""Oprah's Bank Account""Greece""Popstar""Mr. Right Now""Outta Time""You're Mines Still (Remix)"2021"Talk to Me""Solid""Having Our Way""Wasting Time""Over the Top"2022"P Power""Wait for U""I'm on One""Churchill Downs""Staying Alive"2023"We Caa Done""Who Told You""Parade on Cleveland""Oh U Went""Meltdown""Needle"2024"Act II: Date @ 8""U My Everything"
vteGiggs
Discography
Awards and nominations
Studio albums
Walk in da Park
Let Em Ave It
When Will It Stop
Landlord
Big Bad...
Mixtapes
Wamp 2 Dem
Singles
"Don't Go There"
"Look What the Cat Dragged In"
Featured singles
"Trigger Bang"
"Game Over"
"Man Don't Care"
"3 Wheel-Ups"
"No Long Talk"
"KMT"
Film appearances
Victim
Anuvahood
The Essence
Related articles
Takeover Entertainment Ltd
XL Recordings
B.o.B
Devlin
Chip | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake_(musician)"},{"link_name":"More Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/More_Life"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Giggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giggs_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-credits-3"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"GRM Daily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRM_Daily"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"British Phonographic Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"}],"text":"\"KMT\" (acronym for \"Kiss My Teeth\") is a song by Canadian rapper Drake from his album, More Life (2017).[2] The song features a guest appearance from British rapper Giggs and was written by Drake, Giggs, Courtney Clyburn, and Cameron Shaikh. It was produced by Ness and Chef Pasquale.[3]The song saw commercial and critical success in the United Kingdom where it peaked at number nine on the UK Singles Chart and was later nominated for \"Best Track\" at the 2017 GRM Daily Rated Awards.[4] \"KMT\" was additionally certified Gold by the British Phonographic Industry in the United Kingdom.","title":"KMT (song)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xxxtentacion_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"XXXTentacion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXXTentacion"},{"link_name":"Look at Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Look_at_Me_(XXXTentacion_song)"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"XXXTentacion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXXTentacion"},{"link_name":"Look at Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Look_at_Me_(XXXTentacion_song)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(crime)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-release-7"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami"},{"link_name":"103.5 The Beat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/103.5_The_Beat"},{"link_name":"Periscope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periscope_(app)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-release-7"},{"link_name":"DJ Semtex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Semtex"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"XXXTentacion controversy","text":"\"KMT\" drew comparisons to XXXTentacion's \"Look at Me\"On January 28, 2017, \"KMT\" was previewed on stage by Drake during a concert in Amsterdam.[5] The song was compared by users on social media to American rapper XXXTentacion's song \"Look at Me\" due to the similarity in flows, resulting in significant online controversy.[6] While these events were taking place, XXXTentacion was incarcerated for battery charges.[7]After being granted parole, XXXTentacion was released from jail on March 26, 2017. Before appearing for an interview on Miami radio station 103.5 The Beat, he spoke with fans using the live video streaming app Periscope. During the interview with 103.5 The Beat, XXXTentacion claimed that Drake contacted a DJ that he had been associated with. According to the DJ, Drake was supposed to contact XXXTentacion's manager, but that did not occur. XXXTentacion also claimed that shortly after these exchanges took place, one of his friends contacted him during his incarceration and had shown him a live performance of \"KMT\" following comparisons to the similarity in flow from fans.[8] XXXTentacion later joined his fans in accusing Drake of taking his style from \"Look at Me\".[7]Drake later appeared on an interview with DJ Semtex, where he addressed the controversy. Drake claimed that a few days after performing the track with Giggs he saw comments on Instagram accusing him of stealing XXXTentacion's flow. Drake maintained that he had never heard of XXXTentacion or his track, \"Look at Me\" prior to the controversy. He then goes on to explain that he searched for the song that was being referenced, and that he could see where people could draw the comparison.[9]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tomoya Ohtani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomoya_Ohtani"},{"link_name":"Ali Tabatabaee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Tabatabaee"},{"link_name":"Matty Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matty_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Zebrahead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebrahead"},{"link_name":"Sonic the Hedgehog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_the_Hedgehog_(2006_video_game)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Shutdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shutdown_(Skepta_song)"},{"link_name":"Skepta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skepta"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Samples","text":"\"KMT\" has two credited samples. One of the samples, \"His World\", was composed by Tomoya Ohtani and was performed by Ali Tabatabaee and Matty Lewis of the band Zebrahead. \"His World\" is best known as the theme song from the 2006 video game, Sonic the Hedgehog, which also serves as the theme of Sonic.[10][11] When asked about the sample on Twitter, Ohtani said he was surprised and honoured that the song was sampled.[12]The other sample was taken from a live version of \"Shutdown\" by English rapper and fellow album collaborator, Skepta.[13]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Giggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giggs_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"GQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GQ"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Reception","text":"Vice magazine interviewed American listeners to see how they felt Giggs fit into the song. Interviewees said that a distinction between rappers from the United Kingdom as opposed to North America is that rappers from the UK focus more on the lyrics whereas North American rappers focus more on the flow. Multiple respondents said that Giggs' contribution did not work well with the track.[14]In another piece Vice claimed that Drake had to conform to American standards during his rise to fame and it was only recently that he had been able to incorporate Torontonian culture into his music.[15] In GQ, it was further elaborated that the branding of the album as a \"playlist\" could be explained by Drake wanting to produce a project that was an incorporation of his favourite international artists. GQ went on to say that Drake's role in \"KMT\" was to introduce the song, and to let Giggs make it his own.[16]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Commercial performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard Canadian Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Canada-17"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"North America","text":"On April 8, 2017, \"KMT\" entered the charts at number 25 on the Billboard Canadian Hot 100 and remained in the top 100 until May 6, 2017.[17] The song spent two weeks on the US Billboard Hot 100, entering the chart at number 48, its immediate peak, on April 8, 2017.[18]","title":"Commercial performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"Passionfruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passionfruit_(song)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UK-19"},{"link_name":"UK R&B Charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_R%26B_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UKrandb-20"}],"sub_title":"Europe","text":"On March 24, 2017, \"KMT\" entered at number 9 on the UK Singles Chart, becoming Drake's second-highest charting song from More Life, after \"Passionfruit\" which peaked at number 3. \"KMT\" became Giggs' first top-ten entry on the UK Singles Chart.[19] \"KMT\" also appeared on the UK R&B Charts and spent a total of 21 weeks on the chart, peaking at number 2.[20]","title":"Commercial performance"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"}] | [{"image_text":"\"KMT\" drew comparisons to XXXTentacion's \"Look at Me\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Xxxtentacion_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Xxxtentacion_%28cropped%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Here Are the Credits for Drake's 'More Life'\". XXL. Archived from the original on March 19, 2017. Retrieved October 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2017/03/drake-more-life-credits/","url_text":"\"Here Are the Credits for Drake's 'More Life'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXL_(magazine)","url_text":"XXL"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170319200047/http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2017/03/drake-more-life-credits/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"More Life by Drake\". Apple Music. March 18, 2017. Archived from the original on March 31, 2017. Retrieved March 20, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/more-life/id1216986780","url_text":"\"More Life by Drake\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Music","url_text":"Apple Music"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170331065159/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/more-life/id1216986780","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Here Are the Credits for Drake's 'More Life'\". XXL. Archived from the original on March 19, 2017. Retrieved October 5, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2017/03/drake-more-life-credits/","url_text":"\"Here Are the Credits for Drake's 'More Life'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXL_(magazine)","url_text":"XXL"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170319200047/http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2017/03/drake-more-life-credits/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rated Awards: Best Track nominees revealed\". GRM Daily – Grime, Rap music and Culture. Archived from the original on 2018-01-31. Retrieved 2017-09-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://grmdaily.com/rated-awards-best-track-nominees","url_text":"\"Rated Awards: Best Track nominees revealed\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180131184200/http://grmdaily.com/rated-awards-best-track-nominees","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Drake Previews New Song At Amsterdam Show\". HotNewHipHop. Archived from the original on 2017-08-08. Retrieved 2017-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/drake-previews-new-song-at-amsterdam-show-news.28126.html","url_text":"\"Drake Previews New Song At Amsterdam Show\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170808074322/http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/drake-previews-new-song-at-amsterdam-show-news.28126.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Internet Thinks Drake Is Biting XXXTENTACION's Flow On His New Track\". HotNewHipHop. Archived from the original on 2017-02-01. Retrieved 2017-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/the-internet-thinks-drake-is-biting-xxxtentacions-flow-on-his-new-track-news.28132.html","url_text":"\"The Internet Thinks Drake Is Biting XXXTENTACION's Flow On His New Track\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170201151418/http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/the-internet-thinks-drake-is-biting-xxxtentacions-flow-on-his-new-track-news.28132.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Centeno, Tony. \"Florida Rapper XXXTentacion Calls Out Drake After Being Released From Jail\". Billboard. Archived from the original on 14 November 2019. Retrieved 5 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/7744318/xxxtentacion-drake-released-from-jail-interview","url_text":"\"Florida Rapper XXXTentacion Calls Out Drake After Being Released From Jail\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191114000146/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/7744318/xxxtentacion-drake-released-from-jail-interview","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Here's the Rapper Who Just Called Drake a B***h\". BET.com. 2017-03-30. Archived from the original on 2018-02-26. Retrieved 2017-10-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bet.com/music/2017/03/30/drake-xxxtentacion-kmt.html","url_text":"\"Here's the Rapper Who Just Called Drake a B***h\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180226205622/https://www.bet.com/music/2017/03/30/drake-xxxtentacion-kmt.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"XXXTentacion Responds to Drake Denying He Bit the Flow From 'Look At Me' – XXL\". XXL Mag. Archived from the original on August 21, 2017. Retrieved October 5, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2017/02/xxxtentacion-seems-to-respond-to-new-drake-interview/","url_text":"\"XXXTentacion Responds to Drake Denying He Bit the Flow From 'Look At Me' – XXL\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170821033023/http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2017/02/xxxtentacion-seems-to-respond-to-new-drake-interview/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Carter, Chris (2017-03-17). \"How does Sonic Forces' main theme measure up to past games?\". Destructoid. Enthusiast Gaming. Archived from the original on 2017-03-31. Retrieved 2017-10-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.destructoid.com/how-does-sonic-forces-main-theme-measure-up-to-past-games--425543.phtml","url_text":"\"How does Sonic Forces' main theme measure up to past games?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170331040031/https://www.destructoid.com/how-does-sonic-forces-main-theme-measure-up-to-past-games--425543.phtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sonic Team (2006-11-14). Sonic the Hedgehog. Sega. Level/area: Credits.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ohtani, 大谷 智哉 Tomoya (2018-09-05). \"I was very surprised. I feel honored\". @Ohtanitter. Archived from the original on 2022-10-20. Retrieved 2019-01-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/Ohtanitter/status/1037487597235261440","url_text":"\"I was very surprised. I feel honored\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221020205553/https://twitter.com/Ohtanitter/status/1037487597235261440","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bychawski, Adam (18 March 2017). \"See all the producers and samples on Drake's More Life\". FACT Magazine. Archived from the original on 2021-01-30. Retrieved 2017-10-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.factmag.com/2017/03/18/drake-more-life-samples-producers/","url_text":"\"See all the producers and samples on Drake's More Life\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210130032417/https://www.factmag.com/2017/03/18/drake-more-life-samples-producers/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Daisy (22 March 2017). \"We Asked a Load of Americans Why They Think Giggs Sucks\". VICE. Archived from the original on 5 July 2018. Retrieved 5 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://noisey.vice.com/en_uk/article/4xppvq/why-americans-hated-giggs-more-life-kmt-no-long-talk","url_text":"\"We Asked a Load of Americans Why They Think Giggs Sucks\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180705023325/https://noisey.vice.com/en_uk/article/4xppvq/why-americans-hated-giggs-more-life-kmt-no-long-talk","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bassil, Ryan (20 March 2017). \"#MoreLife, More Americans Have to Wake Up to a Rap Culture That's Not Just Theirs\". VICE. Archived from the original on 3 January 2019. Retrieved 5 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://noisey.vice.com/en_uk/article/qkmne3/more-life-americans-rap-culture-no-longer-only-theirs","url_text":"\"#MoreLife, More Americans Have to Wake Up to a Rap Culture That's Not Just Theirs\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190103042241/https://noisey.vice.com/en_uk/article/qkmne3/more-life-americans-rap-culture-no-longer-only-theirs","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Halls, Eleanor (19 March 2017). \"Drake's More Life really is a playlist of his favourite artists\". GQ Magazine. Archived from the original on 23 October 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/drake-more-life-review-features","url_text":"\"Drake's More Life really is a playlist of his favourite artists\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201023083734/https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/drake-more-life-review-features","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Hot 100\". Billboard. April 8, 2017. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved April 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100/2017-04-08","url_text":"\"The Hot 100\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181205033625/https://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100/2017-04-08","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"IRMA – Irish Charts\". Irish Recorded Music Association. Archived from the original on June 14, 2017. Retrieved March 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://irma.ie/index.cfm?page=irish-charts&chart=Singles","url_text":"\"IRMA – Irish Charts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Recorded_Music_Association","url_text":"Irish Recorded Music Association"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170614003514/http://www.irma.ie/index.cfm?page=irish-charts&chart=Singles","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Swedish Heatseekers Chart – 17 March 2017\". Retrieved 17 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sverigetopplistan.se/netdata/ghl002.mbr/lista?liid=215&dfom=20170317&newi=0&mode=list&navi=no&platform=Win32&browser=Safari","url_text":"\"Swedish Heatseekers Chart – 17 March 2017\""}]},{"reference":"\"British single certifications – Drake – KMT\". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved October 30, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/14354-4421-1","url_text":"\"British single certifications – Drake – KMT\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2017/03/drake-more-life-credits/","external_links_name":"\"Here Are the Credits for Drake's 'More Life'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170319200047/http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2017/03/drake-more-life-credits/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/more-life/id1216986780","external_links_name":"\"More Life by Drake\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170331065159/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/more-life/id1216986780","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2017/03/drake-more-life-credits/","external_links_name":"\"Here Are the Credits for Drake's 'More Life'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170319200047/http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2017/03/drake-more-life-credits/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://grmdaily.com/rated-awards-best-track-nominees","external_links_name":"\"Rated Awards: Best Track nominees revealed\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180131184200/http://grmdaily.com/rated-awards-best-track-nominees","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/drake-previews-new-song-at-amsterdam-show-news.28126.html","external_links_name":"\"Drake Previews New Song At Amsterdam Show\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170808074322/http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/drake-previews-new-song-at-amsterdam-show-news.28126.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/the-internet-thinks-drake-is-biting-xxxtentacions-flow-on-his-new-track-news.28132.html","external_links_name":"\"The Internet Thinks Drake Is Biting XXXTENTACION's Flow On His New Track\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170201151418/http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/the-internet-thinks-drake-is-biting-xxxtentacions-flow-on-his-new-track-news.28132.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/7744318/xxxtentacion-drake-released-from-jail-interview","external_links_name":"\"Florida Rapper XXXTentacion Calls Out Drake After Being Released From Jail\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191114000146/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/7744318/xxxtentacion-drake-released-from-jail-interview","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.bet.com/music/2017/03/30/drake-xxxtentacion-kmt.html","external_links_name":"\"Here's the Rapper Who Just Called Drake a B***h\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180226205622/https://www.bet.com/music/2017/03/30/drake-xxxtentacion-kmt.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2017/02/xxxtentacion-seems-to-respond-to-new-drake-interview/","external_links_name":"\"XXXTentacion Responds to Drake Denying He Bit the Flow From 'Look At Me' – XXL\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170821033023/http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2017/02/xxxtentacion-seems-to-respond-to-new-drake-interview/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.destructoid.com/how-does-sonic-forces-main-theme-measure-up-to-past-games--425543.phtml","external_links_name":"\"How does Sonic Forces' main theme measure up to past games?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170331040031/https://www.destructoid.com/how-does-sonic-forces-main-theme-measure-up-to-past-games--425543.phtml","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/Ohtanitter/status/1037487597235261440","external_links_name":"\"I was very surprised. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Kuhn | Mickey Kuhn | ["1 Biography","1.1 Career as a child star","1.2 Navy career","1.3 Post-acting career","1.4 Death","2 Awards","3 Filmography","4 Citations","5 General and cited references","6 External links"] | American child actor (1932–2022)
Mickey KuhnKuhn in The Strange Love of Martha Ivers (1946)BornTheodore Matthew Michael Kuhn Jr.(1932-09-21)September 21, 1932Waukegan, Illinois, U.S.DiedNovember 20, 2022(2022-11-20) (aged 90)Naples, Florida, U.S.OccupationActorYears active1934–1956 (as actor)Spouses
Jean Marie Hannick
(m. 1956; div. 1962)
Shannon Farnon (divorced)
Rosa Negrete (divorced)
Yolanda Borbon (divorced)
Barbara Traci (m. 1985)Children2 (by Hannick)
Theodore Matthew Michael Kuhn Jr. (September 21, 1932 – November 20, 2022) was an American actor. He started his career as a child actor, active on-screen during the Golden Age of Hollywood from the 1930s until the early 1950s. He is noted for having played Beau Wilkes in Gone with the Wind (1939).
Kuhn also appeared in Juarez (1939), A Tree Grows in Brooklyn (1945), The Strange Love of Martha Ivers (1946), Red River (1948), Broken Arrow (1950), and A Streetcar Named Desire (1951).
Biography
Career as a child star
Kuhn was born on September 21, 1932, in Waukegan, Illinois, to Theodore Matthew Michael Kuhn Sr. and Pearl Bernadette (née Hicks). He had a sister, Bernadette, who was twelve years older. In 1934, the family moved to Los Angeles as a result of the Great Depression. Kuhn appeared as a toddler in the 1934 film Change of Heart, after a woman spotted him with his mother in Santa Monica and informed her of a Fox Film casting call, believing Kuhn and the woman's toddler could play twins. His parents enrolled him at the Mar-Ken School for performing children, where he became friends with acting brothers Darryl and Dwayne Hickman.
Kuhn considered Juarez (1939) his "big break", having been chosen from more than 50 children for the role. Afterwards, he was selected for the role of Beau Wilkes in Gone with the Wind, recalling that the receptionist at the casting call told him "Mickey, we've been waiting for you", and instantly announced the role had been filled. Kuhn went on to appear as the adoptive son of John Wayne's character in Red River in 1948 and then in Broken Arrow in 1950 starring James Stewart.
The film A Streetcar Named Desire (1951) reunited him with Vivien Leigh twelve years after they first worked together in Gone with the Wind. In A Streetcar Named Desire, Kuhn played a sailor who directs Leigh's character Blanche to the correct streetcar which will take her to her sister's neighborhood at the beginning of the film. He therefore achieved the distinction of being the only actor to share screen time with Leigh in each of her Academy Award-winning performances, and following the death of Dame Olivia de Havilland on July 26, 2020, he became the last surviving credited cast member in both films.
Navy career
Kuhn served in the U.S. Navy from 1951 until 1955 and worked as an aircraft electrician there.
Post-acting career
After finishing his Navy service, Kuhn attempted to return to acting, briefly appearing in the TV anthology Alfred Hitchcock Presents, but was only offered television roles which he found unappealing. He left the film business in 1956 to attend college, and worked for American Airlines from 1965 to 1995 and the Boston airport in administrative positions until his retirement. He regularly visited film festivals dealing with his films.
Kuhn was married five times. His first marriage, to Jean Marie Hannick, lasted from 1956 until 1962; they had two children, including son Theodore Matthew Michael III. He was later married to Shannon Farnon, Rosa Negrete, and Yolanda Borbon, all of which ended in divorce. His last wife, an American Airlines co-worker named Barbara Traci, was married to him from 1985 until his death.
Kuhn in 2013
Death
Kuhn had been living in Naples, Florida, and volunteered four hours per week at a local hospital. He died at a hospice facility in Naples on November 20, 2022, aged 90.
Awards
In 2005, Kuhn received a Golden Boot Award, an award given to acknowledge significant contributions to the Western genre.
Filmography
Year
Title
Role
Source
1934
Change of Heart
Baby (film debut)
1937
A Doctor's Diary
Boy in hospital
1939
King of the Underworld
Young Boy
Juarez
Agustín de Iturbide y Green
S.O.S. Tidal Wave
Buddy Shannon
When Tomorrow Comes
Boy
Bad Little Angel
Bobby Creighton – Age 5 (uncredited)
Gone with the Wind
Beau Wilkes
1940
I Want a Divorce
David Holland, Jr.
Slightly Tempted
Boy (uncredited)
1941
One Foot in Heaven
Boy (uncredited)
1944
Beneath Western Skies
Teddy (uncredited)
1945
Roughly Speaking
John
A Tree Grows in Brooklyn
Boy
This Love of Ours
Boy
Dick Tracy
Junior
1946
Roaring Rangers
Larry Connor
The Strange Love of Martha Ivers
Young Walter
The Searching Wind
Sam as a Boy
The Return of Rusty
Marty Connors
Three Little Girls in Blue
Farm boy
1947
High Conquest
Peter Oberwalder Jr.
Magic Town
Hank Nickleby
1948
Red River
Young Matt
1949
Scene of the Crime
Ed Monigan, Jr.
1950
Broken Arrow
Bob Slade (uncredited)
1951
That's My Boy
Student (uncredited)
A Streetcar Named Desire
A Sailor
On the Loose
Bob Vance
1955
The Last Frontier
Luke
1956
Away All Boats
Seaman (final film)
1957
Alfred Hitchcock Presents
Bellhop
Season 2 Episode 22: "The End of Indian Summer"
Alfred Hitchcock Presents
Ellerbee
Season 2 Episode 23: "One for the Road" (credited but does not appear)
Alfred Hitchcock Presents
Season 2 Episode 29: "Vicious Circle"
Citations
^ a b c Fan's Guide to Gone With The Wind eBook Bundle: Collected Biographies of Margaret Mitchell, Vivien Leigh, and Gone With the Wind Trivia. Rowman & Littlefield. December 3, 2014. ISBN 978-1-4930-1701-0. Retrieved February 4, 2019.
^ Dennis, Ken (December 4, 2008). "Mickey Kuhn: Boy Actor of the Golden Age". Films of the Golden Age. Muscatine Journal.
^ a b c d e "Mickey Kuhn, child actor who was the last credited cast member of the classic 1939 film Gone With the Wind – obituary". The Daily Telegraph. November 22, 2022. Retrieved November 22, 2022.
^ a b c d Barnes, Mike (November 21, 2022). "Mickey Kuhn, Child Actor in 'Gone With the Wind', Dies at 90". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved November 21, 2022.
^ a b c Freeman, Liz (December 21, 2017). "Mickey Kuhn, child actor during Hollywood's Golden Age, lives in Naples, Florida". Naples Daily News. Retrieved December 22, 2017.
^ "See last surviving "Gone with the Wind" Actor Mickey Kuhn Now at 89". September 7, 2022.
^ Noland, Claire (April 8, 2014). "Mary Anderson dies at 96; actress had role in 'Gone With the Wind'". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on May 12, 2014. Retrieved April 8, 2014.
^ Argetsinger, Amy (December 15, 2014). "A quiet 75th anniversary for 'Gone With the Wind' and one of its last surviving actors, Mickey Kuhn". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 27, 2016.
^ Panaglian, EJ (November 22, 2022). "Mickey Kuhn, 'Gone With the Wind' Actor, Dies at 90". Variety. Retrieved November 22, 2022.
^ "Mickey Kuhn obituary". The Times. Retrieved November 22, 2022.
^ "The Golden Boot Awards". The Old Corral at b-westerns.com. Archived from the original on February 7, 2022. Retrieved August 14, 2022.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y "Mickey Kuhn filmography". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved November 22, 2022.
^ a b Evans, Greg (November 22, 2022). "Mickey Kuhn Dies: Last Surviving 'Gone With The Wind' Cast Member Was 90". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved November 22, 2022.
^ Brizio-Skov, Flavia (2021). Ride the Frontier: Exploring the Myth of the American West on Screen. McFarland. p. 51. ISBN 9781476641911.
^ "On the Loose — 1951". The A.V. Club. Retrieved November 22, 2022.
General and cited references
Goldrup, Tom and Jim (2002). Growing Up on the Set: Interviews with 39 Former Child Actors of Film and Television. McFarland & Co. pp. 178–185. ISBN 1476613702.
Holmstrom, John (1996). The Moving Picture Boy: An International Encyclopaedia from 1895 to 1995. Norwich: Michael Russell, p. 178.
External links
Mickey Kuhn at IMDb
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Golden Age of Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Hollywood"},{"link_name":"Gone with the Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(film)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fg-1"},{"link_name":"Juarez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juarez_(film)"},{"link_name":"A Tree Grows in Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Tree_Grows_in_Brooklyn_(1945_film)"},{"link_name":"The Strange Love of Martha Ivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Strange_Love_of_Martha_Ivers"},{"link_name":"Red River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_River_(1948_film)"},{"link_name":"Broken Arrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_Arrow_(1950_film)"},{"link_name":"A Streetcar Named Desire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Streetcar_Named_Desire_(1951_film)"}],"text":"Theodore Matthew Michael Kuhn Jr. (September 21, 1932 – November 20, 2022) was an American actor. 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He is noted for having played Beau Wilkes in Gone with the Wind (1939).[1]Kuhn also appeared in Juarez (1939), A Tree Grows in Brooklyn (1945), The Strange Love of Martha Ivers (1946), Red River (1948), Broken Arrow (1950), and A Streetcar Named Desire (1951).","title":"Mickey Kuhn"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Waukegan, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waukegan,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Change of Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_of_Heart_(1934_film)"},{"link_name":"Santa Monica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Monica,_California"},{"link_name":"Fox Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Film"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph-3"},{"link_name":"Darryl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darryl_Hickman"},{"link_name":"Dwayne Hickman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwayne_Hickman"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thr-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-naples-5"},{"link_name":"John Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wayne"},{"link_name":"James Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Stewart"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thr-4"},{"link_name":"Vivien Leigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivien_Leigh"},{"link_name":"streetcar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streetcar"},{"link_name":"Academy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award"},{"link_name":"Olivia de Havilland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivia_de_Havilland"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BL-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Career as a child star","text":"Kuhn was born on September 21, 1932, in Waukegan, Illinois, to Theodore Matthew Michael Kuhn Sr. and Pearl Bernadette (née Hicks). He had a sister, Bernadette, who was twelve years older. In 1934, the family moved to Los Angeles as a result of the Great Depression.[2] Kuhn appeared as a toddler in the 1934 film Change of Heart, after a woman spotted him with his mother in Santa Monica and informed her of a Fox Film casting call, believing Kuhn and the woman's toddler could play twins.[3] His parents enrolled him at the Mar-Ken School for performing children, where he became friends with acting brothers Darryl and Dwayne Hickman.[4]Kuhn considered Juarez (1939) his \"big break\", having been chosen from more than 50 children for the role.[3] Afterwards, he was selected for the role of Beau Wilkes in Gone with the Wind, recalling that the receptionist at the casting call told him \"Mickey, we've been waiting for you\", and instantly announced the role had been filled.[5] Kuhn went on to appear as the adoptive son of John Wayne's character in Red River in 1948 and then in Broken Arrow in 1950 starring James Stewart.[4]The film A Streetcar Named Desire (1951) reunited him with Vivien Leigh twelve years after they first worked together in Gone with the Wind. 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He therefore achieved the distinction of being the only actor to share screen time with Leigh in each of her Academy Award-winning performances, and following the death of Dame Olivia de Havilland on July 26, 2020, he became the last surviving credited cast member in both films.[6][7][8]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Navy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fg-1"}],"sub_title":"Navy career","text":"Kuhn served in the U.S. Navy from 1951 until 1955 and worked as an aircraft electrician there.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alfred Hitchcock Presents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock_Presents"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph-3"},{"link_name":"American Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Airlines"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fg-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mickey_Kuhn_(8677353643).jpg"}],"sub_title":"Post-acting career","text":"After finishing his Navy service, Kuhn attempted to return to acting, briefly appearing in the TV anthology Alfred Hitchcock Presents, but was only offered television roles which he found unappealing.[3] He left the film business in 1956 to attend college, and worked for American Airlines from 1965 to 1995[1] and the Boston airport in administrative positions until his retirement. He regularly visited film festivals dealing with his films.[9]Kuhn was married five times. His first marriage, to Jean Marie Hannick, lasted from 1956 until 1962; they had two children, including son Theodore Matthew Michael III. He was later married to Shannon Farnon, Rosa Negrete, and Yolanda Borbon, all of which ended in divorce.[10] His last wife, an American Airlines co-worker named Barbara Traci, was married to him from 1985 until his death.[3]Kuhn in 2013","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Naples, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-naples-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thr-4"}],"sub_title":"Death","text":"Kuhn had been living in Naples, Florida, and volunteered four hours per week at a local hospital.[5] He died at a hospice facility in Naples on November 20, 2022, aged 90.[4]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Golden Boot Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Boot_Awards"},{"link_name":"Western genre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_(genre)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"In 2005, Kuhn received a Golden Boot Award, an award given to acknowledge significant contributions to the Western genre.[11]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fg_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fg_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fg_1-2"},{"link_name":"Fan's Guide to Gone With The Wind eBook Bundle: Collected Biographies of Margaret Mitchell, Vivien Leigh, and Gone With the Wind Trivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=fyzVBQAAQBAJ&q=%22Theodore+Matthew+Michael+Kuhn+Jr.%22&pg=PT169"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4930-1701-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4930-1701-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Mickey Kuhn: Boy Actor of the Golden Age\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//filmsofthegoldenage.com/current_issue/mickey-kuhn-boy-actor-of-the-golden-age/article_6e3ab789-b94d-598b-b08b-b919fcc59cfd.html"},{"link_name":"Films of the Golden Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Films_of_the_Golden_Age"},{"link_name":"Muscatine Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscatine_Journal"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-telegraph_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-telegraph_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-telegraph_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-telegraph_3-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-telegraph_3-4"},{"link_name":"\"Mickey Kuhn, child actor who was the last credited cast member of the classic 1939 film Gone With the Wind – obituary\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2022/11/22/mickey-kuhn-child-actor-who-last-credited-cast-member-classic/"},{"link_name":"The Daily Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-thr_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-thr_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-thr_4-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-thr_4-3"},{"link_name":"\"Mickey Kuhn, Child Actor in 'Gone With the Wind', Dies at 90\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/mickey-kuhn-dead-gone-with-the-wind-child-actor-1235267180/"},{"link_name":"The Hollywood Reporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-naples_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-naples_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-naples_5-2"},{"link_name":"\"Mickey Kuhn, child actor during Hollywood's Golden Age, lives in Naples, Florida\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.naplesnews.com/story/news/local/2017/12/21/child-actor-mickey-kuhn-beau-wilkes-movies-hollywoods-golden-age-gone-wind-naples-florida/945464001/"},{"link_name":"Naples Daily News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples_Daily_News"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BL_6-0"},{"link_name":"\"See last surviving \"Gone with the Wind\" Actor Mickey Kuhn Now at 89\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bestlifeonline.com/gone-with-the-wind-mickey-kuhn-now-news/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Mary Anderson dies at 96; 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Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club"}],"text":"^ a b c Fan's Guide to Gone With The Wind eBook Bundle: Collected Biographies of Margaret Mitchell, Vivien Leigh, and Gone With the Wind Trivia. Rowman & Littlefield. December 3, 2014. ISBN 978-1-4930-1701-0. Retrieved February 4, 2019.\n\n^ Dennis, Ken (December 4, 2008). \"Mickey Kuhn: Boy Actor of the Golden Age\". Films of the Golden Age. Muscatine Journal.\n\n^ a b c d e \"Mickey Kuhn, child actor who was the last credited cast member of the classic 1939 film Gone With the Wind – obituary\". The Daily Telegraph. November 22, 2022. Retrieved November 22, 2022.\n\n^ a b c d Barnes, Mike (November 21, 2022). \"Mickey Kuhn, Child Actor in 'Gone With the Wind', Dies at 90\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved November 21, 2022.\n\n^ a b c Freeman, Liz (December 21, 2017). \"Mickey Kuhn, child actor during Hollywood's Golden Age, lives in Naples, Florida\". Naples Daily News. Retrieved December 22, 2017.\n\n^ \"See last surviving \"Gone with the Wind\" Actor Mickey Kuhn Now at 89\". September 7, 2022.\n\n^ Noland, Claire (April 8, 2014). \"Mary Anderson dies at 96; actress had role in 'Gone With the Wind'\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on May 12, 2014. Retrieved April 8, 2014.\n\n^ Argetsinger, Amy (December 15, 2014). \"A quiet 75th anniversary for 'Gone With the Wind' and one of its last surviving actors, Mickey Kuhn\". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 27, 2016.\n\n^ Panaglian, EJ (November 22, 2022). \"Mickey Kuhn, 'Gone With the Wind' Actor, Dies at 90\". Variety. Retrieved November 22, 2022.\n\n^ \"Mickey Kuhn obituary\". The Times. Retrieved November 22, 2022.\n\n^ \"The Golden Boot Awards\". The Old Corral at b-westerns.com. Archived from the original on February 7, 2022. Retrieved August 14, 2022.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y \"Mickey Kuhn filmography\". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved November 22, 2022.\n\n^ a b Evans, Greg (November 22, 2022). \"Mickey Kuhn Dies: Last Surviving 'Gone With The Wind' Cast Member Was 90\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved November 22, 2022.\n\n^ Brizio-Skov, Flavia (2021). Ride the Frontier: Exploring the Myth of the American West on Screen. McFarland. p. 51. ISBN 9781476641911.\n\n^ \"On the Loose — 1951\". The A.V. Club. Retrieved November 22, 2022.","title":"Citations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1476613702","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1476613702"}],"text":"Goldrup, Tom and Jim (2002). Growing Up on the Set: Interviews with 39 Former Child Actors of Film and Television. McFarland & Co. pp. 178–185. ISBN 1476613702.\nHolmstrom, John (1996). The Moving Picture Boy: An International Encyclopaedia from 1895 to 1995. Norwich: Michael Russell, p. 178.","title":"General and cited references"}] | [{"image_text":"Kuhn in 2013","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Mickey_Kuhn_%288677353643%29.jpg/220px-Mickey_Kuhn_%288677353643%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Fan's Guide to Gone With The Wind eBook Bundle: Collected Biographies of Margaret Mitchell, Vivien Leigh, and Gone With the Wind Trivia. Rowman & Littlefield. December 3, 2014. ISBN 978-1-4930-1701-0. 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Retrieved November 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/mickey-kuhn-dead-gone-with-the-wind-child-actor-1235267180/","url_text":"\"Mickey Kuhn, Child Actor in 'Gone With the Wind', Dies at 90\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]},{"reference":"Freeman, Liz (December 21, 2017). \"Mickey Kuhn, child actor during Hollywood's Golden Age, lives in Naples, Florida\". Naples Daily News. Retrieved December 22, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.naplesnews.com/story/news/local/2017/12/21/child-actor-mickey-kuhn-beau-wilkes-movies-hollywoods-golden-age-gone-wind-naples-florida/945464001/","url_text":"\"Mickey Kuhn, child actor during Hollywood's Golden Age, lives in Naples, Florida\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples_Daily_News","url_text":"Naples Daily News"}]},{"reference":"\"See last surviving \"Gone with the Wind\" Actor Mickey Kuhn Now at 89\". 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The Washington Post. Retrieved June 27, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2014/12/15/a-quiet-75th-anniversary-for-gone-with-the-wind-and-one-of-its-last-surviving-actors-mickey-kuhn/","url_text":"\"A quiet 75th anniversary for 'Gone With the Wind' and one of its last surviving actors, Mickey Kuhn\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"Panaglian, EJ (November 22, 2022). \"Mickey Kuhn, 'Gone With the Wind' Actor, Dies at 90\". Variety. Retrieved November 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2022/film/news/mickey-kuhn-dead-gone-with-the-wind-1235440210/","url_text":"\"Mickey Kuhn, 'Gone With the Wind' Actor, Dies at 90\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mickey Kuhn obituary\". The Times. Retrieved November 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/mickey-kuhn-obituary-fr99rmhjl","url_text":"\"Mickey Kuhn obituary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"}]},{"reference":"\"The Golden Boot Awards\". The Old Corral at b-westerns.com. Archived from the original on February 7, 2022. Retrieved August 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.b-westerns.com/goldboot.htm","url_text":"\"The Golden Boot Awards\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220207030834/https://www.b-westerns.com/goldboot.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Mickey Kuhn filmography\". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved November 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://prod-www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/106103%7C112437/Mickey-Kuhn#filmography","url_text":"\"Mickey Kuhn filmography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_Classic_Movies","url_text":"Turner Classic Movies"}]},{"reference":"Evans, Greg (November 22, 2022). \"Mickey Kuhn Dies: Last Surviving 'Gone With The Wind' Cast Member Was 90\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved November 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2022/11/mickey-kuhn-dead-gone-with-the-wind-cast-member-was-90-1235180203/","url_text":"\"Mickey Kuhn Dies: Last Surviving 'Gone With The Wind' Cast Member Was 90\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"}]},{"reference":"Brizio-Skov, Flavia (2021). Ride the Frontier: Exploring the Myth of the American West on Screen. McFarland. p. 51. ISBN 9781476641911.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=geMXEAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Ride the Frontier: Exploring the Myth of the American West on Screen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476641911","url_text":"9781476641911"}]},{"reference":"\"On the Loose — 1951\". The A.V. Club. Retrieved November 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.avclub.com/film/reviews/on-the-loose-1951","url_text":"\"On the Loose — 1951\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club","url_text":"The A.V. Club"}]},{"reference":"Goldrup, Tom and Jim (2002). Growing Up on the Set: Interviews with 39 Former Child Actors of Film and Television. McFarland & Co. pp. 178–185. ISBN 1476613702.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1476613702","url_text":"1476613702"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fyzVBQAAQBAJ&q=%22Theodore+Matthew+Michael+Kuhn+Jr.%22&pg=PT169","external_links_name":"Fan's Guide to Gone With The Wind eBook Bundle: Collected Biographies of Margaret Mitchell, Vivien Leigh, and Gone With the Wind Trivia"},{"Link":"https://filmsofthegoldenage.com/current_issue/mickey-kuhn-boy-actor-of-the-golden-age/article_6e3ab789-b94d-598b-b08b-b919fcc59cfd.html","external_links_name":"\"Mickey Kuhn: Boy Actor of the Golden Age\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2022/11/22/mickey-kuhn-child-actor-who-last-credited-cast-member-classic/","external_links_name":"\"Mickey Kuhn, child actor who was the last credited cast member of the classic 1939 film Gone With the Wind – obituary\""},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/mickey-kuhn-dead-gone-with-the-wind-child-actor-1235267180/","external_links_name":"\"Mickey Kuhn, Child Actor in 'Gone With the Wind', Dies at 90\""},{"Link":"https://www.naplesnews.com/story/news/local/2017/12/21/child-actor-mickey-kuhn-beau-wilkes-movies-hollywoods-golden-age-gone-wind-naples-florida/945464001/","external_links_name":"\"Mickey Kuhn, child actor during Hollywood's Golden Age, lives in Naples, Florida\""},{"Link":"https://bestlifeonline.com/gone-with-the-wind-mickey-kuhn-now-news/","external_links_name":"\"See last surviving \"Gone with the Wind\" Actor Mickey Kuhn Now at 89\""},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-mary-anderson-20140408-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Mary Anderson dies at 96; actress had role in 'Gone With the Wind'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140512192039/https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-mary-anderson-20140408-story.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2014/12/15/a-quiet-75th-anniversary-for-gone-with-the-wind-and-one-of-its-last-surviving-actors-mickey-kuhn/","external_links_name":"\"A quiet 75th anniversary for 'Gone With the Wind' and one of its last surviving actors, Mickey Kuhn\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2022/film/news/mickey-kuhn-dead-gone-with-the-wind-1235440210/","external_links_name":"\"Mickey Kuhn, 'Gone With the Wind' Actor, Dies at 90\""},{"Link":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/mickey-kuhn-obituary-fr99rmhjl","external_links_name":"\"Mickey Kuhn obituary\""},{"Link":"https://www.b-westerns.com/goldboot.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Golden Boot Awards\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220207030834/https://www.b-westerns.com/goldboot.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://prod-www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/106103%7C112437/Mickey-Kuhn#filmography","external_links_name":"\"Mickey Kuhn filmography\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2022/11/mickey-kuhn-dead-gone-with-the-wind-cast-member-was-90-1235180203/","external_links_name":"\"Mickey Kuhn Dies: Last Surviving 'Gone With The Wind' Cast Member Was 90\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=geMXEAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Ride the Frontier: Exploring the Myth of the American West on Screen"},{"Link":"https://www.avclub.com/film/reviews/on-the-loose-1951","external_links_name":"\"On the Loose — 1951\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0474139/","external_links_name":"Mickey Kuhn"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000373451884","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/102986731","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwD3prBvdyWqGYfp6hmBP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/127339089X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2009174328","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_7_(Thai_TV_channel) | Channel 7 (Thailand) | ["1 History","2 Programming","2.1 Notable sports","2.2 Notable television series","2.3 Notable television shows","3 Presenters","3.1 Current","3.2 Former","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Thai television network
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Television channel
Channel 7 HDLogo used since 25 April 2014CountryThailandBroadcast areaThailandMalaysia (Perlis, Kedah, Perak, Kelantan and Terengganu)Myanmar (eastern and southern portions)Cambodia (western portion) LaosHeadquartersChatuchak, Bangkok, ThailandProgrammingLanguage(s)ThaiPicture format1080i HDTVOwnershipOwnerBangkok Broadcasting & TelevisionHistoryLaunched27 November 1967; 56 years ago (1967-11-27) (Analog System) 25 April 2014; 10 years ago (2014-04-25) (Digital System) 2 December 2015; 8 years ago (2015-12-02) (Satellite and Digital System)Closed16 June 2018 (Only Analog System)LinksWebsitewww.ch7.comAvailabilityTerrestrialDigitalChannel 35 (HD) (TV5 MUX2)Streaming mediaBBTV's OfficialWatch liveThailand only (It can be accessed with a VPN overseas)TrueIDWatch liveThailand only (It can be accessed with a VPN overseas)
Channel 7 or Channel 7 HD, fully known as Bangkok Broadcasting & Television Company Limited Channel 7 (Thai: ช่อง 7 เอชดี Formerly known as สถานีโทรทัศน์สีกองทัพบกช่อง 7), is a Thai state-owned free-to-air television network that was launched on 27 November 1967. It is the first colour television broadcast in Mainland Southeast Asia. It is currently owned by the Royal Thai Army through Bangkok Broadcasting & Television. It is headquartered in Mo Chit, Chatuchak, Bangkok.
History
Channel 7 officially launched broadcasts in Bangkok on 27 November 1967 at 7:00 pm Bangkok Time. The channel's broadcast area was only limited to Bangkok Metropolitan Area (Bangkok, capital of Thailand, and the surrounding areas) only. It was presided over by the then Prime Minister of Thailand Field Marshal Thanom Kittikachorn. The first programme to air was the 1967 Miss Thailand Pageant. Channel 7 was known back then as "Bangkok Colour Television Network", with callsign HSB-TV, airing on Channel 5 and was the country's first colour television station using PAL colour. On 1 January 1972, it started broadcasting nationwide. In 1974 it switched frequencies to VHF Channel 7, swapping with Royal Thai Army Television.
A regional station opened in Phuket on 9 October 1980. Up until then Phuket only had one television station, an MCOT/PRD station on channel 11.
Channel 7 launched its high-definition television feed on 25 April 2014 on its digital terrestrial television system (DTT) on channel 35. Three years later, on 19 June 2017, Channel 7 was given authorisation from the National Broadcasting and Telecommunications Commission to shut down its analogue frequencies in the rest of the country, in order to replace them with its digital channels on DTT. Thus, the network was expected to stop broadcasting on analogue 1 January 2018, but the process was postponed to 16 May 2018 and eventually completed on 16 June.
In July 2020, the Election Commission requested Channel 7 cease broadcast of the television drama series 'Love Song of the Gun Crack' over one of the actors, Krungsrivilai Sutin Phueak, stepping forward as a candidate for a Minister of Parliament for Samut Prakan's 5th District. The series was then suspended from 30 July to 9 August.
Programming
Notable sports
Channel 7 Boxing Stadium
Fairtex Fight Promotion
Notable television series
Khu Kam (1990)
Pob Pee Fah (1990)
Poot Mae Nam Khong (1992)
Dao Pra Sook (1994)
Rak Nakara (2000)
Phikun Thong (2003)
Uttai Tawee (2003)
Thep Sam Rudoo (2005)
Brave Man Standing (2008)
Nang Tard (2008)
Poot Mae Nam Khong (2008 remake)
Silamanee (2008)
Pob Pee Fa (2009 remake)
Suea Sang Fah (2011)
Dut Tawan Dang Phu-pha (2012)
Look Poochai Mai Ta Pode (2012)
Fai Huan (2013)
Suea Sung Fah II: Payak Payong (2013)
Pleng Rak Pha Puen Taek (2014)
Plerng Phra Nang (2017)
Tulip Thong (2017)
Sarawat Yai (2019)
Lhong Klin Chan (2021)
Satja Nai Chum Joan (Suea Sang Fah III) (2022)
Notable television shows
The Comedian Thailand (2013)
Dancing with the Stars Thailand (2013)
MasterChef Thailand (2017–present)
MasterChef Junior Thailand (2013, 2017–present)
Presenters
Current
Tin Chokkamonkij
Swiss Leelapongwattana
Premsuda Santiwattana
Kamollat Aedsrichai
Sornsawan Phuwijit
Chohfah Lhaoariya
Nantipat Pothapan
Jetsada Upani
Panurat Saneebutr
Muanfun Prasarnpanit
Napassakorn Sereerojanasiri
Sarji Wongampai
Nicharee Padthong
Sukonphet Pholpratthanon
Nilawan Panitrungruang
Pisit Kiratikankul
Kensit Kanthachan
Kritsada Nuanmee
Buabucha Punnanan
Pinpinat Thakulweeranan
Jeeranan Khetpong
Pattrawan Panichcha
Thanaphat Kittibodeesakul
Songkan Achariyasub
Adisorn Puengya
Wathit Treekruthaphan
Thanyalak Chatyalak
Thanit Kaewnak
Piphat Witthayapanyanon
Todd Thongdee
Chompoonuch Piyathammachai
Natphatsorn Simasathien
Nattawut Phanpiwat
Thanaphat Kittibodeesakul
Thanit Kaewnak
Thanyalak Chatyalak
Thanyanan Laoburin
Thirat Phopanich
Nantipat Pothapan
Paphada Kleunsumarn
Peerawat Kulananwat
Former
Ekkachai Nophajinda
Natchaya Sanguansuk
Vanessa Samucsaruth (now at Channel 9 MCOT HD)
Pichayapa Sutabutra (now at TNN16)
Chada Somboonphol
Rossarin Prakobthan
Sompotch Toraksa
See also
Television in Thailand
References
^ "Television Factbook" (PDF). 1984. p. 1389. Retrieved 25 February 2024.
^ "ช่อง 7 ผลัดใบ ตั้งคนข่าวคุมบริหาร แทน "พลากร" เปิดโผ "บิ๊กทีวี" โยกช่องวัดฝีมือชิงเรตติ้งดึงผู้ชม". 4 January 2018. Archived from the original on 12 May 2019. Retrieved 17 November 2018.
^ "เกี่ยวกับเรา". Archived from the original on 4 December 2019. Retrieved 17 November 2018.
^ "สถานีโทรทัศน์สีกองทัพบกช่อง7 จ.ภูเก็ต". Channel 7 Phuket. Archived from the original on 18 February 2016. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
^ "กกต. แจ้งช่อง 7 ระงับออกอากาศละคร "เพลงรักผาปืนแตก" หวั่นเอื้อประโยชน์ กรุงศรีวิไล". www.sanook.com/news (in Thai). 31 July 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
^ "Jade Ketley faces Apichat Fairtex in MMA card at Lumpinee". Asian MMA. 5 January 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
^ "Jada Ketley submits Apidet Fairtex at Lumpinee Stadium". Asian MMA. 17 January 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
External links
Official website
vteMembers of the Smart Alliance
ABS-CBN Corporation (Philippines)
Bangkok Broadcasting & Television Company Limited Channel 7 (Thailand)
International Media Corporation (Vietnam)
Mediacorp (Singapore)
Media Nusantara Citra (Indonesia)
Media Prima (Malaysia)
See also: ASEAN • International broadcasting • Lucas Chow • Eugenio Lopez III
vte Television in ThailandTerrestrial television (digital)Public stations/State media
NBT2HD (2)
Thai PBS (3)
ALTV (4)
TV5HD (5)
T Sports (7)
TPTV (10)
MCOT HD (30)
News and information
TNN16 (16)
JKN18 (TOP News) (18)
Nation TV (22)
Commercial
Channel 3 HD (33)
Channel 7 HD (35)
Variety SD
Workpoint TV (23)
True4U (24)
GMM 25 (25)
Channel 8 (27)
MONO29 (29)
Variety HD
ONE 31 (31)
Thairath TV (32)
Amarin TV (34)
PPTV HD (36)
Pay television providersCurrent
TrueVisions
AIS Play
GMM Z
SunBox
PSI
Freeview HD
Good TV
Defunct
CTH
Thai Sky Television
Pay television channels (list)News
Suwannabhumi TV
Thai-Tai Channel
TV24
NEWS1
TOP News
Music and movies
True Chinese More
True Korea More
True Asian More
True Film
True Film Asia
Entertainment
True X-Zyte
True Explore
PSI Saradee
Samrujlok
Khongdee Thailand
MySci
Miscellaneous
Police TV
Kids and cultural
True Spark
Play
Cartoon Club Channel (การ์ตูนคลับแชนเนล)
Cartoon Network
Boomerang (บูมเมอแรง)
Nickelodeon
Nick Jr.
DreamWorks Channel
Aniplus
BabyTV
DLTV
ETV
Sport
True Sports
SMM TV
Religion and politics
TV Muslim Thailand
Peace TV
International
NBT World
Thainess TV
Defunct
ASEAN TV
GTH On Air
Channel 6
ASTV
Bang Channel
Disney Channel
Disney Junior
Disney XD
Smile TV Network
Live TV
Jewelry Channel
Toon
PTV
DMC
Gang Cartoon Channel
Toonami
Channel 2
Channel V Thailand
Fan Music
VERY TV
MTV Thailand
True Music
JatingJa
TOONEE Channel
True Inside
True Spark Jump
TGN
Organizations
National Broadcasting and Telecommunications Commission
Television Pool of Thailand | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language"},{"link_name":"state-owned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_media"},{"link_name":"free-to-air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-to-air"},{"link_name":"Mainland Southeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"Royal Thai Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Thai_Army"},{"link_name":"Chatuchak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatuchak_District"},{"link_name":"Bangkok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok"}],"text":"Television channelChannel 7 or Channel 7 HD, fully known as Bangkok Broadcasting & Television Company Limited Channel 7 (Thai: ช่อง 7 เอชดี Formerly known as สถานีโทรทัศน์สีกองทัพบกช่อง 7), is a Thai state-owned free-to-air television network that was launched on 27 November 1967. It is the first colour television broadcast in Mainland Southeast Asia. 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The channel's broadcast area was only limited to Bangkok Metropolitan Area (Bangkok, capital of Thailand, and the surrounding areas) only. It was presided over by the then Prime Minister of Thailand Field Marshal Thanom Kittikachorn. The first programme to air was the 1967 Miss Thailand Pageant. Channel 7 was known back then as \"Bangkok Colour Television Network\", with callsign HSB-TV,[1] airing on Channel 5 and was the country's first colour television station using PAL colour. On 1 January 1972, it started broadcasting nationwide.[2][3] In 1974 it switched frequencies to VHF Channel 7, swapping with Royal Thai Army Television.A regional station opened in Phuket on 9 October 1980. Up until then Phuket only had one television station, an MCOT/PRD station on channel 11.[4]Channel 7 launched its high-definition television feed on 25 April 2014 on its digital terrestrial television system (DTT) on channel 35. Three years later, on 19 June 2017, Channel 7 was given authorisation from the National Broadcasting and Telecommunications Commission to shut down its analogue frequencies in the rest of the country, in order to replace them with its digital channels on DTT. Thus, the network was expected to stop broadcasting on analogue 1 January 2018, but the process was postponed to 16 May 2018 and eventually completed on 16 June.In July 2020, the Election Commission requested Channel 7 cease broadcast of the television drama series 'Love Song of the Gun Crack' over one of the actors, Krungsrivilai Sutin Phueak, stepping forward as a candidate for a Minister of Parliament for Samut Prakan's 5th District. The series was then suspended from 30 July to 9 August.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Programming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Notable sports","text":"Channel 7 Boxing Stadium[citation needed]\nFairtex Fight Promotion[6][7]","title":"Programming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Khu Kam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khu_Kam"},{"link_name":"Pob Pee Fah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pob_Pee_Fah"},{"link_name":"Poot Mae Nam Khong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poot_Mae_Nam_Khong"},{"link_name":"Dao Pra Sook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dao_Pra_Sook"},{"link_name":"Rak Nakara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rak_Nakara"},{"link_name":"Phikun Thong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phikun_Thong"},{"link_name":"Uttai Tawee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttai_Tawee"},{"link_name":"Thep Sam Rudoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thep_Sarm_Rudoo"},{"link_name":"Brave Man Standing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brave_Man_Standing"},{"link_name":"Nang Tard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nang_Tard"},{"link_name":"Poot Mae Nam Khong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poot_Mae_Nam_Khong"},{"link_name":"Silamanee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silamanee"},{"link_name":"Pob Pee Fa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pob_Pee_Fah"},{"link_name":"Suea Sang Fah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suea_Sung_Fah"},{"link_name":"Dut Tawan Dang Phu-pha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dut_Tawan_Dang_Phu-pha"},{"link_name":"Look Poochai Mai Ta Pode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Look_Poochai_Mai_Ta_Pode"},{"link_name":"Fai Huan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fai_Huan"},{"link_name":"Suea Sung Fah II: Payak Payong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suea_Sung_Fah_II:_Payak_Payong"},{"link_name":"Pleng Rak Pha Puen Taek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phleng_Rak_Pha_Puen_Taek"},{"link_name":"Plerng Phra Nang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plerng_Phra_Nang"},{"link_name":"Tulip Thong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulip_Thong"},{"link_name":"Sarawat Yai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawat_Yai"},{"link_name":"Lhong Klin Chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhong_Klin_Chan"},{"link_name":"Satja Nai Chum Joan (Suea Sang Fah III)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satja_Nai_Chum_Joan_(Suea_Sung_Fah_III)"}],"sub_title":"Notable television series","text":"Khu Kam (1990)\nPob Pee Fah (1990)\nPoot Mae Nam Khong (1992)\nDao Pra Sook (1994)\nRak Nakara (2000)\nPhikun Thong (2003)\nUttai Tawee (2003)\nThep Sam Rudoo (2005)\nBrave Man Standing (2008)\nNang Tard 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedrus_libani | Cedrus libani | ["1 Description","1.1 Shoots and leaves","1.2 Cones","2 Taxonomy","3 Distribution and habitat","4 History and symbolism","4.1 National and regional significance","5 Cultivation","5.1 Propagation","6 Uses","7 Ecology and conservation","8 Diseases and pests","9 Gallery","10 See also","11 References","12 Bibliography","13 External links"] | Species of cedar tree from the Eastern Mediterranean
Cedrus libani
Cedars of God, Bsharri
Conservation status
Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Gymnospermae
Division:
Pinophyta
Class:
Pinopsida
Order:
Pinales
Family:
Pinaceae
Genus:
Cedrus
Species:
C. libani
Binomial name
Cedrus libaniA.Rich.
Distribution map
Synonyms
Several, including:
Cedrus elegans Knight
Cedrus libani, the cedar of Lebanon or Lebanese cedar (Arabic: أرز لبناني, romanized: ʾarz Lubnāniyy), is a species of tree in the genus Cedrus, a part of the pine family, native to the mountains of the Eastern Mediterranean basin. It is a large evergreen conifer that has great religious and historical significance in the cultures of the Middle East, and is referenced many times in the literature of ancient civilisations. It is the national emblem of Lebanon and is widely used as an ornamental tree in parks and gardens.
Description
Foliage
Cedrus libani can reach 40 m (130 ft) in height, with a massive monopodial columnar trunk up to 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) in diameter. The trunks of old trees ordinarily fork into several large, erect branches. The rough and scaly bark is dark grey to blackish brown, and is run through by deep, horizontal fissures that peel in small chips. The first-order branches are ascending in young trees; they grow to a massive size and take on a horizontal, wide-spreading disposition. Second-order branches are dense and grow in a horizontal plane. The crown is conical when young, becoming broadly tabular with age with fairly level branches; trees growing in dense forests maintain more pyramidal shapes.
Shoots and leaves
The shoots are dimorphic, with both long and short shoots. New shoots are pale brown, older shoots turn grey, grooved and scaly. C. libani has slightly resinous ovoid vegetative buds measuring 2 to 3 mm (0.079 to 0.118 in) long and 1.5 to 2 mm (0.059 to 0.079 in) wide enclosed by pale brown deciduous scales. The leaves are needle-like, arranged in spirals and concentrated at the proximal end of the long shoots, and in clusters of 15–35 on the short shoots; they are 5 to 35 mm (0.20 to 1.38 in) long and 1 to 1.5 mm (0.039 to 0.059 in) wide, rhombic in cross-section, and vary from light green to glaucous green with stomatal bands on all four sides.
Cones
Cedrus libani produces cones beginning at around the age of 40. Its cones are borne in autumn, the male cones appear in early September and the female ones in late September. Male cones occur at the ends of the short shoots; they are solitary and erect about 4 to 5 cm (1.6 to 2.0 in) long and mature from a pale green to a pale brown color. The female seed cones also grow at the terminal ends of short shoots. The young seed cones are resinous, sessile, and pale green; they require 17 to 18 months after pollination to mature. The mature, woody cones are 8 to 12 cm (3.1 to 4.7 in) long and 3 to 6 cm (1.2 to 2.4 in) wide; they are scaly, resinous, ovoid or barrel-shaped, and gray-brown in color. Mature cones open from top to bottom, they disintegrate and lose their seed scales, releasing the seeds until only the cone rachis remains attached to the branches.
The seed scales are thin, broad, and coriaceous, measuring 3.5 to 4 cm (1.4 to 1.6 in) long and 3 to 3.5 cm (1.2 to 1.4 in) wide. The seeds are ovoid, 10 to 14 mm (0.39 to 0.55 in) long and 4 to 6 mm (0.16 to 0.24 in) wide, attached to a light brown wedge-shaped wing that is 20 to 30 mm (0.79 to 1.18 in) long and 15 to 18 mm (0.59 to 0.71 in) wide. C. libani grows rapidly until the age of 45 to 50 years; growth becomes extremely slow after the age of 70.
Taxonomy
Female cone showing flecks of resin
Cedrus is the Latin name for true cedars. The specific epithet refers to the Lebanon mountain range where the species was first described by French botanist Achille Richard; the tree is commonly known as the Lebanon cedar or cedar of Lebanon. Two distinct types are recognized as varieties: C. libani var. libani and C. libani var. brevifolia.
C. libani var. libani: Lebanon cedar, cedar of Lebanon – grows in Lebanon, western Syria, and south-central Turkey. C. libani var. stenocoma (the Taurus cedar), considered a subspecies in earlier literature, is now recognized as an ecotype of C. libani var. libani. It usually has a spreading crown that does not flatten. This distinct morphology is a habit that is assumed to cope with the competitive environment, since the tree occurs in dense stands mixed with the tall-growing Abies cilicica, or in pure stands of young cedar trees.
C. libani var. brevifolia: The Cyprus cedar occurs on the island's Troodos Mountains. This taxon was considered a separate species from C. libani because of morphological and ecophysiological trait differences. It is characterized by slow growth, shorter needles, and higher tolerance to drought and aphids. Genetic relationship studies, however, did not recognize C. brevifolia as a separate species, the markers being indistinguishable from those of C. libani.
Distribution and habitat
Male cone
C. libani var. libani is endemic to elevated mountains around the Eastern Mediterranean in Lebanon, Syria, and Turkey. The tree grows in well-drained calcareous lithosols on rocky, north- and west-facing slopes and ridges and thrives in rich loam or a sandy clay in full sun. Its natural habitat is characterized by warm, dry summers and cool, moist winters with an annual precipitation of 1,000 to 1,500 mm (39 to 59 in); the trees are blanketed by a heavy snow cover at the higher altitudes. In Lebanon and Turkey, it occurs most abundantly at altitudes of 1,300 to 3,000 m (4,300 to 9,800 ft), where it forms pure forests or mixed forests with Cilician fir (Abies cilicica), European black pine (Pinus nigra), Turkish pine (Pinus brutia), and several juniper species. In Turkey, it can occur as low as 500 m (1,600 ft).
C. brevifolia, a closely related species or perhaps a subspecies of C. libani, grows in similar conditions on medium to high mountains in Cyprus from altitudes ranging from 900 to 1,525 m (2,953 to 5,003 ft).
History and symbolism
In the Epic of Gilgamesh, one of the earliest great works of literature, the Sumerian hero Gilgamesh and his friend Enkidu travel to the legendary Cedar Forest to kill its guardian and cut down its trees. While early versions of the story place the forest in Iran, later Babylonian accounts of the story place the Cedar Forest in the Lebanon.
The Lebanon cedar is mentioned several times in the Bible. Hebrew priests were ordered by Moses to use the bark of the Lebanon cedar in the treatment of leprosy. Solomon also procured cedar timber to build the Temple in Jerusalem. The Hebrew prophet Isaiah used the Lebanon cedar (together with "oaks of Bashan", "all the high mountains" and "every high tower") as examples of loftiness as a metaphor for the pride of the world and in Psalm 92:12 it says "The righteous shall flourish like the palm tree: he shall grow like a cedar in Lebanon".
National and regional significance
See also: Cedars of GodThe Flag of Lebanon
The Lebanon cedar is the national emblem of Lebanon, and is displayed on the flag of Lebanon and coat of arms of Lebanon. It is also the logo of Middle East Airlines, which is Lebanon's national carrier. Beyond that, it is also the main symbol of Lebanon's "Cedar Revolution" of 2005, the 17 October Revolution, also known as the Thawra ("Revolution") along with many Lebanese political parties and movements, such as the Lebanese Forces. Finally, Lebanon is sometimes metonymically referred to as the Land of the Cedars.
Arkansas, among other US states, has a Champion Tree program that records exceptional tree specimens. The Lebanon cedar recognized by the state is located inside Hot Springs National Park and is estimated to be over 100 years old.
Cultivation
The Lebanon cedar is widely planted as an ornamental tree in parks and gardens.
When the first cedar of Lebanon was planted in Britain is unknown, but it dates at least to 1664, when it is mentioned in Sylva, or A Discourse of Forest-Trees and the Propagation of Timber. In Britain, cedars of Lebanon are known for their use in London's Highgate Cemetery.
C. libani has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit (confirmed 2017).
Propagation
An eight-month-old seedling
Small Cedrus libani in Shimizu Park Noda, Chiba Japan. Photo taken on 5, May 2005.
In order to germinate Cedrus libani seeds, potting soil is preferred, since it is less likely to contain fungal species which may kill the seedling in its early stages. Before sowing it is important to soak the seed at room temperature for a period of 24 hours followed by cold stratification (~ 3–5 °C) for two to four weeks. Once the seeds have been sown, it is recommended that they be kept at room temperature (~ 20 °C) and in the vicinity of sunlight. The soil should be kept slightly damp with low frequency watering. Over-watering may cause damping off which will quickly kill the seedlings. Initial growth will be around 3–5 cm the first year and will accelerate subsequent years.
Uses
Cedar wood is prized for its fine grain, attractive yellow color, and fragrance. It is exceptionally durable and immune to insect ravages. Wood from C. libani has a density of 560 kg/m3; it is used for furniture, construction, and handicrafts. In Turkey, shelterwood cutting and clearcutting techniques are used to harvest timber and promote uniform forest regeneration. Cedar resin (cedria) and cedar essential oil (cedrum) are prized extracts from the timber and cones of the cedar tree.
Ecology and conservation
Over the centuries, extensive deforestation has occurred, with only small remnants of the original forests surviving. Deforestation has been particularly severe in Lebanon and on Cyprus; on Cyprus, only small trees up to 25 m (82 ft) tall survive, though Pliny the Elder recorded cedars 40 m (130 ft) tall there. Attempts have been made at various times throughout history to conserve the Lebanon cedars. The first was made by the Roman emperor Hadrian; he created an imperial forest and ordered it marked by inscribed boundary stones, two of which are in the museum of the American University of Beirut.
Extensive reforestation of cedar is carried out in the Mediterranean region. In Turkey, over 50 million young cedars are planted annually, covering an area around 300 square kilometres (74,000 acres). Lebanese cedar populations are also expanding through an active program combining replanting and protection of natural regeneration from browsing goats, hunting, forest fires, and woodworms. The Lebanese approach emphasizes natural regeneration by creating proper growing conditions. The Lebanese state has created several reserves, including the Chouf Cedar Reserve, the Jaj Cedar Reserve, the Tannourine Reserve, the Ammouaa and Karm Shbat Reserves in the Akkar district, and the Forest of the Cedars of God near Bsharri.
Because during the seedling stage, differentiating C. libani from C. atlantica or C. deodara is difficult, the American University of Beirut has developed a DNA-based method of identification to ensure that reforestation efforts in Lebanon are of the cedars of Lebanon and not other types.
Diseases and pests
C. libani is susceptible to a number of soil-borne, foliar, and stem pathogens. The seedlings are prone to fungal attacks. Botrytis cinerea, a necrotrophic fungus known to cause considerable damage to food crops, attacks the cedar needles, causing them to turn yellow and drop. Armillaria mellea (commonly known as honey fungus) is a basidiomycete that fruits in dense clusters at the base of trunks or stumps and attacks the roots of cedars growing in wet soils. The Lebanese cedar shoot moth (Parasyndemis cedricola) is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae found in the forests of Lebanon and Turkey; its larvae feed on young cedar leaves and buds.
Gallery
Cedar views in Lebanon
See also
Cedar Forest – Lebanon cedar forest that was home to the gods in Ancient Mesopotamian religion
Cedars of God – an old-growth C. libani forest and World Heritage Site
List of plants known as cedar
References
^ Gardner, M. (2013). "Cedrus libani". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T46191675A46192926. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T46191675A46192926.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^ Knight Syn. Conif. 42 1850
^ a b c d e f g h Farjon 2010, p. 258
^ a b Masri 1995
^ a b c Hemery & Simblet 2014, p. 53
^ a b c CABI 2013, p. 116
^ a b c d Farjon 2010, p. 259
^ Farjon 2010, p. 254
^ Bory 1823, p. 299
^ Debazac 1964
^ a b Ladjal 2001
^ Fabre et al. 2001, pp. 88–89
^ Fady et al. 2000
^ Kharrat 2006, p. 282
^ "Cedrus libani Cedar of Lebanon PFAF Plant Database". pfaf.org. Plants for a Future. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
^ a b Gardner, M. (2013). "Cedrus libani var. libani". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T42305A2970821. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42305A2970821.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^ Sherratt, Susan; Bennet, John (2017). Archaeology and Homeric epic. Oxford: Oxbow Books. p. 127. ISBN 9781785702969. OCLC 959610992.
^ Leviticus 14:1–4
^ "Welcome to Our Lady of Lebanon Maronite Church's Homepage". Archived from the original on 2 June 2009. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
^ Isaiah 2:13
^ Psalm 92:12 – "The righteous shall flourish like the palm tree: he shall grow like a cedar in Lebanon"
^ Erman 1927, p. 261
^ Cromer 2004, p. 58
^ "Cedar Lebanon (Cedrus libani)". Archived from the original on 6 January 2019. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
^ a b Hemery & Simblet 2014, p. 55
^ Howard 1955, p. 168
^ Hemery & Simblet 2014, p. 54
^ "Cedrus libani". www.rhs.org. Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
^ "AGM Plants – Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 16. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
^ Tree Seed Online LTD
^ a b CABI 2013, p. 117
^ Coxe 1808, p. CED
^ Willan, R. G. N. (1990). The Cyprus Cedar. Int. Dendrol. Soc. Yearbk. 1990: 115–118.
^ Shackley, pp. 420–421
^ Anon. History of Turkish Forestry. Turkish Ministry of Forestry.
^ a b Khuri, S. & Talhouk, S. N. (1999). Cedar of Lebanon. pp. 108–111. in: Farjon, A. & Page, C. N. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan: Conifers. IUCN/SSC Conifer Specialist Group. ISBN 2-8317-0465-0.
^ Talhouk & Zurayk 2004, pp. 411–414
^ Semaan, M. & Haber, R. (2003). In situ conservation on Cedrus libani in Lebanon. Acta Hort. 615: 415–417.
^ Cedars of Lebanon Nature Reserve Archived 19 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine
^ Barnard, Anne (18 July 2018). "Climate Change Is Killing the Cedars of Lebanon". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
^ Farjon, Aljos. Conifers: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan, International Union of Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK, 1999, p. 110
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Farjon, Aljos (27 April 2010). A Handbook of the World's Conifers (2 Vols.). BRILL. ISBN 978-9004177185.
Greuter, W.; Burdet, H.M.; Long, G., eds. (1984). "A critical inventory of vascular plants of the circum-mediterranean countries". ww2.bgbm.org. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum, Berlin. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
Güner, Adil, ed. (9 April 2001). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands: Flora of Turkey, Volume 11 (1 ed.). Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780748614097.
Hemery, Gabriel; Simblet, Sarah (21 October 2014). The New Sylva: A Discourse of Forest and Orchard Trees for the Twenty-First Century. A&C Black. ISBN 9781408835449.
Howard, Frances (1 January 1955). Ornamental Trees: An Illustrated Guide to Their Selection and Care. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520007956.
Mehdi, Ladjal (1 January 2001). Variabilité de l'adaptation à la sécheresse des cèdres méditerranéens (Cedrus atlantica, C. Brevifolia et C. Libani) : aspects écophysiologiques. Doctorate Thesis, Université Henri Poincaré Nancy 1. Faculté des Sciences et Techniques (These de doctorat) – via www.theses.fr.
Masri, Rania (1995), "The Cedars of Lebanon: significance, awareness and management of the Cedrus libani in Lebanon", Cedars awareness and salvation effort lecture, Massachusetts Institute of Technology seminar on the environment in Lebanon, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Shackley, Myra (1 October 2004). "Managing the Cedars of Lebanon: Botanical Gardens or Living Forests?". Current Issues in Tourism. 7 (4–5): 417–425. doi:10.1080/13683500408667995. ISSN 1368-3500. S2CID 153516841.
Saint-Vincent, Bory de (1 January 1823). Dictionnaire classique d'histoire naturelle (in French). Vol. 3. Paris: Rey et Gravier. p. 299.
Talhouk, Salma; Zurayk, Rami (2003). "Conifer conservation in Lebanon". Acta Horticulturae. 615 (615): 411–414. doi:10.17660/ActaHortic.2003.615.46. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cedrus libani.
Online books, and library resources in your library and in other libraries about Cedrus libani
Cedrus libani – information, genetic conservation units and related resources. European Forest Genetic Resources Programme (EUFORGEN)
Taxon identifiersCedrus libani
Wikidata: Q61105
Wikispecies: Cedrus libani
APDB: 198377
ARKive: cedrus-libani
Calflora: 10524
CoL: S24H
EoL: 1061705
EPPO: CEULI
EUNIS: 150651
GBIF: 5284682
GRIN: 9695
iNaturalist: 136150
IPNI: 676705-1
IRMNG: 11160384
ITIS: 183406
IUCN: 46191675
MoBotPF: 285042
NBN: NHMSYS0000457003
NCBI: 93692
NZOR: 2fe09d5a-5aad-4fc3-9cf6-7144dcc71b84
Observation.org: 131969
Open Tree of Life: 608496
PPE: cedrus-libani
Plant List: kew-2707327
PLANTS: CELI6
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:676705-1
RHS: 100314
Tropicos: 24900697
WoI: 1503
WFO: wfo-0000592537 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"Cedrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedrus"},{"link_name":"pine family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinaceae"},{"link_name":"native","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_species"},{"link_name":"Eastern Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean"},{"link_name":"evergreen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen"},{"link_name":"conifer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conifer"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"}],"text":"Cedrus libani, the cedar of Lebanon or Lebanese cedar (Arabic: أرز لبناني, romanized: ʾarz Lubnāniyy), is a species of tree in the genus Cedrus, a part of the pine family, native to the mountains of the Eastern Mediterranean basin. It is a large evergreen conifer that has great religious and historical significance in the cultures of the Middle East, and is referenced many times in the literature of ancient civilisations. It is the national emblem of Lebanon and is widely used as an ornamental tree in parks and gardens.","title":"Cedrus libani"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cedrus_libani_shoot.jpg"},{"link_name":"monopodial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopodial"},{"link_name":"trunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trunk_(botany)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"fork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_fork"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"FoliageCedrus libani can reach 40 m (130 ft) in height, with a massive monopodial columnar trunk up to 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) in diameter.[3] The trunks of old trees ordinarily fork into several large, erect branches.[4] The rough and scaly bark is dark grey to blackish brown, and is run through by deep, horizontal fissures that peel in small chips. The first-order branches are ascending in young trees; they grow to a massive size and take on a horizontal, wide-spreading disposition. Second-order branches are dense and grow in a horizontal plane. The crown is conical when young, becoming broadly tabular with age with fairly level branches; trees growing in dense forests maintain more pyramidal shapes.[citation needed]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shoots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoot_(botany)#Shoot_types_of_woody_plants"},{"link_name":"vegetative buds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bud"},{"link_name":"deciduous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduous"},{"link_name":"leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf"},{"link_name":"needle-like","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acicular_(botany)"},{"link_name":"rhombic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhombus"},{"link_name":"stomatal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomata"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-5"}],"sub_title":"Shoots and leaves","text":"The shoots are dimorphic, with both long and short shoots. New shoots are pale brown, older shoots turn grey, grooved and scaly. C. libani has slightly resinous ovoid vegetative buds measuring 2 to 3 mm (0.079 to 0.118 in) long and 1.5 to 2 mm (0.059 to 0.079 in) wide enclosed by pale brown deciduous scales. The leaves are needle-like, arranged in spirals and concentrated at the proximal end of the long shoots, and in clusters of 15–35 on the short shoots; they are 5 to 35 mm (0.20 to 1.38 in) long and 1 to 1.5 mm (0.039 to 0.059 in) wide, rhombic in cross-section, and vary from light green to glaucous green with stomatal bands on all four sides.[3][5]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CABI-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-5"},{"link_name":"sessile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sessility_(botany)"},{"link_name":"rachis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachis"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CABI-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:01-7"},{"link_name":"coriaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coriaceous"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:01-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CABI-6"}],"sub_title":"Cones","text":"Cedrus libani produces cones beginning at around the age of 40. Its cones are borne in autumn, the male cones appear in early September and the female ones in late September.[6][5] Male cones occur at the ends of the short shoots; they are solitary and erect about 4 to 5 cm (1.6 to 2.0 in) long and mature from a pale green to a pale brown color. The female seed cones also grow at the terminal ends of short shoots. The young seed cones are resinous, sessile, and pale green; they require 17 to 18 months after pollination to mature. The mature, woody cones are 8 to 12 cm (3.1 to 4.7 in) long and 3 to 6 cm (1.2 to 2.4 in) wide; they are scaly, resinous, ovoid or barrel-shaped, and gray-brown in color. Mature cones open from top to bottom, they disintegrate and lose their seed scales, releasing the seeds until only the cone rachis remains attached to the branches.[4][5][6][7]The seed scales are thin, broad, and coriaceous, measuring 3.5 to 4 cm (1.4 to 1.6 in) long and 3 to 3.5 cm (1.2 to 1.4 in) wide. The seeds are ovoid, 10 to 14 mm (0.39 to 0.55 in) long and 4 to 6 mm (0.16 to 0.24 in) wide, attached to a light brown wedge-shaped wing that is 20 to 30 mm (0.79 to 1.18 in) long and 15 to 18 mm (0.59 to 0.71 in) wide.[7] C. libani grows rapidly until the age of 45 to 50 years; growth becomes extremely slow after the age of 70.[6]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cedar_of_Lebanon_cone.JPG"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"specific epithet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_name"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_people"},{"link_name":"Achille Richard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achille_Richard"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bory-9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"ecotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecotype"},{"link_name":"Abies cilicica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abies_cilicica"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:01-7"},{"link_name":"Troodos Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troodos_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:01-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Debazac-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fabre-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fady-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kharrat-14"}],"text":"Female cone showing flecks of resinCedrus is the Latin name for true cedars.[8] The specific epithet refers to the Lebanon mountain range where the species was first described by French botanist Achille Richard; the tree is commonly known as the Lebanon cedar or cedar of Lebanon.[3][9] Two distinct types are recognized as varieties: C. libani var. libani and C. libani var. brevifolia.[3]C. libani var. libani: Lebanon cedar, cedar of Lebanon – grows in Lebanon, western Syria, and south-central Turkey. C. libani var. stenocoma (the Taurus cedar), considered a subspecies in earlier literature, is now recognized as an ecotype of C. libani var. libani. It usually has a spreading crown that does not flatten. This distinct morphology is a habit that is assumed to cope with the competitive environment, since the tree occurs in dense stands mixed with the tall-growing Abies cilicica, or in pure stands of young cedar trees.[7]C. libani var. brevifolia: The Cyprus cedar occurs on the island's Troodos Mountains.[7] This taxon was considered a separate species from C. libani because of morphological and ecophysiological trait differences.[10][11] It is characterized by slow growth, shorter needles, and higher tolerance to drought and aphids.[11][12] Genetic relationship studies, however, did not recognize C. brevifolia as a separate species, the markers being indistinguishable from those of C. libani.[13][14]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Male_cone_of_Cedar_of_Lebanon.JPG"},{"link_name":"Eastern Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean"},{"link_name":"lithosols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthent"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest"},{"link_name":"Abies cilicica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abies_cilicica"},{"link_name":"Pinus nigra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_nigra"},{"link_name":"Pinus brutia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_brutia"},{"link_name":"juniper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juniper"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-16"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"C. brevifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedrus_brevifolia"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-16"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"Male coneC. libani var. libani is endemic to elevated mountains around the Eastern Mediterranean in Lebanon, Syria, and Turkey. The tree grows in well-drained calcareous lithosols on rocky, north- and west-facing slopes and ridges and thrives in rich loam or a sandy clay in full sun.[3][15] Its natural habitat is characterized by warm, dry summers and cool, moist winters with an annual precipitation of 1,000 to 1,500 mm (39 to 59 in); the trees are blanketed by a heavy snow cover at the higher altitudes.[3] In Lebanon and Turkey, it occurs most abundantly at altitudes of 1,300 to 3,000 m (4,300 to 9,800 ft), where it forms pure forests or mixed forests with Cilician fir (Abies cilicica), European black pine (Pinus nigra), Turkish pine (Pinus brutia), and several juniper species. In Turkey, it can occur as low as 500 m (1,600 ft).[16][3]C. brevifolia, a closely related species or perhaps a subspecies of C. libani, grows in similar conditions on medium to high mountains in Cyprus from altitudes ranging from 900 to 1,525 m (2,953 to 5,003 ft).[16][3]","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Epic of Gilgamesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh"},{"link_name":"Gilgamesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgamesh"},{"link_name":"Enkidu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkidu"},{"link_name":"Cedar Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_Forest"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon"},{"link_name":"Temple in Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ourladyoflebanon-dc.org-19"},{"link_name":"Isaiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Psalm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalm"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"In the Epic of Gilgamesh, one of the earliest great works of literature, the Sumerian hero Gilgamesh and his friend Enkidu travel to the legendary Cedar Forest to kill its guardian and cut down its trees. While early versions of the story place the forest in Iran, later Babylonian accounts of the story place the Cedar Forest in the Lebanon.[17]The Lebanon cedar is mentioned several times in the Bible. Hebrew priests were ordered by Moses to use the bark of the Lebanon cedar in the treatment of leprosy.[18] Solomon also procured cedar timber to build the Temple in Jerusalem.[19] The Hebrew prophet Isaiah used the Lebanon cedar (together with \"oaks of Bashan\", \"all the high mountains\" and \"every high tower\") as examples of loftiness as a metaphor for the pride of the world[20] and in Psalm 92:12 it says \"The righteous shall flourish like the palm tree: he shall grow like a cedar in Lebanon\".[21]","title":"History and symbolism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cedars of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedars_of_God"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Lebanon.svg"},{"link_name":"Flag of Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"national emblem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_emblem"},{"link_name":"flag of Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"coat of arms of Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Middle East Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Cedar Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_Revolution"},{"link_name":"17 October Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17_October_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Lebanese Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Forces"},{"link_name":"metonymically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metonymy"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Hot Springs National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Springs_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"National and regional significance","text":"See also: Cedars of GodThe Flag of LebanonThe Lebanon cedar is the national emblem of Lebanon, and is displayed on the flag of Lebanon and coat of arms of Lebanon. It is also the logo of Middle East Airlines, which is Lebanon's national carrier. Beyond that, it is also the main symbol of Lebanon's \"Cedar Revolution\" of 2005, the 17 October Revolution, also known as the Thawra (\"Revolution\") along with many Lebanese political parties and movements, such as the Lebanese Forces. Finally, Lebanon is sometimes metonymically referred to as the Land of the Cedars.[22][23]Arkansas, among other US states, has a Champion Tree program that records exceptional tree specimens. The Lebanon cedar recognized by the state is located inside Hot Springs National Park and is estimated to be over 100 years old.[24]","title":"History and symbolism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ornamental tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornamental_tree"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Sylva, or A Discourse of Forest-Trees and the Propagation of Timber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylva,_or_A_Discourse_of_Forest-Trees_and_the_Propagation_of_Timber"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Highgate Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highgate_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-25"},{"link_name":"Royal Horticultural Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society"},{"link_name":"Award of Garden Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Award_of_Garden_Merit"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RHSPF-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"The Lebanon cedar is widely planted as an ornamental tree in parks and gardens.[25][26]When the first cedar of Lebanon was planted in Britain is unknown, but it dates at least to 1664, when it is mentioned in Sylva, or A Discourse of Forest-Trees and the Propagation of Timber.[27] In Britain, cedars of Lebanon are known for their use in London's Highgate Cemetery.[25]C. libani has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit[28] (confirmed 2017).[29]","title":"Cultivation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baby_Cedrus_Libani.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lebanon_Cedar_in_half_Barrel.png"},{"link_name":"Cedrus libani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Shimizu Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimizu_Park"},{"link_name":"Noda, Chiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noda,_Chiba"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Propagation","text":"An eight-month-old seedlingSmall Cedrus libani in Shimizu Park Noda, Chiba Japan. Photo taken on 5, May 2005.In order to germinate Cedrus libani seeds, potting soil is preferred, since it is less likely to contain fungal species which may kill the seedling in its early stages. Before sowing it is important to soak the seed at room temperature for a period of 24 hours followed by cold stratification (~ 3–5 °C) for two to four weeks. Once the seeds have been sown, it is recommended that they be kept at room temperature (~ 20 °C) and in the vicinity of sunlight. The soil should be kept slightly damp with low frequency watering. Over-watering may cause damping off which will quickly kill the seedlings. Initial growth will be around 3–5 cm the first year and will accelerate subsequent years.[30]","title":"Cultivation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shelterwood cutting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelterwood_cutting"},{"link_name":"clearcutting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clearcutting"},{"link_name":"essential oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_oil"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"Cedar wood is prized for its fine grain, attractive yellow color, and fragrance. It is exceptionally durable and immune to insect ravages. Wood from C. libani has a density of 560 kg/m3; it is used for furniture, construction, and handicrafts. In Turkey, shelterwood cutting and clearcutting techniques are used to harvest timber and promote uniform forest regeneration. Cedar resin (cedria) and cedar essential oil (cedrum) are prized extracts from the timber and cones of the cedar tree.[31][32]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"deforestation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation"},{"link_name":"Pliny the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-willan-33"},{"link_name":"Roman emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_emperor"},{"link_name":"Hadrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian"},{"link_name":"boundary stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_marker"},{"link_name":"American University of Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_University_of_Beirut"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"reforestation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reforestation"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-khuri-36"},{"link_name":"goats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goat"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-khuri-36"},{"link_name":"Cedars of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedars_of_God"},{"link_name":"Bsharri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bsharri"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"American University of Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_University_of_Beirut"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"text":"Over the centuries, extensive deforestation has occurred, with only small remnants of the original forests surviving. Deforestation has been particularly severe in Lebanon and on Cyprus; on Cyprus, only small trees up to 25 m (82 ft) tall survive, though Pliny the Elder recorded cedars 40 m (130 ft) tall there.[33] Attempts have been made at various times throughout history to conserve the Lebanon cedars. The first was made by the Roman emperor Hadrian; he created an imperial forest and ordered it marked by inscribed boundary stones, two of which are in the museum of the American University of Beirut.[34]Extensive reforestation of cedar is carried out in the Mediterranean region. In Turkey, over 50 million young cedars are planted annually, covering an area around 300 square kilometres (74,000 acres).[35][36] Lebanese cedar populations are also expanding through an active program combining replanting and protection of natural regeneration from browsing goats, hunting, forest fires, and woodworms.[36] The Lebanese approach emphasizes natural regeneration by creating proper growing conditions. The Lebanese state has created several reserves, including the Chouf Cedar Reserve, the Jaj Cedar Reserve, the Tannourine Reserve, the Ammouaa and Karm Shbat Reserves in the Akkar district, and the Forest of the Cedars of God near Bsharri.[37][38][39]Because during the seedling stage, differentiating C. libani from C. atlantica or C. deodara is difficult,[40] the American University of Beirut has developed a DNA-based method of identification to ensure that reforestation efforts in Lebanon are of the cedars of Lebanon and not other types.[41]","title":"Ecology and conservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Botrytis cinerea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botrytis_cinerea"},{"link_name":"necrotrophic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitism"},{"link_name":"Armillaria mellea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_mellea"},{"link_name":"basidiomycete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basidiomycota"},{"link_name":"Parasyndemis cedricola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndemis_cedricola"},{"link_name":"moth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moth"},{"link_name":"Tortricidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortricidae"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-31"}],"text":"C. libani is susceptible to a number of soil-borne, foliar, and stem pathogens. The seedlings are prone to fungal attacks. Botrytis cinerea, a necrotrophic fungus known to cause considerable damage to food crops, attacks the cedar needles, causing them to turn yellow and drop. Armillaria mellea (commonly known as honey fungus) is a basidiomycete that fruits in dense clusters at the base of trunks or stumps and attacks the roots of cedars growing in wet soils. The Lebanese cedar shoot moth (Parasyndemis cedricola) is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae found in the forests of Lebanon and Turkey; its larvae feed on young cedar leaves and buds.[31]","title":"Diseases and pests"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christian_chapel_on_the_slopes_of_Mount_Lebanon,_Cedars_of_God,_Lebanon.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Cedar_of_Lebanon_.PNG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cedar_of_Lebanon_tree_by_the_Great_Lake_(geograph_5951387).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grove_of_Cedars,_Lebanon.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:North_Lebanon_The_old_road_to_Bcharre_-_Cedars.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cedars01(js).jpg"}],"text":"Cedar views in Lebanon","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The CABI Encyclopedia of Forest Trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=cBf4AgAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781780642369","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780642369"},{"link_name":"The Philadelphia Medical Dictionary: Containing a Concise Explanation of All the Terms Used in Medicine, Surgery, Pharmacy, Botany, Natural History, Chymistry, and Materia Medica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/2547024R.nlm.nih.gov"},{"link_name":"A War of Words: Political Violence and Public Debate in Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=qexwM08RUsMC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780714656311","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780714656311"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/s11295-006-0065-x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11295-006-0065-x"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1614-2942","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1614-2942"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"25475555","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25475555"},{"link_name":"Manuel des conifères","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=A43PAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780881929744","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780881929744"},{"link_name":"The Literature of the Ancient Egyptians: Poems, Narratives, and Manuals of Instruction, from the Third and Second Millennia B. 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Praciak, Andrew (ed.). The CABI Encyclopedia of Forest Trees. Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International. ISBN 9781780642369.\nCoxe, John Redman (1 January 1808). The Philadelphia Medical Dictionary: Containing a Concise Explanation of All the Terms Used in Medicine, Surgery, Pharmacy, Botany, Natural History, Chymistry, and Materia Medica. Thomas Dobson; Thomas and George Palmer, printers.\nCromer, Gerald (1 January 2004). A War of Words: Political Violence and Public Debate in Israel. Frank Cass. ISBN 9780714656311.\nDagher-Kharrat, Magida Bou; Mariette, Stéphanie; Lefèvre, François; Fady, Bruno; March, Ghislaine Grenier-de; Plomion, Christophe; Savouré, Arnould (21 November 2006). \"Geographical diversity and genetic relationships among Cedrus species estimated by AFLP\". Tree Genetics & Genomes. 3 (3): 275–285. doi:10.1007/s11295-006-0065-x. ISSN 1614-2942. S2CID 25475555.\nDebazac, E. F. (1 January 1964). Manuel des conifères (in French). École nationale des eaux et forêts.\nEckenwalder, James E. (14 November 2009). Conifers of the World: The Complete Reference. Timber Press. ISBN 9780881929744.\nErman, Adolf (1 January 1927). The Literature of the Ancient Egyptians: Poems, Narratives, and Manuals of Instruction, from the Third and Second Millennia B. C. Methuen & Company, Limited.\nFabre, JP; Bariteau, M; Chalon, A; Thevenet, J (2001). \"Possibilités de multiplication de pucerons Cedrobium laportei Remaudiére (Homoptera, Lachnidae) sur différentes provenances du genre Cedrus et sur deux hybrides d'espéces, perspectives d'utilisation en France\". International Meeting on Sylviculture of Cork Oak (Quercus Suber L.) and Atlas Cedar (Cedrus Atlantica Manetti).\nFady, B.; Lefèvre, F.; Reynaud, M.; Vendramin, G. G.; Bou Dagher-Kharrat, M.; Anzidei, M.; Pastorelli, R.; Savouré, A.; Bariteau, M. (1 October 2003). \"Gene flow among different taxonomic units: evidence from nuclear and cytoplasmic markers in Cedrus plantation forests\". Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 107 (6): 1132–1138. doi:10.1007/s00122-003-1323-z. ISSN 0040-5752. PMID 14523524. S2CID 11703268.\nFarjon, Aljos (27 April 2010). A Handbook of the World's Conifers (2 Vols.). BRILL. ISBN 978-9004177185.\nGreuter, W.; Burdet, H.M.; Long, G., eds. (1984). \"A critical inventory of vascular plants of the circum-mediterranean countries\". ww2.bgbm.org. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum, Berlin. Retrieved 10 January 2017.\nGüner, Adil, ed. (9 April 2001). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands: Flora of Turkey, Volume 11 (1 ed.). Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780748614097.\nHemery, Gabriel; Simblet, Sarah (21 October 2014). The New Sylva: A Discourse of Forest and Orchard Trees for the Twenty-First Century. A&C Black. ISBN 9781408835449.\nHoward, Frances (1 January 1955). Ornamental Trees: An Illustrated Guide to Their Selection and Care. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520007956.\nMehdi, Ladjal (1 January 2001). Variabilité de l'adaptation à la sécheresse des cèdres méditerranéens (Cedrus atlantica, C. Brevifolia et C. Libani) : aspects écophysiologiques. Doctorate Thesis, Université Henri Poincaré Nancy 1. Faculté des Sciences et Techniques (These de doctorat) – via www.theses.fr.\nMasri, Rania (1995), \"The Cedars of Lebanon: significance, awareness and management of the Cedrus libani in Lebanon\", Cedars awareness and salvation effort lecture, Massachusetts Institute of Technology seminar on the environment in Lebanon, Massachusetts Institute of Technology\nShackley, Myra (1 October 2004). \"Managing the Cedars of Lebanon: Botanical Gardens or Living Forests?\". Current Issues in Tourism. 7 (4–5): 417–425. doi:10.1080/13683500408667995. ISSN 1368-3500. S2CID 153516841.\nSaint-Vincent, Bory de (1 January 1823). Dictionnaire classique d'histoire naturelle (in French). Vol. 3. Paris: Rey et Gravier. p. 299.\nTalhouk, Salma; Zurayk, Rami (2003). \"Conifer conservation in Lebanon\". Acta Horticulturae. 615 (615): 411–414. doi:10.17660/ActaHortic.2003.615.46. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2017.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_text":"Foliage","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Cedrus_libani_shoot.jpg/220px-Cedrus_libani_shoot.jpg"},{"image_text":"Female cone showing flecks of resin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Cedar_of_Lebanon_cone.JPG/184px-Cedar_of_Lebanon_cone.JPG"},{"image_text":"Male cone","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Male_cone_of_Cedar_of_Lebanon.JPG/200px-Male_cone_of_Cedar_of_Lebanon.JPG"},{"image_text":"The Flag of Lebanon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/220px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png"},{"image_text":"An eight-month-old seedling","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Baby_Cedrus_Libani.jpg/220px-Baby_Cedrus_Libani.jpg"},{"image_text":"Small Cedrus libani in Shimizu Park Noda, Chiba Japan. Photo taken on 5, May 2005.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Lebanon_Cedar_in_half_Barrel.png/220px-Lebanon_Cedar_in_half_Barrel.png"}] | [{"title":"Cedar Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_Forest"},{"title":"Ancient Mesopotamian religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion"},{"title":"Cedars of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedars_of_God"},{"title":"World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"title":"List of plants known as cedar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_plants_known_as_cedar"}] | [{"reference":"Gardner, M. (2013). \"Cedrus libani\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T46191675A46192926. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T46191675A46192926.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/46191675/46192926","url_text":"\"Cedrus libani\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T46191675A46192926.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T46191675A46192926.en"}]},{"reference":"\"Cedrus libani Cedar of Lebanon PFAF Plant Database\". pfaf.org. Plants for a Future. Retrieved 6 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cedrus+libani","url_text":"\"Cedrus libani Cedar of Lebanon PFAF Plant Database\""}]},{"reference":"Gardner, M. (2013). \"Cedrus libani var. libani\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T42305A2970821. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42305A2970821.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/42305/2970821","url_text":"\"Cedrus libani var. libani\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42305A2970821.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42305A2970821.en"}]},{"reference":"Sherratt, Susan; Bennet, John (2017). Archaeology and Homeric epic. Oxford: Oxbow Books. p. 127. ISBN 9781785702969. OCLC 959610992.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781785702969","url_text":"9781785702969"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/959610992","url_text":"959610992"}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome to Our Lady of Lebanon Maronite Church's Homepage\". Archived from the original on 2 June 2009. Retrieved 19 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090602041955/http://www.ourladyoflebanon-dc.org/histcedars.html","url_text":"\"Welcome to Our Lady of Lebanon Maronite Church's Homepage\""},{"url":"http://www.ourladyoflebanon-dc.org/histcedars.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cedar Lebanon (Cedrus libani)\". Archived from the original on 6 January 2019. Retrieved 5 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190106010249/https://www.aad.arkansas.gov/cedar-lebanon-cedrus-libani","url_text":"\"Cedar Lebanon (Cedrus libani)\""},{"url":"https://www.aad.arkansas.gov/cedar-lebanon-cedrus-libani","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cedrus libani\". www.rhs.org. Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 12 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/100314/Cedrus-libani/Details","url_text":"\"Cedrus libani\""}]},{"reference":"\"AGM Plants – Ornamental\" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 16. Retrieved 24 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf","url_text":"\"AGM Plants – Ornamental\""}]},{"reference":"Barnard, Anne (18 July 2018). \"Climate Change Is Killing the Cedars of Lebanon\". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/07/18/climate/lebanon-climate-change-environment-cedars.html","url_text":"\"Climate Change Is Killing the Cedars of Lebanon\""}]},{"reference":"CABI (1 January 2013). Praciak, Andrew (ed.). The CABI Encyclopedia of Forest Trees. Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International. ISBN 9781780642369.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cBf4AgAAQBAJ","url_text":"The CABI Encyclopedia of Forest Trees"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780642369","url_text":"9781780642369"}]},{"reference":"Coxe, John Redman (1 January 1808). The Philadelphia Medical Dictionary: Containing a Concise Explanation of All the Terms Used in Medicine, Surgery, Pharmacy, Botany, Natural History, Chymistry, and Materia Medica. Thomas Dobson; Thomas and George Palmer, printers.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/2547024R.nlm.nih.gov","url_text":"The Philadelphia Medical Dictionary: Containing a Concise Explanation of All the Terms Used in Medicine, Surgery, Pharmacy, Botany, Natural History, Chymistry, and Materia Medica"}]},{"reference":"Cromer, Gerald (1 January 2004). A War of Words: Political Violence and Public Debate in Israel. Frank Cass. ISBN 9780714656311.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qexwM08RUsMC","url_text":"A War of Words: Political Violence and Public Debate in Israel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780714656311","url_text":"9780714656311"}]},{"reference":"Dagher-Kharrat, Magida Bou; Mariette, Stéphanie; Lefèvre, François; Fady, Bruno; March, Ghislaine Grenier-de; Plomion, Christophe; Savouré, Arnould (21 November 2006). \"Geographical diversity and genetic relationships among Cedrus species estimated by AFLP\". Tree Genetics & Genomes. 3 (3): 275–285. doi:10.1007/s11295-006-0065-x. ISSN 1614-2942. S2CID 25475555.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11295-006-0065-x","url_text":"10.1007/s11295-006-0065-x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1614-2942","url_text":"1614-2942"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25475555","url_text":"25475555"}]},{"reference":"Debazac, E. F. (1 January 1964). Manuel des conifères (in French). École nationale des eaux et forêts.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=A43PAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Manuel des conifères"}]},{"reference":"Eckenwalder, James E. (14 November 2009). Conifers of the World: The Complete Reference. Timber Press. ISBN 9780881929744.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780881929744","url_text":"9780881929744"}]},{"reference":"Erman, Adolf (1 January 1927). The Literature of the Ancient Egyptians: Poems, Narratives, and Manuals of Instruction, from the Third and Second Millennia B. C. Methuen & Company, Limited.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vXoOAAAAQAAJ","url_text":"The Literature of the Ancient Egyptians: Poems, Narratives, and Manuals of Instruction, from the Third and Second Millennia B. C."}]},{"reference":"Fabre, JP; Bariteau, M; Chalon, A; Thevenet, J (2001). \"Possibilités de multiplication de pucerons Cedrobium laportei Remaudiére (Homoptera, Lachnidae) sur différentes provenances du genre Cedrus et sur deux hybrides d'espéces, perspectives d'utilisation en France\". International Meeting on Sylviculture of Cork Oak (Quercus Suber L.) and Atlas Cedar (Cedrus Atlantica Manetti).","urls":[{"url":"https://prodinra.inra.fr/?locale=es#!ConsultNotice:62810","url_text":"\"Possibilités de multiplication de pucerons Cedrobium laportei Remaudiére (Homoptera, Lachnidae) sur différentes provenances du genre Cedrus et sur deux hybrides d'espéces, perspectives d'utilisation en France\""}]},{"reference":"Fady, B.; Lefèvre, F.; Reynaud, M.; Vendramin, G. G.; Bou Dagher-Kharrat, M.; Anzidei, M.; Pastorelli, R.; Savouré, A.; Bariteau, M. (1 October 2003). \"Gene flow among different taxonomic units: evidence from nuclear and cytoplasmic markers in Cedrus plantation forests\". Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 107 (6): 1132–1138. doi:10.1007/s00122-003-1323-z. ISSN 0040-5752. PMID 14523524. S2CID 11703268.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00122-003-1323-z","url_text":"10.1007/s00122-003-1323-z"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0040-5752","url_text":"0040-5752"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14523524","url_text":"14523524"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11703268","url_text":"11703268"}]},{"reference":"Farjon, Aljos (27 April 2010). A Handbook of the World's Conifers (2 Vols.). BRILL. ISBN 978-9004177185.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nqkKTQcGOtYC","url_text":"A Handbook of the World's Conifers (2 Vols.)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004177185","url_text":"978-9004177185"}]},{"reference":"Greuter, W.; Burdet, H.M.; Long, G., eds. (1984). \"A critical inventory of vascular plants of the circum-mediterranean countries\". ww2.bgbm.org. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum, Berlin. Retrieved 10 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Greuter","url_text":"Greuter, W."},{"url":"http://ww2.bgbm.org/mcl/PTaxonDetail.asp?NameId=781&PTRefFK=1273","url_text":"\"A critical inventory of vascular plants of the circum-mediterranean countries\""}]},{"reference":"Güner, Adil, ed. (9 April 2001). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands: Flora of Turkey, Volume 11 (1 ed.). Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780748614097.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780748614097","url_text":"9780748614097"}]},{"reference":"Hemery, Gabriel; Simblet, Sarah (21 October 2014). The New Sylva: A Discourse of Forest and Orchard Trees for the Twenty-First Century. A&C Black. ISBN 9781408835449.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Il09AwAAQBAJ","url_text":"The New Sylva: A Discourse of Forest and Orchard Trees for the Twenty-First Century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781408835449","url_text":"9781408835449"}]},{"reference":"Howard, Frances (1 January 1955). Ornamental Trees: An Illustrated Guide to Their Selection and Care. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520007956.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ornamentaltreesi00main","url_text":"Ornamental Trees: An Illustrated Guide to Their Selection and Care"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520007956","url_text":"9780520007956"}]},{"reference":"Mehdi, Ladjal (1 January 2001). Variabilité de l'adaptation à la sécheresse des cèdres méditerranéens (Cedrus atlantica, C. Brevifolia et C. Libani) : aspects écophysiologiques. Doctorate Thesis, Université Henri Poincaré Nancy 1. Faculté des Sciences et Techniques (These de doctorat) – via www.theses.fr.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theses.fr/2001NAN10215","url_text":"Variabilité de l'adaptation à la sécheresse des cèdres méditerranéens (Cedrus atlantica, C. Brevifolia et C. Libani) : aspects écophysiologiques"}]},{"reference":"Masri, Rania (1995), \"The Cedars of Lebanon: significance, awareness and management of the Cedrus libani in Lebanon\", Cedars awareness and salvation effort lecture, Massachusetts Institute of Technology seminar on the environment in Lebanon, Massachusetts Institute of Technology","urls":[{"url":"http://almashriq.hiof.no/lebanon/300.social_sciences/360/363/363.7/cedars2.html","url_text":"Cedars awareness and salvation effort lecture, Massachusetts Institute of Technology seminar on the environment in Lebanon"}]},{"reference":"Shackley, Myra (1 October 2004). \"Managing the Cedars of Lebanon: Botanical Gardens or Living Forests?\". Current Issues in Tourism. 7 (4–5): 417–425. doi:10.1080/13683500408667995. ISSN 1368-3500. S2CID 153516841.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13683500408667995","url_text":"10.1080/13683500408667995"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1368-3500","url_text":"1368-3500"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153516841","url_text":"153516841"}]},{"reference":"Saint-Vincent, Bory de (1 January 1823). Dictionnaire classique d'histoire naturelle (in French). Vol. 3. Paris: Rey et Gravier. p. 299.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Syn-8zH5ikUC","url_text":"Dictionnaire classique d'histoire naturelle"}]},{"reference":"Talhouk, Salma; Zurayk, Rami (2003). \"Conifer conservation in Lebanon\". Acta Horticulturae. 615 (615): 411–414. doi:10.17660/ActaHortic.2003.615.46. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210225223537/http://www.actahort.org/members/showpdf?booknrarnr=615_46","url_text":"\"Conifer conservation in Lebanon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.17660%2FActaHortic.2003.615.46","url_text":"10.17660/ActaHortic.2003.615.46"},{"url":"http://www.actahort.org/members/showpdf?booknrarnr=615_46","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/46191675/46192926","external_links_name":"\"Cedrus libani\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T46191675A46192926.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T46191675A46192926.en"},{"Link":"http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cedrus+libani","external_links_name":"\"Cedrus libani Cedar of Lebanon PFAF Plant Database\""},{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/42305/2970821","external_links_name":"\"Cedrus libani var. libani\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42305A2970821.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42305A2970821.en"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/959610992","external_links_name":"959610992"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090602041955/http://www.ourladyoflebanon-dc.org/histcedars.html","external_links_name":"\"Welcome to Our Lady of Lebanon Maronite Church's Homepage\""},{"Link":"http://www.ourladyoflebanon-dc.org/histcedars.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190106010249/https://www.aad.arkansas.gov/cedar-lebanon-cedrus-libani","external_links_name":"\"Cedar Lebanon (Cedrus libani)\""},{"Link":"https://www.aad.arkansas.gov/cedar-lebanon-cedrus-libani","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/100314/Cedrus-libani/Details","external_links_name":"\"Cedrus libani\""},{"Link":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf","external_links_name":"\"AGM Plants – Ornamental\""},{"Link":"http://www.shoufcedar.org/","external_links_name":"Cedars of Lebanon Nature Reserve"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120519235704/http://www.shoufcedar.org/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/07/18/climate/lebanon-climate-change-environment-cedars.html","external_links_name":"\"Climate Change Is Killing the Cedars of Lebanon\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cBf4AgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The CABI Encyclopedia of Forest Trees"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/2547024R.nlm.nih.gov","external_links_name":"The Philadelphia Medical Dictionary: Containing a Concise Explanation of All the Terms Used in Medicine, Surgery, Pharmacy, Botany, Natural History, Chymistry, and Materia Medica"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qexwM08RUsMC","external_links_name":"A War of Words: Political Violence and Public Debate in Israel"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11295-006-0065-x","external_links_name":"10.1007/s11295-006-0065-x"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1614-2942","external_links_name":"1614-2942"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25475555","external_links_name":"25475555"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=A43PAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Manuel des conifères"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vXoOAAAAQAAJ","external_links_name":"The Literature of the Ancient Egyptians: Poems, Narratives, and Manuals of Instruction, from the Third and Second Millennia B. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hills_(cyclist) | Stephen Hills (cyclist) | ["1 References","2 External links"] | New Zealand Paralympic cyclist
Stephen HillsPersonal informationBorn (1981-12-15) 15 December 1981 (age 42)SportCountry New ZealandSportCyclingDisability classT2Coached byStu MacDonald
Medal record
UCI Para-cycling Road World Championships
2019 Emmen
T2 road race
Stephen Hills (born 15 December 1981) is a New Zealand cyclist. He competed at the 2016 and 2020 Summer Paralympics. He was a bronze medallist at the 2019 UCI Para-cycling Road World Championships in the Netherlands.
References
^ Stephen Hills at Paralympics New Zealand
^ "Taranaki para-cyclist Stephen Hills third in the world following bronze medal win". Stuff.co.nz. 3 October 2019. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
^ "Taranaki Paralympian Stephen Hills ready to race in Tokyo". Stuff.co.nz. 28 August 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
External links
Stephen Hills at Paralympics New Zealand
Stephen Hills at the International Paralympic Committee
vte2016 New Zealand Paralympic teamAthletics
Caitlin Dore
Anna Grimaldi
Jess Hamill
Liam Malone
Rory McSweeney
Jacob Phillips
Holly Robinson
William Stedman
Paracanoeing
Scott Martlew
Cycling
Amanda Cameron
Emma Foy
Stephen Hills
Kate Horan
Byron Raubenheimer
Fraser Sharp
Laura Thompson (pilot)
Hannah van Kampen (pilot)
Sailing
Rick Dodson
Andrew May
Chris Sharp
Shooting
Jason Eales
Michael Johnson
Greg Reid
Swimming
Rebecca Dubber
Mary Fisher
Nikita Howarth
Cameron Leslie
Hamish McLean
Tupou Neiufi
Sophie Pascoe
Jesse Reynolds
Chef de Mission: Ben Lucas
vte2020 New Zealand Paralympic teamAthletics
Lisa Adams
Danielle Aitchison
Caitlin Dore
Anna Grimaldi
Holly Robinson
William Stedman
Anna Steven
Ben Tuimaseve
Cycling
Stephen Hills
Sarah Ellington
Eltje Malzbender
Rory Mead
Nicole Murray
Anna Taylor
Paracanoeing
Corbin Hart
Scott Martlew
Shooting
Michael Johnson
Swimming
Nikita Howarth
Tupou Neiufi
Sophie Pascoe
Jesse Reynolds
Wheelchair rugby
Hayden Barton-Cootes
Cody Everson
Robert Hewitt
Barney Koneferenisi
Tainafi Lefono
Gareth Lynch
Gavin Rolton
Mike Todd
Chef de Mission: Paula Tesoriero
This biographical article relating to New Zealand cycling is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cyclist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycle_sport"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Summer_Paralympics"},{"link_name":"2020 Summer Paralympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Summer_Paralympics"},{"link_name":"UCI Para-cycling Road World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCI_Para-cycling_Road_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Stephen Hills (born 15 December 1981) is a New Zealand cyclist. He competed at the 2016 and 2020 Summer Paralympics. He was a bronze medallist at the 2019 UCI Para-cycling Road World Championships in the Netherlands.[1][2][3]","title":"Stephen Hills (cyclist)"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Taranaki para-cyclist Stephen Hills third in the world following bronze medal win\". Stuff.co.nz. 3 October 2019. Retrieved 31 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/taranaki-daily-news/news/116156710/taranaki-paracyclist-stephen-hills-third-in-the-world-following-bronze-medal-win","url_text":"\"Taranaki para-cyclist Stephen Hills third in the world following bronze medal win\""}]},{"reference":"\"Taranaki Paralympian Stephen Hills ready to race in Tokyo\". Stuff.co.nz. 28 August 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/paralympics/126182050/taranaki-paralympian-stephen-hills-ready-to-race-in-tokyo","url_text":"\"Taranaki Paralympian Stephen Hills ready to race in Tokyo\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://paralympics.org.nz/athlete_profile/stephen-hills","external_links_name":"Stephen Hills"},{"Link":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/taranaki-daily-news/news/116156710/taranaki-paracyclist-stephen-hills-third-in-the-world-following-bronze-medal-win","external_links_name":"\"Taranaki para-cyclist Stephen Hills third in the world following bronze medal win\""},{"Link":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/paralympics/126182050/taranaki-paralympian-stephen-hills-ready-to-race-in-tokyo","external_links_name":"\"Taranaki Paralympian Stephen Hills ready to race in Tokyo\""},{"Link":"https://paralympics.org.nz/athlete_profile/stephen-hills-196","external_links_name":"Stephen Hills"},{"Link":"https://www.paralympic.org/stephen-hills","external_links_name":"Stephen Hills"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Hills_(cyclist)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_and_Me | Kelly and Me | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 References","4 External links"] | 1957 film by Robert Zigler Leonard
Kelly and MeTheatrical release posterDirected byRobert Z. LeonardWritten byEverett FreemanProduced byRobert ArthurStarringVan JohnsonPiper LaurieMartha HyerOnslow StevensHerbert AndersonDouglas FowleyFrank WilcoxCinematographyMaury GertsmanEdited byTed J. KentMusic byHenry ManciniProductioncompanyUniversal PicturesDistributed byUniversal PicturesRelease date
April 10, 1957 (1957-04-10)
Running time86 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish
Kelly and Me is a 1957 American comedy film directed by Robert Z. Leonard and written by Everett Freeman. The film stars Van Johnson, Piper Laurie, Martha Hyer, Onslow Stevens, Herbert Anderson, Douglas Fowley and Frank Wilcox. The film was released on April 10, 1957, by Universal Pictures.
Plot
Len Carmody, a failure in theatrical venues, finds success in talking films when he finds a trained dog.
Cast
Van Johnson as Len Carmody
Piper Laurie as Mina Van Runkel
Martha Hyer as Lucy Castle
Onslow Stevens as Walter Van Runkel
Herbert Anderson as Ben Collins
Douglas Fowley as Dave Gans
Frank Wilcox as George Halderman
Dan Riss as Stu Baker
Maurice Manson as Mr. Johnson
Gregory Gaye as Milo
Yvonne Peattie as Miss Boyle
Elizabeth Flournoy as Miss Wilk
Lyle Latell as Joe Webb
References
^ "Kelly and Me (1957) - Overview". TCM.com. Retrieved 2019-03-12.
^ Hal Erickson. "Kelly and Me (1957) - Robert Z. Leonard". AllMovie. Retrieved 2019-03-12.
^ "Kelly and Me". Catalog.afi.com. Retrieved 2019-03-12.
External links
Kelly and Me at IMDb
vteFilms directed by Robert Z. Leonard1910s
The Master Key (1914)
The Ruby Circle (1914)
Christmas Memories (1915)
Judge Not (1915)
The Love Girl (1916)
Secret Love (1916)
The Crippled Hand (1916)
The Eagle's Wings (1916)
Little Eve Edgarton (1916)
The Plow Girl (1916)
On Record (1917)
A Mormon Maid (1917)
The Primrose Ring (1917)
At First Sight (1917)
Princess Virtue (1917)
Face Value (1918)
The Bride's Awakening (1918)
Danger, Go Slow (1918)
Her Body in Bond (1918)
Modern Love (1918)
The Big Little Person (1919)
The Delicious Little Devil (1919)
The Scarlet Shadow (1919)
What Am I Bid? (1919)
The Way of a Woman (1919)
The Miracle of Love (1919)
1920s
April Folly (1920)
The Restless Sex (1920)
Stronger Than Death (1920)
The Gilded Lily (1921)
Heedless Moths (1921)
Peacock Alley (1922)
Fascination (1922)
Broadway Rose (1922)
Jazzmania (1923)
Fashion Row (1923)
The French Doll (1923)
Mademoiselle Midnight (1924)
Circe, the Enchantress (1924)
Love's Wilderness (1924)
Cheaper to Marry (1925)
Time, the Comedian (1925)
Bright Lights (1925)
Dance Madness (1926)
Mademoiselle Modiste (1926)
The Waning Sex (1926)
A Little Journey (1927)
The Demi-Bride (1927)
Adam and Evil (1927)
Tea for Three (1927)
Baby Mine (1928)
The Cardboard Lover (1928)
A Lady of Chance (1928)
Marianne (1929, silent)
Marianne (1929, musical)
1930s
The Divorcee (1930)
In Gay Madrid (1930)
Let Us Be Gay (1930)
The Bachelor Father (1931)
Five and Ten (1931)
It's a Wise Child (1931)
Susan Lenox (Her Fall and Rise) (1931)
Lovers Courageous (1932)
The Son-Daughter (1932)
Strange Interlude (1932)
When Ladies Meet (1933)
Dancing Lady (1933)
Peg o' My Heart (1933)
Outcast Lady (1934)
After Office Hours (1935)
Naughty Marietta (1935)
Escapade (1935)
A Tale of Two Cities (1935)
The Great Ziegfeld (1936)
Small Town Girl (1936)
Piccadilly Jim (1936)
Maytime (1937)
The Firefly (1937)
The Girl of the Golden West (1938)
Broadway Serenade (1939)
1940s
New Moon (1940)
Pride and Prejudice (1940)
Third Finger, Left Hand (1940)
Ziegfeld Girl (1941)
When Ladies Meet (1941)
We Were Dancing (1942)
Stand By for Action (1942)
The Man from Down Under (1943)
Marriage Is a Private Affair (1944)
Week-End at the Waldorf (1945)
The Secret Heart (1946)
Cynthia (1947)
B.F.'s Daughter (1948)
The Bribe (1949)
In the Good Old Summertime (1949)
1950s
Nancy Goes to Rio (1950)
Duchess of Idaho (1950)
Grounds for Marriage (1951)
Too Young to Kiss (1951)
Everything I Have Is Yours (1952)
The Clown (1953)
The Great Diamond Robbery (1953)
Her Twelve Men (1954)
The King's Thief (1955)
Beautiful but Dangerous (1955)
Kelly and Me (1957) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comedy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_film"},{"link_name":"Robert Z. Leonard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Z._Leonard"},{"link_name":"Van Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Piper Laurie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_Laurie"},{"link_name":"Martha Hyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Hyer"},{"link_name":"Onslow Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onslow_Stevens"},{"link_name":"Herbert Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Douglas Fowley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Fowley"},{"link_name":"Frank Wilcox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Wilcox"},{"link_name":"Universal Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Kelly and Me is a 1957 American comedy film directed by Robert Z. Leonard and written by Everett Freeman. The film stars Van Johnson, Piper Laurie, Martha Hyer, Onslow Stevens, Herbert Anderson, Douglas Fowley and Frank Wilcox. The film was released on April 10, 1957, by Universal Pictures.[1][2][3]","title":"Kelly and Me"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Len Carmody, a failure in theatrical venues, finds success in talking films when he finds a trained dog.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Van Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Piper Laurie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_Laurie"},{"link_name":"Martha Hyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Hyer"},{"link_name":"Onslow Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onslow_Stevens"},{"link_name":"Herbert Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Douglas Fowley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Fowley"},{"link_name":"Frank Wilcox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Wilcox"},{"link_name":"Dan Riss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Riss"},{"link_name":"Maurice Manson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Manson"},{"link_name":"Gregory Gaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Gaye"},{"link_name":"Lyle Latell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyle_Latell"}],"text":"Van Johnson as Len Carmody\nPiper Laurie as Mina Van Runkel\nMartha Hyer as Lucy Castle\nOnslow Stevens as Walter Van Runkel\nHerbert Anderson as Ben Collins\nDouglas Fowley as Dave Gans\nFrank Wilcox as George Halderman\nDan Riss as Stu Baker\nMaurice Manson as Mr. Johnson\nGregory Gaye as Milo\nYvonne Peattie as Miss Boyle\nElizabeth Flournoy as Miss Wilk\nLyle Latell as Joe Webb","title":"Cast"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Kelly and Me (1957) - Overview\". TCM.com. Retrieved 2019-03-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/80137/Kelly-and-Me/","url_text":"\"Kelly and Me (1957) - Overview\""}]},{"reference":"Hal Erickson. \"Kelly and Me (1957) - Robert Z. Leonard\". AllMovie. Retrieved 2019-03-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/kelly-and-me-v97607","url_text":"\"Kelly and Me (1957) - Robert Z. Leonard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kelly and Me\". Catalog.afi.com. Retrieved 2019-03-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://catalog.afi.com/Film/52250-KELLY-AND-ME","url_text":"\"Kelly and Me\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/80137/Kelly-and-Me/","external_links_name":"\"Kelly and Me (1957) - Overview\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/kelly-and-me-v97607","external_links_name":"\"Kelly and Me (1957) - Robert Z. Leonard\""},{"Link":"https://catalog.afi.com/Film/52250-KELLY-AND-ME","external_links_name":"\"Kelly and Me\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0050589/","external_links_name":"Kelly and Me"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_Nepal | Geology of Nepal | ["1 Morpho-tectonic division of Nepal Himalaya","1.1 Gangetic plain","1.2 Sub-Himalaya (Siwaliks)","1.3 Lesser Himalaya","1.4 Main Central Thrust Zone","1.5 Higher Himalaya","1.6 Tibetan-Tethys","2 See also","3 References","3.1 Footnotes","4 Further reading","5 External links"] | Topographic map of Nepal
The geology of Nepal is dominated by the Himalaya, the highest, youngest and a very highly active mountain range. Himalaya is a type locality for the study of on-going continent-continent collision tectonics. The Himalayan arc extends about
2,400 km (1,500 mi) from Nanga Parbat (8,138 m (26,699 ft)) by the Indus River in northern Pakistan eastward to Namche Barwa (7,756 m (25,446 ft)) by the gorge of the Tsangpo-Brahmaputra in eastern Tibet. About 800 km (500 mi) of this extent is in Nepal; the remainder includes Bhutan and parts of Pakistan, India, and China.
Since 55 Ma the Himalayan orogeny beginning with the collision of Indian subcontinent and Eurasia at the Paleocene/Eocene epoch, has thickened the Indian crust to its present thickness of 70 km (43 mi). The northwest tip of India after colliding with Asia seems to have met along the full length of the suture by about 40 Ma.
Immediately prior to the onset of the Indo-Asian collision, the northern boundary of the Indian shield was likely a thinned continental margin on which Proterozoic clastic sediments and the Cambrian ±Eocene Tethyan shelf sequence were deposited.
Morpho-tectonic division of Nepal Himalaya
Heim and Gansser divided the rocks of the Himalaya into four tectonostratigraphic zones that are characterised by distinctive stratigraphy and physiography. From south to north, it can be divided into five latitudinal morpho-tectonic zones and these are :
The Gangatic Plain (Terai)
The Sub Himalayan (Chure or Siwalik)
Lesser Himalayan (Mahabharat Mountain Range),
Greater Himalayan, and
Tibetan Himalayan zones (Tethys Himalaya).
Gangetic plain
The gangetic plain is also called the Terai which is a rich and fertile land in the southern parts of Nepal. It represents Holocene/Recent sedimentation belt where fluvial sedimentation is still in progress. This plain is less than 200 m above sea level and has thick (about 1500 m) alluvial deposit. The alluvial deposits mainly consists of boulders, gravel, sand, silt and clay. It is a foreland basin which consists of the sediments brought down from the northern part of Nepal. It is the Nepalese extension of the Indo-Gangetic Plains, which covers most of northern and eastern India, the most populous parts of Pakistan, and virtually all of Bangladesh. The Plains get their names from the rivers Ganges and Indus.
The alluvial plains of the Indo-Gangetic Basin evolved as a foreland basin in the southern part of the rising Himalaya, before breaking up along a series of steep faults known as the Himalayan Frontal Fault or the Main Frontal Thrust. It comprises several sub-basins and all of them are quite shallow towards the south, but rather deep in the northern sections.
Sub-Himalaya (Siwaliks)
The Sub-Himalayan Sequence borders the Indo-Gangetic Floodplain along the Himalayan Frontal Fault and is dominated by thick Late Tertiary mollassic deposits known as the Siwaliks that resulted from the accumulating fluvial deposits on the southern front of the evolving Himalaya. In Nepal, it extends throughout the country from east to west in the southern part. It is delineated by the Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT) and Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) in south and north respectively. The youngest sediments on the top are the conglomerates, and the sandstones and mudstones are dominant in the lower portions. The upward coarsening sequence of the sediments obviously exhibit the time-history in the evolution and growth of the Himalaya during the early Tertiary time.
The Sub Himalayan zone is the 10 to 25 km wide belt of Neogene Siwaliks (or Churia) group rocks forming the topographic front of the Himalaya. It rises from the fluvial plains of the active foreland basin, and this front generally mapped as the trace of the Main Frontal Thrust (MFT). The Siwaliks Group consists of upward-coarsening successions of fluvial mudstone, siltstone, sandstone, and conglomerate.
The Siwaliks Group in Nepal is composed of three units that are known as lower, middle and upper members. These units can be correlated with the Sub Himalaya of Pakistan and of northern India. Palaeocurrent and petrographic data from the sandstone and conglomerate indicate that these rocks were derived from the fold-thrust belt, and deposited within the flexural foredeep of the Himalayan foreland basin.
Lesser Himalaya
The Lesser Himalayas lies in between the Sub-Himalayas and Higher Himalayas separated by the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) and the Main Central Thrust (MCT) respectively. The total width ranges from 60 to 80 km. The Lesser Himalayas is made up mostly of unfossiliferous sedimentary and metasedimentary rocks; such as shale, sandstone, conglomerate, slate, phyllite, schist, quartzite, limestone and dolomite. The rocks range in age from Precambrian to Miocene. The geology is complicated due to folding, faulting, and thrusting and are largely unfossiliferous. Tectonically, the entire Lesser Himalayas consists of two sequences of rocks: allochthonous, and autochthonous-para autochthonous units; with various nappes, klippes and tectonic windows.
The northernmost boundary of the Siwaliks Group is marked by the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT), over which the low-grade metasedimentary rocks of the Lesser Himalaya overlie. The Lesser Himalaya also called the Lower Himalaya, or the Midlands, is a thick (about 7 km) section of para-autochthonous crystalline rocks made up of low- to medium-grade rocks. These lower Proterozoic clastic rocks are subdivided into two groups. Argillo-arenaceous rocks dominate the lower half of the succession, whereas the upper half consists of both carbonate and siliciclastic rocks.
The Lesser Himalaya thrust over the Siwaliks along the MBT to the south is overlaid by the allochthonous thrust sheets of Kathmandu and HHC along the MCT. The Lesser Himalaya is folded into a vast post-metamorphic anticlinal structure known as the Kunchha-Gorkha anticlinorium. The southern flank of the anticlinorium is weakly metamorphosed, whereas the northern side is highly metamorphosed.
Main Central Thrust Zone
Heim and Gansser defined the MCT in Kumaon based on the difference in metamorphic grade between low to medium-grade rocks of the Lesser Himalaya and higher-grade rocks of the Greater Himalaya. However, the fault originally defined by Heim and Gansser is not the MCT, but a fault within Lesser Himalaya rocks; This misidentification symbolizes the challenge that workers have faced in locating the MCT. The metamorphic grade within the Lesser Himalaya increases towards the MCT and at higher structural levels.
In central Nepal, the metamorphic grade increases from low (chlorite + biotite) to medium (biotite + garnet + kyanite + staurolite) towards the MCT over a north–south distance. The highest-grade rocks (kyanite and sillimanite gneisses) are found within the MCT shear zone, i.e. upper Lesser Himalaya. Arita places two thrusts (MCT I and MCT II) on each side of the MCT shear zone.
Higher Himalaya
This zone extends from the MCT to the Tibetan-Tethys Zone and runs throughout the country. This zone consists of almost 10 km thick succession of the crystalline rocks, commonly called the Himal Group. This sequence can be divided into four main units, as Kyanite-Sillimanite gneiss, pyroxenic marble and gneiss, banded gneiss, and augen gneiss in the ascending order.
The Higher Himalayan sequence has been variously named. French workers used the term Dalle du Tibet (Tibetan Slab) for this unit. Hagen called them Khumbu Nappes, and Lumbasumba Nappes. Arita calls it the Himalayan Gneiss Group, and it lies above the MCT II, or the upper MCT.
The High Himalayan Crystalline units (HHC) are mainly composed of kyanite- to sillimanite-grade gneisses intruded by High Himalayan leucogranites at structurally higher levels. Throughout much of the range, the unit is divided into three formations. In central Nepal, the upper Formation III consists of augen orthogneisses, whereas the middle Formation II comprises calcsilicate gneisses and marbles, and the basal Formation I consists of kyanite- and sillimanite bearing metapelites, gneisses, and metagreywacke with abundant quartzite.
The gneiss of the Higher Himalayan zone (HHZ) is a thick continuous sequence of about 5 to 15 km. The northern part is marked by the North Himalayan Normal Fault (NHNF), which is also known as the South Tibetan Detachment system (STDS). At its base, it is bounded by the MCT. The protolith of the HHC is interpreted to be Late Proterozoic clastic sedimentary rocks deposited on the northern Indian margin.
Tibetan-Tethys
The Tibetan-Tethys Himalayas generally begins from the top of the Higher Himalayan Zone and extends to the north in Tibet. In Nepal these fossiliferous rocks are well developed in Thak Khola (Mustang), Manang and Dolpa area. This zone is about 40 km wide and composed of fossiliferous sedimentary rocks such as shale, sandstone and limestone etc.
The area north of the Annapurna and Manaslu ranges in central Nepal consists of metasediments that overlie the Higher Himalayan zone along the South Tibetan Detachment system. It has undergone very little metamorphism except at its base where it is close to the Higher Himalayan crystalline rocks. The thickness is currently presumed to be 7,400 m. The rocks of the Tibetan Tethys Series (TSS) consist of a thick and nearly continuous lower Paleozoic to lower Tertiary marine sedimentary succession. The rocks are considered to be deposited in a part of the Indian passive continental margin.
See also
1934 Nepal–India earthquake
April 2015 Nepal earthquake
Geography of Nepal
Geology of the Himalaya
List of earthquakes in Nepal
May 2015 Nepal earthquake
Main Himalayan Thrust
References
Ahmad, Talat; Harris, Nigel; Bickle, Mike; Chapman, Hazel; Bunbury, Judith; Prince, Christophe (March 2000). "Isotopic constraints on the structural relationships between the Lesser Himalayan Series and the High Himalayan Crystalline Series, Garhwal Himalaya". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 112 (3): 467–477. Bibcode:2000GSAB..112..467A. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<467:ICOTSR>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0016-7606.
Arita, Kazunori (20 May 1983). "Origin of the inverted metamorphism of the lower Himalayas, Central Nepal". Tectonophysics. 95 (1–2): 43–60. Bibcode:1983Tectp..95...43A. doi:10.1016/0040-1951(83)90258-5.
Bollinger, L.; Avouac, J. P.; Beyssac, O.; Catlos, E. J.; Harrison, T. M.; Grove, M.; Goffé, B.; Sapkota, S. (2004). "Thermal structure and exhumation history of the Lesser Himalaya in central Nepal" (PDF). Tectonics. 23 (5): TC5015. Bibcode:2004Tecto..23.5015B. doi:10.1029/2003TC001564. S2CID 12631808.
Bordet, P.; Colchen, M.; Le Fort, P. (1972). "Some features of the geology of the Annapurna range Nepal Himalaya". Himalayan Geology. 2: 537–563.
Burbank, D.W.; Beck, R.A.; Mulder, T. (1996). "The Himalayan foreland basin". In Yin, A.; Harrison, T.M. (eds.). The Tectonic Evolution of Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 149–188.
DeCelles, P. G.; Gehrels, G. E.; Quade, J.; Ojha, T. P.; Kapp, P. A.; Upreti, B. N. (1998). "Neogene foreland basin deposits, erosional unroofing, and the kinematic history of the Himalayan fold-thrust belt, western Nepal". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 110 (1): 2–21. Bibcode:1998GSAB..110....2D. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1998)110<0002:NFBDEU>2.3.CO;2.
Dewey, J.F.; Shackleton, Robert M.; Chengfa, Chang; Yiyin, Sun (1988). "The Tectonic Evolution of the Tibetan Plateau". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, A. 327 (1594): 379–413. Bibcode:1988RSPTA.327..379D. doi:10.1098/rsta.1988.0135. S2CID 122295871.
Edmundson, Henry, Tales from the Himalaya, Vajra Books, Kathmandu, 2019. ISBN 978-9937-9330-3-2
Fuchs, G.; Widder, R.W.; Tuladhar, R. (1988). "Contributions to the geology of the Annapurana range (Manang area Nepal)". Jahrbuch der Geologischen Bundesanstalt. Vol. 131. pp. 593–607.
Gansser, Augusto (1964). Geology of the Himalayas. London/New York/Sydney: Wiley Interscience. p. 289.
Gansser, Augusto (1981). "The Geodynamik History of the Himalaya, in Zagros, Hindu Kush". In Gupta, H. K.; Delany, F. M. (eds.). Himalaya-Geodynamik Evolution. Geodynamik Series. Vol. 3. American Geophysical Union. pp. 111–121.
Guillot, Stéphane (October–December 1999). "An overview of the metamorphic evolution in Central Nepal" (PDF). Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 17 (5–6): 713–725. Bibcode:1999JAESc..17..713G. doi:10.1016/S1367-9120(99)00045-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-20.
Hagen, T. (1969). Vol. 1: Preliminary Reconnaissance. Report on the Geological Survey of Nepal. Vol. 86. Denkschriften der Schweizerischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft. p. 185.
Heim, Arnold; Gansser, Augusto (1939). Central Himalaya Geological Observations of Swiss Expedition, 1936.
Le Fort, P. (1975). "Himalayas, the collided range: Present Knowledge of the continental arc". American Journal of Science. 275A: 1–44.
Le Fort, P. (1996). "Evolution of the Himalaya". In Yin, A.; Harrison, T. M. (eds.). Tectonic Evolution of Asia. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 95–109.
Liu, G.; Einsele, G. (1994). "Sedimentary history of the Tethyan basin in the Tibetan Himalaya". Geologische Rundschau. 83 (1): 32–61. Bibcode:1994GeoRu..83...32L. doi:10.1007/BF00211893. S2CID 128478143.
Nakata, T. (1989). "Active faults of the Himalayas of India and Nepal". Geological Society of America Special Paper. Geological Society of America Special Papers. 32: 243–264. doi:10.1130/spe232-p243. ISBN 0-8137-2232-2.
Parrish, Randall R.; Hodges, V. (1996). "Isotopic constraints on the age and provenance of the Lesser and Greater Himalayan sequences, Nepalese Himalaya". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 108 (7): 904–911. Bibcode:1996GSAB..108..904P. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<0904:ICOTAA>2.3.CO;2.
Pêcher, A. (1977). "Geology of the Nepal Himalaya: deformation and petrography in the Main Central Thrust Zone". Ecologie et geologie de l'Himalaya. Science de la Terre. Vol. 268. pp. 301–318.
Pêcher, A.; Le Fort, P. (1986). "The Metamorphism in Central Himalaya, its relations with the thrust tectonic". In Le Fort, P.; Colchen, M.; Montenat, C. (eds.). Évolution des Domains Orogénique d'Asie Méridionale (de la Turquie à la Indoneasie). Science Terre. Vol. 47. pp. 285–309.
Rowley, David B. (December 1996). "Age of initiation of collision between India and Asia: A review of stratigraphic data" (PDF). Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 145 (1–4): 1–13. Bibcode:1996E&PSL.145....1R. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(96)00201-4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-14.
Schelling, Daniel; Arita, Kazunori (1991). "Thrust tectonics, crustal shortening, and the structure of the far-eastern Nepal Himalaya". Tectonics. 10 (5): 851–862. Bibcode:1991Tecto..10..851S. doi:10.1029/91TC01011.
Srivastava, P.; Mitra, G. (1994). "Thrust geometries and deep structure of the outer and Lesser Himalaya, Kumaon and Garhwal (India): Implications for evolution of the Himalayan fold-and-thrust belt". Tectonics. 13 (1): 89–109. Bibcode:1994Tecto..13...89S. doi:10.1029/93TC01130.
Stöcklin, J. (1980). "Geology of Nepal and its regional frame". Journal of the Geological Society of London. 137 (1): 1–34. Bibcode:1980JGSoc.137....1S. doi:10.1144/gsjgs.137.1.0001. S2CID 128700927.
Tokuoka, T.; Takayasu, K.; Yoshida, M.; Hisatomi, K. (1986). "The Churia (Siwalik) group of the Arung Khola area, west central Nepal". Memoirs of the Faculty of Science Shimane University. 20: 135–210.
Upreti, Bishan N. (October–December 1999). "An overview of the stratigraphy and tectonics of the Nepal Himalaya" (PDF). Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 17 (5–6): 577–606. Bibcode:1999JAESc..17..577U. doi:10.1016/S1367-9120(99)00047-4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-04-01. Retrieved 2011-04-11.
Upreti, Bishal Nath (2014). Geology of the Nepal Himalaya and Adjacent Region. kathmandu, Nepal. p. 1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Valdiya, K. S. (1980). Geology of Kumaun Lesser Himalaya. Dehra Dun, India: Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology. p. 291.
Footnotes
^ a b Le Fort 1996.
^ Rowley 1996.
^ Le Fort 1975.
^ Dewey et al. 1988.
^ Heim & Gansser 1939; Gansser 1964.
^ Nakata 1989.
^ Gansser 1981.
^ Gansser 1964.
^ Burbank, Beck & Mulder 1996.
^ Tokuoka et al. 1986; DeCelles et al. 1998.
^ a b Parrish & Hodges 1996.
^ Hagen 1969; Le Fort 1975; Stöcklin 1980.
^ Pêcher 1977.
^ Heim & Gansser 1939.
^ Valdiya 1980; Ahmad et al. 2000.
^ a b Arita 1983.
^ Bordet, Colchen & LeFort 1972.
^ Le Fort 1975; Bordet, Colchen & LeFort 1972.
^ Hagen 1969.
^ Bollinger et al. 2004.
^ Upreti 1999.
^ Pêcher & Le Fort 1986.
^ a b Guillot 1999.
^ Fuchs, Widder & Tuladhar 1988.
^ Liu & Einsele 1994.
Further reading
Elizabeth Jacqueline Catlos (2000). Geochronologic and Thermobarometric Constraints on the Evolution of the Main Central Thrust, Himalayan Orogen (Thesis). Los Angeles: University of California. Archived from the original on 2011-08-23.
DeCelles, Peter G.; Robinson, Delores M.; Quade, Jay; Ojha, T. P.; Garzione, Carmala N.; Copeland, Peter; Upreti, Bishal N. (2001). "Stratigraphy, structure, and tectonic evolution of the Himalayan fold-thrust belt in western Nepal". Tectonics. 20 (4): 487–509. Bibcode:2001Tecto..20..487D. doi:10.1029/2000TC001226.
Yin, An (May 2006). "Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Himalayan orogen as constrained by along-strike variation of structural geometry, exhumation history, and foreland sedimentation" (PDF). Earth-Science Reviews. 76 (1–2): 1–131. Bibcode:2006ESRv...76....1Y. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2005.05.004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-27.
Yin, An (November 2006). "Erratum to "Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Himalayan orogen as constrained by along-strike variation of structural geometry, exhumation history, and foreland sedimentation" ". Earth-Science Reviews. 79 (1–2): 163–164. Bibcode:2006ESRv...79..163Y. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2006.08.005.
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Asia portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nepal_topo_en.jpg"},{"link_name":"Himalaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya"},{"link_name":"Nanga Parbat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanga_Parbat"},{"link_name":"Indus River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_River"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Namche Barwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namche_Barwa"},{"link_name":"gorge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarlung_Zangbo_Grand_Canyon"},{"link_name":"Tsangpo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarlung_Zangbo_River"},{"link_name":"Brahmaputra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmaputra_River"},{"link_name":"Tibet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Fort1996-1"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"},{"link_name":"Bhutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Ma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mya_(unit)"},{"link_name":"orogeny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orogeny"},{"link_name":"Indian subcontinent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent"},{"link_name":"Eurasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia"},{"link_name":"Paleocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleocene"},{"link_name":"Eocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocene"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowley1996-2"},{"link_name":"crust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crust_(geology)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Fort1975-3"},{"link_name":"suture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suture_(geology)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeweyShackletonChengfaYiyin1988-4"},{"link_name":"continental margin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_margin"},{"link_name":"Proterozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proterozoic"},{"link_name":"clastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clastic_rock"},{"link_name":"Cambrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian"},{"link_name":"Eocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocene"},{"link_name":"Tethyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tethys_Ocean"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Fort1996-1"}],"text":"Topographic map of NepalThe geology of Nepal is dominated by the Himalaya, the highest, youngest and a very highly active mountain range. Himalaya is a type locality for the study of on-going continent-continent collision tectonics. The Himalayan arc extends about \n2,400 km (1,500 mi) from Nanga Parbat (8,138 m (26,699 ft)) by the Indus River in northern Pakistan eastward to Namche Barwa (7,756 m (25,446 ft)) by the gorge of the Tsangpo-Brahmaputra in eastern Tibet.[1] About 800 km (500 mi) of this extent is in Nepal; the remainder includes Bhutan and parts of Pakistan, India, and China.Since 55 Ma the Himalayan orogeny beginning with the collision of Indian subcontinent and Eurasia at the Paleocene/Eocene epoch,[2] has thickened the Indian crust to its present thickness of 70 km (43 mi).[3] The northwest tip of India after colliding with Asia seems to have met along the full length of the suture by about 40 Ma.[4]Immediately prior to the onset of the Indo-Asian collision, the northern boundary of the Indian shield was likely a thinned continental margin on which Proterozoic clastic sediments and the Cambrian ±Eocene Tethyan shelf sequence were deposited.[1]","title":"Geology of Nepal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tectonostratigraphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonostratigraphy"},{"link_name":"stratigraphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratigraphy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeimGansser1939Gansser1964-5"},{"link_name":"Terai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terai"},{"link_name":"Siwalik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siwalik"}],"text":"Heim and Gansser divided the rocks of the Himalaya into four tectonostratigraphic zones that are characterised by distinctive stratigraphy and physiography.[5] From south to north, it can be divided into five latitudinal morpho-tectonic zones and these are :The Gangatic Plain (Terai)\nThe Sub Himalayan (Chure or Siwalik)\nLesser Himalayan (Mahabharat Mountain Range),\nGreater Himalayan, and\nTibetan Himalayan zones (Tethys Himalaya).","title":"Morpho-tectonic division of Nepal Himalaya"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Terai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terai"},{"link_name":"Indo-Gangetic Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain"},{"link_name":"alluvial plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alluvial_plain"},{"link_name":"foreland basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreland_basin"},{"link_name":"Himalayan Frontal Fault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Frontal_Thrust"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakata1989-6"},{"link_name":"Main Frontal Thrust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Frontal_Thrust"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGansser1981-7"}],"sub_title":"Gangetic plain","text":"The gangetic plain is also called the Terai which is a rich and fertile land in the southern parts of Nepal. It represents Holocene/Recent sedimentation belt where fluvial sedimentation is still in progress. This plain is less than 200 m above sea level and has thick (about 1500 m) alluvial deposit. The alluvial deposits mainly consists of boulders, gravel, sand, silt and clay. It is a foreland basin which consists of the sediments brought down from the northern part of Nepal. It is the Nepalese extension of the Indo-Gangetic Plains, which covers most of northern and eastern India, the most populous parts of Pakistan, and virtually all of Bangladesh. The Plains get their names from the rivers Ganges and Indus.The alluvial plains of the Indo-Gangetic Basin evolved as a foreland basin in the southern part of the rising Himalaya, before breaking up along a series of steep faults known as the Himalayan Frontal Fault[6] or the Main Frontal Thrust.[7] It comprises several sub-basins and all of them are quite shallow towards the south, but rather deep in the northern sections.","title":"Morpho-tectonic division of Nepal Himalaya"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mollassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molasse"},{"link_name":"fluvial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluvial"},{"link_name":"Main Boundary Thrust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Boundary_Thrust"},{"link_name":"conglomerates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conglomerate_(geology)"},{"link_name":"sandstones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone"},{"link_name":"mudstones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudstone"},{"link_name":"Tertiary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGansser1964-8"},{"link_name":"Siwaliks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siwalik"},{"link_name":"fluvial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluvial"},{"link_name":"siltstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siltstone"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurbankBeckMulder1996-9"},{"link_name":"petrographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrography"},{"link_name":"Himalayan foreland basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayan_foreland_basin"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETokuokaTakayasuYoshidaHisatomi1986DeCellesGehrelsQuadeOjha1998-10"}],"sub_title":"Sub-Himalaya (Siwaliks)","text":"The Sub-Himalayan Sequence borders the Indo-Gangetic Floodplain along the Himalayan Frontal Fault and is dominated by thick Late Tertiary mollassic deposits known as the Siwaliks that resulted from the accumulating fluvial deposits on the southern front of the evolving Himalaya. In Nepal, it extends throughout the country from east to west in the southern part. It is delineated by the Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT) and Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) in south and north respectively. The youngest sediments on the top are the conglomerates, and the sandstones and mudstones are dominant in the lower portions. The upward coarsening sequence of the sediments obviously exhibit the time-history in the evolution and growth of the Himalaya during the early Tertiary time.[8]The Sub Himalayan zone is the 10 to 25 km wide belt of Neogene Siwaliks (or Churia) group rocks forming the topographic front of the Himalaya. It rises from the fluvial plains of the active foreland basin, and this front generally mapped as the trace of the Main Frontal Thrust (MFT). The Siwaliks Group consists of upward-coarsening successions of fluvial mudstone, siltstone, sandstone, and conglomerate.The Siwaliks Group in Nepal is composed of three units that are known as lower, middle and upper members. These units can be correlated with the Sub Himalaya of Pakistan and of northern India.[9] Palaeocurrent and petrographic data from the sandstone and conglomerate indicate that these rocks were derived from the fold-thrust belt, and deposited within the flexural foredeep of the Himalayan foreland basin.[10]","title":"Morpho-tectonic division of Nepal Himalaya"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Main Central Thrust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Central_Thrust"},{"link_name":"shale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shale"},{"link_name":"slate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate"},{"link_name":"phyllite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllite"},{"link_name":"schist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schist"},{"link_name":"quartzite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartzite"},{"link_name":"limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone"},{"link_name":"dolomite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)"},{"link_name":"Precambrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precambrian"},{"link_name":"Miocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocene"},{"link_name":"folding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fold_(geology)"},{"link_name":"faulting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault_(geology)"},{"link_name":"thrusting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrust_fault"},{"link_name":"Tectonically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonics"},{"link_name":"allochthonous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allochthon"},{"link_name":"autochthonous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autochthon_(geology)"},{"link_name":"nappes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nappe"},{"link_name":"klippes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klippe"},{"link_name":"tectonic windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_(geology)"},{"link_name":"Proterozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proterozoic"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrishHodges1996-11"},{"link_name":"carbonate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonate_rock"},{"link_name":"siliciclastic rocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliciclastic"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHagen1969Le_Fort1975St%C3%B6cklin1980-12"},{"link_name":"anticlinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticline"},{"link_name":"anticlinorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticlinorium"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEP%C3%AAcher1977-13"}],"sub_title":"Lesser Himalaya","text":"The Lesser Himalayas lies in between the Sub-Himalayas and Higher Himalayas separated by the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) and the Main Central Thrust (MCT) respectively. The total width ranges from 60 to 80 km. The Lesser Himalayas is made up mostly of unfossiliferous sedimentary and metasedimentary rocks; such as shale, sandstone, conglomerate, slate, phyllite, schist, quartzite, limestone and dolomite. The rocks range in age from Precambrian to Miocene. The geology is complicated due to folding, faulting, and thrusting and are largely unfossiliferous. Tectonically, the entire Lesser Himalayas consists of two sequences of rocks: allochthonous, and autochthonous-para autochthonous units; with various nappes, klippes and tectonic windows.The northernmost boundary of the Siwaliks Group is marked by the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT), over which the low-grade metasedimentary rocks of the Lesser Himalaya overlie. The Lesser Himalaya also called the Lower Himalaya, or the Midlands, is a thick (about 7 km) section of para-autochthonous crystalline rocks made up of low- to medium-grade rocks. These lower Proterozoic clastic rocks[11] are subdivided into two groups. Argillo-arenaceous rocks dominate the lower half of the succession, whereas the upper half consists of both carbonate and siliciclastic rocks. [12]The Lesser Himalaya thrust over the Siwaliks along the MBT to the south is overlaid by the allochthonous thrust sheets of Kathmandu and HHC along the MCT. The Lesser Himalaya is folded into a vast post-metamorphic anticlinal structure known as the Kunchha-Gorkha anticlinorium.[13] The southern flank of the anticlinorium is weakly metamorphosed, whereas the northern side is highly metamorphosed.","title":"Morpho-tectonic division of Nepal Himalaya"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MCT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Central_Thrust"},{"link_name":"metamorphic grade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphic_grade"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeimGansser1939-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValdiya1980AhmadHarrisBickleChapman2000-15"},{"link_name":"shear zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear_zone"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArita1983-16"}],"sub_title":"Main Central Thrust Zone","text":"Heim and Gansser defined the MCT in Kumaon based on the difference in metamorphic grade between low to medium-grade rocks of the Lesser Himalaya and higher-grade rocks of the Greater Himalaya.[14] However, the fault originally defined by Heim and Gansser is not the MCT, but a fault within Lesser Himalaya rocks;[15] This misidentification symbolizes the challenge that workers have faced in locating the MCT. The metamorphic grade within the Lesser Himalaya increases towards the MCT and at higher structural levels.In central Nepal, the metamorphic grade increases from low (chlorite + biotite) to medium (biotite + garnet + kyanite + staurolite) towards the MCT over a north–south distance. The highest-grade rocks (kyanite and sillimanite gneisses) are found within the MCT shear zone, i.e. upper Lesser Himalaya. Arita places two thrusts (MCT I and MCT II) on each side of the MCT shear zone.[16]","title":"Morpho-tectonic division of Nepal Himalaya"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"crystalline rocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_rock"},{"link_name":"gneiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gneiss"},{"link_name":"pyroxenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyroxene"},{"link_name":"marble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble"},{"link_name":"augen gneiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augen_gneiss"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBordetColchenLeFort1972-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Fort1975BordetColchenLeFort1972-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHagen1969-19"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArita1983-16"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBollingerAvouacBeyssacCatlos2004-20"},{"link_name":"leucogranites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucogranite"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpreti1999-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEP%C3%AAcherLe_Fort1986-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuillot1999-23"},{"link_name":"metapelites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelite"},{"link_name":"metagreywacke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greywacke"},{"link_name":"quartzite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartzite"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuillot1999-23"},{"link_name":"protolith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protolith"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrishHodges1996-11"}],"sub_title":"Higher Himalaya","text":"This zone extends from the MCT to the Tibetan-Tethys Zone and runs throughout the country. This zone consists of almost 10 km thick succession of the crystalline rocks, commonly called the Himal Group. This sequence can be divided into four main units, as Kyanite-Sillimanite gneiss, pyroxenic marble and gneiss, banded gneiss, and augen gneiss in the ascending order.[17]The Higher Himalayan sequence has been variously named. French workers used the term Dalle du Tibet (Tibetan Slab) for this unit.[18] Hagen called them Khumbu Nappes, and Lumbasumba Nappes.[19] Arita calls it the Himalayan Gneiss Group,[16] and it lies above the MCT II, or the upper MCT.The High Himalayan Crystalline units (HHC) [20] are mainly composed of kyanite- to sillimanite-grade gneisses intruded by High Himalayan leucogranites at structurally higher levels.[21] Throughout much of the range, the unit is divided into three formations.[22] In central Nepal,[23] the upper Formation III consists of augen orthogneisses, whereas the middle Formation II comprises calcsilicate gneisses and marbles, and the basal Formation I consists of kyanite- and sillimanite bearing metapelites, gneisses, and metagreywacke with abundant quartzite.The gneiss of the Higher Himalayan zone (HHZ) is a thick continuous sequence of about 5 to 15 km.[23] The northern part is marked by the North Himalayan Normal Fault (NHNF), which is also known as the South Tibetan Detachment system (STDS). At its base, it is bounded by the MCT. The protolith of the HHC is interpreted to be Late Proterozoic clastic sedimentary rocks deposited on the northern Indian margin.[11]","title":"Morpho-tectonic division of Nepal Himalaya"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tibet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet"},{"link_name":"Thak Khola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thak_Khola"},{"link_name":"Mustang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustang_District"},{"link_name":"Manang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manang"},{"link_name":"Dolpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolpa"},{"link_name":"sedimentary rocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentary_rock"},{"link_name":"sandstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone"},{"link_name":"limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone"},{"link_name":"Annapurna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna"},{"link_name":"Manaslu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manaslu"},{"link_name":"South Tibetan Detachment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Tibetan_Detachment"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuchsWidderTuladhar1988-24"},{"link_name":"passive continental margin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_continental_margin"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuEinsele1994-25"}],"sub_title":"Tibetan-Tethys","text":"The Tibetan-Tethys Himalayas generally begins from the top of the Higher Himalayan Zone and extends to the north in Tibet. In Nepal these fossiliferous rocks are well developed in Thak Khola (Mustang), Manang and Dolpa area. This zone is about 40 km wide and composed of fossiliferous sedimentary rocks such as shale, sandstone and limestone etc.The area north of the Annapurna and Manaslu ranges in central Nepal consists of metasediments that overlie the Higher Himalayan zone along the South Tibetan Detachment system. It has undergone very little metamorphism except at its base where it is close to the Higher Himalayan crystalline rocks. The thickness is currently presumed to be 7,400 m.[24] The rocks of the Tibetan Tethys Series (TSS) consist of a thick and nearly continuous lower Paleozoic to lower Tertiary marine sedimentary succession. The rocks are considered to be deposited in a part of the Indian passive continental margin.[25]","title":"Morpho-tectonic division of Nepal Himalaya"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geochronologic and Thermobarometric Constraints on the Evolution of the Main Central Thrust, Himalayan Orogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110823202841/http://oro.ess.ucla.edu/~catlos/thesis/thesis.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//oro.ess.ucla.edu/~catlos/thesis/thesis.htm"},{"link_name":"Robinson, Delores M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delores_Robinson"},{"link_name":"\"Stratigraphy, structure, and tectonic evolution of the Himalayan fold-thrust belt in western Nepal\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1029%2F2000TC001226"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2001Tecto..20..487D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Tecto..20..487D"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1029/2000TC001226","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1029%2F2000TC001226"},{"link_name":"\"Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Himalayan orogen as constrained by along-strike variation of structural geometry, exhumation history, and foreland sedimentation\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110727142742/http://www.earthbyte.org/people/patrice/Teaching/Geos-3003/geos3003papers/Yin_Himalaya_tectonic_evo_ESR2006.pdf"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2006ESRv...76....1Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ESRv...76....1Y"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2005.05.004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.earscirev.2005.05.004"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.earthbyte.org/people/patrice/Teaching/Geos-3003/geos3003papers/Yin_Himalaya_tectonic_evo_ESR2006.pdf"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2006ESRv...79..163Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ESRv...79..163Y"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2006.08.005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.earscirev.2006.08.005"}],"text":"Elizabeth Jacqueline Catlos (2000). Geochronologic and Thermobarometric Constraints on the Evolution of the Main Central Thrust, Himalayan Orogen (Thesis). Los Angeles: University of California. Archived from the original on 2011-08-23.\nDeCelles, Peter G.; Robinson, Delores M.; Quade, Jay; Ojha, T. P.; Garzione, Carmala N.; Copeland, Peter; Upreti, Bishal N. (2001). \"Stratigraphy, structure, and tectonic evolution of the Himalayan fold-thrust belt in western Nepal\". Tectonics. 20 (4): 487–509. Bibcode:2001Tecto..20..487D. doi:10.1029/2000TC001226.\nYin, An (May 2006). \"Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Himalayan orogen as constrained by along-strike variation of structural geometry, exhumation history, and foreland sedimentation\" (PDF). Earth-Science Reviews. 76 (1–2): 1–131. Bibcode:2006ESRv...76....1Y. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2005.05.004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-27.\nYin, An (November 2006). \"Erratum to \"Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Himalayan orogen as constrained by along-strike variation of structural geometry, exhumation history, and foreland sedimentation\" [Earth-Science Reviews 76 (2006 1–131)]\". Earth-Science Reviews. 79 (1–2): 163–164. Bibcode:2006ESRv...79..163Y. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2006.08.005.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Topographic map of Nepal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Nepal_topo_en.jpg/310px-Nepal_topo_en.jpg"}] | [{"title":"1934 Nepal–India earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934_Nepal%E2%80%93India_earthquake"},{"title":"April 2015 Nepal earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2015_Nepal_earthquake"},{"title":"Geography of Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Nepal"},{"title":"Geology of the Himalaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_the_Himalaya"},{"title":"List of earthquakes in Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Nepal"},{"title":"May 2015 Nepal earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_2015_Nepal_earthquake"},{"title":"Main Himalayan Thrust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Himalayan_Thrust"}] | [{"reference":"Ahmad, Talat; Harris, Nigel; Bickle, Mike; Chapman, Hazel; Bunbury, Judith; Prince, Christophe (March 2000). \"Isotopic constraints on the structural relationships between the Lesser Himalayan Series and the High Himalayan Crystalline Series, Garhwal Himalaya\". 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S2CID 12631808.","urls":[{"url":"http://web.gps.caltech.edu/~avouac/publications/bollinger2004a.pdf","url_text":"\"Thermal structure and exhumation history of the Lesser Himalaya in central Nepal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Tecto..23.5015B","url_text":"2004Tecto..23.5015B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2003TC001564","url_text":"10.1029/2003TC001564"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12631808","url_text":"12631808"}]},{"reference":"Bordet, P.; Colchen, M.; Le Fort, P. (1972). \"Some features of the geology of the Annapurna range Nepal Himalaya\". Himalayan Geology. 2: 537–563.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Burbank, D.W.; Beck, R.A.; Mulder, T. (1996). \"The Himalayan foreland basin\". In Yin, A.; Harrison, T.M. 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original"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994GeoRu..83...32L","external_links_name":"1994GeoRu..83...32L"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00211893","external_links_name":"10.1007/BF00211893"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128478143","external_links_name":"128478143"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1130%2Fspe232-p243","external_links_name":"10.1130/spe232-p243"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996GSAB..108..904P","external_links_name":"1996GSAB..108..904P"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1130%2F0016-7606%281996%29108%3C0904%3AICOTAA%3E2.3.CO%3B2","external_links_name":"10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<0904:ICOTAA>2.3.CO;2"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110814034509/http://ctserver.uchicago.edu/~rowley/Rowley/Collision_Age_files/IndiaAsiaCollisionEPSL1996.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Age of initiation of collision between India and Asia: A review of stratigraphic data\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996E&PSL.145....1R","external_links_name":"1996E&PSL.145....1R"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0012-821X%2896%2900201-4","external_links_name":"10.1016/S0012-821X(96)00201-4"},{"Link":"http://ctserver.uchicago.edu/~rowley/Rowley/Collision_Age_files/IndiaAsiaCollisionEPSL1996.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991Tecto..10..851S","external_links_name":"1991Tecto..10..851S"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1029%2F91TC01011","external_links_name":"10.1029/91TC01011"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Tecto..13...89S","external_links_name":"1994Tecto..13...89S"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1029%2F93TC01130","external_links_name":"10.1029/93TC01130"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980JGSoc.137....1S","external_links_name":"1980JGSoc.137....1S"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1144%2Fgsjgs.137.1.0001","external_links_name":"10.1144/gsjgs.137.1.0001"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128700927","external_links_name":"128700927"},{"Link":"https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20110401031247/http://web.mac.com/rodowebpage11/iWeb/RC/Letture%20consigliate_files/Upreti1999.pdf","external_links_name":"\"An overview of the stratigraphy and tectonics of the Nepal Himalaya\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999JAESc..17..577U","external_links_name":"1999JAESc..17..577U"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1367-9120%2899%2900047-4","external_links_name":"10.1016/S1367-9120(99)00047-4"},{"Link":"http://web.mac.com/rodowebpage11/iWeb/RC/Letture%20consigliate_files/Upreti1999.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110823202841/http://oro.ess.ucla.edu/~catlos/thesis/thesis.htm","external_links_name":"Geochronologic and Thermobarometric Constraints on the Evolution of the Main Central Thrust, Himalayan Orogen"},{"Link":"http://oro.ess.ucla.edu/~catlos/thesis/thesis.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2000TC001226","external_links_name":"\"Stratigraphy, structure, and tectonic evolution of the Himalayan fold-thrust belt in western Nepal\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Tecto..20..487D","external_links_name":"2001Tecto..20..487D"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2000TC001226","external_links_name":"10.1029/2000TC001226"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110727142742/http://www.earthbyte.org/people/patrice/Teaching/Geos-3003/geos3003papers/Yin_Himalaya_tectonic_evo_ESR2006.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Himalayan orogen as constrained by along-strike variation of structural geometry, exhumation history, and foreland sedimentation\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ESRv...76....1Y","external_links_name":"2006ESRv...76....1Y"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.earscirev.2005.05.004","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2005.05.004"},{"Link":"http://www.earthbyte.org/people/patrice/Teaching/Geos-3003/geos3003papers/Yin_Himalaya_tectonic_evo_ESR2006.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ESRv...79..163Y","external_links_name":"2006ESRv...79..163Y"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.earscirev.2006.08.005","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2006.08.005"},{"Link":"https://dmgnepal.gov.np/en/pages/general-geology-4128","external_links_name":"Department of Mines and Geology, Ministry of Industry, Commerce and Supplies, Government of Nepal"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070629180222/http://www.ranjan.net.np/geologyofnepal.htm","external_links_name":"\"Geology of Nepal for Engineer\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctoral_candidate | All but dissertation | ["1 Criticism","2 References"] | Stage in earning a research doctorate
"All but dissertation" (ABD) is a term identifying a stage in the process of obtaining a research doctorate, most commonly used in the United States.
In typical usage of the term, the ABD graduate student has completed the required preparatory coursework and passed the required preliminary, comprehensive, and doctoral qualifying examinations (or PhD candidacy examination). After the graduate student has successfully passed this examination stage, they are referred to as a PhD candidate. The informal ABD designation indicates that graduate student has met all program requirements except for writing of the dissertation (or thesis) and the final defense at the end of a PhD program. Therefore, any formal usage of term “PhD ABD degree" is erroneous. Some universities, including Columbia, Yale, and George Washington, may award a formal Master of Philosophy (MPhil) degree for these achievements.
Criticism
The use of ABD or the similar PhD(c) for PhD candidate (also PhD-c or PhDc) as a credential has been criticized as misleading as these terms are not widely understood outside of US academia.
The term ABD has no equivalent meaning in PhD programs outside of the US, in particular those without a requirement for a formal candidacy examination (e.g., Australia). According to the Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Higher Degree by Research Course Regulations, graduate students enrolled in a PhD program who have not completed a dissertation or other requirements are simply referred to as "PhD candidates" prior to completing any mandatory PhD coursework or examinations.
Even in the US, candidacy and ABD are not always synonymous. For example, in the Stanford PhD program in computer science, a student may declare candidacy after settling on a permanent advisor and completing a number of breadth area requirements, but must pass a further qualifying exam, testing knowledge in greater depth, before being considered ABD.
References
^ Schuman, Rebecca (1 August 2014). "ABD Company". Slate. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
^ Tippins, Steve (8 May 2019). "All But Dissertation (ABD): A Complete Guide". Beyond PhD Coaching. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
^ "Master of Philosophy". Columbia Business School. New York: Columbia University. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
^ "Doctor of Philosophy Program". Yale School of Architecture. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
^ "PhD Requirements". Columbian College of Arts and Sciences. Washington: George Washington University. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
^ Novotney, Amy (1 September 2016). "The Misuse of PhD(c): Why a Designation Used by Some Students Is Seen as Unethical". Monitor on Psychology. Vol. 47, no. 8. p. 36. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
^ Chinn, Peggy L. (29 June 2011). "How to List Your Credentials and Title When You Publish". ANS: Advances in Nursing Science Blog. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. Retrieved 27 August 2017.
^ Technology (QUT), Queensland University of. "Study a PhD". QUT. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
^ "PhD Requirements | Stanford Computer Science". Computer Science Department, Stanford University. Retrieved 18 January 2022. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"research doctorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_doctorate"},{"link_name":"preliminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prelims"},{"link_name":"comprehensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_examination"},{"link_name":"PhD candidate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph.D._candidates"},{"link_name":"dissertation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thesis_or_dissertation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"Yale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_University"},{"link_name":"Master of Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"\"All but dissertation\" (ABD) is a term identifying a stage in the process of obtaining a research doctorate, most commonly used in the United States.In typical usage of the term, the ABD graduate student has completed the required preparatory coursework and passed the required preliminary, comprehensive, and doctoral qualifying examinations (or PhD candidacy examination). After the graduate student has successfully passed this examination stage, they are referred to as a PhD candidate. The informal ABD designation indicates that graduate student has met all program requirements except for writing of the dissertation (or thesis) and the final defense at the end of a PhD program.[1] Therefore, any formal usage of term “PhD ABD degree\" is erroneous.[2] Some universities, including Columbia, Yale, and George Washington, may award a formal Master of Philosophy (MPhil) degree for these achievements.[3][4][5]","title":"All but dissertation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-novotney-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Stanford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stanford-phd-cs-9"}],"text":"The use of ABD or the similar PhD(c) for PhD candidate (also PhD-c or PhDc) as a credential has been criticized as misleading as these terms are not widely understood outside of US academia.[6][7]The term ABD has no equivalent meaning in PhD programs outside of the US, in particular those without a requirement for a formal candidacy examination (e.g., Australia). According to the Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Higher Degree by Research Course Regulations, graduate students enrolled in a PhD program who have not completed a dissertation or other requirements are simply referred to as \"PhD candidates\" prior to completing any mandatory PhD coursework or examinations.[8]Even in the US, candidacy and ABD are not always synonymous. For example, in the Stanford PhD program in computer science, a student may declare candidacy after settling on a permanent advisor and completing a number of breadth area requirements, but must pass a further qualifying exam, testing knowledge in greater depth, before being considered ABD.[9]","title":"Criticism"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Schuman, Rebecca (1 August 2014). \"ABD Company\". Slate. Retrieved 14 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.slate.com/articles/life/education/2014/08/abds_all_but_dissertation_ph_d_candidates_who_can_t_quite_finish.html","url_text":"\"ABD Company\""}]},{"reference":"Tippins, Steve (8 May 2019). \"All But Dissertation (ABD): A Complete Guide\". Beyond PhD Coaching. Retrieved 13 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.beyondphdcoaching.com/dissertation/all-but-dissertation-abd-degree/","url_text":"\"All But Dissertation (ABD): A Complete Guide\""}]},{"reference":"\"Master of Philosophy\". Columbia Business School. New York: Columbia University. Retrieved 26 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www8.gsb.columbia.edu/programs/doctoral-program/academics/degree-requirements/master-philosophy","url_text":"\"Master of Philosophy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor of Philosophy Program\". Yale School of Architecture. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University. Retrieved 26 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://architecture.yale.edu/school/academic-programs/doctor-philosophy-program#Master%E2%80%99s%20Degree","url_text":"\"Doctor of Philosophy Program\""}]},{"reference":"\"PhD Requirements\". Columbian College of Arts and Sciences. Washington: George Washington University. Retrieved 26 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://economics.columbian.gwu.edu/phd-requirements","url_text":"\"PhD Requirements\""}]},{"reference":"Novotney, Amy (1 September 2016). \"The Misuse of PhD(c): Why a Designation Used by Some Students Is Seen as Unethical\". Monitor on Psychology. Vol. 47, no. 8. p. 36. Retrieved 14 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.apa.org/monitor/2016/09/misuse-phd.aspx","url_text":"\"The Misuse of PhD(c): Why a Designation Used by Some Students Is Seen as Unethical\""}]},{"reference":"Chinn, Peggy L. (29 June 2011). \"How to List Your Credentials and Title When You Publish\". ANS: Advances in Nursing Science Blog. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. Retrieved 27 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://ansjournalblog.com/2011/06/29/how-to-list-your-credentials-and-title-when-you-publish/","url_text":"\"How to List Your Credentials and Title When You Publish\""}]},{"reference":"Technology (QUT), Queensland University of. \"Study a PhD\". QUT. Retrieved 13 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.qut.edu.au/research/study-with-us/phd","url_text":"\"Study a PhD\""}]},{"reference":"\"PhD Requirements | Stanford Computer Science\". Computer Science Department, Stanford University. Retrieved 18 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://cs.stanford.edu/academics/phd/phd-requirements","url_text":"\"PhD Requirements | Stanford Computer Science\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University_Computer_Science","url_text":"Computer Science Department, Stanford University"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.slate.com/articles/life/education/2014/08/abds_all_but_dissertation_ph_d_candidates_who_can_t_quite_finish.html","external_links_name":"\"ABD Company\""},{"Link":"https://www.beyondphdcoaching.com/dissertation/all-but-dissertation-abd-degree/","external_links_name":"\"All But Dissertation (ABD): A Complete Guide\""},{"Link":"https://www8.gsb.columbia.edu/programs/doctoral-program/academics/degree-requirements/master-philosophy","external_links_name":"\"Master of Philosophy\""},{"Link":"http://architecture.yale.edu/school/academic-programs/doctor-philosophy-program#Master%E2%80%99s%20Degree","external_links_name":"\"Doctor of Philosophy Program\""},{"Link":"https://economics.columbian.gwu.edu/phd-requirements","external_links_name":"\"PhD Requirements\""},{"Link":"http://www.apa.org/monitor/2016/09/misuse-phd.aspx","external_links_name":"\"The Misuse of PhD(c): Why a Designation Used by Some Students Is Seen as Unethical\""},{"Link":"https://ansjournalblog.com/2011/06/29/how-to-list-your-credentials-and-title-when-you-publish/","external_links_name":"\"How to List Your Credentials and Title When You Publish\""},{"Link":"https://www.qut.edu.au/research/study-with-us/phd","external_links_name":"\"Study a PhD\""},{"Link":"https://cs.stanford.edu/academics/phd/phd-requirements","external_links_name":"\"PhD Requirements | Stanford Computer Science\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHETRAN | SHETRAN | ["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"] | SHETRAN is a hydrological modelling system for water flow, solute and sediment transport in river catchments. SHETRAN is a physically based, distributed model (PBDM) that can simulate the entire land phase of the hydrologic cycle including surface water flow and groundwater flow. The plan area of the catchment in SHETRAN is usually in the range of one to a few thousand square kilometres and the horizontal depth of the subsurface is usually less than 100m.
In the 1980s the Système Hydrologique Européen (SHE) model was developed by a consortium of three European organizations: the Institute of Hydrology (the United Kingdom), SOGREAH (France) and DHI (Denmark). Its successors are MIKE SHE (DHI) and SHETRAN (School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University).
Shetran plan view of the Dunsop catchment
The SHE model was renamed SHETRAN at School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, after the introduction of the sediment and solute transport component. Since then it has undergone further improvements. The biggest change was the introduction of a fully 3-dimensional subsurface or variably saturated subsurface (VSS) component. Recent changes have focused on making the model more user friendly with the introduction of a Graphical user interface. This includes the automatic generation of river channels from a Digital elevation model so that a catchment simulation can be set up rapidly.
See also
Hydrological transport model
References
Abbott, M.B., Bathurst, J.C., Cunge, J.A., O'Connell. P.E. and Rasmussen J. (1986). An introduction to the European hydrological system - Systeme Hydrologique Europeen, "SHE", 1: History and philosophy of a physically-based, distributed modelling system. Journal of Hydrology, 87, 45-49.
Ewen, J., Parkin, G. and O'Connell, P.E. (2000). SHETRAN: Distributed River Basin Flow and Transport Modelling System. Journal Hydrologic Eng., 5, 250-258.
Birkinshaw, S.J., James, P. and Ewen, J. (2010). Graphical User Interface for Rapid Set-up of SHETRAN Physically-Based River Catchment Model. Environmental Modelling & Software, 25, 609–610.
Lewis, E., Birkinshaw, S., Kilsby, C., and Fowler, H. J. (2018). Development of a system for automated setup of a physically-based, spatially-distributed hydrological model for catchments in Great Britain. Environmental modelling & software, 108, 102-110.
External links
Shetran web site | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shetran_logo2.jpg"},{"link_name":"hydrological modelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrological_modelling"},{"link_name":"hydrologic cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrologic_cycle"},{"link_name":"surface water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_water"},{"link_name":"groundwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater"},{"link_name":"the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"DHI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DHI_(company)"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"MIKE SHE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIKE_SHE"},{"link_name":"DHI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DHI_(company)"},{"link_name":"Newcastle University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shetran_plan_view_dunsop.jpg"},{"link_name":"Newcastle University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_University"},{"link_name":"Graphical user interface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface"},{"link_name":"Digital elevation model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_elevation_model"}],"text":"SHETRAN is a hydrological modelling system for water flow, solute and sediment transport in river catchments. SHETRAN is a physically based, distributed model (PBDM) that can simulate the entire land phase of the hydrologic cycle including surface water flow and groundwater flow. The plan area of the catchment in SHETRAN is usually in the range of one to a few thousand square kilometres and the horizontal depth of the subsurface is usually less than 100m.In the 1980s the Système Hydrologique Européen (SHE) model was developed by a consortium of three European organizations: the Institute of Hydrology (the United Kingdom), SOGREAH (France) and DHI (Denmark). Its successors are MIKE SHE (DHI) and SHETRAN (School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University).Shetran plan view of the Dunsop catchmentThe SHE model was renamed SHETRAN at School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, after the introduction of the sediment and solute transport component. Since then it has undergone further improvements. The biggest change was the introduction of a fully 3-dimensional subsurface or variably saturated subsurface (VSS) component. Recent changes have focused on making the model more user friendly with the introduction of a Graphical user interface. This includes the automatic generation of river channels from a Digital elevation model so that a catchment simulation can be set up rapidly.","title":"SHETRAN"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Shetran_logo2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Shetran plan view of the Dunsop catchment","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Shetran_plan_view_dunsop.jpg/220px-Shetran_plan_view_dunsop.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Hydrological transport model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrological_transport_model"}] | [] | [{"Link":"http://research.ncl.ac.uk/shetran/","external_links_name":"Shetran web site"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Shove | Gerald Shove | ["1 Biography","2 Publications","3 Further reading","4 References","5 External links"] | British economist
Frank Gerald ShoveGerald Shove in 1917.Born1887Ospringe. Kent. EnglandDied11 August 1947Old Hunstanton, Norfolk, EnglandAcademic careerInstitutionKing's College, CambridgeInfluencesAlfred Marshall
Gerald Frank Shove (November 1887 – 11 August 1947) was a British economist. He was involved in the economics debates in Cambridge in the 1920s and 1930s.
Biography
Shove was born at Faversham, Kent, the son of Herbert Samuel Shove and his wife Bertha Millen. His younger brother was the Olympic rower Ralph Shove.
He was educated at Uppingham School and King's College, Cambridge, where he became a member of the Cambridge Apostles.
He married in 1915 Fredegond Maitland, daughter of historian Frederic William Maitland and his wife the playwright Florence Henrietta Fisher. In World War I he was a conscientious objector, like many others in the Bloomsbury Group, of which he was a member; he worked as a poultry keeper at Garsington, the home of Lady Ottoline Morrell.
His academic career was spent at King's College, Cambridge, becoming lecturer in 1923, Fellow in 1926, and Reader in 1945. He was involved in the economics debates in Cambridge in the 1920 and 30s. His interests included diminishing returns, imperfect competition and developing tools to deal with complexity.
He died at Old Hunstanton and was buried at the Parish of the Ascension Burial Ground in Cambridge; his wife Fredegond was also interred in the same burial plot. After his death all his economic notes were destroyed.
Publications
"Varying Costs and Marginal Net Products," Economic Journal, 38 (150) pp. 258–266, 1928
"Increasing Returns and the Representative Firm", Economic Journal, 40 (157), 1930
"The Place of Marshall's Principles in the Development of Economic Theory", EJ, 1942.
"Mrs Robinson on Marxian Economics", EJ, 1944.
Further reading
Blaug, Mark – Who's who in Economics, 3d ed. (1999)
References
^ Auden Family Ghosts Archived 20 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Ralph Shove". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
^ Uppingham School Rolls, 1824–1931, 1883–1960
^ Register of Admissions to King's College, 1797–1925
^ Sybille Bedford, Aldous Huxley, 1973; Michael Holroyd, Lytton Strachey, 1994
^ a b Sardoni, Claudio (1 July 2004). "The contribution of Gerald Shove to the development of Cambridge Economics". Review of Political Economy. 16 (3): 361–375. doi:10.1080/0953825042000225643. S2CID 154830546.
External links
Gerald Frank Shove (1887–1947), Economist: Sitter in 9 portraits (National Portrait Gallery)
Gerald Shove at Find a Grave
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Other
SNAC
This biography of a British economist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"economist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economist"}],"text":"Gerald Frank Shove (November 1887 – 11 August 1947) was a British economist. He was involved in the economics debates in Cambridge in the 1920s and 1930s.","title":"Gerald Shove"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Faversham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faversham"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ralph Shove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Shove"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Uppingham School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppingham_School"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"King's College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Cambridge Apostles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Apostles"},{"link_name":"Fredegond Maitland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredegond_Shove"},{"link_name":"historian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historian"},{"link_name":"Frederic William Maitland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_William_Maitland"},{"link_name":"Florence Henrietta Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Henrietta_Fisher"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"conscientious objector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscientious_objector"},{"link_name":"Bloomsbury Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomsbury_Group"},{"link_name":"Garsington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garsington"},{"link_name":"Lady Ottoline Morrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Ottoline_Morrell"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"diminishing returns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminishing_returns"},{"link_name":"imperfect competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperfect_competition"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sardoni-6"},{"link_name":"Old Hunstanton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Hunstanton"},{"link_name":"Parish of the Ascension Burial Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension_Parish_Burial_Ground,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sardoni-6"}],"text":"Shove was born at Faversham, Kent, the son of Herbert Samuel Shove and his wife Bertha Millen.[1] His younger brother was the Olympic rower Ralph Shove.[2]He was educated at Uppingham School[3] and King's College, Cambridge,[4] where he became a member of the Cambridge Apostles.He married in 1915 Fredegond Maitland, daughter of historian Frederic William Maitland and his wife the playwright Florence Henrietta Fisher. In World War I he was a conscientious objector, like many others in the Bloomsbury Group, of which he was a member; he worked as a poultry keeper at Garsington, the home of Lady Ottoline Morrell.[5]His academic career was spent at King's College, Cambridge, becoming lecturer in 1923, Fellow in 1926, and Reader in 1945.[citation needed] He was involved in the economics debates in Cambridge in the 1920 and 30s. His interests included diminishing returns, imperfect competition and developing tools to deal with complexity.[6]He died at Old Hunstanton and was buried at the Parish of the Ascension Burial Ground in Cambridge; his wife Fredegond was also interred in the same burial plot.[citation needed] After his death all his economic notes were destroyed.[6]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pp. 258","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/pss/2223865"}],"text":"\"Varying Costs and Marginal Net Products,\" Economic Journal, 38 (150) pp. 258–266, 1928\n\"Increasing Returns and the Representative Firm\", Economic Journal, 40 (157), 1930\n\"The Place of Marshall's Principles in the Development of Economic Theory\", EJ, 1942.\n\"Mrs Robinson on Marxian Economics\", EJ, 1944.","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Blaug, Mark – Who's who in Economics, 3d ed. (1999)","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. \"Ralph Shove\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 4 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mallon","url_text":"Mallon, Bill"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418040031/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sh/ralph-shove-1.html","url_text":"\"Ralph Shove\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Reference","url_text":"Sports Reference LLC"},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sh/ralph-shove-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sardoni, Claudio (1 July 2004). \"The contribution of Gerald Shove to the development of Cambridge Economics\". Review of Political Economy. 16 (3): 361–375. doi:10.1080/0953825042000225643. S2CID 154830546.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0953825042000225643","url_text":"10.1080/0953825042000225643"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154830546","url_text":"154830546"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/pss/2223865","external_links_name":"pp. 258"},{"Link":"http://auden.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/auden/individual.php?pid=I7661&ged=auden-bicknell.ged&tab=0","external_links_name":"Auden Family Ghosts"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110720045558/http://auden.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/auden/individual.php?pid=I7661&ged=auden-bicknell.ged&tab=0","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418040031/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sh/ralph-shove-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Ralph Shove\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sh/ralph-shove-1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0953825042000225643","external_links_name":"10.1080/0953825042000225643"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154830546","external_links_name":"154830546"},{"Link":"http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp72056","external_links_name":"Gerald Frank Shove (1887–1947), Economist: Sitter in 9 portraits"},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/141284741","external_links_name":"Gerald Shove"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000020846565","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/28178162","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyCKHqXdF8ypCMRfTJJjC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/130448745","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6381zk3","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerald_Shove&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Hoffman | Ryan Hoffman | ["1 Early life","2 Club career","2.1 Melbourne Storm (2003–2010)","2.2 Wigan Warriors (2011)","2.3 Melbourne Storm (2012–2014)","2.4 New Zealand Warriors (2015–2017)","2.5 Melbourne Storm (2018)","3 Representative career","4 Statistics","4.1 NRL","4.2 State of Origin","4.3 Australia","5 Honours","6 Footnotes","7 External links"] | Australia international rugby league footballer
Ryan HoffmanHoffman in 2022Personal informationFull nameRyan Jay HoffmanBorn (1984-01-26) 26 January 1984 (age 40)Canberra, ACT, AustraliaHeight192 cm (6 ft 4 in)Weight103 kg (16 st 3 lb)Playing informationPositionSecond-row
Club
Years
Team
Pld
T
G
FG
P
2003–10
Melbourne Storm
170
41
0
0
164
2011
Wigan Warriors
34
11
0
0
44
2012–14
Melbourne Storm
75
18
0
0
72
2015–17
New Zealand Warriors
60
10
1
0
42
2018
Melbourne Storm
20
2
0
0
8
Total
359
82
1
0
330
Representative
Years
Team
Pld
T
G
FG
P
2006–14
NSW City
7
1
0
0
4
2007–15
New South Wales
14
0
0
0
0
2007–14
Australia
6
0
0
0
0
2014
Prime Minister's XIII
1
0
0
0
0
Source: As of 16 December 2023
Ryan Hoffman (born 26 January 1984) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 2000s and 2010s. He played for Melbourne Storm and the New Zealand Warriors in the National Rugby League, and the Wigan Warriors in the Super League, as a second-row.
Early life
Hoffman was born in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory. His father, Jay Hoffman, played professional football for the Canberra Raiders, representing Queensland in the pre-Origin era.
Hoffman attended the renowned rugby league school St Gregory's College in Campbelltown, New South Wales.
Club career
Melbourne Storm (2003–2010)
Hoffman and Clint Newton in 2007 celebrating after a win for Melbourne
Hoffman started his NRL career with the Melbourne Storm in 2003. In 2006, his improving form led to him being selected for the New South Wales City Origin side for the first time. It also earned him the Storm's Forward of the Year award. In addition, he was named in the second row for Melbourne Storm's team of the decade.
Following the 2006 NRL Grand Final loss to the Brisbane Broncos, Hoffman sat in the middle of Telstra Stadium in tears, an image which was printed in newspapers all around Australia.
In 2007, Hoffman was part of the Melbourne team which won the Grand Final, defeating Manly by 34–8. He played in the 2009 NRL Grand Final victory over the Parramatta Eels, scoring the opening try. In 2010, both premierships which Hoffman won with Melbourne were stripped due to the club's breaches of the salary cap between 2006 and 2010.
Wigan Warriors (2011)
In July 2010, Hoffman signed with Super League club Wigan Warriors, where he was given the #16 shirt and replaced Phil Bailey at second-row.
Hoffman scored on his first-grade début for the side at the season-opening Magic Weekend event against the club's rivals, St Helens R.F.C.
He then featured in the 2011 World Club Challenge where Wigan lost 15–21 to St George Illawarra Dragons in their first home game of the season.
In rounds 4 and 5, Hoffman scored a try apiece against Hull F.C. and Huddersfield Giants respectively. Another try at Hull Kingston Rovers in Round 9 made his record four tries from ten starting games for Wigan.
Hoffman played in the 2011 Challenge Cup Final victory over the Leeds Rhinos at Wembley Stadium, playing as a second-row forward, helping the side to defeat Leeds 28–18.
Melbourne Storm (2012–2014)
Hoffman signed a new deal to return to the NRL and the Melbourne Storm in 2012. Midseason, he captained the team for four games in the absence of Cameron Smith, becoming the 18th player to captain the club. He played in their 2012 Premiership victory over Canterbury-Bankstown, scoring the first try of the game.
He set up the first try for teammate Billy Slater in the 2013 World Club Challenge victory over Leeds.
New Zealand Warriors (2015–2017)
On 7 May 2014 Hoffman announced that he had signed a three-year deal with the New Zealand Warriors, worth an estimated $1.6 million.
In April 2015 Hoffman played his 250th NRL career game against his former club Melbourne Storm at AAMI Park.
On 17 February 2016 Hoffman was named the new club captain, after incumbent captain Simon Mannering stepped down from the role. Hoffman is the second Australian to have captained the New Zealand club, after Steve Price.
On 1 February 2017, new Warriors coach Stephen Kearney announced that Hoffman would be replaced as captain and would not be re-signed for the 2018 season.
On 10 June, Hoffman became just the 27th player (in the game) to reach the 300th game milestone. In his 300th game, he scored the first try of the game (in the first half) and kicked a conversion goal (to Hingano's try, in the 80th minute) during the Warriors' 34-12 round 14 win against the Gold Coast Titans.
Melbourne Storm (2018)
On 10 October 2017 the Melbourne Storm announced that Hoffman would return to the club on a 1-year deal that saw him end his playing career at the club. On Tuesday 3 July Hoffman publicly announced that he was retiring at the end of the 2018 NRL season.
Representative career
Hoffman playing for Australia
While attending Campbelltown St. Gregory's College, Hoffman played for the Australian Schoolboys team in 2002.
He was named as the 18th man for Australia in the 2007 ANZAC Test against New Zealand. In October, 2007, he was selected in the run-on side for the Centenary Test against New Zealand in Wellington.
Again as 18th man, Hoffman was on stand-by for the 2007 New South Wales State of Origin Team in game 1 of the series. He was selected on the bench in game 2 and 3 of the same series.
In 2008, Hoffman was named in the New South Wales starting side in all three Origin matches.
In August 2008, he was named in the Australia national rugby league team preliminary 46-man Kangaroos squad for the 2008 Rugby League World Cup.
He was selected for City in the City vs Country match on 8 May 2009.
Statistics
NRL
Statistics are correct to the end of the 2018 season
†
Denotes seasons in which Hoffman won an NRL Premiership
†
Denotes seasons in which Hoffman won an NRL Premiership that was later stripped
Season
Team
Matches
T
G
GK %
F/G
Pts
W
L
D
W-L %
2003
Melbourne Storm
13
2
0
—
0
8
7
6
0
53.85
2004
20
2
0
—
0
8
10
10
0
50.00
2005
23
4
0
—
0
16
12
11
0
52.17
2006
27
10
0
—
0
40
22
5
0
81.48
2007†
25
10
0
—
0
40
23
2
0
92.00
2008
21
4
0
—
0
16
17
4
0
80.95
2009†
25
6
0
0.0
0
24
16
8
1
64.00
2010
16
3
0
0.0
0
12
10
6
0
62.50
2012†
27
11
0
—
0
44
20
7
0
74.07
2013
24
4
0
—
0
16
16
7
1
66.67
2014
24
3
0
—
0
12
13
11
0
54.17
2015
New Zealand Warriors
18
3
0
—
0
12
8
10
0
44.44
2016
23
2
0
—
0
8
9
14
0
39.13
2017
19
6
1
100%
0
26
7
12
0
36.84
2018
Melbourne Storm
20
2
0
—
0
8
12
8
0
60.00
Career totals
325
72
1
33.00
0
290
202
121
2
62.15
State of Origin
†
Denotes seasons in which Hoffman won a State of Origin Series
Season
Team
Matches
T
G
GK %
F/G
Pts
W
L
D
W-L %
2007
New South Wales
2
0
0
—
0
0
1
1
0
50.00
2008
New South Wales
3
0
0
—
0
0
1
2
0
33.33
2013
New South Wales
3
0
0
—
0
0
1
2
0
33.33
2014†
New South Wales
3
0
0
—
0
0
2
1
0
66.66
2015
New South Wales
3
0
0
—
0
0
1
2
0
33.33
Career totals
14
0
0
—
0
0
6
8
0
42.86
Australia
Season
Team
Matches
T
G
GK %
F/G
Pts
W
L
D
W-L %
2007
Australia
1
0
0
—
0
0
1
0
0
100.00
2008
Australia
1
0
0
—
0
0
1
0
0
100.00
2009
Australia
2
0
0
—
0
0
1
0
1
75.00
2012
Australia
1
0
0
—
0
0
1
0
0
100.00
2014
Australia
1
0
0
—
0
0
0
1
0
0.00
Career totals
6
0
0
—
0
0
4
1
1
80.00
Honours
Melbourne Storm
2006 NRL Grand Final Runner-up
2007 NRL Grand Final Winners
2008 World Club Challenge Runner-up
2009 NRL Grand Final Winners
2010 World Club Challenge Winners
2012 NRL Grand Final Winners
2013 World Club Challenge Winners
2018 World Club Challenge Winners
Wigan Warriors
2011 World Club Challenge Runners-Up
2011 Challenge Cup Winners
Individual
2012 – Melbourne Storm – Forward of the Year
2013 – Spirit of ANZAC Medal
2014 – Brad Fittler Medal
Footnotes
^ "Wigan Warriiors Player Profile Ryan Hoffman". web page. wiganwarriors.com. Archived from the original on 14 March 2011. Retrieved 16 August 2011.
^ loverugbyleague
^ Ryan Hoffman rugbyleagueproject.org
^ "Silencing the inner voice". PlayersVoice. 11 March 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
^ "Origin teams for game two". Queensland Rugby League. Archived from the original on 4 September 2007. Retrieved 30 October 2007.
^ "So it is a family game, after all". The Sydney Morning Herald. 17 April 2004. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
^ "School of NRL success". Camden-Narellan Advertiser. 13 March 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
^ "Team of the Decade". Melbourne Storm official site. 13 November 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
^ "Champion of champions". australiantimes.com.au. 12 February 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
^ "NRL grand final". ABC News. 4 September 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
^ "'They are ours': Why Cameron Smith will always recognise Storm's stripped premierships". Fox Sports. 31 July 2019.
^ Lucius, Adam. "Storm lose rep pair". Sportal Australia. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
^ "Warriors Announce 2011 Squad Numbers". Wigan Warriors. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
^ "St Helens 16-16 Wigan". 12 February 2011.
^ "Wigan Warriors 15-21 St George Illawarra Dragons". BBC. 27 February 2011. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
^ "Wigan 14-12 Hull FC". 13 March 2011.
^ Stewart, Rob (18 March 2011). "Huddersfield Giants 6 Wigan Warriors 20: match report". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
^ "Hull KR 16-28 Wigan". BBC. 15 April 2011. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
^ "Wigan edge thrilling cup final". uk.eurosport.yahoo.com. 27 August 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
^ Scott, Ged (27 August 2011). "Wigan's Challenge Cup win a team effort – Joel Tomkins". BBC Sport. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
^ "Maguire salutes Wembley heroes". Sky Sports. 27 August 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
^ ESPN staff (27 August 2011). "Challenge Cup glory for Wigan Warriors". ESPN. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
^ wiganwarriors.com (28 August 2011). "Wigan are 2011 Cup Champions". rleague.com. Archived from the original on 20 June 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
^ Scott, Ged (27 August 2011). "Leeds 18-28 Wigan". BBC Sport. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
^ Wilson, Andy (27 August 2011). "Leeds Rhinos 18-28 Wigan Warriors – Challenge Cup final match report". The Guardian. London.
^ therfl.co.uk (28 August 2011). "Challenge Cup: Lima inspires Wigan win". rleague.com. Archived from the original on 20 June 2012. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
^ Brown, Oliver (27 August 2011). "Challenge Cup final: Leeds Rhinos 18 Wigan Warriors 28". The Telegraph. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
^ Chisnall, Craig (28 August 2011). "Lima double inspires Wigan to Cup win". Wide World of Sports. Archived from the original on 30 December 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
^ Henson, Mike (27 August 2011). "Challenge Cup final – as it happened". BBC Sport. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
^ Brown, Oliver (28 August 2011). "Challenge Cup final 2011: Wigan's warrior spirit shades controversy in emphatic win over Leeds Rhinos". The Telegraph. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
^ Press Association (27 August 2011). "Wigan edge thrilling cup final". Free Press. Archived from the original on 26 February 2017. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
^ "O'Loughlin savours special cup win". uk.eurosport.yahoo.com. 28 August 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
^ "Wigan's Sam Tomkins punished for gesture at Leeds fans". BBC Sport. 30 August 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
^ "Storm beat Leeds in World Club Challenge". Archived from the original on 26 February 2013.
^ "Storm's Ryan Hoffman to sign for NZ Warriors". stuff.co.nz. 7 May 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
^ "Warriors coach Stephen Kearney confirms Ryan Hoffman exit in 2018".
^ "Hoffman signs with Storm". Heraldsun.com.au. 30 November 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2023. (subscription required)
^ "SportingPulse Homepage for Australian Secondary Schools Rugby League". SportingPulse. Retrieved 10 October 2008.
^ "New Zealand vs Australia 2007". Rugby League Project. Retrieved 25 October 2022.
^ Liam FitzGibbon (1 August 2008). "Surprises in Kangaroos squad". "Fox Sports News (Australia)". Retrieved 2 August 2008.
^ "Veteran Lockyer named in Australian squad". International Herald Tribune. 1 August 2008. Retrieved 2 August 2008.
^ Balym, Todd (3 May 2009). "Blues halfback duel in two as Mitchell Pearce misses selection". Australia: Fox Sports. Retrieved 3 May 2009.
^ Ryan Hoffman's player stats at rugbyleagueproject.org
^ Ryan Hoffman's Representative player profile at Rugby League Project
^ Ryan Hoffman's International player profile at Rugby League Project
^ "Brad Fittler Medal". Rugby League Project. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
External links
Melbourne Storm profile
Melbourne Storm squads
vteMelbourne Storm squad - 2007 NRL Grand Final winners*
1. Billy Slater
2. Steve Turner
3. Matt King
4. Israel Folau
5. Anthony Quinn
6. Greg Inglis
7. Cooper Cronk
8. Ben Cross
9. Cameron Smith (c)
10. Brett White
11. Clint Newton
12. Ryan Hoffman
13. Dallas Johnson
14. Jeremy Smith
15. Matt Geyer
16. Michael Crocker
17. Jeff Lima
Coach: Craig Bellamy
* title stripped due to salary cap breaches
vteMelbourne Storm squad - 2009 NRL Grand Final winners*
1. Billy Slater
2. Steve Turner
3. Will Chambers
4. Greg Inglis
5. Dane Nielsen
6. Brett Finch
7. Cooper Cronk
8. Aiden Tolman
9. Cameron Smith (c)
10. Brett White
11. Adam Blair
12. Ryan Hoffman
13. Dallas Johnson
14. Ryan Hinchcliffe
15. Jeff Lima
16. Ryan Tandy
17. Scott Anderson
Coach: Craig Bellamy
* title stripped due to salary cap breaches
vteMelbourne Storm squad - 2010 World Club Challenge winners*
1. Billy Slater
2. Luke MacDougall
3. Dane Nielsen
4. Greg Inglis
5. Anthony Quinn
6. Brett Finch
7. Cameron Smith (c)
8. Aiden Tolman
9. Ryan Hinchcliffe
10. Jeff Lima
11. Adam Blair
12. Ryan Hoffman
13. Todd Lowrie
14. Rory Kostjasyn
15. Kevin Proctor
16. Hep Cahill
17. Jesse Bromwich
Coach: Craig Bellamy
* title stripped due to salary cap breaches
vteMelbourne Storm squad - 2012 NRL premiers (2nd title)
1. Billy Slater
2. Sisa Waqa
3. Dane Nielsen
4. Will Chambers
5. Justin O'Neill
6. Gareth Widdop
7. Cooper Cronk
8. Jesse Bromwich
9. Cameron Smith (c)
10. Bryan Norrie
15. Kevin Proctor
12. Ryan Hoffman
13. Todd Lowrie
11. Sika Manu
14. Ryan Hinchcliffe
16. Jaiman Lowe
17. Richard Faʻaoso
Coach: Craig Bellamy
vteMelbourne Storm squad – 2013 World Club Challenge winners
1 Billy Slater
2 Sisa Waqa
3 Will Chambers
4 Justin O'Neill
5 Mahe Fonua
6 Gareth Widdop
7 Cooper Cronk
8 Jesse Bromwich
9 Cameron Smith (c)
10 Bryan Norrie
11 Tohu Harris
12 Ryan Hoffman
13 Ryan Hinchcliffe
14 Siosaia Vave
15 Jason Ryles
16 Junior Moors
17 Lagi Setu
Coach: Craig Bellamy
vteMelbourne Storm squad – 2018 World Club Challenge winners
1 Billy Slater
2 Suliasi Vunivalu
3 Will Chambers
4 Curtis Scott
5 Josh Addo-Carr
6 Cameron Munster
7 Brodie Croft
8 Jesse Bromwich
9 Cameron Smith (c)
10 Tim Glasby
11 Felise Kaufusi
12 Ryan Hoffman
13 Dale Finucane
14 Brandon Smith
15 Nelson Asofa-Solomona
16 Kenny Bromwich
17 Christian Welch
Coach: Craig Bellamy
vteWigan Warriors squad - 2011 Challenge Cup Final winners
1. Sam Tomkins
2. Josh Charnley
12. Joel Tomkins
4. George Carmont
5. Pat Richards
6. Paul Deacon
17. Brett Finch
15. Jeff Lima
7. Thomas Leuluai
10. Andy Coley
11. Harrison Hansen
16. Ryan Hoffman
13. Sean O'Loughlin (c)
9. Michael McIlorum
14. Paul Prescott
22. Liam Farrell
21. Lee Mossop
Coach: Michael Maguire
vteAustralia squad – 2009 Four Nations champions (First title)
Civoniceva
Cronk
Farah
Gallen
Gidley
Hannant
Hayne
Hindmarsh
Hodges
Hoffman
Inglis
Jennings
Lewis
Lockyer (captain)
B. Morris
J. Morris
Shillington
Slater
Smith (vice-captain)
Thaiday
Thurston
Waterhouse
Watmough
White
Coach: Sheens
vteAustralia squad – 2011 Rugby League Four Nations (second title)
Bird
Boyd
Cherry-Evans
Cronk
Farah
Gallen
Galloway
Hoffman
Inglis
Lawrence
Lewis
Lockyer
Morris
Parker
B. Scott
M. Scott
Shillington
Slater
Smith
Thaiday
Thurston
Tonga
Uate
Watmough
Williams
Yow Yeh
Coach: Sheens
vteAustralia squad – 2014 Rugby League Four Nations
Bird
Cherry-Evans
Cordner
Cronk
Farah
Guerra
Hoffman
Hunt
Inglis
Jackson
Klemmer
Johnston
Mansour
Mata’utia
Moylan
Papali'i
Parker
Scott
Smith
Thaiday
Tupou
Walker
Woods
Coach: Sheens
vteRugby league footballers with 300 NRL games
Cameron Smith
Cooper Cronk
Darren Lockyer
Terry Lamb
Steve Menzies
Paul Gallen
Corey Parker
Benji Marshall
Chris Heighington
Darius Boyd
Brad Fittler
John Sutton
Cliff Lyons
Adam Blair
Nathan Hindmarsh
Jesse Bromwich
Andrew Ettingshausen
Geoff Gerard
Ben Hunt
Josh Morris
Ryan Hoffman
Luke Lewis
Johnathan Thurston
Gavin Cooper
Daly Cherry-Evans
Billy Slater
Jason Croker
Aiden Tolman
Hazem El Masri
Luke Priddis
Paul Langmack
Steve Price
Brent Kite
Ruben Wiki
Jared Waerea-Hargreaves
Mitchell Pearce
Petero Civoniceva
Andrew McCullough
Jarrod Croker
James Tamou
Brett Kimmorley
Mitchell Aubusson
Michael Jennings
Sam Thaiday
Robbie Farah
Anthony Watmough
Anthony Minichiello
Luke Ricketson
Simon Mannering
Scott Prince
John Morris
Current players are listed in italics. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Storm"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Warriors"},{"link_name":"National Rugby League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rugby_League"},{"link_name":"Wigan Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigan_Warriors"},{"link_name":"Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_League"},{"link_name":"second-row","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league_positions#Second-row_forward"}],"text":"Ryan Hoffman (born 26 January 1984) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 2000s and 2010s.[4] He played for Melbourne Storm and the New Zealand Warriors in the National Rugby League, and the Wigan Warriors in the Super League, as a second-row.","title":"Ryan Hoffman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canberra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra"},{"link_name":"Australian Capital Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory"},{"link_name":"Jay Hoffman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Hoffman_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"Canberra Raiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra_Raiders"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"Origin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Origin_series"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"St Gregory's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Gregory%27s_College,_Campbelltown"},{"link_name":"Campbelltown, New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbelltown,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Hoffman was born in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory. His father, Jay Hoffman, played professional football for the Canberra Raiders, representing Queensland in the pre-Origin era.[5][6]Hoffman attended the renowned rugby league school St Gregory's College in Campbelltown, New South Wales.[7]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clint_Newton_and_Ryan_Hoffman_in_2007.JPG"},{"link_name":"Clint Newton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clint_Newton"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Storm"},{"link_name":"New South Wales City Origin side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_City_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"2006 NRL Grand Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_NRL_Grand_Final"},{"link_name":"Brisbane Broncos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane_Broncos"},{"link_name":"Telstra Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telstra_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Grand Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rugby_League_season_2007#Grand_final"},{"link_name":"Manly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manly-Warringah_Sea_Eagles"},{"link_name":"2009 NRL Grand Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_NRL_Grand_Final"},{"link_name":"Parramatta Eels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parramatta_Eels"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"breaches of the salary cap between 2006 and 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Storm_salary_cap_breach"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Melbourne Storm (2003–2010)","text":"Hoffman and Clint Newton in 2007 celebrating after a win for MelbourneHoffman started his NRL career with the Melbourne Storm in 2003. In 2006, his improving form led to him being selected for the New South Wales City Origin side for the first time. It also earned him the Storm's Forward of the Year award. In addition, he was named in the second row for Melbourne Storm's team of the decade.[8]Following the 2006 NRL Grand Final loss to the Brisbane Broncos, Hoffman sat in the middle of Telstra Stadium in tears, an image which was printed in newspapers all around Australia.[9]In 2007, Hoffman was part of the Melbourne team which won the Grand Final, defeating Manly by 34–8. He played in the 2009 NRL Grand Final victory over the Parramatta Eels, scoring the opening try.[10] In 2010, both premierships which Hoffman won with Melbourne were stripped due to the club's breaches of the salary cap between 2006 and 2010.[11]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_League"},{"link_name":"Wigan Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigan_Warriors"},{"link_name":"Phil Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Bailey"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Magic Weekend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_Weekend"},{"link_name":"St Helens R.F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Helens_R.F.C."},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"2011 World Club Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_World_Club_Challenge"},{"link_name":"St George Illawarra Dragons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George_Illawarra_Dragons"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Hull F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_F.C."},{"link_name":"Huddersfield Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huddersfield_Giants"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Hull Kingston Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_Kingston_Rovers"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"2011 Challenge Cup Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Challenge_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"Leeds Rhinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_Rhinos"},{"link_name":"Wembley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Wigan Warriors (2011)","text":"In July 2010, Hoffman signed with Super League club Wigan Warriors, where he was given the #16 shirt and replaced Phil Bailey at second-row.[12][13]Hoffman scored on his first-grade début for the side at the season-opening Magic Weekend event against the club's rivals, St Helens R.F.C.[14]He then featured in the 2011 World Club Challenge where Wigan lost 15–21 to St George Illawarra Dragons in their first home game of the season.[15]In rounds 4 and 5, Hoffman scored a try apiece against Hull F.C. and Huddersfield Giants respectively.[16][17] Another try at Hull Kingston Rovers in Round 9 made his record four tries from ten starting games for Wigan.[18]Hoffman played in the 2011 Challenge Cup Final victory over the Leeds Rhinos at Wembley Stadium, playing as a second-row forward, helping the side to defeat Leeds 28–18.[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cameron Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_Smith_(rugby_league,_born_1983)"},{"link_name":"2012 Premiership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_NRL_Grand_Final"},{"link_name":"Canterbury-Bankstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury-Bankstown_Bulldogs"},{"link_name":"Billy Slater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Slater"},{"link_name":"2013 World Club Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_World_Club_Challenge"},{"link_name":"Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_Rhinos"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Melbourne Storm (2012–2014)","text":"Hoffman signed a new deal to return to the NRL and the Melbourne Storm in 2012. Midseason, he captained the team for four games in the absence of Cameron Smith, becoming the 18th player to captain the club. He played in their 2012 Premiership victory over Canterbury-Bankstown, scoring the first try of the game.He set up the first try for teammate Billy Slater in the 2013 World Club Challenge victory over Leeds.[34]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Zealand Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Warriors"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Storm"},{"link_name":"AAMI Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAMI_Park"},{"link_name":"Simon Mannering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Mannering"},{"link_name":"Steve Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Price_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"Stephen Kearney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Kearney"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Warriors"},{"link_name":"Gold Coast Titans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Coast_Titans"}],"sub_title":"New Zealand Warriors (2015–2017)","text":"On 7 May 2014 Hoffman announced that he had signed a three-year deal with the New Zealand Warriors, worth an estimated $1.6 million.[35]In April 2015 Hoffman played his 250th NRL career game against his former club Melbourne Storm at AAMI Park.On 17 February 2016 Hoffman was named the new club captain, after incumbent captain Simon Mannering stepped down from the role. Hoffman is the second Australian to have captained the New Zealand club, after Steve Price.On 1 February 2017, new Warriors coach Stephen Kearney announced that Hoffman would be replaced as captain and would not be re-signed for the 2018 season.[36]On 10 June, Hoffman became just the 27th player (in the game) to reach the 300th game milestone. In his 300th game, he scored the first try of the game (in the first half) and kicked a conversion goal (to Hingano's try, in the 80th minute) during the Warriors' 34-12 round 14 win against the Gold Coast Titans.","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2018 NRL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_NRL_season"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Melbourne Storm (2018)","text":"On 10 October 2017 the Melbourne Storm announced that Hoffman would return to the club on a 1-year deal that saw him end his playing career at the club. On Tuesday 3 July Hoffman publicly announced that he was retiring at the end of the 2018 NRL season.[37]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ryan_Hoffmann.JPG"},{"link_name":"Australian Schoolboys team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_schoolboys_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"18th man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rugby_league_terms"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"ANZAC Test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANZAC_Test"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"Australia national rugby league team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"2008 Rugby League World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Rugby_League_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Veteran_Lockyer_named_in_Australian_squad-41"},{"link_name":"City vs Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_vs_Country_Origin"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"Hoffman playing for AustraliaWhile attending Campbelltown St. Gregory's College, Hoffman played for the Australian Schoolboys team in 2002.[38]He was named as the 18th man for Australia in the 2007 ANZAC Test against New Zealand. In October, 2007, he was selected in the run-on side for the Centenary Test against New Zealand in Wellington.[39]Again as 18th man, Hoffman was on stand-by for the 2007 New South Wales State of Origin Team in game 1 of the series. He was selected on the bench in game 2 and 3 of the same series.In 2008, Hoffman was named in the New South Wales starting side in all three Origin matches.In August 2008, he was named in the Australia national rugby league team preliminary 46-man Kangaroos squad for the 2008 Rugby League World Cup.[40][41]He was selected for City in the City vs Country match on 8 May 2009.[42]","title":"Representative career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"NRL","text":"Statistics are correct to the end of the 2018 season[43]","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"State of Origin","text":"[44]","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"Australia","text":"[45]","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2006 NRL Grand Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_NRL_Grand_Final"},{"link_name":"2007 NRL Grand Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_NRL_Grand_Final"},{"link_name":"2008 World Club Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_World_Club_Challenge"},{"link_name":"2009 NRL Grand Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_NRL_Grand_Final"},{"link_name":"2010 World Club Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_World_Club_Challenge"},{"link_name":"2012 NRL Grand Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_NRL_Grand_Final"},{"link_name":"2013 World Club Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_World_Club_Challenge"},{"link_name":"2018 World Club Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_World_Club_Challenge"},{"link_name":"2011 World Club Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_World_Club_Challenge"},{"link_name":"2011 Challenge Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Challenge_Cup"},{"link_name":"Spirit of ANZAC Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Moore_Trophy#Spirit_of_ANZAC_Medal"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"text":"Melbourne Storm2006 NRL Grand Final Runner-up\n2007 NRL Grand Final Winners\n2008 World Club Challenge Runner-up\n2009 NRL Grand Final Winners\n2010 World Club Challenge Winners\n2012 NRL Grand Final Winners\n2013 World Club Challenge Winners\n2018 World Club Challenge WinnersWigan Warriors2011 World Club Challenge Runners-Up\n2011 Challenge Cup WinnersIndividual2012 – Melbourne Storm – Forward of the Year\n2013 – Spirit of ANZAC Medal\n2014 – Brad Fittler Medal[46]","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Wigan Warriiors Player Profile Ryan Hoffman\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110314194355/http://www.wiganwarriors.com/WPlayerP.aspx?id=37"},{"link_name":"the 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Medal\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rugbyleagueproject.org/awards/brad-fittler-medal"}],"text":"^ \"Wigan Warriiors Player Profile Ryan Hoffman\". web page. wiganwarriors.com. Archived from the original on 14 March 2011. Retrieved 16 August 2011.\n\n^ loverugbyleague\n\n^ Ryan Hoffman rugbyleagueproject.org\n\n^ \"Silencing the inner voice\". PlayersVoice. 11 March 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2008.\n\n^ \"Origin teams for game two\". Queensland Rugby League. Archived from the original on 4 September 2007. Retrieved 30 October 2007.\n\n^ \"So it is a family game, after all\". The Sydney Morning Herald. 17 April 2004. Retrieved 6 October 2008.\n\n^ \"School of NRL success\". Camden-Narellan Advertiser. 13 March 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2015.\n\n^ \"Team of the Decade\". Melbourne Storm official site. 13 November 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2015.\n\n^ \"Champion of champions\". australiantimes.com.au. 12 February 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2015.\n\n^ \"NRL grand final\". ABC News. 4 September 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2015.\n\n^ \"'They are ours': Why Cameron Smith will always recognise Storm's stripped premierships\". Fox Sports. 31 July 2019.\n\n^ Lucius, Adam. \"Storm lose rep pair\". Sportal Australia. Retrieved 5 May 2011.\n\n^ \"Warriors Announce 2011 Squad Numbers\". Wigan Warriors. Retrieved 5 May 2011.\n\n^ \"St Helens 16-16 Wigan\". 12 February 2011.\n\n^ \"Wigan Warriors 15-21 St George Illawarra Dragons\". BBC. 27 February 2011. Retrieved 5 May 2011.\n\n^ \"Wigan 14-12 Hull FC\". 13 March 2011.\n\n^ Stewart, Rob (18 March 2011). \"Huddersfield Giants 6 Wigan Warriors 20: match report\". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 5 May 2011.\n\n^ \"Hull KR 16-28 Wigan\". BBC. 15 April 2011. Retrieved 5 May 2011.\n\n^ \"Wigan edge thrilling cup final\". uk.eurosport.yahoo.com. 27 August 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2019.\n\n^ Scott, Ged (27 August 2011). \"Wigan's Challenge Cup win a team effort – Joel Tomkins\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 21 November 2019.\n\n^ \"Maguire salutes Wembley heroes\". Sky Sports. 27 August 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2019.\n\n^ ESPN staff (27 August 2011). \"Challenge Cup glory for Wigan Warriors\". ESPN. Retrieved 26 August 2012.\n\n^ wiganwarriors.com (28 August 2011). \"Wigan are 2011 Cup Champions\". rleague.com. Archived from the original on 20 June 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2019.\n\n^ Scott, Ged (27 August 2011). \"Leeds 18-28 Wigan\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 21 November 2019.\n\n^ Wilson, Andy (27 August 2011). \"Leeds Rhinos 18-28 Wigan Warriors – Challenge Cup final match report\". The Guardian. London.\n\n^ therfl.co.uk (28 August 2011). \"Challenge Cup: Lima inspires Wigan win\". rleague.com. Archived from the original on 20 June 2012. Retrieved 26 August 2012.\n\n^ Brown, Oliver (27 August 2011). \"Challenge Cup final: Leeds Rhinos 18 Wigan Warriors 28\". The Telegraph. Retrieved 21 November 2019.\n\n^ Chisnall, Craig (28 August 2011). \"Lima double inspires Wigan to Cup win\". Wide World of Sports. Archived from the original on 30 December 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2019.\n\n^ Henson, Mike (27 August 2011). \"Challenge Cup final – as it happened\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 21 November 2019.\n\n^ Brown, Oliver (28 August 2011). \"Challenge Cup final 2011: Wigan's warrior spirit shades controversy in emphatic win over Leeds Rhinos\". The Telegraph. Retrieved 21 November 2019.\n\n^ Press Association (27 August 2011). \"Wigan edge thrilling cup final\". Free Press. Archived from the original on 26 February 2017. Retrieved 21 November 2019.\n\n^ \"O'Loughlin savours special cup win\". uk.eurosport.yahoo.com. 28 August 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2019.\n\n^ \"Wigan's Sam Tomkins punished for gesture at Leeds fans\". BBC Sport. 30 August 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2019.\n\n^ \"Storm beat Leeds in World Club Challenge\". Archived from the original on 26 February 2013.\n\n^ \"Storm's Ryan Hoffman to sign for NZ Warriors\". stuff.co.nz. 7 May 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2015.\n\n^ \"Warriors coach Stephen Kearney confirms Ryan Hoffman exit in 2018\".\n\n^ \"Hoffman signs with Storm\". Heraldsun.com.au. 30 November 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2023. (subscription required)\n\n^ \"SportingPulse Homepage for Australian Secondary Schools Rugby League\". SportingPulse. Retrieved 10 October 2008.\n\n^ \"New Zealand vs Australia 2007\". Rugby League Project. Retrieved 25 October 2022.\n\n^ Liam FitzGibbon (1 August 2008). \"Surprises in Kangaroos squad\". \"Fox Sports News (Australia)\". Retrieved 2 August 2008.\n\n^ \"Veteran Lockyer named in Australian squad\". International Herald Tribune. 1 August 2008. Retrieved 2 August 2008.\n\n^ Balym, Todd (3 May 2009). \"Blues halfback duel in two as Mitchell Pearce misses selection\". Australia: Fox Sports. Retrieved 3 May 2009.\n\n^ Ryan Hoffman's player stats at rugbyleagueproject.org\n\n^ Ryan Hoffman's Representative player profile at Rugby League Project\n\n^ Ryan Hoffman's International player profile at Rugby League Project\n\n^ \"Brad Fittler Medal\". Rugby League Project. Retrieved 20 May 2021.","title":"Footnotes"}] | [{"image_text":"Hoffman and Clint Newton in 2007 celebrating after a win for Melbourne","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Clint_Newton_and_Ryan_Hoffman_in_2007.JPG/250px-Clint_Newton_and_Ryan_Hoffman_in_2007.JPG"},{"image_text":"Hoffman playing for Australia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Ryan_Hoffmann.JPG/220px-Ryan_Hoffmann.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Wigan Warriiors Player Profile Ryan Hoffman\". web page. wiganwarriors.com. Archived from the original on 14 March 2011. 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Retrieved 21 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120620135402/http://www.rleague.com/content/article.php?id=40914","url_text":"\"Wigan are 2011 Cup Champions\""},{"url":"http://www.rleague.com/content/article.php?id=40914","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Scott, Ged (27 August 2011). \"Leeds 18-28 Wigan\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 21 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/rugby-league/14670204","url_text":"\"Leeds 18-28 Wigan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Andy (27 August 2011). \"Leeds Rhinos 18-28 Wigan Warriors – Challenge Cup final match report\". The Guardian. 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Retrieved 21 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyleague/8727501/Challenge-Cup-final-Leeds-Rhinos-18-Wigan-Warriors-28.html","url_text":"\"Challenge Cup final: Leeds Rhinos 18 Wigan Warriors 28\""}]},{"reference":"Chisnall, Craig (28 August 2011). \"Lima double inspires Wigan to Cup win\". Wide World of Sports. Archived from the original on 30 December 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20121230192159/http://wwos.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=8291057","url_text":"\"Lima double inspires Wigan to Cup win\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_World_of_Sports_(Australian_TV_series)","url_text":"Wide World of Sports"},{"url":"http://wwos.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=8291057","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Henson, Mike (27 August 2011). \"Challenge Cup final – as it happened\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 21 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/rugby_league/9574171.stm","url_text":"\"Challenge Cup final – as it happened\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Oliver (28 August 2011). \"Challenge Cup final 2011: Wigan's warrior spirit shades controversy in emphatic win over Leeds Rhinos\". The Telegraph. Retrieved 21 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyleague/8728278/Challenge-Cup-final-2011-Wigans-warrior-spirit-shades-controversy-in-emphatic-win-over-Leeds-Rhinos.html","url_text":"\"Challenge Cup final 2011: Wigan's warrior spirit shades controversy in emphatic win over Leeds Rhinos\""}]},{"reference":"Press Association (27 August 2011). \"Wigan edge thrilling cup final\". Free Press. Archived from the original on 26 February 2017. 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Retrieved 21 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/rugby-league/14695413","url_text":"\"Wigan's Sam Tomkins punished for gesture at Leeds fans\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"}]},{"reference":"\"Storm beat Leeds in World Club Challenge\". Archived from the original on 26 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130226084200/http://wwos.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=8615807","url_text":"\"Storm beat Leeds in World Club Challenge\""},{"url":"http://wwos.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=8615807","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Storm's Ryan Hoffman to sign for NZ Warriors\". stuff.co.nz. 7 May 2014. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanard_Copeland | Lanard Copeland | ["1 Playing career","1.1 Early years","1.2 NBL","2 Coaching career","3 References","4 External links"] | American basketball player
Lanard CopelandPersonal informationBorn (1965-07-26) July 26, 1965 (age 58)Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.NationalityAmerican / AustralianListed height200 cm (6 ft 7 in)Listed weight88 kg (194 lb)Career informationHigh schoolWashington (Atlanta, Georgia)CollegeGeorgia State (1985–1989)NBA draft1989: undraftedPlaying career1989–2008PositionShooting guard / small forwardNumber7, 21Coaching career2014–presentCareer historyAs player:1989–1990Philadelphia 76ers1990Tulsa Fast Breakers1990–1991Rapid City Thrillers1991Atlanta Trojans1991Los Angeles Clippers1992–2005Melbourne Tigers1992–1993Capital Region Pontiacs2005–2006Brisbane Bullets2006–2008Adelaide 36ersAs coach:2014–presentHume City Broncos2016–2019Sydney Kings (assistant)2020–2021Altona Gators
Career highlights and awards
2× NBL champion (1993, 1997)
NBL Grand Final MVP (1997)
5× NBL All Star (1992–1996, 2004)
2× All-NBL First Team (1999, 2002)
All-NBL Second Team (1992)
2× All-NBL Third Team (1996, 2000)
No. 21 retired by Melbourne Tigers
Stats at NBA.comStats at Basketball-Reference.com
Lanard Copeland (born July 26, 1965) is an American-Australian professional basketball coach and former player. Born in Atlanta, Georgia, he played in the National Basketball League (NBL) from 1992 to 2008.
Playing career
Early years
Copeland played four years of college basketball for Georgia State before going undrafted in the 1989 NBA draft. He later signed as a free agent with the Philadelphia 76ers out of the Southern California Summer Pro League. He played in 23 games for the 76ers as a rookie in 1989–90, averaging 3.2 points per game.
For the 1990–91 season, Copeland joined the Tulsa Fast Breakers of the Continental Basketball Association (CBA). However, on December 3, 1990, he was traded to the Rapid City Thrillers. Following the conclusion of the 1990–91 CBA season, he joined the Atlanta Trojans of the United States Basketball League.
On August 30, 1991, Copeland signed with the Los Angeles Clippers. His stint with the Clippers lasted just three months as he was waived by the team on December 3, 1991. Copeland returned to the CBA in December 1992, signing with the Capital Region Pontiacs.
NBL
In 1992, Copeland moved to Australia where he joined the Melbourne Tigers, a team he remained with until 2005. During his time with the Tigers, Copeland played 449 games over 14 seasons, recording 9,862 points, 1,763 rebounds, 1,438 assists and 233 blocked shots. He won league championships in 1993 and 1997, and was named the NBL Grand Final MVP in 1997. He was also a member of the All-NBL First Team in 1999 and 2002.
Copeland departed the Tigers following the 2004–05 NBL season and joined the Brisbane Bullets for the 2005–06 season. He played just one season for Brisbane before joining the Adelaide 36ers for the 2006–07 season. He played two seasons for Adelaide, retiring from the NBL following the 2007–08 NBL season. In 532 career NBL games over 17 seasons, Copeland averaged 20.2 points, 3.7 rebounds and 3.0 assists per game. His 10,735 points are ranked fourth all-time in NBL history.
Games:
532
Points:
10,735 (20.2)
Rebounds:
3.7 rpg
Assists:
3.0 apg
Steals:
1.2 spg
Blocks:
0.5 bpg
Field Goals:
4078/9373 (44%)
3-Pointers:
1242/3569 (35%)
Free Throws:
1337/1664 (80%)
Coaching career
After retiring as a player, Copeland went on to serve as Phil Smyth's assistant at the ACB Academy, head coach of the Altona Gators’ men's Big V team, and head coach of the Haileybury College men's team which won the Victorian High School championship in 2014.
On 6 April 2016, Copeland was named an assistant coach of the Sydney Kings, appointed alongside Dean Vickerman to serve under newly-appointed head coach Andrew Gaze, Copeland's long-time teammate at the Melbourne Tigers. Copeland left the Kings when Gaze stepped down as coach after the 2018–19 NBL season.
References
^ Cba Guard Signed; Copeland Sidelined
^ Breakers Fade, Lose, 102–97; Rivers Injured
^ Agassi angers Australians
^ Breakers Ship Copeland, Martin To Thrillers in Cash, Player Swap
^ USBL VETS FIND JOBS OVERSEAS
^ 1991–92 Los Angeles Clippers Transactions
^ The Spokesman-Review – Dec 1, 1992
^ a b c VICKERMAN, COPELAND JOIN THE SYDNEY KINGS
^ Player statistics for Lanard Copeland
^ Lanard Copeland to Lead Broncos in 2014
External links
Career statistics and player information from NBA.com and Basketball-Reference.com
Lanard Copeland at nbl.com.au
Lanard Copeland at foxsportspulse.com
Links to related articles
vteMelbourne Tigers 1993 NBL Champions
Andrew Gaze (c)
Andrew Walter
Dave Simmons
Lanard Copeland
Mark Bradtke
Nick Tenner
Ray Gordon
Robert Sibley
Stephen Whitehead
Steve Lunardon
Warrick Giddey
Head coach Lindsay Gaze
vteMelbourne Tigers 1997 NBL Champions
Andrew Gaze (c)
Blair Smith
Brett Jefferies
Brett Rainbow
Damien Chapman
Daniel Egan
Eric Wickstrom
Jarvis Lang
Lanard Copeland (Grand Final MVP)
Marcus Timmons
Mark Bradtke
Ray Gordon
Warrick Giddey
Head coach Lindsay Gaze
vteNBL Grand Final Most Valuable Player Award
1979: Sengstock
1980: R. Smith
1981–1985: N/A
1986: Davis
1987: Loggins
1988: Smyth
1989: Fisher
1990: Grace
1991: Hansen
1992: Bolden
1993: Grace
1994: Rees
1995: Vlahov
1996: Kelly
1997: Copeland
1998: Brooks
1999: Maher
2000: Timmons
2001: Saville
2002: Maher
2003: Williams
2004: Nielsen
2005: J. Smith
2006: Anstey
2007: Mackinnon
2008: Anstey
2009: D. Smith
2010: Lisch
2011: Abercrombie
2012: Bruton
2013: Jackson
2014: Beal
2015: Jackson
2016: Martin
2017: Cotton
2018: Goulding
2019: White
2020: Cotton
2021: Landale
2022: Cooks
2023: Walton
2024: McVeigh | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"Atlanta, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"National Basketball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_League_(Australia)"}],"text":"Lanard Copeland (born July 26, 1965) is an American-Australian professional basketball coach and former player. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelops_(mythology) | Pelops (mythology) | ["1 Notes","2 References"] | List of Greek mythological figures
In Greek mythology, Pelops (/ˈpiːlɒps, ˈpɛlɒps/; Greek: Πέλοψ "dark eyes" or "dark face", derived from pelios 'dark' and ops 'face, eye') may refer to the following three figures:
Pelops, king of Pisa and son of Tantalus
Pelops, son of Agamemnon
Pelops, an Egyptian prince and one of the sons of Aegyptus. He married the Danaid Danais and was killed by her during their wedding night.
Notes
^ Apollodorus, Epitome 2.3–9 & 5.10
^ Pausanias, 2.16.6
^ Hyginus, Fabulae 170
References
Apollodorus, The Library with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. ISBN 0-674-99135-4. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.
Gaius Julius Hyginus, Fabulae from The Myths of Hyginus translated and edited by Mary Grant. University of Kansas Publications in Humanistic Studies. Online version at the Topos Text Project.
Pausanias, Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. ISBN 0-674-99328-4. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library
Pausanias, Graeciae Descriptio. 3 vols. Leipzig, Teubner. 1903. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
This article includes a list of Greek mythological figures with the same or similar names. If an internal link for a specific Greek mythology article referred you to this page, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended Greek mythology article, if one exists. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mythology"},{"link_name":"/ˈpiːlɒps, ˈpɛlɒps/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"Pelops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelops"},{"link_name":"Pisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa,_Greece"},{"link_name":"Tantalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantalus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Pelops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelops_(son_of_Agamemnon)"},{"link_name":"Agamemnon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agamemnon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Egyptian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"sons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Aegyptus"},{"link_name":"Aegyptus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegyptus"},{"link_name":"Danaid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daughters_of_Danaus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In Greek mythology, Pelops (/ˈpiːlɒps, ˈpɛlɒps/; Greek: Πέλοψ \"dark eyes\" or \"dark face\", derived from pelios 'dark' and ops 'face, eye') may refer to the following three figures:Pelops, king of Pisa and son of Tantalus[1]\nPelops, son of Agamemnon[2]\nPelops, an Egyptian prince and one of the sons of Aegyptus. He married the Danaid Danais and was killed by her during their wedding night.[3]","title":"Pelops (mythology)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Apollodorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)"},{"link_name":"Epitome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitome"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Pausanias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Hyginus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyginus"}],"text":"^ Apollodorus, Epitome 2.3–9 & 5.10\n\n^ Pausanias, 2.16.6\n\n^ Hyginus, Fabulae 170","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0022","external_links_name":"Online version at the Perseus Digital Library."},{"Link":"http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0021","external_links_name":"Greek text available from the same website"},{"Link":"https://topostext.org/work/206","external_links_name":"Online version at the Topos Text Project."},{"Link":"http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0160","external_links_name":"Online version at the Perseus Digital Library"},{"Link":"http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0159","external_links_name":"Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/Pelops_(mythology)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_Quakers_football | Penn Quakers football | ["1 Overall history","1.1 NCAA television controversy","2 Ivy League","3 Championships","3.1 National championships","3.2 Conference championships","4 NCAA records","5 Ivy League records","6 Franklin Field","7 Penn in the AP Poll","8 Bowl games","9 Rivalries","9.1 Cornell","9.2 Harvard","9.3 Princeton","10 Individual players","10.1 Notable Quaker players","10.2 Individual award winners","10.3 College Football Hall of Fame","10.4 Quakers in the NFL Draft","11 Notable games","11.1 Penn 30, Navy 26","11.2 Penn 35, Harvard 25","11.3 Penn 27, Harvard 14","11.4 Penn 23, Harvard 21","12 References","13 External links"] | College football team
Penn Quakers football2023 Penn Quakers football team First season1876Head coachRay Priore 7th season, 48–32 (.600)StadiumFranklin Field(capacity: 52,593)Year built1895Field surfaceSprinTurfLocationPhiladelphiaNCAA divisionDivision I FCSConferenceIvy LeaguePast conferencesIndependent (1876–1956)All-time record878–513–42 (.627)Bowl record0–1–0 (.000)Claimed national titles7 (1894, 1895, 1897, 1904, 1907, 1908, 1924)Conference titles18 (1959, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1993, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2015, 2016)RivalriesCornell (rivalry)Harvard (rivalry)Princeton (rivalry)Consensus All-Americans63Current uniformColorsRed and blue Fight songFight on, Pennsylvania!MascotThe Penn QuakerMarching bandThe University of Pennsylvania BandWebsitePennAthletics.com
The Penn Quakers football program is the college football team at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. The Penn Quakers have competed in the Ivy League since its inaugural season of 1956, and are a Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS) member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). Penn’s first game was in 1876, and the team has played in 1,413 football games, the most of any school in any division. Penn plays its home games at historic Franklin Field, the oldest football stadium in the nation. All Penn games are broadcast on WNTP or WFIL radio.
Overall history
See also: List of Penn Quakers football seasons
One of the first teams of the university, 1878.
Penn bills itself as "college football's most historic program". The Quakers have had 63 First Team All-Americans, and the college is the alma mater of John Heisman (the namesake of college football's most famous trophy). The team has won a share of 7 national championships (7th all-time) and competed in the "granddaddy of them all" (The Rose Bowl) in 1917. Penn's total of 837 wins puts them 11th all-time in college football (3rd in the FCS) and their winning percentage of 62.9% is 21st in college football (7th in the FCS). 18 members of the College Football Hall of Fame played at Penn (tied with Alabama for 14th) and 5 members of the College Football Hall of Fame coached at Penn. Penn has had 11 unbeaten seasons. Penn plays at the oldest stadium in college football, Franklin Field, at which they have had a 35-game home winning streak (1896–1899), which is the 15th best in the country, and at which they have had 23 unbeaten home seasons. Penn is one of the few college football teams to have had an exclusive contract with a network for broadcasting all their home games. For the 1950 season, ABC Sports broadcast all of Penn's home games. The only other teams to have had exclusive contracts are Miami and Notre Dame. The Quakers competed as a major independent until 1956, when they accepted the invitation to join the Ivy League. When the Ivy League was reclassified to Division I-AA, today known as FCS, following the 1981 season, Penn moved to Division I-AA play with the rest of the league.
Before the start of the 2020 season, the Ivy League announced that no sports would be played until January 1, 2021, at the earliest, because of the COVID-19 pandemic. The League resumed in September 2021.
NCAA television controversy
See: NCAA Football television controversy
In 1951, the NCAA attempted to stop any live broadcast of college football games during the season, which affected Penn due to them being one of only two colleges to enact this practice (the other being Notre Dame). After public outcry, the NCAA restricted the number of games televised for each team. Penn attempted to circumvent the rules through its contract, but they had to back down due to the NCAA's threat of possibly expelling the Quakers from the association.
Ivy League
Penn joined the Ivy League in 1956 when it was formed. Penn won its 1st Ivy League Football Championship in 1959. It was not until 1982, 23 years later, that Penn would win its 2nd Ivy League Football Championship. Since that year Penn has become a dominant football power in the Ivy League. They are tied with Dartmouth in winning a record 18 Ivy League Football Championships. Penn, however, is first in outright Ivy League titles (13), and first in undefeated Ivy League titles (8).
Championships
National championships
Penn has been named national champions seven times by NCAA major selectors, and claims all seven championships.
The Billingsley Report named the 1907 Quakers national champions under Billingsley's original formula. Updated Billingsley rankings no longer name Penn national champions in 1907, but Penn continues to claim the championship.
Year
Selector
Coach
Record
1894
Parke H. Davis
George Woodruff
12–0
1895
Billingsley, Helms Athletic Foundation, Houlgate System, National Championship Foundation, Parke Davis
George Woodruff
14–0
1897
Billingsley, Helms Athletic Foundation, Houlgate, National Championship Foundation, Parke Davis
George Woodruff
15–0
1904
Helms Athletic Foundation, Houlgate, Parke Davis, National Championship Foundation
Carl "Cap" Williams
12–0
1907
Billingsley Report (1995-1999 formula)
Carl "Cap" Williams
11–1
1908
Helms Athletic Foundation, Houlgate System, Parke Davis, National Championship Foundation
Sol Metzger
11–0–1
1924
Parke Davis
Lou Young
9–1–1
Conference championships
Penn has won 18 conference championships (all of which in the Ivy League), winning 13 outright and five shared.
Year
Conference
Coach
Overall record
Conference record
1959
Ivy League
Steve Sebo
7–1–1
6–1
1982†
Jerry Berndt
7–3
5–2
1983†
Jerry Berndt
6–3–1
5–1–1
1984
Jerry Berndt
8–1
7–0
1985
Jerry Berndt
7–2–1
6–1
1986
Ed Zubrow
10–0
7–0
1988†
Ed Zubrow
9–1
6–1
1993
Al Bagnoli
10–0
7–0
1994
Al Bagnoli
9–0
7–0
1998
Al Bagnoli
8–2
6–1
2000
Al Bagnoli
7–3
6–1
2002
Al Bagnoli
9–1
7–0
2003
Al Bagnoli
10–0
7–0
2009
Al Bagnoli
8–2
7–0
2010
Al Bagnoli
9–1
7–0
2012
Al Bagnoli
6–4
6–1
2015†
Ray Priore
7–3
6–1
2016†
Ray Priore
7–3
6–1
† Co-champions
NCAA records
NCAA record for most college football games played – 1,413.
NCAA record for consecutive overtime losses – 3 games
Ivy League records
Most outright Ivy League titles – 13 (1959, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1993, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2009, 2010, 2012) ;
Highest number of unbeaten Ivy League seasons – 8 (1984, 1986, 1993, 1994, 2002, 2003, 2009, 2010);
Longest Ivy League winning streak – 20 straight games (2001–2004). Penn also holds the next two longest Ivy League win streaks: 18 straight games (2008–2011) and 17 straight games (1992–1995).
Record 18 Ivy League Football Championships. Tied with Dartmouth.
Franklin Field
Quakers enter Franklin Field in 2019
Main article: Franklin Field
Penn's home stadium Franklin Field is not only the oldest stadium in football but holds many other records as well. It is the site of the oldest stadium scoreboard (1895), the "original horseshoe" (1903), the first college football radio broadcast (1922 on WIP), the first double-decker football stadium (1925), the largest stadium in the country (1925–1926), the first college football television broadcast (1940 on KYW-TV) and the first FCS stadium to host ESPN's College Gameday (2002).
Penn in the AP Poll
Year
Final ranking
1936
10
1940
14
1941
15
1943
20
1945
8
1946
13
1947
7
Bowl games
Penn has participated in one bowl game, garnering a record of 0–1.
Season
Coach
Bowl
Opponent
Result
1916
Bob Folwell
Rose Bowl
Oregon
L 0–14
Rivalries
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2018)
Cornell
Penn/Cornell game, 2019
The series with Cornell dates to 1893. Penn leads the series 73–46–5 through the 2017 season.
Harvard
The series with Harvard dates to 1881. Harvard leads the series 48–38–2 through the 2017 season.
Princeton
The series with Princeton dates to 1876. Princeton leads the series 66–42–1 through the 2017 season.
Individual players
Notable Quaker players
Reds Bagnell – 1950 Maxwell Award winner, All-American, runner up for the Heisman Trophy, College Football Hall of Fame
Chuck Bednarik – namesake of the Chuck Bednarik Award, 1948 Maxwell Award winner, Pro Football Hall of Fame, College Football Hall of Fame
Bert Bell – former NFL commissioner, founder, owner & coach of the Philadelphia Eagles, owner of the Pittsburgh Steelers, Pro Football Hall of Fame
George H. Brooke – Twice All-America, College football Hall of Fame.
Truxton Hare – Consensus All-American every year he played, College Football Hall of Fame, winner of silver medal in the hammer throw at the 1900 Summer Olympics
Jim Finn – 1999, New York Giants starting full back in Super Bowl XLII
John Heisman – namesake of the Heisman Trophy, College Football Hall of Fame
Florian Kempf – Professional soccer player and NFL kicker for the Houston Oilers and New Orleans Saints
Alden Knipe – All-America, led team to 1894 national championship.
Leroy Mercer- All-America, College Football Hall of Fame, Olympic athlete
Skip Minisi – first-round NFL draft pick, College Football Hall of Fame
Bob Odell – 1943 Maxwell Award winner, College Football Hall of Fame
John H. Outland – namesake of the Outland Trophy, College Football Hall of Fame
George Savitsky – All-American tackle in the 1940s, only four-year All American of the 20th century in College Football, in the College Football Hall of Fame, drafted by Philadelphia Eagles.
Kevin Stefanski – Head Coach of the Cleveland Browns
Justin Watson – wide receiver for the Kansas City Chiefs, a three-time Super Bowl champion.
Individual award winners
Penn's total of three major award winners surpasses several BCS programs to this day.
Maxwell Award
Bob Odell – 1943
Chuck Bednarik – 1948
Reds Bagnell – 1950
Ivy League Coach of the Year
Jerry Berndt – 1984
Ray Priore – 2015
College Football Hall of Fame
Eighteen former players have been inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame.
Quakers in the NFL Draft
Main article: List of Penn Quakers in the NFL Draft
Chuck Bednarik (aka "Concrete Charlie") played gridiron football at the University of Pennsylvania where he was a '60-minute man', excelling as a center on offense and linebacker on defense, was a three-time All-American gridiron football player, and was elected a member of the College Football Hall of Fame, drafted as number 1 pick in 1st round of 1949 NFL Draft by Philadelphia Eagles.
A total of 51 players from Penn have been drafted in the NFL including NFL Hall of Famers Chuck Bednarik (#1 overall pick in 1949) and NFL first-round pick Skip Minisi.
Notable games
Penn 30, Navy 26
On October 18, 1986, Penn defeated Navy 30–26 in front of Navy's Homecoming crowd. Penn finished the season undefeated at 10–0, 7–0 in the Ivy League for their 5th straight Ivy League title.
Penn 35, Harvard 25
On November 14, 2015, Penn defeated 12th ranked Harvard 35–25 at Harvard Stadium. This win ended Harvard's 22-game winning streak; their first loss since October 26, 2013. With this win, Penn improved to 6–3, 5–1 in the Ivy League, and with a 34–21 win in their next and final game against Cornell, were able to clinch a share of the Ivy League title along with Harvard and Dartmouth. The title capped a remarkable comeback season for Penn. After back-to-back losing seasons in 2013 and 2014, Penn started the 2015 season at 1–3, including a loss in their Ivy League opener, but rallied with 6 straight wins to end the season.
Penn 27, Harvard 14
On November 11, 2016, Penn defeated 22nd ranked Harvard at Franklin Field. This win ended Harvard's Ivy record 13-game Ivy road game win streak. With this win, Penn improved to 6–3, 5–1 in the Ivy League, and into a three-way tie atop the Ivy League alongside Harvard and Princeton. Penn scored two touchdowns in the game's final 17 seconds, headlined by an 80-yard touchdown drive engineered by quarterback Alek Torgersen and a last second scoop and score by Tayler Hendrickson. A 42–20 victory the next week against Cornell gave Penn a share of the 2016 Ivy League title, making them back-to-back champions for the first time since 2009–2010. A Harvard loss to Yale in "The Game" the next week dropped the Crimson out of title contention.
Penn 23, Harvard 21
On November 13, 1982, Penn defeated Harvard with no time left on the game clock at Franklin Field. This win clinched a share of the Ivy football title for Penn. While Penn led 20–0 with nine minutes to play, Harvard scored three touchdowns in just eight minutes. However the Quarterback Gary Vura, starting at his own 20-yard line with just a minute and 24 seconds left, marched his team down the field, setting up a field goal attempt by kicker Dave Shulman. Shulman's 38-yard attempt was tipped by a Harvard player and went wide left. But Harvard was called for roughing the kicker. Since a game cannot end on a potential decision-changing defensive penalty, Shulman kicked again, this time from the 11-yard line and his 27-yard field goal was good. Although the Quakers did lose the following weekend to Cornell, their victory that day, after three losing seasons of 0–9, 1–9 and 1–9, gave Penn a share of the Ivy title for the first time since 1959, which had been its only Ivy title. It also marked the turning point in Penn's Ivy football play, with the Quakers winning or sharing another 16 Ivy titles during the 35 years since then.
References
^ "2011 Fact Book Penn Football" (PDF). Retrieved October 18, 2011.
^ "Elements of the Penn Logo". Branding.Web-Resources.UPenn.edu. Retrieved November 14, 2022.
^ "Women's Basketball vs. Brown_Yale – Official Athletics Website". University of Pennsylvania Athletics.
^ New York Times – 2006-11-17
^ West, Jenna. "Ivy League to Postpone Fall Athletics, No Date Set for Return". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved July 8, 2020.
^ a b Cunha, Steve (September 14, 2021). 2021 Penn Football Fact Book (PDF). University of Pennsylvania Office of Athletic Communications. pp. 6, 60–61. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 10, 2022. Retrieved March 10, 2022.
^ "2019 Football Fact Book Champions" (PDF). University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved September 12, 2020.
^ "2019 Football Fact Book Champions" (PDF). University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved September 12, 2020.
^ Caldwell, Dave. "Penn Loses in Overtime for 3rd Game in a Row". The New York Times. Retrieved September 16, 2011.
^ a b c "2018 Penn Football Fact Book" (PDF). pennathletics.com. Penn Athletics. p. 140.
^ See: Penn Quakers#Football.
^ see Main article: List of Penn Quakers in the NFL Draft
^ "1986 | Navy Midshipmen Football Statistics and Results | Totalfootballstats.com". Archived from the original on March 1, 2014. Retrieved October 7, 2014.
^ "Penn vs. Harvard – Game Recap – November 14, 2015". ESPN.
^ Friedman, Dick (November 13, 2016). "Football: Harvard 14, Penn 27". Harvard Magazine.
^ "Penn Beats Harvard on a Kick". NY Times. November 14, 1982.
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2023 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"University of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Penn Quakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_Quakers"},{"link_name":"Ivy League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League"},{"link_name":"Division I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I"},{"link_name":"Football Championship Subdivision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Championship_Subdivision"},{"link_name":"National Collegiate Athletic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"Franklin Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Field"},{"link_name":"WNTP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNTP"},{"link_name":"WFIL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WFIL"}],"text":"The Penn Quakers football program is the college football team at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. The Penn Quakers have competed in the Ivy League since its inaugural season of 1956, and are a Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS) member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). Penn’s first game was in 1876, and the team has played in 1,413 football games, the most of any school in any division. Penn plays its home games at historic Franklin Field, the oldest football stadium in the nation. All Penn games are broadcast on WNTP or WFIL radio.","title":"Penn Quakers football"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Penn Quakers football seasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Penn_Quakers_football_seasons"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Penn_quakes_football2_1878.jpg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"John Heisman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Heisman"},{"link_name":"Rose Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Bowl_Game"},{"link_name":"1917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1917_Rose_Bowl"},{"link_name":"College Football Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Football_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Franklin Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Field"},{"link_name":"1950 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950_college_football_season"},{"link_name":"ABC Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Sports"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Hurricanes_football"},{"link_name":"Notre Dame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish_football"},{"link_name":"Ivy League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League"},{"link_name":"Division I-AA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_I-AA"},{"link_name":"1981 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_NCAA_Division_I-A_football_season"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"See also: List of Penn Quakers football seasonsOne of the first teams of the university, 1878.Penn bills itself as \"college football's most historic program\".[3] The Quakers have had 63 First Team All-Americans, and the college is the alma mater of John Heisman (the namesake of college football's most famous trophy). The team has won a share of 7 national championships (7th all-time) and competed in the \"granddaddy of them all\" (The Rose Bowl) in 1917. Penn's total of 837 wins puts them 11th all-time in college football (3rd in the FCS) and their winning percentage of 62.9% is 21st in college football (7th in the FCS). 18 members of the College Football Hall of Fame played at Penn (tied with Alabama for 14th) and 5 members of the College Football Hall of Fame coached at Penn. Penn has had 11 unbeaten seasons. Penn plays at the oldest stadium in college football, Franklin Field, at which they have had a 35-game home winning streak (1896–1899), which is the 15th best in the country, and at which they have had 23 unbeaten home seasons. Penn is one of the few college football teams to have had an exclusive contract with a network for broadcasting all their home games. For the 1950 season, ABC Sports broadcast all of Penn's home games. The only other teams to have had exclusive contracts are Miami and Notre Dame. The Quakers competed as a major independent until 1956, when they accepted the invitation to join the Ivy League. When the Ivy League was reclassified to Division I-AA, today known as FCS, following the 1981 season,[4] Penn moved to Division I-AA play with the rest of the league.Before the start of the 2020 season, the Ivy League announced that no sports would be played until January 1, 2021, at the earliest, because of the COVID-19 pandemic. The League resumed in September 2021.[5]","title":"Overall history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NCAA Football television controversy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association#Football_television_controversy"},{"link_name":"Notre Dame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish_football"}],"sub_title":"NCAA television controversy","text":"See: NCAA Football television controversyIn 1951, the NCAA attempted to stop any live broadcast of college football games during the season, which affected Penn due to them being one of only two colleges to enact this practice (the other being Notre Dame). After public outcry, the NCAA restricted the number of games televised for each team. Penn attempted to circumvent the rules through its contract, but they had to back down due to the NCAA's threat of possibly expelling the Quakers from the association.","title":"Overall history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ivy League Football Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ivy_League_football_champions"}],"text":"Penn joined the Ivy League in 1956 when it was formed. Penn won its 1st Ivy League Football Championship in 1959. It was not until 1982, 23 years later, that Penn would win its 2nd Ivy League Football Championship. Since that year Penn has become a dominant football power in the Ivy League. They are tied with Dartmouth in winning a record 18 Ivy League Football Championships. Penn, however, is first in outright Ivy League titles (13), and first in undefeated Ivy League titles (8).","title":"Ivy League"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Championships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"national champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football_national_championships_in_NCAA_Division_I_FBS"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PennFactBook-6"},{"link_name":"Billingsley Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billingsley_Report"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"National championships","text":"Penn has been named national champions seven times by NCAA major selectors, and claims all seven championships.[6]The Billingsley Report named the 1907 Quakers national champions under Billingsley's original formula. Updated Billingsley rankings no longer name Penn national champions in 1907, but Penn continues to claim the championship.[7]","title":"Championships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ivy League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Conference championships","text":"Penn has won 18 conference championships (all of which in the Ivy League), winning 13 outright and five shared.[8]† Co-champions","title":"Championships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"NCAA record for most college football games played – 1,413. \nNCAA record for consecutive overtime losses – 3 games[9]","title":"NCAA records"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Most outright Ivy League titles – 13 (1959, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1993, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2009, 2010, 2012) ;\nHighest number of unbeaten Ivy League seasons – 8 (1984, 1986, 1993, 1994, 2002, 2003, 2009, 2010); \nLongest Ivy League winning streak – 20 straight games (2001–2004). Penn also holds the next two longest Ivy League win streaks: 18 straight games (2008–2011) and 17 straight games (1992–1995).\nRecord 18 Ivy League Football Championships. Tied with Dartmouth.","title":"Ivy League records"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UPenn_Football_Team_enters_the_field.jpg"},{"link_name":"Franklin Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Field"},{"link_name":"WIP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTEL_(AM)"},{"link_name":"KYW-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KYW-TV"},{"link_name":"College Gameday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Gameday_(football)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Quakers enter Franklin Field in 2019Penn's home stadium Franklin Field is not only the oldest stadium in football but holds many other records as well. It is the site of the oldest stadium scoreboard (1895), the \"original horseshoe\" (1903), the first college football radio broadcast (1922 on WIP), the first double-decker football stadium (1925), the largest stadium in the country (1925–1926), the first college football television broadcast (1940 on KYW-TV) and the first FCS stadium to host ESPN's College Gameday (2002).[citation needed]","title":"Franklin Field"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"[citation needed]","title":"Penn in the AP Poll"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Penn has participated in one bowl game, garnering a record of 0–1.","title":"Bowl games"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Rivalries"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cornell_vs_UPenn_football_game_2019.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cornell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_Big_Red_football"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2018MG-10"}],"sub_title":"Cornell","text":"Penn/Cornell game, 2019The series with Cornell dates to 1893. Penn leads the series 73–46–5 through the 2017 season.[10]","title":"Rivalries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harvard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_football"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2018MG-10"}],"sub_title":"Harvard","text":"The series with Harvard dates to 1881. Harvard leads the series 48–38–2 through the 2017 season.[10]","title":"Rivalries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Princeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_Tigers_football"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2018MG-10"}],"sub_title":"Princeton","text":"The series with Princeton dates to 1876. Princeton leads the series 66–42–1 through the 2017 season.[10]","title":"Rivalries"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Individual players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reds Bagnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reds_Bagnell"},{"link_name":"Maxwell Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_Award"},{"link_name":"Chuck Bednarik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Bednarik"},{"link_name":"Chuck Bednarik Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Bednarik_Award"},{"link_name":"Maxwell Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_Award"},{"link_name":"Pro Football Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Football_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Bert Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bert_Bell"},{"link_name":"NFL commissioner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_commissioner"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Eagles"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Steelers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Steelers"},{"link_name":"George H. Brooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._Brooke"},{"link_name":"All-America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Football_All-America_Team"},{"link_name":"Truxton Hare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truxton_Hare"},{"link_name":"College Football Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Football_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"hammer throw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammer_throw"},{"link_name":"1900 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Jim Finn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Finn"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl XLII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLII"},{"link_name":"John Heisman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Heisman"},{"link_name":"Heisman Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisman_Trophy"},{"link_name":"College Football Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Football_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Florian Kempf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florian_Kempf"},{"link_name":"Houston Oilers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Oilers"},{"link_name":"New Orleans Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans_Saints"},{"link_name":"Alden Knipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alden_Knipe"},{"link_name":"Leroy Mercer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leroy_Mercer"},{"link_name":"Skip Minisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skip_Minisi"},{"link_name":"Bob Odell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Odell_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Maxwell Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_Award"},{"link_name":"John H. Outland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_H._Outland"},{"link_name":"Outland Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outland_Trophy"},{"link_name":"George Savitsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Savitsky"},{"link_name":"Kevin Stefanski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Stefanski"},{"link_name":"Head Coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_Coach"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Browns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Browns"},{"link_name":"Justin Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Watson_(wide_receiver)"},{"link_name":"Kansas City Chiefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl"}],"sub_title":"Notable Quaker players","text":"Reds Bagnell – 1950 Maxwell Award winner, All-American, runner up for the Heisman Trophy, College Football Hall of Fame\nChuck Bednarik – namesake of the Chuck Bednarik Award, 1948 Maxwell Award winner, Pro Football Hall of Fame, College Football Hall of Fame\nBert Bell – former NFL commissioner, founder, owner & coach of the Philadelphia Eagles, owner of the Pittsburgh Steelers, Pro Football Hall of Fame\nGeorge H. Brooke – Twice All-America, College football Hall of Fame.\nTruxton Hare – Consensus All-American every year he played, College Football Hall of Fame, winner of silver medal in the hammer throw at the 1900 Summer Olympics\nJim Finn – 1999, New York Giants starting full back in Super Bowl XLII\nJohn Heisman – namesake of the Heisman Trophy, College Football Hall of Fame\nFlorian Kempf – Professional soccer player and NFL kicker for the Houston Oilers and New Orleans Saints\nAlden Knipe – All-America, led team to 1894 national championship.\nLeroy Mercer- All-America, College Football Hall of Fame, Olympic athlete\nSkip Minisi – first-round NFL draft pick, College Football Hall of Fame\nBob Odell – 1943 Maxwell Award winner, College Football Hall of Fame\nJohn H. Outland – namesake of the Outland Trophy, College Football Hall of Fame\nGeorge Savitsky – All-American tackle in the 1940s, only four-year All American of the 20th century in College Football, in the College Football Hall of Fame, drafted by Philadelphia Eagles.\nKevin Stefanski – Head Coach of the Cleveland Browns\nJustin Watson – wide receiver for the Kansas City Chiefs, a three-time Super Bowl champion.","title":"Individual players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maxwell Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_Award"},{"link_name":"Bob Odell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Odell_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"1943","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1943_college_football_season"},{"link_name":"Chuck Bednarik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Bednarik"},{"link_name":"1948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_college_football_season"},{"link_name":"Reds Bagnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reds_Bagnell"},{"link_name":"1950","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950_college_football_season"},{"link_name":"Jerry Berndt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Berndt"},{"link_name":"1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_NCAA_Division_I-AA_football_season"},{"link_name":"Ray Priore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Priore"}],"sub_title":"Individual award winners","text":"Penn's total of three major award winners surpasses several BCS programs to this day.Maxwell AwardBob Odell – 1943\nChuck Bednarik – 1948\nReds Bagnell – 1950Ivy League Coach of the YearJerry Berndt – 1984\nRay Priore – 2015","title":"Individual players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"College Football Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Football_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"}],"sub_title":"College Football Hall of Fame","text":"Eighteen former players have been inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame.[11][better source needed]","title":"Individual players"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ChuckBednarik1952Bowman.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chuck Bednarik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Bednarik"},{"link_name":"University of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"College Football Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Football_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Eagles"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Chuck Bednarik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Bednarik"},{"link_name":"Skip Minisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skip_Minisi"}],"sub_title":"Quakers in the NFL Draft","text":"Chuck Bednarik (aka \"Concrete Charlie\") played gridiron football at the University of Pennsylvania where he was a '60-minute man', excelling as a center on offense and linebacker on defense, was a three-time All-American gridiron football player, and was elected a member of the College Football Hall of Fame, drafted as number 1 pick in 1st round of 1949 NFL Draft by Philadelphia Eagles.A total of 51 players from Penn have been drafted in the NFL[12] including NFL Hall of Famers Chuck Bednarik (#1 overall pick in 1949) and NFL first-round pick Skip Minisi.","title":"Individual players"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Penn 30, Navy 26","text":"On October 18, 1986, Penn defeated Navy 30–26 in front of Navy's Homecoming crowd. Penn finished the season undefeated at 10–0, 7–0 in the Ivy League for their 5th straight Ivy League title.[13]","title":"Notable games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harvard Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Penn 35, Harvard 25","text":"On November 14, 2015, Penn defeated 12th ranked Harvard 35–25 at Harvard Stadium. This win ended Harvard's 22-game winning streak; their first loss since October 26, 2013.[14] With this win, Penn improved to 6–3, 5–1 in the Ivy League, and with a 34–21 win in their next and final game against Cornell, were able to clinch a share of the Ivy League title along with Harvard and Dartmouth. The title capped a remarkable comeback season for Penn. After back-to-back losing seasons in 2013 and 2014, Penn started the 2015 season at 1–3, including a loss in their Ivy League opener, but rallied with 6 straight wins to end the season.","title":"Notable games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Franklin Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Field"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Alek Torgersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alek_Torgersen"}],"sub_title":"Penn 27, Harvard 14","text":"On November 11, 2016, Penn defeated 22nd ranked Harvard at Franklin Field. This win ended Harvard's Ivy record 13-game Ivy road game win streak.[15] With this win, Penn improved to 6–3, 5–1 in the Ivy League, and into a three-way tie atop the Ivy League alongside Harvard and Princeton. Penn scored two touchdowns in the game's final 17 seconds, headlined by an 80-yard touchdown drive engineered by quarterback Alek Torgersen and a last second scoop and score by Tayler Hendrickson. A 42–20 victory the next week against Cornell gave Penn a share of the 2016 Ivy League title, making them back-to-back champions for the first time since 2009–2010. A Harvard loss to Yale in \"The Game\" the next week dropped the Crimson out of title contention.","title":"Notable games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Franklin Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Field"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Penn 23, Harvard 21","text":"On November 13, 1982, Penn defeated Harvard with no time left on the game clock at Franklin Field. This win clinched a share of the Ivy football title for Penn. While Penn led 20–0 with nine minutes to play, Harvard scored three touchdowns in just eight minutes. However the Quarterback Gary Vura, starting at his own 20-yard line with just a minute and 24 seconds left, marched his team down the field, setting up a field goal attempt by kicker Dave Shulman. Shulman's 38-yard attempt was tipped by a Harvard player and went wide left. But Harvard was called for roughing the kicker. Since a game cannot end on a potential decision-changing defensive penalty, Shulman kicked again, this time from the 11-yard line and his 27-yard field goal was good.[16] Although the Quakers did lose the following weekend to Cornell, their victory that day, after three losing seasons of 0–9, 1–9 and 1–9, gave Penn a share of the Ivy title for the first time since 1959, which had been its only Ivy title. It also marked the turning point in Penn's Ivy football play, with the Quakers winning or sharing another 16 Ivy titles during the 35 years since then.","title":"Notable games"}] | [{"image_text":"One of the first teams of the university, 1878.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Penn_quakes_football2_1878.jpg/220px-Penn_quakes_football2_1878.jpg"},{"image_text":"Quakers enter Franklin Field in 2019","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/UPenn_Football_Team_enters_the_field.jpg/220px-UPenn_Football_Team_enters_the_field.jpg"},{"image_text":"Penn/Cornell game, 2019","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Cornell_vs_UPenn_football_game_2019.jpg/220px-Cornell_vs_UPenn_football_game_2019.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chuck Bednarik (aka \"Concrete Charlie\") played gridiron football at the University of Pennsylvania where he was a '60-minute man', excelling as a center on offense and linebacker on defense, was a three-time All-American gridiron football player, and was elected a member of the College Football Hall of Fame, drafted as number 1 pick in 1st round of 1949 NFL Draft by Philadelphia Eagles.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/ChuckBednarik1952Bowman.jpg/220px-ChuckBednarik1952Bowman.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"2011 Fact Book Penn Football\" (PDF). Retrieved October 18, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://admin.xosn.com/pdf8/784671.pdf?SPSID=8576&SPID=537&DB_OEM_ID=1700&KEY=PXWGQEUMQXRCMLR.20110913170422","url_text":"\"2011 Fact Book Penn Football\""}]},{"reference":"\"Elements of the Penn Logo\". Branding.Web-Resources.UPenn.edu. Retrieved November 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://branding.web-resources.upenn.edu/logos-and-branding/elements-penn-logo","url_text":"\"Elements of the Penn Logo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Women's Basketball vs. Brown_Yale – Official Athletics Website\". University of Pennsylvania Athletics.","urls":[{"url":"https://pennathletics.com/splash.aspx?id=splash2075","url_text":"\"Women's Basketball vs. Brown_Yale – Official Athletics Website\""}]},{"reference":"West, Jenna. \"Ivy League to Postpone Fall Athletics, No Date Set for Return\". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved July 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.si.com/college/2020/07/08/ivy-league-postpone-fall-sports-hopeful-football-spring","url_text":"\"Ivy League to Postpone Fall Athletics, No Date Set for Return\""}]},{"reference":"Cunha, Steve (September 14, 2021). 2021 Penn Football Fact Book (PDF). University of Pennsylvania Office of Athletic Communications. pp. 6, 60–61. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 10, 2022. Retrieved March 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://pennathletics.com/documents/2021/10/4/2021_Fact_Book.pdf","url_text":"2021 Penn Football Fact Book"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220310192124/https://pennathletics.com/documents/2021/10/4/2021_Fact_Book.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"2019 Football Fact Book Champions\" (PDF). University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved September 12, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/penn.sidearmsports.com/documents/2019/8/25/2019_Football_Fact_Book_Champions.pdf","url_text":"\"2019 Football Fact Book Champions\""}]},{"reference":"\"2019 Football Fact Book Champions\" (PDF). University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved September 12, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/penn.sidearmsports.com/documents/2019/8/25/2019_Football_Fact_Book_Champions.pdf","url_text":"\"2019 Football Fact Book Champions\""}]},{"reference":"Caldwell, Dave. \"Penn Loses in Overtime for 3rd Game in a Row\". The New York Times. Retrieved September 16, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/05/sports/ncaafootball/05ivy.html?fta=y","url_text":"\"Penn Loses in Overtime for 3rd Game in a Row\""}]},{"reference":"\"2018 Penn Football Fact Book\" (PDF). pennathletics.com. Penn Athletics. p. 140.","urls":[{"url":"https://pennathletics.com/documents/2018/10/11//2018_Penn_Football_Fact_Book.pdf?id=15036","url_text":"\"2018 Penn Football Fact Book\""}]},{"reference":"\"1986 | Navy Midshipmen Football Statistics and Results | Totalfootballstats.com\". Archived from the original on March 1, 2014. Retrieved October 7, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140301102856/http://www.totalfootballstats.com/Team_College.asp?id=204&Season=1986","url_text":"\"1986 | Navy Midshipmen Football Statistics and Results | Totalfootballstats.com\""},{"url":"http://www.totalfootballstats.com/Team_College.asp?id=204&Season=1986","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Penn vs. Harvard – Game Recap – November 14, 2015\". ESPN.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espn.com/college-football/recap?gameId=400799624","url_text":"\"Penn vs. Harvard – Game Recap – November 14, 2015\""}]},{"reference":"Friedman, Dick (November 13, 2016). \"Football: Harvard 14, Penn 27\". Harvard Magazine.","urls":[{"url":"http://harvardmagazine.com/2016/11/football-2016-harvard-penn","url_text":"\"Football: Harvard 14, Penn 27\""}]},{"reference":"\"Penn Beats Harvard on a Kick\". NY Times. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._Madiah_Gowda | T. Madiah Gowda | ["1 Education","2 Political career","3 Posts held","4 Adult education council","5 Participation in Indian freedom movement","6 References"] | Indian politician
T. Madiah GowdaMember of Parliament, Lok SabhaIn office1952–1957Succeeded byH. C. DasappaConstituencyBangalore South Lok Sabha constituencyMember of the Legislative AssemblyIn office1962–1968Preceded byK. HanumanthaiyaSucceeded byB. R. DhananjiahConstituencyRamanagara
Personal detailsBorn(1896-03-17)17 March 1896Channapatna, British India (now Karnataka, India)Died24 May 1971(1971-05-24) (aged 75)Political partyIndian National CongressSpouseShrimati SharadammaSource:
Thimmasandra Madiah Gowda (17 March 1896 – 24 May 1971) was an Indian politician. He was elected to the Lok Sabha, the Lower House of the Parliament, from Bangalore south constituency in 1952 as a member of parliament from Indian National Congress. He was also Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) from Ramanagara between 1962 and 1967.
Education
Madiah Gowda started his educational journey at the Government High School in Channapatna. His academic path led him to the halls of the esteemed Central College in Bengaluru, where he accomplished his graduation in the arts. The thirst for knowledge then led him to ILS Law College in Pune, where he earned his LLB degree. Notably, it's worth mentioning that during his time at ILS Law College, he shared his academic voyage with the later Chief Minister of Karnataka, S Nijalingapa.
Political career
Madiah Gowda was involved in political activities with the Indian National Congress in Ramanagara earlier known as Closepet prior to independence of India. After independence, he was elected as a member of the First Lok Sabha from the Bangalore South constituency in 1952. He was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka from the Ramanagara constituency in 1962.
Madiah Gowda also served in Mysore Representative Assembly, Mysore Legislative Council, Mysore Constituent Assembly and Mysore Legislative Assembly. He enabled the building of many schools, colleges and hospitals across his constituency and also took part in the development of various agricultural, irrigation and industrial projects.
Posts held
T. Madiah Gowda with Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan, second President of IndiaT. Madiah Gowda with Sir M. Visvesvaraya
Mr. Gowda entered the legal profession upon earning his law degree. Throughout his career, he served as an advocate for institutions such as the Mysore University Council, University Senate, Secondary Education Board, School Board of Adult Education Council, Rural Development Committees, and Co-operative Societies. He actively participated in seminars focusing on agricultural and experimental union, the Sir M Visvesvaraya Rural Industrialising Scheme, and cottage industries programs. Notably, he was a member of the Ramanagara Municipal Council, Bangalore District Board, and Bangalore Local Education Board.
Assuming the role of President of the Mysore State Adult Education Council in 1947, Mr. Gowda's leadership journey began. Later, he ascended to the position of Vice-President of the Indian Adult Education Association. His involvement extended to roles like District Scouts Commissioner and Chairman of Bangalore Rural District. Additionally, he was a member of the Bangalore District Rural Development Committee.
Adult education council
T. Madiah Gowda's impactful legacy spans eight years as the President of the Adult Education Council of Mysore Presidency, from 1947 to 1955. His dedication and achievements extended even further, as he later assumed the role of Vice President of the All India Adult Education Council, a testament to the recognition of his influential contributions between 1952 and 1955. Throughout his tenure, he dynamically led and orchestrated significant events such as All India Adult Education Council seminars, the South India Literary Workshop, and the South India Adult Education Conference. His leadership extended beyond boundaries as he presided over the All India Adult Education Conference in Delhi.
A visionary with a passion for adult education, T. Madiah Gowda worked alongside distinguished writers, poets, and laureates, channeling their literary brilliance to the masses. Eminent figures like D. V. Gundappa and Kuvempu found their works in his efforts to promote learning among the people. T. Madiah Gowda's influence was particularly felt through the simplified literature versions of Kuvempu's "Janapriya Valmiki Ramayana," "Puttachariya Kaadu Koli," and D. V. Gundappa's "Baligondu Belaku," which he tirelessly championed.
Notably, T. Madiah Gowda's commitment reached beyond national borders. He facilitated an international adult education committee seminar in collaboration with UNESCO, a powerful initiative aimed at raising awareness about the significance of adult education. This impactful conference was meticulously organized, a reflection of his enduring dedication to empowering individuals through education.
In the year 1954 in collaboration with UNESCO and experts of Denmark Adult education experts institutions for staff training centre for adult education was formed in Mysore by Mr T Madiah Gowda.
Participation in Indian freedom movement
Madiah Gowda was inspired by the M K Gandhi and participated in Indian freedom movement. He participated in Shivapura Dhwaja Satyagraha where The tricolour flag was hoisted on 9 April 1938 He was part of organising committee when Gandhi visited Channapatna in 1942.
References
^ "Ramanagara Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs". www.elections.in. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
^ "PARLTAMENT OF INDIA .HOUSE OF THE PEOPLE WHO'S WHO" (PDF).
^ "Ramanagaram Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs". Elections in India. Retrieved 1 June 2021. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lok Sabha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok_Sabha"},{"link_name":"Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_India"},{"link_name":"Bangalore south","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore_South_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)"},{"link_name":"1952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Indian_general_election"},{"link_name":"Indian National Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"Member of the Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Legislative_Assembly_(India)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Thimmasandra Madiah Gowda (17 March 1896 – 24 May 1971) was an Indian politician. He was elected to the Lok Sabha, the Lower House of the Parliament, from Bangalore south constituency in 1952 as a member of parliament from Indian National Congress. He was also Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) from Ramanagara between 1962 and 1967.[1]","title":"T. Madiah Gowda"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Channapatna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channapatna"},{"link_name":"Central College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_College,_Bangalore"},{"link_name":"ILS Law College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ILS_Law_College"},{"link_name":"Pune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pune"}],"text":"Madiah Gowda started his educational journey at the Government High School in Channapatna. His academic path led him to the halls of the esteemed Central College in Bengaluru, where he accomplished his graduation in the arts. The thirst for knowledge then led him to ILS Law College in Pune, where he earned his LLB degree. Notably, it's worth mentioning that during his time at ILS Law College, he shared his academic voyage with the later Chief Minister of Karnataka, S Nijalingapa.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ramanagara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramanagara"},{"link_name":"independence of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_of_India"},{"link_name":"First Lok Sabha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lok_Sabha"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Legislative Assembly of Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Madiah Gowda was involved in political activities with the Indian National Congress in Ramanagara earlier known as Closepet prior to independence of India. After independence, he was elected as a member of the First Lok Sabha from the Bangalore South constituency in 1952.[2] He was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka from the Ramanagara constituency in 1962.[3]Madiah Gowda also served in Mysore Representative Assembly, Mysore Legislative Council, Mysore Constituent Assembly and Mysore Legislative Assembly. He enabled the building of many schools, colleges and hospitals across his constituency and also took part in the development of various agricultural, irrigation and industrial projects.[citation needed]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:T._Madiah_gowda_with_sarvapali_radhakrishnan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Madiah_gowda_with_Sir_M._Visvesvaraya.jpg"},{"link_name":"Visvesvaraya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._Visvesvaraya"},{"link_name":"Mysore University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Mysore"},{"link_name":"M Visvesvaraya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._Visvesvaraya"},{"link_name":"Scouts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scouting"}],"text":"T. Madiah Gowda with Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan, second President of IndiaT. Madiah Gowda with Sir M. VisvesvarayaMr. Gowda entered the legal profession upon earning his law degree. Throughout his career, he served as an advocate for institutions such as the Mysore University Council, University Senate, Secondary Education Board, School Board of Adult Education Council, Rural Development Committees, and Co-operative Societies. He actively participated in seminars focusing on agricultural and experimental union, the Sir M Visvesvaraya Rural Industrialising Scheme, and cottage industries programs. Notably, he was a member of the Ramanagara Municipal Council, Bangalore District Board, and Bangalore Local Education Board.Assuming the role of President of the Mysore State Adult Education Council in 1947, Mr. Gowda's leadership journey began. Later, he ascended to the position of Vice-President of the Indian Adult Education Association. His involvement extended to roles like District Scouts Commissioner and Chairman of Bangalore Rural District. Additionally, he was a member of the Bangalore District Rural Development Committee.","title":"Posts held"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi"},{"link_name":"D. V. Gundappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._V._Gundappa"},{"link_name":"Kuvempu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuvempu"},{"link_name":"Kuvempu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuvempu"},{"link_name":"D. V. Gundappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._V._Gundappa"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"}],"text":"T. Madiah Gowda's impactful legacy spans eight years as the President of the Adult Education Council of Mysore Presidency, from 1947 to 1955. His dedication and achievements extended even further, as he later assumed the role of Vice President of the All India Adult Education Council, a testament to the recognition of his influential contributions between 1952 and 1955. Throughout his tenure, he dynamically led and orchestrated significant events such as All India Adult Education Council seminars, the South India Literary Workshop, and the South India Adult Education Conference. His leadership extended beyond boundaries as he presided over the All India Adult Education Conference in Delhi.A visionary with a passion for adult education, T. Madiah Gowda worked alongside distinguished writers, poets, and laureates, channeling their literary brilliance to the masses. Eminent figures like D. V. Gundappa and Kuvempu found their works in his efforts to promote learning among the people. T. Madiah Gowda's influence was particularly felt through the simplified literature versions of Kuvempu's \"Janapriya Valmiki Ramayana,\" \"Puttachariya Kaadu Koli,\" and D. V. Gundappa's \"Baligondu Belaku,\" which he tirelessly championed.Notably, T. Madiah Gowda's commitment reached beyond national borders. He facilitated an international adult education committee seminar in collaboration with UNESCO, a powerful initiative aimed at raising awareness about the significance of adult education. This impactful conference was meticulously organized, a reflection of his enduring dedication to empowering individuals through education.In the year 1954 in collaboration with UNESCO and experts of Denmark Adult education experts institutions for staff training centre for adult education was formed in Mysore by Mr T Madiah Gowda.","title":"Adult education council"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M K Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"Indian freedom movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_independence_movement"},{"link_name":"Channapatna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channapatna"}],"text":"Madiah Gowda was inspired by the M K Gandhi and participated in Indian freedom movement. He participated in Shivapura Dhwaja Satyagraha where The tricolour flag was hoisted on 9 April 1938 He was part of organising committee when Gandhi visited Channapatna in 1942.","title":"Participation in Indian freedom movement"}] | [{"image_text":"T. Madiah Gowda with Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan, second President of India","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/T._Madiah_gowda_with_sarvapali_radhakrishnan.jpg/220px-T._Madiah_gowda_with_sarvapali_radhakrishnan.jpg"},{"image_text":"T. Madiah Gowda with Sir M. Visvesvaraya","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Madiah_gowda_with_Sir_M._Visvesvaraya.jpg/220px-Madiah_gowda_with_Sir_M._Visvesvaraya.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Ramanagara Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs\". www.elections.in. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marko_Leko | Marko Leko | ["1 Career","1.1 Teaching","1.2 Serbian Chemical Society","2 Personal life","3 Death","4 See also","5 References"] | Serbian scientist, chemist and professor
Marko LekoPortrait of Marko LekoBorn(1853-09-17)17 September 1853Belgrade, Principality of SerbiaDied4 November 1932(1932-11-04) (aged 79)Belgrade, Kingdom of YugoslaviaOccupation(s)Chemist, University professor
Marko T. Leko (Serbian Cyrillic: Марко Т. Леко; September 17, 1853 – November 4, 1932) was a Serbian scientist, chemist, professor and president of the Serbian Red Cross. He played a major role in the professionalisation of chemistry in Serbia.
Leko was born in Belgrade, Serbia, on September 17, 1853, to a merchant family. He attended and graduated from Polytechnic School in Zurich and obtained his doctoral degree in 1875. For a short period, he was employed in Hoffman's laboratory.
Career
He has 52 publications mostly in the areas of organic and analytical chemistry. Thanks to work he dedicated in writing his doctoral dissertation and the number of works that followed, he was able to solve one of the most sought problems of the time: does ammonium chloride and its closely related compounds belong to compounds of five valences nitrogen, NH4Cl, or to compounds such as NH3·HCl.
His work in analytical chemistry had two main interests: researching natural resources of Earth (mineral waters), and finding and improving new analytical methods. He was also interested in the chemical properties of natural spas and streams, and a stream located in Palanački Kiseljak bears his name Marko Leko. In 1899 he was promoting spas in Obrenovac region.
Leko was an active member of the Serbian Red Cross. At first, he was a treasurer (1915–1920), vice president (1921) and president (1924).
Teaching
At the time of the founding of Belgrade University in 1905, he was elected as an associate professor. He was deeply offended by this decision and on his own request retired early, on May 26 of 1905.
In 1895, Sima Lozanić, a fellow chemist, drafted a secondary textbook for chemistry, which Leko was asked to review. Leko put forward 36 objections to the draft. Leko and Lozanić argued the points for 2 years through correspondence to The Educational Gazette, at which point the Gazette refused to publish any more argument on the matter. One of the major issues was Lozanić's classification of N3 as an allotropic modification of Nitrogen.
His teaching posts included:
1880-1884: Professor of Chemistry in Belgrade's secondary schools
1881-1894: Professor of Chemistry at the Military Academy of Belgrade
1894-1905: Professor of Chemistry at the University of Belgrade (then Belgrade Higher School) (part-time from 1894, made full Professor 1899)
1884 became a member of Serbian Academic Society
1892 became a member of Serbian Royal Academy
1902/3 and 1903/4 was the Dean of then Great School
1904-1920 state chemist and superintendent of State's Chemical Laboratory in Belgrade
Serbian Chemical Society
In 1897, Leko was the Manager of the Government Chemical Laboratory in Belgrade. The 3rd International Congress on Applied Chemistry was scheduled to be held in 1898, so the Main Committee for that Congress wrote to Leko suggesting a Serbian committee be organised to stimulate interest in the Serbian academic community.
The first meeting of the Serbian Chemical Society was held on 15 November 1897 in Belgrade. The society did not create the office of President until 1904, at which time Leko was appointed as President of the Serbian Chemical Society. He was replaced in approximately 1907 at his own request, given he would be absent from the country while performing the role of President and Chief Manager of the Balkan Exhibition in London.
During the period he was president, Dr Leko wrote 68 papers for the Society. Leko also authored a report on the Society's activities: 'A Contribution to the Development of Applied Chemistry in the Kingdom of Serbia' (1906).
Personal life
Leko as a boy, portrait by Uroš Knežević, 1856
Leko had a large family. With his wife Danica (née Antula) he had eleven children. As parents they dedicated much of their time to their children education: five of his sons were noted jurist (Dušan M. Leko), chemist (Aleksandar M. Leko), architect (Dimitrije M. Leko), general (Jovan Leko), banker and financier (Dragoljub M. Leko). His brother Dimitrije T. Leko was a renowned architect.
Death
He died on 4 November 1932 in Belgrade. Many important dignitaries of the time paid tribute to the scientist: the King Alexander I, members of the Royal government, members of the central committee of Red Cross and members of academia and Belgrade University.
One of Belgrade's street, close to National Theater, bears his name. Before being renamed after him, the street bore the name Golden angel after the little family store owned by his father.
See also
Sima Lozanić
Jovan Cvijić
Jovan Žujović
Svetolik Radovanović
Vladimir K. Petković
Jelenko Mihailović
Milorad Dimitrijević-Kvaks
Stevan Karamata
Aleksandar Popović Sandor
Sava Urošević
Milan Nedeljković (1857-1950)
Dejan Popović Jekić
References
^ a b Thorburn Burns, D (2012). "Some people and places important in the history of analytical chemistry in Serbia". Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 403 (4): 903–908. doi:10.1007/s00216-011-5709-5. PMID 22297855. S2CID 1304091.
^ Milanovic, Vesna (2015). "Secondary-school chemistry textbooks in the 19th century" (PDF). Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society. 80 (10): 1321–1338. doi:10.2298/JSC140926052M.
^ Bojovic, Snezana (1983). "The Founders of Chemistry in Serbia". Bulletin de la Société Chimique Beograd. 48: 96–97.
^ Micovic, Vukic (1973). "Chemistry in Serbia". Bulletin of the Chemical Society. 37: 27–56.
^ a b c d Dimitrijevic, Dorde (1973). "Seventy-Five Years of the Serbian Chemical Society". Bulletin of the Chemical Society Belgrade. 37: 5–26. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serbian Cyrillic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet"},{"link_name":"chemist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemist"},{"link_name":"professionalisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professionalisation"},{"link_name":"chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AABC2012-1"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Zurich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurich"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Marko T. Leko (Serbian Cyrillic: Марко Т. Леко; September 17, 1853 – November 4, 1932) was a Serbian scientist, chemist, professor and president of the Serbian Red Cross. He played a major role in the professionalisation of chemistry in Serbia.[1]Leko was born in Belgrade, Serbia, on September 17, 1853, to a merchant family. He attended and graduated from Polytechnic School in Zurich and obtained his doctoral degree in 1875. For a short period, he was employed in Hoffman's laboratory.[citation needed]","title":"Marko Leko"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"organic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_chemistry"},{"link_name":"analytical chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_chemistry"},{"link_name":"ammonium chloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_chloride"},{"link_name":"nitrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen"},{"link_name":"Cl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine"},{"link_name":"mineral waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_waters"},{"link_name":"Obrenovac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obrenovac"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"He has 52 publications mostly in the areas of organic and analytical chemistry. Thanks to work he dedicated in writing his doctoral dissertation and the number of works that followed, he was able to solve one of the most sought problems of the time: does ammonium chloride and its closely related compounds belong to compounds of five valences nitrogen, NH4Cl, or to compounds such as NH3·HCl.His work in analytical chemistry had two main interests: researching natural resources of Earth (mineral waters), and finding and improving new analytical methods. He was also interested in the chemical properties of natural spas and streams, and a stream located in Palanački Kiseljak bears his name Marko Leko. In 1899 he was promoting spas in Obrenovac region.[citation needed]Leko was an active member of the Serbian Red Cross. At first, he was a treasurer (1915–1920), vice president (1921) and president (1924).[citation needed]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belgrade University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade_University"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Sima Lozanić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_Lozani%C4%87"},{"link_name":"allotropic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotropy"},{"link_name":"Nitrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Textbooks-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AABC2012-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BSCB-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BCS37II-4"}],"sub_title":"Teaching","text":"At the time of the founding of Belgrade University in 1905, he was elected as an associate professor. He was deeply offended by this decision and on his own request retired early, on May 26 of 1905.[citation needed]In 1895, Sima Lozanić, a fellow chemist, drafted a secondary textbook for chemistry, which Leko was asked to review. Leko put forward 36 objections to the draft. Leko and Lozanić argued the points for 2 years through correspondence to The Educational Gazette, at which point the Gazette refused to publish any more argument on the matter. One of the major issues was Lozanić's classification of N3 as an allotropic modification of Nitrogen.[2]His teaching posts included:1880-1884: Professor of Chemistry in Belgrade's secondary schools\n1881-1894: Professor of Chemistry at the Military Academy of Belgrade[1]\n1894-1905: Professor of Chemistry at the University of Belgrade (then Belgrade Higher School)[3] (part-time from 1894, made full Professor 1899)[4]\n1884 became a member of Serbian Academic Society\n1892 became a member of Serbian Royal Academy\n1902/3 and 1903/4 was the Dean of then Great School\n1904-1920 state chemist and superintendent of State's Chemical Laboratory in Belgrade","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glasnik37-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glasnik37-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glasnik37-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glasnik37-5"}],"sub_title":"Serbian Chemical Society","text":"In 1897, Leko was the Manager of the Government Chemical Laboratory in Belgrade.[5] The 3rd International Congress on Applied Chemistry was scheduled to be held in 1898, so the Main Committee for that Congress wrote to Leko suggesting a Serbian committee be organised to stimulate interest in the Serbian academic community.[5]The first meeting of the Serbian Chemical Society was held on 15 November 1897 in Belgrade. The society did not create the office of President until 1904, at which time Leko was appointed as President of the Serbian Chemical Society. He was replaced in approximately 1907 at his own request, given he would be absent from the country while performing the role of President and Chief Manager of the Balkan Exhibition in London.[5]During the period he was president, Dr Leko wrote 68 papers for the Society. Leko also authored a report on the Society's activities: 'A Contribution to the Development of Applied Chemistry in the Kingdom of Serbia' (1906).[5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uro%C5%A1_Kne%C5%BEevi%C4%87,_Portrait_of_Marko_Leko_as_Boy,_1856,_National_Museum_of_Serbia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Uroš Knežević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uro%C5%A1_Kne%C5%BEevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Dimitrije T. Leko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrije_T._Leko"}],"text":"Leko as a boy, portrait by Uroš Knežević, 1856Leko had a large family. With his wife Danica (née Antula) he had eleven children. As parents they dedicated much of their time to their children education: five of his sons were noted jurist (Dušan M. Leko), chemist (Aleksandar M. Leko), architect (Dimitrije M. Leko), general (Jovan Leko), banker and financier (Dragoljub M. Leko). His brother Dimitrije T. Leko was a renowned architect.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"King Alexander I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"National Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Theatre_in_Belgrade"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"He died on 4 November 1932 in Belgrade. Many important dignitaries of the time paid tribute to the scientist: the King Alexander I, members of the Royal government, members of the central committee of Red Cross and members of academia and Belgrade University.[citation needed]One of Belgrade's street, close to National Theater, bears his name. Before being renamed after him, the street bore the name Golden angel after the little family store owned by his father.[citation needed]","title":"Death"}] | [{"image_text":"Leko as a boy, portrait by Uroš Knežević, 1856","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Uro%C5%A1_Kne%C5%BEevi%C4%87%2C_Portrait_of_Marko_Leko_as_Boy%2C_1856%2C_National_Museum_of_Serbia.jpg/150px-Uro%C5%A1_Kne%C5%BEevi%C4%87%2C_Portrait_of_Marko_Leko_as_Boy%2C_1856%2C_National_Museum_of_Serbia.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Sima Lozanić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_Lozani%C4%87"},{"title":"Jovan Cvijić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovan_Cviji%C4%87"},{"title":"Jovan Žujović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovan_%C5%BDujovi%C4%87"},{"title":"Svetolik Radovanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetolik_Radovanovi%C4%87"},{"title":"Vladimir K. Petković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_K._Petkovi%C4%87"},{"title":"Jelenko Mihailović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jelenko_Mihailovi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Milorad Dimitrijević-Kvaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Milorad_Dimitrijevi%C4%87-Kvaks&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Stevan Karamata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevan_Karamata"},{"title":"Aleksandar Popović Sandor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandar_Popovi%C4%87_Sandor"},{"title":"Sava Urošević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sava_Uro%C5%A1evi%C4%87"},{"title":"Milan Nedeljković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Nedeljkovi%C4%87"},{"title":"Dejan Popović Jekić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dejan_Popovi%C4%87_Jeki%C4%87"}] | [{"reference":"Thorburn Burns, D (2012). \"Some people and places important in the history of analytical chemistry in Serbia\". Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 403 (4): 903–908. doi:10.1007/s00216-011-5709-5. PMID 22297855. S2CID 1304091.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00216-011-5709-5","url_text":"10.1007/s00216-011-5709-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22297855","url_text":"22297855"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1304091","url_text":"1304091"}]},{"reference":"Milanovic, Vesna (2015). \"Secondary-school chemistry textbooks in the 19th century\" (PDF). Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society. 80 (10): 1321–1338. doi:10.2298/JSC140926052M.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/0352-5139/2015/0352-51391500052M.pdf","url_text":"\"Secondary-school chemistry textbooks in the 19th century\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2298%2FJSC140926052M","url_text":"10.2298/JSC140926052M"}]},{"reference":"Bojovic, Snezana (1983). \"The Founders of Chemistry in Serbia\". Bulletin de la Société Chimique Beograd. 48: 96–97.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XI1XAAAAYAAJ&q=Marko%20Leko%20death&pg=RA1-PA96","url_text":"\"The Founders of Chemistry in Serbia\""}]},{"reference":"Micovic, Vukic (1973). \"Chemistry in Serbia\". Bulletin of the Chemical Society. 37: 27–56.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TD8pAQAAIAAJ&q=Marko%20Leko%20death&pg=PA29","url_text":"\"Chemistry in Serbia\""}]},{"reference":"Dimitrijevic, Dorde (1973). \"Seventy-Five Years of the Serbian Chemical Society\". Bulletin of the Chemical Society Belgrade. 37: 5–26.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ILbQAAAAMAAJ&q=Marko%20Leko&pg=PA5","url_text":"\"Seventy-Five Years of the Serbian Chemical Society\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00216-011-5709-5","external_links_name":"10.1007/s00216-011-5709-5"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22297855","external_links_name":"22297855"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1304091","external_links_name":"1304091"},{"Link":"http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/0352-5139/2015/0352-51391500052M.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Secondary-school chemistry textbooks in the 19th century\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2298%2FJSC140926052M","external_links_name":"10.2298/JSC140926052M"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XI1XAAAAYAAJ&q=Marko%20Leko%20death&pg=RA1-PA96","external_links_name":"\"The Founders of Chemistry in Serbia\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TD8pAQAAIAAJ&q=Marko%20Leko%20death&pg=PA29","external_links_name":"\"Chemistry in Serbia\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ILbQAAAAMAAJ&q=Marko%20Leko&pg=PA5","external_links_name":"\"Seventy-Five Years of the Serbian Chemical Society\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleis_Huis_ten_Bosch | Huis ten Bosch | ["1 History","1.1 17th and 18th century","1.2 19th and 20th century","2 References","3 External links"] | Coordinates: 52°5′35″N 4°20′38″E / 52.09306°N 4.34389°E / 52.09306; 4.34389Palace in The Hague, Netherlands
For other uses, see Huis ten Bosch (disambiguation).
Huis ten BoschHuis ten Bosch in 2012Location of Huis ten Bosch in the NetherlandsGeneral informationTypePalaceArchitectural styleDutch BaroqueLocationThe Hague, NetherlandsAddress's-Gravenhaagse Bos 10Coordinates52°5′35″N 4°20′38″E / 52.09306°N 4.34389°E / 52.09306; 4.34389Current tenantsWillem-Alexander of the NetherlandsGroundbreaking2 September 1645Renovated1734–1737ClientAmalia of Solms-BraunfelsOwnerGovernment of the NetherlandsDesign and constructionArchitect(s)Pieter PostRenovating teamArchitect(s)Daniel Marot
Huis ten Bosch (Dutch: Paleis Huis ten Bosch, pronounced ; English: "House in the Woods") is a royal palace in The Hague, Netherlands. It is one of three official residences of the Dutch monarch; the two others being the Noordeinde Palace in The Hague and the Royal Palace in Amsterdam.
Huis ten Bosch was the home of Queen Beatrix from 1981 to her abdication in 2013; King Willem-Alexander and his family moved in on 13 January 2019. A replica of the palace was built in Sasebo, Japan, in a theme park bearing the same name.
History
17th and 18th century
Construction of Huis ten Bosch began on 2 September 1645, under the direction of Bartholomeus Drijffhout, and to a design by Pieter Post and Jacob van Campen. It was commissioned by Amalia of Solms-Braunfels, the wife of stadtholder Frederick Henry, on a parcel of land granted to her by the States General (Loonstra 1983, Slothouwer 1945). The first stone was laid by Elizabeth of Bohemia.
The Orange Hall (Dutch: Oranjezaal) in Huis ten Bosch
After her husband's death in 1647, Amalia dedicated the palace to him. Led by the architect-painters Jacob van Campen and Pieter Post, other major artists of the day, such as Gerard van Honthorst, Jacob Jordaens, Thomas Willeboirts Bosschaert, Theodoor van Thulden, Caesar van Everdingen, Salomon de Bray, Pieter Soutman, Gonzales Coques, Pieter de Grebber, Adriaen Hanneman, Pieter Hermansz Verelst and Jan Lievens, filled the Oranjezaal ("Orange Hall" ) with paintings glorifying the late prince. Between 1734 and 1737 the architect Daniel Marot added two wings to the palace, including a new dining room.
Over the next century and a half, the palace would change possession from the Nassau family, the king of Prussia, and many stadtholders until the Batavian Revolution in 1795. The government of the newly created Batavian Republic gave the palace to the Batavian (Dutch) people who still own it to this day.
19th and 20th century
View from the north
Design of the garden of Huis ten Bosch by the architect Daniël Marot
The National Art Gallery, predecessor of the Rijksmuseum, was housed in the building from 1800 to 1805. Napoleon Bonaparte's brother, Louis, king of Holland, briefly lived in the palace between 1805 and 1807.
When William Frederick, Prince of Orange-Nassau, the only surviving son of the last stadtholder, was proclaimed King of the Netherlands as William I in 1815, he made Huis ten Bosch Palace one of his official residences. It became a favourite location for many members of the royal family. In 1899 the palace was the site of several meetings of the First International Peace Conference at The Hague. During World War I it became the primary residence of Queen Wilhelmina.
Queen Wilhelmina and her family were forced to evacuate the palace for Britain (from which the queen's family, but not the queen herself, would move on to Canada) when the German army invaded the Netherlands during World War II. The Nazi administration planned to demolish the palace, but the controller convinced them otherwise. However, the palace was damaged beyond habitation.
Between 1950 and 1956, the palace was restored and once again became a royal residence. It became the prime residence once more in 1981.
The palace has undergone major reconstructions since it was built. Currently, it consists of a central part with two long wings, spanning approximately 110 meters from end to end.
References
^ In isolation, ten is pronounced .
^ "Princess Beatrix moves into new home". 4 February 2014.
^ Huis ten Bosch Palace at "The Official Website of the Dutch Royal House in English", maintained by the Netherlands Government Information Service
^ Stenvert, R. et al. (2004). Monumenten in Nederland: Zuid-Holland, p. 227–228. Zwolle: Waanders Uitgevers. ISBN 90-400-9034-3.
External links
Dutch Rijksmonument 17517
Media related to Huis ten Bosch at Wikimedia Commons
Huis ten Bosch at the official website of the Dutch Royal Family
vteRoyal palaces in the NetherlandsOccupied
Royal Palace
Noordeinde Palace
Huis ten Bosch
Drakesteijn
Historical
Het Loo Palace
Lange Voorhout Palace
Kneuterdijk Palace
Soestdijk Palace
Palace-Council House
Stadhouderlijk Palace
Huis ter Nieuwburg
Authority control databases International
VIAF
Academics
CiNii
Artists
ULAN | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Huis ten Bosch (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huis_ten_Bosch_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"[paːˈlɛis ˌɦœys tɛm ˈbɔs]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"royal palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_palace"},{"link_name":"The Hague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Dutch monarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Noordeinde Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noordeinde_Palace"},{"link_name":"Royal Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"Queen Beatrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrix_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"King Willem-Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem-Alexander_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Sasebo, Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasebo,_Japan"},{"link_name":"theme park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huis_Ten_Bosch_(theme_park)"}],"text":"Palace in The Hague, NetherlandsFor other uses, see Huis ten Bosch (disambiguation).Huis ten Bosch (Dutch: Paleis Huis ten Bosch, pronounced [paːˈlɛis ˌɦœys tɛm ˈbɔs];[1] English: \"House in the Woods\") is a royal palace in The Hague, Netherlands. It is one of three official residences of the Dutch monarch; the two others being the Noordeinde Palace in The Hague and the Royal Palace in Amsterdam.Huis ten Bosch was the home of Queen Beatrix from 1981 to her abdication in 2013;[2] King Willem-Alexander and his family moved in on 13 January 2019.[3] A replica of the palace was built in Sasebo, Japan, in a theme park bearing the same name.","title":"Huis ten Bosch"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Pieter Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Post"},{"link_name":"Jacob van Campen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_van_Campen"},{"link_name":"Amalia of Solms-Braunfels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalia_of_Solms-Braunfels"},{"link_name":"stadtholder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadtholder"},{"link_name":"Frederick Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Henry,_Prince_of_Orange"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth of Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Stuart,_Queen_of_Bohemia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oranjezaal_na_de_restauratie-_overzicht_noordoosthoek,_met_de_hele_oostwand_-_%27s-Gravenhage_-_20416714_-_RCE.jpg"},{"link_name":"Oranjezaal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oranjezaal"},{"link_name":"Jacob van Campen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_van_Campen"},{"link_name":"Pieter Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Post"},{"link_name":"Gerard van Honthorst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_van_Honthorst"},{"link_name":"Jacob Jordaens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Jordaens"},{"link_name":"Thomas Willeboirts Bosschaert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Willeboirts_Bosschaert"},{"link_name":"Theodoor van Thulden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodoor_van_Thulden"},{"link_name":"Caesar van Everdingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar_van_Everdingen"},{"link_name":"Salomon de Bray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salomon_de_Bray"},{"link_name":"Pieter Soutman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Soutman"},{"link_name":"Gonzales Coques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzales_Coques"},{"link_name":"Pieter de Grebber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_de_Grebber"},{"link_name":"Adriaen Hanneman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriaen_Hanneman"},{"link_name":"Pieter Hermansz Verelst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Hermansz_Verelst"},{"link_name":"Jan Lievens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Lievens"},{"link_name":"Oranjezaal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oranjezaal"},{"link_name":"Daniel Marot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Marot"},{"link_name":"Nassau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Orange-Nassau"},{"link_name":"Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia"},{"link_name":"stadtholders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadtholder"},{"link_name":"Batavian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batavian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Batavian Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batavian_Republic"}],"sub_title":"17th and 18th century","text":"Construction of Huis ten Bosch began on 2 September 1645, under the direction of Bartholomeus Drijffhout,[4] and to a design by Pieter Post and Jacob van Campen. It was commissioned by Amalia of Solms-Braunfels, the wife of stadtholder Frederick Henry, on a parcel of land granted to her by the States General (Loonstra 1983, Slothouwer 1945). The first stone was laid by Elizabeth of Bohemia.The Orange Hall (Dutch: Oranjezaal) in Huis ten BoschAfter her husband's death in 1647, Amalia dedicated the palace to him. Led by the architect-painters Jacob van Campen and Pieter Post, other major artists of the day, such as Gerard van Honthorst, Jacob Jordaens, Thomas Willeboirts Bosschaert, Theodoor van Thulden, Caesar van Everdingen, Salomon de Bray, Pieter Soutman, Gonzales Coques, Pieter de Grebber, Adriaen Hanneman, Pieter Hermansz Verelst and Jan Lievens, filled the Oranjezaal (\"Orange Hall\" ) with paintings glorifying the late prince. Between 1734 and 1737 the architect Daniel Marot added two wings to the palace, including a new dining room.Over the next century and a half, the palace would change possession from the Nassau family, the king of Prussia, and many stadtholders until the Batavian Revolution in 1795. The government of the newly created Batavian Republic gave the palace to the Batavian (Dutch) people who still own it to this day.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Overzicht_voorgevel_met_gedeelte_zijvleugels,_vanaf_de_oprijlaan_-_%27s-Gravenhage_-_20358480_-_RCE.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tuinontwerp_Huis_ten_Bosch.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rijksmuseum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijksmuseum"},{"link_name":"Napoleon Bonaparte's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte"},{"link_name":"Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Bonaparte"},{"link_name":"Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland"},{"link_name":"William I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"First International Peace Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Queen Wilhelmina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"German army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Nazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism"}],"sub_title":"19th and 20th century","text":"View from the northDesign of the garden of Huis ten Bosch by the architect Daniël MarotThe National Art Gallery, predecessor of the Rijksmuseum, was housed in the building from 1800 to 1805. Napoleon Bonaparte's brother, Louis, king of Holland, briefly lived in the palace between 1805 and 1807.When William Frederick, Prince of Orange-Nassau, the only surviving son of the last stadtholder, was proclaimed King of the Netherlands as William I in 1815, he made Huis ten Bosch Palace one of his official residences. It became a favourite location for many members of the royal family. In 1899 the palace was the site of several meetings of the First International Peace Conference at The Hague. During World War I it became the primary residence of Queen Wilhelmina.Queen Wilhelmina and her family were forced to evacuate the palace for Britain (from which the queen's family, but not the queen herself, would move on to Canada) when the German army invaded the Netherlands during World War II. The Nazi administration planned to demolish the palace, but the controller convinced them otherwise. However, the palace was damaged beyond habitation.Between 1950 and 1956, the palace was restored and once again became a royal residence. It became the prime residence once more in 1981.The palace has undergone major reconstructions since it was built. Currently, it consists of a central part with two long wings, spanning approximately 110 meters from end to end.","title":"History"}] | [{"image_text":"The Orange Hall (Dutch: Oranjezaal) in Huis ten Bosch","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Oranjezaal_na_de_restauratie-_overzicht_noordoosthoek%2C_met_de_hele_oostwand_-_%27s-Gravenhage_-_20416714_-_RCE.jpg/220px-Oranjezaal_na_de_restauratie-_overzicht_noordoosthoek%2C_met_de_hele_oostwand_-_%27s-Gravenhage_-_20416714_-_RCE.jpg"},{"image_text":"View from the north","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Overzicht_voorgevel_met_gedeelte_zijvleugels%2C_vanaf_de_oprijlaan_-_%27s-Gravenhage_-_20358480_-_RCE.jpg/220px-Overzicht_voorgevel_met_gedeelte_zijvleugels%2C_vanaf_de_oprijlaan_-_%27s-Gravenhage_-_20358480_-_RCE.jpg"},{"image_text":"Design of the garden of Huis ten Bosch by the architect Daniël Marot","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Tuinontwerp_Huis_ten_Bosch.jpg/220px-Tuinontwerp_Huis_ten_Bosch.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Princess Beatrix moves into new home\". 4 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dutchnews.nl/news/archives/2014/02/princess_beatrix_moves_into_ne.php","url_text":"\"Princess Beatrix moves into new home\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Huis_ten_Bosch¶ms=52_5_35_N_4_20_38_E_region:NL-ZH_type:landmark","external_links_name":"52°5′35″N 4°20′38″E / 52.09306°N 4.34389°E / 52.09306; 4.34389"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Huis_ten_Bosch¶ms=52_5_35_N_4_20_38_E_region:NL-ZH_type:landmark","external_links_name":"52°5′35″N 4°20′38″E / 52.09306°N 4.34389°E / 52.09306; 4.34389"},{"Link":"http://www.dutchnews.nl/news/archives/2014/02/princess_beatrix_moves_into_ne.php","external_links_name":"\"Princess Beatrix moves into new home\""},{"Link":"https://www.royal-house.nl/topics/huis-ten-bosch-palace","external_links_name":"Huis ten Bosch Palace"},{"Link":"https://monumentenregister.cultureelerfgoed.nl/monumenten/17517","external_links_name":"17517"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131017093950/http://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/globale-paginas/taalrubrieken/english/palaces/huis-ten-bosch-palace/","external_links_name":"Huis ten Bosch"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/266764503","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA14490994?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500307427","external_links_name":"ULAN"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_pull_(exercise) | Face pull (exercise) | ["1 Biomechanics","2 Performance","3 References","4 Work cited"] | The face pull is a weight training exercise that primarily targets the musculature of the upper back and shoulders, namely the posterior deltoids, trapezius, rhomboids, as well as the infraspinatus and teres minor muscles of the rotator cuff. The face pull is considered an important exercise for shoulder health and stability.
Biomechanics
This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (May 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
At the glenohumeral joint, movement of the humerus is performed by a combination of transverse abduction, by the posterior and lateral deltoids, and external rotation, by the infraspinatus and teres minor. At the scapulothoracic joint, the middle and lower fibers of the trapezius and the rhomboids contract to perform
retraction of the scapulae. To a lesser extent, the biceps are involved to flex the elbow joint, while the spine erectors isometrically stabilize the lower back.
Performance
The face pull is often performed standing using a cable machine and rope attachment, with the subject rowing the rope attachment towards the face, with the elbows flared outwards. The exercise can, however, also be performed seated or with resistance bands.
References
^ Thomas R. Baechle, Roger W. Earle (2019). Weight Training: Steps to Success. Human Kinetics, Inc. p. 64. ISBN 978-1450411684.
^ a b Campbell 2009, 108.
^ Shoulder transverse abduction at Exrx.net
^ Shoulder external rotation at Exrx.net
^ Scapular retraction at Exrx.net
^ Elbow flexion at Exrx.net
^ Lumbar extension at Exrx.net
Work cited
Campbell, Adam (2009), The Men's Health Big Book of Exercises, Rodale Inc., ISBN 978-1-60529-550-3
vteStrength training exercisesPectorals (chest)
Bench press (c)
Chest fly (i)
Dip (c)
Machine fly (i)
Push-up (c)
Lats and trapezius (upper back)
Bent-over row (c)
Chin-up (c)
Muscle-up (c)
Pull-down (c)
Pull-up (c)
Seated row (c)
Shoulder shrug (i)
Supine row (c)
Face pull (c)
Deltoids (shoulders)
Bridge (c)
Face pull (c)
Front raise (i)
Headstand into handstand push-up (c)
Lateral raise (i)
Rear delt raise (i)
Shoulder press (c)
Upright row (c)
Biceps (front of arms)
Bicep curl (i)
Chin-up (c)
Reverse grip push-up (c)
Triceps (back of arms)
Close-grip bench press (c)
Close grip push-up (c)
Dip (c)
Push-down (i)
Triceps extension (i)
Forearms
Wrist curl (i)
Abdomen and obliques (abdomen)
Crunch (i)
Leg raise (c)
Russian twist (c)
Sit-up (c)
Squat (c)
Lower back
Bridge (c)
Deadlift (c)
Good-morning (c)
Hyperextension (c)
Pelvic lift (c)
Hips and buttocks
Bridge (c)
Deadlift (c)
Dirty dog exercise (c)
Leg press (c)
Lunge (c)
Squat (c)
Quadriceps (front of thighs)
Bridge (c)
Deadlift (c)
Leg extension (i)
Leg press (c)
Lunge (c)
Squat (c)
Hamstrings (back of thighs)
Bridge (c)
Deadlift (c)
Good-morning (c)
Leg curl (i)
Leg press (c)
Lunge (c)
Squat (c)
Adductors (inside of thighs)
Side-lying leg raise (i)
Calves
Calf raise (i)
See also
Bodybuilding
Bodyweight exercise
Calisthenics
Muscle hypertrophy
Weightlifting
Plyometrics
Weight training (List of exercises)
Flywheel training
Gym
Legend
(c) – compound exercise, (i) – isolated exercise | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Face pull (exercise)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"glenohumeral joint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoulder_joint"},{"link_name":"movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_contraction"},{"link_name":"humerus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humerus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"scapulothoracic joint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoulder_girdle#Scapulocostal_joint"},{"link_name":"retraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoulder#Function"},{"link_name":"scapulae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scapula"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"biceps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biceps"},{"link_name":"flex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbow#Flexion"},{"link_name":"elbow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbow"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"spine erectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erector_spinae_muscles"},{"link_name":"isometrically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isometric_exercise"},{"link_name":"lower back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbar_vertebrae"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"At the glenohumeral joint, movement of the humerus is performed by a combination of transverse abduction, by the posterior and lateral deltoids,[3] and external rotation, by the infraspinatus and teres minor.[4] At the scapulothoracic joint, the middle and lower fibers of the trapezius and the rhomboids contract to perform \nretraction of the scapulae.[5] To a lesser extent, the biceps are involved to flex the elbow joint,[6] while the spine erectors isometrically stabilize the lower back.[7]","title":"Biomechanics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cable machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_machine"},{"link_name":"rowing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Row_(weight-lifting)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-menshealth-2"},{"link_name":"resistance bands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistance_band"}],"text":"The face pull is often performed standing using a cable machine and rope attachment, with the subject rowing the rope attachment towards the face, with the elbows flared outwards.[2] The exercise can, however, also be performed seated or with resistance bands.","title":"Performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-60529-550-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60529-550-3"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Strength_training_exercises"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Strength_training_exercises"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Strength_training_exercises"},{"link_name":"Strength training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strength_training"},{"link_name":"Pectorals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectoralis_major"},{"link_name":"Bench press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bench_press"},{"link_name":"Chest fly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chest_fly"},{"link_name":"Dip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dip_(exercise)"},{"link_name":"Machine fly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_fly"},{"link_name":"Push-up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push-up"},{"link_name":"Lats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latissimus_dorsi_muscle"},{"link_name":"trapezius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezius"},{"link_name":"Bent-over row","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bent-over_row"},{"link_name":"Chin-up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin-up"},{"link_name":"Muscle-up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle-up"},{"link_name":"Pull-down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pull-down_(exercise)"},{"link_name":"Pull-up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pull-up_(exercise)"},{"link_name":"Seated row","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seated_row"},{"link_name":"Shoulder shrug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoulder_shrug"},{"link_name":"Supine row","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supine_row"},{"link_name":"Face pull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Deltoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deltoid_muscle"},{"link_name":"Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_(exercise)"},{"link_name":"Face pull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Front raise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_raise"},{"link_name":"Headstand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headstand"},{"link_name":"handstand push-up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handstand_push-up"},{"link_name":"Lateral raise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_raise"},{"link_name":"Rear delt raise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rear_delt_raise"},{"link_name":"Shoulder press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overhead_press"},{"link_name":"Upright row","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upright_row"},{"link_name":"Biceps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biceps"},{"link_name":"Bicep curl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicep_curl"},{"link_name":"Chin-up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin-up"},{"link_name":"Reverse grip push-up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push-up#Variations"},{"link_name":"Triceps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triceps"},{"link_name":"Close-grip bench press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bench_press#Variations"},{"link_name":"Close grip push-up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push-up#Variations"},{"link_name":"Dip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dip_(exercise)"},{"link_name":"Push-down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push-down_(exercise)"},{"link_name":"Triceps extension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lying_triceps_extensions"},{"link_name":"Forearms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forearm"},{"link_name":"Wrist curl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrist_curl"},{"link_name":"Abdomen and obliques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_exercise"},{"link_name":"Crunch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crunch_(exercise)"},{"link_name":"Leg raise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leg_raise"},{"link_name":"Russian twist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_twist"},{"link_name":"Sit-up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sit-up"},{"link_name":"Squat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squat_(exercise)"},{"link_name":"Lower back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erector_spinae_muscles"},{"link_name":"Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_(exercise)"},{"link_name":"Deadlift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadlift"},{"link_name":"Good-morning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good-morning"},{"link_name":"Hyperextension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperextension_(exercise)"},{"link_name":"Pelvic lift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_lift"},{"link_name":"Hips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip"},{"link_name":"buttocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buttocks"},{"link_name":"Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_(exercise)"},{"link_name":"Deadlift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadlift"},{"link_name":"Dirty dog exercise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirty_dog_exercise"},{"link_name":"Leg press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leg_press"},{"link_name":"Lunge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunge_(exercise)"},{"link_name":"Squat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squat_(exercise)"},{"link_name":"Quadriceps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadriceps"},{"link_name":"Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_(exercise)"},{"link_name":"Deadlift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadlift"},{"link_name":"Leg extension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leg_extension"},{"link_name":"Leg press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leg_press"},{"link_name":"Lunge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunge_(exercise)"},{"link_name":"Squat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squat_(exercise)"},{"link_name":"Hamstrings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamstring"},{"link_name":"Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_(exercise)"},{"link_name":"Deadlift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadlift"},{"link_name":"Good-morning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good-morning"},{"link_name":"Leg curl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leg_curl"},{"link_name":"Leg press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leg_press"},{"link_name":"Lunge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunge_(exercise)"},{"link_name":"Squat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squat_(exercise)"},{"link_name":"Adductors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adductor_muscles_of_the_hip"},{"link_name":"Side-lying leg raise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leg_raise#Side-lying"},{"link_name":"Calves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triceps_surae_muscle"},{"link_name":"Calf raise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calf_raises"},{"link_name":"Bodybuilding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodybuilding"},{"link_name":"Bodyweight exercise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodyweight_exercise"},{"link_name":"Calisthenics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calisthenics"},{"link_name":"Muscle hypertrophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_hypertrophy"},{"link_name":"Weightlifting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting"},{"link_name":"Plyometrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plyometrics"},{"link_name":"Weight training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight_training"},{"link_name":"List of exercises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_weight_training_exercises"},{"link_name":"Flywheel training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flywheel_training"},{"link_name":"Gym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gym"}],"text":"Campbell, Adam (2009), The Men's Health Big Book of Exercises, Rodale Inc., ISBN 978-1-60529-550-3vteStrength training exercisesPectorals (chest)\nBench press (c)\nChest fly (i)\nDip (c)\nMachine fly (i)\nPush-up (c)\nLats and trapezius (upper back)\nBent-over row (c)\nChin-up (c)\nMuscle-up (c)\nPull-down (c)\nPull-up (c)\nSeated row (c)\nShoulder shrug (i)\nSupine row (c)\nFace pull (c)\nDeltoids (shoulders)\nBridge (c)\nFace pull (c)\nFront raise (i)\nHeadstand into handstand push-up (c)\nLateral raise (i)\nRear delt raise (i)\nShoulder press (c)\nUpright row (c)\nBiceps (front of arms)\nBicep curl (i)\nChin-up (c)\nReverse grip push-up (c)\nTriceps (back of arms)\nClose-grip bench press (c)\nClose grip push-up (c)\nDip (c)\nPush-down (i)\nTriceps extension (i)\nForearms\nWrist curl (i)\nAbdomen and obliques (abdomen)\nCrunch (i)\nLeg raise (c)\nRussian twist (c)\nSit-up (c)\nSquat (c)\nLower back\nBridge (c)\nDeadlift (c)\nGood-morning (c)\nHyperextension (c)\nPelvic lift (c)\nHips and buttocks\nBridge (c)\nDeadlift (c)\nDirty dog exercise (c)\nLeg press (c)\nLunge (c)\nSquat (c)\nQuadriceps (front of thighs)\nBridge (c)\nDeadlift (c)\nLeg extension (i)\nLeg press (c)\nLunge (c)\nSquat (c)\nHamstrings (back of thighs)\nBridge (c)\nDeadlift (c)\nGood-morning (c)\nLeg curl (i)\nLeg press (c)\nLunge (c)\nSquat (c)\nAdductors (inside of thighs)\nSide-lying leg raise (i)\nCalves\nCalf raise (i)\n\nSee also\nBodybuilding\nBodyweight exercise\nCalisthenics\nMuscle hypertrophy\nWeightlifting\nPlyometrics\nWeight training (List of exercises)\nFlywheel training\nGym\nLegend\n(c) – compound exercise, (i) – isolated exercise","title":"Work cited"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Thomas R. Baechle, Roger W. Earle (2019). Weight Training: Steps to Success. Human Kinetics, Inc. p. 64. ISBN 978-1450411684.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Kr-tDwAAQBAJ&dq=Face+pull+exercise&pg=PA64","url_text":"Weight Training: Steps to Success"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1450411684","url_text":"978-1450411684"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Face_pull_(exercise)&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Kr-tDwAAQBAJ&dq=Face+pull+exercise&pg=PA64","external_links_name":"Weight Training: Steps to Success"},{"Link":"https://exrx.net/Articulations/Shoulder#TransverseAbduction","external_links_name":"Shoulder transverse abduction"},{"Link":"https://exrx.net/","external_links_name":"Exrx.net"},{"Link":"https://exrx.net/Articulations/Shoulder#Lateral","external_links_name":"Shoulder external rotation"},{"Link":"https://exrx.net/","external_links_name":"Exrx.net"},{"Link":"https://exrx.net/Articulations/Scapula#Adduction","external_links_name":"Scapular retraction"},{"Link":"https://exrx.net/","external_links_name":"Exrx.net"},{"Link":"https://exrx.net/Articulations/Elbow","external_links_name":"Elbow flexion"},{"Link":"https://exrx.net/","external_links_name":"Exrx.net"},{"Link":"https://exrx.net/Articulations/Spine#Extension","external_links_name":"Lumbar extension"},{"Link":"https://exrx.net/","external_links_name":"Exrx.net"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kells | Battle of Kells | ["1 Background","2 Battle","3 References"] | Coordinates: 53°43′37.920″N 6°52′36.840″W / 53.72720000°N 6.87690000°W / 53.72720000; -6.8769000014th-century Irish battle
Battle of KellsPart of the Bruce campaign in IrelandDateNovember 1315LocationKells, County Meath53°43′37.920″N 6°52′36.840″W / 53.72720000°N 6.87690000°W / 53.72720000; -6.87690000Result
Scottish victoryBelligerents
Kingdom of Scotland and Gaelic allies
Lordship of Ireland and Gaelic alliesCommanders and leaders
Edward Bruce
Roger MortimerStrength
6,000+
unknownCasualties and losses
unknown
unknownclass=notpageimage| Location within Ireland
vteFirst Warof Scottish Independence
1296
1st Berwick
Dunbar
1297–1304
Lanark
Scone
Stirling Bridge
Falkirk
Roslin
Happrew
Stirling Castle
Earnside
1306–1314
Methven
Dalrigh
Loch Ryan
Turnberry
Glen Trool
Loudoun Hill
Slioch
Inverurie
Buchan
River Dee
Pass of Brander
Roxburgh
Bannockburn
Ireland (1315–1318)
Invasion of Ireland
Moiry Pass
Connor
Kells
Skerries
Faughart
1315–1327
Carlisle
Skaithmuir
2nd Berwick
Myton
Great Raid of 1322
Old Byland
Weardale
Treaties
Auld Alliance
Corbeil
Edinburgh–Northampton
vteNorman wars in Ireland (1169–1542)
Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland
Duncormac and Wexford (1169)
Dublin (1171)
Thurles (1174)
Post-invasion
John's expedition (1185)
Sieges of Dún Gaillmhe (1230–47)
Ballyshannon (1247)
1st Athenry (1249)
Magh Slécht (1256)
Creadran Cille (1257)
Down (1260)
Callann (1261)
Tooreencormick (1262)
Áth an Chip (1270)
Moiry Pass (1315)
Connor (1315)
Kells (1315)
Skerries (1316)
2nd Athenry (1316)
Loch Rasca (1317)
Dysert O'Dea (1318)
Faughart (1318)
Áth an Urchair (1329)
Fiodh an Átha (1330)
Cruachán Brí Eile (1385)
Ros Mhic Thriúin (1394)
Tragh-Bhaile (1399)
Cluain Immorrais (1406)
Knockdoe (1504)
Silken Thomas's Rebellion (1534–35)
Belahoe (1539)
The Battle of Kells took place between Edward Bruce and Roger Mortimer, 3rd Baron Mortimer.
Background
After his victory at the Battle of Connor Bruce pursued the retreating English army back to Carrickfergus and laid siege to the castle, where they had taken refuge. Around 13 November 1315 Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray returned from Scotland with 500 experienced soldiers. Leaving a besieging party at Carrickfergus, Bruce travelled to Dundalk to meet Moray, and together led the Scots into County Meath.
Through his marriage to Joan de Geneville, 2nd Baroness Geneville, Roger Mortimer, 3rd Baron Mortimer succeeded to the eastern part of the Lordship of Meath, centred on Trim and its stronghold of Trim Castle. In 1315 Roger resided in Ireland, establishing his lordship against his wife's relatives, the de Lacys of Rathwire.
Battle
Mortimer organized his men on the north border of Meath, to try to keep the Scots away from his own lands. He stocked the castle at Kells, brought in cattle from outlying districts, and improved the town's defenses, so that it might serve as his base of operation.
Leaving a contingent to garrison Nobber, about ten miles north-east of Kells, Bruce went to Kells, possible lured by a supposed offer of fealty from Lord O'Dempsey from Offaly. The two armies met outside Kells, where the Scots began to burn the town. After three hours of fighting, the de Lacy brothers withdrew, leaving Mortimer to fight a much larger force. With his army destroyed and Kells burning, Mortimer managed to escape with a few knights and ride to Dublin.
The Scots then burned Granard and marched for two months unopposed through the midlands, devastating the country.
References
^ Paul, Sir James (1909). The Scots Peerage. Edinburgh: David Douglas
^ a b Mortimer, Ian. The Greatest Traitor: The Life of Sir Roger Mortimer, Ruler of England: 1327-1330, Macmillan, 2003 ISBN 9780312349417 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_First_War_of_Scottish_Independence"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_First_War_of_Scottish_Independence"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_First_War_of_Scottish_Independence"},{"link_name":"First Warof Scottish Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_War_of_Scottish_Independence"},{"link_name":"1st Berwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Berwick_(1296)"},{"link_name":"Dunbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dunbar_(1296)"},{"link_name":"Lanark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_at_Lanark"},{"link_name":"Scone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_Scone"},{"link_name":"Stirling 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O'Dea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dysert_O%27Dea"},{"link_name":"Faughart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Faughart"},{"link_name":"Áth an Urchair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ardnocher"},{"link_name":"Fiodh an Átha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fiodh-an-%C3%81tha"},{"link_name":"Cruachán Brí Eile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tochar_Cruachain-Bri-Ele"},{"link_name":"Ros Mhic Thriúin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ros-Mhic-Thri%C3%BAin"},{"link_name":"Tragh-Bhaile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tragh-Bhaile"},{"link_name":"Cluain Immorrais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cluain_Immorrais"},{"link_name":"Knockdoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Knockdoe"},{"link_name":"Silken Thomas's Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_FitzGerald,_10th_Earl_of_Kildare"},{"link_name":"Belahoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Belahoe"},{"link_name":"Edward Bruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bruce"},{"link_name":"Roger Mortimer, 3rd Baron Mortimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Mortimer,_1st_Earl_of_March"}],"text":"14th-century Irish battlevteFirst Warof Scottish Independence\n1296\n1st Berwick\nDunbar\n1297–1304\nLanark\nScone\nStirling Bridge\nFalkirk\nRoslin\nHapprew\nStirling Castle\nEarnside\n1306–1314\nMethven\nDalrigh\nLoch Ryan\nTurnberry\nGlen Trool\nLoudoun Hill\nSlioch\nInverurie\nBuchan\nRiver Dee\nPass of Brander\nRoxburgh\nBannockburn\nIreland (1315–1318)\nInvasion of Ireland\nMoiry Pass\nConnor\nKells\nSkerries\nFaughart\n1315–1327\nCarlisle\nSkaithmuir\n2nd Berwick\nMyton\nGreat Raid of 1322\nOld Byland\nWeardale\nTreaties\nAuld Alliance\nCorbeil\nEdinburgh–NorthamptonvteNorman wars in Ireland (1169–1542)\nAnglo-Norman invasion of Ireland\n\nDuncormac and Wexford (1169)\nDublin (1171)\nThurles (1174)\nPost-invasion\n\nJohn's expedition (1185)\nSieges of Dún Gaillmhe (1230–47)\nBallyshannon (1247)\n1st Athenry (1249)\nMagh Slécht (1256)\nCreadran Cille (1257)\nDown (1260)\nCallann (1261)\nTooreencormick (1262)\nÁth an Chip (1270)\nMoiry Pass (1315)\nConnor (1315)\nKells (1315)\nSkerries (1316)\n2nd Athenry (1316)\nLoch Rasca (1317)\nDysert O'Dea (1318)\nFaughart (1318)\nÁth an Urchair (1329)\nFiodh an Átha (1330)\nCruachán Brí Eile (1385)\nRos Mhic Thriúin (1394)\nTragh-Bhaile (1399)\nCluain Immorrais (1406)\nKnockdoe (1504)\nSilken Thomas's Rebellion (1534–35)\nBelahoe (1539)The Battle of Kells took place between Edward Bruce and Roger Mortimer, 3rd Baron Mortimer.","title":"Battle of Kells"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Connor"},{"link_name":"Carrickfergus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrickfergus"},{"link_name":"castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrickfergus_Castle"},{"link_name":"Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Randolph,_1st_Earl_of_Moray"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Joan de Geneville, 2nd Baroness Geneville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_de_Geneville,_2nd_Baroness_Geneville"},{"link_name":"Roger Mortimer, 3rd Baron Mortimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Mortimer,_1st_Earl_of_March"},{"link_name":"Lordship of Meath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lordship_of_Meath"},{"link_name":"Trim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trim,_County_Meath"}],"text":"After his victory at the Battle of Connor Bruce pursued the retreating English army back to Carrickfergus and laid siege to the castle, where they had taken refuge. Around 13 November 1315 Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray returned from Scotland with 500 experienced soldiers.[1] Leaving a besieging party at Carrickfergus, Bruce travelled to Dundalk to meet Moray, and together led the Scots into County Meath.Through his marriage to Joan de Geneville, 2nd Baroness Geneville, Roger Mortimer, 3rd Baron Mortimer succeeded to the eastern part of the Lordship of Meath, centred on Trim and its stronghold of Trim Castle. In 1315 Roger resided in Ireland, establishing his lordship against his wife's relatives, the de Lacys of Rathwire.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mortimer-2"},{"link_name":"Kells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kells,_County_Meath"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mortimer-2"}],"text":"Mortimer organized his men on the north border of Meath, to try to keep the Scots away from his own lands. He stocked the castle at Kells, brought in cattle from outlying districts, and improved the town's defenses, so that it might serve as his base of operation.[2]Leaving a contingent to garrison Nobber, about ten miles north-east of Kells, Bruce went to Kells, possible lured by a supposed offer of fealty from Lord O'Dempsey from Offaly. The two armies met outside Kells, where the Scots began to burn the town. After three hours of fighting, the de Lacy brothers withdrew, leaving Mortimer to fight a much larger force. With his army destroyed and Kells burning, Mortimer managed to escape with a few knights and ride to Dublin.[2]The Scots then burned Granard and marched for two months unopposed through the midlands, devastating the country.","title":"Battle"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Kells¶ms=53_43_37.920_N_6_52_36.840_W_","external_links_name":"53°43′37.920″N 6°52′36.840″W / 53.72720000°N 6.87690000°W / 53.72720000; -6.87690000"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Kells¶ms=53_43_37.920_N_6_52_36.840_W_","external_links_name":"53°43′37.920″N 6°52′36.840″W / 53.72720000°N 6.87690000°W / 53.72720000; -6.87690000"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Qv7B0HWdtUoC&dq=Edward+Bruce+and+Battle+of+Connor&pg=PA69","external_links_name":"Mortimer, Ian. The Greatest Traitor: The Life of Sir Roger Mortimer, Ruler of England: 1327-1330, Macmillan, 2003"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Boy_Records | Tommy Boy Records | ["1 History","1.1 1981–1985: Early Years","1.2 1985–2002: Partnership with Warner Bros. Records","1.3 2002–2021: Independence","1.4 2021–present: Acquisition by Reservoir Media","2 Brand image","3 Controversies","3.1 De La Soul controversy","4 Selected artists","5 Discography","6 References","7 External links"] | Record label
Tommy Boy RecordsParent companyReservoir MediaFounded1981; 43 years ago (1981)FounderTom SilvermanStatusActiveDistributor(s)self-distributedGenreHip hopR&Bpost-discoLatin freestyledanceelectroCountry of originUnited StatesLocationNew York City, New YorkOfficial websitetommyboy.com
Tommy Boy Records is an American independent record label and multimedia brand founded in 1981 by Tom Silverman. The label is credited with helping and launching the music careers of Queen Latifah, Amber, Afrika Bambaataa, Stetsasonic, Digital Underground, Coolio, De La Soul, House of Pain, Naughty By Nature, and Force MDs. Tommy Boy is also credited with introducing genres such as EDM, Latin freestyle, and Latin hip hop to mainstream audiences in America.
History
1981–1985: Early Years
Tom Silverman created Tommy Boy Music in 1981 in his New York City apartment with a $5,000 loan from his parents. The label was an outgrowth of Silverman's Dance Music Report bi-weekly publication, which spanned 14 years, beginning in September 1978.
1985–2002: Partnership with Warner Bros. Records
In 1985, Warner Bros. Records entered into a partnership with Tommy Boy and acquired half of the label, and it allowed the label to use independent distribution as it saw fit, with the option to distribute artists through the major-label channel through Warner Bros. Records or sister label Reprise Records.
Monica Lynch, who was one of the first employees hired by Tom Silverman, became president of the label in 1985. As A&R for the label, she signed and managed Queen Latifah, De La Soul, and host of hip hop musicians. Even though the male–female power struggle in hip hop music has always been present, Lynch and her peers said that the early days of hip hop were magical times for women looking to make it in the record business. Julie Greenwald, Sylvia Robinson, DJ Jazzy Joyce, Mona Scott, and Claudine Joseph also made their mark on different areas of hip-hop. Greenwald and Robinson, like Lynch, became powerful music executives. For more than 25 years, DJ Jazzy Joyce has been one of the most visible and in-demand female turntablists. And Scott and Joseph have managed the careers of some of the biggest names in hip-hop. "Hip-hop provided a tremendous amount of opportunities for women, which might seem antithetical because of the association that many people have with misogyny and hip-hop," says Lynch. "There has been a lot of attention paid to misogynist lyrics in hip-hop over the years, and I'm not going to defend or damn it. I think it exists, but some of the people who helped put those records out were women."According to Jeff "Chairman" Mao, a key DJ in 1990s underground hip-hop and online hip-hop radio host, Monica Lynch managed the careers of Afrika Bambaataa & Soulsonic Force, Stetsasonic, Queen Latifah, De La Soul, Naughty by Nature among others.
The label had several joint ventures in the mid 1990s including Penalty Recordings, Stepsun, Beyond, and Ignition. The label also had deals with labels such as Timber Records and distribution deals with Outcaste Records and 75 Ark, while also giving independent distribution to sister imprints that already had label deals with WEA, including American Recordings' Ill Labels, Mute Records' NovaMute, and Cold Chillin Records' Livin' Large.
In 1997, Tommy Boy launched an imprint label called Upaya to pursue the growing interest in spirituality and spiritual/world music. The imprint Tommy Boy Gospel was launched in 1998 under the direction of Max Seigel and Marvie Wright. That same year, the imprints Tommy Boy Black Label, which specialized in underground hip hop music, and Tommy Boy Silver Label, which specialized in dance music, were founded.
In 2001, while still affiliated with Warner Music, Tommy Boy Records founder Tom Silverman formed Tommy Boy Films, a TV and film division with Kung Faux creator and Dubtitled Entertainment founder, Michael "Mic" Neumann.
2002–2021: Independence
In 2002, Tommy Boy Records became independent again after it ended its joint venture with Warner Bros. Records, which wanted greater unit sales, and the master tapes released until that time became property of Warner Music, while the Tommy Boy trademark remained with Tom Silverman. The then-current Tommy Boy music artists were shopped to various WEA labels, the Tommy Boy television and film divisions were merged with the Tommy Boy music division, and the resulting company was rebranded as Tommy Boy Entertainment. Tommy Boy then began licensing its trademark to Warner Music for use on reissues through Rhino/Atlantic Records.
In 2017, because of Warner Music's divestment requirements as a result of its purchase of Parlophone, Tommy Boy was able to reacquire its pre-2002 catalogue and the catalogues of Brand Nubian, Grand Puba, and Club Nouveau. In 2018, Tommy Boy also acquired Amherst Records, Harlem Music, and Halwill Music, which hold masters and publishing rights for a diverse collection of '70s Soul, Disco, and Jazz artists including The Stylistics, Van McCoy, and Glenn Medeiros.
2021–present: Acquisition by Reservoir Media
In June 2021, Tommy Boy was acquired for $100 million by Reservoir Media, a music publishing and media rights company founded in 2007 by Iranian-Canadian businesswoman Golnar Khosrowshahi.
Brand image
The Tommy Boy logo was originally designed in 1982 by Steven Miglio and redesigned in 1989 by Eric Haze. The logo was named on Complex's list of the 50 Greatest Rap Logos of all time, coming in at number nine.
In the late 1980s, with the emergence of streetwear fashion, Tommy Boy produced and distributed Carhartt jackets embroidered with its logo on the front and back for its own merchandise line called Tommy Boy Gear. Tommy Boy is also credited as the first to use lanyards as promotional items, which became a popular streetwear fashion accessory in the 1990s.
Controversies
De La Soul controversy
Controversy rose in early 2019, after Tommy Boy announced that the catalog of its formerly signed group De La Soul would be available on streaming services later that week. This announcement prompted the group to begin a "Tommy Boycott" campaign, due to the fact that they would receive only 10% of revenue generated by streams, with the other 90% going to Tommy Boy. The campaign was shared by their fellow artists Nas, Questlove and Pete Rock, among others. In response, Tommy Boy postponed the deal and announced their discography would not be available on streaming services as previously scheduled.
On March 3, 2023, De La Soul's catalogue made its debut on streaming services, after years of negotiations.
Selected artists
808 State
Abhi the Nomad (former)
Above the Law
Afrika Bambaataa
Amari
Amber
Big Noyd
Biz Markie (deceased)
Black by Demand
Bob Sinclar
Boiler Room
Capone-N-Noreaga
Christian Tiger School
The Cliks
Coldcut
Coolio (deceased)
De La Soul
Diamonds in Da Rough
Digital Underground
Disco D (deceased)
Everlast
Fannypack
Fresh Gordon
Force MDs
GLOBE & Whiz Kid
Ghostface Killah
Gucci Mane
Handsome Boy Modeling School
House of Pain
Indica
Indo G
Information Society
Jocelyn Enriquez
Jonzun Crew
Joydrop
Junior Vasquez
K7
Kim Burrell
Kristine W
LFO
Lord Finesse
J.C. Lodge
Masters at Work
Method Man
Money Mike
Naughty by Nature
Paris
Pimpadelic
Planet Patrol
Plushgun
Prince Paul
Prince Rakeem
Queen Latifah
RuPaul
Shock G (deceased)
Sneaker Pimps
Soul Coughing
Stars on 54
Stetsasonic
Thunderpuss
Timmy Gatling
TKA
Tony Touch
Viewtiful Joe
Discography
Main article: Tommy Boy Records discography
References
^ "Home – Tommy Boy Records – A2IM". a2im.org. Archived from the original on February 27, 2018. Retrieved February 26, 2018.
^ Roberts, Dave (June 1, 2017). "Warner sells flurry of copyrights as indie divestment process heads towards finish line - Music Business Worldwide". Music Business Worldwide. Retrieved February 26, 2018.
^ Reid, Shaheem. "'Hip-Hop Is History': Tommy Boy Records Unloads Rap Acts". MTV News. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
^ "2015 Partners - New Music Seminar". New Music Seminar. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
^ "In the City of New York". In the City of New York. July 23, 2007. Archived from the original on July 23, 2007. Retrieved July 20, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ Zane, Warren. Revolutions in Sound—Warner Bros. Records: the first 50 Years. San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 2009.
^ Tucker, Bruce (October 31, 1993). "Tommy Boy Can CD Future". Fast Company. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
^ a b "Hey Get Down! Women Got Down, Too!". bust.com. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
^ "Across 135th Street – Monica Lynch". Red Bull Radio. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
^ Reynolds, J.R. (November 4, 1995). "Billboard". Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
^ Charnas, Dan (November 1, 2011). The Big Payback: The History of the Business of Hip-Hop. Penguin. ISBN 9781101568118. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
^ "HITS Daily Double : Rumor Mill - A TALE OF THREE LABELS". HITS Daily Double. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
^ Knopper, Steve (June 20, 1998). "Billboard". Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
^ 2011 Songwriter's Market. Writer's Digest Books. October 11, 2010. ISBN 9781599632575. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
^ "75 Ark". Discogs. Retrieved July 20, 2017.
^ Nathan, David (July 4, 1992). "Billboard". Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
^ Smith, Shawnee (November 29, 1997). "Billboard". Google Books. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
^ Strauss, Neil (June 27, 1996). "The Pop Life". The New York Times. Retrieved July 20, 2017.
^ Collins, Lisa (June 30, 2001). "Billboard". Google Books. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
^ "CMJ New Music Report". Google Books. CMJ Network, Inc. April 10, 2000. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
^ Flick, Larry (April 11, 1998). "Billboard". Google Books. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
^ Kipnis, Jill (October 19, 2002). Tommy Boy Branches Out With Film/TV Division. Billboard Magazine. Page 6.
^ a b Tommy Boy Films Distribution Deal Archived September 29, 2020, at the Wayback Machine by James Scileppi, Koch/Entertainment One, August 1, 2005.
^ "Tommy Boy Artists Dance Again". Billboard. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
^ "Everything must go: Warner Music's indie divestment 'will end September 30'". Music Week. Retrieved December 9, 2017.
^ Aswad, Jem (June 4, 2021). "Reservoir Acquires Iconic Tommy Boy Music, Groundbreaking Hip-Hop Label, for $100 Million". Variety.com. Retrieved June 28, 2021.
^ Mao, Chairman; Sen, Raka. "The 50 Greatest Rap Logos 9. Tommy Boy Records". Complex.com. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
^ "Tom Silverman". Midem. Retrieved August 4, 2016.
^ Marriott, Michel (November 29, 1992). "THING; The Carhartt Jacket". The New York Times. Retrieved August 4, 2016.
^ Wartofsky, Alona (July 29, 1996). "ONLY THE HIPPEST HAVE KEY RINGS AROUND THE COLLAR". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 20, 2017.
^ "Nas, Questlove, and More Call for Tommy Boy Boycott Following De La Soul Controversy (UPDATE)". Complex.com. Retrieved February 12, 2020.
^ "De La Soul Calls Out Former Record Label Over 'Unfair' Streaming Deal". Complex.com. Retrieved February 12, 2020.
External links
Official website
Company reference in Hoover's
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz label
2
3 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"record label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_label"},{"link_name":"multimedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimedia"},{"link_name":"Tom Silverman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Silverman"},{"link_name":"Queen Latifah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Latifah"},{"link_name":"Amber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amber_(Dutch_singer)"},{"link_name":"Afrika Bambaataa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Bambaataa"},{"link_name":"Stetsasonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stetsasonic"},{"link_name":"Digital Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Underground"},{"link_name":"Coolio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coolio"},{"link_name":"De La Soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_La_Soul"},{"link_name":"House of Pain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Pain"},{"link_name":"Naughty By Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naughty_By_Nature"},{"link_name":"Force MDs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_MDs"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTV-3"},{"link_name":"EDM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_dance_music"},{"link_name":"freestyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_music"},{"link_name":"Latin hip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_hip_hop"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Record labelTommy Boy Records is an American independent[1][2] record label and multimedia brand founded in 1981 by Tom Silverman. The label is credited with helping and launching the music careers of Queen Latifah, Amber, Afrika Bambaataa, Stetsasonic, Digital Underground, Coolio, De La Soul, House of Pain, Naughty By Nature, and Force MDs.[3] Tommy Boy is also credited with introducing genres such as EDM, Latin freestyle, and Latin hip hop to mainstream audiences in America.[4]","title":"Tommy Boy Records"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Dance Music Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Music_Report"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ItCoNY-5"}],"sub_title":"1981–1985: Early Years","text":"Tom Silverman created Tommy Boy Music in 1981 in his New York City apartment with a $5,000 loan from his parents. The label was an outgrowth of Silverman's Dance Music Report bi-weekly publication, which spanned 14 years, beginning in September 1978.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warner Bros. Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Records"},{"link_name":"Reprise Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reprise_Records"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Monica Lynch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monica_Lynch"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Penalty Recordings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_Recordings"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Penalty-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stepsun-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beyond-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ignition-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Timber_and_Outcaste-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"American Recordings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Recordings_(record_label)"},{"link_name":"Mute Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mute_Records"},{"link_name":"Cold Chillin Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Chillin_Records"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Livin_large-16"},{"link_name":"spirituality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirituality"},{"link_name":"world music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_music"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Upaya-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gospel-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Black_Label-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silver_Label-21"},{"link_name":"Warner Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Music"},{"link_name":"Tom Silverman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Silverman"},{"link_name":"Kung Faux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kung_Faux"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard2002-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TommyBoyEntertainment-23"}],"sub_title":"1985–2002: Partnership with Warner Bros. Records","text":"In 1985, Warner Bros. Records entered into a partnership with Tommy Boy and acquired half of the label, and it allowed the label to use independent distribution as it saw fit, with the option to distribute artists through the major-label channel through Warner Bros. Records or sister label Reprise Records.[6]Monica Lynch, who was one of the first employees hired by Tom Silverman, became president of the label in 1985.[7][8] As A&R for the label, she signed and managed Queen Latifah, De La Soul, and host of hip hop musicians.Even though the male–female power struggle in hip hop music has always been present, Lynch and her peers said that the early days of hip hop were magical times for women looking to make it in the record business. Julie Greenwald, Sylvia Robinson, DJ Jazzy Joyce, Mona Scott, and Claudine Joseph also made their mark on different areas of hip-hop. Greenwald and Robinson, like Lynch, became powerful music executives. For more than 25 years, DJ Jazzy Joyce has been one of the most visible and in-demand female turntablists. And Scott and Joseph have managed the careers of some of the biggest names in hip-hop. \"Hip-hop provided a tremendous amount of opportunities for women, which might seem antithetical because of the association that many people have with misogyny and hip-hop,\" says Lynch. \"There has been a lot of attention paid to misogynist lyrics in hip-hop over the years, and I'm not going to defend or damn it. I think it exists, but some of the people who helped put those records out were women.\"[8]According to Jeff \"Chairman\" Mao, a key DJ in 1990s underground hip-hop and online hip-hop radio host, Monica Lynch managed the careers of Afrika Bambaataa & Soulsonic Force, Stetsasonic, Queen Latifah, De La Soul, Naughty by Nature among others.[9]The label had several joint ventures in the mid 1990s including Penalty Recordings,[10] Stepsun,[11] Beyond,[12] and Ignition.[13] The label also had deals with labels such as Timber Records and distribution deals with Outcaste Records[14] and 75 Ark,[15] while also giving independent distribution to sister imprints that already had label deals with WEA, including American Recordings' Ill Labels, Mute Records' NovaMute, and Cold Chillin Records' Livin' Large.[16]In 1997, Tommy Boy launched an imprint label called Upaya to pursue the growing interest in spirituality and spiritual/world music.[17][18] The imprint Tommy Boy Gospel was launched in 1998 under the direction of Max Seigel and Marvie Wright.[19] That same year, the imprints Tommy Boy Black Label,[20] which specialized in underground hip hop music, and Tommy Boy Silver Label,[21] which specialized in dance music, were founded.In 2001, while still affiliated with Warner Music, Tommy Boy Records founder Tom Silverman formed Tommy Boy Films, a TV and film division with Kung Faux creator and Dubtitled Entertainment founder, Michael \"Mic\" Neumann.[22][23]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warner Bros. Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Records"},{"link_name":"Tom Silverman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Silverman"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard-24"},{"link_name":"WEA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TommyBoyEntertainment-23"},{"link_name":"Warner Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Music"},{"link_name":"Rhino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhino_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Records"},{"link_name":"Parlophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlophone"},{"link_name":"Brand Nubian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand_Nubian"},{"link_name":"Grand Puba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Puba"},{"link_name":"Club Nouveau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Nouveau"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Amherst Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amherst_Records"},{"link_name":"The Stylistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stylistics"},{"link_name":"Van McCoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_McCoy"},{"link_name":"Glenn Medeiros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Medeiros"}],"sub_title":"2002–2021: Independence","text":"In 2002, Tommy Boy Records became independent again after it ended its joint venture with Warner Bros. Records, which wanted greater unit sales, and the master tapes released until that time became property of Warner Music, while the Tommy Boy trademark remained with Tom Silverman.[24] The then-current Tommy Boy music artists were shopped to various WEA labels, the Tommy Boy television and film divisions were merged with the Tommy Boy music division, and the resulting company was rebranded as Tommy Boy Entertainment.[23] Tommy Boy then began licensing its trademark to Warner Music for use on reissues through Rhino/Atlantic Records.In 2017, because of Warner Music's divestment requirements as a result of its purchase of Parlophone, Tommy Boy was able to reacquire its pre-2002 catalogue and the catalogues of Brand Nubian, Grand Puba, and Club Nouveau.[25] In 2018, Tommy Boy also acquired Amherst Records, Harlem Music, and Halwill Music, which hold masters and publishing rights for a diverse collection of '70s Soul, Disco, and Jazz artists including The Stylistics, Van McCoy, and Glenn Medeiros.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Golnar Khosrowshahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golnar_Khosrowshahi"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"2021–present: Acquisition by Reservoir Media","text":"In June 2021, Tommy Boy was acquired for $100 million by Reservoir Media, a music publishing and media rights company founded in 2007 by Iranian-Canadian businesswoman Golnar Khosrowshahi.[26]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eric Haze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Haze"},{"link_name":"Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Logo-27"},{"link_name":"streetwear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streetwear"},{"link_name":"Carhartt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carhartt"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"lanyards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanyard"},{"link_name":"streetwear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streetwear"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"The Tommy Boy logo was originally designed in 1982 by Steven Miglio and redesigned in 1989 by Eric Haze. The logo was named on Complex's list of the 50 Greatest Rap Logos of all time, coming in at number nine.[27]In the late 1980s, with the emergence of streetwear fashion, Tommy Boy produced and distributed Carhartt jackets embroidered with its logo on the front and back for its own merchandise line called Tommy Boy Gear.[28][29] Tommy Boy is also credited as the first to use lanyards as promotional items, which became a popular streetwear fashion accessory in the 1990s.[30]","title":"Brand image"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"De La Soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_La_Soul"},{"link_name":"Nas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nas"},{"link_name":"Questlove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Questlove"},{"link_name":"Pete Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Rock"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"De La Soul controversy","text":"Controversy rose in early 2019, after Tommy Boy announced that the catalog of its formerly signed group De La Soul would be available on streaming services later that week. This announcement prompted the group to begin a \"Tommy Boycott\" campaign, due to the fact that they would receive only 10% of revenue generated by streams, with the other 90% going to Tommy Boy. The campaign was shared by their fellow artists Nas, Questlove and Pete Rock, among others. In response, Tommy Boy postponed the deal and announced their discography would not be available on streaming services as previously scheduled.[31][32]On March 3, 2023, De La Soul's catalogue made its debut on streaming services, after years of negotiations.","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"808 State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/808_State"},{"link_name":"Abhi the Nomad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhi_the_Nomad"},{"link_name":"Above the Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Above_the_Law_(group)"},{"link_name":"Afrika Bambaataa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Bambaataa"},{"link_name":"Amari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amari_(group)"},{"link_name":"Amber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amber_(Dutch_singer)"},{"link_name":"Big Noyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Noyd"},{"link_name":"Biz Markie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biz_Markie"},{"link_name":"Bob Sinclar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Sinclar"},{"link_name":"Boiler Room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler_Room_(band)"},{"link_name":"Capone-N-Noreaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capone-N-Noreaga"},{"link_name":"The Cliks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cliks"},{"link_name":"Coldcut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coldcut"},{"link_name":"Coolio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coolio"},{"link_name":"De La Soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_La_Soul"},{"link_name":"Digital Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Underground"},{"link_name":"Disco D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco_D"},{"link_name":"Everlast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everlast_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Fannypack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FannyPack"},{"link_name":"Force MDs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_MDs"},{"link_name":"Ghostface Killah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghostface_Killah"},{"link_name":"Gucci Mane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gucci_Mane"},{"link_name":"Handsome Boy Modeling School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handsome_Boy_Modeling_School"},{"link_name":"House of Pain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Pain"},{"link_name":"Indo G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo_G"},{"link_name":"Information Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Society_(band)"},{"link_name":"Jocelyn Enriquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jocelyn_Enriquez"},{"link_name":"Jonzun Crew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonzun_Crew"},{"link_name":"Joydrop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joydrop"},{"link_name":"Junior Vasquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_Vasquez"},{"link_name":"K7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K7_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Kim Burrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Burrell"},{"link_name":"Kristine W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristine_W"},{"link_name":"LFO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LFO_(British_band)"},{"link_name":"Lord Finesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Finesse"},{"link_name":"J.C. Lodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.C._Lodge"},{"link_name":"Masters at Work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masters_at_Work"},{"link_name":"Method Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_Man"},{"link_name":"Money Mike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_Mike"},{"link_name":"Naughty by Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naughty_by_Nature"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Pimpadelic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimpadelic"},{"link_name":"Planet Patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_Patrol"},{"link_name":"Plushgun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plushgun"},{"link_name":"Prince Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Paul_(producer)"},{"link_name":"Prince Rakeem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Rakeem"},{"link_name":"Queen Latifah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Latifah"},{"link_name":"RuPaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RuPaul"},{"link_name":"Shock G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_G"},{"link_name":"Sneaker Pimps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sneaker_Pimps"},{"link_name":"Soul Coughing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_Coughing"},{"link_name":"Stars on 54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stars_on_54"},{"link_name":"Stetsasonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stetsasonic"},{"link_name":"Thunderpuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderpuss"},{"link_name":"TKA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TKA"},{"link_name":"Tony Touch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Touch"}],"text":"808 State\nAbhi the Nomad (former)\nAbove the Law\nAfrika Bambaataa\nAmari\nAmber\nBig Noyd\nBiz Markie (deceased)\nBlack by Demand\nBob Sinclar\nBoiler Room\nCapone-N-Noreaga\nChristian Tiger School\nThe Cliks\nColdcut\nCoolio (deceased)\nDe La Soul\nDiamonds in Da Rough\nDigital Underground\nDisco D (deceased)\nEverlast\nFannypack\nFresh Gordon\nForce MDs\nGLOBE & Whiz Kid\nGhostface Killah\nGucci Mane\nHandsome Boy Modeling School\nHouse of Pain\nIndica\nIndo G\nInformation Society\nJocelyn Enriquez\nJonzun Crew\nJoydrop\nJunior Vasquez\nK7\nKim Burrell\nKristine W\nLFO\nLord Finesse\nJ.C. Lodge\nMasters at Work\nMethod Man\nMoney Mike\nNaughty by Nature\nParis\nPimpadelic\nPlanet Patrol\nPlushgun\nPrince Paul\nPrince Rakeem\nQueen Latifah\nRuPaul\nShock G (deceased)\nSneaker Pimps\nSoul Coughing\nStars on 54\nStetsasonic\nThunderpuss\nTimmy Gatling\nTKA\nTony Touch\nViewtiful Joe","title":"Selected artists"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Home – Tommy Boy Records – A2IM\". a2im.org. Archived from the original on February 27, 2018. Retrieved February 26, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180227040828/https://a2im.org/groups/tommyboy-records/","url_text":"\"Home – Tommy Boy Records – A2IM\""},{"url":"https://a2im.org/groups/tommyboy-records/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Roberts, Dave (June 1, 2017). \"Warner sells flurry of copyrights as indie divestment process heads towards finish line - Music Business Worldwide\". Music Business Worldwide. Retrieved February 26, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/warner-sells-flurry-copyrights-indie-divestment-process-heads-towards-finish-line/","url_text":"\"Warner sells flurry of copyrights as indie divestment process heads towards finish line - Music Business Worldwide\""}]},{"reference":"Reid, Shaheem. \"'Hip-Hop Is History': Tommy Boy Records Unloads Rap Acts\". MTV News. Retrieved July 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/1452827/hip-hop-is-history-tommy-boy-records-unloads-rap-acts/","url_text":"\"'Hip-Hop Is History': Tommy Boy Records Unloads Rap Acts\""}]},{"reference":"\"2015 Partners - New Music Seminar\". New Music Seminar. Retrieved August 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://newmusicseminar.com/partners/","url_text":"\"2015 Partners - New Music Seminar\""}]},{"reference":"\"In the City of New York\". In the City of New York. July 23, 2007. Archived from the original on July 23, 2007. Retrieved July 20, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070723233454/http://www.inthecityofnewyork.com/panel_tomsilverman.php","url_text":"\"In the City of New York\""}]},{"reference":"Tucker, Bruce (October 31, 1993). \"Tommy Boy Can CD Future\". Fast Company. Retrieved March 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fastcompany.com/54967/tommy-boy-can-cd-future","url_text":"\"Tommy Boy Can CD Future\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hey Get Down! Women Got Down, Too!\". bust.com. Retrieved March 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://bust.com/music/19497-women-in-hip-hop.html","url_text":"\"Hey Get Down! Women Got Down, Too!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Across 135th Street – Monica Lynch\". Red Bull Radio. Retrieved March 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.redbullradio.com/shows/across-135th-street/episodes/monica-lynch","url_text":"\"Across 135th Street – Monica Lynch\""}]},{"reference":"Reynolds, J.R. (November 4, 1995). \"Billboard\". Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved July 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wg4EAAAAMBAJ&q=tommy+boy&pg=PA24","url_text":"\"Billboard\""}]},{"reference":"Charnas, Dan (November 1, 2011). The Big Payback: The History of the Business of Hip-Hop. Penguin. ISBN 9781101568118. Retrieved July 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=idYFcmXcRm4C&q=tommy+boy+stepsun&pg=PT369","url_text":"The Big Payback: The History of the Business of Hip-Hop"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781101568118","url_text":"9781101568118"}]},{"reference":"\"HITS Daily Double : Rumor Mill - A TALE OF THREE LABELS\". HITS Daily Double. Retrieved July 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://hitsdailydouble.com/news&id=275136","url_text":"\"HITS Daily Double : Rumor Mill - A TALE OF THREE LABELS\""}]},{"reference":"Knopper, Steve (June 20, 1998). \"Billboard\". Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved July 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-w0EAAAAMBAJ&q=tommy+boy+ignition&pg=PA16","url_text":"\"Billboard\""}]},{"reference":"2011 Songwriter's Market. Writer's Digest Books. October 11, 2010. ISBN 9781599632575. Retrieved July 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=na9PkhESmzUC&q=tommy+boy+timber+records&pg=PA161","url_text":"2011 Songwriter's Market"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781599632575","url_text":"9781599632575"}]},{"reference":"\"75 Ark\". Discogs. Retrieved July 20, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/label/4736-75-Ark","url_text":"\"75 Ark\""}]},{"reference":"Nathan, David (July 4, 1992). \"Billboard\". Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved July 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QRIEAAAAMBAJ&q=tommy+boy+Cold+Chillin%E2%80%99+Livin%E2%80%99+Large&pg=PA17","url_text":"\"Billboard\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Shawnee (November 29, 1997). \"Billboard\". Google Books. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved July 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5AkEAAAAMBAJ&q=upaya+tommy+boy&pg=PA53","url_text":"\"Billboard\""}]},{"reference":"Strauss, Neil (June 27, 1996). \"The Pop Life\". The New York Times. Retrieved July 20, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/27/arts/the-pop-life-046850.html","url_text":"\"The Pop Life\""}]},{"reference":"Collins, Lisa (June 30, 2001). \"Billboard\". Google Books. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved July 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-BMEAAAAMBAJ&q=tommy+boy+gospel&pg=PA34","url_text":"\"Billboard\""}]},{"reference":"\"CMJ New Music Report\". Google Books. CMJ Network, Inc. April 10, 2000. Retrieved July 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XNPgrOvoqUkC&q=tommy+boy+black+label&pg=PA31","url_text":"\"CMJ New Music Report\""}]},{"reference":"Flick, Larry (April 11, 1998). \"Billboard\". Google Books. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved July 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rg4EAAAAMBAJ&q=tommy+boy+silver+label&pg=PA17","url_text":"\"Billboard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tommy Boy Artists Dance Again\". Billboard. Retrieved July 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/76511/tommy-boy-artists-dance-again","url_text":"\"Tommy Boy Artists Dance Again\""}]},{"reference":"\"Everything must go: Warner Music's indie divestment 'will end September 30'\". Music Week. 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Tommy Boy Records\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tom Silverman\". Midem. Retrieved August 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.midem.com/en/Contributors/2324289/SILVERMAN-Tom","url_text":"\"Tom Silverman\""}]},{"reference":"Marriott, Michel (November 29, 1992). \"THING; The Carhartt Jacket\". The New York Times. Retrieved August 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/29/style/thing-the-carhartt-jacket.html","url_text":"\"THING; The Carhartt Jacket\""}]},{"reference":"Wartofsky, Alona (July 29, 1996). \"ONLY THE HIPPEST HAVE KEY RINGS AROUND THE COLLAR\". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 20, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1996/07/29/only-the-hippest-have-key-rings-around-the-collar/ec0735b9-6be1-4596-b35c-0942c563875d/","url_text":"\"ONLY THE HIPPEST HAVE KEY RINGS AROUND THE COLLAR\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nas, Questlove, and More Call for Tommy Boy Boycott Following De La Soul Controversy (UPDATE)\". Complex.com. Retrieved February 12, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.complex.com/music/2019/02/nas-leads-tommy-boy-records-boycott-following-de-la-soul-controversy","url_text":"\"Nas, Questlove, and More Call for Tommy Boy Boycott Following De La Soul Controversy (UPDATE)\""}]},{"reference":"\"De La Soul Calls Out Former Record Label Over 'Unfair' Streaming Deal\". Complex.com. Retrieved February 12, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.complex.com/music/2019/02/de-la-soul-calls-out-former-record-label-over-unfair-streaming-deal","url_text":"\"De La Soul Calls Out Former Record Label Over 'Unfair' Streaming Deal\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://tommyboy.com/","external_links_name":"tommyboy.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180227040828/https://a2im.org/groups/tommyboy-records/","external_links_name":"\"Home – Tommy Boy Records – A2IM\""},{"Link":"https://a2im.org/groups/tommyboy-records/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/warner-sells-flurry-copyrights-indie-divestment-process-heads-towards-finish-line/","external_links_name":"\"Warner sells flurry of copyrights as indie divestment process heads towards finish line - Music Business Worldwide\""},{"Link":"http://www.mtv.com/news/1452827/hip-hop-is-history-tommy-boy-records-unloads-rap-acts/","external_links_name":"\"'Hip-Hop Is History': Tommy Boy Records Unloads Rap Acts\""},{"Link":"http://newmusicseminar.com/partners/","external_links_name":"\"2015 Partners - New Music Seminar\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070723233454/http://www.inthecityofnewyork.com/panel_tomsilverman.php","external_links_name":"\"In the City of New York\""},{"Link":"https://www.fastcompany.com/54967/tommy-boy-can-cd-future","external_links_name":"\"Tommy Boy Can CD Future\""},{"Link":"https://bust.com/music/19497-women-in-hip-hop.html","external_links_name":"\"Hey Get Down! 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_of_Reuben_Crandall | Trial of Reuben Crandall | ["1 Biography","2 Context","3 Arrest","4 Trial","4.1 The prosecution's case","4.2 Defense","4.3 Outcome","5 Pamphlets","6 References"] | American abolitionist (1806–1838)
Reuben CrandallBorn(1806-01-06)January 6, 1806Carpenter's Mills, Rhode IslandDiedJanuary 17, 1838(1838-01-17) (aged 32)Kingston, JamaicaAlma materYale CollegeOccupation(s)Physician and lecturer on botanyKnown forArrest, trial, and acquittal on sedition chargesRelativesPrudence Crandall, sister
Reuben Crandall (January 6, 1806 – January 17, 1838), younger brother of educator Prudence Crandall, was a physician who was arrested in Washington, D.C., on August 10, 1835, on charges of "seditious libel and inciting slaves and free blacks to revolt", the libels being abolitionist materials portraying American slavery as cruel and sinful.: 124 He was nearly killed by a mob that wanted to hang him, and avoided that fate only because the mayor called out the militia. The Snow Riot ensued. Although a jury would find him innocent of all charges, his very high bail meant he remained in the Washington jail for almost eight months,: 131 where he contracted tuberculosis. He died soon after his release.
This was the first trial for sedition in the United States.: 3 : 50–51 According to the Federal District Attorney Francis Scott Key, it was "one of the most important cases ever tried here.": 46 His incarceration, trial, and acquittal increased support for abolitionism, and considerable sympathy for him was expressed in the press. "His case is one of the most oppressive and unjust that ever occurred in this country", said the New York Evangelist, which called for a Congressional investigation.
The whole episode is very much the work of Key. It was he who got Crandall arrested, persuaded a judge to deny him bail, and prepared himself an indictment described as voluminous. The verdict of not guilty left Key publicly embarrassed, and ended his political career.
Events leading to the American Civil War
Economic
End of Atlantic slave trade
Panic of 1857
Political
Northwest Ordinance
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
Missouri Compromise
Nullification crisis
Gag rule
Tariff of 1828
End of slavery in British colonies
Texas Revolution
Texas annexation
Mexican–American War
Wilmot Proviso
Nashville Convention
Compromise of 1850
Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
Kansas–Nebraska Act
Ostend Manifesto
Caning of Charles Sumner
Lincoln–Douglas debates
1860 presidential election
Crittenden Compromise
Secession of Southern states
Peace Conference of 1861
Corwin Amendment
Social
Nat Turner's Rebellion
Martyrdom of Elijah Lovejoy
Burning of Pennsylvania Hall
American Slavery As It Is
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Bleeding Kansas
The Impending Crisis of the South
Oberlin–Wellington Rescue
John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
Judicial
Trial of Reuben Crandall
Commonwealth v. Aves
The Amistad affair
Prigg v. Pennsylvania
Recapture of Anthony Burns
Dred Scott v. Sandford
Virginia v. John Brown
Military
Star of the West
Battle of Fort Sumter
President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers
vte
Biography
Portrait of Reuben Crandall's sister Prudence.
Crandall was born about 1805 to Pardon and Esther Carpenter Crandall, a Quaker couple who lived in Carpenter's Mills, Rhode Island.: 8 In addition to his older sister Prudence, he had a brother Hezekiah and a sister Almyra (died 1837).
When he was about 8, his father moved the family to nearby Canterbury, Connecticut.: 9 He studied for a year at Yale College and then studied medicine under a doctor in Philadelphia. He moved to Peekskill, New York, where he practiced medicine for seven years.: 32 Unmarried, he was the secretary of the local temperance society.: 126–127
He boarded with a Peekskill family, to whom he was also physician. Because of their medical problems, they asked Crandall to accompany them on a trip to Washington, D.C. After seeing Washington he decided that he wanted to stay, collected his belongings from Peekskill, and opened an office in Georgetown. However, illness soon made it impossible for him to continue as a physician and he soon was earning his living by giving lectures on his specialty, botany.: 129
Context
In 1835 the nation was in an uproar over slavery. Ever since Nat Turner's revolt in 1831, people in the slave states were very worried, even panicked, that more slave revolts were coming. At the same time (1831–1835), abolitionism grew dramatically from almost nothing to a mighty social movement. The American Anti-Slavery Society was founded in 1833, the same year that slavery ended in most of the British empire. Its leaders, including Wm. Lloyd Garrison and Gerrit Smith, denounced as cruel and ineffective the colonizationist project of sending free blacks to Africa. It began training a cadre of lecturers who carried the abolitionist message all over the North, leading to the foundation of multiple local anti-slavery groups in every Northern state; in 1835 alone these grew from 150 to 350. Anti-slavery meetings were the order of the day.
In July 1835, the American Anti-Slavery Society mailed over 175,000 pieces of abolitionist literature to every politician and community leader in the whole country whose name they could find.: 125 On July 25, Amos Dresser was publicly whipped in Nashville, Tennessee, for possessing abolitionist publications. The next day, July 26, the Noyes Academy in Canaan, New Hampshire, was physically destroyed for admitting Black students. On July 30, in a widely reported incident, there was a public burning of mailed abolitionist literature in Charleston, South Carolina, after it was seized by a mob that broke into the Post Office. Both President Andrew Jackson and the Postmaster General supported the Southern postmasters who refused to deliver such mail.: 170 By October Garrison had been burned in effigy, had a gallows erected in front of the office of his abolitionist newspaper The Liberator, and was saved from lynching only when the mayor of Boston locked him in the jail for his protection. Congress, flooded with thousands of abolitionist petitions, enacted the first of a series of gag rules.
Arrest
Beverly Snow's Epicurean Eating House, about 1835. The sign reads "Refectory Snow and Walkers".: 32
Crandall was arrested on August 10, 1835, on a charge of "seditious libel and inciting slaves and free blacks to revolt".: 124 The city was already in an uproar, in an ugly mood; the city officials dared not even take him out of the jail to a courtroom for his arraignment, so a magistrate came to the jail. Afterwards a mob would have broken into the jail and lynched Crandall, but the mayor, William A. Bradley, called out the militia. (Another report says that the jail was protected by Marines from the Washington Navy Yard.) They surrounded City Hall, where the jail was located, and thus saved Crandall,: 175 but the rest of the city was left "virtually unprotected".: 176
The mob, "denied a lynching", went looking for other victims. They assaulted the elegant restaurant owned by a free mulatto,: 3 Beverly Snow, destroying the furniture and drinking all of the restaurant's liquor.: 176 They then "vandalized several churches of free black congregations and burned a house of ill repute and some tenements inhabited by blacks.... Roving mobs continued to terrorize Washington's black neighborhoods through the rest of the week.": 124 The whole is known as the Snow Riot.
Crandall was initially denied bail. In January, at a bail hearing his attorneys were able to obtain, his bail was set at $5,000 (equivalent to $138,727 in 2023). He was unable to pay it, and so remained in jail.: 180–181
Trial
The trial, reported on in United States v. Crandall, 25 Fed. Cas. 1684 (1836), began on April 15, 1836, and lasted ten days. "U.S. v. Reuben Crandall was the most sensational trial in Washington in years." There had never before been a trial for sedition anywhere in the United States.: 50–51 "The courtroom in City Hall was crowded. Several congressmen took front-row seats." There were three newspaper reporters.
The much smaller and quicker trial of Amos Dresser, arrested two weeks before Crandall and then publicly whipped in Nashville for possession of abolitionist literature, was little known outside of Tennessee. Unfortunately for Crandall, his trial was in the nation's capital, and like other events in Washington, D.C., it received national publicity. It was believed that finally, for the first time, someone (Key) had caught an abolitionist who was telling slaves to revolt (as John Brown intended to in 1859). This was the first trial in the country for Crandall's crime of "publishing malicious and wicked libels, with the intent to excite sedition and insurrection among the slaves and free colored people" (emphasis added), as the indictment said in its first sentence.: 172 Key wanted to blame the Snow Riot on Crandall and his "wicked libels", in which American slavery is portrayed as a nasty, cruel, and sinful system.
Francis Scott Key
Crandall, at the trial, was described in a newspaper as "quite pale, which is probably owing to a long confinement of eight months in our close and noisome prison."
Leading the prosecution was District of Columbia District Attorney Francis Scott Key, a slave owner and colonizationist. "Crandall was defended by two of Washington's most skillful attorneys, Richard Coxe and Joseph Bradley. These crafty barristers blocked Key at every turn."
The voluminous indictment, which Key drafted himself, had five counts. The first four described writings allegedly published by Crandall. The fifth count dealt with his distribution of the "libels" of the prior counts.: 131
Impanelling a jury was prolonged, because many potential jurors knew about the case and had already reached a decision on Crandall's innocence or guilt.
The prosecution's case
The prosecutors alleged that Crandall not only possessed abolitionist publications, he had published (distributed) them with the intent of causing a rebellion among the slaves of the District of Columbia. The prosecution's part of the trial ended on April 22.
Defense
The defense attorneys pointed out that Crandall had only lent one copy of one item to someone who had asked for it, and that a single copy did not constitute publication, nor was possession the same as publication,: 43 as the prosecution had alleged. The materials in question had been used as packing material for his medical equipment, and the lady of the family in Peekskill testified that the publications had been sitting in her attic, and she herself used them in packing Dr. Crandall's belongings. A series of witnesses from the Peekskill vicinity, including the sheriff of Westchester County, testified that during the years Crandall lived in Peekskill he had not demonstrated the slightest interest in the slavery question. Furthermore, the prominent colonizationist Andrew T. Judson, who led the opposition to Prudence's school, testified that Reuben had actively opposed his sister's plan to operate a school for black girls.: 35 Finally, Reuben Crandall, who was no abolitionist, had been confused with Phineas Crandall, who was on the board of the American Anti-Slavery Society and had erroneously been stated to be from Peekskill.: 31
The witnesses all noted that Crandall was a fine gentleman. According to a report in the Boston Courier, "his character stands clear and high above-board."
Outcome
After three hours, the jury delivered a stinging rebuke to Key, and acquitted Crandall without hesitation. The acquittal made headlines across the country.: 222 The Boston Courier reporter stated that "I believe there is a feeling in this community of sympathy for him, and regret for his eight months imprisonment. There is much to answer for somewhere." However, Crandall declined to sue for wrongful imprisonment, as his father had suggested.
For his safety Crandall voluntarily remained briefly in jail, until his friends could smuggle him out of town.: 221 He went to his parents' house in Connecticut, hoping to recover from the "consumption" (tuberculosis) that he had contracted in the jail. Late in 1836 he moved to Jamaica, hoping that the warm weather would aid his recovery. However, he died in Kingston, Jamaica, on January 17, 1838.: 185
Key was no longer a presidential confidant. He "seemed to have lost his ambition".: 252
Pamphlets
Three pamphlets about the trial were published shortly after. Links are given below to a copy of each in the Internet Archive. They have also been reprinted in a collection of American pamphlets relating to slavery.
A member of the bar (1836). The trial of Reuben Crandall, M.D. : charged with publishing and circulating seditious and incendiary papers, &c., in the District of Columbia, with the intent of exciting servile insurrection. Carefully reported, and compiled from the written statements of the courts and the council. Washington, D.C.
The trial of Reuben Crandall, M.D. : charged with publishing seditious libels, by circulating the publications of the American Anti-Slavery Society, before the Circuit Court for the District of Columbia, held at Washington, in April, 1836, occupying the court the period of ten days. New York: H. R. Piercy. 1836.
Key, Francis Scott (November 1836). "Mr. Key on the Colonization Society". African Repository and Colonial Journal. 12: 339–351.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
Key, Francis Scott (1836). A part of a speech pronounced by Francis Scott Key, Esq. on the trial of Reuben Crandall, M.D. before the Circuit Court of the District of Columbia, at the March term thereof, 1836, on an indictment for publishing libels with intent to excite sedition and insurrection among the slaves and free coloured people of said district. Washington. Reproduces text from African Repository.
References
^ a b "Extract of a letter dated Washington, August 12th". The Liberator. August 29, 1835. p. 1. Archived from the original on September 2, 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
^ a b c d e f g h Kramer, Neil S. (1980). "The Trial of Reuben Crandall". Records of the Columbia Historical Society. 50: 123–139. JSTOR 40067812.
^ a b A member of the bar (1836). The trial of Reuben Crandall, M.D. : charged with publishing and circulating seditious and incendiary papers, &c., in the District of Columbia, with the intent of exciting servile insurrection. Carefully reported, and compiled from the written statements of the courts and the council. 48 pages. Washington, D.C. Archived from the original on 2020-09-02. Retrieved 2020-03-16.
^ a b c d e f g The trial of Reuben Crandall, M.D. : charged with publishing seditious libels, by circulating the publications of the American Anti-Slavery Society, before the Circuit Court for the District of Columbia, held at Washington, in April, 1836, occupying the court the period of ten days. 62 pages. New York: H. R. Piercy. 1836. Archived from the original on 2020-09-02. Retrieved 2020-03-16.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^ "Trial of Reuben Crandall". Vermont Telegraph (Brandon, Vermont). May 5, 1836. p. 4. Archived from the original on February 21, 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
^ a b Williams, Jr., Donald E (2014). Prudence Crandall's legacy : the fight for equality in the 1830s, Dred Scott, and Brown v. Board of Education. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 9780819574701.
^ Magnificent whistle stop; the 100-year story of Mendota, Ill. Mendota, Illinois: Mendota Centennial Committee. 1953. pp. 394–395.
^ a b c d e "Trial in Washington for circulating incendiary publications". The Liberator. April 30, 1836. p. 3. Archived from the original on February 21, 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
^ a b c "Trial of Reuben Crandall". Public Ledger (Philadelphia). From the New York Commercial Advertiser. April 21, 1836. p. 1. Archived from the original on March 3, 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2020 – via newspapers.com.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^ a b c d e "Appendix". Anti-Slavery Record. Vol. 1, no. 12. December 1835.
^ a b c d e f g Leepson, Marc (2014). What so Proudly We Hailed: Francis Scott Key, a life. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9781137278289. Archived from the original on 2020-09-02. Retrieved 2020-04-25.
^ New England Historical Society. "Boston Gentlemen Riot for Slavery". Archived from the original on December 29, 2019. Retrieved February 1, 2020.
^ a b c d e f g h i Morley, Jefferson (2012). Snow-Storm in August: Washington City, Francis Scott Key and the Forgotten Race Riot of 1835. New York: Nan Talese/Doubleday. ISBN 9780385533379.
^ a b "(Untitled)". Huron Reflector (Norwalk, Ohio). 1 Sep 1835. p. 2 – via newspapers.com.
^ Finkelman, Paul (1988). "Introduction". Slave Rebels, Abolitionists, and Southern Courts: The Pamphlet Literature. Vol. 2. Unpaged. New York and London. ISBN 0824067215.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ "Correspondence of the New-York American, Washington, April 23, 1836". The Liberator. April 30, 1836. p. 3. Archived from the original on February 21, 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2020 – via newspapers.com (clipping).
^ a b "Correspondence of the Boston Courier, Washington, April 25". The Liberator. April 30, 1836. p. 3. Archived from the original on February 21, 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
^ "Trial of Reuben Crandall before the District Court of the City of Washington, on a charge of circulating Incendiary papers". Charleston Daily Courier (Charleston, South Carolina). May 5, 1836. p. 2. Archived from the original on September 2, 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
^ Dubovoy, Sina (2014). The Lost World of Francis Scott Key. Bloomington, Indiana: WestBow Press. p. 399. ISBN 9781490831190. Archived from the original on 2021-07-07. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
^ Goodell, William (1852). Slavery and anti-slavery; a history of the great struggle in both henispheres; with a view of the slavery question in the United States. New York: William Harned. p. 437.
^ Morley, Jefferson (February 6, 2005). "The 'Snow Riot'". Washington Post. p. W14. Archived from the original on October 9, 2017. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
^ Finkelman, Paul, ed. (1988). "Slave rebels, abolitionists, and southern courts : the pamphlet literature". Vol. 1. New York & London: Garland Publishing. pp. 317–443. ISBN 0824067215. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prudence Crandall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prudence_Crandall"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liberator082935-1"},{"link_name":"abolitionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kramer-2"},{"link_name":"Snow Riot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_Riot"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kramer-2"},{"link_name":"tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"sedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedition"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48pages-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62pages-4"},{"link_name":"Federal District Attorney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney"},{"link_name":"Francis Scott Key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Scott_Key"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48pages-3"},{"link_name":"Congressional investigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_investigation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"according to whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Reuben Crandall (January 6, 1806 – January 17, 1838), younger brother of educator Prudence Crandall, was a physician who was arrested in Washington, D.C., on August 10, 1835,[1] on charges of \"seditious libel and inciting slaves and free blacks to revolt\", the libels being abolitionist materials portraying American slavery as cruel and sinful.[2]: 124 He was nearly killed by a mob that wanted to hang him, and avoided that fate only because the mayor called out the militia. The Snow Riot ensued. Although a jury would find him innocent of all charges, his very high bail meant he remained in the Washington jail for almost eight months,[2]: 131 where he contracted tuberculosis. He died soon after his release.This was the first trial for sedition in the United States.[3]: 3 [4]: 50–51 According to the Federal District Attorney Francis Scott Key, it was \"one of the most important cases ever tried here.\"[3]: 46 His incarceration, trial, and acquittal increased support for abolitionism, and considerable sympathy for him was expressed in the press. \"His case is one of the most oppressive and unjust that ever occurred in this country\", said the New York Evangelist, which called for a Congressional investigation.[5]The whole episode is very much the work of Key.[citation needed] It was he who got Crandall arrested, persuaded a judge to deny him bail, and prepared himself an indictment described as voluminous.[citation needed] The verdict of not guilty left Key publicly embarrassed[according to whom?], and ended his political career.[citation needed]","title":"Trial of Reuben Crandall"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prudence_Crandall,_portrait_by_Francis_Alexander.jpg"},{"link_name":"Prudence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prudence_Crandall"},{"link_name":"Quaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quakers"},{"link_name":"Carpenter's Mills, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpenter%27s_Mills,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Canterbury, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams-6"},{"link_name":"Yale College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_College"},{"link_name":"Peekskill, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peekskill,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62pages-4"},{"link_name":"temperance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperance_movement"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kramer-2"},{"link_name":"Georgetown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown,_D.C."},{"link_name":"botany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kramer-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liberator430-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph-9"}],"text":"Portrait of Reuben Crandall's sister Prudence.Crandall was born about 1805 to Pardon and Esther Carpenter Crandall, a Quaker couple who lived in Carpenter's Mills, Rhode Island.[6]: 8 In addition to his older sister Prudence, he had a brother Hezekiah and a sister Almyra (died 1837).[7]\nWhen he was about 8, his father moved the family to nearby Canterbury, Connecticut.[6]: 9 He studied for a year at Yale College and then studied medicine under a doctor in Philadelphia. He moved to Peekskill, New York, where he practiced medicine for seven years.[4]: 32 Unmarried, he was the secretary of the local temperance society.[2]: 126–127He boarded with a Peekskill family, to whom he was also physician. Because of their medical problems, they asked Crandall to accompany them on a trip to Washington, D.C. After seeing Washington he decided that he wanted to stay, collected his belongings from Peekskill, and opened an office in Georgetown. However, illness soon made it impossible for him to continue as a physician and he soon was earning his living by giving lectures on his specialty, botany.[2]: 129 [8][9]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nat Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat_Turner"},{"link_name":"slave states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states"},{"link_name":"abolitionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Record-10"},{"link_name":"American Anti-Slavery Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Anti-Slavery_Society"},{"link_name":"slavery ended in most of the British empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_Abolition_Act_1833"},{"link_name":"Wm. Lloyd Garrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wm._Lloyd_Garrison"},{"link_name":"Gerrit Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrit_Smith"},{"link_name":"colonizationist project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Colonization_Society"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Record-10"},{"link_name":"order of the day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_day"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Record-10"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kramer-2"},{"link_name":"Amos Dresser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos_Dresser"},{"link_name":"Nashville, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Noyes Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noyes_Academy"},{"link_name":"Canaan, New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Record-10"},{"link_name":"Charleston, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Record-10"},{"link_name":"Andrew Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Postmaster General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmaster_General"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leepson-11"},{"link_name":"The Liberator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Liberator_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"lynching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"gag rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gag_rule"}],"text":"In 1835 the nation was in an uproar over slavery. Ever since Nat Turner's revolt in 1831, people in the slave states were very worried, even panicked, that more slave revolts were coming. At the same time (1831–1835), abolitionism grew dramatically from almost nothing to a mighty social movement.[10] The American Anti-Slavery Society was founded in 1833, the same year that slavery ended in most of the British empire. Its leaders, including Wm. Lloyd Garrison and Gerrit Smith, denounced as cruel and ineffective the colonizationist project of sending free blacks to Africa. It began training a cadre of lecturers who carried the abolitionist message all over the North, leading to the foundation of multiple local anti-slavery groups in every Northern state; in 1835 alone these grew from 150 to 350.[10] Anti-slavery meetings were the order of the day.[10]In July 1835, the American Anti-Slavery Society mailed over 175,000 pieces of abolitionist literature to every politician and community leader in the whole country whose name they could find.[2]: 125 On July 25, Amos Dresser was publicly whipped in Nashville, Tennessee, for possessing abolitionist publications. The next day, July 26, the Noyes Academy in Canaan, New Hampshire, was physically destroyed for admitting Black students.[10] On July 30, in a widely reported incident, there was a public burning of mailed abolitionist literature in Charleston, South Carolina, after it was seized by a mob that broke into the Post Office.[10] Both President Andrew Jackson and the Postmaster General supported the Southern postmasters who refused to deliver such mail.[11]: 170 By October Garrison had been burned in effigy, had a gallows erected in front of the office of his abolitionist newspaper The Liberator, and was saved from lynching only when the mayor of Boston locked him in the jail for his protection.[12] Congress, flooded with thousands of abolitionist petitions, enacted the first of a series of gag rules.","title":"Context"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beverly_Snow%27s_Epicurean_Eating_House.jpg"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morley-13"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kramer-2"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burned-14"},{"link_name":"William A. Bradley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_A._Bradley"},{"link_name":"militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia_(United_States)#Antebellum_era_(1815%E2%80%931861)"},{"link_name":"Marines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"Washington Navy Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Navy_Yard"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liberator082935-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leepson-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leepson-11"},{"link_name":"mulatto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulatto"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morley-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leepson-11"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kramer-2"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burned-14"},{"link_name":"Snow Riot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_Riot"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morley-13"},{"link_name":"bail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bail_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leepson-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Title_page_of_The_Trial_of_Reuben_Crandall,_M.D.jpg"}],"text":"Beverly Snow's Epicurean Eating House, about 1835. The sign reads \"Refectory Snow and Walkers\".[13]: 32Crandall was arrested on August 10, 1835, on a charge of \"seditious libel and inciting slaves and free blacks to revolt\".[2]: 124 The city was already in an uproar, in an ugly mood; the city officials dared not even take him out of the jail to a courtroom for his arraignment, so a magistrate came to the jail. Afterwards a mob would have broken into the jail and lynched Crandall,[14] but the mayor, William A. Bradley, called out the militia. (Another report says that the jail was protected by Marines from the Washington Navy Yard.[1]) They surrounded City Hall, where the jail was located, and thus saved Crandall,[11]: 175 but the rest of the city was left \"virtually unprotected\".[11]: 176The mob, \"denied a lynching\", went looking for other victims. They assaulted the elegant restaurant owned by a free mulatto,[13]: 3 Beverly Snow, destroying the furniture and drinking all of the restaurant's liquor.[11]: 176 They then \"vandalized several churches of free black congregations and burned a house of ill repute and some tenements inhabited by blacks.... Roving mobs continued to terrorize Washington's black neighborhoods through the rest of the week.\"[2]: 124 [14] The whole is known as the Snow Riot.[13]Crandall was initially denied bail. In January, at a bail hearing his attorneys were able to obtain, his bail was set at $5,000 (equivalent to $138,727 in 2023). He was unable to pay it, and so remained in jail.[11]: 180–181","title":"Arrest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liberator430-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62pages-4"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morley-13"},{"link_name":"sedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedition"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62pages-4"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morley-13"},{"link_name":"Amos Dresser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos_Dresser"},{"link_name":"John Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leepson-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Francis_Scott_Key.jpg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liberator430-8"},{"link_name":"District of Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Columbia"},{"link_name":"District Attorney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_Attorney"},{"link_name":"Francis Scott Key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Scott_Key"},{"link_name":"colonizationist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Colonization_Society"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morley-13"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liberator430-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kramer-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liberator430-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph-9"}],"text":"The trial, reported on in United States v. Crandall, 25 Fed. Cas. 1684 (1836),[15] began on April 15, 1836,[8] and lasted ten days.[4] \"U.S. v. Reuben Crandall was the most sensational trial in Washington in years.\"[13] There had never before been a trial for sedition anywhere in the United States.[4]: 50–51 \"The courtroom in City Hall was crowded. Several congressmen took front-row seats.\"[13] There were three newspaper reporters.The much smaller and quicker trial of Amos Dresser, arrested two weeks before Crandall and then publicly whipped in Nashville for possession of abolitionist literature, was little known outside of Tennessee. Unfortunately for Crandall, his trial was in the nation's capital, and like other events in Washington, D.C., it received national publicity. It was believed that finally, for the first time, someone (Key) had caught an abolitionist who was telling slaves to revolt (as John Brown intended to in 1859). This was the first trial in the country for Crandall's crime of \"publishing malicious and wicked libels, with the intent to excite sedition and insurrection among the slaves and free colored people\" (emphasis added), as the indictment said in its first sentence.[11]: 172 Key wanted to blame the Snow Riot on Crandall and his \"wicked libels\", in which American slavery is portrayed as a nasty, cruel, and sinful system.Francis Scott KeyCrandall, at the trial, was described in a newspaper as \"quite pale, which is probably owing to a long confinement of eight months in our close and noisome prison.\"[8]Leading the prosecution was District of Columbia District Attorney Francis Scott Key, a slave owner and colonizationist. \"Crandall was defended by two of Washington's most skillful attorneys, Richard Coxe and Joseph Bradley. These crafty barristers blocked Key at every turn.\"[13]The voluminous indictment, which Key drafted himself,[8][9] had five counts. The first four described writings allegedly published by Crandall. The fifth count dealt with his distribution of the \"libels\" of the prior counts.[2]: 131Impanelling a jury was prolonged, because many potential jurors knew about the case and had already reached a decision on Crandall's innocence or guilt.[8][9]","title":"Trial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"slaves of the District of Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_District_of_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liberator0430-16"}],"sub_title":"The prosecution's case","text":"The prosecutors alleged that Crandall not only possessed abolitionist publications, he had published (distributed) them with the intent of causing a rebellion among the slaves of the District of Columbia. The prosecution's part of the trial ended on April 22.[16]","title":"Trial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62pages-4"},{"link_name":"sheriff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheriff"},{"link_name":"Westchester County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westchester_County"},{"link_name":"Andrew T. Judson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_T._Judson"},{"link_name":"Prudence's school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury_Female_Boarding_School"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62pages-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62pages-4"},{"link_name":"Boston Courier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Courier"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Courier-17"}],"sub_title":"Defense","text":"The defense attorneys pointed out that Crandall had only lent one copy of one item to someone who had asked for it, and that a single copy did not constitute publication, nor was possession the same as publication,[4]: 43 as the prosecution had alleged. The materials in question had been used as packing material for his medical equipment, and the lady of the family in Peekskill testified that the publications had been sitting in her attic, and she herself used them in packing Dr. Crandall's belongings. A series of witnesses from the Peekskill vicinity, including the sheriff of Westchester County, testified that during the years Crandall lived in Peekskill he had not demonstrated the slightest interest in the slavery question. Furthermore, the prominent colonizationist Andrew T. Judson, who led the opposition to Prudence's school, testified that Reuben had actively opposed his sister's plan to operate a school for black girls.[4]: 35 Finally, Reuben Crandall, who was no abolitionist, had been confused with Phineas Crandall, who was on the board of the American Anti-Slavery Society and had erroneously been stated to be from Peekskill.[4]: 31The witnesses all noted that Crandall was a fine gentleman. According to a report in the Boston Courier, \"his character stands clear and high above-board.\"[17]","title":"Trial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morley-13"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Courier-17"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morley-13"},{"link_name":"consumption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"},{"link_name":"Kingston, Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaica"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leepson-11"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morley-13"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morleypost-21"}],"sub_title":"Outcome","text":"After three hours, the jury delivered a stinging rebuke to Key, and acquitted Crandall without hesitation.[18] The acquittal made headlines across the country.[13]: 222 The Boston Courier reporter stated that \"I believe there is a feeling in this community of sympathy for him, and regret for his eight months imprisonment. There is much to answer for somewhere.\"[17] However, Crandall declined to sue for wrongful imprisonment, as his father had suggested.[19]For his safety Crandall voluntarily remained briefly in jail, until his friends could smuggle him out of town.[13]: 221 He went to his parents' house in Connecticut, hoping to recover from the \"consumption\" (tuberculosis) that he had contracted in the jail. Late in 1836 he moved to Jamaica, hoping that the warm weather would aid his recovery. However, he died in Kingston, Jamaica, on January 17, 1838.[11]: 185 [20]Key was no longer a presidential confidant. He \"seemed to have lost his ambition\".[13]: 252 \n[21]","title":"Trial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pamphlets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamphlet"},{"link_name":"Internet Archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"The trial of Reuben Crandall, M.D. : charged with publishing and circulating seditious and incendiary papers, &c., in the District of Columbia, with the intent of exciting servile insurrection. Carefully reported, and compiled from the written statements of the courts and the council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.loc.gov/resource/rbcmisc.lst0090/?sp=1&st=gallery"},{"link_name":"The trial of Reuben Crandall, M.D. : charged with publishing seditious libels, by circulating the publications of the American Anti-Slavery Society, before the Circuit Court for the District of Columbia, held at Washington, in April, 1836, occupying the court the period of ten days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.loc.gov/resource/rbcmisc.lst0092/?st=gallery"},{"link_name":"Key, Francis Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Scott_Key"},{"link_name":"\"Mr. Key on the Colonization Society\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/africanreposito73socigoog"},{"link_name":"African Repository and Colonial Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Repository_and_Colonial_Journal"},{"link_name":"339","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/africanreposito73socigoog/page/n284"},{"link_name":"cite journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year"},{"link_name":"Key, Francis Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Scott_Key"},{"link_name":"A part of a speech pronounced by Francis Scott Key, Esq. on the trial of Reuben Crandall, M.D. before the Circuit Court of the District of Columbia, at the March term thereof, 1836, on an indictment for publishing libels with intent to excite sedition and insurrection among the slaves and free coloured people of said district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.loc.gov/resource/rbcmisc.lst0099/?st=gallery"}],"text":"Three pamphlets about the trial were published shortly after. Links are given below to a copy of each in the Internet Archive. They have also been reprinted in a collection of American pamphlets relating to slavery.[22]A member of the bar [an attorney] (1836). The trial of Reuben Crandall, M.D. : charged with publishing and circulating seditious and incendiary papers, &c., in the District of Columbia, with the intent of exciting servile insurrection. Carefully reported, and compiled from the written statements of the courts and the council. Washington, D.C.\nThe trial of Reuben Crandall, M.D. : charged with publishing seditious libels, by circulating the publications of the American Anti-Slavery Society, before the Circuit Court for the District of Columbia, held at Washington, in April, 1836, occupying the court the period of ten days. New York: H. R. Piercy. 1836.\nKey, Francis Scott (November 1836). \"Mr. Key on the Colonization Society\". African Repository and Colonial Journal. 12: 339–351.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)\nKey, Francis Scott (1836). A part of a speech pronounced by Francis Scott Key, Esq. on the trial of Reuben Crandall, M.D. before the Circuit Court of the District of Columbia, at the March term thereof, 1836, on an indictment for publishing libels with intent to excite sedition and insurrection among the slaves and free coloured people of said district. Washington. Reproduces text from African Repository.","title":"Pamphlets"}] | [{"image_text":"Portrait of Reuben Crandall's sister Prudence.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Prudence_Crandall%2C_portrait_by_Francis_Alexander.jpg/220px-Prudence_Crandall%2C_portrait_by_Francis_Alexander.jpg"},{"image_text":"Beverly Snow's Epicurean Eating House, about 1835. The sign reads \"Refectory Snow and Walkers\".[13]: 32 ","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Beverly_Snow%27s_Epicurean_Eating_House.jpg/220px-Beverly_Snow%27s_Epicurean_Eating_House.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Title_page_of_The_Trial_of_Reuben_Crandall%2C_M.D.jpg/220px-Title_page_of_The_Trial_of_Reuben_Crandall%2C_M.D.jpg"},{"image_text":"Francis Scott Key","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Francis_Scott_Key.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"A member of the bar [an attorney] (1836). The trial of Reuben Crandall, M.D. : charged with publishing and circulating seditious and incendiary papers, &c., in the District of Columbia, with the intent of exciting servile insurrection. Carefully reported, and compiled from the written statements of the courts and the council. Washington, D.C.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbcmisc.lst0090/?sp=1&st=gallery","url_text":"The trial of Reuben Crandall, M.D. : charged with publishing and circulating seditious and incendiary papers, &c., in the District of Columbia, with the intent of exciting servile insurrection. Carefully reported, and compiled from the written statements of the courts and the council"}]},{"reference":"The trial of Reuben Crandall, M.D. : charged with publishing seditious libels, by circulating the publications of the American Anti-Slavery Society, before the Circuit Court for the District of Columbia, held at Washington, in April, 1836, occupying the court the period of ten days. New York: H. R. Piercy. 1836.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbcmisc.lst0092/?st=gallery","url_text":"The trial of Reuben Crandall, M.D. : charged with publishing seditious libels, by circulating the publications of the American Anti-Slavery Society, before the Circuit Court for the District of Columbia, held at Washington, in April, 1836, occupying the court the period of ten days"}]},{"reference":"Key, Francis Scott (November 1836). \"Mr. Key on the Colonization Society\". African Repository and Colonial Journal. 12: 339–351.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Scott_Key","url_text":"Key, Francis Scott"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/africanreposito73socigoog","url_text":"\"Mr. Key on the Colonization Society\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Repository_and_Colonial_Journal","url_text":"African Repository and Colonial Journal"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/africanreposito73socigoog/page/n284","url_text":"339"}]},{"reference":"Key, Francis Scott (1836). A part of a speech pronounced by Francis Scott Key, Esq. on the trial of Reuben Crandall, M.D. before the Circuit Court of the District of Columbia, at the March term thereof, 1836, on an indictment for publishing libels with intent to excite sedition and insurrection among the slaves and free coloured people of said district. Washington.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Scott_Key","url_text":"Key, Francis Scott"},{"url":"https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbcmisc.lst0099/?st=gallery","url_text":"A part of a speech pronounced by Francis Scott Key, Esq. on the trial of Reuben Crandall, M.D. before the Circuit Court of the District of Columbia, at the March term thereof, 1836, on an indictment for publishing libels with intent to excite sedition and insurrection among the slaves and free coloured people of said district"}]},{"reference":"\"Extract of a letter dated Washington, August 12th\". The Liberator. August 29, 1835. p. 1. Archived from the original on September 2, 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2020 – via newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/46101109/reuben-crandall-and-the-snow-riot/","url_text":"\"Extract of a letter dated Washington, August 12th\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Liberator_(newspaper)","url_text":"The Liberator"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200902102601/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/46101109/reuben-crandall-and-the-snow-riot/","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Kramer, Neil S. (1980). \"The Trial of Reuben Crandall\". Records of the Columbia Historical Society. 50: 123–139. JSTOR 40067812.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Records_of_the_Columbia_Historical_Society","url_text":"Records of the Columbia Historical Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40067812","url_text":"40067812"}]},{"reference":"A member of the bar [an attorney] (1836). The trial of Reuben Crandall, M.D. : charged with publishing and circulating seditious and incendiary papers, &c., in the District of Columbia, with the intent of exciting servile insurrection. Carefully reported, and compiled from the written statements of the courts and the council. 48 pages. Washington, D.C. Archived from the original on 2020-09-02. Retrieved 2020-03-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbcmisc.lst0090/?sp=1&st=gallery","url_text":"The trial of Reuben Crandall, M.D. : charged with publishing and circulating seditious and incendiary papers, &c., in the District of Columbia, with the intent of exciting servile insurrection. Carefully reported, and compiled from the written statements of the courts and the council"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200902102601/https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbcmisc.lst0090/?sp=1&st=gallery","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"The trial of Reuben Crandall, M.D. : charged with publishing seditious libels, by circulating the publications of the American Anti-Slavery Society, before the Circuit Court for the District of Columbia, held at Washington, in April, 1836, occupying the court the period of ten days. 62 pages. New York: H. R. Piercy. 1836. Archived from the original on 2020-09-02. Retrieved 2020-03-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbcmisc.lst0092/?st=gallery","url_text":"The trial of Reuben Crandall, M.D. : charged with publishing seditious libels, by circulating the publications of the American Anti-Slavery Society, before the Circuit Court for the District of Columbia, held at Washington, in April, 1836, occupying the court the period of ten days"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200902102603/https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbcmisc.lst0092/?st=gallery","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Trial of Reuben Crandall\". Vermont Telegraph (Brandon, Vermont). May 5, 1836. p. 4. Archived from the original on February 21, 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/45321292/trial_of_reuben_crandall/","url_text":"\"Trial of Reuben Crandall\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon,_Vermont","url_text":"Brandon, Vermont"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200221122448/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/45321292/trial_of_reuben_crandall/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Jr., Donald E (2014). Prudence Crandall's legacy : the fight for equality in the 1830s, Dred Scott, and Brown v. Board of Education. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 9780819574701.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middletown,_Connecticut","url_text":"Middletown, Connecticut"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesleyan_University_Press","url_text":"Wesleyan University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780819574701","url_text":"9780819574701"}]},{"reference":"Magnificent whistle stop; the 100-year story of Mendota, Ill. Mendota, Illinois: Mendota Centennial Committee. 1953. pp. 394–395.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/magnificentwhist00mend","url_text":"Magnificent whistle stop; the 100-year story of Mendota, Ill"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/magnificentwhist00mend/page/394","url_text":"394"}]},{"reference":"\"Trial in Washington for circulating incendiary publications\". The Liberator. April 30, 1836. p. 3. Archived from the original on February 21, 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2020 – via newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/45320978/trial_of_reuben_crandall/","url_text":"\"Trial in Washington for circulating incendiary publications\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Liberator_(newspaper)","url_text":"The Liberator"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200221113442/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/45320978/trial_of_reuben_crandall/","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Trial of Reuben Crandall\". Public Ledger (Philadelphia). From the New York Commercial Advertiser. April 21, 1836. p. 1. Archived from the original on March 3, 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2020 – via newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/45321292/trial-of-reuben-crandall/","url_text":"\"Trial of Reuben Crandall\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Ledger_(Philadelphia)","url_text":"Public Ledger (Philadelphia)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_Advertiser","url_text":"Commercial Advertiser"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200303132434/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/45321292/trial-of-reuben-crandall/","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Appendix\". Anti-Slavery Record. Vol. 1, no. 12. December 1835.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/antislaveryreco03socigoog/page/n154/mode/2uppages=145%E2%80%93147","url_text":"\"Appendix\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-Slavery_Record&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Anti-Slavery Record"}]},{"reference":"Leepson, Marc (2014). What so Proudly We Hailed: Francis Scott Key, a life. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9781137278289. Archived from the original on 2020-09-02. Retrieved 2020-04-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tDFkAwAAQBAJ&q=Reuben%20Crandall","url_text":"What so Proudly We Hailed: Francis Scott Key, a life"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan","url_text":"Palgrave Macmillan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137278289","url_text":"9781137278289"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200902102602/https://books.google.com/books?id=tDFkAwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Reuben+Crandall&hl=en","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"New England Historical Society. \"Boston Gentlemen Riot for Slavery\". Archived from the original on December 29, 2019. Retrieved February 1, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_England_Historical_Society&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"New England Historical Society"},{"url":"https://www.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/boston-gentlemen-riot-for-slavery/","url_text":"\"Boston Gentlemen Riot for Slavery\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191229022804/http://www.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/boston-gentlemen-riot-for-slavery","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Morley, Jefferson (2012). Snow-Storm in August: Washington City, Francis Scott Key and the Forgotten Race Riot of 1835. New York: Nan Talese/Doubleday. ISBN 9780385533379.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/snowstorminaugus00morl","url_text":"Snow-Storm in August: Washington City, Francis Scott Key and the Forgotten Race Riot of 1835"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nan_Talese","url_text":"Nan Talese/Doubleday"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780385533379","url_text":"9780385533379"}]},{"reference":"\"(Untitled)\". Huron Reflector (Norwalk, Ohio). 1 Sep 1835. p. 2 – via newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79545709/dresser-and-crandall/","url_text":"\"(Untitled)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwalk_Reflector","url_text":"Huron Reflector"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwalk,_Ohio","url_text":"Norwalk, Ohio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Finkelman, Paul (1988). \"Introduction\". Slave Rebels, Abolitionists, and Southern Courts: The Pamphlet Literature. Vol. 2. Unpaged. New York and London. ISBN 0824067215.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0824067215","url_text":"0824067215"}]},{"reference":"\"Correspondence of the New-York American, Washington, April 23, 1836\". The Liberator. April 30, 1836. p. 3. Archived from the original on February 21, 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2020 – via newspapers.com (clipping).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/45320978/trial_of_reuben_crandall/","url_text":"\"Correspondence of the New-York American, Washington, April 23, 1836\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Liberator_(newspaper)","url_text":"The Liberator"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200221113442/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/45320978/trial_of_reuben_crandall/","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Correspondence of the Boston Courier, Washington, April 25\". The Liberator. April 30, 1836. p. 3. Archived from the original on February 21, 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2020 – via newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/45320978/trial_of_reuben_crandall/","url_text":"\"Correspondence of the Boston Courier, Washington, April 25\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Liberator_(newspaper)","url_text":"The Liberator"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200221113442/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/45320978/trial_of_reuben_crandall/","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Trial of Reuben Crandall before the District Court of the City of Washington, on a charge of circulating Incendiary papers\". Charleston Daily Courier (Charleston, South Carolina). May 5, 1836. p. 2. Archived from the original on September 2, 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2020 – via newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/45321180/trial-of-reuben-crandall/","url_text":"\"Trial of Reuben Crandall before the District Court of the City of Washington, on a charge of circulating Incendiary papers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Post_and_Courier","url_text":"Charleston Daily Courier"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina","url_text":"Charleston, South Carolina"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200902102614/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/45321180/trial-of-reuben-crandall/","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Dubovoy, Sina (2014). The Lost World of Francis Scott Key. Bloomington, Indiana: WestBow Press. p. 399. ISBN 9781490831190. Archived from the original on 2021-07-07. Retrieved 2020-10-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=T92UAwAAQBAJ&q=Reuben+crandall&pg=PA399","url_text":"The Lost World of Francis Scott Key"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomington,_Indiana","url_text":"Bloomington, Indiana"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WestBow_Press","url_text":"WestBow Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781490831190","url_text":"9781490831190"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210707101907/https://books.google.com/books?id=T92UAwAAQBAJ&q=Reuben+crandall&pg=PA399","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Goodell, William (1852). Slavery and anti-slavery; a history of the great struggle in both henispheres; with a view of the slavery question in the United States. New York: William Harned. p. 437.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Goodell_(abolitionist)","url_text":"Goodell, William"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/slaveryandantis02goodgoog","url_text":"Slavery and anti-slavery; a history of the great struggle in both henispheres; with a view of the slavery question in the United States"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/slaveryandantis02goodgoog/page/n448","url_text":"437"}]},{"reference":"Morley, Jefferson (February 6, 2005). \"The 'Snow Riot'\". Washington Post. p. W14. Archived from the original on October 9, 2017. Retrieved March 16, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A55082-2005Feb1.html","url_text":"\"The 'Snow Riot'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Post","url_text":"Washington Post"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171009144417/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A55082-2005Feb1.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Finkelman, Paul, ed. (1988). \"Slave rebels, abolitionists, and southern courts : the pamphlet literature\". Vol. 1. New York & London: Garland Publishing. pp. 317–443. ISBN 0824067215.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garland_Publishing","url_text":"Garland Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0824067215","url_text":"0824067215"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbcmisc.lst0090/?sp=1&st=gallery","external_links_name":"The trial of Reuben Crandall, M.D. : charged with publishing and circulating seditious and incendiary papers, &c., in the District of Columbia, with the intent of exciting servile insurrection. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longu%C3%A9-Jumelles | Longué-Jumelles | ["1 Population","2 See also","3 References"] | Coordinates: 47°22′45″N 0°06′24″W / 47.3792°N 0.1067°W / 47.3792; -0.1067
Commune in Pays de la Loire, FranceLongué-JumellesCommuneThe church in Longué
Coat of armsLocation of Longué-Jumelles
Longué-JumellesShow map of FranceLongué-JumellesShow map of Pays de la LoireCoordinates: 47°22′45″N 0°06′24″W / 47.3792°N 0.1067°W / 47.3792; -0.1067CountryFranceRegionPays de la LoireDepartmentMaine-et-LoireArrondissementSaumurCantonLongué-JumellesIntercommunalityCA Saumur Val de LoireGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Frédéric MortierArea196.2 km2 (37.1 sq mi)Population (2021)6,671 • Density69/km2 (180/sq mi)Demonym(s)Longuéen-Jumellois, Longuéenne-JumelloiseTime zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code49180 /49160Elevation20–78 m (66–256 ft) (avg. 40 m or 130 ft)Websitewww.villedelonguejumelles.fr1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.
Longué-Jumelles (French pronunciation: ⓘ) is a commune in the Maine-et-Loire department in western France.
Longué-Jumelles is twinned with Calverton, Nottinghamshire in England.
Population
Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1968 5,936— 1975 6,317+0.89%1982 6,773+1.00%1990 6,781+0.01%1999 6,928+0.24%2007 6,887−0.07%2012 6,851−0.10%2017 6,794−0.17%Source: INSEE
See also
Communes of the Maine-et-Loire department
References
^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022.
^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.
^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Longué-Jumelles.
vteCommunes of the Maine-et-Loire department
Allonnes
Angerspref
Angrie
Antoigné
Armaillé
Artannes-sur-Thouet
Aubigné-sur-Layon
Avrillé
Baracé
Baugé-en-Anjou
Beaucouzé
Beaufort-en-Anjou
Beaulieu-sur-Layon
Beaupréau-en-Mauges
Bécon-les-Granits
Bégrolles-en-Mauges
Béhuard
Bellevigne-en-Layon
Bellevigne-les-Châteaux
Blaison-Saint-Sulpice
Blou
Les Bois-d'Anjou
Bouchemaine
Bouillé-Ménard
Bourg-l'Évêque
Brain-sur-Allonnes
La Breille-les-Pins
Briollay
Brissac Loire Aubance
Brossay
Candé
Cantenay-Épinard
Carbay
Cernusson
Les Cerqueux
Challain-la-Potherie
Chalonnes-sur-Loire
Chambellay
Champtocé-sur-Loire
Chanteloup-les-Bois
La Chapelle-Saint-Laud
Chaudefonds-sur-Layon
Chazé-sur-Argos
Cheffes
Chemillé-en-Anjou
Chenillé-Champteussé
Choletsubpr
Cizay-la-Madeleine
Cléré-sur-Layon
Cornillé-les-Caves
Coron
Corzé
Le Coudray-Macouard
Courchamps
Courléon
Denée
Dénezé-sous-Doué
Distré
Doué-en-Anjou
Durtal
Écouflant
Écuillé
Épieds
Erdre-en-Anjou
Étriché
Feneu
Fontevraud-l'Abbaye
Les Garennes sur Loire
Gennes-Val-de-Loire
Grez-Neuville
Les Hauts-d'Anjou
Huillé-Lézigné
Ingrandes-le-Fresne-sur-Loire
La Jaille-Yvon
Jarzé-Villages
Juvardeil
La Lande-Chasles
Le Lion-d'Angers
Loiré
Loire-Authion
Longué-Jumelles
Longuenée-en-Anjou
Louresse-Rochemenier
Lys-Haut-Layon
Marcé
Mauges-sur-Loire
Maulévrier
Le May-sur-Èvre
Mazé-Milon
Mazières-en-Mauges
La Ménitré
Miré
Montigné-lès-Rairies
Montilliers
Montreuil-Bellay
Montreuil-Juigné
Montreuil-sur-Loir
Montreuil-sur-Maine
Montrevault-sur-Èvre
Montsoreau
Morannes sur Sarthe-Daumeray
Mouliherne
Mozé-sur-Louet
Mûrs-Erigné
Neuillé
Noyant-Villages
Nuaillé
Ombrée d'Anjou
Orée-d'Anjou
Parnay
Passavant-sur-Layon
La Pellerine
La Plaine
Le Plessis-Grammoire
Les Ponts-de-Cé
La Possonnière
Le Puy-Notre-Dame
Les Rairies
Rives-du-Loir-en-Anjou
Rochefort-sur-Loire
La Romagne
Rou-Marson
Saint-Augustin-des-Bois
Saint-Barthélemy-d'Anjou
Saint-Christophe-du-Bois
Saint-Clément-de-la-Place
Saint-Clément-des-Levées
Sainte-Gemmes-sur-Loire
Saint-Georges-sur-Loire
Saint-Germain-des-Prés
Saint-Jean-de-la-Croix
Saint-Just-sur-Dive
Saint-Lambert-la-Potherie
Saint-Léger-de-Linières
Saint-Léger-sous-Cholet
Saint-Macaire-du-Bois
Saint-Martin-du-Fouilloux
Saint-Melaine-sur-Aubance
Saint-Paul-du-Bois
Saint-Philbert-du-Peuple
Sarrigné
Saumursubpr
Savennières
Sceaux-d'Anjou
Segré-en-Anjou Bleusubpr
La Séguinière
Seiches-sur-le-Loir
Sermaise
Sèvremoine
Somloire
Soulaines-sur-Aubance
Soulaire-et-Bourg
Souzay-Champigny
Terranjou
La Tessoualle
Thorigné-d'Anjou
Tiercé
Toutlemonde
Trélazé
Trémentines
Tuffalun
Turquant
Les Ulmes
Val d'Erdre-Auxence
Val-du-Layon
Varennes-sur-Loire
Varrains
Vaudelnay
Vernantes
Vernoil-le-Fourrier
Verrie
Verrières-en-Anjou
Vezins
Villebernier
Vivy
Yzernay
pref: prefecture
subpr: subprefecture
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Other
IdRef
This Maine-et-Loire geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[lɔ̃ɡe ʒymɛl]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/51/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_%28Hsarrazin%29-Longu%C3%A9-Jumelles.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_%28Hsarrazin%29-Longu%C3%A9-Jumelles.wav.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LL-Q150_(fra)-H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_(Hsarrazin)-Longu%C3%A9-Jumelles.wav"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Maine-et-Loire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine-et-Loire"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Calverton, Nottinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calverton,_Nottinghamshire"}],"text":"Commune in Pays de la Loire, FranceLongué-Jumelles (French pronunciation: [lɔ̃ɡe ʒymɛl] ⓘ) is a commune in the Maine-et-Loire department in western France.Longué-Jumelles is twinned with Calverton, Nottinghamshire in England.","title":"Longué-Jumelles"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Population"}] | [] | [{"title":"Communes of the Maine-et-Loire department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Maine-et-Loire_department"}] | [{"reference":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","url_text":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""}]},{"reference":"\"Populations légales 2021\" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-49180","url_text":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques","url_text":"The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Longu%C3%A9-Jumelles¶ms=47.3792_N_0.1067_W_type:city(6671)_region:FR-PDL","external_links_name":"47°22′45″N 0°06′24″W / 47.3792°N 0.1067°W / 47.3792; -0.1067"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Longu%C3%A9-Jumelles¶ms=47.3792_N_0.1067_W_type:city(6671)_region:FR-PDL","external_links_name":"47°22′45″N 0°06′24″W / 47.3792°N 0.1067°W / 47.3792; -0.1067"},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=COM-49180","external_links_name":"49180"},{"Link":"https://www.villedelonguejumelles.fr/","external_links_name":"www.villedelonguejumelles.fr"},{"Link":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","external_links_name":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-49180","external_links_name":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=COM-49180#ancre-POP_T1","external_links_name":"Population en historique depuis 1968"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/159113971","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyRt8cmWq9xvxm6xxRHYP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15261781f","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15261781f","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/029118603","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Longu%C3%A9-Jumelles&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custer_(song) | Custer (song) | ["1 Composition","2 Critical reception","2.1 TikTok trend","3 Charts","4 References"] | 2014 single by Slipknot"Custer"Single by Slipknotfrom the album .5: The Gray Chapter ReleasedOctober 10, 2014 (2014-10-10)GenreNu metalLength4:14LabelRoadrunnerSongwriter(s)
Corey Taylor
Jim Root
Producer(s)Greg FidelmanSlipknot singles chronology
"The Devil in I" (2014)
"Custer" (2014)
"Killpop" (2015)
"Custer" is a song by American heavy metal band Slipknot. Released on October 10, 2014, it is the third single from their fifth studio album, .5: The Gray Chapter.
Composition
The song begins with percussionist Shawn Crahan describing what the tempo of the song should be. The track then quickly transgresses into one that is much more deep and forceful, opening the composition. The song contains lead vocalist Corey Taylor speaking in the manner of a radio announcer, and the line "Cut, cut, cut me up and fuck, fuck, fuck me up". During concerts, percussionist Chris Fehn would usually sing the chorus with Corey.
Critical reception
Metal Hammer describes the work as having "an air of the self-titled about it with Sid's scratching in the background and almost poem-esque opening verse". ArtistDirect describes the tune as "'Surfacing 2015' with a massive refrain and Faith No More-esque groove that burns and blazes with evil and engaging panache." The Guardian praised "Custer" as well as "Sarcastrophe", noting "some huge choruses lurking within the repurposed death metal riffs and tribal clatter"
TikTok trend
In 2023, "Custer" became popular on the video sharing service TikTok. Videos on TikTok consisted of users dancing to the song with dance moves from Los Del Rio's "Macarena", among many other types of video that the song was used for.
Charts
Chart performance for "Custer"
Chart (2015)
Peakposition
US Mainstream Rock (Billboard)
28
References
^ a b Mills, Matt (May 2, 2023). "10 metal songs that are weirdly popular on streaming". Metal Hammer. Retrieved May 5, 2023. A number of online trends revolve around this nu metal rager, which include 'girly pop', 'Slipknot cats' and 'the Slipknot Macarena'.
^ "Slipknot Unleash Live Video for New Single 'Custer'". Loudwire. 30 January 2015. Retrieved February 18, 2015.
^ "Slipknot Stream Brutal New Album Track 'Custer'". Music Feeds. 10 October 2014. Retrieved 11 October 2014.
^ "Slipknot Unveil New Track 'Custer' Ahead of Album Release". Loudwire. 10 October 2014. Retrieved 11 October 2014.
^ "Listen to the new Slipknot track Custer". Metal Hammer. 10 October 2014. Retrieved 11 October 2014.
^ "Album Review: Slipknot ".5: The Gray Chapter" – 5 out of 5 stars". ARTISTdirect. Archived from the original on 3 October 2014. Retrieved 11 October 2014.
^ Lawson, Dom (16 October 2014). "Slipknot: .5: The Gray Chapter review – Iowan rockers' suitably unhinged return". The Guardian. Retrieved August 13, 2015.
^ "Slipknot Chart History (Mainstream Rock Airplay)". Billboard. Retrieved November 6, 2023.
vteSlipknot
Shawn Crahan
Mick Thomson
Corey Taylor
Sid Wilson
Jim Root
Alex Venturella
Michael Pfaff
Eloy Casagrande
Joey Jordison
Paul Gray
Donnie Steele
Anders Colsefni
Craig Jones
Brandon Darner
Chris Fehn
Jay Weinberg
Studio albums
Slipknot
Iowa
Vol. 3: (The Subliminal Verses)
All Hope Is Gone
.5: The Gray Chapter
We Are Not Your Kind
The End, So Far
Live albums
9.0: Live
Day of the Gusano: Live in Mexico
Live at MSG
Compilation albums
Antennas to Hell
Demo albums
Mate. Feed. Kill. Repeat.
Extended plays
Adderall
Singles
"Wait and Bleed"
"Spit It Out"
"Left Behind"
"My Plague"
"Duality"
"Vermilion"
"The Nameless"
"Before I Forget"
"All Hope Is Gone"
"Psychosocial"
"Dead Memories"
"Sulfur"
"Snuff"
"The Negative One"
"The Devil in I"
"Custer"
"Killpop"
"Goodbye"
"All Out Life"
"Unsainted"
"Solway Firth"
"Birth of the Cruel"
"Nero Forte"
"The Chapeltown Rag"
"The Dying Song (Time to Sing)"
"Yen"
Promotional singles
"The Heretic Anthem"
"Vermilion Pt. 2"
"XIX"
"Sarcastrophe"
"AOV"
"Custer"
"Skeptic"
Other songs
"Purity"
Video albums
Welcome to Our Neighborhood
Disasterpieces
Voliminal: Inside the Nine
(sic)nesses
Day of the Gusano: Live in Mexico
Tours
Livin la Vida Loco
World Domination Tour
Tattoo the Earth
Iowa World Tour
The Subliminal Verses World Tour
All Hope Is Gone World Tour
Memorial World Tour
Knotfest
Related articles
Discography
Awards
Songs
Behind the Mask
Behind the Player: Paul Gray
Infected
List of Slipknot tribute albums
Nic Diederichs Technical High School slashing
Outside the Nine
Up to Our Necks
Dirty Little Rabbits
Junk Beer Kidnap Band
Murderdolls
Stone Sour
To My Surprise
Big Orange Clown
Great Big Mouth
CMFT
Look Outside Your Window
Smite
Vended
Category
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
MusicBrainz work | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heavy metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_music"},{"link_name":"Slipknot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slipknot_(band)"},{"link_name":".5: The Gray Chapter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.5:_The_Gray_Chapter"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"\"Custer\" is a song by American heavy metal band Slipknot. Released on October 10, 2014, it is the third single from their fifth studio album, .5: The Gray Chapter.[2]","title":"Custer (song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shawn Crahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawn_Crahan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-musicfeeds1-3"},{"link_name":"lead vocalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_vocalist"},{"link_name":"Corey Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey_Taylor"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Chris Fehn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Fehn"}],"text":"The song begins with percussionist Shawn Crahan describing what the tempo of the song should be.[3] The track then quickly transgresses into one that is much more deep and forceful, opening the composition. The song contains lead vocalist Corey Taylor speaking in the manner of a radio announcer, and the line \"Cut, cut, cut me up and fuck, fuck, fuck me up\".[4] During concerts, percussionist Chris Fehn would usually sing the chorus with Corey.","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metal Hammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_Hammer"},{"link_name":"self-titled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slipknot_(album)"},{"link_name":"Sid's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid_Wilson"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"ArtistDirect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArtistDirect"},{"link_name":"Faith No More","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith_No_More"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"Sarcastrophe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcastrophe"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Metal Hammer describes the work as having \"an air of the self-titled about it with Sid's scratching in the background and almost poem-esque opening verse\".[5] ArtistDirect describes the tune as \"'Surfacing 2015' with a massive refrain and Faith No More-esque groove that burns and blazes with evil and engaging panache.\"[6] The Guardian praised \"Custer\" as well as \"Sarcastrophe\", noting \"some huge choruses lurking within the repurposed death metal riffs and tribal clatter\"[7]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TikTok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TikTok"},{"link_name":"Los Del Rio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Del_Rio"},{"link_name":"Macarena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macarena"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MH-1"}],"sub_title":"TikTok trend","text":"In 2023, \"Custer\" became popular on the video sharing service TikTok. Videos on TikTok consisted of users dancing to the song with dance moves from Los Del Rio's \"Macarena\", among many other types of video that the song was used for.[1]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Mills, Matt (May 2, 2023). \"10 metal songs that are weirdly popular on streaming\". Metal Hammer. Retrieved May 5, 2023. A number of online trends revolve around this nu metal rager, which include 'girly pop', 'Slipknot cats' and 'the Slipknot Macarena'.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loudersound.com/features/surprising-metal-song-streaming-numbers","url_text":"\"10 metal songs that are weirdly popular on streaming\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_Hammer","url_text":"Metal Hammer"}]},{"reference":"\"Slipknot Unleash Live Video for New Single 'Custer'\". Loudwire. 30 January 2015. Retrieved February 18, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://loudwire.com/slipknot-custer-live-video","url_text":"\"Slipknot Unleash Live Video for New Single 'Custer'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Slipknot Stream Brutal New Album Track 'Custer'\". Music Feeds. 10 October 2014. Retrieved 11 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://musicfeeds.com.au/news/slipknot-stream-brutal-new-album-track-custer/","url_text":"\"Slipknot Stream Brutal New Album Track 'Custer'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Slipknot Unveil New Track 'Custer' Ahead of Album Release\". Loudwire. 10 October 2014. Retrieved 11 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://loudwire.com/slipknot-new-track-custer/","url_text":"\"Slipknot Unveil New Track 'Custer' Ahead of Album Release\""}]},{"reference":"\"Listen to the new Slipknot track Custer\". Metal Hammer. 10 October 2014. Retrieved 11 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://metalhammer.teamrock.com/news/2014-10-10/listen-to-the-new-slipknot-track-custer","url_text":"\"Listen to the new Slipknot track Custer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Album Review: Slipknot \".5: The Gray Chapter\" – 5 out of 5 stars\". ARTISTdirect. Archived from the original on 3 October 2014. Retrieved 11 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20141003011908/http://www.artistdirect.com/entertainment-news/article/album-review-slipknot-5-the-gray-chapter-5-out-of-5-stars/11198564#YTpXf1vYFbVWEMz0.99","url_text":"\"Album Review: Slipknot \".5: The Gray Chapter\" – 5 out of 5 stars\""},{"url":"http://www.artistdirect.com/entertainment-news/article/album-review-slipknot-5-the-gray-chapter-5-out-of-5-stars/11198564#YTpXf1vYFbVWEMz0.99","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lawson, Dom (16 October 2014). \"Slipknot: .5: The Gray Chapter review – Iowan rockers' suitably unhinged return\". The Guardian. Retrieved August 13, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/oct/16/slipknot-5-the-gray-chapter-review","url_text":"\"Slipknot: .5: The Gray Chapter review – Iowan rockers' suitably unhinged return\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"Slipknot Chart History (Mainstream Rock Airplay)\". Billboard. Retrieved November 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/slipknot/chart-history/rtt/","url_text":"\"Slipknot Chart History (Mainstream Rock Airplay)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.loudersound.com/features/surprising-metal-song-streaming-numbers","external_links_name":"\"10 metal songs that are weirdly popular on streaming\""},{"Link":"http://loudwire.com/slipknot-custer-live-video","external_links_name":"\"Slipknot Unleash Live Video for New Single 'Custer'\""},{"Link":"http://musicfeeds.com.au/news/slipknot-stream-brutal-new-album-track-custer/","external_links_name":"\"Slipknot Stream Brutal New Album Track 'Custer'\""},{"Link":"http://loudwire.com/slipknot-new-track-custer/","external_links_name":"\"Slipknot Unveil New Track 'Custer' Ahead of Album Release\""},{"Link":"http://metalhammer.teamrock.com/news/2014-10-10/listen-to-the-new-slipknot-track-custer","external_links_name":"\"Listen to the new Slipknot track Custer\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20141003011908/http://www.artistdirect.com/entertainment-news/article/album-review-slipknot-5-the-gray-chapter-5-out-of-5-stars/11198564#YTpXf1vYFbVWEMz0.99","external_links_name":"\"Album Review: Slipknot \".5: The Gray Chapter\" – 5 out of 5 stars\""},{"Link":"http://www.artistdirect.com/entertainment-news/article/album-review-slipknot-5-the-gray-chapter-5-out-of-5-stars/11198564#YTpXf1vYFbVWEMz0.99","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/oct/16/slipknot-5-the-gray-chapter-review","external_links_name":"\"Slipknot: .5: The Gray Chapter review – Iowan rockers' suitably unhinged return\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/slipknot/chart-history/rtt/","external_links_name":"\"Slipknot Chart History (Mainstream Rock Airplay)\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/ecb24e22-c93b-4190-a43e-8e3152f1e7de","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/0386a45e-3219-4252-98b6-dcbfd43a5893","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenomen | Praenomen | ["1 Background","2 Latin praenomina","2.1 Masculine names","2.2 Feminine names","2.3 The meaning of praenomina","2.4 Historical trends","3 Oscan and Umbrian praenomina","4 Etruscan praenomina","4.1 Masculine names","4.2 Feminine names","5 See also","6 References"] | Personal given name in Ancient Rome
For the pharaonic throne name, see Prenomen (Ancient Egypt).
The praenomen (Classical Latin: ; plural: praenomina) was a personal name chosen by the parents of a Roman child. It was first bestowed on the dies lustricus (day of lustration), the eighth day after the birth of a girl, or the ninth day after the birth of a boy. The praenomen would then be formally conferred a second time when girls married, or when boys assumed the toga virilis upon reaching manhood. Although it was the oldest of the tria nomina commonly used in Roman naming conventions, by the late republic, most praenomina were so common that most people were called by their praenomina only by family or close friends. For this reason, although they continued to be used, praenomina gradually disappeared from public records during imperial times. Although both men and women received praenomina, women's praenomina were frequently ignored, and they were gradually abandoned by many Roman families, though they continued to be used in some families and in the countryside.
Background
The tria nomina, consisting of praenomen, nomen and cognomen, which are today regarded as a distinguishing feature of Roman culture, first developed and spread throughout Italy in pre-Roman times. Most of the people of Italy spoke languages belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European language family; the three major groups within the Italian Peninsula were the Latino-Faliscan languages, including the tribes of the Latini, or Latins, who formed the core of the early Roman populace, and their neighbors, the Falisci and Hernici; the Oscan languages, including the Sabines, who also contributed to early Roman culture, as well as the Samnites, and many other peoples of central and southern Italy; and the Umbrian languages, spoken by the Umbri of the Central Apennines, the rustic Picentes of the Adriatic coast, and the Volsci.
In addition to the Italic peoples was the Etruscan civilization, whose language was unrelated to Indo-European, but who exerted a strong cultural influence throughout much of Italy, including early Rome.
The Italic nomenclature system cannot clearly be attributed to any one of these cultures, but seems to have developed simultaneously amongst each of them, perhaps due to constant contact between them. It first appears in urban centers and thence gradually spread to the countryside. In the earliest period, each person was known by a single name, or nomen. These nomina were monothematic; that is, they expressed a single concept or idea. As populations grew, many individuals might be known by the same name. Unlike the other cultures of Europe, which dealt with this problem by adopting dithematic names (names expressing two ideas), the peoples of Italy developed the first true surnames, or cognomina.
At first these were generally personal names, and might refer to any number of things, including a person's occupation, town of origin, the name of his or her father, or some physical feature or characteristic. But gradually an increasing number of them became hereditary, until they could be used to distinguish whole families from one generation to another. As this happened, the word nomen came to be applied to these surnames, and the original personal name came to be called the praenomen, or "forename", as it was usually recited first. Cognomen came to refer to any other personal or hereditary surnames coming after the family name, and used to distinguish individuals or branches of large families from one another.
As the tria nomina developed throughout Italy, the importance of the praenomen in everyday life declined considerably, together with the number of praenomina in common use. By the first century they were occasionally omitted from public records, and by the middle of the fourth century they were seldom recorded. As the Roman Empire expanded, much of the populace came from cultures with different naming conventions, and the formal structure of the tria nomina became neglected. Various names that were originally nomina or cognomina came to be treated as praenomina, and some individuals used several of them at once. However, some vestiges of the original system survived, and many of the original praenomina have continued into modern times.
Most common praenomina were regularly abbreviated in writing (in speech the full name would always be used). Although some names could be abbreviated multiple ways, the following tables include only the most usual abbreviation, if any, for each name. These abbreviations continue to be used by classical scholars.
Latin praenomina
Each of the Italic peoples had its own distinctive group of praenomina. A few names were shared between cultures, and the Etruscans in particular borrowed many praenomina from Latin and Oscan. It is disputed whether some of the praenomina used by the Romans themselves were of distinctly Etruscan or Oscan origin. However, these names were in general use at Rome and other Latin towns, and were used by families that were certainly of Latin origin. Thus, irrespective of their actual etymology, these names may be regarded as Latin.
Masculine names
In the early centuries of the Roman Republic, about three dozen praenomina seem to have been in general use at Rome, of which about half were common. This number gradually dwindled to about eighteen praenomina by the first century BC, of which perhaps a dozen were common.
Agrippa (Agr.)
Appius (Ap.)
Aulus (A.)
Caeso (K.)
Decimus (D.)
Faustus (F.)
Gaius (C.)
Gnaeus (Cn.)
Hostus
Lucius (L.)
Mamercus (Mam.)
Manius (ꟿ. or M'.)
Marcus (M.)
Mettius
Nonus
Numerius (N.)
Octavius (Oct.)
Opiter (Opet.)
Paullus
Postumus (Post.)
Proculus (Pro.)
Publius (P.)
Quintus (Q.)
Septimus
Sertor (Sert.)
Servius (Ser.)
Sextus (Sex.)
Spurius (S.)
Statius (St.)
Tiberius (Ti.)
Titus (T.)
Tullus
Vibius (V.)
Volesus (Vol.)
Vopiscus (Vop.)
Notes:
Caeso is frequently (especially in older records) spelled Kaeso. The abbreviation K. was retained to distinguish the name from Gaius, abbreviated "C."
Gaius and Gnaeus are abbreviated with C. and Cn., respectively, because the practice of abbreviating them was already established at the time the letter G, a modified C, was introduced to the Latin alphabet. Although the archaic spellings Caius and Cnaeus also appear in later records, Gaius and Gnaeus represent the actual pronunciation of these names.
Manius was originally abbreviated with an archaic five-stroke M (ꟿ), borrowed from the Etruscan alphabet (from which the Latin alphabet was derived) but not otherwise used in Latin. The apostrophe is used as a substitute for this letter.
Octavius (with an i) seems to be the only form of this name found as a praenomen, although the form Octavus would be consistent with the adjective from which the name is derived.
Volero, a praenomen used by the Publilii, is believed to be a variant of Volesus.
Some of the praenomina in this list are known from only a few examples. However, the overall sample from which they have been taken represents only a small fraction of the entire Roman populace. The Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft mentions about ten thousand individuals whose praenomina are known from surviving works of history, literature, and various inscriptions. These individuals are spread over a period of over twelve centuries, with the smallest sample coming from the early Republic, when the greatest variety of praenomina was in use. During that same period, the sample consists almost entirely of Roman men belonging to the leading patrician families.
Many of the names which were uncommon amongst the patricians appear to have been more widespread amongst the plebeians, and the appearance of rare names in Latin inscriptions outside of Rome suggests that many names which were uncommon at Rome were much more common in other parts of Latium.
Feminine names
Main article: Naming conventions for women in ancient Rome
In the earliest period, both men and women used praenomina. However, with the adoption of hereditary surnames, the praenomen lost much of its original importance. The number of praenomina in general use declined steadily throughout Roman history, and as most families used the same praenomina from one generation to the next, the praenomen became less useful for distinguishing between individuals. Women's praenomina gradually fell into disuse, and by the first century the majority of Roman women either did not have or did not use praenomina. A similar process occurred throughout Italy, except amongst the Etruscans, for whom feminine praenomina were the rule.
The abandonment of women's praenomina over time was more the result of practical usage than a deliberate process. Because Latin names had both masculine and feminine forms, the nomen itself was sufficient to distinguish a Roman woman from her father and brothers. Roman women did not change their names when they married, so a Roman wife usually did not share her nomen with any other members of her family. Diminutives, nicknames, and personal cognomina could be used to differentiate between sisters. When there were two sisters, they were frequently referred to as Major and Minor, with these terms appearing after the nomen or cognomen; if there were more than two, the eldest might be called Maxima, and the younger sisters assigned numerical cognomina.
Many of the cognomina used by women originated as praenomina, and for much of Roman history there seems to have been a fashion for "inverting" women's praenomina and cognomina; names that were traditionally regarded as praenomina were often placed after a woman's nomen or cognomen, as if a surname, even though they were used as praenomina. The reverse was also common, especially in imperial times; a personal cognomen would be placed before a woman's nomen, in the place of a praenomen. In both cases, the name was functionally a praenomen, irrespective of its position in the name. For this reason, it is often impossible to distinguish between women's praenomina and personal cognomina.
In imperial times, Roman women were more likely to have praenomina if they had several older sisters. A daughter who had been called simply by her nomen for several years was less likely to receive a praenomen than her younger sisters, and because it was usually easy to distinguish between two daughters without using praenomina, the need for traditional personal names did not become acute until there were at least three sisters in a family. Tertia and Quarta were common praenomina, while Secunda was less common, and Prima rarer still. Maxima, Maio, and Mino were also used as praenomina, although it may be debated whether they represent true personal names. Paulla was probably given to younger daughters, and was one of the most common praenomina.
Most other women's praenomina were simply the feminine forms of familiar masculine praenomina. Examples are known of all common praenomina, as well as a number of less-common ones. Only in the case of praenomina which had irregular masculine forms is there some uncertainty; but these probably became feminine by taking diminutive forms. Caesula or Caesilla appears to have been the feminine form of Caeso, and the personal cognomen Agrippina probably represents the feminine form of Agrippa. Two notable exceptions to the usual formation are Marcia and Titia, both of which regularly formed as "i-stem" nouns, instead of the expected Marca and Tita (although those forms are also found).
Feminine praenomina were usually abbreviated in the same manner as their masculine counterparts, but were often written in full. One notable exception occurs in the filiations of liberti, where the abbreviation "C." for Gaia was frequently reversed to indicate a woman. Here the name "Gaia" seems to have been used generically to represent any woman, although in some instances an inverted "M." for Marcia seems to have been used as well.
The following list includes feminine praenomina which are known or reasonably certain from extant sources and inscriptions, and which were clearly used as praenomina, rather than nicknames or inverted cognomina. Several variations are known for some praenomina, of which only the most regular are given in this table. The abbreviations are usually the same as for the corresponding masculine praenomina; where variation exists, only the most common abbreviation has been provided. A few of these names were normally written in full, or have not been found with regular abbreviations.
Appia (Ap.)
Aula (A.)
Caesula
Decima (D.)
Fausta (F.)
Gaia (C.)
Gnaea (Cn.)
Hosta (H.)
Lucia (L.)
Maio (Mai.)
Mamerca (Mam.)
Mania (M'.)
Marcia (M.)
Maxima
Mettia
Mino (Min.)
Nona
Numeria (N.)
Octavia (Oct.)
Paulla
Postuma (Post.)
Prima
Procula (Pro.)
Publia (P.)
Quarta
Quinta (Q.)
Secunda (Seq.)
Septima
Servia (Ser.)
Sexta (Sex.)
Spuria (Sp.)
Statia (St.)
Tertia
Titia (T.)
Tiberia (Ti.)
Tulla
Vibia (V.)
Volusa (Vol.)
Vopisca (Vop.)
Notes:
Maio and Mino are the forms usually found as praenomina, although Major and Minor are also found. As cognomina, Major and Minor seem to have been preferred.
Secunda was usually abbreviated Seq., although Sec. is also common. In archaic Latin, C was used primarily before E and I, while Q appeared before O and U, and K before A. In a few instances the name is written Sequnda.
The meaning of praenomina
Philologists have debated the origin and meaning of these names since classical antiquity. However, many of the meanings popularly assigned to various praenomina appear to have been no more than "folk etymology". The names derived from numbers are the most certain. The masculine names Quintus, Sextus, Septimus, Octavius and Decimus, and the feminine names Prima, Secunda, Tertia, Quarta, Quinta, Sexta, Septima, Octavia, Nona and Decima are all based on ordinal numbers. There may also have been a praenomen Nonus, as there was a gens with the apparently patronymic name of Nonius, although no examples of its use as a praenomen have survived.
It has historically been held that these names originally referred to the order of a child's birth, but some scholars have argued that they in fact referred to the month of the Roman calendar in which a child was born. Like the masculine praenomina, the months of the old Roman Calendar had names based on the numbers five through ten: Quintilis (July), Sextilis (August), September, October, November, and December. However, this hypothesis is nuanced, requiring that the feminine praenomina Prima, Secunda, Tertia, and Quarta be explained by birth order and that Septimus, Octavius, and perhaps Nonus fell into disuse as praenomina over time, whilst continuing as gentilician names.
Several other praenomina were believed to refer to the circumstances of a child's birth; for instance, Agrippa was said to refer to a child who was born feet-first; Caeso to a child born by the operation known today as a Caesarean section; Lucius to one born at dawn; Manius to one born in the morning; Numerius to one born easily; Opiter to one whose father had died, leaving his grandfather as head of the family; Postumus to a last-born child (whether or not the father was dead); Proculus to one whose father was far away; Vopiscus to the survivor of twins, the other of whom was born dead. Most of these are not based on credible etymology, although the meanings assigned to Lucius, Manius, and Postumus are probably reasonable.
Amongst other credible meanings assigned to praenomina, Faustus certainly means "fortunate" in Latin; Gaius is thought to derive from the same root as gaudere, "to rejoice"; Gnaeus refers to a birthmark; Marcus and Mamercus refer to the gods Mars and Mamers (perhaps an Oscan manifestation of Mars); Paullus means "small"; Servius appears to be derived from the same root as servare, to save or "to keep safe"; Volusus (also found as Volesus and Volero) seems to come from valere, "to be strong".
One popular etymology that is certainly not correct belongs to Spurius, a praenomen that was amongst the most common, and favored by many leading patrician and plebeian families during the early Republic. It was later said that it was a contraction of the phrase, sine pater filius, "son without a father", and thus used for children born out of wedlock. This belief may have led to the gradual disappearance of the name during the first century AD.
Appius is sometimes said to be of Oscan origin, since it is known chiefly from the descendants of Appius Claudius, a Sabine from the town of Cures, who came to Rome in the early years of the Republic, and was admitted to the Patriciate. His original name was said to be Attius Clausus, which he then Romanized. However, the praenomen Appius is known from other Latin sources, and may simply represent the Latin name closest in sound to Attius.
Aulus, Publius, Spurius, and Tiberius are sometimes attributed to Etruscan, in which language they are all common, although these names were also typical of praenomina used in families of indisputably Latin origin, such as the Postumii or the Cornelii. In this instance, it cannot be determined with any certainty whether these were Latin names which were borrowed by the Etruscans, or vice versa. The best case may be for Tiberius being an Etruscan name, since that praenomen was always connected with the sacred river on the boundary of Etruria and Latium, and the Etruscan name for the Tiber was Thebris. However, it still may be that the Romans knew the river by this name when the praenomen came into existence.
Historical trends
Many families, particularly amongst the great patrician houses, limited themselves to a small number of praenomina, probably as a means of distinguishing themselves from one another and from the plebeians, who used a wider variety of names. For example, the Cornelii used Aulus, Gnaeus, Lucius, Marcus, Publius, Servius, and Tiberius; the Julii limited themselves to Lucius, Gaius, Sextus, and Vopiscus; the Claudii were fond of Appius, Gaius, and Publius; the Postumii favored Aulus, Gaius, Lucius, Publius, and Spurius; and so on. The most prominent plebeian families also tended to limit the names of which they made regular use, although amongst both social classes, there must have been exceptions whenever a family had a large number of sons.
Many families avoided certain names, although the reasons varied. According to legend, the Junii avoided the names Titus and Tiberius because they were the names of two sons of Lucius Junius Brutus, the founder of the Republic, who were executed on the grounds that they had plotted to restore the king to power. Another legend relates that after Marcus Manlius Capitolinus was condemned for treason, the Roman Senate decreed that no member of gens Manlia should bear the praenomen Marcus, a tradition that seems to have been followed until the first century. However, normally such matters were left to the discretion of the family. In most instances, the reason why certain praenomina were preferred and others avoided probably arose from the desire to pass on family names.
Several names were used by only a few patrician families, although they were more widespread amongst the plebeians. For example: Appius was used only by the Claudii, Caeso by the Fabii and the Quinctii, Agrippa by the Furii and the Menenii, Numerius by the Fabii, Mamercus by the Aemilii and the Pinarii, Vopiscus only by the Julii, and Decimus was not used by any patrician family (unless the Junii were, as is sometimes believed, originally patrician), although it was widely used amongst the plebeians.
Throughout Roman history, the most common praenomen was Lucius, followed by Gaius, with Marcus in third place. During the most conservative periods, these three names could account for as much as fifty percent of the adult male population. At some distance were Publius and Quintus, only about half as common as Lucius, distantly followed by Titus. Aulus, Gnaeus, Spurius, Sextus, and Servius were less common, followed by Manius, Tiberius, Caeso, Numerius, and Decimus, which were decidedly uncommon (at least amongst the patricians) during the Republic.
Throughout Republican times, the number of praenomina in general use declined, but older names were occasionally revived by noble families, and occasionally anomalous names such as Ancus, Iulus, or Kanus were given. Some of these may have been ancient praenomina that had already passed out of common use by the early Republic. As they vanished from use as personal names, many older praenomina, such as Agrippa, Faustus, Mamercus, Paullus, Postumus, Proculus, and Vopiscus were revived as cognomina. Other examples of names that may once have been praenomina include Fusus, an early cognomen of gens Furia, and Cossus, a cognomen of gens Cornelia.
By the first century BC, the praenomina remaining in general use at Rome were: Appius, Aulus, Caeso, Decimus, Gaius, Gnaeus, Lucius, Mamercus, Manius, Marcus, Numerius, Publius, Quintus, Servius, Sextus, Spurius, Titus, and Tiberius. However, older names continued to be revived from time to time, especially in noble families, and they probably continued to be used outside Rome. By the second century, several of these names had also passed out of general use at Rome, leaving Aulus, Decimus, Gaius, Gnaeus, Lucius, Manius, Marcus, Numerius, Publius, Quintus, Sextus, Titus, and Tiberius.
Under the empire, confusion seems to have developed as to precisely what constituted a praenomen and how it should be used. A number of emperors considered Imperator as a praenomen, and thus part of their names. As a larger percentage of the Roman populace came from backgrounds that had never used traditional Roman names, the praenomen was frequently omitted, or at least ignored. In its place, an increasing number of magistrates and officials placed common nomina, frequently with praenomen-like abbreviations. The most common of these were Flavius (Fl.), Claudius (Cl.), Julius, Junius, Valerius (Val.), and Aurelius. These names appear almost arbitrarily, much like praenomina, and probably were intended to imply nobility, although ultimately they became so common as to lose any real significance.
Oscan and Umbrian praenomina
Many Oscan praenomina appear throughout Roman history, as the Romans encountered both friendly and hostile tribes, and slowly absorbed the peoples of Italy into their sphere of influence. Umbrian praenomina are less well-known, but appear to have been similar to those of the Oscans. Although it is widely believed that the Latin praenomen Mamercus was of Oscan origin, since Mamers was a Sabine form of Mars, it is not clear to what extent the two cultures (which sprang from the same origin) borrowed praenomina from one another, and to what extent they shared names based on roots common to each language.
It is impossible to provide a complete list of Oscan praenomina, but these names are clearly identifiable in extant histories and inscriptions. Abbreviations do exist for some of them, but they were less regular, and less regularly employed, than the Latin abbreviations.
Ancus
Attius
Decius
Herius
Marius
Mettius
Minatus
Minius
Nerius
Novius
Numa
Numerius
Ovius
Paccius
Pompo
Salvius
Seppius
Statius
Taurus
Trebius
Vibius
Vettius
Notes:
The -ius ending found in Latin sources is frequently found as -is or -iis in Oscan inscriptions.
Ancus is known from only two sources: Ancus Marcius, the fourth King of Rome, who was of Sabine ancestry, and Ancus Publicius, an early member of a plebeian gens.
Attius may be the Oscan equivalent of the Latin praenomen Appius, since the Sabine Attius Clausus took the name Appius Claudius upon settling at Rome; however, it could also simply have been the closest praenomen in sound.
Decius, Pompo (and variations thereof), and Seppius are the Oscan equivalents of the Latin praenomina Decimus, Quintus, and Septimus. A 'P' in Oscan frequently corresponded to a 'Q' in Latin.
Nerius, or Nero, a praenomen common to Oscan and Umbrian, was said to mean fortis ac strenuus, that is, "strong" or "vigorous".
Etruscan praenomina
The Etruscan language was unrelated to the other languages spoken in Italy, and accordingly it contains many names which have no equivalents in the Latin or Oscan languages. The Etruscan civilization, the most advanced of its time in that region, was a strong influence on the other peoples of Italy. The Etruscan alphabet (itself based on an early version of the Western or "Red" Greek alphabet) was the source for later Italian alphabets, including the modern Latin alphabet.
However, the cultural interchange was not all one-way. With respect to personal names, the Etruscans borrowed a large number of praenomina from Latin and Oscan, adding them to their own unique names. The Etruscan language is still imperfectly known, and the number of inscriptions are limited, so this list of Etruscan praenomina encompasses what has been discovered to this point. Included are names that are certainly praenomina, no matter their linguistic origin. Names that might be nomina or cognomina have not been included.
Masculine names
Arruns (Ar.)
Aule (A.)
Cae (C.)
Caeles
Cneve (Cn.)
Karcuna
Lar
Larce
Laris (Lr.)
Larth (La., Lth.)
Lucie (L.)
Mamarce (Mam.)
Marce (M.)
Maximus
Metie
Pavle
Puplie (P.)
Sethre (Se.)
Spurie (S.)
Thefarie
Tite (T.)
Uchtave
Vel (Vl.)
Velthur (Vth.)
Vipie (V.)
Notes:
The Romans rendered Lar, Larce, Laris, and Larth all as Lars.
Aule, Cae, Cneve, Lucie, Mamarce, Marce, Metie, Pavle, Puplie, Spurie, Tite, Thefarie, Uchtave, and Vipie may be recognized as the Latin praenomina Aulus, Gaius, Gnaeus, Lucius, Mamercus, Marcus, Mettius, Paullus, Publius, Spurius, Titus, Tiberius, Octavius, and Vibius. There is no agreement on whether any of these were borrowed from Etruscan, or whether all were originally Latin.
The Etruscans used a number of diminutives for both masculine and feminine names, including the masculine names Arnza (from Arruns), Venel, and Venox (from Vel).
Feminine names
Fasti (F.)
Hasti (H.)
Larthi
Lethi
Ramtha (R.)
Ravnthu
Tanaquil (Thx.)
Thana (Th.)
Titia (T.)
Vela
Notes:
Fasti may be borrowed from the Latin praenomen Fausta. Hasti may be a variant of the same name.
An example of a diminutive of a feminine praenomen is Ravntzu (from Ranvthu).
See also
List of Roman praenomina
Agnomen
Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum
References
^ a b c d e f g Oxford Classical Dictionary, 2nd Ed. (1970)
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft
^ a b c d e William Smith, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Chase, George Davis (1 January 1897). "The Origin of Roman Praenomina". Harvard Studies in Classical Philology. VIII: 103–184. doi:10.2307/310491. JSTOR 310491. Retrieved 7 October 2018 – via Archive.org.
^ a b c d e f g h Dictionary of Greek & Roman Biography & Mythology
^ T. R. S. Broughton, Magistrates of the Roman Republic (1952)
^ a b c d e f Mika Kajava , Roman Female Praenomina: Studies in the Nomenclature of Roman Women (1994)
^ a b Petersen, Hans (1962). "The Numeral Praenomina of the Romans". Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association. 93: 347–354.
^ a b c d Jacques Heurgon, Daily Life of the Etruscans (1964)
vtePraenomenCommon
Appius
Aulus
Caeso
Decimus
Gaius
Gnaeus
Lucius
Mamercus
Manius
Marcus
Numerius
Publius
Quintus
Servius
Sextus
Spurius
Tiberius
Titus
Uncommon or archaic
Agrippa
Faustus
Hostus
Mettius
Nonus
Octavius
Opiter
Paullus
Postumus
Proculus
Septimus
Sertor
Statius
Tullus
Vibius
Volesus
Vopiscus
Related
Roman naming conventions
Tria nomina
nomen
cognomen
agnomen
vtePersonal names and anthroponymyPersonal name
Birth name
Given name
Surname
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Affixes
Nobiliary particle
By sequence
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Middle name
Last name
By trait
Diminutive
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Epithet
Animal
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Sobriquet
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Unisex
Virtue
By life situation
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Code name
Maiden and married names
Necronym
Posthumous name
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Placeholder name
Notname
Regnal name
Slave name
Pseudonyms (list)
Art name
Bugō
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list
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Shikona
Stage name
List
Mononyms
Username
By cultureSurnames by countryEast Asian
Amami
Chinese
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Titles
Japanese
Korean
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Vietnamese
Northern Asiaand Central Asia
Kalmyk
Mongolian
Sakha
Tibetan
Muslim worldand Western Asia
Afghan
Arabic
Azerbaijani
Bengali
Berber
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Sindhi
Somali
Tatar
Turkish
Oceania
Australian Aboriginal
Fijian
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Māori
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Ashanti
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Ewe
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Suffixes
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Bengali
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Chinese
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Indian
Lao
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By religion
Christian name
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Saint's name
Buddhist surname
Dharma name
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Theophoric name
Manners of addressListof authority/of honourStyles
Honorific
Diplomatic
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Judiciary
Religious
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Suffix
Emeritus
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Academic
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Titles
Academic
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Chivalric
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False
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Acronym
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-onym
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Khelrtva
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Category:Lists of names | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prenomen (Ancient Egypt)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenomen_(Ancient_Egypt)"},{"link_name":"Classical Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Latin_language"},{"link_name":"[prae̯ˈnoːmɛn]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin"},{"link_name":"personal name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"dies lustricus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dies_lustricus"},{"link_name":"lustration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lustratio"},{"link_name":"toga virilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toga_virilis"},{"link_name":"tria nomina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tria_nomina"},{"link_name":"Roman naming conventions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions"}],"text":"For the pharaonic throne name, see Prenomen (Ancient Egypt).The praenomen (Classical Latin: [prae̯ˈnoːmɛn]; plural: praenomina) was a personal name chosen by the parents of a Roman child. It was first bestowed on the dies lustricus (day of lustration), the eighth day after the birth of a girl, or the ninth day after the birth of a boy. The praenomen would then be formally conferred a second time when girls married, or when boys assumed the toga virilis upon reaching manhood. Although it was the oldest of the tria nomina commonly used in Roman naming conventions, by the late republic, most praenomina were so common that most people were called by their praenomina only by family or close friends. For this reason, although they continued to be used, praenomina gradually disappeared from public records during imperial times. Although both men and women received praenomina, women's praenomina were frequently ignored, and they were gradually abandoned by many Roman families, though they continued to be used in some families and in the countryside.","title":"Praenomen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nomen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomen_(Roman_name)"},{"link_name":"cognomen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognomen"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"people of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Italic branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italic_languages"},{"link_name":"Indo-European language family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages"},{"link_name":"Italian Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Latino-Faliscan languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino-Faliscan_languages"},{"link_name":"Latini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)"},{"link_name":"Falisci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falisci"},{"link_name":"Hernici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hernici"},{"link_name":"Oscan languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscan_language"},{"link_name":"Sabines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabines"},{"link_name":"Samnites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samnium"},{"link_name":"Umbrian languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbrian_language"},{"link_name":"Umbri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbri"},{"link_name":"Apennines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apennines"},{"link_name":"Picentes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picentes"},{"link_name":"Adriatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic_Sea"},{"link_name":"Volsci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volsci"},{"link_name":"Etruscan civilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscan_civilization"},{"link_name":"language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscan_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated5-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated4-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated5-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated3-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The tria nomina, consisting of praenomen, nomen and cognomen, which are today regarded as a distinguishing feature of Roman culture, first developed and spread throughout Italy in pre-Roman times. Most of the people of Italy spoke languages belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European language family; the three major groups within the Italian Peninsula were the Latino-Faliscan languages, including the tribes of the Latini, or Latins, who formed the core of the early Roman populace, and their neighbors, the Falisci and Hernici; the Oscan languages, including the Sabines, who also contributed to early Roman culture, as well as the Samnites, and many other peoples of central and southern Italy; and the Umbrian languages, spoken by the Umbri of the Central Apennines, the rustic Picentes of the Adriatic coast, and the Volsci.In addition to the Italic peoples was the Etruscan civilization, whose language was unrelated to Indo-European, but who exerted a strong cultural influence throughout much of Italy, including early Rome.[1]The Italic nomenclature system cannot clearly be attributed to any one of these cultures, but seems to have developed simultaneously amongst each of them, perhaps due to constant contact between them. It first appears in urban centers and thence gradually spread to the countryside. In the earliest period, each person was known by a single name, or nomen. These nomina were monothematic; that is, they expressed a single concept or idea. As populations grew, many individuals might be known by the same name. Unlike the other cultures of Europe, which dealt with this problem by adopting dithematic names (names expressing two ideas), the peoples of Italy developed the first true surnames, or cognomina.[2]At first these were generally personal names, and might refer to any number of things, including a person's occupation, town of origin, the name of his or her father, or some physical feature or characteristic. But gradually an increasing number of them became hereditary, until they could be used to distinguish whole families from one generation to another. As this happened, the word nomen came to be applied to these surnames, and the original personal name came to be called the praenomen, or \"forename\", as it was usually recited first. Cognomen came to refer to any other personal or hereditary surnames coming after the family name, and used to distinguish individuals or branches of large families from one another.[1][3][4]As the tria nomina developed throughout Italy, the importance of the praenomen in everyday life declined considerably, together with the number of praenomina in common use. By the first century they were occasionally omitted from public records, and by the middle of the fourth century they were seldom recorded. As the Roman Empire expanded, much of the populace came from cultures with different naming conventions, and the formal structure of the tria nomina became neglected. Various names that were originally nomina or cognomina came to be treated as praenomina, and some individuals used several of them at once. However, some vestiges of the original system survived, and many of the original praenomina have continued into modern times.[3][5][6]Most common praenomina were regularly abbreviated in writing (in speech the full name would always be used). Although some names could be abbreviated multiple ways, the following tables include only the most usual abbreviation, if any, for each name. These abbreviations continue to be used by classical scholars.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Each of the Italic peoples had its own distinctive group of praenomina. A few names were shared between cultures, and the Etruscans in particular borrowed many praenomina from Latin and Oscan. It is disputed whether some of the praenomina used by the Romans themselves were of distinctly Etruscan or Oscan origin. However, these names were in general use at Rome and other Latin towns, and were used by families that were certainly of Latin origin. Thus, irrespective of their actual etymology, these names may be regarded as Latin.","title":"Latin praenomina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Agrippa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrippa_(praenomen)"},{"link_name":"Appius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appius_(praenomen)"},{"link_name":"Aulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aulus_(praenomen)"},{"link_name":"Caeso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caeso_(praenomen)"},{"link_name":"Decimus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimus_(praenomen)"},{"link_name":"Faustus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faustus_(praenomen)"},{"link_name":"Gaius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_(praenomen)"},{"link_name":"Gnaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnaeus_(praenomen)"},{"link_name":"Hostus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostus_(praenomen)"},{"link_name":"Lucius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_(praenomen)"},{"link_name":"Mamercus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamercus_(praenomen)"},{"link_name":"Manius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manius_(praenomen)"},{"link_name":"Marcus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_(praenomen)"},{"link_name":"Mettius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mettius_(praenomen)"},{"link_name":"Nonus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonus_(praenomen)"},{"link_name":"Numerius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerius_(praenomen)"},{"link_name":"Octavius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavius_(praenomen)"},{"link_name":"Opiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opiter_(praenomen)"},{"link_name":"Paullus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paullus_(praenomen)"},{"link_name":"Postumus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postumus_(praenomen)"},{"link_name":"Proculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proculus_(praenomen)"},{"link_name":"Publius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_(praenomen)"},{"link_name":"Quintus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_(praenomen)"},{"link_name":"Septimus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimus_(praenomen)"},{"link_name":"Sertor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sertor_(praenomen)"},{"link_name":"Servius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servius_(praenomen)"},{"link_name":"Sextus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sextus_(praenomen)"},{"link_name":"Spurius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spurius_(praenomen)"},{"link_name":"Statius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statius_(praenomen)"},{"link_name":"Tiberius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberius_(praenomen)"},{"link_name":"Titus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titus_(praenomen)"},{"link_name":"Tullus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tullus_(praenomen)"},{"link_name":"Vibius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibius_(praenomen)"},{"link_name":"Volesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volesus_(praenomen)"},{"link_name":"Vopiscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vopiscus_(praenomen)"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated4-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated5-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated4-2"}],"sub_title":"Masculine names","text":"In the early centuries of the Roman Republic, about three dozen praenomina seem to have been in general use at Rome, of which about half were common. This number gradually dwindled to about eighteen praenomina by the first century BC, of which perhaps a dozen were common.Agrippa (Agr.)\nAppius (Ap.)\nAulus (A.)\nCaeso (K.)\nDecimus (D.)\nFaustus (F.)\nGaius (C.)\nGnaeus (Cn.)\nHostus\nLucius (L.)\nMamercus (Mam.)\nManius (ꟿ. or M'.)\nMarcus (M.)\nMettius\nNonus\nNumerius (N.)\nOctavius (Oct.)\nOpiter (Opet.)\nPaullus\nPostumus (Post.)\nProculus (Pro.)\nPublius (P.)\nQuintus (Q.)\nSeptimus\nSertor (Sert.)\nServius (Ser.)\nSextus (Sex.)\nSpurius (S.)\nStatius (St.)\nTiberius (Ti.)\nTitus (T.)\nTullus\nVibius (V.)\nVolesus (Vol.)\nVopiscus (Vop.)Notes:Caeso is frequently (especially in older records) spelled Kaeso. The abbreviation K. was retained to distinguish the name from Gaius, abbreviated \"C.\"\nGaius and Gnaeus are abbreviated with C. and Cn., respectively, because the practice of abbreviating them was already established at the time the letter G, a modified C, was introduced to the Latin alphabet. Although the archaic spellings Caius and Cnaeus also appear in later records, Gaius and Gnaeus represent the actual pronunciation of these names.\nManius was originally abbreviated with an archaic five-stroke M (ꟿ), borrowed from the Etruscan alphabet (from which the Latin alphabet was derived) but not otherwise used in Latin. The apostrophe is used as a substitute for this letter.\nOctavius (with an i) seems to be the only form of this name found as a praenomen, although the form Octavus would be consistent with the adjective from which the name is derived.\nVolero, a praenomen used by the Publilii, is believed to be a variant of Volesus.Some of the praenomina in this list are known from only a few examples. However, the overall sample from which they have been taken represents only a small fraction of the entire Roman populace. The Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft mentions about ten thousand individuals whose praenomina are known from surviving works of history, literature, and various inscriptions. These individuals are spread over a period of over twelve centuries, with the smallest sample coming from the early Republic, when the greatest variety of praenomina was in use. During that same period, the sample consists almost entirely of Roman men belonging to the leading patrician families.[2]Many of the names which were uncommon amongst the patricians appear to have been more widespread amongst the plebeians, and the appearance of rare names in Latin inscriptions outside of Rome suggests that many names which were uncommon at Rome were much more common in other parts of Latium.[1][2]","title":"Latin praenomina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kajava-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated5-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated5-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kajava-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kajava-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kajava-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kajava-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-4"},{"link_name":"liberti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedman"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kajava-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-4"}],"sub_title":"Feminine names","text":"In the earliest period, both men and women used praenomina. However, with the adoption of hereditary surnames, the praenomen lost much of its original importance. The number of praenomina in general use declined steadily throughout Roman history, and as most families used the same praenomina from one generation to the next, the praenomen became less useful for distinguishing between individuals. Women's praenomina gradually fell into disuse, and by the first century the majority of Roman women either did not have or did not use praenomina. A similar process occurred throughout Italy, except amongst the Etruscans, for whom feminine praenomina were the rule.[7][1]The abandonment of women's praenomina over time was more the result of practical usage than a deliberate process. Because Latin names had both masculine and feminine forms, the nomen itself was sufficient to distinguish a Roman woman from her father and brothers. Roman women did not change their names when they married, so a Roman wife usually did not share her nomen with any other members of her family.[1] Diminutives, nicknames, and personal cognomina could be used to differentiate between sisters. When there were two sisters, they were frequently referred to as Major and Minor, with these terms appearing after the nomen or cognomen; if there were more than two, the eldest might be called Maxima, and the younger sisters assigned numerical cognomina.[7]Many of the cognomina used by women originated as praenomina, and for much of Roman history there seems to have been a fashion for \"inverting\" women's praenomina and cognomina; names that were traditionally regarded as praenomina were often placed after a woman's nomen or cognomen, as if a surname, even though they were used as praenomina. The reverse was also common, especially in imperial times; a personal cognomen would be placed before a woman's nomen, in the place of a praenomen. In both cases, the name was functionally a praenomen, irrespective of its position in the name. For this reason, it is often impossible to distinguish between women's praenomina and personal cognomina.[7][4]In imperial times, Roman women were more likely to have praenomina if they had several older sisters. A daughter who had been called simply by her nomen for several years was less likely to receive a praenomen than her younger sisters, and because it was usually easy to distinguish between two daughters without using praenomina, the need for traditional personal names did not become acute until there were at least three sisters in a family. Tertia and Quarta were common praenomina, while Secunda was less common, and Prima rarer still. Maxima, Maio, and Mino were also used as praenomina, although it may be debated whether they represent true personal names. Paulla was probably given to younger daughters, and was one of the most common praenomina.[7][4]Most other women's praenomina were simply the feminine forms of familiar masculine praenomina. Examples are known of all common praenomina, as well as a number of less-common ones. Only in the case of praenomina which had irregular masculine forms is there some uncertainty; but these probably became feminine by taking diminutive forms. Caesula or Caesilla appears to have been the feminine form of Caeso, and the personal cognomen Agrippina probably represents the feminine form of Agrippa. Two notable exceptions to the usual formation are Marcia and Titia, both of which regularly formed as \"i-stem\" nouns, instead of the expected Marca and Tita (although those forms are also found).[7][4]Feminine praenomina were usually abbreviated in the same manner as their masculine counterparts, but were often written in full. One notable exception occurs in the filiations of liberti, where the abbreviation \"C.\" for Gaia was frequently reversed to indicate a woman. Here the name \"Gaia\" seems to have been used generically to represent any woman, although in some instances an inverted \"M.\" for Marcia seems to have been used as well.[4]The following list includes feminine praenomina which are known or reasonably certain from extant sources and inscriptions, and which were clearly used as praenomina, rather than nicknames or inverted cognomina. Several variations are known for some praenomina, of which only the most regular are given in this table. The abbreviations are usually the same as for the corresponding masculine praenomina; where variation exists, only the most common abbreviation has been provided. A few of these names were normally written in full, or have not been found with regular abbreviations.[7][4]Appia (Ap.)\nAula (A.)\nCaesula\nDecima (D.)\nFausta (F.)\nGaia (C.)\nGnaea (Cn.)\nHosta (H.)\nLucia (L.)\nMaio (Mai.)\nMamerca (Mam.)\nMania (M'.)\nMarcia (M.)\nMaxima\nMettia\nMino (Min.)\nNona\nNumeria (N.)\nOctavia (Oct.)\nPaulla\nPostuma (Post.)\nPrima\nProcula (Pro.)\nPublia (P.)\nQuarta\nQuinta (Q.)\nSecunda (Seq.)\nSeptima\nServia (Ser.)\nSexta (Sex.)\nSpuria (Sp.)\nStatia (St.)\nTertia\nTitia (T.)\nTiberia (Ti.)\nTulla\nVibia (V.)\nVolusa (Vol.)\nVopisca (Vop.)Notes:Maio and Mino are the forms usually found as praenomina, although Major and Minor are also found. As cognomina, Major and Minor seem to have been preferred.\nSecunda was usually abbreviated Seq., although Sec. is also common. In archaic Latin, C was used primarily before E and I, while Q appeared before O and U, and K before A. In a few instances the name is written Sequnda.","title":"Latin praenomina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ordinal numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinal_number_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-petersen-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated4-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-petersen-8"},{"link_name":"Caesarean section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesarean_section"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated4-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated4-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-4"},{"link_name":"Appius Claudius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appius_Claudius_Sabinus_Regillensis"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated3-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated4-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated3-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1964-9"}],"sub_title":"The meaning of praenomina","text":"Philologists have debated the origin and meaning of these names since classical antiquity. However, many of the meanings popularly assigned to various praenomina appear to have been no more than \"folk etymology\". The names derived from numbers are the most certain. The masculine names Quintus, Sextus, Septimus, Octavius and Decimus, and the feminine names Prima, Secunda, Tertia, Quarta, Quinta, Sexta, Septima, Octavia, Nona and Decima are all based on ordinal numbers. There may also have been a praenomen Nonus, as there was a gens with the apparently patronymic name of Nonius, although no examples of its use as a praenomen have survived.[4]It has historically been held that these names originally referred to the order of a child's birth, but some scholars have argued that they in fact referred to the month of the Roman calendar in which a child was born.[8] Like the masculine praenomina, the months of the old Roman Calendar had names based on the numbers five through ten: Quintilis (July), Sextilis (August), September, October, November, and December. However, this hypothesis is nuanced, requiring that the feminine praenomina Prima, Secunda, Tertia, and Quarta be explained by birth order and that Septimus, Octavius, and perhaps Nonus fell into disuse as praenomina over time, whilst continuing as gentilician names.[2][4][8]Several other praenomina were believed to refer to the circumstances of a child's birth; for instance, Agrippa was said to refer to a child who was born feet-first; Caeso to a child born by the operation known today as a Caesarean section; Lucius to one born at dawn; Manius to one born in the morning; Numerius to one born easily; Opiter to one whose father had died, leaving his grandfather as head of the family; Postumus to a last-born child (whether or not the father was dead); Proculus to one whose father was far away; Vopiscus to the survivor of twins, the other of whom was born dead. Most of these are not based on credible etymology, although the meanings assigned to Lucius, Manius, and Postumus are probably reasonable.[2][4]Amongst other credible meanings assigned to praenomina, Faustus certainly means \"fortunate\" in Latin; Gaius is thought to derive from the same root as gaudere, \"to rejoice\"; Gnaeus refers to a birthmark; Marcus and Mamercus refer to the gods Mars and Mamers (perhaps an Oscan manifestation of Mars); Paullus means \"small\"; Servius appears to be derived from the same root as servare, to save or \"to keep safe\"; Volusus (also found as Volesus and Volero) seems to come from valere, \"to be strong\".[2][4]One popular etymology that is certainly not correct belongs to Spurius, a praenomen that was amongst the most common, and favored by many leading patrician and plebeian families during the early Republic. It was later said that it was a contraction of the phrase, sine pater filius, \"son without a father\", and thus used for children born out of wedlock. This belief may have led to the gradual disappearance of the name during the first century AD.[4]Appius is sometimes said to be of Oscan origin, since it is known chiefly from the descendants of Appius Claudius, a Sabine from the town of Cures, who came to Rome in the early years of the Republic, and was admitted to the Patriciate. His original name was said to be Attius Clausus, which he then Romanized. However, the praenomen Appius is known from other Latin sources, and may simply represent the Latin name closest in sound to Attius.[4][5]Aulus, Publius, Spurius, and Tiberius are sometimes attributed to Etruscan, in which language they are all common, although these names were also typical of praenomina used in families of indisputably Latin origin, such as the Postumii or the Cornelii. In this instance, it cannot be determined with any certainty whether these were Latin names which were borrowed by the Etruscans, or vice versa. The best case may be for Tiberius being an Etruscan name, since that praenomen was always connected with the sacred river on the boundary of Etruria and Latium, and the Etruscan name for the Tiber was Thebris. However, it still may be that the Romans knew the river by this name when the praenomen came into existence.[2][4][5][9]","title":"Latin praenomina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated4-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated3-5"},{"link_name":"Lucius Junius Brutus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Junius_Brutus"},{"link_name":"Marcus Manlius Capitolinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Manlius_Capitolinus"},{"link_name":"Roman Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Senate"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated5-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated4-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated4-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated4-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated3-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated3-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated3-5"}],"sub_title":"Historical trends","text":"Many families, particularly amongst the great patrician houses, limited themselves to a small number of praenomina, probably as a means of distinguishing themselves from one another and from the plebeians, who used a wider variety of names. For example, the Cornelii used Aulus, Gnaeus, Lucius, Marcus, Publius, Servius, and Tiberius; the Julii limited themselves to Lucius, Gaius, Sextus, and Vopiscus; the Claudii were fond of Appius, Gaius, and Publius; the Postumii favored Aulus, Gaius, Lucius, Publius, and Spurius; and so on. The most prominent plebeian families also tended to limit the names of which they made regular use, although amongst both social classes, there must have been exceptions whenever a family had a large number of sons.[2][5]Many families avoided certain names, although the reasons varied. According to legend, the Junii avoided the names Titus and Tiberius because they were the names of two sons of Lucius Junius Brutus, the founder of the Republic, who were executed on the grounds that they had plotted to restore the king to power. Another legend relates that after Marcus Manlius Capitolinus was condemned for treason, the Roman Senate decreed that no member of gens Manlia should bear the praenomen Marcus, a tradition that seems to have been followed until the first century. However, normally such matters were left to the discretion of the family. In most instances, the reason why certain praenomina were preferred and others avoided probably arose from the desire to pass on family names.[3]Several names were used by only a few patrician families, although they were more widespread amongst the plebeians. For example: Appius was used only by the Claudii, Caeso by the Fabii and the Quinctii, Agrippa by the Furii and the Menenii, Numerius by the Fabii, Mamercus by the Aemilii and the Pinarii, Vopiscus only by the Julii, and Decimus was not used by any patrician family (unless the Junii were, as is sometimes believed, originally patrician), although it was widely used amongst the plebeians.[1][2][3]Throughout Roman history, the most common praenomen was Lucius, followed by Gaius, with Marcus in third place. During the most conservative periods, these three names could account for as much as fifty percent of the adult male population. At some distance were Publius and Quintus, only about half as common as Lucius, distantly followed by Titus. Aulus, Gnaeus, Spurius, Sextus, and Servius were less common, followed by Manius, Tiberius, Caeso, Numerius, and Decimus, which were decidedly uncommon (at least amongst the patricians) during the Republic.[2][3]Throughout Republican times, the number of praenomina in general use declined, but older names were occasionally revived by noble families, and occasionally anomalous names such as Ancus, Iulus, or Kanus were given. Some of these may have been ancient praenomina that had already passed out of common use by the early Republic. As they vanished from use as personal names, many older praenomina, such as Agrippa, Faustus, Mamercus, Paullus, Postumus, Proculus, and Vopiscus were revived as cognomina. Other examples of names that may once have been praenomina include Fusus, an early cognomen of gens Furia, and Cossus, a cognomen of gens Cornelia.[2][5]By the first century BC, the praenomina remaining in general use at Rome were: Appius, Aulus, Caeso, Decimus, Gaius, Gnaeus, Lucius, Mamercus, Manius, Marcus, Numerius, Publius, Quintus, Servius, Sextus, Spurius, Titus, and Tiberius. However, older names continued to be revived from time to time, especially in noble families, and they probably continued to be used outside Rome. By the second century, several of these names had also passed out of general use at Rome, leaving Aulus, Decimus, Gaius, Gnaeus, Lucius, Manius, Marcus, Numerius, Publius, Quintus, Sextus, Titus, and Tiberius.[5]Under the empire, confusion seems to have developed as to precisely what constituted a praenomen and how it should be used. A number of emperors considered Imperator as a praenomen, and thus part of their names. As a larger percentage of the Roman populace came from backgrounds that had never used traditional Roman names, the praenomen was frequently omitted, or at least ignored. In its place, an increasing number of magistrates and officials placed common nomina, frequently with praenomen-like abbreviations. The most common of these were Flavius (Fl.), Claudius (Cl.), Julius, Junius, Valerius (Val.), and Aurelius. These names appear almost arbitrarily, much like praenomina, and probably were intended to imply nobility, although ultimately they became so common as to lose any real significance.[5]","title":"Latin praenomina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated5-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated3-5"},{"link_name":"Ancus Marcius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancus_Marcius"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-4"}],"text":"Many Oscan praenomina appear throughout Roman history, as the Romans encountered both friendly and hostile tribes, and slowly absorbed the peoples of Italy into their sphere of influence. Umbrian praenomina are less well-known, but appear to have been similar to those of the Oscans. Although it is widely believed that the Latin praenomen Mamercus was of Oscan origin, since Mamers was a Sabine form of Mars, it is not clear to what extent the two cultures (which sprang from the same origin) borrowed praenomina from one another, and to what extent they shared names based on roots common to each language.[4]It is impossible to provide a complete list of Oscan praenomina, but these names are clearly identifiable in extant histories and inscriptions. Abbreviations do exist for some of them, but they were less regular, and less regularly employed, than the Latin abbreviations.[1][4][5]Ancus\nAttius\nDecius\nHerius\nMarius\nMettius\n\n\nMinatus\nMinius\nNerius\nNovius\nNuma\nNumerius\n\n\nOvius\nPaccius\nPompo\nSalvius\nSeppius\nStatius\n\n\nTaurus\nTrebius\nVibius\nVettiusNotes:The -ius ending found in Latin sources is frequently found as -is or -iis in Oscan inscriptions.\nAncus is known from only two sources: Ancus Marcius, the fourth King of Rome, who was of Sabine ancestry, and Ancus Publicius, an early member of a plebeian gens.\nAttius may be the Oscan equivalent of the Latin praenomen Appius, since the Sabine Attius Clausus took the name Appius Claudius upon settling at Rome; however, it could also simply have been the closest praenomen in sound.\nDecius, Pompo (and variations thereof), and Seppius are the Oscan equivalents of the Latin praenomina Decimus, Quintus, and Septimus. A 'P' in Oscan frequently corresponded to a 'Q' in Latin.\nNerius, or Nero, a praenomen common to Oscan and Umbrian, was said to mean fortis ac strenuus, that is, \"strong\" or \"vigorous\".[4]","title":"Oscan and Umbrian praenomina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Etruscan language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscan_language"},{"link_name":"Etruscan civilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscan_civilization"},{"link_name":"Etruscan alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Italic_script#Etruscan_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Western or \"Red\" Greek alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets"},{"link_name":"Latin alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alphabet"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated4-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1964-9"}],"text":"The Etruscan language was unrelated to the other languages spoken in Italy, and accordingly it contains many names which have no equivalents in the Latin or Oscan languages. The Etruscan civilization, the most advanced of its time in that region, was a strong influence on the other peoples of Italy. The Etruscan alphabet (itself based on an early version of the Western or \"Red\" Greek alphabet) was the source for later Italian alphabets, including the modern Latin alphabet.However, the cultural interchange was not all one-way. With respect to personal names, the Etruscans borrowed a large number of praenomina from Latin and Oscan, adding them to their own unique names.[2][9] The Etruscan language is still imperfectly known, and the number of inscriptions are limited, so this list of Etruscan praenomina encompasses what has been discovered to this point. Included are names that are certainly praenomina, no matter their linguistic origin. Names that might be nomina or cognomina have not been included.","title":"Etruscan praenomina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arruns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arruns"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1964-9"}],"sub_title":"Masculine names","text":"Arruns (Ar.)\nAule (A.)\nCae (C.)\nCaeles\nCneve (Cn.)\nKarcuna\n\n\nLar\nLarce\nLaris (Lr.)\nLarth (La., Lth.)\nLucie (L.)\nMamarce (Mam.)\n\n\nMarce (M.)\nMaximus\nMetie\nPavle\nPuplie (P.)\nSethre (Se.)\nSpurie (S.)\n\n\nThefarie\nTite (T.)\nUchtave\nVel (Vl.)\nVelthur (Vth.)\nVipie (V.)Notes:The Romans rendered Lar, Larce, Laris, and Larth all as Lars.\nAule, Cae, Cneve, Lucie, Mamarce, Marce, Metie, Pavle, Puplie, Spurie, Tite, Thefarie, Uchtave, and Vipie may be recognized as the Latin praenomina Aulus, Gaius, Gnaeus, Lucius, Mamercus, Marcus, Mettius, Paullus, Publius, Spurius, Titus, Tiberius, Octavius, and Vibius. There is no agreement on whether any of these were borrowed from Etruscan, or whether all were originally Latin.\nThe Etruscans used a number of diminutives for both masculine and feminine names, including the masculine names Arnza (from Arruns), Venel, and Venox (from Vel).[4][9]","title":"Etruscan praenomina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1964-9"}],"sub_title":"Feminine names","text":"Fasti (F.)\nHasti (H.)\nLarthi\nLethi\n\n\nRamtha (R.)\nRavnthu\nTanaquil (Thx.)\n\n\nThana (Th.)\nTitia (T.)\nVelaNotes:Fasti may be borrowed from the Latin praenomen Fausta. Hasti may be a variant of the same name.\nAn example of a diminutive of a feminine praenomen is Ravntzu (from Ranvthu).[4][9]","title":"Etruscan praenomina"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of Roman praenomina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Roman_praenomina"},{"title":"Agnomen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnomen"},{"title":"Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Inscriptionum_Latinarum"}] | [{"reference":"Chase, George Davis (1 January 1897). \"The Origin of Roman Praenomina\". Harvard Studies in Classical Philology. VIII: 103–184. doi:10.2307/310491. JSTOR 310491. Retrieved 7 October 2018 – via Archive.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/jstor-310491/310491_djvu.txt","url_text":"\"The Origin of Roman Praenomina\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F310491","url_text":"10.2307/310491"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/310491","url_text":"310491"}]},{"reference":"Petersen, Hans (1962). \"The Numeral Praenomina of the Romans\". Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association. 93: 347–354.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/283767","url_text":"\"The Numeral Praenomina of the Romans\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/jstor-310491/310491_djvu.txt","external_links_name":"\"The Origin of Roman Praenomina\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F310491","external_links_name":"10.2307/310491"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/310491","external_links_name":"310491"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/283767","external_links_name":"\"The Numeral Praenomina of the Romans\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoples_Education_Society_College_of_Engineering | P.E.S. College of Engineering | ["1 Rankings","2 References","3 External links"] | P. E. S. College of Engineering MandyaAdministrative BlockMottoಶ್ರದ್ಧಾವಾನ್ ಲಭತೇ ಜ್ಞಾನಂMotto in EnglishLearning with dedication gives wisdomTypeAn Autonomous institution under VTU engineering collegeEstablished1962FounderShri K V ShankaragowdaPresidentShri. K.S VijayanandPrincipalDr. H.M. NanjundaswamyLocationMandya, Karnataka, 571401, India12°31′3.11″N 76°52′43.08″E / 12.5175306°N 76.8786333°E / 12.5175306; 76.8786333CampusUrban 62 acres (250,000 m2)LanguageEnglishNicknamePESCEAffiliationsVTU, AICTEWebsitepesce.ac.inP. E. S. College of Engineering (PESCE, standing for "People's Education Society College of Engineering") is an autonomous institute and technical engineering college located in Mandya, Karnataka, India. Established in 1962, it is run by the People's Education Trust. It is an autonomous institute from the year 2008 under Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum and is recognized by AICTE.
Main entrance
Rankings
University and college rankingsEngineering – IndiaNIRF (2022)137
The National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) ranked it 137 among engineering colleges in 2022.
References
^ "About Us". educationinfoindia.com. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
^ "Affiliated Engineering Colleges". VTU. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
^ a b "National Institutional Ranking Framework 2022 (Engineering)". National Institutional Ranking Framework. Ministry of Education. 15 July 2022.
External links
Official website | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"engineering college","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_college"},{"link_name":"Mandya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandya"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Visvesvaraya Technological University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visvesvaraya_Technological_University"},{"link_name":"Belgaum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgaum"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vtu-2"},{"link_name":"AICTE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AICTE"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PES_College_of_Engineering_Mandya.jpg"}],"text":"P. E. S. College of Engineering (PESCE, standing for \"People's Education Society College of Engineering\") is an autonomous institute and technical engineering college located in Mandya, Karnataka, India. Established in 1962, it is run by the People's Education Trust.[1] It is an autonomous institute from the year 2008 under Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum[2] and is recognized by AICTE.Main entrance","title":"P.E.S. College of Engineering"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Institutional Ranking Framework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutional_Ranking_Framework"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rankings_NIRF_E_2022-3"}],"text":"The National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) ranked it 137 among engineering colleges in 2022.[3]","title":"Rankings"}] | [{"image_text":"Main entrance","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/PES_College_of_Engineering_Mandya.jpg/220px-PES_College_of_Engineering_Mandya.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"About Us\". educationinfoindia.com. Retrieved 13 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.educationinfoindia.com/engg/b_pesabout.htm","url_text":"\"About Us\""}]},{"reference":"\"Affiliated Engineering Colleges\". VTU. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 13 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721150812/http://testrun.vtu.ac.in/index.php/affiliated-institutes/144.html?article=","url_text":"\"Affiliated Engineering Colleges\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visvesvaraya_Technological_University","url_text":"VTU"},{"url":"http://testrun.vtu.ac.in/index.php/affiliated-institutes/144.html?article=","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"National Institutional Ranking Framework 2022 (Engineering)\". National Institutional Ranking Framework. Ministry of Education. 15 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nirfindia.org/2022/EngineeringRanking.html","url_text":"\"National Institutional Ranking Framework 2022 (Engineering)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutional_Ranking_Framework","url_text":"National Institutional Ranking Framework"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(India)","url_text":"Ministry of Education"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=P.E.S._College_of_Engineering¶ms=12_31_3.11_N_76_52_43.08_E_type:edu_region:IN","external_links_name":"12°31′3.11″N 76°52′43.08″E / 12.5175306°N 76.8786333°E / 12.5175306; 76.8786333"},{"Link":"http://www.pesce.ac.in/","external_links_name":"pesce.ac.in"},{"Link":"http://www.educationinfoindia.com/engg/b_pesabout.htm","external_links_name":"\"About Us\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721150812/http://testrun.vtu.ac.in/index.php/affiliated-institutes/144.html?article=","external_links_name":"\"Affiliated Engineering Colleges\""},{"Link":"http://testrun.vtu.ac.in/index.php/affiliated-institutes/144.html?article=","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nirfindia.org/2022/EngineeringRanking.html","external_links_name":"\"National Institutional Ranking Framework 2022 (Engineering)\""},{"Link":"http://www.pescemandya.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonferroni_method | Holm–Bonferroni method | ["1 Motivation","2 Formulation","2.1 Rationale","2.2 Proof","2.3 Alternative proof","3 Example","4 Extensions","4.1 Holm–Šidák method","4.2 Weighted version","4.3 Adjusted p-values","5 Alternatives and usage","6 Naming","7 References"] | Statistical method
In statistics, the Holm–Bonferroni method, also called the Holm method or Bonferroni–Holm method, is used to counteract the problem of multiple comparisons. It is intended to control the family-wise error rate (FWER) and offers a simple test uniformly more powerful than the Bonferroni correction. It is named after Sture Holm, who codified the method, and Carlo Emilio Bonferroni.
Motivation
When considering several hypotheses, the problem of multiplicity arises: the more hypotheses are tested, the higher the probability of obtaining Type I errors (false positives). The Holm–Bonferroni method is one of many approaches for controlling the FWER, i.e., the probability that one or more Type I errors will occur, by adjusting the rejection criterion for each of the individual hypotheses.
Formulation
The method is as follows:
Suppose you have
m
{\displaystyle m}
p-values, sorted into order lowest-to-highest
P
1
,
…
,
P
m
{\displaystyle P_{1},\ldots ,P_{m}}
, and their corresponding hypotheses
H
1
,
…
,
H
m
{\displaystyle H_{1},\ldots ,H_{m}}
(null hypotheses). You want the FWER to be no higher than a certain pre-specified significance level
α
{\displaystyle \alpha }
.
Is
P
1
≤
α
/
m
{\displaystyle P_{1}\leq \alpha /m}
? If so, reject
H
1
{\displaystyle H_{1}}
and continue to the next step, otherwise EXIT.
Is
P
2
≤
α
/
(
m
−
1
)
{\displaystyle P_{2}\leq \alpha /(m-1)}
? If so, reject
H
2
{\displaystyle H_{2}}
also, and continue to the next step, otherwise EXIT.
And so on: for each P value, test whether
P
k
≤
α
m
+
1
−
k
{\displaystyle P_{k}\leq {\frac {\alpha }{m+1-k}}}
. If so, reject
H
k
{\displaystyle H_{k}}
and continue to examine the larger P values, otherwise EXIT.
This method ensures that the FWER is at most
α
{\displaystyle \alpha }
, in the strong sense.
Rationale
The simple Bonferroni correction rejects only null hypotheses with p-value less than or equal to
α
m
{\displaystyle {\frac {\alpha }{m}}}
, in order to ensure that the FWER, i.e., the risk of rejecting one or more true null hypotheses (i.e., of committing one or more type I errors) is at most
α
{\displaystyle \alpha }
. The cost of this protection against type I errors is an increased risk of failing to reject one or more false null hypotheses (i.e., of committing one or more type II errors).
The Holm–Bonferroni method also controls the FWER at
α
{\displaystyle \alpha }
, but with a lower increase of type II error risk than the classical Bonferroni method. The Holm–Bonferroni method sorts the p-values from lowest to highest and compares them to nominal alpha levels of
α
m
{\displaystyle {\frac {\alpha }{m}}}
to
α
{\displaystyle \alpha }
(respectively), namely the values
α
m
,
α
m
−
1
,
…
,
α
2
,
α
1
{\displaystyle {\frac {\alpha }{m}},{\frac {\alpha }{m-1}},\ldots ,{\frac {\alpha }{2}},{\frac {\alpha }{1}}}
.
The index
k
{\displaystyle k}
identifies the first p-value that is not low enough to validate rejection. Therefore, the null hypotheses
H
(
1
)
,
…
,
H
(
k
−
1
)
{\displaystyle H_{(1)},\ldots ,H_{(k-1)}}
are rejected, while the null hypotheses
H
(
k
)
,
.
.
.
,
H
(
m
)
{\displaystyle H_{(k)},...,H_{(m)}}
are not rejected.
If
k
=
1
{\displaystyle k=1}
then no p-values were low enough for rejection, therefore no null hypotheses are rejected.
If no such index
k
{\displaystyle k}
could be found then all p-values were low enough for rejection, therefore all null hypotheses are rejected (none are accepted).
Proof
Let
H
(
1
)
…
H
(
m
)
{\displaystyle H_{(1)}\ldots H_{(m)}}
be the family of hypotheses sorted by their p-values
P
(
1
)
≤
P
(
2
)
≤
⋯
≤
P
(
m
)
{\displaystyle P_{(1)}\leq P_{(2)}\leq \cdots \leq P_{(m)}}
. Let
I
0
{\displaystyle I_{0}}
be the set of indices corresponding to the (unknown) true null hypotheses, having
m
0
{\displaystyle m_{0}}
members.
Claim: If we wrongly reject some true hypothesis, there is a true hypothesis
H
(
ℓ
)
{\displaystyle H_{(\ell )}}
for which
P
(
ℓ
)
{\displaystyle P_{(\ell )}}
at most
α
m
0
{\displaystyle {\frac {\alpha }{m_{0}}}}
.
First note that, in this case, there is at least one true hypothesis, so
m
0
≥
1
{\displaystyle m_{0}\geq 1}
. Let
ℓ
{\displaystyle \ell }
be such that
H
(
ℓ
)
{\displaystyle H_{(\ell )}}
is the first rejected true hypothesis. Then
H
(
1
)
,
…
,
H
(
ℓ
−
1
)
{\displaystyle H_{(1)},\ldots ,H_{(\ell -1)}}
are all rejected false hypotheses. It follows that
ℓ
−
1
≤
m
−
m
0
{\displaystyle \ell -1\leq m-m_{0}}
and, hence,
1
m
−
ℓ
+
1
≤
1
m
0
{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{m-\ell +1}}\leq {\frac {1}{m_{0}}}}
(1). Since
H
(
ℓ
)
{\displaystyle H_{(\ell )}}
is rejected, it must be
P
(
ℓ
)
≤
α
m
−
ℓ
+
1
{\displaystyle P_{(\ell )}\leq {\frac {\alpha }{m-\ell +1}}}
by definition of the testing procedure. Using (1), we conclude that
P
(
ℓ
)
≤
α
m
0
{\displaystyle P_{(\ell )}\leq {\frac {\alpha }{m_{0}}}}
, as desired.
So let us define the random event
A
=
⋃
i
∈
I
0
{
P
i
≤
α
m
0
}
{\displaystyle A=\bigcup _{i\in I_{0}}\left\{P_{i}\leq {\frac {\alpha }{m_{0}}}\right\}}
. Note that, for
i
∈
I
o
{\displaystyle i\in I_{o}}
, since
H
i
{\displaystyle H_{i}}
is a true null hypothesis, we have that
P
(
{
P
i
≤
α
m
0
}
)
=
α
m
0
{\displaystyle P\left(\left\{P_{i}\leq {\frac {\alpha }{m_{0}}}\right\}\right)={\frac {\alpha }{m_{0}}}}
. Subadditivity of the probability measure implies that
Pr
(
A
)
≤
∑
i
∈
I
0
P
(
{
P
i
≤
α
m
0
}
)
=
∑
i
∈
I
0
α
m
0
=
α
{\displaystyle \Pr(A)\leq \sum _{i\in I_{0}}P\left(\left\{P_{i}\leq {\frac {\alpha }{m_{0}}}\right\}\right)=\sum _{i\in I_{0}}{\frac {\alpha }{m_{0}}}=\alpha }
. Therefore, the probability to reject a true hypothesis is at most
α
{\displaystyle \alpha }
.
Alternative proof
The Holm–Bonferroni method can be viewed as a closed testing procedure, with the Bonferroni correction applied locally on each of the intersections of null hypotheses.
The closure principle states that a hypothesis
H
i
{\displaystyle H_{i}}
in a family of hypotheses
H
1
,
…
,
H
m
{\displaystyle H_{1},\ldots ,H_{m}}
is rejected – while controlling the FWER at level
α
{\displaystyle \alpha }
– if and only if all the sub-families of the intersections with
H
i
{\displaystyle H_{i}}
are rejected at level
α
{\displaystyle \alpha }
.
The Holm–Bonferroni method is a shortcut procedure, since it makes
m
{\displaystyle m}
or less comparisons, while the number of all intersections of null hypotheses to be tested is of order
2
m
{\displaystyle 2^{m}}
.
It controls the FWER in the strong sense.
In the Holm–Bonferroni procedure, we first test
H
(
1
)
{\displaystyle H_{(1)}}
. If it is not rejected then the intersection of all null hypotheses
⋂
i
=
1
m
H
i
{\displaystyle \bigcap \nolimits _{i=1}^{m}H_{i}}
is not rejected too, such that there exists at least one intersection hypothesis for each of elementary hypotheses
H
1
,
…
,
H
m
{\displaystyle H_{1},\ldots ,H_{m}}
that is not rejected, thus we reject none of the elementary hypotheses.
If
H
(
1
)
{\displaystyle H_{(1)}}
is rejected at level
α
/
m
{\displaystyle \alpha /m}
then all the intersection sub-families that contain it are rejected too, thus
H
(
1
)
{\displaystyle H_{(1)}}
is rejected.
This is because
P
(
1
)
{\displaystyle P_{(1)}}
is the smallest in each one of the intersection sub-families and the size of the sub-families is at most
m
{\displaystyle m}
, such that the Bonferroni threshold larger than
α
/
m
{\displaystyle \alpha /m}
.
The same rationale applies for
H
(
2
)
{\displaystyle H_{(2)}}
. However, since
H
(
1
)
{\displaystyle H_{(1)}}
already rejected, it sufficient to reject all the intersection sub-families of
H
(
2
)
{\displaystyle H_{(2)}}
without
H
(
1
)
{\displaystyle H_{(1)}}
. Once
P
(
2
)
≤
α
/
(
m
−
1
)
{\displaystyle P_{(2)}\leq \alpha /(m-1)}
holds all the intersections that contains
H
(
2
)
{\displaystyle H_{(2)}}
are rejected.
The same applies for each
1
≤
i
≤
m
{\displaystyle 1\leq i\leq m}
.
Example
Consider four null hypotheses
H
1
,
…
,
H
4
{\displaystyle H_{1},\ldots ,H_{4}}
with unadjusted p-values
p
1
=
0.01
{\displaystyle p_{1}=0.01}
,
p
2
=
0.04
{\displaystyle p_{2}=0.04}
,
p
3
=
0.03
{\displaystyle p_{3}=0.03}
and
p
4
=
0.005
{\displaystyle p_{4}=0.005}
, to be tested at significance level
α
=
0.05
{\displaystyle \alpha =0.05}
. Since the procedure is step-down, we first test
H
4
=
H
(
1
)
{\displaystyle H_{4}=H_{(1)}}
, which has the smallest p-value
p
4
=
p
(
1
)
=
0.005
{\displaystyle p_{4}=p_{(1)}=0.005}
. The p-value is compared to
α
/
4
=
0.0125
{\displaystyle \alpha /4=0.0125}
, the null hypothesis is rejected and we continue to the next one. Since
p
1
=
p
(
2
)
=
0.01
<
0.0167
=
α
/
3
{\displaystyle p_{1}=p_{(2)}=0.01<0.0167=\alpha /3}
we reject
H
1
=
H
(
2
)
{\displaystyle H_{1}=H_{(2)}}
as well and continue. The next hypothesis
H
3
{\displaystyle H_{3}}
is not rejected since
p
3
=
p
(
3
)
=
0.03
>
0.025
=
α
/
2
{\displaystyle p_{3}=p_{(3)}=0.03>0.025=\alpha /2}
. We stop testing and conclude that
H
1
{\displaystyle H_{1}}
and
H
4
{\displaystyle H_{4}}
are rejected and
H
2
{\displaystyle H_{2}}
and
H
3
{\displaystyle H_{3}}
are not rejected while controlling the family-wise error rate at level
α
=
0.05
{\displaystyle \alpha =0.05}
. Note that even though
p
2
=
p
(
4
)
=
0.04
<
0.05
=
α
{\displaystyle p_{2}=p_{(4)}=0.04<0.05=\alpha }
applies,
H
2
{\displaystyle H_{2}}
is not rejected. This is because the testing procedure stops once a failure to reject occurs.
Extensions
Holm–Šidák method
Further information: Šidák correction
When the hypothesis tests are not negatively dependent, it is possible to replace
α
m
,
α
m
−
1
,
…
,
α
1
{\displaystyle {\frac {\alpha }{m}},{\frac {\alpha }{m-1}},\ldots ,{\frac {\alpha }{1}}}
with:
1
−
(
1
−
α
)
1
/
m
,
1
−
(
1
−
α
)
1
/
(
m
−
1
)
,
…
,
1
−
(
1
−
α
)
1
{\displaystyle 1-(1-\alpha )^{1/m},1-(1-\alpha )^{1/(m-1)},\ldots ,1-(1-\alpha )^{1}}
resulting in a slightly more powerful test.
Weighted version
Let
P
(
1
)
,
…
,
P
(
m
)
{\displaystyle P_{(1)},\ldots ,P_{(m)}}
be the ordered unadjusted p-values. Let
H
(
i
)
{\displaystyle H_{(i)}}
,
0
≤
w
(
i
)
{\displaystyle 0\leq w_{(i)}}
correspond to
P
(
i
)
{\displaystyle P_{(i)}}
. Reject
H
(
i
)
{\displaystyle H_{(i)}}
as long as
P
(
j
)
≤
w
(
j
)
∑
k
=
j
m
w
(
k
)
α
,
j
=
1
,
…
,
i
{\displaystyle P_{(j)}\leq {\frac {w_{(j)}}{\sum _{k=j}^{m}w_{(k)}}}\alpha ,\quad j=1,\ldots ,i}
Adjusted p-values
The adjusted p-values for Holm–Bonferroni method are:
p
~
(
i
)
=
max
j
≤
i
{
(
m
−
j
+
1
)
p
(
j
)
}
1
,
where
{
x
}
1
≡
min
(
x
,
1
)
.
{\displaystyle {\widetilde {p}}_{(i)}=\max _{j\leq i}\left\{(m-j+1)p_{(j)}\right\}_{1},{\text{ where }}\{x\}_{1}\equiv \min(x,1).}
In the earlier example, the adjusted p-values are
p
~
1
=
0.03
{\displaystyle {\widetilde {p}}_{1}=0.03}
,
p
~
2
=
0.06
{\displaystyle {\widetilde {p}}_{2}=0.06}
,
p
~
3
=
0.06
{\displaystyle {\widetilde {p}}_{3}=0.06}
and
p
~
4
=
0.02
{\displaystyle {\widetilde {p}}_{4}=0.02}
. Only hypotheses
H
1
{\displaystyle H_{1}}
and
H
4
{\displaystyle H_{4}}
are rejected at level
α
=
0.05
{\displaystyle \alpha =0.05}
.
Similar adjusted p-values for Holm-Šidák method can be defined recursively as
p
~
(
i
)
=
max
{
p
~
(
i
−
1
)
,
1
−
(
1
−
p
(
i
)
)
m
−
i
+
1
}
{\displaystyle {\widetilde {p}}_{(i)}=\max \left\{{\widetilde {p}}_{(i-1)},1-(1-p_{(i)})^{m-i+1}\right\}}
, where
p
~
(
1
)
=
1
−
(
1
−
p
(
1
)
)
m
{\displaystyle {\widetilde {p}}_{(1)}=1-(1-p_{(1)})^{m}}
. Due to the inequality
1
−
(
1
−
α
)
1
/
n
<
α
/
n
{\displaystyle 1-(1-\alpha )^{1/n}<\alpha /n}
for
n
≥
2
{\displaystyle n\geq 2}
, the Holm-Šidák method will be more powerful than Holm–Bonferroni method.
The weighted adjusted p-values are:
p
~
(
i
)
=
max
j
≤
i
{
∑
k
=
j
m
w
(
k
)
w
(
j
)
p
(
j
)
}
1
,
where
{
x
}
1
≡
min
(
x
,
1
)
.
{\displaystyle {\widetilde {p}}_{(i)}=\max _{j\leq i}\left\{{\frac {\sum _{k=j}^{m}{w_{(k)}}}{w_{(j)}}}p_{(j)}\right\}_{1},{\text{ where }}\{x\}_{1}\equiv \min(x,1).}
A hypothesis is rejected at level α if and only if its adjusted p-value is less than α. In the earlier example using equal weights, the adjusted p-values are 0.03, 0.06, 0.06, and 0.02. This is another way to see that using α = 0.05, only hypotheses one and four are rejected by this procedure.
Alternatives and usage
Main article: Family-wise error rate § Controlling procedures
The Holm–Bonferroni method is "uniformly" more powerful than the classic Bonferroni correction, meaning that it is always at least as powerful.
There are other methods for controlling the FWER that are more powerful than Holm–Bonferroni. For instance, in the Hochberg procedure, rejection of
H
(
1
)
…
H
(
k
)
{\displaystyle H_{(1)}\ldots H_{(k)}}
is made after finding the maximal index
k
{\displaystyle k}
such that
P
(
k
)
≤
α
m
+
1
−
k
{\displaystyle P_{(k)}\leq {\frac {\alpha }{m+1-k}}}
. Thus, The Hochberg procedure is uniformly more powerful than the Holm procedure. However, the Hochberg procedure requires the hypotheses to be independent or under certain forms of positive dependence, whereas Holm–Bonferroni can be applied without such assumptions. A similar step-up procedure is the Hommel procedure, which is uniformly more powerful than the Hochberg procedure.
Naming
Carlo Emilio Bonferroni did not take part in inventing the method described here. Holm originally called the method the "sequentially rejective Bonferroni test", and it became known as Holm–Bonferroni only after some time. Holm's motives for naming his method after Bonferroni are explained in the original paper:
"The use of the Boole inequality within multiple inference theory is usually called the Bonferroni technique, and for this reason we will call our test the sequentially rejective Bonferroni test."
References
^ Holm, S. (1979). "A simple sequentially rejective multiple test procedure". Scandinavian Journal of Statistics. 6 (2): 65–70. JSTOR 4615733. MR 0538597.
^ Marcus, R.; Peritz, E.; Gabriel, K. R. (1976). "On closed testing procedures with special reference to ordered analysis of variance". Biometrika. 63 (3): 655–660. doi:10.1093/biomet/63.3.655.
^ Hommel, G. (1988). "A stagewise rejective multiple test procedure based on a modified Bonferroni test". Biometrika. 75 (2): 383–386. doi:10.1093/biomet/75.2.383. hdl:2027.42/149272. ISSN 0006-3444. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"multiple comparisons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_comparisons"},{"link_name":"family-wise error rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family-wise_error_rate"},{"link_name":"uniformly more powerful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniformly_more_powerful"},{"link_name":"Bonferroni correction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonferroni_correction"},{"link_name":"Sture Holm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sture_Holm&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carlo Emilio Bonferroni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Emilio_Bonferroni"}],"text":"In statistics, the Holm–Bonferroni method,[1] also called the Holm method or Bonferroni–Holm method, is used to counteract the problem of multiple comparisons. It is intended to control the family-wise error rate (FWER) and offers a simple test uniformly more powerful than the Bonferroni correction. It is named after Sture Holm, who codified the method, and Carlo Emilio Bonferroni.","title":"Holm–Bonferroni method"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"multiplicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_comparisons#The_problem"},{"link_name":"Type I errors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_I_error"},{"link_name":"false positives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_positive"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"When considering several hypotheses, the problem of multiplicity arises: the more hypotheses are tested, the higher the probability of obtaining Type I errors (false positives). The Holm–Bonferroni method is one of many approaches for controlling the FWER, i.e., the probability that one or more Type I errors will occur, by adjusting the rejection criterion for each of the individual hypotheses.[citation needed]","title":"Motivation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"p-values","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-value"},{"link_name":"significance level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Significance_level"}],"text":"The method is as follows:Suppose you have \n \n \n \n m\n \n \n {\\displaystyle m}\n \n p-values, sorted into order lowest-to-highest \n \n \n \n \n P\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n P\n \n m\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle P_{1},\\ldots ,P_{m}}\n \n, and their corresponding hypotheses \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n H\n \n m\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{1},\\ldots ,H_{m}}\n \n(null hypotheses). You want the FWER to be no higher than a certain pre-specified significance level \n \n \n \n α\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha }\n \n.\nIs \n \n \n \n \n P\n \n 1\n \n \n ≤\n α\n \n /\n \n m\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P_{1}\\leq \\alpha /m}\n \n? If so, reject \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{1}}\n \n and continue to the next step, otherwise EXIT.\nIs \n \n \n \n \n P\n \n 2\n \n \n ≤\n α\n \n /\n \n (\n m\n −\n 1\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P_{2}\\leq \\alpha /(m-1)}\n \n? If so, reject \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{2}}\n \n also, and continue to the next step, otherwise EXIT.\nAnd so on: for each P value, test whether \n \n \n \n \n P\n \n k\n \n \n ≤\n \n \n α\n \n m\n +\n 1\n −\n k\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle P_{k}\\leq {\\frac {\\alpha }{m+1-k}}}\n \n. If so, reject \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{k}}\n \n and continue to examine the larger P values, otherwise EXIT.This method ensures that the FWER is at most \n \n \n \n α\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha }\n \n, in the strong sense.","title":"Formulation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bonferroni correction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonferroni_correction"}],"sub_title":"Rationale","text":"The simple Bonferroni correction rejects only null hypotheses with p-value less than or equal to \n \n \n \n \n \n α\n m\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {\\alpha }{m}}}\n \n, in order to ensure that the FWER, i.e., the risk of rejecting one or more true null hypotheses (i.e., of committing one or more type I errors) is at most \n \n \n \n α\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha }\n \n. The cost of this protection against type I errors is an increased risk of failing to reject one or more false null hypotheses (i.e., of committing one or more type II errors).The Holm–Bonferroni method also controls the FWER at \n \n \n \n α\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha }\n \n, but with a lower increase of type II error risk than the classical Bonferroni method. The Holm–Bonferroni method sorts the p-values from lowest to highest and compares them to nominal alpha levels of \n \n \n \n \n \n α\n m\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {\\alpha }{m}}}\n \n to \n \n \n \n α\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha }\n \n (respectively), namely the values \n \n \n \n \n \n α\n m\n \n \n ,\n \n \n α\n \n m\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n \n α\n 2\n \n \n ,\n \n \n α\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {\\alpha }{m}},{\\frac {\\alpha }{m-1}},\\ldots ,{\\frac {\\alpha }{2}},{\\frac {\\alpha }{1}}}\n \n.The index \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k}\n \n identifies the first p-value that is not low enough to validate rejection. Therefore, the null hypotheses \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n (\n 1\n )\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n H\n \n (\n k\n −\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{(1)},\\ldots ,H_{(k-1)}}\n \n are rejected, while the null hypotheses \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n (\n k\n )\n \n \n ,\n .\n .\n .\n ,\n \n H\n \n (\n m\n )\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{(k)},...,H_{(m)}}\n \n are not rejected.\nIf \n \n \n \n k\n =\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k=1}\n \n then no p-values were low enough for rejection, therefore no null hypotheses are rejected.\nIf no such index \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k}\n \n could be found then all p-values were low enough for rejection, therefore all null hypotheses are rejected (none are accepted).","title":"Formulation"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Proof","text":"Let \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n (\n 1\n )\n \n \n …\n \n H\n \n (\n m\n )\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{(1)}\\ldots H_{(m)}}\n \n be the family of hypotheses sorted by their p-values \n \n \n \n \n P\n \n (\n 1\n )\n \n \n ≤\n \n P\n \n (\n 2\n )\n \n \n ≤\n ⋯\n ≤\n \n P\n \n (\n m\n )\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle P_{(1)}\\leq P_{(2)}\\leq \\cdots \\leq P_{(m)}}\n \n. Let \n \n \n \n \n I\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle I_{0}}\n \n be the set of indices corresponding to the (unknown) true null hypotheses, having \n \n \n \n \n m\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle m_{0}}\n \n members.Claim: If we wrongly reject some true hypothesis, there is a true hypothesis \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n (\n ℓ\n )\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{(\\ell )}}\n \n for which \n \n \n \n \n P\n \n (\n ℓ\n )\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle P_{(\\ell )}}\n \n at most \n \n \n \n \n \n α\n \n m\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {\\alpha }{m_{0}}}}\n \n.\nFirst note that, in this case, there is at least one true hypothesis, so \n \n \n \n \n m\n \n 0\n \n \n ≥\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle m_{0}\\geq 1}\n \n. Let \n \n \n \n ℓ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ell }\n \n be such that \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n (\n ℓ\n )\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{(\\ell )}}\n \n is the first rejected true hypothesis. Then \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n (\n 1\n )\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n H\n \n (\n ℓ\n −\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{(1)},\\ldots ,H_{(\\ell -1)}}\n \nare all rejected false hypotheses. It follows that \n \n \n \n ℓ\n −\n 1\n ≤\n m\n −\n \n m\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ell -1\\leq m-m_{0}}\n \n and, hence, \n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n m\n −\n ℓ\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n ≤\n \n \n 1\n \n m\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {1}{m-\\ell +1}}\\leq {\\frac {1}{m_{0}}}}\n \n (1). Since \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n (\n ℓ\n )\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{(\\ell )}}\n \n is rejected, it must be \n \n \n \n \n P\n \n (\n ℓ\n )\n \n \n ≤\n \n \n α\n \n m\n −\n ℓ\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle P_{(\\ell )}\\leq {\\frac {\\alpha }{m-\\ell +1}}}\n \n by definition of the testing procedure. Using (1), we conclude that \n \n \n \n \n P\n \n (\n ℓ\n )\n \n \n ≤\n \n \n α\n \n m\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle P_{(\\ell )}\\leq {\\frac {\\alpha }{m_{0}}}}\n \n, as desired.So let us define the random event \n \n \n \n A\n =\n \n ⋃\n \n i\n ∈\n \n I\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n {\n \n \n P\n \n i\n \n \n ≤\n \n \n α\n \n m\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n }\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A=\\bigcup _{i\\in I_{0}}\\left\\{P_{i}\\leq {\\frac {\\alpha }{m_{0}}}\\right\\}}\n \n. Note that, for \n \n \n \n i\n ∈\n \n I\n \n o\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle i\\in I_{o}}\n \n, since \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{i}}\n \n is a true null hypothesis, we have that \n \n \n \n P\n \n (\n \n {\n \n \n P\n \n i\n \n \n ≤\n \n \n α\n \n m\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n }\n \n )\n \n =\n \n \n α\n \n m\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle P\\left(\\left\\{P_{i}\\leq {\\frac {\\alpha }{m_{0}}}\\right\\}\\right)={\\frac {\\alpha }{m_{0}}}}\n \n. Subadditivity of the probability measure implies that \n \n \n \n Pr\n (\n A\n )\n ≤\n \n ∑\n \n i\n ∈\n \n I\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n P\n \n (\n \n {\n \n \n P\n \n i\n \n \n ≤\n \n \n α\n \n m\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n }\n \n )\n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n i\n ∈\n \n I\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n \n α\n \n m\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n =\n α\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Pr(A)\\leq \\sum _{i\\in I_{0}}P\\left(\\left\\{P_{i}\\leq {\\frac {\\alpha }{m_{0}}}\\right\\}\\right)=\\sum _{i\\in I_{0}}{\\frac {\\alpha }{m_{0}}}=\\alpha }\n \n. Therefore, the probability to reject a true hypothesis is at most \n \n \n \n α\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha }\n \n.","title":"Formulation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"closed testing procedure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_testing_procedure"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Alternative proof","text":"The Holm–Bonferroni method can be viewed as a closed testing procedure,[2] with the Bonferroni correction applied locally on each of the intersections of null hypotheses.The closure principle states that a hypothesis \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{i}}\n \n in a family of hypotheses \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n H\n \n m\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{1},\\ldots ,H_{m}}\n \n is rejected – while controlling the FWER at level \n \n \n \n α\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha }\n \n – if and only if all the sub-families of the intersections with \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{i}}\n \n are rejected at level \n \n \n \n α\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha }\n \n.The Holm–Bonferroni method is a shortcut procedure, since it makes \n \n \n \n m\n \n \n {\\displaystyle m}\n \n or less comparisons, while the number of all intersections of null hypotheses to be tested is of order \n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n m\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2^{m}}\n \n.\nIt controls the FWER in the strong sense.In the Holm–Bonferroni procedure, we first test \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n (\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{(1)}}\n \n. If it is not rejected then the intersection of all null hypotheses \n \n \n \n \n ⋂\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n m\n \n \n \n H\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\bigcap \\nolimits _{i=1}^{m}H_{i}}\n \n is not rejected too, such that there exists at least one intersection hypothesis for each of elementary hypotheses \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n H\n \n m\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{1},\\ldots ,H_{m}}\n \n that is not rejected, thus we reject none of the elementary hypotheses.If \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n (\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{(1)}}\n \n is rejected at level \n \n \n \n α\n \n /\n \n m\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha /m}\n \n then all the intersection sub-families that contain it are rejected too, thus \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n (\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{(1)}}\n \n is rejected.\nThis is because \n \n \n \n \n P\n \n (\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle P_{(1)}}\n \n is the smallest in each one of the intersection sub-families and the size of the sub-families is at most \n \n \n \n m\n \n \n {\\displaystyle m}\n \n, such that the Bonferroni threshold larger than \n \n \n \n α\n \n /\n \n m\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha /m}\n \n.The same rationale applies for \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n (\n 2\n )\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{(2)}}\n \n. However, since \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n (\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{(1)}}\n \n already rejected, it sufficient to reject all the intersection sub-families of \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n (\n 2\n )\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{(2)}}\n \n without \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n (\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{(1)}}\n \n. Once \n \n \n \n \n P\n \n (\n 2\n )\n \n \n ≤\n α\n \n /\n \n (\n m\n −\n 1\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P_{(2)}\\leq \\alpha /(m-1)}\n \n holds all the intersections that contains \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n (\n 2\n )\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{(2)}}\n \n are rejected.The same applies for each \n \n \n \n 1\n ≤\n i\n ≤\n m\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 1\\leq i\\leq m}\n \n.","title":"Formulation"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Consider four null hypotheses \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n H\n \n 4\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{1},\\ldots ,H_{4}}\n \n with unadjusted p-values \n \n \n \n \n p\n \n 1\n \n \n =\n 0.01\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p_{1}=0.01}\n \n, \n \n \n \n \n p\n \n 2\n \n \n =\n 0.04\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p_{2}=0.04}\n \n, \n \n \n \n \n p\n \n 3\n \n \n =\n 0.03\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p_{3}=0.03}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n p\n \n 4\n \n \n =\n 0.005\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p_{4}=0.005}\n \n, to be tested at significance level \n \n \n \n α\n =\n 0.05\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha =0.05}\n \n. Since the procedure is step-down, we first test \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n 4\n \n \n =\n \n H\n \n (\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{4}=H_{(1)}}\n \n, which has the smallest p-value \n \n \n \n \n p\n \n 4\n \n \n =\n \n p\n \n (\n 1\n )\n \n \n =\n 0.005\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p_{4}=p_{(1)}=0.005}\n \n. The p-value is compared to \n \n \n \n α\n \n /\n \n 4\n =\n 0.0125\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha /4=0.0125}\n \n, the null hypothesis is rejected and we continue to the next one. Since \n \n \n \n \n p\n \n 1\n \n \n =\n \n p\n \n (\n 2\n )\n \n \n =\n 0.01\n <\n 0.0167\n =\n α\n \n /\n \n 3\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p_{1}=p_{(2)}=0.01<0.0167=\\alpha /3}\n \n we reject \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n 1\n \n \n =\n \n H\n \n (\n 2\n )\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{1}=H_{(2)}}\n \n as well and continue. The next hypothesis \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{3}}\n \n is not rejected since \n \n \n \n \n p\n \n 3\n \n \n =\n \n p\n \n (\n 3\n )\n \n \n =\n 0.03\n >\n 0.025\n =\n α\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p_{3}=p_{(3)}=0.03>0.025=\\alpha /2}\n \n. We stop testing and conclude that \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{1}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n 4\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{4}}\n \n are rejected and \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{2}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{3}}\n \n are not rejected while controlling the family-wise error rate at level \n \n \n \n α\n =\n 0.05\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha =0.05}\n \n. Note that even though \n \n \n \n \n p\n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n p\n \n (\n 4\n )\n \n \n =\n 0.04\n <\n 0.05\n =\n α\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p_{2}=p_{(4)}=0.04<0.05=\\alpha }\n \n applies, \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{2}}\n \n is not rejected. This is because the testing procedure stops once a failure to reject occurs.","title":"Example"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Extensions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Šidák correction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0id%C3%A1k_correction"}],"sub_title":"Holm–Šidák method","text":"Further information: Šidák correctionWhen the hypothesis tests are not negatively dependent, it is possible to replace \n \n \n \n \n \n α\n m\n \n \n ,\n \n \n α\n \n m\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n \n α\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {\\alpha }{m}},{\\frac {\\alpha }{m-1}},\\ldots ,{\\frac {\\alpha }{1}}}\n \n with:1\n −\n (\n 1\n −\n α\n \n )\n \n 1\n \n /\n \n m\n \n \n ,\n 1\n −\n (\n 1\n −\n α\n \n )\n \n 1\n \n /\n \n (\n m\n −\n 1\n )\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n 1\n −\n (\n 1\n −\n α\n \n )\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 1-(1-\\alpha )^{1/m},1-(1-\\alpha )^{1/(m-1)},\\ldots ,1-(1-\\alpha )^{1}}resulting in a slightly more powerful test.","title":"Extensions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Weighted version","text":"Let \n \n \n \n \n P\n \n (\n 1\n )\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n P\n \n (\n m\n )\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle P_{(1)},\\ldots ,P_{(m)}}\n \n be the ordered unadjusted p-values. Let \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n (\n i\n )\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{(i)}}\n \n, \n \n \n \n 0\n ≤\n \n w\n \n (\n i\n )\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 0\\leq w_{(i)}}\n \n correspond to \n \n \n \n \n P\n \n (\n i\n )\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle P_{(i)}}\n \n. Reject \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n (\n i\n )\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{(i)}}\n \n as long asP\n \n (\n j\n )\n \n \n ≤\n \n \n \n w\n \n (\n j\n )\n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n j\n \n \n m\n \n \n \n w\n \n (\n k\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n α\n ,\n \n j\n =\n 1\n ,\n …\n ,\n i\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P_{(j)}\\leq {\\frac {w_{(j)}}{\\sum _{k=j}^{m}w_{(k)}}}\\alpha ,\\quad j=1,\\ldots ,i}","title":"Extensions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"p-values","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-values"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Adjusted p-values","text":"The adjusted p-values for Holm–Bonferroni method are:p\n ~\n \n \n \n \n (\n i\n )\n \n \n =\n \n max\n \n j\n ≤\n i\n \n \n \n \n {\n \n (\n m\n −\n j\n +\n 1\n )\n \n p\n \n (\n j\n )\n \n \n \n }\n \n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n where \n \n {\n x\n \n }\n \n 1\n \n \n ≡\n min\n (\n x\n ,\n 1\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\widetilde {p}}_{(i)}=\\max _{j\\leq i}\\left\\{(m-j+1)p_{(j)}\\right\\}_{1},{\\text{ where }}\\{x\\}_{1}\\equiv \\min(x,1).}In the earlier example, the adjusted p-values are \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n p\n ~\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n =\n 0.03\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\widetilde {p}}_{1}=0.03}\n \n, \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n p\n ~\n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n =\n 0.06\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\widetilde {p}}_{2}=0.06}\n \n, \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n p\n ~\n \n \n \n \n 3\n \n \n =\n 0.06\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\widetilde {p}}_{3}=0.06}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n p\n ~\n \n \n \n \n 4\n \n \n =\n 0.02\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\widetilde {p}}_{4}=0.02}\n \n. Only hypotheses \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{1}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n 4\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{4}}\n \n are rejected at level \n \n \n \n α\n =\n 0.05\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha =0.05}\n \n.Similar adjusted p-values for Holm-Šidák method can be defined recursively as \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n p\n ~\n \n \n \n \n (\n i\n )\n \n \n =\n max\n \n {\n \n \n \n \n \n p\n ~\n \n \n \n \n (\n i\n −\n 1\n )\n \n \n ,\n 1\n −\n (\n 1\n −\n \n p\n \n (\n i\n )\n \n \n \n )\n \n m\n −\n i\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n }\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\widetilde {p}}_{(i)}=\\max \\left\\{{\\widetilde {p}}_{(i-1)},1-(1-p_{(i)})^{m-i+1}\\right\\}}\n \n, where \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n p\n ~\n \n \n \n \n (\n 1\n )\n \n \n =\n 1\n −\n (\n 1\n −\n \n p\n \n (\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n )\n \n m\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\widetilde {p}}_{(1)}=1-(1-p_{(1)})^{m}}\n \n. Due to the inequality \n \n \n \n 1\n −\n (\n 1\n −\n α\n \n )\n \n 1\n \n /\n \n n\n \n \n <\n α\n \n /\n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 1-(1-\\alpha )^{1/n}<\\alpha /n}\n \n for \n \n \n \n n\n ≥\n 2\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n\\geq 2}\n \n, the Holm-Šidák method will be more powerful than Holm–Bonferroni method.The weighted adjusted p-values are:[citation needed]p\n ~\n \n \n \n \n (\n i\n )\n \n \n =\n \n max\n \n j\n ≤\n i\n \n \n \n \n {\n \n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n j\n \n \n m\n \n \n \n \n w\n \n (\n k\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n w\n \n (\n j\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n p\n \n (\n j\n )\n \n \n \n }\n \n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n where \n \n {\n x\n \n }\n \n 1\n \n \n ≡\n min\n (\n x\n ,\n 1\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\widetilde {p}}_{(i)}=\\max _{j\\leq i}\\left\\{{\\frac {\\sum _{k=j}^{m}{w_{(k)}}}{w_{(j)}}}p_{(j)}\\right\\}_{1},{\\text{ where }}\\{x\\}_{1}\\equiv \\min(x,1).}A hypothesis is rejected at level α if and only if its adjusted p-value is less than α. In the earlier example using equal weights, the adjusted p-values are 0.03, 0.06, 0.06, and 0.02. This is another way to see that using α = 0.05, only hypotheses one and four are rejected by this procedure.","title":"Extensions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bonferroni correction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonferroni_correction"},{"link_name":"Hochberg procedure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family-wise_error_rate#Hochberg.27s_step-up_procedure_.281988.29"},{"link_name":"independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_(probability_theory)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hommel1988-3"}],"text":"The Holm–Bonferroni method is \"uniformly\" more powerful than the classic Bonferroni correction, meaning that it is always at least as powerful.There are other methods for controlling the FWER that are more powerful than Holm–Bonferroni. For instance, in the Hochberg procedure, rejection of \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n (\n 1\n )\n \n \n …\n \n H\n \n (\n k\n )\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{(1)}\\ldots H_{(k)}}\n \n is made after finding the maximal index \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k}\n \n such that \n \n \n \n \n P\n \n (\n k\n )\n \n \n ≤\n \n \n α\n \n m\n +\n 1\n −\n k\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle P_{(k)}\\leq {\\frac {\\alpha }{m+1-k}}}\n \n. Thus, The Hochberg procedure is uniformly more powerful than the Holm procedure. However, the Hochberg procedure requires the hypotheses to be independent or under certain forms of positive dependence, whereas Holm–Bonferroni can be applied without such assumptions. A similar step-up procedure is the Hommel procedure, which is uniformly more powerful than the Hochberg procedure.[3]","title":"Alternatives and usage"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Carlo Emilio Bonferroni did not take part in inventing the method described here. Holm originally called the method the \"sequentially rejective Bonferroni test\", and it became known as Holm–Bonferroni only after some time. Holm's motives for naming his method after Bonferroni are explained in the original paper:\n\"The use of the Boole inequality within multiple inference theory is usually called the Bonferroni technique, and for this reason we will call our test the sequentially rejective Bonferroni test.\"","title":"Naming"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Holm, S. (1979). \"A simple sequentially rejective multiple test procedure\". Scandinavian Journal of Statistics. 6 (2): 65–70. JSTOR 4615733. MR 0538597.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4615733","url_text":"4615733"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0538597","url_text":"0538597"}]},{"reference":"Marcus, R.; Peritz, E.; Gabriel, K. R. (1976). \"On closed testing procedures with special reference to ordered analysis of variance\". Biometrika. 63 (3): 655–660. doi:10.1093/biomet/63.3.655.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biometrika","url_text":"Biometrika"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbiomet%2F63.3.655","url_text":"10.1093/biomet/63.3.655"}]},{"reference":"Hommel, G. (1988). \"A stagewise rejective multiple test procedure based on a modified Bonferroni test\". Biometrika. 75 (2): 383–386. doi:10.1093/biomet/75.2.383. hdl:2027.42/149272. ISSN 0006-3444.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbiomet%2F75.2.383","url_text":"10.1093/biomet/75.2.383"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F149272","url_text":"2027.42/149272"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-3444","url_text":"0006-3444"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4615733","external_links_name":"4615733"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0538597","external_links_name":"0538597"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbiomet%2F63.3.655","external_links_name":"10.1093/biomet/63.3.655"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbiomet%2F75.2.383","external_links_name":"10.1093/biomet/75.2.383"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F149272","external_links_name":"2027.42/149272"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-3444","external_links_name":"0006-3444"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Haggard | Stephen Haggard | ["1 Early life","2 Training and career","3 Second World War","4 Death","5 Filmography","6 Works","7 References","8 External links"] | British actor, writer and poet (1911–1943)
For the professor of political science, see Stephan Haggard.
Stephen HaggardStephen HaggardBorn(1911-03-21)21 March 1911Guatemala City, GuatemalaDied25 February 1943(1943-02-25) (aged 31)EgyptResting placeHeliopolis War CemeteryNationalityBritishOccupation(s)Actor, writer, poet, intelligence officerYears active1930s–1940s
Stephen Hubert Avenel Haggard (21 March 1911 – 25 February 1943) was a British actor, writer and poet.
Early life
A member of the Haggard family, he was born on 21 March 1911 in Guatemala City, Guatemala, to Sir Godfrey Digby Napier Haggard, a British diplomat, and his wife Georgianna Ruel Haggard. He was the great-nephew of author H. Rider Haggard, and the brother of photographer and author Virginia Haggard, the companion of the painter Marc Chagall. Haggard was educated at Haileybury College, where he became close to the artist-schoolmaster Wilfrid Blunt.
Training and career
After an initial foray into journalism, and determined to obtain some overseas experience,
Haggard moved to Munich, where he studied for stage at the Munich State Theatres under Frau Magda Lena. He made his stage debut at the Schauspielhaus in October 1930 in the play Das kluge Kind directed by Max Reinhardt. He later appeared as Hamlet at the same theatre.
Upon Haggard's return to the United Kingdom in 1931, his career path was initially discouraging: he received only small parts in various London plays and worked in repertory in Worthing. He undertook further study at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art and subsequently received good notices when he played Silvius in Shakespeare's As You Like It in London in 1933. He was noticed by the playwright Clemence Dane and made his first appearance in New York in 1934 as the poet Thomas Chatterton in her play Come of Age. Returning to Britain, he had successful roles in a number of plays, including Flowers of the Forest, a production of Mazo de la Roche's Whiteoaks, and he appeared as Konstantin in Chekhov's The Seagull, and was hailed as one of the most promising and handsome classical actors of the era.
Haggard married Morna Gillespie in September 1935, and they had three children, of whom one died young, and another is the director Piers Haggard. His granddaughter is actor Daisy Haggard.
In 1938, Haggard returned to New York to reprise his role as Finch in Whiteoaks, which he also directed. His novel Nya was published in the same year.
He appeared as Mozart in the film Whom the Gods Love (1936). The film was not a success, in part because Haggard was considered to be inexperienced, and was unknown. He also appeared in Alfred Hitchcock's film Jamaica Inn (1939) and subsequently appeared as Lord Nelson in the Carol Reed film The Young Mr. Pitt (1942).
Second World War
At the outbreak of the Second World War Haggard joined the British Army, serving as a captain in the Intelligence Corps. His wife and two sons went to the United States in 1940, where his father was consul-general in New York. Shortly after their departure, he wrote his sons a letter, which was published in the Atlantic Monthly later that year as
"I'll Go to Bed at Noon: A Soldier's Letter to His Sons." Haggard was posted to the Middle East and worked for the Department of Political Warfare. There he met the author Olivia Manning and her husband, the broadcaster R. D. Smith. The latter recruited Haggard to play starring roles in his productions of Henry V and Hamlet on local radio in Jerusalem. Manning based the character Aidan Sheridan in her Fortunes of War novel sequence on Haggard.
Death
While in the Middle East, Haggard fell in love with a beautiful Egyptian married woman whose husband worked in Palestine. Haggard was overworked and felt that the war had destroyed his acting career. He was on the edge of a nervous breakdown when after some months the woman decided to end the relationship. Haggard shot himself on a train between Cairo and Palestine on 25 February 1943 at the age of 31.
The manner of Haggard's death was hushed up and is not mentioned in the biography of Haggard written by Christopher Hassall and published in 1948. Haggard is buried in Heliopolis War Cemetery, in Cairo, Egypt.
Filmography
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1936
Whom the Gods Love
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
(film debut)
1937
Knight Without Armor
Minor Role
Uncredited
1939
Jamaica Inn
Willie Penhale – Sir Humphrey's Gang
1942
The Young Mr. Pitt
Lord Nelson
(final film role)
Works
Haggard, S. (1938). Nya. London: Faber and Faber Limited
Haggard, S. (1944). I’ll Go to Bed at Noon: A Soldier’s Letter to His Sons. London, Faber and Faber
Haggard, S. (1945). The Unpublished Poems of Stephen Haggard. Salamander Press
Athene Seyler with Stephen Haggard (1946). The Craft of Comedy. New York : Theatre Arts
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j "Haggard is dead on active service; British Actor and novelist, Son of Consul General Here, Was Army Captain in Near East". The New York Times. 4 March 1943. p. 7. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
^ Harshav, Benjamin (2004). Marc Chagall and his times : a documentary narrative. Stanford University Press. p. 565. ISBN 978-0-8047-4214-6.
^ Kermode, Frank (1988). "Introduction". Nya. Oxford University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-19-282135-5.
^ a b c d e f g h Bell, Nelson, B. (13 March 1938). "Youthful Hamlet Supports Star As Actor-Director in 'Whiteoaks'". The Washington Post. pp. TT7.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ a b c Braybrooke, Neville and June (2004). Olivia Manning: a life. London: Chatto & Windus. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-7011-7749-2.
^ a b c d Cooper, Artemis (1989). Cairo in the war 1939–1945. London: Hamilton. p. 160. ISBN 0-241-12671-1. OCLC 18742516.
^ Blunt, Wilfrid (1983). Married to a single life : an autobiography, 1901–1938. Wilton, Salisbury, Wiltshire: M. Russell, 1983. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-85955-100-7.
^ Gullen, Zoe; Sefton, Daniel, eds. (16 June 2005). "Piers Inigo Haggard". Debrett's People of Today. Debrett's Peerage Limited.
^ McFarlane, Brian; Slide, Anthony (2003). The Encyclopedia of British Film. London: Methuen. pp. 279. ISBN 978-0-413-77301-2.
^ "Daisy Haggard: 'If I had Botox, my career would be over'". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
^ Low, Rachael (2005). The History of British Film. Vol. 7. Routledge. pp. 164–65. ISBN 978-0-415-15652-3.
^ Evans, Peter William (2005). Carol Reed. Manchester University Press. p. 177. ISBN 978-0-7190-6367-1.
^ Fiscus, James W. (2004). "I'll go to bed at noon: A soldier's letter to his sons". Critical Perspectives on World War II. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 62–69. ISBN 978-1-4042-0065-4.
^ a b c Braybrooke, Neville and June (2004). Olivia Manning: a life. London: Chatto & Windus. p. 250. ISBN 978-0-7011-7749-2.
^
"Commonwealth War Graves Commission: Casualty Details". www.cwgc.org. Retrieved 2 January 2009.
Hassall, Christopher (1948). The Timeless Quest: Stephen Haggard. London: Arthur Barker.
External links
Stephen Haggard at the Internet Broadway Database
Stephen Haggard at IMDb
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SNAC
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stephan Haggard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephan_Haggard"}],"text":"For the professor of political science, see Stephan Haggard.Stephen Hubert Avenel Haggard (21 March 1911 – 25 February 1943) was a British actor, writer and poet.","title":"Stephen Haggard"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Haggard family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haggard_family"},{"link_name":"Guatemala City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala_City"},{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala"},{"link_name":"Sir Godfrey Digby Napier Haggard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_Haggard"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-1"},{"link_name":"H. Rider Haggard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._Rider_Haggard"},{"link_name":"Marc Chagall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Chagall"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Haileybury College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haileybury_and_Imperial_Service_College"},{"link_name":"Wilfrid Blunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfrid_Jasper_Walter_Blunt"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"A member of the Haggard family, he was born on 21 March 1911 in Guatemala City, Guatemala, to Sir Godfrey Digby Napier Haggard, a British diplomat, and his wife Georgianna Ruel Haggard.[1] He was the great-nephew of author H. Rider Haggard, and the brother of photographer and author Virginia Haggard, the companion of the painter Marc Chagall.[2] Haggard was educated at Haileybury College, where he became close to the artist-schoolmaster Wilfrid Blunt.[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP-4"},{"link_name":"Das kluge Kind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Das_kluge_Kind&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Max Reinhardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Reinhardt"},{"link_name":"Hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Hamlet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-1"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy of Dramatic Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Dramatic_Art"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP-4"},{"link_name":"As You Like It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_You_Like_It"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP-4"},{"link_name":"Clemence Dane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemence_Dane"},{"link_name":"Thomas Chatterton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Chatterton"},{"link_name":"Come of Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Come_of_Age"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP-4"},{"link_name":"Flowers of the Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowers_of_the_Forest"},{"link_name":"Mazo de la Roche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazo_de_la_Roche"},{"link_name":"Chekhov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Chekhov"},{"link_name":"The Seagull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seagull"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bray114-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cooper-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Piers Haggard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piers_Haggard"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Daisy Haggard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisy_Haggard"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-1"},{"link_name":"Mozart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozart"},{"link_name":"Whom the Gods Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whom_the_Gods_Love_(1936_film)"},{"link_name":"Alfred Hitchcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock"},{"link_name":"Jamaica Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Inn_(film)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-low-11"},{"link_name":"Lord Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Nelson"},{"link_name":"Carol Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Reed"},{"link_name":"The Young Mr. Pitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Young_Mr._Pitt"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"After an initial foray into journalism, and determined to obtain some overseas experience,[4]\nHaggard moved to Munich, where he studied for stage at the Munich State Theatres under Frau Magda Lena.[4] He made his stage debut at the Schauspielhaus in October 1930 in the play Das kluge Kind directed by Max Reinhardt. He later appeared as Hamlet at the same theatre.[1][4]Upon Haggard's return to the United Kingdom in 1931, his career path was initially discouraging: he received only small parts in various London plays and worked in repertory in Worthing.[1] He undertook further study at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art[4] and subsequently received good notices when he played Silvius in Shakespeare's As You Like It in London in 1933.[4] He was noticed by the playwright Clemence Dane and made his first appearance in New York in 1934 as the poet Thomas Chatterton in her play Come of Age.[1][4] Returning to Britain, he had successful roles in a number of plays, including Flowers of the Forest, a production of Mazo de la Roche's Whiteoaks, and he appeared as Konstantin in Chekhov's The Seagull,[4][5] and was hailed as one of the most promising and handsome classical actors of the era.[6]Haggard married Morna Gillespie in September 1935, and they had three children, of whom one died young,[1][7][8] and another is the director Piers Haggard.[1][9] His granddaughter is actor Daisy Haggard.[10]In 1938, Haggard returned to New York to reprise his role as Finch in Whiteoaks, which he also directed.[1][4] His novel Nya was published in the same year.[1]\nHe appeared as Mozart in the film Whom the Gods Love (1936). The film was not a success, in part because Haggard was considered to be inexperienced, and was unknown. He also appeared in Alfred Hitchcock's film Jamaica Inn (1939)[1][11] and subsequently appeared as Lord Nelson in the Carol Reed film The Young Mr. Pitt (1942).[12]","title":"Training and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Intelligence Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_Corps_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-1"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bed-13"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bray114-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cooper-6"},{"link_name":"Olivia Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivia_Manning"},{"link_name":"R. D. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._D._Smith"},{"link_name":"Henry V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_V_(play)"},{"link_name":"Hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bray114-5"},{"link_name":"Fortunes of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortunes_of_War_(novel_series)"},{"link_name":"novel sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novel_sequence"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cooper-6"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bray250-14"}],"text":"At the outbreak of the Second World War Haggard joined the British Army, serving as a captain in the Intelligence Corps.[1] His wife and two sons went to the United States in 1940, where his father was consul-general in New York. Shortly after their departure, he wrote his sons a letter, which was published in the Atlantic Monthly later that year as\n\"I'll Go to Bed at Noon: A Soldier's Letter to His Sons.\"[13] Haggard was posted to the Middle East and worked for the Department of Political Warfare.[5][6] There he met the author Olivia Manning and her husband, the broadcaster R. D. Smith. The latter recruited Haggard to play starring roles in his productions of Henry V and Hamlet on local radio in Jerusalem.[5] Manning based the character Aidan Sheridan in her Fortunes of War novel sequence on Haggard.[6][14]","title":"Second World War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nervous breakdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_breakdown"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cooper-6"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bray250-14"},{"link_name":"Christopher Hassall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Hassall"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bray250-14"},{"link_name":"Heliopolis War Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliopolis_War_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"While in the Middle East, Haggard fell in love with a beautiful Egyptian married woman whose husband worked in Palestine. Haggard was overworked and felt that the war had destroyed his acting career. He was on the edge of a nervous breakdown when after some months the woman decided to end the relationship. Haggard shot himself on a train between Cairo and Palestine on 25 February 1943 at the age of 31.[6][14]The manner of Haggard's death was hushed up and is not mentioned in the biography of Haggard written by Christopher Hassall and published in 1948.[14] Haggard is buried in Heliopolis War Cemetery, in Cairo, Egypt.[15]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Athene Seyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athene_Seyler"}],"text":"Haggard, S. (1938). Nya. London: Faber and Faber Limited\nHaggard, S. (1944). I’ll Go to Bed at Noon: A Soldier’s Letter to His Sons. \tLondon, Faber and Faber\nHaggard, S. (1945). The Unpublished Poems of Stephen Haggard. Salamander Press\nAthene Seyler with Stephen Haggard (1946). The Craft of Comedy. New York : Theatre Arts","title":"Works"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Haggard is dead on active service; British Actor and novelist, Son of Consul General Here, Was Army Captain in Near East\". The New York Times. 4 March 1943. p. 7. Retrieved 1 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0911F9355D167B93C6A91788D85F478485F9","url_text":"\"Haggard is dead on active service; British Actor and novelist, Son of Consul General Here, Was Army Captain in Near East\""}]},{"reference":"Harshav, Benjamin (2004). Marc Chagall and his times : a documentary narrative. Stanford University Press. p. 565. 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ISBN 978-0-85955-100-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85955-100-7","url_text":"978-0-85955-100-7"}]},{"reference":"Gullen, Zoe; Sefton, Daniel, eds. (16 June 2005). \"Piers Inigo Haggard\". Debrett's People of Today. Debrett's Peerage Limited.","urls":[]},{"reference":"McFarlane, Brian; Slide, Anthony (2003). The Encyclopedia of British Film. London: Methuen. pp. 279. ISBN 978-0-413-77301-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofbr0000unse/page/279","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of British Film"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofbr0000unse/page/279","url_text":"279"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-413-77301-2","url_text":"978-0-413-77301-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Daisy Haggard: 'If I had Botox, my career would be over'\". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2015/dec/08/daisy-haggard-episodes-actor-in-you-for-me-for-you-royal-court-london","url_text":"\"Daisy Haggard: 'If I had Botox, my career would be over'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Low, Rachael (2005). The History of British Film. Vol. 7. Routledge. pp. 164–65. ISBN 978-0-415-15652-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OM6NTJid06wC&pg=PA164","url_text":"The History of British Film"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-15652-3","url_text":"978-0-415-15652-3"}]},{"reference":"Evans, Peter William (2005). Carol Reed. Manchester University Press. p. 177. ISBN 978-0-7190-6367-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XrLQ6ODPYfcC&pg=PA177","url_text":"Carol Reed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6367-1","url_text":"978-0-7190-6367-1"}]},{"reference":"Fiscus, James W. (2004). \"I'll go to bed at noon: A soldier's letter to his sons\". Critical Perspectives on World War II. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 62–69. ISBN 978-1-4042-0065-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6MTcnkLfDZAC&pg=PT65","url_text":"\"I'll go to bed at noon: A soldier's letter to his sons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4042-0065-4","url_text":"978-1-4042-0065-4"}]},{"reference":"Braybrooke, Neville and June (2004). Olivia Manning: a life. London: Chatto & Windus. p. 250. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_Historic_Districts | National Register of Historic Places | ["1 History","2 Nomination process","2.1 Criteria","2.2 Exclusions","2.3 Properties listed","2.4 Multiple property submission","3 Types of properties","4 Property owner incentives","5 Misconceptions","5.1 50-year rule","6 Limitations","7 Comparisons to historic registers of other nations","8 See also","9 References","10 Further reading","11 External links"] | Federal list of historic sites in the US
This article is about the U.S. Register. For the Canadian online database, see Canadian Register of Historic Places. For other uses, see National Register (disambiguation).
National Register of Historic PlacesA NRHP plaqueAgency overviewFormed1966; 58 years ago (1966)JurisdictionUnited StatesHeadquartersMain Interior Building,Washington, D.C., U.S.Agency executiveSherry A. Frear, Chief, National Register of Historic Places/National Historic Landmarks Program and Deputy Keeper of the National Register of Historic PlacesParent departmentNational Park ServiceWebsitenps.gov/nationalregister
The National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) is the United States federal government's official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation for their historical significance or "great artistic value". A property listed in the National Register, or located within a National Register Historic District, may qualify for tax incentives derived from the total value of expenses incurred in preserving the property.
The enactment of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) in 1966 established the National Register and the process for adding properties to it. Of the more than one and a half million properties on the National Register, 95,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts.
For most of its history, the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service (NPS), an agency within the United States Department of the Interior. Its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, as well as coordinate, identify and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties. Protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places. The application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians.
Occasionally, historic sites outside of the country, but associated with the United States (such as the American Legation in Tangier) are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts and multiple property submissions (MPS). The Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties: district, site, structure, building or object.
National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties. Some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks (NHL), National Historic Sites (NHS), National Historical Parks, National Military Parks, National Memorials, and some National Monuments.
Federal properties can be proclaimed National Monuments under the Antiquities Act because of either their historical or natural significance. They are managed by multiple agencies. Only monuments that are historic in character and managed by the National Park Service are listed administratively in the National Register.
History
Main article: History of the National Register of Historic Places
Old Slater Mill, a historic district in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, the first property listed in the National Register, on November 13, 1966
George B. Hartzog Jr., director of the National Park Service from 1964 to 1972
U.S. Secretary of the Interior Cecil Andrus, who removed the National Register from the jurisdiction of the National Park Service in 1978
On October 15, 1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices (SHPO). The National Register initially consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Register's creation, as well as any other historic sites in the National Park system. Approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. The 1966 act required those agencies to work in conjunction with the SHPO and an independent federal agency, the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP), to confront adverse effects of federal activities on historic preservation.
To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U.S. Department of the Interior, with director George B. Hartzog Jr., established an administrative division named the Federal Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation (OAHP). Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law. Ernest Connally was the Office's first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register. The division administered several existing programs, including the Historic Sites Survey and the Historic American Buildings Survey, as well as the new National Register and Historic Preservation Fund.
The first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Register's earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed and underfunded. However, funds were still being supplied for the Historic Preservation Fund to provide matching grants-in-aid to listed property owners, first for house museums and institutional buildings, but later for commercial structures as well.
In 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U.S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two "Assistant Directorates". Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation. From 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service (HCRS) of the United States Department of the Interior.
In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs. Jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate. He was described as a skilled administrator, who was sensitive to the need for the NPS to work with SHPOs, academia and local governments.
Although not described in detail in the 1966 act, SHPOs eventually became integral to the process of listing properties on the National Register. The 1980 amendments of the 1966 law further defined the responsibilities of SHPOs concerning the National Register. Several 1992 amendments of the NHPA added a category to the National Register, known as Traditional Cultural Properties: those properties associated with Native American or Hawaiian groups.
The National Register of Historic Places has grown considerably from its legislative origins in 1966. In 1986, citizens and groups nominated 3,623 separate properties, sites and districts for inclusion on the National Register, a total of 75,000 separate properties. Of the more than one and a half million properties on the National Register, 95,000 are listed individually. Others are listed as contributing members within historic districts.
Nomination process
It is hereby declared to be the policy of the United States Government that special effort should be made to preserve the natural beauty of the countryside and public park and recreation lands, wildlife and waterfowl refuges, and historic sites.— (49 USC 303) Any individual can prepare a National Register nomination, although historians and historic preservation consultants often are employed for this work. The nomination consists of a standard registration form (NPS 10-900) and contains basic information about a property's physical appearance and the type of significance embodied in the building, structure, object, site, or district.
The State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) receives National Register nominations and provides feedback to the nominating individual or group. After preliminary review, the SHPO sends each nomination to the state's historic review commission, which then recommends whether the State Historic Preservation Officer should send the nomination to the Keeper of the National Register. For any non-Federally owned property, only the State Historic Preservation Officer may officially nominate a property for inclusion in the National Register. After the nomination is recommended for listing in the National Register by the SHPO, the nomination is sent to the National Park Service, which approves or denies the nomination.
If approved, the property is entered officially by the Keeper of the National Register into the National Register of Historic Places. Property owners are notified of the nomination during the review by the SHPO and state's historic review commission. If an owner objects to a nomination of private property, or in the case of a historic district, a majority of owners, then the property cannot be listed in the National Register of Historic Places.
Criteria
S. R. Crown Hall in Chicago, listed under criteria B and C for its association with architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and its modernist design.
For a property to be eligible for the National Register of Historic Places, it must meet at least one of its four main criteria. Information about architectural styles, association with various aspects of social history and commerce and ownership are all integral parts of the nomination. Each nomination contains a narrative section that provides a detailed physical description of the property and justifies why it is significant historically with regard either to local, state, or national history. The four National Register of Historic Places criteria are the following:
Criterion A, "Event", the property must make a contribution to the major pattern of American history.
Criterion B, "Person", is associated with significant people of the American past.
Criterion C, "Design/Construction", concerns the distinctive characteristics of the building by its architecture and construction, including having great artistic value or being the work of a master.
Criterion D, "Information potential", is satisfied if the property has yielded or may be likely to yield information important to prehistory or history.
The criteria are applied differently for different types of properties; for instance, maritime properties have application guidelines different from those of buildings.
Exclusions
The National Park Service names seven categories of properties that "are not usually considered for" and "ordinarily ... shall not be considered eligible for" the National Register: religious properties (e.g., churches); buildings that have been moved; birthplaces or graves of important persons; cemeteries; reconstructed properties; commemorative properties (e.g., statues); and "properties that have achieved significance within the last fifty years".: 25 However, if they meet particular "Criteria Considerations" for their category in addition to the overall criteria, they are, in fact, eligible.: 25 Hence, despite the forbidding language, these kinds of places are not actually excluded as a rule. For example, the Register lists thousands of churches. (See also § Misconceptions.)
The National Register evaluation procedures do not use the term "exclusions". The stricter National Historic Landmarks Criteria, upon which the National Register criteria are based, do specify exclusions, along with corresponding "exceptions to the exclusions", which are supposed to apply more narrowly.: 52
Properties listed
See also: United States National Register of Historic Places listings and List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state
A typical plaque found on properties listed in the National Register of Historic Places
An alternate series of plaques. Buildings on the National Register are also often listed in local historic societies.
A listing on the National Register of Historic Places is governmental acknowledgment of a historic district, site, building, or property. However, the Register is mostly "an honorary status with some federal financial incentives". The National Register of Historic Places automatically includes all National Historic Landmarks as well as all historic areas administered by the National Park Service.
Landmarks such as these include National Historic Sites (NHS), National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials and some National Monuments. Occasionally, historic sites outside the United States borders, but associated with the United States, such as the American Legation in Tangier, Morocco, also are listed.
Listing in the National Register does not restrict private property owners from the use of their property.
Some states and municipalities, however, may have laws that become effective when a property is listed in the National Register. If federal money or a federal permitting process is involved, Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 is invoked. Section 106 requires the federal agency involved to assess the effect of its actions on historic resources. Statutorily, the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP) has the most significant role by Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act. The section requires that the director of any federal agency with direct or indirect jurisdiction of a project that may affect a property listed or determined eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places must first report to the Advisory Council. The director of said agency is required to "take into account the effect of the undertaking" on the National Register property, as well as to afford the ACHP a reasonable opportunity to comment.
While Section 106 does not mandate explicitly that any federal agency director accept the advice of the ACHP, their advice has a practical influence, especially given the statutory obligations of the NHPA that require federal agencies to "take into account the effect of the undertaking".
In cases where the ACHP determines federal action will have an "adverse effect" on historic properties, mitigation is sought. Typically, a Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) is created by which the involved parties agree to a particular plan. Many states have laws similar to Section 106. In contrast to conditions relating to a federally designated historic district, municipal ordinances governing local historic districts often restrict certain kinds of changes to properties. Thus, they may protect the property more than a National Register listing does.
The Department of Transportation Act, passed on October 15, 1966, the same day as the National Historic Preservation Act, included provisions that addressed historic preservation. The DOT Act is much more general than Section 106 NHPA in that it refers to properties other than those listed in the Register.
The more general language has allowed more properties and parklands to enjoy status as protected areas by this legislation, a policy developed early in its history. The United States Supreme Court ruled in the 1971 case Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe that parklands could have the same protected status as "historic sites".
Pecos Pueblo in Pecos, New Mexico, one of a number of NRHP sites administered by the National Park Service
The Illinois State Capitol in Springfield, Illinois, one of 44 U.S. state capitols listed on the NRHP
College Hill Historic District in Providence, Rhode Island, an example of a National Historic Landmark District
Robert C. Weaver Federal Building in Washington, D.C., an example of a modern building listed on the NRHP
American Legation in Tangier, Morocco, the only site on the NRHP in a foreign nation.
Walden Pond in Concord, Massachusetts, an example of a natural site listed on the NRHP
The USS Wisconsin (BB-64), docked in Norfolk, Virginia, one of a number of ships listed on the NRHP
Nan Madol, the ruined ancient city of Pohnpei in the Federated States of Micronesia, named to the NRHP in 1974
Louisiana Superdome, now Caesars Superdome, known for its timeless exterior design since first opening in 1975
Multiple property submission
Round barns in Illinois, a multiple property submission to NRHP that includes 18 structures throughout Illinois
A multiple property submission (MPS) is a thematic group listing of the National Register of Historic Places that consists of related properties that share a common theme and can be submitted as a group. Multiple property submissions must satisfy certain basic criteria for the group of properties to be included in the National Register.
The process begins with the multiple property documentation form which acts as a cover document rather than the nomination to the National Register of Historic Places. The purpose of the documentation form is to establish the basis of eligibility for related properties. The information of the multiple property documentation form can be used to nominate and register related historic properties simultaneously, or to establish criteria for properties that may be nominated in the future. Thus, additions to an MPS can occur over time.
The nomination of individual properties in an MPS is accomplished in the same manner as other nominations. The name of the "thematic group" denotes the historical theme of the properties. It is considered the "multiple property listing". Once an individual property or a group of properties is nominated and listed in the National Register, the multiple property documentation form, combined with the individual National Register of Historic Places nomination forms, constitute a multiple property submission.
Examples of MPS include the Lee County Multiple Property Submission, the Warehouses in Omaha, the Boundary Markers of the Original District of Columbia and the Illinois Carnegie Libraries. Before the term "Multiple Property Submission" was introduced in 1984, such listings were known as "Thematic Resources", such as the Operating Passenger Railroad Stations Thematic Resource, or "Multiple Resource Areas".
Types of properties
See also: National Register of Historic Places property types and Historic districts in the United StatesClockwise from top: a building, a structure, an object and a site – all are examples of NRHP property types.
A cow barn in Enfield Shaker Village in Enfield, New Hampshire, built 1854, listed with NRHP
Listed properties are generally in one of five broad categories, although there are special considerations for other types of properties that in anyone, or into more specialized subcategories. The five general categories for National Register properties are: building, structure, site, district and object. In addition, historic districts consist of contributing and non-contributing properties.
Buildings, as defined by the National Register, are distinguished in the traditional sense. Examples include a house, barn, hotel, church, or similar construction. They are created primarily to shelter human activity. The term building, as in outbuilding, can be used to refer to historically and functionally related units, such as a courthouse and a jail or a barn and a house.
Structures differ from buildings in that they are functional constructions meant to be used for purposes other than sheltering human activity. Examples include an aircraft, a grain elevator, a gazebo and a bridge.
Objects are usually artistic in nature, or small in scale compared to structures and buildings. Although objects may be movable, they are generally associated with a specific setting or environment. Examples of objects include monuments, sculptures and fountains.
Sites are the locations of significant events, which can be prehistoric or historic in nature and represent activities or buildings (standing, ruined, or vanished). When sites are listed, it is the locations themselves that are of historical interest. They possess cultural or archaeological value regardless of the value of any structures that currently exist at the locations. Examples of types of sites include shipwrecks, battlefields, campsites, natural features and rock shelters.
Historic districts possess a concentration, association, or continuity of the other four types of properties. Objects, structures, buildings and sites in a historic district are united historically or aesthetically, either by choice or by the nature of their development.
There are several other different types of historic preservation associated with the properties of the National Register of Historic Places that cannot be classified as either simple buildings or historic districts. Through the National Park Service, the National Register of Historic Places publishes a series of bulletins designed to aid in evaluating and applying the criteria for evaluation of different types of properties. Although the criteria are always the same, the manner they are applied may differ slightly, depending upon the type of property involved. The National Register bulletins describe the application of the criteria for aids to navigation, historic battlefields, archaeological sites, aviation properties, cemeteries and burial places, historic designed landscapes, mining sites, post offices, properties associated with significant persons, properties achieving significance within the last fifty years, rural historic landscapes, traditional cultural properties and vessels and shipwrecks.
Property owner incentives
A National Register of Historic Places plaque at the Robert E. Howard Museum in Cross Plains, Texas
Properties are not protected in any strict sense by the Federal listing. States and local zoning bodies may or may not choose to protect listed historic places. Indirect protection is possible, by state and local regulations on the development of National Register properties and by tax incentives. By contrast, the state of Colorado, for example, does not set any limits on owners of National Register properties.
Until 1976, federal tax incentives were virtually non-existent for buildings on the National Register. Before 1976 the federal tax code favored new construction rather than the reuse of existing, sometimes historical, structures. In 1976, the tax code was altered to provide tax incentives that promote the preservation of income-producing historic properties. The National Park Service was given the responsibility to ensure that only rehabilitations that preserved the historic character of a building would qualify for federal tax incentives. A qualifying rehabilitation is one that the NPS deems consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Rehabilitation. Properties and sites listed in the Register, as well as those located in and contributing to the period of significance of National Register Historic Districts, became eligible for the federal tax benefits.
Owners of income-producing properties listed individually in the National Register of Historic Places or of properties that are contributing resources within a National Register Historic District may be eligible for a 20% investment tax credit for the rehabilitation of the historic structure. The rehabilitation may be of a commercial, industrial, or residential property, for rentals. The tax incentives program is operated by the Federal Historic Preservation Tax Incentives program, which is managed jointly by the National Park Service, individual State Historic Preservation Offices and the Internal Revenue Service.
Some property owners may also qualify for grants, like the now-defunct Save America's Treasures grants, which apply specifically to properties entered in the Register with national significance or designated as National Historic Landmarks.
The NHPA did not distinguish between properties listed in the National Register of Historic Places and those designated as National Historic Landmarks concerning qualification for tax incentives or grants. This was deliberate, as the authors of the act had learned from experience that distinguishing between categories of significance for such incentives caused the lowest category to become expendable. Essentially, this made the Landmarks a kind of "honor roll" of the most significant properties of the National Register of Historic Places.
Misconceptions
The Portland Building in downtown Portland, Oregon, added to the NRHP only 29 years after its opening
50-year rule
In American historic preservation, the 50-year rule is the generally held belief that a property must be at least 50 years old to be listed in the National Register of Historic Places. In reality, there is no hard rule. John H. Sprinkle Jr., deputy director of the Federal Preservation Institute, stated:
"his 'rule' is only an exception to the criteria that shape listings within the National Register of Historic Places. Of the eight 'exceptions' , Consideration G, for properties that have achieved significance within the past fifty years, is probably the best-known, yet also misunderstood preservation principle in America."
Each year, a new group of resources crosses the 50-year threshold. The preservation of these "underage" resources has gained attention in recent years.
Limitations
The demolition of the Jobbers Canyon Historic District in Downtown Omaha, the largest National Register historic district lost to date
As of 1999, 982 properties have been removed from the Register, most often due to being destroyed. Among the properties that were demolished or otherwise destroyed after their listing are the Jobbers Canyon Historic District in Omaha, Nebraska (listed in 1979, demolished in 1989), Pan-Pacific Auditorium in Los Angeles, California (listed in 1978, destroyed in a fire in 1989), Palace Amusements in Asbury Park, New Jersey (listed in 2000, demolished in 2004), The Balinese Room in Galveston, Texas (listed in 1997, destroyed by Hurricane Ike in 2008), seven of the nine buildings included in the University of Connecticut Historic District in Storrs, Connecticut (listed in 1989, demolished in 2017), and the Terrell Jacobs Circus Winter Quarters in Peru, Indiana (listed in 2012, demolished in 2021).
Comparisons to historic registers of other nations
In France, designation of monument historique is similar to NRHP listing. In the French program, however, permanent restrictions are imposed upon designated monuments, for example requiring advance approval for any renovation of a designated building. NRHP listing imposes no such restrictions, but rather is "primarily an honor", although tax subsidies may be available for renovations. France had about 43,600 monuments in 2015.
Listed buildings of the United Kingdom may not be demolished, extended, or altered without special permission; the program covers about 374,000 listings in 2010, involving more than 500,000 buildings.
In 2022, the U.S. has about 94,000 NRHP-listed properties, including historic districts; the total number of buildings covered is much larger.
See also
National Register of Historic Places portalUnited States portal
Historic district
Listed building, the UK equivalent
National Heritage Area
Register of Culturally Significant Property
United States National Register of Historic Places listings
List of National Historic Landmarks by state
List of National Memorials of the United States
List of threatened historic sites in the United States
List of African-American historic places
List of university and college buildings on the National Register of Historic Places
List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places
List of heritage registers worldwide
References
^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
^ "National Park Service Directors and Directorate, Historic Listing of National Park Service Officials, National Park Service Data Store (IRMA). Retrieved February 23, 2022.
^ a b c "National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, Public Law 102–575, National Conference of State Historic Preservation Officers. Retrieved February 23, 2022.
^ a b c d Mackintosh, Barry. "The Historic Sites Survey and National Historic Landmarks Program: A History, National Park Service Data Store (IRMA). Retrieved February 23, 2022.
^ a b Ferguson, T. J. "Native Americans and the Practice of Archaeology Archived February 6, 2017, at the Wayback Machine" (JSTOR), Annual Review of Anthropology, Vol. 25. (1996), pp. 63–79. Retrieved March 23, 2007.
^ a b c d e f g Fisher, Charles E. (1998). "Promoting the Preservation of Historic Buildings: Historic Preservation Policy in the United States". APT Bulletin. 29 (3/4): 7–11. doi:10.2307/1504604. JSTOR 1504604.
^ a b Scarpino, Philip V. "Planning for Preservation: A Look at the Federal-State Historic Preservation Program, 1966–1986 (in The Intergovernmental Politics of Preservation) Archived November 11, 2018, at the Wayback Machine" (JSTOR), The Public Historian, Vol. 14, No. 2. (Spring, 1992), pp. 49–66. Retrieved March 21, 2007.
^ a b c Bearss, Edwin C. "The National Park Service and Its History Program: 1864–1986: An Overview (in The National Park Service and Historic Preservation) Archived February 3, 2017, at the Wayback Machine" (JSTOR), The Public Historian, Vol. 9, No. 2, The National Park Service and Historic Preservation. (Spring, 1987), pp. 10–18. Retrieved March 22, 2007.
^ a b c Hertfelder, Eric. "The National Park Service and Historic Preservation: Historic Preservation beyond Smokey the Bear (in Commentary: How Well Is the National Park Service Doing?) Archived November 11, 2018, at the Wayback Machine" (JSTOR), The Public Historian, Vol. 9, No. 2, The National Park Service and Historic Preservation. (Spring, 1987), pp. 135–142. Retrieved March 21, 2007.
^ "National Register Database", National Register of Historic Places. Retrieved February 23, 2022.
^ "The Department of Transportation Act of 1966, Cornell Law School Legal Information Institute. Retrieved February 23, 2022.
^ a b c d "National Register Bulletin 16: How to Complete the National Register Form, Chapter 8", National Register of Historic Places. Retrieved February 23, 2022.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k "National Register Bulletin 15: How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation", National Register of Historic Places. Retrieved February 23, 2022.
^ a b c d Sprinkle, John H. Jr. (Spring 2007). ""Of Exceptional Importance": The Origins of the "Fifty-Year Rule" in Historic Preservation" (PDF). The Public Historian. 29 (2): 81–103. doi:10.1525/tph.2007.29.2.81. JSTOR 10.1525/tph.2007.29.2.81. S2CID 162250940. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 29, 2022. Retrieved November 8, 2022.
^ LeGloahec, John (April 12, 2022). "Religious Buildings (Churches, Mosques, Synagogues) in the Records of the National Register of Historic Places". The Text Message. National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved November 8, 2022. There are more than 30,000 references to 'church' in the NRHP records; close to 1000 entries for 'synagogue'; 106 entries for 'mosque'; along with entries for Friends Meetinghouses and Mormon Temples.
^ "Spreadsheet of NRHP Listed properties" (Excel spreadsheet). National Park Service. June 28, 2022. Retrieved November 8, 2022. Via Data Downloads page on the NRHP website. Of the 97,615 entries, 5,715 entries contain the word "church" in their name.
^ "Working on the Past: In Local Historic Districts", Technical Preservation Services. Retrieved February 23, 2022.
^ "List of NHLs", National Historic Landmarks Program. Retrieved February 23, 2022.
^ a b "Results of listing and Owner information", National Register of Historic Places. Retrieved February 23, 2022.
^ a b c "National Historic Preservation Act, Section 106", Tribal Preservation Program. Retrieved February 23, 2022.
^ a b c d Gray, Oscar S. "The Response of Federal Legislation to Historic Preservation Archived December 22, 2018, at the Wayback Machine" (JSTOR), Law and Contemporary Problems, Vol. 36, No. 3, Historic Preservation. (Summer, 1971), pp. 314–328. Retrieved March 21, 2007.
^ "Federal, State and Local Historic Districts", Technical Preservation Services. Retrieved February 23, 2022.
^ "Superdome listed on National Register of Historic Places". February 16, 2016.
^ "Bulletin 16 Part B: How to Complete the National Register Multiple Property Documentation Form", National Register of Historic Places. Retrieved February 23, 2022.
^ "Search for Multiple Property Submission (MPS) Covers", National Register of Historic Places". Retrieved February 23, 2022.
^ "Cow Barn". Enfield Shaker Museum. Retrieved March 14, 2022.
^ ""National and state registers", at Colorado Office of Archeology & Historic Preservation", History Colorado. Retrieved February 23, 2022.
^ "Rehabiliation Standards and Guidelines—Technical Preservation Services, National Park Service". NPS.gov Homepage (U.S. National Park Service). Archived from the original on December 18, 2017. Retrieved November 16, 2017.
^ "Historic Preservation Tax Incentives", Technical Preservation Services, National Park Service. Retrieved February 23, 2022.
^ "Save America's Treasures Grants" Historic Preservation Fund National Park Service, Official Site. Retrieved February 23, 2022.
^ "Save America's Treasures". National Trust for Historic Preservation. Archived from the original on February 19, 2013. Retrieved March 1, 2013.
^ Fallows, James (June 21, 2019). "Our Towns: How Danville Has Avoided Omaha's Mistake – The Atlantic". www.theatlantic.com. Archived from the original on June 2, 2021. Retrieved May 31, 2021.
^ Caren Burmeister (March 23, 1999). "Church sues over historic site". Jacksonville Times-Union. Archived from the original on August 6, 2012. Retrieved July 8, 2011.
^ Gratz, R.B. (1996) Living City: How America's Cities Are Being Revitalized by Thinking Small in a Big Way. John Wiley and Sons. p. V.
^ National Trust for Historic Preservation and Zagars, J. (1997) Preservation Yellow Pages: The Complete Information Source for Homeowners, Communities, and Professionals. John Wiley and Sons. p.80.
^ "The L.A. architecture landmark — abandoned, trashed and left to burn". Los Angeles Times. May 24, 2019. Archived from the original on May 25, 2019. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
^ Mikle, Jean. "Asbury Park's Tillie is still safe". Springfield News-Leader. Archived from the original on May 29, 2020. Retrieved October 1, 2017.
^ "Historic Galveston nightclub destroyed". ABC13 Houston. Archived from the original on July 29, 2019. Retrieved July 29, 2019.
^ Blair, Russell (December 14, 2016). "UConn to Demolish Seven of Nine 'Faculty Row' Houses". courant.com. Archived from the original on October 2, 2017. Retrieved October 1, 2017.
^ "Circus barns on National Register of Historic Places to be demolish". whas11.com. March 13, 2021. Archived from the original on April 15, 2021. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
^ "A comparison to the National Register of Historic Places". North Carolina Department of Natural and Cultural Resources. Retrieved September 2, 2022.
Further reading
"Title 36, U.S. Code of Federal Regulations". Archived from the original on March 2, 2007.
"Title 36--Parks, Forests, and Public Property; Chapter I--National Park Service, Department of the Interior; Part 60--National Register of Historic Places". National Archives and Records Administration. Archived from the original on March 2, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2007.
"National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. Retrieved July 11, 2011.
Shrimpton, Rebecca H., ed. (1997). "How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation". Washington, D.C.: National Park Service. Archived from the original on April 7, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2007. National Register Bulletin No. 15
Sprinkle, John H. Jr. (2014). Crafting Preservation Criteria: The National Register of Historic Places and American Historic Preservation. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-16984-7.
Wiley, John (1994). National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. ISBN 0-471-14403-7.
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The application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians.Occasionally, historic sites outside of the country, but associated with the United States (such as the American Legation in Tangier) are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts and multiple property submissions (MPS). The Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties: district, site, structure, building or object.National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties. Some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks (NHL), National Historic Sites (NHS), National Historical Parks, National Military Parks, National Memorials, and some National Monuments.Federal properties can be proclaimed National Monuments under the Antiquities Act because of either their historical or natural significance. They are managed by multiple agencies. Only monuments that are historic in character and managed by the National Park Service are listed administratively in the National Register.","title":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slater_and_Wilkinson_Mills_-_exterior_%26_water_power_systems.jpg"},{"link_name":"Old Slater Mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slater_Mill_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"Pawtucket, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawtucket,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_B._Hartzog_Jr.jpg"},{"link_name":"George B. Hartzog Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_B._Hartzog_Jr."},{"link_name":"National Park Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-directors-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cecil_D_Andrus.png"},{"link_name":"U.S. Secretary of the Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior"},{"link_name":"Cecil Andrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Andrus"},{"link_name":"National Park Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service"},{"link_name":"State Historic Preservation Offices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Historic_Preservation_Office"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-act-3"},{"link_name":"National Historic Landmarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Landmarks"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nhlhistory-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-act-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ferguson-5"},{"link_name":"federal agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_federal_agencies"},{"link_name":"Advisory Council on Historic Preservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advisory_Council_on_Historic_Preservation"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fisher-6"},{"link_name":"George B. Hartzog Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_B._Hartzog_Jr."},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fisher-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scarpino-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bearss-8"},{"link_name":"Historic American Buildings Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_American_Buildings_Survey"},{"link_name":"Historic Preservation Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_Preservation_Fund"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fisher-6"},{"link_name":"Keeper of the Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keeper_of_the_Register"},{"link_name":"William J. Murtagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Murtagh"},{"link_name":"architectural historian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_historian"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nhlhistory-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scarpino-7"},{"link_name":"Historic Preservation Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_Preservation_Fund"},{"link_name":"grants-in-aid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grants-in-aid"},{"link_name":"house museums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_house_museum"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fisher-6"},{"link_name":"U.S. National Parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bearss-8"},{"link_name":"Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_Conservation_and_Recreation_Service"},{"link_name":"United States Department of the Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hert-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bearss-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hert-9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ferguson-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hert-9"},{"link_name":"contributing members","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributing_property"},{"link_name":"historic districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_districts_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fisher-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Old Slater Mill, a historic district in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, the first property listed in the National Register, on November 13, 1966[1]George B. Hartzog Jr., director of the National Park Service from 1964 to 1972[2]U.S. Secretary of the Interior Cecil Andrus, who removed the National Register from the jurisdiction of the National Park Service in 1978On October 15, 1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices (SHPO).[3] The National Register initially consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Register's creation, as well as any other historic sites in the National Park system.[4] Approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy.[3][5] The 1966 act required those agencies to work in conjunction with the SHPO and an independent federal agency, the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP), to confront adverse effects of federal activities on historic preservation.[6]To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U.S. Department of the Interior, with director George B. Hartzog Jr., established an administrative division named the Federal Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation (OAHP).[6][7] Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law. Ernest Connally was the Office's first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register.[8] The division administered several existing programs, including the Historic Sites Survey and the Historic American Buildings Survey, as well as the new National Register and Historic Preservation Fund.[6]The first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian.[4] During the Register's earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed and underfunded.[7] However, funds were still being supplied for the Historic Preservation Fund to provide matching grants-in-aid to listed property owners, first for house museums and institutional buildings, but later for commercial structures as well.[6]In 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U.S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two \"Assistant Directorates\". Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation.[8] From 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service (HCRS) of the United States Department of the Interior.[9]In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs. Jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate. He was described as a skilled administrator, who was sensitive to the need for the NPS to work with SHPOs, academia and local governments.[8]Although not described in detail in the 1966 act, SHPOs eventually became integral to the process of listing properties on the National Register. The 1980 amendments of the 1966 law further defined the responsibilities of SHPOs concerning the National Register.[9] Several 1992 amendments of the NHPA added a category to the National Register, known as Traditional Cultural Properties: those properties associated with Native American or Hawaiian groups.[5]The National Register of Historic Places has grown considerably from its legislative origins in 1966. In 1986, citizens and groups nominated 3,623 separate properties, sites and districts for inclusion on the National Register, a total of 75,000 separate properties.[9] Of the more than one and a half million properties on the National Register, 95,000 are listed individually. Others are listed as contributing members within historic districts.[6][10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOT-11"},{"link_name":"USC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Code"},{"link_name":"historic preservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_preservation"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-criteria-12"},{"link_name":"State Historic Preservation Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Historic_Preservation_Office"},{"link_name":"Keeper of the National Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keeper_of_the_Register"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-criteria-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-criteria-12"}],"text":"It is hereby declared to be the policy of the United States Government that special effort should be made to preserve the natural beauty of the countryside and public park and recreation lands, wildlife and waterfowl refuges, and historic sites.[11]— (49 USC 303)Any individual can prepare a National Register nomination, although historians and historic preservation consultants often are employed for this work. The nomination consists of a standard registration form (NPS 10-900) and contains basic information about a property's physical appearance and the type of significance embodied in the building, structure, object, site, or district.[12]The State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) receives National Register nominations and provides feedback to the nominating individual or group. After preliminary review, the SHPO sends each nomination to the state's historic review commission, which then recommends whether the State Historic Preservation Officer should send the nomination to the Keeper of the National Register. For any non-Federally owned property, only the State Historic Preservation Officer may officially nominate a property for inclusion in the National Register. After the nomination is recommended for listing in the National Register by the SHPO, the nomination is sent to the National Park Service, which approves or denies the nomination.If approved, the property is entered officially by the Keeper of the National Register into the National Register of Historic Places.[12] Property owners are notified of the nomination during the review by the SHPO and state's historic review commission. If an owner objects to a nomination of private property, or in the case of a historic district, a majority of owners, then the property cannot be listed in the National Register of Historic Places.[12]","title":"Nomination process"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crown_Hall_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"S. R. Crown Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._R._Crown_Hall"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Mies van der Rohe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe"},{"link_name":"modernist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_architecture"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bulletin15-13"},{"link_name":"architectural styles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_style"},{"link_name":"social history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_history"},{"link_name":"American history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-criteria-12"},{"link_name":"maritime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_archaeology"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bulletin15-13"}],"sub_title":"Criteria","text":"S. R. Crown Hall in Chicago, listed under criteria B and C for its association with architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and its modernist design.For a property to be eligible for the National Register of Historic Places, it must meet at least one of its four main criteria.[13] Information about architectural styles, association with various aspects of social history and commerce and ownership are all integral parts of the nomination. Each nomination contains a narrative section that provides a detailed physical description of the property and justifies why it is significant historically with regard either to local, state, or national history. The four National Register of Historic Places criteria are the following:Criterion A, \"Event\", the property must make a contribution to the major pattern of American history.\nCriterion B, \"Person\", is associated with significant people of the American past.\nCriterion C, \"Design/Construction\", concerns the distinctive characteristics of the building by its architecture and construction, including having great artistic value or being the work of a master.\nCriterion D, \"Information potential\", is satisfied if the property has yielded or may be likely to yield information important to prehistory or history.[12]The criteria are applied differently for different types of properties; for instance, maritime properties have application guidelines different from those of buildings.[13]","title":"Nomination process"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Park Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bulletin15-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bulletin15-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sprinkle-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"§ Misconceptions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Misconceptions"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sprinkle-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bulletin15-13"}],"sub_title":"Exclusions","text":"The National Park Service names seven categories of properties that \"are not usually considered for\" and \"ordinarily ... shall not be considered eligible for\" the National Register: religious properties (e.g., churches); buildings that have been moved; birthplaces or graves of important persons; cemeteries; reconstructed properties; commemorative properties (e.g., statues); and \"properties that have achieved significance within the last fifty years\".[13]: 25 However, if they meet particular \"Criteria Considerations\" for their category in addition to the overall criteria, they are, in fact, eligible.[13]: 25 Hence, despite the forbidding language, these kinds of places are not actually excluded as a rule.[14] For example, the Register lists thousands of churches.[15][16] (See also § Misconceptions.)The National Register evaluation procedures do not use the term \"exclusions\". The stricter National Historic Landmarks Criteria, upon which the National Register criteria are based,[14] do specify exclusions, along with corresponding \"exceptions to the exclusions\", which are supposed to apply more narrowly.[13]: 52","title":"Nomination process"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States National Register of Historic Places listings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings"},{"link_name":"List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._National_Historic_Landmarks_by_state"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HistoricPlacesNationalRegisterPlaque.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NRHP_Plaque_Montgomery_OH_USA.JPG"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nps4-17"},{"link_name":"National Historic Landmarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Landmarks"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-act-3"},{"link_name":"National Historic Sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Site_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"National Historical Parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Site_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"National Military Parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Military_Park"},{"link_name":"National Memorials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Memorials_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"National Monuments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_monument_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"American Legation in Tangier, Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Legation,_Tangier"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tangiers-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-listing-19"},{"link_name":"National Historic Preservation Act of 1966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Preservation_Act_of_1966"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Undertaking-20"},{"link_name":"Advisory Council on Historic Preservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advisory_Council_on_Historic_Preservation"},{"link_name":"Advisory Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advisory_Council_on_Historic_Preservation"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gray-21"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Undertaking-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gray-21"},{"link_name":"Memorandum of Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorandum_of_Agreement"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Undertaking-20"},{"link_name":"municipal ordinances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_ordinance"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nps-22"},{"link_name":"Department of Transportation Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_49_of_the_United_States_Code"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gray-21"},{"link_name":"protected areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_area"},{"link_name":"United States Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens_to_Preserve_Overton_Park_v._Volpe"},{"link_name":"historic sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_site"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gray-21"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mission_Church,_Pecos_National_Park,_Pecos,_New_Mexico_03.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pecos Pueblo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecos_National_Historical_Park"},{"link_name":"Pecos, New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecos,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"National Park Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illinois_State_Capitol_pano.jpg"},{"link_name":"Illinois State Capitol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_State_Capitol"},{"link_name":"Springfield, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fleur-de-lys_Studios_from_the_yard_of_the_First_Baptist_Church.jpg"},{"link_name":"College Hill Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Hill_Historic_District_(Providence,_Rhode_Island)"},{"link_name":"Providence, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"National Historic Landmark District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark_District"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Robert_C._Weaver_Federal_Building,_located_at_451_Seventh_Street,_S.W.,_Washington,_D.C_LCCN2013634105.tif"},{"link_name":"Robert C. Weaver Federal Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_C._Weaver_Federal_Building"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Museo_del_Antiguo_Legado_Estadounidense,_T%C3%A1nger,_Marruecos,_2015-12-11,_DD_44-46_HDR.JPG"},{"link_name":"American Legation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Legation,_Tangier"},{"link_name":"Tangier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangier"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Walden_Pond,_2010.jpg"},{"link_name":"Walden Pond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walden_Pond"},{"link_name":"Concord, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concord,_Massachusetts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OBX,Norfolk_332.JPG"},{"link_name":"USS Wisconsin (BB-64)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Wisconsin_(BB-64)"},{"link_name":"Norfolk, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nan_Madol_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nan Madol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nan_Madol"},{"link_name":"Pohnpei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohnpei"},{"link_name":"Federated States of Micronesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Louisiana_Superdome_-_Unbranded_-_26_July_2021.jpg"},{"link_name":"Louisiana Superdome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Superdome"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Properties listed","text":"See also: United States National Register of Historic Places listings and List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by stateA typical plaque found on properties listed in the National Register of Historic PlacesAn alternate series of plaques. Buildings on the National Register are also often listed in local historic societies.A listing on the National Register of Historic Places is governmental acknowledgment of a historic district, site, building, or property. However, the Register is mostly \"an honorary status with some federal financial incentives\".[17] The National Register of Historic Places automatically includes all National Historic Landmarks as well as all historic areas administered by the National Park Service.[3]Landmarks such as these include National Historic Sites (NHS), National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials and some National Monuments. Occasionally, historic sites outside the United States borders, but associated with the United States, such as the American Legation in Tangier, Morocco, also are listed.[18]Listing in the National Register does not restrict private property owners from the use of their property.[19]Some states and municipalities, however, may have laws that become effective when a property is listed in the National Register. If federal money or a federal permitting process is involved, Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 is invoked. Section 106 requires the federal agency involved to assess the effect of its actions on historic resources.[20] Statutorily, the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP) has the most significant role by Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act. The section requires that the director of any federal agency with direct or indirect jurisdiction of a project that may affect a property listed or determined eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places must first report to the Advisory Council. The director of said agency is required to \"take into account the effect of the undertaking\" on the National Register property, as well as to afford the ACHP a reasonable opportunity to comment.[21]While Section 106 does not mandate explicitly that any federal agency director accept the advice of the ACHP, their advice has a practical influence, especially given the statutory obligations of the NHPA that require federal agencies to \"take into account the effect of the undertaking\".[20][21]In cases where the ACHP determines federal action will have an \"adverse effect\" on historic properties, mitigation is sought. Typically, a Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) is created by which the involved parties agree to a particular plan. Many states have laws similar to Section 106.[20] In contrast to conditions relating to a federally designated historic district, municipal ordinances governing local historic districts often restrict certain kinds of changes to properties. Thus, they may protect the property more than a National Register listing does.[22]The Department of Transportation Act, passed on October 15, 1966, the same day as the National Historic Preservation Act, included provisions that addressed historic preservation. The DOT Act is much more general than Section 106 NHPA in that it refers to properties other than those listed in the Register.[21]The more general language has allowed more properties and parklands to enjoy status as protected areas by this legislation, a policy developed early in its history. The United States Supreme Court ruled in the 1971 case Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe that parklands could have the same protected status as \"historic sites\".[21]Pecos Pueblo in Pecos, New Mexico, one of a number of NRHP sites administered by the National Park Service\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Illinois State Capitol in Springfield, Illinois, one of 44 U.S. state capitols listed on the NRHP\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCollege Hill Historic District in Providence, Rhode Island, an example of a National Historic Landmark District\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRobert C. Weaver Federal Building in Washington, D.C., an example of a modern building listed on the NRHP\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAmerican Legation in Tangier, Morocco, the only site on the NRHP in a foreign nation.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWalden Pond in Concord, Massachusetts, an example of a natural site listed on the NRHP\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe USS Wisconsin (BB-64), docked in Norfolk, Virginia, one of a number of ships listed on the NRHP\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNan Madol, the ruined ancient city of Pohnpei in the Federated States of Micronesia, named to the NRHP in 1974\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLouisiana Superdome, now Caesars Superdome, known for its timeless exterior design since first opening in 1975[23]","title":"Nomination process"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Virginia_Tillery_Round_Barn.jpg"},{"link_name":"Round barns in Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_barns_in_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mps-24"},{"link_name":"Lee County Multiple Property Submission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Registered_Historic_Buildings_in_Lee_County,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Warehouses in Omaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warehouses_in_Omaha_Multiple_Properties_Submission"},{"link_name":"Boundary Markers of the Original District of Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_Markers_of_the_Original_District_of_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Illinois Carnegie Libraries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Carnegie_Libraries_Multiple_Property_Submission"},{"link_name":"Operating Passenger Railroad Stations Thematic Resource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_Passenger_Railroad_Stations_Thematic_Resource_(New_Jersey)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhpmps-25"}],"sub_title":"Multiple property submission","text":"Round barns in Illinois, a multiple property submission to NRHP that includes 18 structures throughout IllinoisA multiple property submission (MPS) is a thematic group listing of the National Register of Historic Places that consists of related properties that share a common theme and can be submitted as a group. Multiple property submissions must satisfy certain basic criteria for the group of properties to be included in the National Register.The process begins with the multiple property documentation form which acts as a cover document rather than the nomination to the National Register of Historic Places. The purpose of the documentation form is to establish the basis of eligibility for related properties. The information of the multiple property documentation form can be used to nominate and register related historic properties simultaneously, or to establish criteria for properties that may be nominated in the future. Thus, additions to an MPS can occur over time.The nomination of individual properties in an MPS is accomplished in the same manner as other nominations. The name of the \"thematic group\" denotes the historical theme of the properties. It is considered the \"multiple property listing\". Once an individual property or a group of properties is nominated and listed in the National Register, the multiple property documentation form, combined with the individual National Register of Historic Places nomination forms, constitute a multiple property submission.[24]Examples of MPS include the Lee County Multiple Property Submission, the Warehouses in Omaha, the Boundary Markers of the Original District of Columbia and the Illinois Carnegie Libraries. Before the term \"Multiple Property Submission\" was introduced in 1984, such listings were known as \"Thematic Resources\", such as the Operating Passenger Railroad Stations Thematic Resource, or \"Multiple Resource Areas\".[25]","title":"Nomination process"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places property types","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_property_types"},{"link_name":"Historic districts in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_districts_in_the_United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bidwell_Mansion,_May_2021.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cape_Creek_Bridge,_Oregon.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pikes_Peak_from_Garden_of_the_Gods.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Washington_Statue_-_Capitol_Hill_Richmond_(VA)_2013_(8759158238).jpg"},{"link_name":"building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidwell_Mansion"},{"link_name":"structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Creek_Bridge"},{"link_name":"object","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Washington_Monument"},{"link_name":"site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikes_Peak"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Enfield_Shaker_Cow_Barn.jpg"},{"link_name":"Enfield Shaker Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfield_Shaker_Village"},{"link_name":"Enfield, New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfield,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bulletin15-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bulletin15-13"},{"link_name":"grain elevator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain_elevator"},{"link_name":"gazebo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazebo"},{"link_name":"shipwrecks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipwreck"},{"link_name":"battlefields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battlefield"},{"link_name":"campsites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campsite"},{"link_name":"rock shelters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_shelter"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bulletin15-13"},{"link_name":"Historic districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_districts_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bulletin15-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bulletin15-13"},{"link_name":"historic designed landscapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_type_(National_Register_of_Historic_Places)#Cultural_landscapes"},{"link_name":"traditional cultural properties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_type_(National_Register_of_Historic_Places)#Traditional_cultural_properties"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bulletin15-13"}],"text":"See also: National Register of Historic Places property types and Historic districts in the United StatesClockwise from top: a building, a structure, an object and a site – all are examples of NRHP property types.A cow barn in Enfield Shaker Village in Enfield, New Hampshire, built 1854, listed with NRHP[26]Listed properties are generally in one of five broad categories, although there are special considerations for other types of properties that in anyone, or into more specialized subcategories. The five general categories for National Register properties are: building, structure, site, district and object.[13] In addition, historic districts consist of contributing and non-contributing properties.Buildings, as defined by the National Register, are distinguished in the traditional sense. Examples include a house, barn, hotel, church, or similar construction. They are created primarily to shelter human activity. The term building, as in outbuilding, can be used to refer to historically and functionally related units, such as a courthouse and a jail or a barn and a house.[13]Structures differ from buildings in that they are functional constructions meant to be used for purposes other than sheltering human activity. Examples include an aircraft, a grain elevator, a gazebo and a bridge.Objects are usually artistic in nature, or small in scale compared to structures and buildings. Although objects may be movable, they are generally associated with a specific setting or environment. Examples of objects include monuments, sculptures and fountains.Sites are the locations of significant events, which can be prehistoric or historic in nature and represent activities or buildings (standing, ruined, or vanished). When sites are listed, it is the locations themselves that are of historical interest. They possess cultural or archaeological value regardless of the value of any structures that currently exist at the locations. Examples of types of sites include shipwrecks, battlefields, campsites, natural features and rock shelters.[13]Historic districts possess a concentration, association, or continuity of the other four types of properties. Objects, structures, buildings and sites in a historic district are united historically or aesthetically, either by choice or by the nature of their development.[13]There are several other different types of historic preservation associated with the properties of the National Register of Historic Places that cannot be classified as either simple buildings or historic districts. Through the National Park Service, the National Register of Historic Places publishes a series of bulletins designed to aid in evaluating and applying the criteria for evaluation of different types of properties.[13] Although the criteria are always the same, the manner they are applied may differ slightly, depending upon the type of property involved. The National Register bulletins describe the application of the criteria for aids to navigation, historic battlefields, archaeological sites, aviation properties, cemeteries and burial places, historic designed landscapes, mining sites, post offices, properties associated with significant persons, properties achieving significance within the last fifty years, rural historic landscapes, traditional cultural properties and vessels and shipwrecks.[13]","title":"Types of properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_E._Howard_Museum_Plaque.jpg"},{"link_name":"Robert E. Howard Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Howard_Museum"},{"link_name":"Cross Plains, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_Plains,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"tax incentives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_incentive"},{"link_name":"tax code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_code"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fisher-6"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fisher-6"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-listing-19"},{"link_name":"Internal Revenue Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tps1-29"},{"link_name":"Save America's Treasures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Save_America%27s_Treasures"},{"link_name":"National Historic Landmarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grants1-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nhlhistory-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nhlhistory-4"}],"text":"A National Register of Historic Places plaque at the Robert E. Howard Museum in Cross Plains, TexasProperties are not protected in any strict sense by the Federal listing. States and local zoning bodies may or may not choose to protect listed historic places. Indirect protection is possible, by state and local regulations on the development of National Register properties and by tax incentives. By contrast, the state of Colorado, for example, does not set any limits on owners of National Register properties.[27]Until 1976, federal tax incentives were virtually non-existent for buildings on the National Register. Before 1976 the federal tax code favored new construction rather than the reuse of existing, sometimes historical, structures.[6] In 1976, the tax code was altered to provide tax incentives that promote the preservation of income-producing historic properties. The National Park Service was given the responsibility to ensure that only rehabilitations that preserved the historic character of a building would qualify for federal tax incentives. A qualifying rehabilitation is one that the NPS deems consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Rehabilitation.[28] Properties and sites listed in the Register, as well as those located in and contributing to the period of significance of National Register Historic Districts, became eligible for the federal tax benefits.[6]Owners of income-producing properties listed individually in the National Register of Historic Places or of properties that are contributing resources within a National Register Historic District may be eligible for a 20% investment tax credit for the rehabilitation of the historic structure. The rehabilitation may be of a commercial, industrial, or residential property, for rentals.[19] The tax incentives program is operated by the Federal Historic Preservation Tax Incentives program, which is managed jointly by the National Park Service, individual State Historic Preservation Offices and the Internal Revenue Service.[29]Some property owners may also qualify for grants, like the now-defunct Save America's Treasures grants, which apply specifically to properties entered in the Register with national significance or designated as National Historic Landmarks.[30][31]The NHPA did not distinguish between properties listed in the National Register of Historic Places and those designated as National Historic Landmarks concerning qualification for tax incentives or grants. This was deliberate, as the authors of the act had learned from experience that distinguishing between categories of significance for such incentives caused the lowest category to become expendable.[4] Essentially, this made the Landmarks a kind of \"honor roll\" of the most significant properties of the National Register of Historic Places.[4]","title":"Property owner incentives"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portland_Building_1982.jpg"},{"link_name":"Portland Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_Building"},{"link_name":"downtown Portland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Portland"}],"text":"The Portland Building in downtown Portland, Oregon, added to the NRHP only 29 years after its opening","title":"Misconceptions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"historic preservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_preservation"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sprinkle-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sprinkle-14"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"50-year rule","text":"In American historic preservation, the 50-year rule is the generally held belief that a property must be at least 50 years old to be listed in the National Register of Historic Places.[14] In reality, there is no hard rule. John H. Sprinkle Jr., deputy director of the Federal Preservation Institute, stated:[14]\"[T]his 'rule' is only an exception to the criteria that shape listings within the National Register of Historic Places. Of the eight 'exceptions' [or criteria considerations], Consideration G, for properties that have achieved significance within the past fifty years, is probably the best-known, yet also misunderstood preservation principle in America.\"Each year, a new group of resources crosses the 50-year threshold. The preservation of these \"underage\" resources has gained attention in recent years.[citation needed]","title":"Misconceptions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Warehouse_district_street_scene._Omaha_-_NARA_-_283718.tif"},{"link_name":"Jobbers Canyon Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jobbers_Canyon_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"Downtown Omaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Omaha"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Register_of_Historic_Places&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Jobbers Canyon Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jobbers_Canyon_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"Omaha, Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Pan-Pacific Auditorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Pacific_Auditorium"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Palace Amusements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_Amusements"},{"link_name":"Asbury Park, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbury_Park,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Balinese Room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balinese_Room"},{"link_name":"Galveston, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galveston,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Ike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Ike"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"University of Connecticut Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Connecticut_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"Storrs, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storrs,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Terrell Jacobs Circus Winter Quarters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrell_Jacobs_Circus_Winter_Quarters"},{"link_name":"Peru, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"text":"The demolition of the Jobbers Canyon Historic District in Downtown Omaha, the largest National Register historic district lost to date[32]As of 1999,[update] 982 properties have been removed from the Register, most often due to being destroyed.[33] Among the properties that were demolished or otherwise destroyed after their listing are the Jobbers Canyon Historic District in Omaha, Nebraska (listed in 1979, demolished in 1989),[34][35] Pan-Pacific Auditorium in Los Angeles, California (listed in 1978, destroyed in a fire in 1989),[36] Palace Amusements in Asbury Park, New Jersey (listed in 2000, demolished in 2004),[37] The Balinese Room in Galveston, Texas (listed in 1997, destroyed by Hurricane Ike in 2008),[38] seven of the nine buildings included in the University of Connecticut Historic District in Storrs, Connecticut (listed in 1989, demolished in 2017),[39] and the Terrell Jacobs Circus Winter Quarters in Peru, Indiana (listed in 2012, demolished in 2021).[40]","title":"Limitations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"monument historique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_historique"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Listed buildings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_buildings"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"}],"text":"In France, designation of monument historique is similar to NRHP listing. In the French program, however, permanent restrictions are imposed upon designated monuments, for example requiring advance approval for any renovation of a designated building. NRHP listing imposes no such restrictions, but rather is \"primarily an honor\",[41] although tax subsidies may be available for renovations. France had about 43,600 monuments in 2015.Listed buildings of the United Kingdom may not be demolished, extended, or altered without special permission; the program covers about 374,000 listings in 2010, involving more than 500,000 buildings.In 2022, the U.S. has about 94,000 NRHP-listed properties, including historic districts; the total number of buildings covered is much larger.","title":"Comparisons to historic registers of other nations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Title 36, U.S. Code of Federal Regulations\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070302203928/http://www.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/cfrassemble.cgi?title=200636"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/cfrassemble.cgi?title=200636"},{"link_name":"\"Title 36--Parks, Forests, and Public Property; Chapter I--National Park Service, Department of the Interior; Part 60--National Register of Historic Places\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070302203900/http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_06/36cfr60_06.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_06/36cfr60_06.html"},{"link_name":"\"National Register Information System\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/database-research.htm"},{"link_name":"\"How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070407182200/http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/publications/bulletins/nrb15/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cr.nps.gov/nr/publications/bulletins/nrb15"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-136-16984-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-16984-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-471-14403-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-14403-7"}],"text":"\"Title 36, U.S. Code of Federal Regulations\". Archived from the original on March 2, 2007.\n\"Title 36--Parks, Forests, and Public Property; Chapter I--National Park Service, Department of the Interior; Part 60--National Register of Historic Places\". National Archives and Records Administration. Archived from the original on March 2, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2007.\n\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. Retrieved July 11, 2011.\nShrimpton, Rebecca H., ed. (1997). \"How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation\". Washington, D.C.: National Park Service. Archived from the original on April 7, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2007. National Register Bulletin No. 15\nSprinkle, John H. Jr. (2014). Crafting Preservation Criteria: The National Register of Historic Places and American Historic Preservation. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-16984-7.\nWiley, John (1994). National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. ISBN 0-471-14403-7.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Old Slater Mill, a historic district in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, the first property listed in the National Register, on November 13, 1966[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Slater_and_Wilkinson_Mills_-_exterior_%26_water_power_systems.jpg/220px-Slater_and_Wilkinson_Mills_-_exterior_%26_water_power_systems.jpg"},{"image_text":"George B. Hartzog Jr., director of the National Park Service from 1964 to 1972[2]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/George_B._Hartzog_Jr.jpg"},{"image_text":"U.S. Secretary of the Interior Cecil Andrus, who removed the National Register from the jurisdiction of the National Park Service in 1978","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Cecil_D_Andrus.png/220px-Cecil_D_Andrus.png"},{"image_text":"S. R. Crown Hall in Chicago, listed under criteria B and C for its association with architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and its modernist design.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Crown_Hall_2.jpg/220px-Crown_Hall_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"A typical plaque found on properties listed in the National Register of Historic Places","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/HistoricPlacesNationalRegisterPlaque.JPG/220px-HistoricPlacesNationalRegisterPlaque.JPG"},{"image_text":"An alternate series of plaques. Buildings on the National Register are also often listed in local historic societies.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/NRHP_Plaque_Montgomery_OH_USA.JPG/220px-NRHP_Plaque_Montgomery_OH_USA.JPG"},{"image_text":"Round barns in Illinois, a multiple property submission to NRHP that includes 18 structures throughout Illinois","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Virginia_Tillery_Round_Barn.jpg/220px-Virginia_Tillery_Round_Barn.jpg"},{"image_text":"A cow barn in Enfield Shaker Village in Enfield, New Hampshire, built 1854, listed with NRHP[26]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Enfield_Shaker_Cow_Barn.jpg/220px-Enfield_Shaker_Cow_Barn.jpg"},{"image_text":"A National Register of Historic Places plaque at the Robert E. Howard Museum in Cross Plains, Texas","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Robert_E._Howard_Museum_Plaque.jpg/220px-Robert_E._Howard_Museum_Plaque.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Portland Building in downtown Portland, Oregon, added to the NRHP only 29 years after its opening","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Portland_Building_1982.jpg/220px-Portland_Building_1982.jpg"},{"image_text":"The demolition of the Jobbers Canyon Historic District in Downtown Omaha, the largest National Register historic district lost to date[32]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Warehouse_district_street_scene._Omaha_-_NARA_-_283718.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Warehouse_district_street_scene._Omaha_-_NARA_-_283718.tif.jpg"}] | [{"title":"National Register of Historic Places portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"title":"United States portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"title":"Historic district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_district"},{"title":"Listed building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"title":"National Heritage Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_Area"},{"title":"Register of Culturally Significant Property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register_of_Culturally_Significant_Property"},{"title":"United States National Register of Historic Places listings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings"},{"title":"List of National Historic Landmarks by state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_by_state"},{"title":"List of National Memorials of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Memorials_of_the_United_States"},{"title":"List of threatened historic sites in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_threatened_historic_sites_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"List of African-American historic places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places"},{"title":"List of university and college buildings on the National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_and_college_buildings_listed_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"title":"List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_jails_and_prisons_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"title":"List of heritage registers worldwide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heritage_registers"}] | [{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"Fisher, Charles E. (1998). \"Promoting the Preservation of Historic Buildings: Historic Preservation Policy in the United States\". APT Bulletin. 29 (3/4): 7–11. doi:10.2307/1504604. JSTOR 1504604.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APT_Bulletin","url_text":"APT Bulletin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1504604","url_text":"10.2307/1504604"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1504604","url_text":"1504604"}]},{"reference":"\"National Register Bulletin 15: How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation\", National Register of Historic Places. Retrieved February 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/upload/NRB-15_web508.pdf","url_text":"National Register Bulletin 15: How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation"}]},{"reference":"Sprinkle, John H. Jr. (Spring 2007). \"\"Of Exceptional Importance\": The Origins of the \"Fifty-Year Rule\" in Historic Preservation\" (PDF). The Public Historian. 29 (2): 81–103. doi:10.1525/tph.2007.29.2.81. JSTOR 10.1525/tph.2007.29.2.81. S2CID 162250940. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 29, 2022. Retrieved November 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221129182952/https://anchoragehistoricpreservationplan.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Sprinkle-2007-Of-Exceptional-Importance-The-Origins-of-the-Fifty-Year-Rule-in-Historic-Preservation.pdf","url_text":"\"\"Of Exceptional Importance\": The Origins of the \"Fifty-Year Rule\" in Historic Preservation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525%2Ftph.2007.29.2.81","url_text":"10.1525/tph.2007.29.2.81"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/tph.2007.29.2.81","url_text":"10.1525/tph.2007.29.2.81"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162250940","url_text":"162250940"},{"url":"https://anchoragehistoricpreservationplan.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Sprinkle-2007-Of-Exceptional-Importance-The-Origins-of-the-Fifty-Year-Rule-in-Historic-Preservation.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"LeGloahec, John (April 12, 2022). \"Religious Buildings (Churches, Mosques, Synagogues) in the Records of the National Register of Historic Places\". The Text Message. National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved November 8, 2022. There are more than 30,000 references to 'church' in the NRHP records; close to 1000 entries for 'synagogue'; 106 entries for 'mosque'; along with entries for Friends Meetinghouses and Mormon Temples.","urls":[{"url":"https://text-message.blogs.archives.gov/2022/04/12/religious-buildings-churches-mosques-synagogues-in-the-records-of-the-national-register-of-historic-places/","url_text":"\"Religious Buildings (Churches, Mosques, Synagogues) in the Records of the National Register of Historic Places\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration","url_text":"National Archives and Records Administration"}]},{"reference":"\"Spreadsheet of NRHP Listed properties\" (Excel spreadsheet). National Park Service. June 28, 2022. Retrieved November 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/upload/national-register-listed-20220628.xlsx","url_text":"\"Spreadsheet of NRHP Listed properties\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"Superdome listed on National Register of Historic Places\". February 16, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nola.com/news/business/superdome-listed-on-national-register-of-historic-places/article_155478ff-a360-5c60-8f32-cae86b675e0d.html","url_text":"\"Superdome listed on National Register of Historic Places\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cow Barn\". Enfield Shaker Museum. Retrieved March 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://shakermuseum.org/discover/village-walking-tour/cow-barn/","url_text":"\"Cow Barn\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rehabiliation Standards and Guidelines—Technical Preservation Services, National Park Service\". NPS.gov Homepage (U.S. National Park Service). Archived from the original on December 18, 2017. Retrieved November 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nps.gov/tps/standards/rehabilitation.htm","url_text":"\"Rehabiliation Standards and Guidelines—Technical Preservation Services, National Park Service\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171218223249/https://www.nps.gov/tps/standards/rehabilitation.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Save America's Treasures\". National Trust for Historic Preservation. Archived from the original on February 19, 2013. Retrieved March 1, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.preservationnation.org/travel-and-sites/save-americas-treasures/","url_text":"\"Save America's Treasures\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130219051319/http://www.preservationnation.org/travel-and-sites/save-americas-treasures/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fallows, James (June 21, 2019). \"Our Towns: How Danville Has Avoided Omaha's Mistake – The Atlantic\". www.theatlantic.com. Archived from the original on June 2, 2021. Retrieved May 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theatlantic.com/notes/2019/06/mistake-omaha-made-danville-has-avoided/592027/","url_text":"\"Our Towns: How Danville Has Avoided Omaha's Mistake – The Atlantic\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214049/https://www.theatlantic.com/notes/2019/06/mistake-omaha-made-danville-has-avoided/592027/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Caren Burmeister (March 23, 1999). \"Church sues over historic site\". Jacksonville Times-Union. Archived from the original on August 6, 2012. Retrieved July 8, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120806132342/http://jacksonville.com/tu-online/stories/032399/met_2a1AME_l.html","url_text":"\"Church sues over historic site\""},{"url":"http://jacksonville.com/tu-online/stories/032399/met_2a1AME_l.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The L.A. architecture landmark — abandoned, trashed and left to burn\". Los Angeles Times. May 24, 2019. Archived from the original on May 25, 2019. Retrieved May 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-pan-pacific-architectural-icon-fire-retrospective-20190524-story.html","url_text":"\"The L.A. architecture landmark — abandoned, trashed and left to burn\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190525030115/https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-pan-pacific-architectural-icon-fire-retrospective-20190524-story.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mikle, Jean. \"Asbury Park's Tillie is still safe\". Springfield News-Leader. Archived from the original on May 29, 2020. Retrieved October 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.news-leader.com/story/news/local/eatontown-asbury-park/asbury-park/2014/08/26/asbury-park-tillie-saved-now/14648357/","url_text":"\"Asbury Park's Tillie is still safe\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200529053738/https://www.news-leader.com/story/news/local/eatontown-asbury-park/asbury-park/2014/08/26/asbury-park-tillie-saved-now/14648357/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Historic Galveston nightclub destroyed\". ABC13 Houston. Archived from the original on July 29, 2019. Retrieved July 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://abc13.com/archive/6390185/","url_text":"\"Historic Galveston nightclub destroyed\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190729225006/https://abc13.com/archive/6390185/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Blair, Russell (December 14, 2016). \"UConn to Demolish Seven of Nine 'Faculty Row' Houses\". courant.com. Archived from the original on October 2, 2017. Retrieved October 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.courant.com/education/hc-uconn-faculty-row-houses-20161214-story.html","url_text":"\"UConn to Demolish Seven of Nine 'Faculty Row' Houses\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171002073001/http://www.courant.com/education/hc-uconn-faculty-row-houses-20161214-story.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Circus barns on National Register of Historic Places to be demolish\". whas11.com. March 13, 2021. Archived from the original on April 15, 2021. Retrieved April 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whas11.com/article/news/local/indiana/lion-king-circus-barns-indiana-set-for-demolition/417-ede661d3-9127-49ea-8b9d-9bb9103c35ad","url_text":"\"Circus barns on National Register of Historic Places to be demolish\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210415012227/https://www.whas11.com/article/news/local/indiana/lion-king-circus-barns-indiana-set-for-demolition/417-ede661d3-9127-49ea-8b9d-9bb9103c35ad","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"A comparison to the National Register of Historic Places\". North Carolina Department of Natural and Cultural Resources. Retrieved September 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncdcr.gov/about/history/division-historical-resources/state-historic-preservation-office/local-historic-preservation-commissions-and-clgs/about-local-historic-preservation-commissions/comparison-national-register-historic-places","url_text":"\"A comparison to the National Register of Historic Places\""}]},{"reference":"\"Title 36, U.S. Code of Federal Regulations\". Archived from the original on March 2, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070302203928/http://www.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/cfrassemble.cgi?title=200636","url_text":"\"Title 36, U.S. Code of Federal Regulations\""},{"url":"http://www.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/cfrassemble.cgi?title=200636","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Title 36--Parks, Forests, and Public Property; Chapter I--National Park Service, Department of the Interior; Part 60--National Register of Historic Places\". National Archives and Records Administration. Archived from the original on March 2, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070302203900/http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_06/36cfr60_06.html","url_text":"\"Title 36--Parks, Forests, and Public Property; Chapter I--National Park Service, Department of the Interior; Part 60--National Register of Historic Places\""},{"url":"http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_06/36cfr60_06.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. Retrieved July 11, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/database-research.htm","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""}]},{"reference":"Shrimpton, Rebecca H., ed. (1997). \"How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation\". Washington, D.C.: National Park Service. Archived from the original on April 7, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2007. National Register Bulletin No. 15","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070407182200/http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/publications/bulletins/nrb15/","url_text":"\"How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation\""},{"url":"http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/publications/bulletins/nrb15","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sprinkle, John H. Jr. (2014). Crafting Preservation Criteria: The National Register of Historic Places and American Historic Preservation. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-16984-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-16984-7","url_text":"978-1-136-16984-7"}]},{"reference":"Wiley, John (1994). National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. ISBN 0-471-14403-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-14403-7","url_text":"0-471-14403-7"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/","external_links_name":"nps.gov/nationalregister"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Register_of_Historic_Places&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","external_links_name":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"Link":"https://irma.nps.gov/DataStore/DownloadFile/484841","external_links_name":"National Park Service Directors and Directorate"},{"Link":"https://ncshpo.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/nhpaTitle54Dec2016.pdf","external_links_name":"National Historic Preservation Act of 1966"},{"Link":"https://irma.nps.gov/DataStore/DownloadFile/562986","external_links_name":"The Historic Sites Survey and National Historic Landmarks Program: A 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Preservation"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181222221252/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1191055","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nps.gov/tps/education/workingonthepast/toolbox1.htm","external_links_name":"Federal, State and Local Historic Districts"},{"Link":"https://www.nola.com/news/business/superdome-listed-on-national-register-of-historic-places/article_155478ff-a360-5c60-8f32-cae86b675e0d.html","external_links_name":"\"Superdome listed on National Register of Historic Places\""},{"Link":"https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/upload/NRB16A-Complete.pdf","external_links_name":"Bulletin 16 Part B: How to Complete the National Register Multiple Property Documentation Form"},{"Link":"https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/database-research.htm","external_links_name":"Search for Multiple Property Submission (MPS) Covers"},{"Link":"https://shakermuseum.org/discover/village-walking-tour/cow-barn/","external_links_name":"\"Cow 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architecture landmark — abandoned, trashed and left to burn\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190525030115/https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-pan-pacific-architectural-icon-fire-retrospective-20190524-story.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.news-leader.com/story/news/local/eatontown-asbury-park/asbury-park/2014/08/26/asbury-park-tillie-saved-now/14648357/","external_links_name":"\"Asbury Park's Tillie is still safe\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200529053738/https://www.news-leader.com/story/news/local/eatontown-asbury-park/asbury-park/2014/08/26/asbury-park-tillie-saved-now/14648357/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://abc13.com/archive/6390185/","external_links_name":"\"Historic Galveston nightclub 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songlines_Live | Songlines Live | ["1 Reception","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 Production and crew","5 References"] | For other uses of the word Songlines, see Songlines (disambiguation).
2006 video by The Derek Trucks BandSonglines LiveVideo by The Derek Trucks BandReleasedJuly 11, 2006RecordedJanuary 28, 2006 in Chicago, ILGenreBlues-rock, southern rock, jam rock, jazz fusion, world fusionLength138:44LabelLegacyProducerBlake Budney, John Carlo Vernile, Evan Haiman
Songlines Live is the seventh album and second commercially released live recording and first DVD by American jam band The Derek Trucks Band, released in 2006 (see 2006 in music). It was recorded at the Park West in Chicago, Illinois.
Reception
In a review for All About Jazz Doug Collette stated that, on the DVD, the band "demonstrates what a wide vocabulary they possess, musically and intellectually, and how articulate they are in its use." He commented: "their stage presence is the natural theatre of serious musicians, intent on playing together in a way that maximizes the rapport they've built up over the years... it's clear they love to listen and watch one another, feeding ideas back and forth to enliven they playing."
Track listing
Band interview introduction – 4:05
"Joyful Noise" (Burbridge/Trucks/Smallie/Scott/Colon) – 8:31
"Crow Jane" (Public domain) – 5:51
"Sahib Teri Bandi/Maki Madni" (Khan) – 10:38
"Volunteered Slavery" (Kirk) – 2:19
"I'll Find My Way" (Trucks/Joyce) – 4:44
"I Wish I Knew (How It Would Feel To Be Free)" (Taylor/Dallas) – 6:19
"Key to the Highway" (Broonzy/Segar) – 6:33
"I'd Rather Be Blind, Crippled and Crazy" (Carter/Hodges/Robey) – 6:40
"All I Do" (Trucks/Mattison/Smallie/Scott/Burbridge) – 5:45
"Mahjoun/Greensleeves" (Trucks)/(Traditional) – 9:59
"Sailing On" (Hibbert) – 5:10
"Chevrolet" (Young/Young) – 3:42
"Soul Serenade" (Dixon/Curtis) – 5:15
"For My Brother" (Trucks/Mattison/Smallie/Scott/Burbridge) – 9:04
"Feel So Bad" (Hopkins) – 7:39
"Let's Go Get Stoned" (Armstead/Ashford/Simpson) – 4:39
"Voices Inside (Everything Is Everything)/Fat Mama" (Evans/Powell/Upchurch)/(Hancock) – 11:04
"Anyday" (Clapton/Whitlock) – 7:54
"Maybe Your Baby" (Wonder) – 7:01
"Up Above My Head" (Tharpe) – 5:42
Personnel
Kofi Burbridge - keyboards, flute, vocals
Count M'Butu - congas, percussion
Mike Mattison - lead vocals
Yonrico Scott - drums, percussion, backing vocals
Todd Smallie - bass, backing vocals
Derek Trucks - guitar
Production and crew
Executive Producers: Blake Budney, John Carlo Vernile
Director: Hank Lena
Producer: Evan Haiman
Live Sound Engineer: Marty Wall
Tour Manager: Chris Edwards
Stage Manager/Technician: Bobby Tis
Editor: Ray Volkema
Audio Mixing: Jay Joyce, Mike Paragone
Audio Engineering: Mike Konopka
Audio Mastering: Andrew Mendelson
Audio Finishing: John "Digger" Peleaz
Lighting Director: Brad Mackie
Lighting Programmer: William "IGGY" Ingoglia
Coach Operator: Bobby Bolton
Management Assistant: Nicole Lund
Set Designer: Jeff Wood
Stylist: Julie Orlin
Associate Producer: Sarah Iversen
Booking: Wayne Forte
Management: Blake Budney
Art Direction/Design: Josh Cheuse
Photography: Adam Farber
Bonus Footage Interview Editing: Marc Ryan
Bonus Footage Provided By: Marty Shulman
References
^ "The Derek Trucks Band: Songlines Live!". AllMusic. Retrieved March 15, 2023.
^ "Derek Trucks - Songlines Live". Jazz Music Archives. Retrieved March 15, 2023.
^ Collette, Doug (August 4, 2006). "The Derek Trucks Band: Songlines - Live". All About Jazz. Retrieved March 16, 2023.
vteThe Derek Trucks Band
Derek Trucks
Todd Smallie
Yonrico Scott
Kofi Burbridge
Mike Mattison
Count M'Butu
Bill McKay
Javier Colon
Studio albums
The Derek Trucks Band
Out of the Madness
Joyful Noise
Soul Serenade
Songlines
Already Free
Live albums
Live at Georgia Theatre
Roadsongs
DVDs
Songlines Live
Singles
"Down in the Flood"
Related articles
Tedeschi Trucks Band
Scrapomatic
The Allman Brothers Band
Susan Tedeschi | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Songlines (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songlines_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"jam band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jam_band"},{"link_name":"The Derek Trucks Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Derek_Trucks_Band"},{"link_name":"2006 in music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_in_music"},{"link_name":"Park West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_West_(music_venue)"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"For other uses of the word Songlines, see Songlines (disambiguation).2006 video by The Derek Trucks BandSonglines Live is the seventh album and second commercially released live recording and first DVD by American jam band The Derek Trucks Band, released in 2006 (see 2006 in music). It was recorded at the Park West in Chicago, Illinois.[1][2]","title":"Songlines Live"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"All About Jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_About_Jazz"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In a review for All About Jazz Doug Collette stated that, on the DVD, the band \"demonstrates what a wide vocabulary they possess, musically and intellectually, and how articulate they are in its use.\" He commented: \"their stage presence is the natural theatre of serious musicians, intent on playing together in a way that maximizes the rapport they've built up over the years... it's clear they love to listen and watch one another, feeding ideas back and forth to enliven they playing.\"[3]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Burbridge"},{"link_name":"Trucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Trucks"},{"link_name":"Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonrico_Scott"},{"link_name":"Colon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javier_Colon"},{"link_name":"Public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nusrat_Fateh_Ali_Khan"},{"link_name":"Kirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahsaan_Roland_Kirk"},{"link_name":"Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Key to the Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_to_the_Highway"},{"link_name":"Broonzy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bill_Broonzy"},{"link_name":"Robey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Robey"},{"link_name":"Greensleeves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greensleeves"},{"link_name":"Hibbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toots_Hibbert"},{"link_name":"Soul Serenade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_Serenade_(King_Curtis_song)"},{"link_name":"Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Curtis"},{"link_name":"Hopkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightnin%27_Hopkins"},{"link_name":"Let's Go Get Stoned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%27s_Go_Get_Stoned"},{"link_name":"Armstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Armstead"},{"link_name":"Ashford/Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashford_%26_Simpson"},{"link_name":"Upchurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Upchurch"},{"link_name":"Hancock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbie_Hancock"},{"link_name":"Anyday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anyday_(song)"},{"link_name":"Clapton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Clapton"},{"link_name":"Whitlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Whitlock"},{"link_name":"Wonder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevie_Wonder"},{"link_name":"Up Above My Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_Above_My_Head"},{"link_name":"Tharpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_Rosetta_Tharpe"}],"text":"Band interview introduction – 4:05\n\"Joyful Noise\" (Burbridge/Trucks/Smallie/Scott/Colon) – 8:31\n\"Crow Jane\" (Public domain) – 5:51\n\"Sahib Teri Bandi/Maki Madni\" (Khan) – 10:38\n\"Volunteered Slavery\" (Kirk) – 2:19\n\"I'll Find My Way\" (Trucks/Joyce) – 4:44\n\"I Wish I Knew (How It Would Feel To Be Free)\" (Taylor/Dallas) – 6:19\n\"Key to the Highway\" (Broonzy/Segar) – 6:33\n\"I'd Rather Be Blind, Crippled and Crazy\" (Carter/Hodges/Robey) – 6:40\n\"All I Do\" (Trucks/Mattison/Smallie/Scott/Burbridge) – 5:45\n\"Mahjoun/Greensleeves\" (Trucks)/(Traditional) – 9:59\n\"Sailing On\" (Hibbert) – 5:10\n\"Chevrolet\" (Young/Young) – 3:42\n\"Soul Serenade\" (Dixon/Curtis) – 5:15\n\"For My Brother\" (Trucks/Mattison/Smallie/Scott/Burbridge) – 9:04\n\"Feel So Bad\" (Hopkins) – 7:39\n\"Let's Go Get Stoned\" (Armstead/Ashford/Simpson) – 4:39\n\"Voices Inside (Everything Is Everything)/Fat Mama\" (Evans/Powell/Upchurch)/(Hancock) – 11:04\n\"Anyday\" (Clapton/Whitlock) – 7:54\n\"Maybe Your Baby\" (Wonder) – 7:01\n\"Up Above My Head\" (Tharpe) – 5:42","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kofi Burbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Burbridge"},{"link_name":"keyboards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_instrument"},{"link_name":"flute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute"},{"link_name":"vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singing"},{"link_name":"Count M'Butu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_M%27Butu"},{"link_name":"congas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conga"},{"link_name":"percussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion"},{"link_name":"Mike Mattison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Mattison"},{"link_name":"lead vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_vocals"},{"link_name":"Yonrico Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonrico_Scott"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_kit"},{"link_name":"backing vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backing_vocals"},{"link_name":"Todd Smallie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Todd_Smallie&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_guitar"},{"link_name":"Derek Trucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Trucks"},{"link_name":"guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"}],"text":"Kofi Burbridge - keyboards, flute, vocals\nCount M'Butu - congas, percussion\nMike Mattison - lead vocals\nYonrico Scott - drums, percussion, backing vocals\nTodd Smallie - bass, backing vocals\nDerek Trucks - guitar","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jay Joyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Joyce"}],"text":"Executive Producers: Blake Budney, John Carlo Vernile\nDirector: Hank Lena\nProducer: Evan Haiman\nLive Sound Engineer: Marty Wall\nTour Manager: Chris Edwards\nStage Manager/Technician: Bobby Tis\nEditor: Ray Volkema\nAudio Mixing: Jay Joyce, Mike Paragone\nAudio Engineering: Mike Konopka\nAudio Mastering: Andrew Mendelson\nAudio Finishing: John \"Digger\" Peleaz\nLighting Director: Brad Mackie\nLighting Programmer: William \"IGGY\" Ingoglia\nCoach Operator: Bobby Bolton\nManagement Assistant: Nicole Lund\nSet Designer: Jeff Wood\nStylist: Julie Orlin\nAssociate Producer: Sarah Iversen\nBooking: Wayne Forte\nManagement: Blake Budney\nArt Direction/Design: Josh Cheuse\nPhotography: Adam Farber\nBonus Footage Interview Editing: Marc Ryan\nBonus Footage Provided By: Marty Shulman","title":"Production and crew"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"The Derek Trucks Band: Songlines Live!\". AllMusic. Retrieved March 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/songlines-live%21-mw0001449226","url_text":"\"The Derek Trucks Band: Songlines Live!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Derek Trucks - Songlines Live\". Jazz Music Archives. Retrieved March 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jazzmusicarchives.com/album/derek-trucks/songlines-live(movie)","url_text":"\"Derek Trucks - Songlines Live\""}]},{"reference":"Collette, Doug (August 4, 2006). \"The Derek Trucks Band: Songlines - Live\". All About Jazz. Retrieved March 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allaboutjazz.com/the-derek-trucks-band-songlines-live-by-doug-collette","url_text":"\"The Derek Trucks Band: Songlines - Live\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/songlines-live%21-mw0001449226","external_links_name":"\"The Derek Trucks Band: Songlines Live!\""},{"Link":"https://www.jazzmusicarchives.com/album/derek-trucks/songlines-live(movie)","external_links_name":"\"Derek Trucks - Songlines Live\""},{"Link":"https://www.allaboutjazz.com/the-derek-trucks-band-songlines-live-by-doug-collette","external_links_name":"\"The Derek Trucks Band: Songlines - Live\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedophile_network | Child sex ring | ["1 Synonyms","2 Prevalence","3 Offenders and the mode of operation","4 Notable cases","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Group of people involved sexually with multiple minors
Look up pedophile ring in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
A child sex ring is a group of adults who are simultaneously involved sexually with multiple minors during the same general time frame. The dynamics of these rings differ from those of more common one-on-one intrafamilial cases in that they are more organized and ran over a long period of time. Commercialization and group sex are not necessarily present.
Synonyms
They are also referred to as pedophile rings, pedophile networks, paedophile gangs and child abuse rings.
Prevalence
In 1989, a study indicated 31 child sex rings identified by police within a geographically separated population of 710,000 during two years in UK. In the two years, they accounted for 4.6% of all reported child sexual abuse. Forty-seven male offenders aged 16 to 82 years and 334 victims aged 4 to 15 were involved. The offenders usually operated in pairs or alone. Three of the rings were becoming semicommercial. Some children acted as victim recruiters for the offenders in 22 rings. The recruiters usually receive the money. The reported abuse included masturbation and fondling in 30 rings, oral, anal, or vaginal intercourse in 21 rings, as well as production of child pornography in 2 rings.
Offenders and the mode of operation
Child sex rings operate like pipelines. New members are regularly recruited, seduced, abused, and later 'dumped'. They often involve educational or recreational organizations where they can be recruited and seduced. The seduction often involves acts of kindness and giving gifts to the victims to gain to lower their inhibitions and gain their cooperation and trust. One of the factors that facilitates the recruitment of children is peer pressure from observing the behavior of other children participating in the ring. The offenders tend to be from a higher socio-economic background, as running a child sex ring requires high interpersonal skills and economic resources. It often means a financial loss for the offenders.
Notable cases
Case
Country
Victims
Aylesbury child sex abuse ring
UK
2 girls
Banbury child sex abuse ring
UK
7 underaged girls
Berkhamsted paedophile network
UK
7 girls aged from 13 to 15
Bristol child sex abuse ring
UK
underaged girls
Casa Pia child sexual abuse scandal
Portugal
100 boys
Sidney Cooke's "Dirty Dozen"
UK
up to 20 boys
Derby child sex abuse ring
UK
26 girls from 12 to 18
UN child sexual abuse scandal in Haiti
Haiti
9 children
Halifax child sex abuse ring
UK
underaged girls
Huddersfield grooming gang
UK
18 girls from 11 to 17
Jersey child abuse investigation
UK
underaged boys and girls
Keighley child sex abuse ring
UK
underaged girls
Kidwelly sex cult
UK
underaged girls
Manchester child sex abuse ring
UK
girls from 12 to 15
Norwich sexual abuse ring
UK
2 boys and 3 girls under 13
Oulu child sexual exploitation scandal
Finland
girls under 15
Oxford child sex abuse ring
UK
underaged girls
2004 Pitcairn Islands sexual assault trial
UK
underaged girls
Rochdale child sex abuse ring
UK
47 underaged girls
Rotherham child sexual exploitation scandal
UK
1,400 girls
Telford child sexual exploitation scandal
UK
up to 1,000 girls
North Wales child abuse scandal
UK
underaged boys and girls
See also
List of pedophile advocacy organizations
References
^ a b Wild, N. J. (1 April 1989). "Prevalence of Child Sex Rings". Pediatrics. 83 (4): 553–558. doi:10.1542/peds.83.4.553. PMID 2927996. S2CID 8886396.
^ a b c d e f g Understanding and Investigating Child Sexual Exploitation. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. 1997.
^ "Child Sex Rings: A Behavioral Analysis | Office of Justice Programs". www.ojp.gov. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
^ Massie, Alex (July 29, 2015). "The Child Sex Ring Around Westminster's Neck". foreignpolicy. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
^ Magramo, Kathleen (August 8, 2023). "Dozens arrested over alleged child sex abuse following murder of two FBI agents". CNN. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
^ "Child sex ring man sent to jail". 10 August 2007. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
^ "Child abuse ring victims suffered 'horrific ordeal'". bbc. 14 November 2023. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
^ Harkins, Leigh; Dixon, Louise (March 2010). "Sexual offending in groups: An evaluation" (PDF). Aggression and Violent Behavior. 15 (2): 87–99. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2009.08.006.
^ Breger, Melissa (1 October 2021). "Stemming the Tide: Social Norms and Child Sex Trafficking". Dickinson Law Review (2017-Present). 126 (1): 135. ISSN 2574-2604.
External links
Paedophile ring, Cambridge Dictionary
vtePedophilia and child sexual abuseAssociated chronophilias
Hebephilia
Ephebophilia
Behavior and legal aspects
Age of consent reform
Child grooming
Child pornography
Hurtcore
Child erotica
Simulated
Legality
Legal status of fictional pornography depicting minors
Child sex ring
Commercial sexual exploitation of children
Child prostitution
Child sex tourism
Child trafficking
Cybersex trafficking
Child marriage
Marriageable age
Debate on the causes of clerical child abuse
Pederasty
Child Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome
By country
Afghanistan
Australia
China
Egypt
Pakistan
New Zealand
Nigeria
United Kingdom
Treatment methods
Chemical castration
Castration
Cognitive behavioral therapy
Research and support groups
Association for the Treatment and Prevention of Sexual Abuse
Circles of Support and Accountability
Silentlambs
Survivors Network of those Abused by Priests
Virtuous Pedophiles
Prevention organizations
Association for the Treatment and Prevention of Sexual Abuse
Child Exploitation and Online Protection Command
Jewish Community Watch
National Center for Missing & Exploited Children
Prevention Project Dunkelfeld
The Awareness Center
Tzedek
United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Sale and Sexual Exploitation of Children
Social views
Anti-pedophile activism
Creep Catchers
Dark Justice
Perverted-Justice
Sweetie (internet avatar)
To Catch a Predator
Pedophile advocacy groups
List of pedophile advocacy organizations
Related
Anglican Communion sexual abuse cases
Catholic Church sexual abuse cases
by country
debate
media coverage
Society of Jesus
Child sexual abuse in New York City religious institutions
Jehovah's Witnesses' handling of child sexual abuse cases
Mormon sexual abuse cases
Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse
Scouting sexual abuse cases
Sexual abuse cases in Haredi Judaism
Adass Israel School
Brooklyn's Haredi community
Jewish Care controversy
Manny Waks case
Child abuse in soccer
Human sexuality portal
Psychology portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pedophile ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pedophile_ring"},{"link_name":"involved sexually with multiple minors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prev-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-justicedept-2"},{"link_name":"group sex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_sex"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-police-3"}],"text":"Look up pedophile ring in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.A child sex ring is a group of adults who are simultaneously involved sexually with multiple minors during the same general time frame.[1] The dynamics of these rings differ from those of more common one-on-one intrafamilial cases in that they are more organized and ran over a long period of time.[2] Commercialization and group sex are not necessarily present.[3]","title":"Child sex ring"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Westminster-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnnmagr-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"They are also referred to as pedophile rings,[4][5] pedophile networks, paedophile gangs[6] and child abuse rings.[7]","title":"Synonyms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prev-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK"},{"link_name":"masturbation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masturbation"},{"link_name":"fondling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondling"},{"link_name":"oral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_sex"},{"link_name":"anal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anal_sex"},{"link_name":"vaginal intercourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaginal_intercourse"},{"link_name":"child pornography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_pornography"}],"text":"In 1989, a study[1][8] indicated 31 child sex rings identified by police within a geographically separated population of 710,000 during two years in UK. In the two years, they accounted for 4.6% of all reported child sexual abuse. Forty-seven male offenders aged 16 to 82 years and 334 victims aged 4 to 15 were involved. The offenders usually operated in pairs or alone. Three of the rings were becoming semicommercial. Some children acted as victim recruiters for the offenders in 22 rings. The recruiters usually receive the money. The reported abuse included masturbation and fondling in 30 rings, oral, anal, or vaginal intercourse in 21 rings, as well as production of child pornography in 2 rings.","title":"Prevalence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-justicedept-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-justicedept-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-justicedept-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-justicedept-2"},{"link_name":"peer pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_pressure"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-justicedept-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-justicedept-2"}],"text":"Child sex rings operate like pipelines.[2] New members are regularly recruited, seduced, abused, and later 'dumped'.[2] They often involve educational or recreational organizations where they can be recruited and seduced.[2] The seduction often involves acts of kindness and giving gifts to the victims to gain to lower their inhibitions and gain their cooperation and trust. [2] One of the factors that facilitates the recruitment of children is peer pressure from observing the behavior of other children participating in the ring.[9] The offenders tend to be from a higher socio-economic background, as running a child sex ring requires high interpersonal skills and economic resources.[2] It often means a financial loss for the offenders.[2]","title":"Offenders and the mode of operation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable cases"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of pedophile advocacy organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pedophile_advocacy_organizations"}] | [{"reference":"Wild, N. J. (1 April 1989). \"Prevalence of Child Sex Rings\". Pediatrics. 83 (4): 553–558. doi:10.1542/peds.83.4.553. PMID 2927996. S2CID 8886396.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.83.4.553","url_text":"10.1542/peds.83.4.553"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2927996","url_text":"2927996"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8886396","url_text":"8886396"}]},{"reference":"Understanding and Investigating Child Sexual Exploitation. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. 1997.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RzS4PalFulcC","url_text":"Understanding and Investigating Child Sexual Exploitation"}]},{"reference":"\"Child Sex Rings: A Behavioral Analysis | Office of Justice Programs\". www.ojp.gov. Retrieved 21 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/child-sex-rings-behavioral-analysis","url_text":"\"Child Sex Rings: A Behavioral Analysis | Office of Justice Programs\""}]},{"reference":"Massie, Alex (July 29, 2015). \"The Child Sex Ring Around Westminster's Neck\". foreignpolicy. Retrieved 5 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/07/29/the-child-sex-ring-around-westminsters-neck-pedophilia-scandal-britain/","url_text":"\"The Child Sex Ring Around Westminster's Neck\""}]},{"reference":"Magramo, Kathleen (August 8, 2023). \"Dozens arrested over alleged child sex abuse following murder of two FBI agents\". CNN. Retrieved 5 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://edition.cnn.com/2023/08/08/australia/australia-child-abuse-arrests-rescue-fbi-agents-intl-hnk/index.html","url_text":"\"Dozens arrested over alleged child sex abuse following murder of two FBI agents\""}]},{"reference":"\"Child sex ring man sent to jail\". 10 August 2007. Retrieved 1 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/edinburgh_and_east/6940150.stm","url_text":"\"Child sex ring man sent to jail\""}]},{"reference":"\"Child abuse ring victims suffered 'horrific ordeal'\". bbc. 14 November 2023. Retrieved 5 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-67416265","url_text":"\"Child abuse ring victims suffered 'horrific ordeal'\""}]},{"reference":"Harkins, Leigh; Dixon, Louise (March 2010). \"Sexual offending in groups: An evaluation\" (PDF). Aggression and Violent Behavior. 15 (2): 87–99. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2009.08.006.","urls":[{"url":"http://pure-oai.bham.ac.uk/ws/files/10614787/Final_Harkins_Dixon_Sex_Offending_in_Groups_post_print_copy.pdf","url_text":"\"Sexual offending in groups: An evaluation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.avb.2009.08.006","url_text":"10.1016/j.avb.2009.08.006"}]},{"reference":"Breger, Melissa (1 October 2021). \"Stemming the Tide: Social Norms and Child Sex Trafficking\". Dickinson Law Review (2017-Present). 126 (1): 135. ISSN 2574-2604.","urls":[{"url":"https://ideas.dickinsonlaw.psu.edu/dlr/vol126/iss1/6","url_text":"\"Stemming the Tide: Social Norms and Child Sex Trafficking\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2574-2604","url_text":"2574-2604"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.83.4.553","external_links_name":"10.1542/peds.83.4.553"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2927996","external_links_name":"2927996"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8886396","external_links_name":"8886396"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RzS4PalFulcC","external_links_name":"Understanding and Investigating Child Sexual Exploitation"},{"Link":"https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/child-sex-rings-behavioral-analysis","external_links_name":"\"Child Sex Rings: A Behavioral Analysis | Office of Justice Programs\""},{"Link":"https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/07/29/the-child-sex-ring-around-westminsters-neck-pedophilia-scandal-britain/","external_links_name":"\"The Child Sex Ring Around Westminster's Neck\""},{"Link":"https://edition.cnn.com/2023/08/08/australia/australia-child-abuse-arrests-rescue-fbi-agents-intl-hnk/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Dozens arrested over alleged child sex abuse following murder of two FBI agents\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/edinburgh_and_east/6940150.stm","external_links_name":"\"Child sex ring man sent to jail\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-67416265","external_links_name":"\"Child abuse ring victims suffered 'horrific ordeal'\""},{"Link":"http://pure-oai.bham.ac.uk/ws/files/10614787/Final_Harkins_Dixon_Sex_Offending_in_Groups_post_print_copy.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Sexual offending in groups: An evaluation\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.avb.2009.08.006","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.avb.2009.08.006"},{"Link":"https://ideas.dickinsonlaw.psu.edu/dlr/vol126/iss1/6","external_links_name":"\"Stemming the Tide: Social Norms and Child Sex Trafficking\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2574-2604","external_links_name":"2574-2604"},{"Link":"https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/paedophile-ring","external_links_name":"Paedophile ring"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacksilver | Hacksilver | ["1 Use","2 Hacksilver hoards","3 Sources","4 References"] | Fragments of cut and bent silver items used as currency
The mixed Viking Cuerdale Hoard, deposited in England before c. 910, also contains 8,600 coins, as well as these ingots and pieces of jewellery and plate.
Hacksilver from the medieval period, Museum für Hamburgische Geschichte, Hamburg, Germany.
Viking age settlement, eighth to eleventh centuries; trade and raid routes are marked green.
Hacksilver (sometimes referred to as hacksilber) consists of fragments of cut and bent silver items that were used as bullion or as currency by weight during the Middle Ages.
Use
Hacksilver was common among the Norsemen or Vikings, as a result of both their raiding and trade. Hacksilver may also have been used by Romans in their dealings with Pictish tribes. The name of the ruble, the basic unit of modern Russian currency, is derived from the Russian verb рубить ('rubit'), meaning "to chop", from the practice of the Rus', described by Ahmad ibn Fadlan visiting the Volga Vikings in 922. An example of the related Viking weighing scale with weights was found on the Isle of Gigha. Hacksilver may be derived from silver tableware, Roman or Byzantine, church plate and silver objects such as reliquaries or book-covers, and jewellery from a range of areas. Hoards may typically include a mixture of hacksilver, coins, ingots and complete small pieces of jewellery.
Hoards of hacksilver are also well known in pre and post-coinage antiquity, in European and Near Eastern contexts. The Cisjordan Corpus (c.1200-586 BC) is the largest identified concentration of pre-coinage hacksilver hoards, and provides key evidence for the Phoenician and wider Near Eastern roots of the development and proliferation of the earliest silver coinages in the Greek world and western tradition.
Eastern hacksilver from the Achaemenid Levant, including jewellery and Greek coins, 425-420 BC. These formed a part of Achaemenid coinage.
The widespread adoption of Greek silver coinages by c. 480 BC appears to have developed first out of cooperative relations between Greeks and Phoenicians, then partly as a competitive, culturally consolidating response to earlier Phoenician expansion and domination of silver trade, which had been conducted with hacksilver. Within the Cisjordan Corpus, a concentration of hacksilver hoards occurs in a part of southern Phoenicia that was recorded in antiquity as a territory of the Shardana tribes of Sea Peoples associated with Sardinia. Thompson, in her analyses of the hacksilver pieces, relates this textual evidence to lead isotope ratios that have ore signatures matching Sardinian ores. This is the first recognized material evidence linking the two regions in this critical period. The same hacksilver hoards have provided the first recognized provenance-evidence for far-reaching contact between Europe and Asia related to the prehistoric trafficking of metals.
Hacksilver hoards
The 4th or 5th century hoard of Traprain Law (Traprain Treasure) consists of four silver coins and over 24 kilograms of sliced-up Late Roman silver tableware, much of it of very high quality. Whether this was handed over by Romans to the Pictish occupants of the site, or the products of raids on Roman Britain, is unclear.
The Vale of York hoard includes 617 silver coins and hacksilver.
The Cuerdale Hoard includes 8,600 items, silver coins and hacksilver.
The Skaill Hoard, the largest Viking Age silver hoard found in Scotland, consists of over 100 items, including jewelry, a few coins and assorted hacksilver. The hoard, dated to between 950 and 970, was found in Skaill, Sandwick, Orkney, in 1858.
The main Penrith Hoard is of Viking-period penannular brooches, but a separate hoard found very close by includes many pieces of hacksilver.
The 'southern Phoenician' hacksilver hoards in the Cisjordan Corpus were found at Ein Hofez, Tell Keisan, Dor and Akko.
Sources
Graham-Campbell, James; Batey, Colleen E. (1998). Vikings in Scotland: An Archaeological Survey. Edinburgh University Press. p. 243. ISBN 0-7486-0641-6.
James Graham-Campbell: The Viking-age silver and gold hoards of Scandinavian character from Scotland
M. Bogucki: Reasons for hiding Viking Age hack silver hoards
Hacksilver in the database of the National Museums of Scotland
Hacksilver in the database of the British Museum Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine
Hacksilber Project
References
^ "'Significant' Roman silver hoard found in Fife by teenager". BBC News. 1 August 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
^ "Viking weights". University of Glasgow.
^ Christine M. Thompson 2011: 'Silver in the age of iron: an overview', in C. Giardino (ed.) Archeometallurgia: dalla conoscenza alla fruizione. Atti del convegno Cavallino, Lecce, 22-25/05/2006 Bari: Edipuglia. 121-32.
^ Thompson, C.M; Skaggs, S. (2013). "King Solomon's Silver? Southern Phoenician Hacksilber Hoards and the Location of Tarshish". Internet Archaeology. 35 (35). doi:10.11141/ia.35.6.
^ Balmuth, M.S. and Thompson, C.M. 2000, 'Hacksilber: recent approaches to the study of hoards of uncoined silver', in B. Klengel and B. Weisser (eds) Acts of the XIIth International Numismatic Congress, 9-13th September, Berlin, 1997 = XII. Internationaler Numismatischer Kongress, Akten Berlin. 159-69.
^ "BBC - History - Ancient History in depth: The Cuerdale Hoard". www.bbc.co.uk.
^ "National Museums of Scotland - Hacksilver". nms.scran.ac.uk.
^ "Orkneyjar - The Skaill Viking Hoard in Sandwick, Orkney". www.orkneyjar.com.
^ Graham-Campbell, J A (1975–76). "The Viking-age silver and gold hoards of Scandinavian character from Scotland" (PDF). Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. 107: 114–135. doi:10.9750/PSAS.107.114.135.
^ "Internet Archaeol. 35. Thompson and Skaggs. Initial assessments". intarch.ac.uk. | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cuerdale_hoard_viking_silver_british_museum.JPG"},{"link_name":"Cuerdale Hoard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuerdale_Hoard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hack_silver_(cropped).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Viking_Expansion.svg"},{"link_name":"silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver"},{"link_name":"bullion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullion"},{"link_name":"currency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currency"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"}],"text":"The mixed Viking Cuerdale Hoard, deposited in England before c. 910, also contains 8,600 coins, as well as these ingots and pieces of jewellery and plate.Hacksilver from the medieval period, Museum für Hamburgische Geschichte, Hamburg, Germany.Viking age settlement, eighth to eleventh centuries; trade and raid routes are marked green.Hacksilver (sometimes referred to as hacksilber) consists of fragments of cut and bent silver items that were used as bullion or as currency by weight during the Middle Ages.","title":"Hacksilver"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norsemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norsemen"},{"link_name":"Vikings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikings"},{"link_name":"Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"Pictish tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"ruble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruble"},{"link_name":"Rus'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus%27_(people)"},{"link_name":"Ahmad ibn Fadlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Fadlan"},{"link_name":"Volga Vikings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_Vikings"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Isle of Gigha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigha"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"reliquaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliquaries"},{"link_name":"Hoards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoard"},{"link_name":"ingots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingot"},{"link_name":"Cisjordan Corpus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisjordan_Corpus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eastern_Hacksilber_from_the_Levant_425-420_BCE.jpg"},{"link_name":"Achaemenid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid"},{"link_name":"Levant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levant"},{"link_name":"Achaemenid coinage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_coinage"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Hacksilver was common among the Norsemen or Vikings, as a result of both their raiding and trade. Hacksilver may also have been used by Romans in their dealings with Pictish tribes.[1] The name of the ruble, the basic unit of modern Russian currency, is derived from the Russian verb рубить ('rubit'), meaning \"to chop\", from the practice of the Rus', described by Ahmad ibn Fadlan visiting the Volga Vikings in 922.[citation needed] An example of the related Viking weighing scale with weights was found on the Isle of Gigha.[2] Hacksilver may be derived from silver tableware, Roman or Byzantine, church plate and silver objects such as reliquaries or book-covers, and jewellery from a range of areas. Hoards may typically include a mixture of hacksilver, coins, ingots and complete small pieces of jewellery.Hoards of hacksilver are also well known in pre and post-coinage antiquity, in European and Near Eastern contexts. The Cisjordan Corpus (c.1200-586 BC) is the largest identified concentration of pre-coinage hacksilver hoards, and provides key evidence for the Phoenician and wider Near Eastern roots of the development and proliferation of the earliest silver coinages in the Greek world and western tradition.Eastern hacksilver from the Achaemenid Levant, including jewellery and Greek coins, 425-420 BC. These formed a part of Achaemenid coinage.The widespread adoption of Greek silver coinages by c. 480 BC appears to have developed first out of cooperative relations between Greeks and Phoenicians, then partly as a competitive, culturally consolidating response to earlier Phoenician expansion and domination of silver trade, which had been conducted with hacksilver. Within the Cisjordan Corpus, a concentration of hacksilver hoards occurs in a part of southern Phoenicia that was recorded in antiquity as a territory of the Shardana tribes of Sea Peoples associated with Sardinia. Thompson, in her analyses of the hacksilver pieces, relates this textual evidence to lead isotope ratios that have ore signatures matching Sardinian ores. This is the first recognized material evidence linking the two regions in this critical period.[3] The same hacksilver hoards have provided the first recognized provenance-evidence for far-reaching contact between Europe and Asia related to the prehistoric trafficking of metals.[4][5]","title":"Use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Traprain Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traprain_Law"},{"link_name":"Pictish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pict"},{"link_name":"Roman Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Britain"},{"link_name":"Vale of York hoard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale_of_York_hoard"},{"link_name":"Cuerdale Hoard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuerdale_Hoard"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Skaill Hoard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skaill_Hoard&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Skaill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Skaill"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Penrith Hoard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penrith_Hoard"},{"link_name":"penannular brooches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penannular_brooch"},{"link_name":"Ein Hofez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ein_Hofez&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tell Keisan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_Keisan"},{"link_name":"Dor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Dor"},{"link_name":"Akko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akko"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The 4th or 5th century hoard of Traprain Law (Traprain Treasure) consists of four silver coins and over 24 kilograms of sliced-up Late Roman silver tableware, much of it of very high quality. Whether this was handed over by Romans to the Pictish occupants of the site, or the products of raids on Roman Britain, is unclear.\nThe Vale of York hoard includes 617 silver coins and hacksilver.\nThe Cuerdale Hoard includes 8,600 items, silver coins and hacksilver.[6]\nThe Skaill Hoard, the largest Viking Age silver hoard found in Scotland, consists of over 100 items, including jewelry, a few coins and assorted hacksilver. The hoard, dated to between 950 and 970, was found in Skaill, Sandwick, Orkney, in 1858.[7][8][9]\nThe main Penrith Hoard is of Viking-period penannular brooches, but a separate hoard found very close by includes many pieces of hacksilver.\nThe 'southern Phoenician' hacksilver hoards in the Cisjordan Corpus were found at Ein Hofez, Tell Keisan, Dor and Akko.[10]","title":"Hacksilver hoards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vikings in Scotland: An Archaeological Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=5tPSivo8VRwC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7486-0641-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-0641-6"},{"link_name":"James Graham-Campbell: The Viking-age silver and gold hoards of Scandinavian character from Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/PSAS_2002/pdf/vol_107/107_114_135.pdf"},{"link_name":"M. Bogucki: Reasons for hiding Viking Age hack silver hoards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//museoreinasofia.mcu.es/museos/docs/MC/ActasNumis/Reasons_for_hiding_Viking_Age.pdf"},{"link_name":"permanent dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"Hacksilver in the database of the National Museums of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nms.scran.ac.uk/database/results.php?QUICKSEARCH=1&search_term=Hacksilver"},{"link_name":"Hacksilver in the database of the British Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.britishmuseum.org/search_results.aspx?searchText=hacksilver"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160303201007/http://www.britishmuseum.org/search_results.aspx?searchText=hacksilver"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Hacksilber Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//opencontext.org/projects/CF179695-1E6A-440F-1DDB-4FEA7B02A5B5"}],"text":"Graham-Campbell, James; Batey, Colleen E. (1998). Vikings in Scotland: An Archaeological Survey. Edinburgh University Press. p. 243. ISBN 0-7486-0641-6.\nJames Graham-Campbell: The Viking-age silver and gold hoards of Scandinavian character from Scotland\nM. Bogucki: Reasons for hiding Viking Age hack silver hoards[permanent dead link]\nHacksilver in the database of the National Museums of Scotland\nHacksilver in the database of the British Museum Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine\nHacksilber Project","title":"Sources"}] | [{"image_text":"The mixed Viking Cuerdale Hoard, deposited in England before c. 910, also contains 8,600 coins, as well as these ingots and pieces of jewellery and plate.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Cuerdale_hoard_viking_silver_british_museum.JPG/220px-Cuerdale_hoard_viking_silver_british_museum.JPG"},{"image_text":"Hacksilver from the medieval period, Museum für Hamburgische Geschichte, Hamburg, Germany.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Hack_silver_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Hack_silver_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Viking age settlement, eighth to eleventh centuries; trade and raid routes are marked green.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Viking_Expansion.svg/220px-Viking_Expansion.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Eastern hacksilver from the Achaemenid Levant, including jewellery and Greek coins, 425-420 BC. 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Southern Phoenician Hacksilber Hoards and the Location of Tarshish\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.11141%2Fia.35.6","external_links_name":"10.11141/ia.35.6"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/cuerdale_01.shtml","external_links_name":"\"BBC - History - Ancient History in depth: The Cuerdale Hoard\""},{"Link":"http://nms.scran.ac.uk/database/record.php?usi=000-190-004-111-C","external_links_name":"\"National Museums of Scotland - Hacksilver\""},{"Link":"http://www.orkneyjar.com/history/skaillhoard.htm","external_links_name":"\"Orkneyjar - The Skaill Viking Hoard in Sandwick, Orkney\""},{"Link":"http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/PSAS_2002/pdf/vol_107/107_114_135.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Viking-age silver and gold hoards of Scandinavian character from Scotland\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.9750%2FPSAS.107.114.135","external_links_name":"10.9750/PSAS.107.114.135"},{"Link":"http://intarch.ac.uk/journal/issue35/6/3-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Internet Archaeol. 35. Thompson and Skaggs. Initial assessments\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knob_Mountain_(Pennsylvania) | Knob Mountain (Pennsylvania) | ["1 Geology and geography","2 Climbing","3 History","4 Fauna and flora","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Coordinates: 41°5′44″N 76°20′46″W / 41.09556°N 76.34611°W / 41.09556; -76.34611Knob MountainKnob Mountain from the westHighest pointElevation1,720 ft (520 m)ListingLee Mountain, Huntington MountainCoordinates41°5′44″N 76°20′46″W / 41.09556°N 76.34611°W / 41.09556; -76.34611GeographyKnob MountainLocation in Pennsylvania
Parent rangeAppalachiansClimbingEasiest routeRoad
Knob Mountain (also known as Nob Mountain) is a ridge in the northeastern part of Columbia County, Pennsylvania and parts of Luzerne County, Pennsylvania. Its elevation is over 1720 feet above sea level. Knob Mountain can be seen from a considerable distance, and is also visible from Bloomsburg. The peak of the mountain is one of the highest points in Columbia County.
Geology and geography
Knob Mountain's western terminus is near Orangeville. The mountain runs eastward and slightly northward for ten or twelve miles (16 or 20 kilometers) before descending to the level of the surrounding land, slightly over the Luzerne County line. However, it has a slightly lower subsidiary peak known as Huntington Mountain that extends in approximately the same direction as the main mountain as far as Shickshinny.
Knob Mountain is a fairly steep mountain. It is more steep on its northern side than it is on its southern side. Its base is in the watersheds of Fishing Creek and Huntington Creek. At one point, Fishing Creek makes a sharp curve around the base of Knob Mountain. The outline of the mountain is fairly uniform. However, there is a notch near the eastern terminus of Knob Mountain.
A terminal moraine runs from the nearby Lee Mountain to the southern base of Knob Mountain and then over Knob Mountain to Fishing Creek. The mountain has coarse, hard sandstone near its peak and is situated in the Wyoming coal basin. This coal basin is part of a chain of coal-containing areas that runs between Lackawanna County and Dauphin County. The Wyoming and Lackawanna coal field terminates at Knob Mountain. There is also a red shale basin under the mountain.
Lee Mountain and Huntington Mountain are mountains that are near to Knob Mountain, and they can be considered eastward extensions of Knob Mountain.
Climbing
Knob Mountain can be approached from any direction. Two roads cross over the main part of the mountain. The highest point on the whole ridge is over 1720 feet.
History
The area in the vicinity of Fishing Creek and Knob Mountain was first settled in 1780. However, it was not until 1785 that large numbers of people traveled to the area around Knob Mountain. The settlers that arrived in this year primarily traveled from New Jersey to the mouth of Fishing Creek via Berwick and from the mouth of Fishing Creek up the creek's valley to near Knob Mountain. Such settlement was, at the time, the northernmost non-native settlement in the Fishing Creek watershed. A community at the base of the mountain was built in 1822. An Indian path once passed over the mountain near its eastern terminus. The Susquehanna and Tioga Turnpike once crossed over Knob Mountain. A township border was once determined to be a heap of stones on the top of Knob Mountain.
Fauna and flora
Knob Mountain has forests at its peak. It is surrounded by agricultural communities. In the early days of civilization in the area around Knob Mountain, the mountain was commonly believed to be home to numerous wolves and bears.
See also
Catawissa Mountain
North Mountain (Pennsylvania)
References
^ a b c d e f g h Democratic party (Columbia County, Pa.). (1865), Proceedings of the Nob Mountain meeting, held in Columbia County, Pa., on the last three days of August 1865, retrieved June 20, 2013
^ a b Charles B. Trego (1843), A Geography of Pennsylvania, retrieved June 20, 2013
^ Raza, Moonis (1990), Geographical Dictionary Of The World In The Early 20th Century With Pronouncing Gazetteer, ISBN 9788172680114, retrieved June 20, 2013
^ a b Google Maps, retrieved January 27, 2014
^ a b c d e J.H. Battle, ed. (1887), History of Columbia and Montour Counties, Pennsylvania, retrieved June 20, 2013
^ a b c d J.H. Beers (1915), Historical and Biographical Annals of Columbia and Montour Counties, retrieved June 20, 2013
^ Charles Frederick Shaw, J. M. McKee, W. G. Ross, United States. Bureau of Soils, Pennsylvania State College. School of Agriculture (1914), Reconnoissance soil survey of southeastern Pennsylvania, retrieved June 20, 2013{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Samuel Hazard, ed. (1834), Hazard's Register of Pennsylvania, retrieved June 20, 2013
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Knob Mountain (Pennsylvania).
Map of Knob Mountain | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-proceedings-1"},{"link_name":"ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridge"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a_geography-2"},{"link_name":"Columbia County, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Luzerne County, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzerne_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"elevation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevation"},{"link_name":"sea level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google_maps-4"},{"link_name":"Bloomsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomsburg,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-proceedings-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-battle-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-annals-6"}],"text":"Knob Mountain (also known as Nob Mountain[1]) is a ridge[2] in the northeastern part of Columbia County, Pennsylvania and parts of Luzerne County, Pennsylvania.[3] Its elevation is over 1720 feet above sea level.[4] Knob Mountain can be seen from a considerable distance, and is also visible from Bloomsburg.[1][5] The peak of the mountain is one of the highest points in Columbia County.[6]","title":"Knob Mountain (Pennsylvania)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orangeville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangeville,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"subsidiary peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidiary_peak"},{"link_name":"Shickshinny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shickshinny,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-proceedings-1"},{"link_name":"watersheds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basin"},{"link_name":"Fishing Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_Creek_(North_Branch_Susquehanna_River)"},{"link_name":"Huntington Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington_Creek_(Pennsylvania)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-proceedings-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-battle-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-proceedings-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-annals-6"},{"link_name":"terminal moraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_moraine"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-soil_survey-7"},{"link_name":"sandstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone"},{"link_name":"Wyoming coal basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wyoming_coal_basin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lackawanna County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lackawanna_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Dauphin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dauphin_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a_geography-2"},{"link_name":"red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red"},{"link_name":"shale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shale"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-battle-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-annals-6"}],"text":"Knob Mountain's western terminus is near Orangeville. The mountain runs eastward and slightly northward for ten or twelve miles (16 or 20 kilometers) before descending to the level of the surrounding land, slightly over the Luzerne County line. However, it has a slightly lower subsidiary peak known as Huntington Mountain that extends in approximately the same direction as the main mountain as far as Shickshinny.[1]Knob Mountain is a fairly steep mountain. It is more steep on its northern side than it is on its southern side. Its base is in the watersheds of Fishing Creek and Huntington Creek.[1] At one point, Fishing Creek makes a sharp curve around the base of Knob Mountain.[5] The outline of the mountain is fairly uniform.[1] However, there is a notch near the eastern terminus of Knob Mountain.[6]A terminal moraine runs from the nearby Lee Mountain to the southern base of Knob Mountain and then over Knob Mountain to Fishing Creek.[7] The mountain has coarse, hard sandstone near its peak and is situated in the Wyoming coal basin. This coal basin is part of a chain of coal-containing areas that runs between Lackawanna County and Dauphin County.[2] The Wyoming and Lackawanna coal field terminates at Knob Mountain. There is also a red shale basin under the mountain.[8]Lee Mountain and Huntington Mountain are mountains that are near to Knob Mountain, and they can be considered eastward extensions of Knob Mountain.[5][6]","title":"Geology and geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-proceedings-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google_maps-4"}],"text":"Knob Mountain can be approached from any direction.[1] Two roads cross over the main part of the mountain. The highest point on the whole ridge is over 1720 feet.[4]","title":"Climbing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Berwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berwick,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-battle-5"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-annals-6"},{"link_name":"Susquehanna and Tioga Turnpike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susquehanna_and_Tioga_Turnpike"},{"link_name":"stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-proceedings-1"}],"text":"The area in the vicinity of Fishing Creek and Knob Mountain was first settled in 1780. However, it was not until 1785 that large numbers of people traveled to the area around Knob Mountain. The settlers that arrived in this year primarily traveled from New Jersey to the mouth of Fishing Creek via Berwick and from the mouth of Fishing Creek up the creek's valley to near Knob Mountain. Such settlement was, at the time, the northernmost non-native settlement in the Fishing Creek watershed. A community at the base of the mountain was built in 1822.[5] An Indian path once passed over the mountain near its eastern terminus.[6] The Susquehanna and Tioga Turnpike once crossed over Knob Mountain. A township border was once determined to be a heap of stones on the top of Knob Mountain.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest"},{"link_name":"agricultural communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-proceedings-1"},{"link_name":"wolves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf"},{"link_name":"bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-battle-5"}],"text":"Knob Mountain has forests at its peak. It is surrounded by agricultural communities.[1] In the early days of civilization in the area around Knob Mountain, the mountain was commonly believed to be home to numerous wolves and bears.[5]","title":"Fauna and flora"}] | [] | [{"title":"Catawissa Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catawissa_Mountain"},{"title":"North Mountain (Pennsylvania)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Mountain_(Pennsylvania)"}] | [{"reference":"Democratic party (Columbia County, Pa.). (1865), Proceedings of the Nob Mountain meeting, held in Columbia County, Pa., on the last three days of August 1865, retrieved June 20, 2013","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MV8JAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Nob+Mountain+Meeting%22","url_text":"Proceedings of the Nob Mountain meeting, held in Columbia County, Pa., on the last three days of August 1865"}]},{"reference":"Charles B. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythemis_collocata | Erythemis collocata | ["1 Food Resources","2 References","3 External links"] | Species of dragonfly
Western pondhawk
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Odonata
Infraorder:
Anisoptera
Family:
Libellulidae
Genus:
Erythemis
Species:
E. collocata
Binomial name
Erythemis collocata(Hagen, 1861)
Erythemis collocata, the western pondhawk, is a dragonfly of the family Libellulidae, native to western Canada, the western United States, and Mexico.
Food Resources
Erythemis collocata is known to feed on the western malaria mosquito, Anopheles freeborni. This predation primarily occurs at dusk, when A. freeborni aggregate into swarms in order to mate. Due to the reliance of E. collocata on visual stimuli to attack its prey, the frequency of attacks decreases as the sky gets darker.
References
^ Yuval, B.; Bouskila, A. (1993-03-01). "Temporal dynamics of mating and predation in mosquito swarms". Oecologia. 95 (1): 65–69. Bibcode:1993Oecol..95...65Y. doi:10.1007/BF00649508. ISSN 1432-1939. PMID 28313313.
"Erythemis collocata". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 13 February 2006.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Erythemis collocata.
Taxon identifiersErythemis collocata
Wikidata: Q145227
BioLib: 226944
BOLD: 319433
BugGuide: 3169
CoL: 3BCGR
EoL: 983654
GBIF: 1429324
iNaturalist: 85408
IRMNG: 10926391
ITIS: 101867
IUCN: 51273218
NatureServe: 2.111124
NCBI: 451471
Observation.org: 92380
Open Tree of Life: 369379
This article related to dragonflies is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dragonfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragonfly"},{"link_name":"Libellulidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libellulidae"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"}],"text":"Erythemis collocata, the western pondhawk, is a dragonfly of the family Libellulidae, native to western Canada, the western United States, and Mexico.","title":"Erythemis collocata"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anopheles freeborni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anopheles_freeborni"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Erythemis collocata is known to feed on the western malaria mosquito, Anopheles freeborni. This predation primarily occurs at dusk, when A. freeborni aggregate into swarms in order to mate. Due to the reliance of E. collocata on visual stimuli to attack its prey, the frequency of attacks decreases as the sky gets darker.[1]","title":"Food Resources"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Yuval, B.; Bouskila, A. (1993-03-01). \"Temporal dynamics of mating and predation in mosquito swarms\". Oecologia. 95 (1): 65–69. Bibcode:1993Oecol..95...65Y. doi:10.1007/BF00649508. ISSN 1432-1939. PMID 28313313.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Oecol..95...65Y","url_text":"1993Oecol..95...65Y"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00649508","url_text":"10.1007/BF00649508"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1432-1939","url_text":"1432-1939"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28313313","url_text":"28313313"}]},{"reference":"\"Erythemis collocata\". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 13 February 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=101867","url_text":"\"Erythemis collocata\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System","url_text":"Integrated Taxonomic Information System"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Oecol..95...65Y","external_links_name":"1993Oecol..95...65Y"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00649508","external_links_name":"10.1007/BF00649508"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1432-1939","external_links_name":"1432-1939"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28313313","external_links_name":"28313313"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=101867","external_links_name":"\"Erythemis collocata\""},{"Link":"https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id226944","external_links_name":"226944"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=319433","external_links_name":"319433"},{"Link":"https://bugguide.net/node/view/3169","external_links_name":"3169"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/3BCGR","external_links_name":"3BCGR"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/983654","external_links_name":"983654"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/1429324","external_links_name":"1429324"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/85408","external_links_name":"85408"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10926391","external_links_name":"10926391"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=101867","external_links_name":"101867"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/51273218","external_links_name":"51273218"},{"Link":"https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.111124/","external_links_name":"2.111124"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=451471","external_links_name":"451471"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/92380/","external_links_name":"92380"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=369379","external_links_name":"369379"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erythemis_collocata&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massignieu-de-Rives | Massignieu-de-Rives | ["1 Population","2 See also","3 References"] | Coordinates: 45°45′00″N 5°46′00″E / 45.75°N 5.7667°E / 45.75; 5.7667
Commune in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France
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Commune in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, FranceMassignieu-de-RivesCommuneLocation of Massignieu-de-Rives
Massignieu-de-RivesShow map of FranceMassignieu-de-RivesShow map of Auvergne-Rhône-AlpesCoordinates: 45°45′00″N 5°46′00″E / 45.75°N 5.7667°E / 45.75; 5.7667CountryFranceRegionAuvergne-Rhône-AlpesDepartmentAinArrondissementBelleyCantonBelleyGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Didier VinetteArea19.52 km2 (3.68 sq mi)Population (2021)642 • Density67/km2 (170/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code01239 /01300Elevation220–494 m (722–1,621 ft) (avg. 270 m or 890 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.
Massignieu-de-Rives (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Ain department in eastern France.
Population
Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1968 323— 1975 305−0.82%1982 404+4.10%1990 412+0.25%1999 498+2.13%2009 591+1.73%2014 635+1.45%2020 631−0.11%Source: INSEE
See also
Communes of the Ain department
References
^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020. Archived from the original on 28 June 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2024.
^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.
^ Population en historique depuis 1968 Archived 10 December 2023 at the Wayback Machine, INSEE
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Massignieu-de-Rives.
vte Communes of the Ain department
L'Abergement-Clémenciat
L'Abergement-de-Varey
Ambérieu-en-Bugey
Ambérieux-en-Dombes
Ambléon
Ambronay
Ambutrix
Andert-et-Condon
Anglefort
Apremont
Aranc
Arandas
Arbent
Arbigny
Arboys en Bugey
Argis
Armix
Ars-sur-Formans
Artemare
Arvière-en-Valromey
Asnières-sur-Saône
Attignat
Bâgé-Dommartin
Bâgé-le-Châtel
Balan
Baneins
Béard-Géovreissiat
Beaupont
Beauregard
Béligneux
Belleysubpr
Belleydoux
Bellignat
Bénonces
Bény
Béréziat
Bettant
Bey
Beynost
Billiat
Birieux
Biziat
Blyes
Bohas-Meyriat-Rignat
La Boisse
Boissey
Bolozon
Bouligneux
Bourg-en-Bressepref
Bourg-Saint-Christophe
Boyeux-Saint-Jérôme
Boz
Brégnier-Cordon
Brénod
Brens
Bresse Vallons
Bressolles
Brion
Briord
Buellas
La Burbanche
Ceignes
Cerdon
Certines
Cessy
Ceyzériat
Ceyzérieu
Chalamont
Chaleins
Chaley
Challes-la-Montagne
Challex
Champagne-en-Valromey
Champdor-Corcelles
Champfromier
Chanay
Chaneins
Chanoz-Châtenay
La Chapelle-du-Châtelard
Charix
Charnoz-sur-Ain
Château-Gaillard
Châtenay
Châtillon-la-Palud
Châtillon-sur-Chalaronne
Chavannes-sur-Reyssouze
Chaveyriat
Chazey-Bons
Chazey-sur-Ain
Cheignieu-la-Balme
Chevillard
Chevroux
Chevry
Chézery-Forens
Civrieux
Cize
Cleyzieu
Coligny
Collonges
Colomieu
Conand
Condamine
Condeissiat
Confort
Confrançon
Contrevoz
Conzieu
Corbonod
Corlier
Cormoranche-sur-Saône
Cormoz
Corveissiat
Courmangoux
Courtes
Crans
Cressin-Rochefort
Crottet
Crozet
Cruzilles-lès-Mépillat
Culoz-Béon
Curciat-Dongalon
Curtafond
Cuzieu
Dagneux
Divonne-les-Bains
Dompierre-sur-Chalaronne
Dompierre-sur-Veyle
Domsure
Dortan
Douvres
Drom
Druillat
Échallon
Échenevex
Évosges
Faramans
Fareins
Farges
Feillens
Ferney-Voltaire
Flaxieu
Foissiat
Francheleins
Frans
Garnerans
Genouilleux
Géovreisset
Gexsubpr
Giron
Gorrevod
Grand-Corent
Grièges
Grilly
Groissiat
Groslée-Saint-Benoît
Guéreins
Hautecourt-Romanèche
Haut Valromey
Illiat
Injoux-Génissiat
Innimond
Izenave
Izernore
Izieu
Jassans-Riottier
Jasseron
Jayat
Journans
Joyeux
Jujurieux
Labalme
Lagnieu
Laiz
Lantenay
Lapeyrouse
Lavours
Léaz
Lélex
Lent
Lescheroux
Leyment
Leyssard
Lhuis
Lompnas
Loyettes
Lurcy
Magnieu
Maillat
Malafretaz
Mantenay-Montlin
Manziat
Marboz
Marchamp
Marignieu
Marlieux
Marsonnas
Martignat
Massieux
Massignieu-de-Rives
Matafelon-Granges
Meillonnas
Mérignat
Messimy-sur-Saône
Meximieux
Mézériat
Mijoux
Mionnay
Miribel
Misérieux
Mogneneins
Montagnat
Montagnieu
Montanges
Montceaux
Montcet
Le Montellier
Monthieux
Montluel
Montmerle-sur-Saône
Montracol
Montréal-la-Cluse
Montrevel-en-Bresse
Murs-et-Gélignieux
Nantuasubpr
Neuville-les-Dames
Neuville-sur-Ain
Les Neyrolles
Neyron
Niévroz
Nivigne et Suran
Nivollet-Montgriffon
Nurieux-Volognat
Oncieu
Ordonnaz
Ornex
Outriaz
Oyonnax
Ozan
Parcieux
Parves-et-Nattages
Péron
Péronnas
Pérouges
Perrex
Peyriat
Peyrieu
Peyzieux-sur-Saône
Pirajoux
Pizay
Plagne
Le Plantay
Plateau d'Hauteville
Le Poizat-Lalleyriat
Polliat
Pollieu
Poncin
Pont-d'Ain
Pont-de-Vaux
Pont-de-Veyle
Port
Pougny
Pouillat
Prémeyzel
Prémillieu
Prévessin-Moëns
Priay
Ramasse
Rancé
Relevant
Replonges
Revonnas
Reyrieux
Reyssouze
Rignieux-le-Franc
Romans
Rossillon
Ruffieu
Saint-Alban
Saint-André-de-Bâgé
Saint-André-de-Corcy
Saint-André-d'Huiriat
Saint-André-le-Bouchoux
Saint-André-sur-Vieux-Jonc
Saint-Bénigne
Saint-Bernard
Saint-Cyr-sur-Menthon
Saint-Denis-en-Bugey
Saint-Denis-lès-Bourg
Saint-Didier-d'Aussiat
Saint-Didier-de-Formans
Saint-Didier-sur-Chalaronne
Sainte-Croix
Sainte-Euphémie
Sainte-Julie
Saint-Éloi
Sainte-Olive
Saint-Étienne-du-Bois
Saint-Étienne-sur-Chalaronne
Saint-Étienne-sur-Reyssouze
Saint-Genis-Pouilly
Saint-Genis-sur-Menthon
Saint-Georges-sur-Renon
Saint-Germain-de-Joux
Saint-Germain-les-Paroisses
Saint-Germain-sur-Renon
Saint-Jean-de-Gonville
Saint-Jean-de-Niost
Saint-Jean-de-Thurigneux
Saint-Jean-le-Vieux
Saint-Jean-sur-Reyssouze
Saint-Jean-sur-Veyle
Saint-Julien-sur-Reyssouze
Saint-Julien-sur-Veyle
Saint-Just
Saint-Laurent-sur-Saône
Saint-Marcel
Saint-Martin-de-Bavel
Saint-Martin-du-Frêne
Saint-Martin-du-Mont
Saint-Martin-le-Châtel
Saint-Maurice-de-Beynost
Saint-Maurice-de-Gourdans
Saint-Maurice-de-Rémens
Saint-Nizier-le-Bouchoux
Saint-Nizier-le-Désert
Saint-Paul-de-Varax
Saint-Rambert-en-Bugey
Saint-Rémy
Saint-Sorlin-en-Bugey
Saint-Sulpice
Saint-Trivier-de-Courtes
Saint-Trivier-sur-Moignans
Saint-Vulbas
Salavre
Samognat
Sandrans
Sault-Brénaz
Sauverny
Savigneux
Ségny
Seillonnaz
Sergy
Sermoyer
Serrières-de-Briord
Serrières-sur-Ain
Servas
Servignat
Seyssel
Simandre-sur-Suran
Sonthonnax-la-Montagne
Souclin
Sulignat
Surjoux-Lhopital
Talissieu
Tenay
Thil
Thoiry
Thoissey
Torcieu
Tossiat
Toussieux
Tramoyes
La Tranclière
Trévoux
Valeins
Val-Revermont
Valromey-sur-Séran
Valserhône
Vandeins
Varambon
Vaux-en-Bugey
Verjon
Vernoux
Versailleux
Versonnex
Vesancy
Vescours
Vésines
Vieu-d'Izenave
Villars-les-Dombes
Villebois
Villemotier
Villeneuve
Villereversure
Villes
Villette-sur-Ain
Villieu-Loyes-Mollon
Viriat
Virieu-le-Grand
Virignin
Vongnes
Vonnas
pref: prefecture
subpr: subprefecture
This Ain geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[masiɲø də ʁiv]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Ain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"}],"text":"Commune in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, FranceCommune in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, FranceMassignieu-de-Rives (French pronunciation: [masiɲø də ʁiv]) is a commune in the Ain department in eastern France.","title":"Massignieu-de-Rives"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Population"}] | [] | [{"title":"Communes of the Ain department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Ain_department"}] | [{"reference":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020. Archived from the original on 28 June 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","url_text":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200628030259/https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Populations légales 2021\" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-01239","url_text":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques","url_text":"The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Massignieu-de-Rives¶ms=45.75_N_5.7667_E_type:city(642)_region:FR-ARA","external_links_name":"45°45′00″N 5°46′00″E / 45.75°N 5.7667°E / 45.75; 5.7667"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMassignieu-de-Rives&sl=fr&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en","external_links_name":"View"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Massignieu-de-Rives¶ms=45.75_N_5.7667_E_type:city(642)_region:FR-ARA","external_links_name":"45°45′00″N 5°46′00″E / 45.75°N 5.7667°E / 45.75; 5.7667"},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=COM-01239","external_links_name":"01239"},{"Link":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","external_links_name":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200628030259/https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-01239","external_links_name":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7633058?geo=COM-01239#ancre-POP_T1","external_links_name":"Population en historique depuis 1968"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231210233255/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7633058?geo=COM-01239#ancre-POP_T1","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massignieu-de-Rives&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistants_Cemetery_(Copenhagen) | Assistens Cemetery (Copenhagen) | ["1 History","1.1 Background","1.2 Establishment of the new cemetery","1.3 A popular excursion spot","2 Assistens Cemetery today","3 Herman Stilling Museum","4 Notable interments","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Coordinates: 55°41′28″N 12°32′58″E / 55.69111°N 12.54944°E / 55.69111; 12.54944Cemetery in Copenhagen, Denmark
Assistens CemeteryDetailsEstablished1760LocationNørrebro, CopenhagenCountryDenmarkSize25 hectaresWebsitewww.assistens.dkFind a GraveAssistens Cemetery
Assistens Cemetery (Danish: Assistens Kirkegård) in Copenhagen, Denmark, is the burial site of many Danish notables as well as an important greenspace in the Nørrebro district. Inaugurated in 1760, it was originally a burial site for the poor laid out to relieve the crowded graveyards inside the walled city, but during the Golden Age in the first half of the 19th century it became fashionable and many leading figures of the epoch, such as Hans Christian Andersen, Søren Kierkegaard, Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg, and Christen Købke are all buried here.
Late in the 19th century, as Assistens Cemetery had itself become crowded, a number of new cemeteries were established around Copenhagen, including Vestre Cemetery, but through the 20th century, it continued to attract notable people. Among the latter are the Nobel Prize-winning physicist Niels Bohr and a number of American jazz musicians who settled in Copenhagen during the 1950s and 1960s, including Ben Webster and Kenny Drew.
An assistenskirkegård (meaning "assistance cemetery") is originally a generic term in Danish, used to refer to cemeteries which were laid out to assist existing burial sites, usually those located in urban settings in connection with churches, and therefore a number of cemeteries by the same name are found around Denmark.
The cemetery is one of five run by Copenhagen Municipality; the other cemeteries are Vestre Cemetery, Brønshøj Cemetery, Sundby Cemetery, and Bispebjerg Cemetery.
History
Background
Plan of the cemetery from 1800 by Jørgen Henrich Rawert
Plan of the cemetery from c. 1800
In Medieval times intramural interment was the rule although outdoor graveyards gradually became more common. In 1666 the Naval Holmen Cemetery was moved from its original location at Holmen Church to a site outside the Eastern City Gate as the first burial facility to be located outside the city.
An outbreak of plague in 1711 which killed an estimated 23,000 citizens put the existing burial sites under so much pressure that up to five coffins were sometimes buried on top of each other. This led to the establishment of five new cemeteries on the periphery of the city, but just inside the city walls, while the military Garrison Cemetery was relocated to a site next to that of Holmen Cemetery.
Establishment of the new cemetery
In the 1750s the situation deteriorated even further and in a letter of 2 May 1757 the City Council proposed to the Chancellery that a large new cemetery be built for the city's parishes outside the city walls. After some negotiations it was decided to place it outside the Northern City Gate and on 26 May 1757 the new facility was founded by Royal charter. The new cemetery was inaugurated on 6 November 1760. It was enclosed by a wall built by Philip de Lange.
Originally the cemetery was intended as a burial ground for paupers. In 1785 an affluent citizen, astronomic writer and First Secretary of the War Chancellery Johan Samuel Augustin, made specific requests to be interred at the cemetery, in his codicil stating that "Mein Begräbnis soll auf dem Armen-Kirchhofe vor dem Norderthor seyn, wesfalls ich sehon mit Mr. Simon, der dort Gräber ist, gesprochen habe". He was soon followed by other leading figures from the elite and the cemetery soon developed into the most fashionable burial ground of the city.
A popular excursion spot
Ole Jørgen Rawert: Assistens Cemetery, 26 August 1825
The Gravedigger's House in 1884
Around that time, excursions to the cemetery with picnic baskets and tea became a popular activity among common citizens of Copenhagen. In his account of a visit to Copenhagen in 1827, the Swedish poet Karl August Nicander fondly remembers Assistens Cemetery:
In order to enjoy another softer, quieter celebration, I walked out one evening through Nørre Port (the North Gate) to the so-called Assistens Cemetery. It is certainly one of the most beautiful graveyards in Europe. Leafy trees, dark paths, bright open flowery expanses, temples shaded by poplars, marble tombs overhung by weeping willows, and urns or crosses wrapped in swathes of roses, fragrance and bird song, all transform this place of death into a little paradise.— Karl August Nicander
The excursions sometimes evolved into rowdy gatherings and legislation was passed to prevent this. A commission established in 1805 issued instructions which prohibited the consumption of food or drink as well as music or any other kind of cheerful behaviour in the cemetery. The gravediggers, who lived on the premises, were to enforce these restrictions but they seem to have taken their duties lightly. Legislation from 1813 prohibited them to sell alcohol to visitors to the cemetery. Despite all these efforts, the desired peace and quiet was a long time in coming. For particularly grand funerals, crowds of spectators would gather, and people would festoon the cemetery walls to get a better view. To reduce numbers of visitors, there was talk of introducing admission fees, but this was never carried out.
Assistens Cemetery today
Danish author Hans Christian Andersen's grave (replaced memorial stone)
The cemetery is still serving its original purpose as a burial ground but is also a popular tourist attraction, as well as the largest and most important green space in the inner part of the Nørrebro district.
It is divided into sections. The oldest part is Section A and features the graves of Søren Kierkegaard and the painter Christen Købke among others. Section D is dedicated to religious minorities, containing Roman Catholic and Reformed graves as well as Russian graves. Section E is the section which originally served under Church of Our Lady.
Herman Stilling Museum
In 2003 an old horse stable in a corner of Assistens Cemetery was converted into a small museum dedicated to writer and artist Herman Stilling, a native to the Nørrebro area and mainly known for painting trolls. Apart from the permanent exhibition, the museum also contains an exhibition space for special exhibitions, a picture workshop for children and young people, and a café.
Notable interments
Kjeld Abell
Nicolai Abildgaard
Peter Christian Abildgaard
Daniel Adzer
Svend Aggerholm
Christian Aigens
Peter Adler Alberti
Sophie Alberti
Hans Christian Andersen (buried at the Collin family grave, but the stone was moved to another graveyard in 1914, Frederiksberg Ældre Kirkegård)
Carl Christoffer Georg Andræ
Christian Arntzen
Johan Samuel Augustin
Oluf Lundt Bang
Peter Georg Bang
Christian Bastholm
Christian Bauditz
Hans Heinrich Baumgarten
Christian Frederik Beck
Andreas Peter Berggreen
Dorte-Maria Bjarnov
Claes Birch
H. W. Bissen
Louis Bobé
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Jazz-Kay Sørensen
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C.A.F. Thomsen
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Otto F. Zeltner
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H.O.C. Zinck
Josephine Zinck
Ludvig Zinck
Marie Zinck
Otto Zinck
Hans Christian Ørsted
See also
Parks and open spaces in Copenhagen
References
^ a b c d e "Assistens Kirkegård". Selskabet for Københavns Historie. Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2010-07-15.
^ Translation from Danish by Wikipedia editor Ipigott.
^ "10. Assistens Kirkegaard". Golden Days. Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2010-01-04.
^ "Herman Stilling Museum". Realdania. Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2010-07-16.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Assistenskirkegården.
Assistens Cemetery's website (in Danish only)
Copenhagen's cemeteries main site (in Danish only)
Folder about Assistens Cemetery in English (PDF format)
Assistens Cemetery at Find a Grave
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CWGC: Odense (Assistens) Cemetery
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55°41′28″N 12°32′58″E / 55.69111°N 12.54944°E / 55.69111; 12.54944 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_language"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Nørrebro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B8rrebro"},{"link_name":"Golden Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Golden_Age"},{"link_name":"Hans Christian Andersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen"},{"link_name":"Søren Kierkegaard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard"},{"link_name":"Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoffer_Wilhelm_Eckersberg"},{"link_name":"Christen Købke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christen_K%C3%B8bke"},{"link_name":"Vestre Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestre_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize"},{"link_name":"Niels Bohr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Ben Webster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Webster"},{"link_name":"Kenny Drew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Drew"},{"link_name":"generic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/generic"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Vestre Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestre_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Brønshøj Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Br%C3%B8nsh%C3%B8j_Cemetery&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sundby Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sundby_Cemetery&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bispebjerg Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bispebjerg_Cemetery"}],"text":"Cemetery in Copenhagen, DenmarkAssistens Cemetery (Danish: Assistens Kirkegård) in Copenhagen, Denmark, is the burial site of many Danish notables as well as an important greenspace in the Nørrebro district. Inaugurated in 1760, it was originally a burial site for the poor laid out to relieve the crowded graveyards inside the walled city, but during the Golden Age in the first half of the 19th century it became fashionable and many leading figures of the epoch, such as Hans Christian Andersen, Søren Kierkegaard, Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg, and Christen Købke are all buried here.Late in the 19th century, as Assistens Cemetery had itself become crowded, a number of new cemeteries were established around Copenhagen, including Vestre Cemetery, but through the 20th century, it continued to attract notable people. Among the latter are the Nobel Prize-winning physicist Niels Bohr and a number of American jazz musicians who settled in Copenhagen during the 1950s and 1960s, including Ben Webster and Kenny Drew.An assistenskirkegård (meaning \"assistance cemetery\") is originally a generic term in Danish, used to refer to cemeteries which were laid out to assist existing burial sites, usually those located in urban settings in connection with churches, and therefore a number of cemeteries by the same name are found around Denmark.The cemetery is one of five run by Copenhagen Municipality; the other cemeteries are Vestre Cemetery, Brønshøj Cemetery, Sundby Cemetery, and Bispebjerg Cemetery.","title":"Assistens Cemetery (Copenhagen)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Assistens_Kirkeg%C3%A5rd_1800.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jørgen Henrich Rawert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_Henrich_Rawert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Assistens_Kirkeg%C3%A5rd_c._1800.jpg"},{"link_name":"Naval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Danish_Navy"},{"link_name":"Holmen Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holmen_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Holmen Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holmen_Church"},{"link_name":"Eastern City Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortifications_of_Copenhagen_(17th_century)#%C3%98sterport"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Selskabet-1"},{"link_name":"plague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_(disease)"},{"link_name":"Garrison Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrison_Cemetery,_Copenhagen"}],"sub_title":"Background","text":"Plan of the cemetery from 1800 by Jørgen Henrich RawertPlan of the cemetery from c. 1800In Medieval times intramural interment was the rule although outdoor graveyards gradually became more common. In 1666 the Naval Holmen Cemetery was moved from its original location at Holmen Church to a site outside the Eastern City Gate as the first burial facility to be located outside the city.[1]An outbreak of plague in 1711 which killed an estimated 23,000 citizens put the existing burial sites under so much pressure that up to five coffins were sometimes buried on top of each other. This led to the establishment of five new cemeteries on the periphery of the city, but just inside the city walls, while the military Garrison Cemetery was relocated to a site next to that of Holmen Cemetery.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northern City Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortifications_of_Copenhagen_(17th_century)#N%C3%B8rreport"},{"link_name":"Philip de Lange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_de_Lange"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Selskabet-1"},{"link_name":"Johan Samuel Augustin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Samuel_Augustin"},{"link_name":"codicil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codicil_(will)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Selskabet-1"}],"sub_title":"Establishment of the new cemetery","text":"In the 1750s the situation deteriorated even further and in a letter of 2 May 1757 the City Council proposed to the Chancellery that a large new cemetery be built for the city's parishes outside the city walls. After some negotiations it was decided to place it outside the Northern City Gate and on 26 May 1757 the new facility was founded by Royal charter. The new cemetery was inaugurated on 6 November 1760. It was enclosed by a wall built by Philip de Lange.[1]Originally the cemetery was intended as a burial ground for paupers. In 1785 an affluent citizen, astronomic writer and First Secretary of the War Chancellery Johan Samuel Augustin, made specific requests to be interred at the cemetery, in his codicil stating that \"Mein Begräbnis soll auf dem Armen-Kirchhofe vor dem Norderthor seyn, wesfalls ich sehon mit Mr. Simon, der dort Gräber ist, gesprochen habe\".[1] He was soon followed by other leading figures from the elite and the cemetery soon developed into the most fashionable burial ground of the city.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Liighuset_paa_Assistents_Kierkegaard_d._21._Aug._1823.png"},{"link_name":"Ole Jørgen Rawert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ole_J%C3%B8rgen_Rawert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Assistens_Kirkeg%C3%A5rd_-_Graverboligen_1884.png"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Karl August Nicander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_August_Nicander"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Selskabet-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Karl August Nicander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_August_Nicander"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"A popular excursion spot","text":"Ole Jørgen Rawert: Assistens Cemetery, 26 August 1825The Gravedigger's House in 1884Around that time, excursions to the cemetery with picnic baskets and tea became a popular activity among common citizens of Copenhagen. In his account of a visit to Copenhagen in 1827, the Swedish poet Karl August Nicander fondly remembers Assistens Cemetery:[1]In order to enjoy another softer, quieter celebration, I walked out one evening through Nørre Port (the North Gate) to the so-called Assistens Cemetery. It is certainly one of the most beautiful graveyards in Europe. Leafy trees, dark paths, bright open flowery expanses, temples shaded by poplars, marble tombs overhung by weeping willows, and urns or crosses wrapped in swathes of roses, fragrance and bird song, all transform this place of death into a little paradise.[2]— Karl August NicanderThe excursions sometimes evolved into rowdy gatherings and legislation was passed to prevent this. A commission established in 1805 issued instructions which prohibited the consumption of food or drink as well as music or any other kind of cheerful behaviour in the cemetery. The gravediggers, who lived on the premises, were to enforce these restrictions but they seem to have taken their duties lightly. Legislation from 1813 prohibited them to sell alcohol to visitors to the cemetery. Despite all these efforts, the desired peace and quiet was a long time in coming. For particularly grand funerals, crowds of spectators would gather, and people would festoon the cemetery walls to get a better view. To reduce numbers of visitors, there was talk of introducing admission fees, but this was never carried out.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:H._C._Andersen_grave_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hans Christian Andersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen"},{"link_name":"tourist attraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourist_attraction"},{"link_name":"Søren Kierkegaard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard"},{"link_name":"Christen Købke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christen_K%C3%B8bke"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Reformed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinism"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Church of Our Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_(Copenhagen)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Selskabet-1"}],"text":"Danish author Hans Christian Andersen's grave (replaced memorial stone)The cemetery is still serving its original purpose as a burial ground but is also a popular tourist attraction, as well as the largest and most important green space in the inner part of the Nørrebro district.It is divided into sections. The oldest part is Section A and features the graves of Søren Kierkegaard and the painter Christen Købke among others. Section D is dedicated to religious minorities, containing Roman Catholic and Reformed graves as well as Russian graves. Section E is the section which originally served under Church of Our Lady.[1]","title":"Assistens Cemetery today"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Herman Stilling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herman_Stilling&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In 2003 an old horse stable in a corner of Assistens Cemetery was converted into a small museum dedicated to writer and artist Herman Stilling, a native to the Nørrebro area and mainly known for painting trolls. Apart from the permanent exhibition, the museum also contains an exhibition space for special exhibitions, a picture workshop for children and young people, and a café.[4]","title":"Herman Stilling Museum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kjeld Abell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjeld_Abell"},{"link_name":"Nicolai Abildgaard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolai_Abildgaard"},{"link_name":"Peter Christian Abildgaard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Christian_Abildgaard&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Daniel Adzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Adzer"},{"link_name":"Svend Aggerholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Svend_Aggerholm&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Christian Aigens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_Aigens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Peter Adler Alberti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Adler_Alberti"},{"link_name":"Sophie Alberti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Alberti"},{"link_name":"Hans Christian Andersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen"},{"link_name":"Frederiksberg Ældre Kirkegård","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederiksberg_%C3%86ldre_Kirkeg%C3%A5rd"},{"link_name":"Carl Christoffer Georg Andræ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Christoffer_Georg_Andr%C3%A6"},{"link_name":"Christian Arntzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Arntzen"},{"link_name":"Johan Samuel Augustin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Samuel_Augustin"},{"link_name":"Oluf Lundt Bang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ole_Bang"},{"link_name":"Peter Georg Bang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Georg_Bang"},{"link_name":"Christian Bastholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_Bastholm&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Christian Bauditz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_Bauditz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hans Heinrich Baumgarten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Heinrich_Baumgarten"},{"link_name":"Christian Frederik Beck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_Frederik_Beck&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Andreas Peter Berggreen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Peter_Berggreen"},{"link_name":"Dorte-Maria Bjarnov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dorte-Maria_Bjarnov&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Claes Birch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Claes_Birch&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"H. W. Bissen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._W._Bissen"},{"link_name":"Louis Bobé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_Bob%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Allan Bock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allan_Bock&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Andreas Bodenhoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Bodenhoff"},{"link_name":"Giertrud Birgitte Bodenhoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giertrud_Birgitte_Bodenhoff&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Christian Bohr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Bohr"},{"link_name":"Harald Bohr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Bohr"},{"link_name":"Niels Bohr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr"},{"link_name":"Robert Bojesen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Bojesen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Richard Bently Boone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bently_Boone"},{"link_name":"Bonaparte Borgen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bonaparte_Borgen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vilhelm August Borgen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vilhelm_August_Borgen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"André Bork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9_Bork&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Frederik Christian Bornemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederik_Christian_Bornemann&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mathias Hastrup Bornemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mathias_Hastrup_Bornemann&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Johan Henrich Brandemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johan_Henrich_Brandemann&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hans Brøchner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Br%C3%B8chner&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Emil Bähncke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emil_B%C3%A4hncke&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Bähncke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_B%C3%A4hncke&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ludvig Bødtcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludvig_B%C3%B8dtcher"},{"link_name":"P. C. Bønecke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P._C._B%C3%B8necke&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Etta Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etta_Cameron"},{"link_name":"Karen Caspersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Caspersen"},{"link_name":"Peter Atke Castberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Atke_Castberg"},{"link_name":"John Christensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Christensen_(painter)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Villads Christensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Villads_Christensen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ernst Christiansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Christiansen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Andreas Clemmensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Clemmensen"},{"link_name":"Mogens Clemmensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mogens_Clemmensen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Christoph Cloëtta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Clo%C3%ABtta"},{"link_name":"Christian Colbiørnsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_Colbi%C3%B8rnsen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Johan Christian Severin Danielsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johan_Christian_Severin_Danielsen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand Didrichsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Didrichsen"},{"link_name":"Karen Dissing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karen_Dissing&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Frederik Drejer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederik_Drejer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kenny Drew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Drew"},{"link_name":"Otto Steen Due","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_Steen_Due&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"William Frederik Duntzfelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Frederik_Duntzfelt"},{"link_name":"C.W. Eckersberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.W._Eckersberg"},{"link_name":"Erling Eckersberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erling_Eckersberg"},{"link_name":"Jens Eckersberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jens_Eckersberg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jakob Ejersbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_Ejersbo"},{"link_name":"Peter Elfelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Elfelt"},{"link_name":"Sigurd Elkjær","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sigurd_Elkj%C3%A6r&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Johannes Erwig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Erwig&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Otto Evens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Evens"},{"link_name":"Peter Faber (Danish telegraph specialist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Faber_(Danish_telegraph_specialist)"},{"link_name":"Peter Didrik Weinreich Fischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Didrik_Weinreich_Fischer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Johan Georg Forchhammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Georg_Forchhammer"},{"link_name":"Hermann Ernst Freund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Ernst_Freund"},{"link_name":"Astrid Friis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrid_Friis"},{"link_name":"Johannes Frederik Frølich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Frederik_Fr%C3%B8lich"},{"link_name":"G. E. C. Gad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G._E._C._Gad&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ludvig Gade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludvig_Gade"},{"link_name":"Vincenzo Galeotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincenzo_Galeotti"},{"link_name":"Peter Gemzøe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Gemz%C3%B8e"},{"link_name":"Jens Giødwad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jens_Gi%C3%B8dwad&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Emanuel Gregers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_Gregers"},{"link_name":"Ken Gudman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ken_Gudman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Søren Gyldendal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Gyldendal"},{"link_name":"Hugo Gyldmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Gyldmark"},{"link_name":"Inger-Lise Gaarde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inger-Lise_Gaarde&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"P. C. Hagemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P._C._Hagemann&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Andreas Hallander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Hallander"},{"link_name":"Søren Hallar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S%C3%B8ren_Hallar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Poul Hanmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poul_Hanmann&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Christian Hansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Hansen_(architect)"},{"link_name":"Dagmar Hansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagmar_Hansen"},{"link_name":"Frantz Johannes Hansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantz_Johannes_Hansen"},{"link_name":"Niels Jacob Hansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Jacob_Hansen"},{"link_name":"Rudolph Hansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolph_Hansen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rasmus Harboe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasmus_Harboe"},{"link_name":"C. F. Harsdorff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._F._Harsdorff"},{"link_name":"Otto Haslund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Haslund"},{"link_name":"Sven Hauptmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sven_Hauptmann&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mathilde Malling Hauschultz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathilde_Malling_Hauschultz"},{"link_name":"Anker Heegaard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anker_Heegaard"},{"link_name":"Henry Heerup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Heerup"},{"link_name":"Betty Hennings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Hennings"},{"link_name":"Henrik Hennings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henrik_Hennings&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Christian Severin Henrichsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_Severin_Henrichsen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Christian Ludvig August Herforth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_Ludvig_August_Herforth&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Johan Daniel Herholdt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Daniel_Herholdt_(physician)"},{"link_name":"Henrik Hertz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Hertz"},{"link_name":"Christian Frederik Hetsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_Frederik_Hetsch&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Georg Hilker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Hilker"},{"link_name":"N. P. Hillebrandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Peter_Hillebrandt"},{"link_name":"Tage Hind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tage_Hind&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Theodor Hirth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theodor_Hirth&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Angelo Hjort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angelo_Hjort&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Frants Christian Hjorth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frants_Christian_Hjorth&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Søren Hjorth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Hjorth"},{"link_name":"Holger-Madsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holger-Madsen"},{"link_name":"Georg Holgreen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Holgreen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kenny Holst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kenny_Holst&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Niels Henrik Holst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niels_Henrik_Holst&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand Hoppe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Hoppe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. F. E. Horneman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._F._E._Horneman"},{"link_name":"Emil Horneman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Horneman"},{"link_name":"Christian Hornemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_Hornemann&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Emil Hornemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emil_Hornemann&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jens Wilken Hornemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jens_Wilken_Hornemann"},{"link_name":"Frantz Gotthard Howitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frantz_Gotthard_Howitz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Georg Howitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Howitz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chresten Hørdum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chresten_H%C3%B8rdum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Valdemar Ingemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdemar_Ingemann"},{"link_name":"R.P. Ipsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R.P._Ipsen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Christen Jacobsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christen_Jacobsen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palle Jacobsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palle_Jacobsen_(sculptor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Birger Jensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Birger_Jensen_(actor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Frederik Jensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Jensen"},{"link_name":"Valdemar Jensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valdemar_Jensen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Christian Magdalus Jespersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_Magdalus_Jespersen_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Christian Magdalus Jespersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_Magdalus_Jespersen_(physician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ejner Johansson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejner_Johansson"},{"link_name":"J.F. Johnstrup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Frederik_Johnstrup"},{"link_name":"Henri Alexandre Antoine de Dompierre de Jonquières","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henri_Alexandre_Antoine_de_Dompierre_de_Jonqui%C3%A8res&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jean André Frédéric de Dompierre de Jonquières","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean_Andr%C3%A9_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_de_Dompierre_de_Jonqui%C3%A8res&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jens Juel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jens_Juel_(painter)"},{"link_name":"Finn Juhl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finn_Juhl"},{"link_name":"Pia Juul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pia_Juul"},{"link_name":"Karen Jønsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_J%C3%B8nsson"},{"link_name":"Ellen Jørgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_J%C3%B8rgensen"},{"link_name":"Henriette Jørgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henriette_J%C3%B8rgensen"},{"link_name":"Eugen Jørgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_J%C3%B8rgensen"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth Karlinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elisabeth_Karlinsky&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Asmus Kaufmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asmus_Kaufmann&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Søren Kierkegaard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard"},{"link_name":"August Klein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Klein"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Klein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Klein"},{"link_name":"Vilhelm Klein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelm_Klein"},{"link_name":"P. Knudsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P._Knudsen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jørgen Hansen Koch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_Hansen_Koch"},{"link_name":"Thomas Koppel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Koppel"},{"link_name":"Lars Andreas Kornerup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lars_Andreas_Kornerup&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bamse Kragh-Jacobsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bamse_Kragh-Jacobsen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Johan Krohn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johan_Krohn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Niels Brock Krossing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niels_Brock_Krossing&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hans Ernst Krøyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Ernst_Kr%C3%B8yer"},{"link_name":"Henrik Nikolai Krøyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Nikolai_Kr%C3%B8yer"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Kuhlau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Kuhlau"},{"link_name":"Christen Købke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christen_K%C3%B8bke"},{"link_name":"Julius Lange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Lange_(art_historian)"},{"link_name":"Florian Larsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Florian_Larsen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Johannes Ephraim Larsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Ephraim_Larsen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jørgen Larsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B8rgen_Larsen_(sculptor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jørn Larsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B8rn_Larsen"},{"link_name":"Knud Larsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knud_Larsen"},{"link_name":"Edvard Lembcke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edvard_Lembcke&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Frederik L. Levy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederik_L._Levy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Martin Lindblom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Lindblom&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leo Lipschitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leo_Lipschitz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carl Lundbye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Lundbye&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bianco Luno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bianco_Luno"},{"link_name":"Poul de Løvenørn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poul_de_L%C3%B8ven%C3%B8rn"},{"link_name":"Carl F. 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Nissen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henrik_S._Nissen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rasmus Nyerup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasmus_Nyerup"},{"link_name":"Kim Nørrevig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kim_N%C3%B8rrevig&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sigvald Olsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sigvald_Olsen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Olga Ott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olga_Ott&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carl Otto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Otto"},{"link_name":"Joseph Owen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Owen_(businessman)"},{"link_name":"Ulrich Peter Overby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulrich_Peter_Overby&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Holger Simon Paulli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holger_Simon_Paulli"},{"link_name":"Andreas Paulsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andreas_Paulsen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gustav Pedersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gustav_Pedersen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vilhelm Pedersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelm_Pedersen"},{"link_name":"Anna Petersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Petersen"},{"link_name":"Knud Arne Petersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knud_Arne_Petersen"},{"link_name":"Christian Ulrik Adolph Plesner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_Ulrik_Adolph_Plesner&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Johan Martin Quist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Martin_Quist"},{"link_name":"C.C. Rafn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C.C._Rafn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rasmus Rask","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasmus_Rask"},{"link_name":"Lauritz Rasmussen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauritz_Rasmussen"},{"link_name":"E. Rasmussen Eilersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=E._Rasmussen_Eilersen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Louise Ravn-Hansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Ravn-Hansen"},{"link_name":"C.E. Reich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C.E._Reich&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ebbe Kløvedal Reich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ebbe_Kl%C3%B8vedal_Reich&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C.A. Reitzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Andreas_Reitzel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Anna Reventlow-Criminil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Anna_Reventlow-Criminil&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Amdi Riis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amdi_Riis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Johan Christian Riise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johan_Christian_Riise&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Svend Rindom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svend_Rindom"},{"link_name":"Frederik Rohde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederik_Rohde&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Emmery Rondahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emmery_Rondahl&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C.N. Rosenkilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C.N._Rosenkilde&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"J.F. Rosenstand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J.F._Rosenstand&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carl Eduard Rotwitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Eduard_Rotwitt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Natasja Saad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natasja_Saad"},{"link_name":"Emilie Sannom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilie_Sannom"},{"link_name":"Ragnhild Sannom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ragnhild_Sannom&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jens August Schade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jens_August_Schade"},{"link_name":"Virtus Schade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virtus_Schade&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anna Margrethe Schall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anna_Margrethe_Schall&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Claus Schall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claus_Schall"},{"link_name":"Henrik Scharling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henrik_Scharling&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hans Scherfig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Scherfig"},{"link_name":"Peter Schiønning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Schi%C3%B8nning&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gottfried Wilhelm Christian von Schmettau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gottfried_Wilhelm_Christian_von_Schmettau&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marinus Schneider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marinus_Schneider&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Peter von Scholten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_von_Scholten"},{"link_name":"Otto Schondel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_Schondel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Julius Schovelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julius_Schovelin_(1821-1870)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Georg Ludvig von der Schulenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Ludvig_von_der_Schulenburg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Frans Schwartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frans_Schwartz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Johan Adam Schwartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Adam_Schwartz"},{"link_name":"Johan Georg Schwartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johan_Georg_Schwartz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clara Schønfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Sch%C3%B8nfeld"},{"link_name":"Emmy Schønfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emmy_Sch%C3%B8nfeld&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Siboni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Siboni"},{"link_name":"Joakim Skovgaard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joakim_Skovgaard"},{"link_name":"P.C. Skovgaard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P.C._Skovgaard"},{"link_name":"Caspar Wilhelm Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caspar_Wilhelm_Smith&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Per Sonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Per_Sonne_(artist)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Petrine Sonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrine_Sonne"},{"link_name":"Andreas Schack Steenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andreas_Schack_Steenberg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Japetus Steenstrup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japetus_Steenstrup"},{"link_name":"Johannes Steenstrup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Steenstrup"},{"link_name":"Ernst Wilhelm Stibolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Wilhelm_Stibolt"},{"link_name":"Johanne Stockmarr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johanne_Stockmarr"},{"link_name":"Edvard Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_Storm"},{"link_name":"Michael Strunge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Strunge"},{"link_name":"Holger Strøm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holger_Str%C3%B8m&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Theodor Stuckenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theodor_Stuckenberg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Viggo Stuckenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viggo_Stuckenberg"},{"link_name":"Jazz-Kay Sørensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jazz-Kay_S%C3%B8rensen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Søren Sørensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S%C3%B8ren_S%C3%B8rensen_(orientalist)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Theodor Sørensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theodor_S%C3%B8rensen_(architect)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Thorvald Sørensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorvald_S%C3%B8rensen"},{"link_name":"C.A.F. Thomsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C.A.F._Thomsen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Emma Thomsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Thomsen"},{"link_name":"Magdalene Thoresen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalene_Thoresen"},{"link_name":"Jens Jørgen Thorsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jens_J%C3%B8rgen_Thorsen"},{"link_name":"Johan Clemens Tode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johan_Clemens_Tode&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vilhelm Topsøe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelm_Tops%C3%B8e"},{"link_name":"Dan Turèll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Tur%C3%A8ll"},{"link_name":"Vilhelm Tvede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelm_Tvede"},{"link_name":"August Tørsleff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=August_T%C3%B8rsleff&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nils Ufer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils_Ufer"},{"link_name":"Georg Ulmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Ulmer"},{"link_name":"Georges Ulmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Ulmer"},{"link_name":"Moritz Unna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moritz_Unna"},{"link_name":"Jens Vahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jens_Vahl"},{"link_name":"Martin Vahl (1749-1804)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Vahl_(1749-1804)"},{"link_name":"Martin Vahl (1869-1946)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Vahl_(1869-1946)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mogens Vantore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mogens_Vantore&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Frederik Vermehren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Vermehren"},{"link_name":"Martha Wærn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_W%C3%A6rn"},{"link_name":"Morten Wærn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morten_W%C3%A6rn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gregers Wad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gregers_Wad&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eugen Warming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_Warming"},{"link_name":"Jens Warming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jens_Warming&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ben Webster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Webster"},{"link_name":"Carl Weitemeyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Weitemeyer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clemens Weller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemens_Weller"},{"link_name":"Caspar Wessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_Wessel"},{"link_name":"Edvard Westerberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edvard_Westerberg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Johannes Wiedewelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Wiedewelt"},{"link_name":"Christian Peder Wienberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_Peder_Wienberg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anton Wilhelm Wiehe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anton_Wilhelm_Wiehe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Michael Wiehe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Wiehe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Wiehe-Berény","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Wiehe-Ber%C3%A9ny"},{"link_name":"Carl Winsløw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Winsl%C3%B8w&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anna Wulff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Wulff"},{"link_name":"William Christopher Zeise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Christopher_Zeise"},{"link_name":"Otto F. Zeltner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_F._Zeltner&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"G.C. Zinck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G.C._Zinck&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"H.O.C. Zinck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H.O.C._Zinck&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Josephine Zinck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Zinck"},{"link_name":"Ludvig Zinck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludvig_Zinck&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marie Zinck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Zinck"},{"link_name":"Otto Zinck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_Zinck&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hans Christian Ørsted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted"}],"text":"Kjeld Abell\nNicolai Abildgaard\nPeter Christian Abildgaard\nDaniel Adzer\nSvend Aggerholm\nChristian Aigens\nPeter Adler Alberti\nSophie Alberti\nHans Christian Andersen (buried at the Collin family grave, but the stone was moved to another graveyard in 1914, Frederiksberg Ældre Kirkegård)\nCarl Christoffer Georg Andræ\nChristian Arntzen\nJohan Samuel Augustin\nOluf Lundt Bang\nPeter Georg Bang\nChristian Bastholm\nChristian Bauditz\nHans Heinrich Baumgarten\nChristian Frederik Beck\nAndreas Peter Berggreen\nDorte-Maria Bjarnov\nClaes Birch\nH. W. Bissen\nLouis Bobé\nAllan Bock\nAndreas Bodenhoff\nGiertrud Birgitte Bodenhoff\nChristian Bohr\nHarald Bohr\nNiels Bohr\nRobert Bojesen\nRichard Bently Boone\nBonaparte Borgen\nVilhelm August Borgen\nAndré Bork\nFrederik Christian Bornemann\nMathias Hastrup Bornemann\nJohan Henrich Brandemann\nHans Brøchner\nEmil Bähncke\nWilhelm Bähncke\nLudvig Bødtcher\nP. C. Bønecke\nEtta Cameron\nKaren Caspersen\nPeter Atke Castberg\nJohn Christensen\nVillads Christensen\nErnst Christiansen\nAndreas Clemmensen\nMogens Clemmensen\nChristoph Cloëtta\nChristian Colbiørnsen\nJohan Christian Severin Danielsen\nFerdinand Didrichsen\nKaren Dissing\nFrederik Drejer\nKenny Drew\nOtto Steen Due\nWilliam Frederik Duntzfelt\nC.W. Eckersberg\nErling Eckersberg\nJens Eckersberg\nJakob Ejersbo\nPeter Elfelt\nSigurd Elkjær\nJohannes Erwig\nOtto Evens\nPeter Faber (Danish telegraph specialist)\nPeter Didrik Weinreich Fischer\nJohan Georg Forchhammer\nHermann Ernst Freund\nAstrid Friis\nJohannes Frederik Frølich\nG. E. C. Gad\nLudvig Gade\nVincenzo Galeotti\nPeter Gemzøe\nJens Giødwad\nEmanuel Gregers\nKen Gudman\nSøren Gyldendal\nHugo Gyldmark\nInger-Lise Gaarde\nP. C. Hagemann\nAndreas Hallander\nSøren Hallar\nPoul Hanmann\nChristian Hansen\nDagmar Hansen\nFrantz Johannes Hansen\nNiels Jacob Hansen\nRudolph Hansen\nRasmus Harboe\nC. F. Harsdorff\nOtto Haslund\nSven Hauptmann\nMathilde Malling Hauschultz\nAnker Heegaard\nHenry Heerup\nBetty Hennings\nHenrik Hennings\nChristian Severin Henrichsen\nChristian Ludvig August Herforth\nJohan Daniel Herholdt\nHenrik Hertz\nChristian Frederik Hetsch\nGeorg Hilker\nN. P. Hillebrandt\nTage Hind\nTheodor Hirth\nAngelo Hjort\nFrants Christian Hjorth\nSøren Hjorth\nHolger-Madsen\nGeorg Holgreen\nKenny Holst\nNiels Henrik Holst\nFerdinand Hoppe\nC. F. E. Horneman\nEmil Horneman\nChristian Hornemann\nEmil Hornemann\nJens Wilken Hornemann\nFrantz Gotthard Howitz\nGeorg Howitz\nChresten Hørdum\nValdemar Ingemann\nR.P. Ipsen\nChristen Jacobsen\nPalle Jacobsen\nBirger Jensen\nFrederik Jensen\nValdemar Jensen\nChristian Magdalus Jespersen\nChristian Magdalus Jespersen\nEjner Johansson\nJ.F. Johnstrup\nHenri Alexandre Antoine de Dompierre de Jonquières\nJean André Frédéric de Dompierre de Jonquières\nJens Juel\nFinn Juhl\nPia Juul\nKaren Jønsson\nEllen Jørgensen\nHenriette Jørgensen\nEugen Jørgensen\nElisabeth Karlinsky\nAsmus Kaufmann\nSøren Kierkegaard\nAugust Klein\nCharlotte Klein\nVilhelm Klein\nP. Knudsen\nJørgen Hansen Koch\nThomas Koppel\nLars Andreas Kornerup\nBamse Kragh-Jacobsen\nJohan Krohn\nNiels Brock Krossing\nHans Ernst Krøyer\nHenrik Nikolai Krøyer\nFriedrich Kuhlau\nChristen Købke\nJulius Lange\nFlorian Larsen\nJohannes Ephraim Larsen\nJørgen Larsen\nJørn Larsen\nKnud Larsen\nEdvard Lembcke\nFrederik L. Levy\nMartin Lindblom\nLeo Lipschitz\nCarl Lundbye\nBianco Luno\nPoul de Løvenørn\nCarl F. Madsen\nFinn Ejnar Madsen\nOscar Madsen\nJohan Nicolai Madvig\nFinnur Magnússon\nPeter Malberg\nSonja Ferlov Mancoba\nAnne Marie \"Madam\" Mangor\nPeter Mariager\nSophus Marstrand\nTroels Marstrand\nWilhelm Marstrand\nHans Lassen Martensen\nAnton Melbye\nLauritz Melchior\nAxel Meyer\nFritz Meyer\nAdam Ludvig Moltke\nKate Mundt\nAdam Müller\nJakob Peter Mynster\nAlfred Møller\nAxel Møller\nCarl Møller\nJulie Møller\nPoul Martin Møller\nValdemar Møller\nFranz Nachtegall\nNiels Sigfred Nebelong\nNiels Neergaard\nRobert Neergaard\nMartin Andersen Nexø\nOle Nezer\nChristian V. Nielsen (no longer exists)\nHenriette Nielsen\nLean Nielsen\nPeter Nielsen\nJohan Nilsson\nHenrik S. Nissen\nRasmus Nyerup\nKim Nørrevig\nSigvald Olsen\nOlga Ott\nCarl Otto\nJoseph Owen\nUlrich Peter Overby\nHolger Simon Paulli\nAndreas Paulsen\nGustav Pedersen\nVilhelm Pedersen\nAnna Petersen\nKnud Arne Petersen\nChristian Ulrik Adolph Plesner\nJohan Martin Quist\nC.C. Rafn\nRasmus Rask\nLauritz Rasmussen\nE. Rasmussen Eilersen\nLouise Ravn-Hansen\nC.E. Reich\nEbbe Kløvedal Reich\nC.A. Reitzel\nHeinrich Anna Reventlow-Criminil\nAmdi Riis\nJohan Christian Riise\nSvend Rindom\nFrederik Rohde\nEmmery Rondahl\nC.N. Rosenkilde\nJ.F. Rosenstand\nCarl Eduard Rotwitt\nNatasja Saad\nEmilie Sannom\nRagnhild Sannom\nJens August Schade\nVirtus Schade\nAnna Margrethe Schall\nClaus Schall\nHenrik Scharling\nHans Scherfig\nPeter Schiønning\nGottfried Wilhelm Christian von Schmettau\nMarinus Schneider\nPeter von Scholten\nOtto Schondel\nJulius Schovelin\nGeorg Ludvig von der Schulenburg\nFrans Schwartz\nJohan Adam Schwartz\nJohan Georg Schwartz\nClara Schønfeld\nEmmy Schønfeld\nGiuseppe Siboni\nJoakim Skovgaard\nP.C. Skovgaard\nCaspar Wilhelm Smith\nPer Sonne\nPetrine Sonne\nAndreas Schack Steenberg\nJapetus Steenstrup\nJohannes Steenstrup\nErnst Wilhelm Stibolt\nJohanne Stockmarr\nEdvard Storm\nMichael Strunge\nHolger Strøm\nTheodor Stuckenberg\nViggo Stuckenberg\nChristian Sørensen\nJazz-Kay Sørensen\nSøren Sørensen\nTheodor Sørensen\nThorvald Sørensen\nC.A.F. Thomsen\nEmma Thomsen\nMagdalene Thoresen\nJens Jørgen Thorsen\nJohan Clemens Tode\nVilhelm Topsøe\nDan Turèll\nVilhelm Tvede\nAugust Tørsleff\nNils Ufer\nGeorg Ulmer\nGeorges Ulmer\nMoritz Unna\nJens Vahl\nMartin Vahl (1749-1804)\nMartin Vahl (1869-1946)\nMogens Vantore\nFrederik Vermehren\nMartha Wærn (1741–1812). philanthropist\nMorten Wærn\nGregers Wad\nEugen Warming\nJens Warming\nBen Webster\nCarl Weitemeyer\nClemens Weller\nCaspar Wessel\nEdvard Westerberg\nJohannes Wiedewelt\nChristian Peder Wienberg\nAnton Wilhelm Wiehe\nMichael Wiehe\nCharlotte Wiehe-Berény\nCarl Winsløw\nAnna Wulff\nWilliam Christopher Zeise\nOtto F. Zeltner\nG.C. Zinck\nH.O.C. Zinck\nJosephine Zinck\nLudvig Zinck\nMarie Zinck\nOtto Zinck\nHans Christian Ørsted","title":"Notable interments"}] | [{"image_text":"Plan of the cemetery from 1800 by Jørgen Henrich Rawert","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Assistens_Kirkeg%C3%A5rd_1800.jpg/200px-Assistens_Kirkeg%C3%A5rd_1800.jpg"},{"image_text":"Plan of the cemetery from c. 1800","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Assistens_Kirkeg%C3%A5rd_c._1800.jpg/200px-Assistens_Kirkeg%C3%A5rd_c._1800.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ole Jørgen Rawert: Assistens Cemetery, 26 August 1825","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Liighuset_paa_Assistents_Kierkegaard_d._21._Aug._1823.png/220px-Liighuset_paa_Assistents_Kierkegaard_d._21._Aug._1823.png"},{"image_text":"The Gravedigger's House in 1884","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Assistens_Kirkeg%C3%A5rd_-_Graverboligen_1884.png/220px-Assistens_Kirkeg%C3%A5rd_-_Graverboligen_1884.png"},{"image_text":"Danish author Hans Christian Andersen's grave (replaced memorial stone)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/H._C._Andersen_grave_2.jpg/200px-H._C._Andersen_grave_2.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Parks and open spaces in Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parks_and_open_spaces_in_Copenhagen"}] | [{"reference":"\"Assistens Kirkegård\". Selskabet for Københavns Historie. Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2010-07-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719130110/http://www.kobenhavnshistorie.dk/bog/kko/a/kko_a-39.html","url_text":"\"Assistens Kirkegård\""},{"url":"http://www.kobenhavnshistorie.dk/bog/kko/a/kko_a-39.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"10. Assistens Kirkegaard\". Golden Days. Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2010-01-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719124556/http://www.guldalder.dk/place10","url_text":"\"10. Assistens Kirkegaard\""},{"url":"http://www.guldalder.dk/place10","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Herman Stilling Museum\". Realdania. Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2010-07-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719131535/http://www.realdania.dk/Projekter/Byen/Herman+Stilling+Museum.aspx","url_text":"\"Herman Stilling Museum\""},{"url":"http://www.realdania.dk/Projekter/Byen/Herman+Stilling+Museum.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Assistens_Cemetery_(Copenhagen)¶ms=55_41_28_N_12_32_58_E_region:DK_type:landmark","external_links_name":"55°41′28″N 12°32′58″E / 55.69111°N 12.54944°E / 55.69111; 12.54944"},{"Link":"http://www.assistens.dk/","external_links_name":"www.assistens.dk"},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/cemetery/639623","external_links_name":"Assistens Cemetery"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719130110/http://www.kobenhavnshistorie.dk/bog/kko/a/kko_a-39.html","external_links_name":"\"Assistens Kirkegård\""},{"Link":"http://www.kobenhavnshistorie.dk/bog/kko/a/kko_a-39.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719124556/http://www.guldalder.dk/place10","external_links_name":"\"10. Assistens Kirkegaard\""},{"Link":"http://www.guldalder.dk/place10","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719131535/http://www.realdania.dk/Projekter/Byen/Herman+Stilling+Museum.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Herman Stilling Museum\""},{"Link":"http://www.realdania.dk/Projekter/Byen/Herman+Stilling+Museum.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.assistens.dk/","external_links_name":"Assistens Cemetery's website (in Danish only)"},{"Link":"http://www.kbh-kirkegaarde.kk.dk/default.asp?id=1","external_links_name":"Copenhagen's cemeteries main site (in Danish only)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120320125247/http://kk.sites.itera.dk/apps/kk_publikationer/pdf/484_uk-folder.pdf","external_links_name":"Folder about Assistens Cemetery in English (PDF format)"},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/cemetery/639623","external_links_name":"Assistens Cemetery"},{"Link":"http://assistens.dk/kapellet/","external_links_name":"Chapel"},{"Link":"http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/2026375/ODENSE%20(ASSISTENS)%20CEMETERY","external_links_name":"CWGC: Odense (Assistens) Cemetery"},{"Link":"https://docplayer.dk/216067437-Vestindien-paa-assistens-kirkegaard-i-koebenhavn.html","external_links_name":"Map with some locations"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Assistens_Cemetery_(Copenhagen)¶ms=55_41_28_N_12_32_58_E_region:DK_type:landmark","external_links_name":"55°41′28″N 12°32′58″E / 55.69111°N 12.54944°E / 55.69111; 12.54944"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristijan_Mesaro%C5%A1 | Kristijan Mesaroš | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Croatian tennis player
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Kristijan Mesaroš" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Kristijan MesarošCountry (sports) CroatiaResidencePoreč, CroatiaBorn (1988-07-02) 2 July 1988 (age 35)Slavonski Brod, SR Croatia, SFR YugoslaviaPlaysRight-handed (two-handed backhand)Prize money$ 160,507SinglesCareer record0–1Career titles0Highest rankingNo. 184 (14 April 2014)Current rankingNo. 663 (5 February 2018)Grand Slam singles resultsAustralian OpenQ1 (2014, 2017)French OpenQ2 (2014)WimbledonQ1 (2014)DoublesCareer record0–0Career titles0Highest rankingNo. 553 (18 April 2011)Last updated on: 13 October 2017.
Kristijan Mesaroš (Croatian pronunciation: ; Hungarian: Mészáros Krisztián; born 2 July 1988) is a Croatian tennis player playing on the ITF Futures Tour and the ATP Challenger Tour.
References
^ "Krìstijan". Hrvatski jezični portal (in Serbo-Croatian). Retrieved 2018-03-17. Krìstijan
^ "mȇso". Hrvatski jezični portal (in Serbo-Croatian). Retrieved 2018-03-17. Mèsāroš
External links
Kristijan Mesaroš at the Association of Tennis Professionals
Kristijan Mesaroš at the International Tennis Federation
This biographical article relating to Croatian tennis is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[krǐstijan měsaːroʃ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language"},{"link_name":"Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"ITF Futures Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITF_Futures_tennis_tournaments"},{"link_name":"ATP Challenger Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP_Challenger_Tour"}],"text":"Kristijan Mesaroš (Croatian pronunciation: [krǐstijan měsaːroʃ];[1][2] Hungarian: Mészáros Krisztián; born 2 July 1988) is a Croatian tennis player playing on the ITF Futures Tour and the ATP Challenger Tour.","title":"Kristijan Mesaroš"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Krìstijan\". Hrvatski jezični portal (in Serbo-Croatian). Retrieved 2018-03-17. Krìstijan","urls":[{"url":"http://hjp.znanje.hr/index.php?show=search_by_id&id=elhiURY%3D&keyword=X","url_text":"\"Krìstijan\""}]},{"reference":"\"mȇso\". Hrvatski jezični portal (in Serbo-Croatian). Retrieved 2018-03-17. Mèsāroš","urls":[{"url":"http://hjp.znanje.hr/index.php?show=search_by_id&id=e1pmUBU%3D&keyword=meso","url_text":"\"mȇso\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Kristijan+Mesaro%C5%A1%22","external_links_name":"\"Kristijan Mesaroš\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Kristijan+Mesaro%C5%A1%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Kristijan+Mesaro%C5%A1%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Kristijan+Mesaro%C5%A1%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Kristijan+Mesaro%C5%A1%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Kristijan+Mesaro%C5%A1%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://hjp.znanje.hr/index.php?show=search_by_id&id=elhiURY%3D&keyword=X","external_links_name":"\"Krìstijan\""},{"Link":"http://hjp.znanje.hr/index.php?show=search_by_id&id=e1pmUBU%3D&keyword=meso","external_links_name":"\"mȇso\""},{"Link":"https://www.atptour.com/en/players/-/MF90/overview","external_links_name":"Kristijan Mesaroš"},{"Link":"https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/kristijan-mesaros/800246441/cro","external_links_name":"Kristijan Mesaroš"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kristijan_Mesaro%C5%A1&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Gateway_Shanghai | Grand Gateway Shanghai | ["1 Design and construction","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | Coordinates: 31°11′47″N 121°25′57″E / 31.1965°N 121.4325°E / 31.1965; 121.4325This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Grand Gateway Shanghai" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2022)
Office, retail in Shanghai, ChinaGrand Gateway Shanghai港汇广场General informationTypeOffice, retailLocationXuhui District,Shanghai, ChinaCoordinates31°11′47″N 121°25′57″E / 31.1965°N 121.4325°E / 31.1965; 121.4325Construction started1994Completed2005HeightRoof262 m (860 ft)Technical detailsFloor count52Design and constructionArchitect(s)Callison
Grand Gateway Shanghai (Chinese: 港汇广场; pinyin: Gǎnghuì Guǎngchǎng) is an office complex consisting of two identical skyscrapers in the Xujiahui area of Shanghai, China. It was completed in 2005.
Design and construction
Grand Gateway was designed by Callison Architecture.
Construction of the towers was halted in 1997 due to the Asian financial crisis. In 2002, construction resumed. The buildings were completed in 2005 and are currently the 4th tallest twin towers in the world. Each tower is 262 m high and has 52 stories.
The towers are the 71st tallest existing buildings in the world when measured up to the highest architectural point which is the top of the domes, and the 9th tallest in Shanghai, making them a landmark in the area. The height of the roof is 224.9 metres.
The Grand Gateway 66 shopping mall is located at the base of the towers. The podium contains 1.1 million square feet of retail and entertainment space.
There is also a residential development, called Grand Gateway Garden, consisting of two towers, each 100 m high.
The Grand Gateway towers are a grand local landmark, especially in the evenings when the tops are lit
See also
List of tallest buildings in Shanghai
References
^ a b c Binder, Georges (2006). 101 of the World's Tallest Buildings. Victoria, Australia: The Imaging Publishing Group. pp. 136–137. ISBN 1-86470-173-0.
External links
Official site
"Grand Gateway Shanghai I". Emporis. Archived from the original on 2015-09-25.
"Grand Gateway Shanghai II". Emporis. Archived from the original on November 16, 2021.
"Grand Gateway Shanghai 1". SkyscraperPage.
"Grand Gateway Shanghai 2". SkyscraperPage.
vteXuhui DistrictAreas
Huajing
Xujiahui (Zikawei)
EducationPublic high schools
Nanyang Model High School
Shanghai High School
Shanghai Southwest Weiyu Middle School
Colleges and universities
East China University of Science and Technology Xuhui Campus
Shanghai Conservatory of Music
Shanghai Jiao Tong University Xuhui Campus
Shanghai Normal University Xuhui Campus
Libraries
Bibliotheca Zi-Ka-Wei
Shanghai Library
Landmarks
Grand Gateway Shanghai
Hengshan Road
Huaihai Road
Jinjiang Action Park
St. Ignatius Cathedral
Shanghai Astronomical Observatory
Shanghai Corniche
Shanghai Indoor Stadium
Shanghai Mental Health Center
Shanghai Stadium
Soong Ching-ling Memorial Residence
Zhongshan Hospital
Shanghai Metro stations
Caobao Road
Caohejing Hi-Tech Park
Caoxi Road
Changshu Road
Dong'an Road
Guilin Road
Hengshan Road
Hongmei Road (part)
Jiashan Road
Jiaotong University
Jinjiang Park
Longcao Road
Longhua
Longyao Road
Middle Longhua Road
Shanghai Indoor Stadium
Shanghai Library
Shanghai South Railway Station
Shanghai Stadium
Shanghai Swimming Center
Shilong Road
West Huajing (part)
Xujiahui
Yishan Road
Yunjin Road
Zhaojiabang Road
Other transportation
Shanghai South (Shanghainan) station
Meilong railway station (closed)
History
2018 knife murders at Pubei Road, Shanghai
This list is incomplete.
vte Shopping malls in ChinaBeijing
Beijing apm
Beijing Department Store
Beijing Mall
Golden Resources Mall
INDIGO
Pinnacle Plaza
Solana Shopping Park
Taikoo Li Sanlitun
The Malls at Oriental Plaza
Shanghai
Global Harbor
Grand Gateway
HKRI Taikoo Hui
IAPM Mall
Jing An Kerry Centre
K11
Longemont Shopping Centre
Metro-City
Plaza 66
Raffles City
IFC Mall
The River Mall
Super Brand Mall
Guangzhou
CITIC Plaza
Happy Valley
Taikoo Hui
Shenzhen
Coastal City
Yitian Holiday Plaza
COCO Park
OCT Harbour
Luohu Commercial City
Chengdu
Sino-Ocean Taikoo Li Chengdu
SM City Chengdu
Chongqing
Raffles City Chongqing
Starlight Place
Zhengzhou
CityOn Zhengzhou
David Plaza
Grand Emporium
Xiamen
SM City Xiamen
SM Lifestyle Center
Suzhou
SM City Suzhou
Harmony Times Square
Suzhou Center Mall
Elsewhere
Deji Plaza
Eurasia Shopping Mall
SM City Jinjiang
South China Mall
See also: List of shopping centres in Hong Kong
vteSkyscrapers in Shanghai over 170 meters (558 feet)Completed:Over 300 m
Shanghai Tower (632 m, 2014)
Shanghai World Financial Center (492 m, 2008)
Oriental Pearl Tower (468 m, 1995)
Jin Mao Tower (421 m, 1998)
Shimao International Plaza (333 m, 2005)
White Magnolia Plaza (320 m, 2011)
200–300 m
Shanghai Wheelock Square (298 m, 2008)
Plaza 66 Tower 1 (288 m, 2001)
Tomorrow Square (285 m, 2003)
K11 (278 m, 2002)
Bocom Financial Towers (265 m, 2002)
Grand Gateway Shanghai Towers (262 m, 2005)
Shanghai IFC North Tower (260 m, 2010)
One Lujiazui (256 m, 2008)
Bank of Shanghai Headquarters (252 m, 2005)
Shanghai IFC South Tower (250 m, 2009)
Maxdo Centre (241 m, 2005)
Cloud Nine (238 m, 2006)
International Ocean Shipping Building (232 m, 2000)
Plaza 66 Tower 2 (228 m, 2006)
Oasis Skyway Garden Hotel (226 m, 2006)
Bank of China Tower (226 m, 2000)
Raffles City (222 m, 2003)
Jasper Tower (220 m, 2008)
The Longemont Shanghai (218 m, 2005)
Shanghai Dong Hai Plaza (217 m, 2004)
World Finance Tower (212 m, 2000)
King Tower (212 m, 1996)
Pudong International Information Port (211 m, 2001)
Nan Zheng Building (205 m, 1998)
Lippo Plaza (204 m, 1998)
Shanghai Sen Mao International Building (203 m, 1998)
Huaxia Financial Square Towers (202 m, 2003)
Golden Bell Mansion (200 m, 1998)
Radisson Hotel Shanghai New World (200 m)
170–200 m
World Plaza Shanghai (199 m, 1998)
Bund Center (198 m, 2002)
Wenxin United Press Building (197 m, 1999)
Lan Sheng Building (196 m, 1997)
China Insurance Building (196 m, 1999)
The Center (196 m, 2004)
CITIC Square (193 m, 2000)
Huaneng Union Tower (188 m, 1997)
CAAC Pudong Tower (188 m, 2001)
Bao'an Tower (188 m, 1997)
Shanghai Futures Building (187 m, 1998)
China Merchants Tower (186 m, 1995)
Shanghai China Merchants Plaza Office Building (186 m, 1998)
Aurora Plaza (185 m, 2003)
Pudong Development Mansion (185 m, 2001)
Ciro's Plaza (181 m, 2002)
Union Square Towers (185 m, 2005)
Pudong Shangri La Hotel Extension (180 m, 2005)
Citigroup Tower (180 m, 2005)
Shanghai Property Information Exchange Center (180 m, 2000)
Harbour Ring Plaza (178 m, 1998)
K. Wah Center (178 m, 2005)
Four Seasons Hotel (172 m, 2002)
Underconstruction:
Shanghai North Bund Center (480m)
TIPS China Building (289 m, 2009)
Albany Oasis Garden Office Tower (260 m, 2008)
Huamin King Tower (258 m, 2008)
X3-2 Office Development (200 m)
Park Place Office Tower (188 m)
Hopson International Tower (180 m, 2008)
Shanghai Expo Guest Hotel (178 m)
Buildings listed in order of height and with year of completion
Building data source: Emporis
See also:' List of tallest buildings in Shanghai
Category:Buildings and structures in Shanghai
Buildings on the Bund
This article about a building or structure in China is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Xujiahui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xujiahui"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"}],"text":"Office, retail in Shanghai, ChinaGrand Gateway Shanghai (Chinese: 港汇广场; pinyin: Gǎnghuì Guǎngchǎng) is an office complex consisting of two identical skyscrapers in the Xujiahui area of Shanghai, China. It was completed in 2005.","title":"Grand Gateway Shanghai"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Callison Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callison"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101_Tallest-1"},{"link_name":"tallest twin towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_buildings_and_structures"},{"link_name":"domes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dome"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101_Tallest-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xujiahui_Grand_Gateway_Shanghai.jpg"}],"text":"Grand Gateway was designed by Callison Architecture.[1]Construction of the towers was halted in 1997 due to the Asian financial crisis. In 2002, construction resumed. The buildings were completed in 2005 and are currently the 4th tallest twin towers in the world. Each tower is 262 m high and has 52 stories.The towers are the 71st tallest existing buildings in the world when measured up to the highest architectural point which is the top of the domes, and the 9th tallest in Shanghai, making them a landmark in the area. The height of the roof is 224.9 metres.The Grand Gateway 66 shopping mall is located at the base of the towers. The podium contains 1.1 million square feet of retail and entertainment space.[1]There is also a residential development, called Grand Gateway Garden, consisting of two towers, each 100 m high.The Grand Gateway towers are a grand local landmark, especially in the evenings when the tops are lit","title":"Design and construction"}] | [{"image_text":"The Grand Gateway towers are a grand local landmark, especially in the evenings when the tops are lit","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Xujiahui_Grand_Gateway_Shanghai.jpg/220px-Xujiahui_Grand_Gateway_Shanghai.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of tallest buildings in Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Shanghai"}] | [{"reference":"Binder, Georges (2006). 101 of the World's Tallest Buildings. Victoria, Australia: The Imaging Publishing Group. pp. 136–137. ISBN 1-86470-173-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Lcir7wwIzhIC&q=%22Grand+Gateway%22+Shanghai&pg=PA136","url_text":"101 of the World's Tallest Buildings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86470-173-0","url_text":"1-86470-173-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Grand Gateway Shanghai I\". Emporis. Archived from the original on 2015-09-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150925084639/http://www.emporis.com/buildings/130953/grand-gateway-shanghai-i-shanghai-china","url_text":"\"Grand Gateway Shanghai I\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emporis","url_text":"Emporis"},{"url":"http://www.emporis.com/buildings/130953/grand-gateway-shanghai-i-shanghai-china","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Grand Gateway Shanghai II\". Emporis. Archived from the original on November 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211116205425/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/130954","url_text":"\"Grand Gateway Shanghai II\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emporis","url_text":"Emporis"},{"url":"https://www.emporis.com/buildings/130954","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Grand Gateway Shanghai 1\". SkyscraperPage.","urls":[{"url":"https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=1266","url_text":"\"Grand Gateway Shanghai 1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SkyscraperPage","url_text":"SkyscraperPage"}]},{"reference":"\"Grand Gateway Shanghai 2\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAR_(disambiguation) | Car (disambiguation) | ["1 Computing","2 Economics","3 Film and television","4 Literature","5 Military","6 Music","6.1 Albums","6.2 Songs","7 Paintings","8 People","9 Places","10 Science","11 Sports","12 Transportation","13 Other uses","13.1 Car","13.2 CAR","14 See also"] | Look up Car, car, CAR, or Appendix:Variations of "car" in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
A car is a wheeled motor vehicle used for transporting passengers.
Car(s), CAR(s), or The Car(s) may also refer to:
Computing
C.a.R. (Z.u.L.), geometry software
CAR and CDR, commands in LISP computer programming
Clock with Adaptive Replacement, a page replacement algorithm
Computer-assisted reporting
Computer-assisted reviewing
Economics
Capital adequacy ratio, a ratio of a bank's capital to its risk
Cost accrual ratio, an accounting formula
Cumulative abnormal return
Cumulative average return, a financial concept related to the time value of money
Film and television
Cars (franchise), a Disney/Pixar film series
Cars (film), a 2006 animated film from Disney and Pixar
The Car (1977 film), an American horror film
Car, a BBC Two television ident first aired in 1993 (see BBC Two '1991–2001' idents)
The Car (1997 film), a Malayalam film
"The Car" (The Amazing World of Gumball episode)
"The Car" (The Assistants episode)
Literature
Car (magazine), a British auto-enthusiast publication
The Car (novel), a novel by Gary Paulsen
Military
Canadian Airborne Regiment, a Canadian Forces formation
Colt Automatic Rifle, a 5.56mm NATO firearm
Combat Action Ribbon, a United States military decoration
U.S. Army Combat Arms Regimental System, a 1950s reorganisation of the regiments of the US Army
Conflict Armament Research, a UK-based investigative organization that tracks the supply of armaments into conflict-affected areas
Music
The Cars, an American band
Albums
Peter Gabriel (1977 album) or Car
The Cars (album), a 1978 album by The Cars
Cars (soundtrack), the soundtrack to the 2006 film
Cars (Now, Now Every Children album), 2009
Cars, a 2011 album by Kris Delmhorst
C.A.R. (album), a 2012 album by Serengeti
The Car (album), a 2022 album by Arctic Monkeys
Songs
"The Car" (song), a song by Jeff Carson
"Cars" (song), a 1979 single by Gary Numan
"Car", a 1994 song by Built to Spill from There's Nothing Wrong with Love
Paintings
Cars (painting), a series of paintings by Andy Warhol
The Car (Brack), a 1955 painting by John Brack
People
Car (surname)
Cars (surname)
Places
Car, Azerbaijan, a village
Čar, a village in Serbia
Cars, Gironde, France, a commune
Les Cars, Haute-Vienne, France, a commune
Central African Republic
Central Asian Republics
Cordillera Administrative Region, Philippines
County Carlow, Ireland, Chapman code
Science
Canonical anticommutation relation
Carina (constellation)
Chimeric antigen receptor, artificial T cell receptors
Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy
Constitutive androstane receptor
Cortisol awakening response, on waking from sleep
Coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor, a protein
Sports
Carolina Hurricanes, a National Hockey League team
Carolina Panthers, a National Football League team
Club Always Ready, a Bolivian football club from La Paz
Rugby Africa, formerly known as Confederation of African Rugby
Transportation
Railroad car
Canada Atlantic Railway, 1879–1914
Canadian Atlantic Railway, 1986–1994
Carlisle railway station's station code
Car, the cab of an elevator
Car, a tram, streetcar, or trolley car
Carrum railway station, station code CAR
Other uses
Car
Car (Greek myth), one or two figures in Greek mythology
Car language, an Austroasiatic language of the Nicobar Islands in the eastern Indian Ocean
car, ISO 639-2 and ISO 639-3 codes of the Carib language, spoken by the Kalina people of South America
Cars (video game), a 2006 video game based on the film
Chimeric antigen receptor, a type of protein engineered to give T cells the ability to target a specific protein
CAR
Canadian Aviation Regulations
Avis Budget Group (Nasdaq: CAR)
CAR Group (Australian Stock Exchange: CAR)
Central apparatus room, an equipment room found at broadcasting facilities
Children of the American Revolution, a genealogical society
Comité d'Action pour la Renouveau or Action Committee for Renewal, a political party of Togo
Council for Aboriginal Reconciliation, body founded by the Australian Government in 1991 as part of its Reconciliation in Australia policy
Council for Aboriginal Rights (1951–1980s), Victoria, Australia
Criminal Appeal Reports, law reports in the United Kingdom
See also
All pages with titles beginning with Car
All pages with titles containing Car
Carr (disambiguation)
CARS (disambiguation)
Le Car (disambiguation)
iCAR (disambiguation)
All pages with titles containing Car
All pages with titles beginning with Car
Topics referred to by the same term
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Car.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Car"},{"link_name":"car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/car"},{"link_name":"CAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/CAR"},{"link_name":"Appendix:Variations of \"car\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Variations_of_%22car%22"},{"link_name":"car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car"}],"text":"Look up Car, car, CAR, or Appendix:Variations of \"car\" in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.A car is a wheeled motor vehicle used for transporting passengers.Car(s), CAR(s), or The Car(s) may also refer to:","title":"Car (disambiguation)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"C.a.R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.a.R."},{"link_name":"CAR and CDR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAR_and_CDR"},{"link_name":"Clock with Adaptive Replacement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_with_Adaptive_Replacement"},{"link_name":"Computer-assisted reporting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-assisted_reporting"},{"link_name":"Computer-assisted reviewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-assisted_reviewing"}],"text":"C.a.R. (Z.u.L.), geometry software\nCAR and CDR, commands in LISP computer programming\nClock with Adaptive Replacement, a page replacement algorithm\nComputer-assisted reporting\nComputer-assisted reviewing","title":"Computing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Capital adequacy ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_adequacy_ratio"},{"link_name":"Cost accrual ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost_accrual_ratio"},{"link_name":"Cumulative abnormal return","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulative_abnormal_return"},{"link_name":"Cumulative average return","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulative_average_return"}],"text":"Capital adequacy ratio, a ratio of a bank's capital to its risk\nCost accrual ratio, an accounting formula\nCumulative abnormal return\nCumulative average return, a financial concept related to the time value of money","title":"Economics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cars (franchise)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cars_(franchise)"},{"link_name":"Cars (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cars_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Car (1977 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Car_(1977_film)"},{"link_name":"BBC Two '1991–2001' idents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Two_%271991%E2%80%932001%27_idents"},{"link_name":"The Car (1997 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Car_(1997_film)"},{"link_name":"\"The Car\" (The Amazing World of Gumball episode)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Car_(The_Amazing_World_of_Gumball)"},{"link_name":"\"The Car\" (The Assistants episode)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Car_(The_Assistants_episode)"}],"text":"Cars (franchise), a Disney/Pixar film series\nCars (film), a 2006 animated film from Disney and Pixar\nThe Car (1977 film), an American horror film\nCar, a BBC Two television ident first aired in 1993 (see BBC Two '1991–2001' idents)\nThe Car (1997 film), a Malayalam film\n\"The Car\" (The Amazing World of Gumball episode)\n\"The Car\" (The Assistants episode)","title":"Film and television"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Car (magazine)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"The Car (novel)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Car_(novel)"}],"text":"Car (magazine), a British auto-enthusiast publication\nThe Car (novel), a novel by Gary Paulsen","title":"Literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian Airborne Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Airborne_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Colt Automatic Rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colt_Automatic_Rifle"},{"link_name":"Combat Action Ribbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_Action_Ribbon"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army Combat Arms Regimental System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army_Combat_Arms_Regimental_System"},{"link_name":"Conflict Armament Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_Armament_Research"}],"text":"Canadian Airborne Regiment, a Canadian Forces formation\nColt Automatic Rifle, a 5.56mm NATO firearm\nCombat Action Ribbon, a United States military decoration\nU.S. Army Combat Arms Regimental System, a 1950s reorganisation of the regiments of the US Army\nConflict Armament Research, a UK-based investigative organization that tracks the supply of armaments into conflict-affected areas","title":"Military"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cars"}],"text":"The Cars, an American band","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Gabriel (1977 album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Gabriel_(1977_album)"},{"link_name":"The Cars (album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cars_(album)"},{"link_name":"Cars (soundtrack)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cars_(soundtrack)"},{"link_name":"Cars (Now, Now Every Children album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cars_(Now,_Now_Every_Children_album)"},{"link_name":"Kris Delmhorst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris_Delmhorst"},{"link_name":"C.A.R. (album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.A.R._(album)"},{"link_name":"The Car (album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Car_(album)"}],"sub_title":"Albums","text":"Peter Gabriel (1977 album) or Car\nThe Cars (album), a 1978 album by The Cars\nCars (soundtrack), the soundtrack to the 2006 film\nCars (Now, Now Every Children album), 2009\nCars, a 2011 album by Kris Delmhorst\nC.A.R. (album), a 2012 album by Serengeti\nThe Car (album), a 2022 album by Arctic Monkeys","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"The Car\" (song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Car_(song)"},{"link_name":"\"Cars\" (song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cars_(song)"},{"link_name":"There's Nothing Wrong with Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/There%27s_Nothing_Wrong_with_Love"}],"sub_title":"Songs","text":"\"The Car\" (song), a song by Jeff Carson\n\"Cars\" (song), a 1979 single by Gary Numan\n\"Car\", a 1994 song by Built to Spill from There's Nothing Wrong with Love","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cars (painting)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cars_(painting)"},{"link_name":"The Car (Brack)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Car_(Brack)"}],"text":"Cars (painting), a series of paintings by Andy Warhol\nThe Car (Brack), a 1955 painting by John Brack","title":"Paintings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Car (surname)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Cars (surname)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cars_(surname)"}],"text":"Car (surname)\nCars (surname)","title":"People"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Car, Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car,_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Čar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Car"},{"link_name":"Cars, Gironde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cars,_Gironde"},{"link_name":"Les Cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Cars"},{"link_name":"Central African Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic"},{"link_name":"Central Asian Republics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asian_Republics"},{"link_name":"Cordillera Administrative Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordillera_Administrative_Region"},{"link_name":"County Carlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Carlow"}],"text":"Car, Azerbaijan, a village\nČar, a village in Serbia\nCars, Gironde, France, a commune\nLes Cars, Haute-Vienne, France, a commune\nCentral African Republic\nCentral Asian Republics\nCordillera Administrative Region, Philippines\nCounty Carlow, Ireland, Chapman code","title":"Places"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canonical anticommutation relation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonical_anticommutation_relation"},{"link_name":"Carina (constellation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carina_(constellation)"},{"link_name":"Chimeric antigen receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimeric_antigen_receptor"},{"link_name":"Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coherent_anti-Stokes_Raman_spectroscopy"},{"link_name":"Constitutive androstane receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutive_androstane_receptor"},{"link_name":"Cortisol awakening response","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortisol_awakening_response"},{"link_name":"Coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxsackievirus_and_adenovirus_receptor"}],"text":"Canonical anticommutation relation\nCarina (constellation)\nChimeric antigen receptor, artificial T cell receptors\nCoherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy\nConstitutive androstane receptor\nCortisol awakening response, on waking from sleep\nCoxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor, a protein","title":"Science"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carolina Hurricanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_Hurricanes"},{"link_name":"Carolina Panthers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_Panthers"},{"link_name":"Club Always Ready","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Always_Ready"},{"link_name":"Rugby Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_Africa"}],"text":"Carolina Hurricanes, a National Hockey League team\nCarolina Panthers, a National Football League team\nClub Always Ready, a Bolivian football club from La Paz\nRugby Africa, formerly known as Confederation of African Rugby","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Railroad car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad_car"},{"link_name":"Canada Atlantic Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Atlantic_Railway"},{"link_name":"Canadian Atlantic Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Atlantic_Railway"},{"link_name":"Carlisle railway station's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlisle_railway_station"},{"link_name":"elevator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevator"},{"link_name":"tram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram"},{"link_name":"Carrum railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrum_railway_station"}],"text":"Railroad car\nCanada Atlantic Railway, 1879–1914\nCanadian Atlantic Railway, 1986–1994\nCarlisle railway station's station code\nCar, the cab of an elevator\nCar, a tram, streetcar, or trolley car\nCarrum railway station, station code CAR","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Other uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Car (Greek myth)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_(Greek_myth)"},{"link_name":"Car language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_language"},{"link_name":"Carib language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carib_language"},{"link_name":"Cars (video game)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cars_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Chimeric antigen receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimeric_antigen_receptor"}],"sub_title":"Car","text":"Car (Greek myth), one or two figures in Greek mythology\nCar language, an Austroasiatic language of the Nicobar Islands in the eastern Indian Ocean\ncar, ISO 639-2 and ISO 639-3 codes of the Carib language, spoken by the Kalina people of South America\nCars (video game), a 2006 video game based on the film\nChimeric antigen receptor, a type of protein engineered to give T cells the ability to target a specific protein","title":"Other uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian Aviation Regulations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Aviation_Regulations"},{"link_name":"Avis Budget Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avis_Budget_Group"},{"link_name":"CAR Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAR_Group"},{"link_name":"Central apparatus room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_apparatus_room"},{"link_name":"Children of the American Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_the_American_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Comité d'Action pour la Renouveau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comit%C3%A9_d%27Action_pour_la_Renouveau"},{"link_name":"Reconciliation in Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconciliation_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Council for Aboriginal Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_for_Aboriginal_Rights"},{"link_name":"Criminal Appeal Reports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_Appeal_Reports"}],"sub_title":"CAR","text":"Canadian Aviation Regulations\nAvis Budget Group (Nasdaq: CAR)\nCAR Group (Australian Stock Exchange: CAR)\nCentral apparatus room, an equipment room found at broadcasting facilities\nChildren of the American Revolution, a genealogical society\nComité d'Action pour la Renouveau or Action Committee for Renewal, a political party of Togo\nCouncil for Aboriginal Reconciliation, body founded by the Australian Government in 1991 as part of its Reconciliation in Australia policy\nCouncil for Aboriginal Rights (1951–1980s), Victoria, Australia\nCriminal Appeal Reports, law reports in the United Kingdom","title":"Other uses"}] | [] | [{"title":"All pages with titles beginning with Car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Car"},{"title":"All pages with titles containing Car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/intitle:%22Car%22"},{"title":"Carr (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carr_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"CARS (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CARS_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Le Car (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Car_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"iCAR (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICAR_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"All pages with titles containing Car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/intitle:%22Car%22"},{"title":"All pages with titles beginning with Car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Car"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Car_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Car_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MASH_(game) | MASH (game) | ["1 Game play for MASH","2 References","3 External links"] | Children's fortune-telling game
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MASH is a multiplayer paper-and-pencil game commonly played by children intended to predict one's future. The name is an acronym of "Mansion, Apartment, Shack/Street/Shed/Sewers/Swamp, and House".
Additional variations include adding a potential car, future spouse, and ultimate career choice, among the numerous other possible categories.
Game play for MASH
The game starts by either player writing out the title MASH at the top of a piece of paper.
Both players contribute to writing a list of categories like where they live, how many kids they have, who they marry, and what their job would be.
Each player thinks of 3 answers for each category: 2 they want and 1 they don't, and writes them in a column under the category title.
Player 2 then begins to draw a swirl on a separate piece of paper. Player 1 says "Stop" at a time they choose after waiting at least 3 seconds, and player 2 stops and draws a line through the swirl from the endpoint to the starting point. They then count how many times the swirl intercepts the line drawn.
Alternatively, player 2 will make tally marks instead of drawing a swirl. When player 1 says 'Stop', player 2 stops drawing marks and counts them.
Player 1 or 2 counts each item down the page (starting with the MASH), and crosses off the answer that they land on. For instance, if four lines were counted in the swirl, every fourth answer is crossed off the list. This continues until there is only one item in each category. Each letter in the title is considered an answer and should be crossed off accordingly.
The remaining items are considered to determine the Player 1's future while the crossed-out ones will be Player 2's future.
Example: You live in a mansion with Kenton. You will be a photographer with 16 kids, 1 boy and 15 girls. You will live in Denver.
References
^ Goodwin, Majorie Harness (2008). The Hidden Life of Girls: Games of Stance, Status, and Exclusion. John Wiley & Sons. p. 260. ISBN 9781405178297. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
External links
How to play MASH, a how-to article from wikiHow
How to Play MASH - alternative instructions
This game-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"paper-and-pencil game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper-and-pencil_game"},{"link_name":"predict one's future","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune-telling"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"MASH is a multiplayer paper-and-pencil game commonly played by children intended to predict one's future. The name is an acronym of \"Mansion, Apartment, Shack/Street/Shed/Sewers/Swamp, and House\".[1] \nAdditional variations include adding a potential car, future spouse, and ultimate career choice, among the numerous other possible categories.","title":"MASH (game)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The game starts by either player writing out the title MASH at the top of a piece of paper.\nBoth players contribute to writing a list of categories like where they live, how many kids they have, who they marry, and what their job would be.\nEach player thinks of 3 answers for each category: 2 they want and 1 they don't, and writes them in a column under the category title.\nPlayer 2 then begins to draw a swirl on a separate piece of paper. Player 1 says \"Stop\" at a time they choose after waiting at least 3 seconds, and player 2 stops and draws a line through the swirl from the endpoint to the starting point. They then count how many times the swirl intercepts the line drawn.\nAlternatively, player 2 will make tally marks instead of drawing a swirl. When player 1 says 'Stop', player 2 stops drawing marks and counts them.\nPlayer 1 or 2 counts each item down the page (starting with the MASH), and crosses off the answer that they land on. For instance, if four lines were counted in the swirl, every fourth answer is crossed off the list. This continues until there is only one item in each category. Each letter in the title is considered an answer and should be crossed off accordingly.\nThe remaining items are considered to determine the Player 1's future while the crossed-out ones will be Player 2's future.Example: You live in a mansion with Kenton. You will be a photographer with 16 kids, 1 boy and 15 girls. You will live in Denver.","title":"Game play for MASH"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Goodwin, Majorie Harness (2008). The Hidden Life of Girls: Games of Stance, Status, and Exclusion. John Wiley & Sons. p. 260. ISBN 9781405178297. Retrieved 12 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6EPOU_DYhYMC&q=The+hidden+life+of+girls%3A+games+of+stance%2C+status%2C+and+exclusion&pg=PA260","url_text":"The Hidden Life of Girls: Games of Stance, Status, and Exclusion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405178297","url_text":"9781405178297"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22MASH%22+game","external_links_name":"\"MASH\" game"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22MASH%22+game+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22MASH%22+game&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22MASH%22+game+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22MASH%22+game","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22MASH%22+game&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MASH_(game)&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22MASH%22+game","external_links_name":"\"MASH\" game"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22MASH%22+game+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22MASH%22+game&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22MASH%22+game+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22MASH%22+game","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22MASH%22+game&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6EPOU_DYhYMC&q=The+hidden+life+of+girls%3A+games+of+stance%2C+status%2C+and+exclusion&pg=PA260","external_links_name":"The Hidden Life of Girls: Games of Stance, Status, and Exclusion"},{"Link":"http://mashplus.com/how-to-play-mash/","external_links_name":"How to Play MASH"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MASH_(game)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuhir_al-Qaisi | Zuhir al-Qaisi | ["1 References"] | Palestinian politician (1963–2012)
Zuhir al-Qaisiزهير القيسيSecretary General of the Popular Resistance CommitteesIn officeAugust 2011 – 9 March 2012Preceded byKamal al-Nirab
Personal detailsBorn1 January 1963Died9 March 2012 (aged 49)Tel al-Hawa, GazaNationalityPalestinianPolitical partyPopular Resistance CommitteesNicknameAbu IbrahimMilitary serviceUnit Al-Nasser Salah al-Deen Brigades
Zuhair al-Qaisi (Arabic: زهير القيسي; 1963 – 9 March 2012), also known by his nom de guerre Abu Ibrahim, was a Palestinian politician who was the secretary general of the Popular Resistance Committees in Gaza. He was killed by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF).
al-Qaisi was a member of the Popular Resistance Committees since their establishment in 2000. The Popular Resistance Committees were one of three organizations responsible for the capture of Gilad Shalit. Interviewed regarding Shalit's capture and imprisonment, al-Qaisi is said to have stated that "Israel has tried to pressure us by killing a large number of activists following the abduction, but the resistance and the Palestinians have held their ground".
According to the IDF, though the claim is denied by the PRC, al-Qaisi was one of the masterminds of the 2011 southern Israel cross-border attacks in August 2011, in which eight Israelis were killed. Following this attack, the IDF killed the secretary general of the Popular Resistance Committees, Kamal al-Nirab, and al-Qaisi was appointed his successor. On 14 January 2012 an explosion at al-Qaisi's home, in Rafah killed one member of his family, Khalid al-Qaisi, and wounded five others. Zuhir al-Qaisi himself was not at home at the time.
On 9 March 2012, al-Qaisi was killed in a missile strike by IDF aircraft, while driving his Opel car in the Tel al-Hawa neighborhood west of Gaza. His son-in-law, Mohammed Ahmed al-Hanani, a resident of Beit Furik near Nablus, was also killed in the attack, and a third man was seriously injured. The killing of Hanini was, according to the Egyptian ambassador to Ramallah Yasser Osman and a Hamas spokesman, in violation of the terms of agreement in the Shalit prisoner swap. The government and the Israeli security establishment justified the targeted assassination by explaining at the time that al-Qaisi had been planning a terrorist attack against Israel that was in the final stages of preparation. Sources among the Popular Resistance Committees in Gaza say that they had been tipped off a month earlier that Israel was planning to kill him.
Zvi Bar'el, writing for Haaretz, argued that the escalation was seen as good for Israel and that the events in Gaza were part of a plan to 'sell' an Israeli attack on Iran. Al-Hayat, surveying several possible reasons for the attack, argued that 'marketing the Iron Dome' project and testing Hamas's military capabilities played some role in Israeli defence calculations for the killing. Neve Gordon, surveying the opinions of several analysts in the Israeli press, cites, among others, Maariv's Ofer Shelah for the view that statements by the Minister of Defense, Ehud Barak gave the impression that Qaisi's assassination was not directly preemptive, since Barak explicitly said that what al-Qaisi was planning, and where the attack was to be launched, and whether an imminent attack had been foiled, was not clear, and that the attack was more about deterrence. Gordon also reports that several commentators argued that the assassination had been planned well in advance, the ambush itself being prepared a week beforehand, and that its execution had been delayed until Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu returned from his diplomatic visit to Washington, Purim festivities had passed, and the weather had cleared up.
As a response to the targeted assassination, a barrage of rockets was launched from Gaza, resulting in the March 2012 Gaza–Israel clashes. Yossi Klein, writing in Haaretz, argued that people in Tel Aviv were sceptical of the stories given out by government spokesmen and concluded that:-
The death of Zahid al-Kaisi met the criteria of cost-benefit analysis well. A few days of fear in Sderot are a small investment that will bring a big profit in terms of punishment and deterrence.
References
^ a b Yoav Zeitun, Elior Levi Secretary General of the Popular Resistance Committees was assassinated in Gaza, at Ynet, 9 March 2012
^ Hanan Greenberg, Ilana Curiel, Yoav Zeitun, יותר מ-90 רקטות על ישראל, 12 הרוגים בעזה 12 people killed in Gaza More than 90 rockets into Israel, (Heb.)] Ynet, 10 March 2012
^ Fresh barrage of Gaza rockets fired into southern Israel, Xinhua, 10 March 2012.
^ Navon, Emmanuel (19 August 2011). "'Gaza-based PRC denies responsibility for Eilat attack'". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
^ Avi Issacharoff, Gili Cohen and Yanir Yagna, IDF strike in Gaza kills leader of Popular Resistance Committees, Haaretz, 9 March 2012.
^ Blast kills PRC operative in south Gaza, Archived 11 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Ma'an News Agency. 14 January 2012
^ Tzippe Barrow, Rockets Follow Assassination of Gaza Terror Chief, CBN, 11 March 2012.
^ Hanan Greenberg, Ilana Curiel, Yoav Zeitun, More than 90 rockets into Israel, 12 people killed in Gaza, Ynet, 10 March 2012.
^ Elior Levy, Gaza strike: Terrorists vow revenge, Ynet, 9 March 2012.
^ Elior Levy, Gaza terror group: Egypt warned us before al-Qaisi killing, Ynet, 11 March 2012.
^ Zvi Bar'el, Escalation is good for Israel, Haaretz, 11 March 2012.
^ Aluf Benn, Netanyahu is preparing Israeli public opinion for a war on Iran,, Haaretz, 15 March 2012.
^ Amal Shehadeh, Marketing the Iron Dome: Why Israel Attacked Gaza Archived 22 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine, at Al-Hayat, 13 March 2012
^ Ramzy Baroud, Why Israel attacked Gaza: Bibi stirring trouble, at Arab News. 15 March 2012
^ Neve Gordon, Neve Gordon, 'Preparing Israel for war,' AlJazeera, 21 March 2012.
^ Jamie Levin, Israel's economy will pay heavy price for Iron Dome, Haaretz, 24 March 2012.
^ Yossi Klein, When the missiles rain on Tel Aviv, Haaretz, 15 March 2012. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"nom de guerre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonym"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ynet1-1"},{"link_name":"Popular Resistance Committees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Resistance_Committees"},{"link_name":"Gaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Strip"},{"link_name":"Israel Defense Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces"},{"link_name":"Popular Resistance Committees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Resistance_Committees"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Gilad Shalit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilad_Shalit"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ynet1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"2011 southern Israel cross-border attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_southern_Israel_cross-border_attacks"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"IDF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces"},{"link_name":"Rafah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafah"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Opel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel"},{"link_name":"Beit Furik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beit_Furik"},{"link_name":"Nablus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nablus"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Ramallah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramallah"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"targeted assassination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targeted_assassination"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Haaretz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haaretz"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Al-Hayat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hayat"},{"link_name":"Iron Dome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Dome"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Neve Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neve_Gordon"},{"link_name":"Maariv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maariv"},{"link_name":"Ehud Barak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehud_Barak"},{"link_name":"deterrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deterrence_theory"},{"link_name":"Binyamin Netanyahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binyamin_Netanyahu"},{"link_name":"Purim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purim"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"March 2012 Gaza–Israel clashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_2012_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_clashes"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Palestinian politician (1963–2012)Zuhair al-Qaisi (Arabic: زهير القيسي; 1963 – 9 March 2012), also known by his nom de guerre Abu Ibrahim,[1] was a Palestinian politician who was the secretary general of the Popular Resistance Committees in Gaza. He was killed by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF).al-Qaisi was a member of the Popular Resistance Committees since their establishment in 2000.[citation needed] The Popular Resistance Committees were one of three organizations responsible for the capture of Gilad Shalit.[1] Interviewed regarding Shalit's capture and imprisonment, al-Qaisi is said to have stated that \"Israel has tried to pressure us by killing a large number of activists following the abduction, but the resistance and the Palestinians have held their ground\".[2]According to the IDF,[3] though the claim is denied by the PRC,[4] al-Qaisi was one of the masterminds of the 2011 southern Israel cross-border attacks in August 2011, in which eight Israelis were killed.[5] Following this attack, the IDF killed the secretary general of the Popular Resistance Committees, Kamal al-Nirab, and al-Qaisi was appointed his successor. On 14 January 2012 an explosion at al-Qaisi's home, in Rafah killed one member of his family, Khalid al-Qaisi, and wounded five others. Zuhir al-Qaisi himself was not at home at the time.[6]On 9 March 2012, al-Qaisi was killed in a missile strike by IDF aircraft, while driving his Opel car in the Tel al-Hawa neighborhood west of Gaza. His son-in-law, Mohammed Ahmed al-Hanani, a resident of Beit Furik near Nablus,[7] was also killed in the attack, and a third man was seriously injured. The killing of Hanini was, according to the Egyptian ambassador to Ramallah Yasser Osman[8] and a Hamas spokesman, in violation of the terms of agreement in the Shalit prisoner swap.[9] The government and the Israeli security establishment justified the targeted assassination by explaining at the time that al-Qaisi had been planning a terrorist attack against Israel that was in the final stages of preparation. Sources among the Popular Resistance Committees in Gaza say that they had been tipped off a month earlier that Israel was planning to kill him.[10]Zvi Bar'el, writing for Haaretz, argued that the escalation was seen as good for Israel and that the events in Gaza were part of a plan to 'sell' an Israeli attack on Iran.[11][12] Al-Hayat, surveying several possible reasons for the attack, argued that 'marketing the Iron Dome' project and testing Hamas's military capabilities played some role in Israeli defence calculations for the killing.[13][14] Neve Gordon, surveying the opinions of several analysts in the Israeli press, cites, among others, Maariv's Ofer Shelah for the view that statements by the Minister of Defense, Ehud Barak gave the impression that Qaisi's assassination was not directly preemptive, since Barak explicitly said that what al-Qaisi was planning, and where the attack was to be launched, and whether an imminent attack had been foiled, was not clear, and that the attack was more about deterrence. Gordon also reports that several commentators argued that the assassination had been planned well in advance, the ambush itself being prepared a week beforehand, and that its execution had been delayed until Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu returned from his diplomatic visit to Washington, Purim festivities had passed, and the weather had cleared up.[15]As a response to the targeted assassination, a barrage of rockets was launched from Gaza, resulting in the March 2012 Gaza–Israel clashes.[16] Yossi Klein, writing in Haaretz, argued that people in Tel Aviv were sceptical of the stories given out by government spokesmen and concluded that:-The death of Zahid al-Kaisi met the criteria of cost-benefit analysis well. A few days of fear in Sderot are a small investment that will bring a big profit in terms of punishment and deterrence.[17]","title":"Zuhir al-Qaisi"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Navon, Emmanuel (19 August 2011). \"'Gaza-based PRC denies responsibility for Eilat attack'\". 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Retrieved 21 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jpost.com/Defense/Article.aspx?id=234512","url_text":"\"'Gaza-based PRC denies responsibility for Eilat attack'\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4200645,00.html","external_links_name":"Secretary General of the Popular Resistance Committees was assassinated in Gaza"},{"Link":"http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4200796,00.html","external_links_name":"יותר מ-90 רקטות על ישראל, 12 הרוגים בעזה"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120428101920/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2012-03/10/c_131459142.htm","external_links_name":"Fresh barrage of Gaza rockets fired into southern Israel,"},{"Link":"http://www.jpost.com/Defense/Article.aspx?id=234512","external_links_name":"\"'Gaza-based PRC denies responsibility for Eilat attack'\""},{"Link":"http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/idf-strike-in-gaza-kills-leader-of-popular-resistance-committees-1.417578","external_links_name":"IDF strike in Gaza kills leader of Popular Resistance Committees,"},{"Link":"http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx%3FID%3D452457","external_links_name":"Blast kills PRC operative in south Gaza,"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210211032057/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=452457","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/insideisrael/2012/March/Rockets-Follow-Assassination-of-Terror-Chief/","external_links_name":"Rockets Follow Assassination of Gaza Terror Chief,"},{"Link":"http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4200796,00.html","external_links_name":"More than 90 rockets into Israel, 12 people killed in Gaza,"},{"Link":"http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4200683,00.html","external_links_name":"Gaza strike: Terrorists vow revenge,"},{"Link":"http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4201508,00.html","external_links_name":"Gaza terror group: Egypt warned us before al-Qaisi killing"},{"Link":"http://www.haaretz.com/opinion/escalation-is-good-for-israel-1.417848","external_links_name":"Escalation is good for Israel"},{"Link":"http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/netanyahu-is-preparing-israeli-public-opinion-for-a-war-on-iran-1.418869","external_links_name":"Netanyahu is preparing Israeli public opinion for a war on Iran,"},{"Link":"https://www.al-monitor.com/cms/contents/articles/security/01/03/the-aggression-against-gaza-test.html","external_links_name":"Marketing the Iron Dome: Why Israel Attacked Gaza"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120322202657/http://www.al-monitor.com/cms/contents/articles/security/01/03/the-aggression-against-gaza-test.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://arabnews.com/opinion/columns/article587202","external_links_name":"Why Israel attacked Gaza: Bibi stirring trouble"},{"Link":"http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/03/2012320101549609686.html","external_links_name":"'Preparing Israel for war,'"},{"Link":"http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/opinion/israel-s-economy-will-pay-heavy-price-for-iron-dome-1.420312","external_links_name":"Israel's economy will pay heavy price for Iron Dome"},{"Link":"http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/opinion/when-the-missiles-rain-on-tel-aviv-1.418749","external_links_name":"When the missiles rain on Tel Aviv"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redberry_Lake_(Saskatchewan) | Redberry Lake (Saskatchewan) | ["1 Lake levels and salinity","2 Redberry Lake IBA","3 Redberry Lake Regional Park","4 See also","5 References"] | Coordinates: 52°42′N 107°10′W / 52.700°N 107.167°W / 52.700; -107.167Salt lake in Saskatchewan, Canada
Redberry LakeRedberry LakeRedberry LakeLocation in SaskatchewanShow map of SaskatchewanRedberry LakeRedberry Lake (Canada)Show map of CanadaLocationRM of Redberry No. 435, SaskatchewanCoordinates52°42′N 107°10′W / 52.700°N 107.167°W / 52.700; -107.167TypeSalt lakePrimary inflowsMarshy Creek, natural springsPrimary outflowsNoneBasin countriesCanadaMax. length9.7 km (6.0 mi)Max. width9.7 km (6.0 mi)Surface area5,169 ha (12,770 acres)Average depth+/- 11 m (36 ft)Max. depth18 m (59 ft)Shore length153 km (33 mi)Surface elevation507 m (1,663 ft)IslandsGramiak IslandPelican IslandGull IslandOld Tern IslandNew Tern IslandSettlementsNone1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure.
Redberry Lake is a kettle salt lake near Hafford in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. Named after the buffaloberry, it is a medium-sized saline lake within an area characterized by mostly fresh water aquatic environments. The lake makes up the core protected area of the Redberry Lake (UNESCO) Biosphere Reserve and is a federal bird sanctuary of the same name. It is also an Important Bird Area (IBA) of Canada and its northern most island is the location of the provincial Redberry Wildlife Refuge (52°42′00″N 107°12′02″W / 52.7001°N 107.2006°W / 52.7001; -107.2006). A small regional park is situated at the north-west corner of the lake. The countryside surrounding Redberry Lake is typical of the aspen parkland biome of which it is a part.
Over the past several decades, Redberry Lake water levels have been declining and the salt concentrations increasing. With the declining levels, the shoreline length has been decreasing and the size of the islands in the lake have been increasing. In 1957, a new island — New Tern Island — appeared. In the 1940s, the salt content was low enough that there was a thriving commercial whitefish industry at the lake.
Lake levels and salinity
Redberry Lake water levels have been steadily declining and getting saltier over the past several decades. In 1974, the surface of the lake had an elevation of 515 m (1,690 ft) and an area of 53.42 km2 (20.63 sq mi). That compares to 507 m (1,663 ft) and 51.69 km2 (19.96 sq mi) in the mid-2020s. In 1926, the salt concentration was 12g/L and by 1988 that had doubled to 24g/L. The increase was attributed to "declining lake depth during drought". Magnesium, sodium, and sulphate make up most of the salt in Redberry Lake.
In 1940–41 with the salt content at only 15g/L, Donald Rawson from the University of Saskatchewan's biology department stocked Redberry Lake with whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis). The fish thrived and in 1946 a commercial fishery was established. By 1981, though, the salt content had reached 20g/L and the fish could not survive, thus ending the fishery.
Redberry Lake IBA
The Redberry Lake (SK 005) Important Bird Area (IBA) of Canada encompasses the entire lake and much of the surrounding shoreline. The lake and its islands are important nesting areas for birds such as American white pelicans, piping plovers, and whooping cranes. The total area protected is 136.17 square kilometres (52.58 sq mi).
Redberry Lake Regional Park
Redberry Lake Regional Park (52°42′43″N 107°13′01″W / 52.7120°N 107.217°W / 52.7120; -107.217), which was founded in 1969, offers camping, golfing, swimming, hiking, boating, and many bird watching opportunities. Although there are no sport fish in the lake itself, the park has installed a small earthen dam on a creek which flows into the lake, creating a freshwater trout pond. The golf course, built in 1971, is a 9-hole, par 35 course. It has sand greens and is 2,304 yards.
Access to the park and its amenities is from Highway 40.
See also
List of lakes of Saskatchewan
List of protected areas of Saskatchewan
References
^ "Redberry Lake". Canadian Geographical Names Database. Government of Canada. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
^ "Redberry Wildlife Refuge". Canadian Geographical Names Database. Government of Canada. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
^ "Redberry Lake Biosphere Region". Redberry Lake. Redberry Lake. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
^ "Redberry Lake Fishing Map". GPS Nautical Charts. Bist LLC. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
^ "Redberry Lake". Angler's Atlas. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
^ Siemens, Matthew. "Redberry Lake". Sask Lakes. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
^ Hammer, U. Theodore. "Rawson, Donald Strathearn (1905-61)". ESask. University of Regina. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
^ Hammer, U. Theodore. "Redberry Lake". ESask. University of Regina. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
^ "Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas". Nature Saskatchewan. Nature Saskatchewan. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
^ "Redberry Lake". IBA Canada. Birds Canada. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
^ "Redberry Lake Regional Park Lake". Canadian Geographical Names Database. Government of Canada. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
^ "Redberry Lake". Regional Parks of Saskatchewan. Saskatchewan Regional Parks. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
^ "Redberry Lake Regional Park". BRMB Maps. Mussio Ventures Ltd. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
^ "Redberry Lake Regional Park Golf Course". GolfPass. GolfPass. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
^ "Redberry Lake Regional Park". Tourism Saskatchewan. Government of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
vteList of lakes of Canada (by province or territory)Provinces
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Manitoba
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Category
Canada portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"kettle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kettle_(landform)"},{"link_name":"salt lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_lake"},{"link_name":"Hafford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafford"},{"link_name":"Canadian province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"buffaloberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepherdia"},{"link_name":"saline lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_lake"},{"link_name":"fresh water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_water"},{"link_name":"Redberry Lake (UNESCO) Biosphere Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redberry_Lake_Biosphere_Reserve"},{"link_name":"bird sanctuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Migratory_Bird_Sanctuaries_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Important Bird Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Important_Bird_Area"},{"link_name":"Wildlife Refuge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Saskatchewan#Wildlife_refuges"},{"link_name":"52°42′00″N 107°12′02″W / 52.7001°N 107.2006°W / 52.7001; -107.2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Redberry_Lake_(Saskatchewan)¶ms=52.7001_N_107.2006_W_"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"regional park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Saskatchewan#Regional_parks"},{"link_name":"aspen parkland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspen_parkland"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"whitefish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_whitefish"}],"text":"Salt lake in Saskatchewan, CanadaRedberry Lake[1] is a kettle salt lake near Hafford in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. Named after the buffaloberry, it is a medium-sized saline lake within an area characterized by mostly fresh water aquatic environments. The lake makes up the core protected area of the Redberry Lake (UNESCO) Biosphere Reserve and is a federal bird sanctuary of the same name. It is also an Important Bird Area (IBA) of Canada and its northern most island is the location of the provincial Redberry Wildlife Refuge (52°42′00″N 107°12′02″W / 52.7001°N 107.2006°W / 52.7001; -107.2006).[2] A small regional park is situated at the north-west corner of the lake. The countryside surrounding Redberry Lake is typical of the aspen parkland biome of which it is a part.[3][4][5]Over the past several decades, Redberry Lake water levels have been declining and the salt concentrations increasing. With the declining levels, the shoreline length has been decreasing and the size of the islands in the lake have been increasing. In 1957, a new island — New Tern Island — appeared. In the 1940s, the salt content was low enough that there was a thriving commercial whitefish industry at the lake.","title":"Redberry Lake (Saskatchewan)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litre"},{"link_name":"Magnesium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium"},{"link_name":"sodium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium"},{"link_name":"sulphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfate"},{"link_name":"Donald Rawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Strathearn_Rawson"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"University of Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"stocked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_stocking"},{"link_name":"whitefish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_whitefish"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Redberry Lake water levels have been steadily declining and getting saltier over the past several decades. In 1974, the surface of the lake had an elevation of 515 m (1,690 ft) and an area of 53.42 km2 (20.63 sq mi). That compares to 507 m (1,663 ft) and 51.69 km2 (19.96 sq mi)[6] in the mid-2020s. In 1926, the salt concentration was 12g/L and by 1988 that had doubled to 24g/L. The increase was attributed to \"declining lake depth during drought\". Magnesium, sodium, and sulphate make up most of the salt in Redberry Lake.In 1940–41 with the salt content at only 15g/L, Donald Rawson[7] from the University of Saskatchewan's biology department stocked Redberry Lake with whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis). The fish thrived and in 1946 a commercial fishery was established. By 1981, though, the salt content had reached 20g/L and the fish could not survive, thus ending the fishery.[8]","title":"Lake levels and salinity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"American white pelicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_white_pelican"},{"link_name":"piping plovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piping_plover"},{"link_name":"whooping cranes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whooping_crane"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The Redberry Lake (SK 005) Important Bird Area (IBA) of Canada[9] encompasses the entire lake and much of the surrounding shoreline. The lake and its islands are important nesting areas for birds such as American white pelicans, piping plovers, and whooping cranes. The total area protected is 136.17 square kilometres (52.58 sq mi).[10]","title":"Redberry Lake IBA"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"52°42′43″N 107°13′01″W / 52.7120°N 107.217°W / 52.7120; -107.217","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Redberry_Lake_(Saskatchewan)¶ms=52.712_N_107.217_W_"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"bird watching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_watching"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Highway 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan_Highway_40"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Redberry Lake Regional Park (52°42′43″N 107°13′01″W / 52.7120°N 107.217°W / 52.7120; -107.217),[11] which was founded in 1969, offers camping, golfing, swimming, hiking, boating, and many bird watching opportunities. Although there are no sport fish in the lake itself, the park has installed a small earthen dam on a creek which flows into the lake, creating a freshwater trout pond.[12][13] The golf course, built in 1971, is a 9-hole, par 35 course. It has sand greens and is 2,304 yards.[14]Access to the park and its amenities is from Highway 40.[15]","title":"Redberry Lake Regional Park"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of lakes of Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Saskatchewan"},{"title":"List of protected areas of Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Saskatchewan"}] | [{"reference":"\"Redberry Lake\". Canadian Geographical Names Database. Government of Canada. Retrieved 1 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://toponymes.rncan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique/HATQE","url_text":"\"Redberry Lake\""}]},{"reference":"\"Redberry Wildlife Refuge\". Canadian Geographical Names Database. Government of Canada. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel_(disambiguation) | Handel (disambiguation) | ["1 Places","2 Business","3 Other uses","4 See also"] | Look up Handel, handel, or Händel in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
George Frideric Handel (1685–1759) was a German/British Baroque composer.
Handel may also refer to:
Places
Handel Ice Piedmont, Alexander Island, Antarctica
Handel, Saskatchewan, a village in Canada
Handel, Netherlands, a village in Gemert-Bakel, the Netherlands
3826 Handel, a small main-belt asteroid
Handel (crater), a crater on Mercury
Business
Handel Architects, a firm founded in New York in 1994
Handel's Homemade Ice Cream & Yogurt, an ice cream parlor franchise
Swedish Commercial Employees' Union or Handels
Other uses
Handel (name)
HANDEL, the UK's National Attack Warning System in the Cold War
Handel Medallion, an award presented by the City of New York
Handel Prize, an award presented by Halle, Germany
Sir Handel, a character from Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends
Pip, the protagonist of Dickens' novel Great Expectations, called "Handel" by another character
See also
Ida Haendel (1928–2020), Polish-British violinist
Handel-C, a programming language
Handle (disambiguation)
Handler (disambiguation)
Hendel
Hendl
Topics referred to by the same term
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Handel.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Handel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Handel"},{"link_name":"handel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/handel"},{"link_name":"Händel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/H%C3%A4ndel"},{"link_name":"George Frideric Handel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel"}],"text":"Look up Handel, handel, or Händel in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.George Frideric Handel (1685–1759) was a German/British Baroque composer.Handel may also refer to:","title":"Handel (disambiguation)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Handel Ice Piedmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel_Ice_Piedmont"},{"link_name":"Handel, Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel,_Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"Handel, Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Handel,_Netherlands&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gemert-Bakel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemert-Bakel"},{"link_name":"3826 Handel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3826_Handel"},{"link_name":"Handel (crater)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel_(crater)"}],"text":"Handel Ice Piedmont, Alexander Island, Antarctica\nHandel, Saskatchewan, a village in Canada\nHandel, Netherlands, a village in Gemert-Bakel, the Netherlands\n3826 Handel, a small main-belt asteroid\nHandel (crater), a crater on Mercury","title":"Places"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Handel Architects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel_Architects"},{"link_name":"Handel's Homemade Ice Cream & Yogurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel%27s_Homemade_Ice_Cream_%26_Yogurt"},{"link_name":"Swedish Commercial Employees' Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Commercial_Employees%27_Union"}],"text":"Handel Architects, a firm founded in New York in 1994\nHandel's Homemade Ice Cream & Yogurt, an ice cream parlor franchise\nSwedish Commercial Employees' Union or Handels","title":"Business"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Handel (name)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel_(name)"},{"link_name":"HANDEL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HANDEL"},{"link_name":"Handel Medallion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel_Medallion"},{"link_name":"Handel Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel_Prize"},{"link_name":"Sir Handel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Handel"},{"link_name":"Great Expectations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Expectations"}],"text":"Handel (name)\nHANDEL, the UK's National Attack Warning System in the Cold War\nHandel Medallion, an award presented by the City of New York\nHandel Prize, an award presented by Halle, Germany\nSir Handel, a character from Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends\nPip, the protagonist of Dickens' novel Great Expectations, called \"Handel\" by another character","title":"Other uses"}] | [] | [{"title":"Ida Haendel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Haendel"},{"title":"Handel-C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel-C"},{"title":"Handle (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handle_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Handler (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handler_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Hendel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendel"},{"title":"Hendl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendl"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Handel_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Handel_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vic_Dana | Vic Dana | ["1 Biography","2 Personal life","3 Discography","3.1 Albums","3.2 Singles","4 References","5 External links"] | This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Vic Dana" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Vic DanaVic Dana in 1966Background informationBirth nameSamuel MendolaBorn (1942-08-26) August 26, 1942 (age 81)Buffalo, New York, U.S.GenresTraditional popOccupation(s)Singer, dancer, actorLabelsDolton, Liberty, SunsetMusical artist
Samuel Mendola (born August 26, 1942, Buffalo, New York, United States), known professionally as Vic Dana, is an American singer, dancer and actor.
Biography
Discovered by Sammy Davis Jr., Dana was an excellent male dancer, particularly in tap, and was encouraged by Davis to move to Los Angeles to further his career. With the decline of dancing as a form of entertainment, Dana began a singing career. He is best known for his 1965 Billboard Top Ten hit recording of the Sid Tepper and Roy C. Bennett song "Red Roses for a Blue Lady". His album of the same title made it into the Top 20. Preceding this success as a solo artist, Dana was the lead singer of The Fleetwoods (for live performances only), replacing original vocalist Gary Troxel when Troxel went into the U.S. Navy.
Other hit recordings on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the 1960s: "Little Altar Boy", "I Will", "More", "Shangri-La", "I Love You Drops", and "If I Never Knew Your Name". "I Love You Drops" was written and recorded by country singer Bill Anderson, and was popular enough to be recorded by others including Don Cherry and Teresa Brewer. He also scored a chart record in 1970 with Neil Diamond's "Red Red Wine", years before it was turned into a UK number one hit by UB40. His last nationally charted record was Larry Weiss' "Lay Me Down (Roll Me Out To Sea)" on the Casino label, which hit the top 20 on Billboard's Adult Contemporary survey.
Six Dana songs reached the Music Vendor (later Record World) chart without appearing in the Billboard chart.
Dana had a brief foray as an actor on three TV appearances, first in 1965 on the series Burke's Law in the episode "Who Killed Wimbledon Hastings?" as Forrest Shea, and then in 1966 on the WWII drama Combat! in the episode "Ask Me No Questions" as Pvt. James. He also appeared in the 1968 television movie Shadow Over Elveron as Tino.
Personal life
Dana has three children, Steven, Jason and Justin. Dana retired from the entertainment industry and now resides in Paducah, Kentucky.
Vic was married to Kelly Dana, formerly Kelly Riley. Kelly and Vic were married for 21 years before Kelly died suddenly in 2021.
Discography
Albums
This Is Vic Dana (1962)
Warm & Wild (1962)
More (1963)
Shangri-La (1964)
Vic Dana Now! (1964)
Red Roses for a Blue Lady (1965)
Moonlight and Roses (1965)
Crystal Chandelier (1966)
Viva! Vic Dana (1966)
Town & Country (1966)
Golden Greats (1966)
Warm & Wonderful (1966)
Little Altar Boy and Other Christmas Songs (1966)
Foreign Affairs (1967)
On the Country Side (1967)
If I Never Knew Your Name (1970)
Singles
Year
Single (A-side, B-side)Both sides from same album except where indicated
Chart positions
Album
US BB
US CB
USAC
CA
CAAC
AU
1961
"The Girl of My Dreams"b/w "Someone New" (from This Is Vic Dana)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Non-album tracks
"Golden Boy"b/w "The Story Behind My Tears"
-
-
-
-
-
-
"Little Altar Boy" /
45
42
-
-
-
-
This Is Vic Dana
"Hello, Roommate"
-
-
-
-
-
48
Non-album track
1962
"I Will"b/w "Proud" (Non-album track)
47
42
12
-
-
31
More
"(A Girl Needs) to Love and Be Loved"b/w "Time Can Change"
-
102
-
-
-
-
Non-album tracks
"A Very Good Year for Girls"b/w "Looking for Me"
-
-
-
-
-
40
1963
"Danger"b/w "Heart, Hand and Teardrop"
96
76
-
-
-
39
"More"b/w "That's Why I'm Sorry"
42
18
10
-
-
-
More
"The Prisoner's Song"b/w "A Voice in the Wind"
-
143
-
-
-
-
Non-album tracks
"Close Your Eyes"b/w "So Wide the Wind"
-
-
-
-
-
-
1964
"Shangri-La"b/w "Warm and Tender" (Non-album track)
27
9
8
-
-
18
Shangri-La
"Love Is All We Need"b/w "I Need You Now" (Non-album track)
53
63
7
-
-
-
Golden Greats
"Garden in the Rain"b/w "Stairway to the Stars" (from Shangri-La)
97
90
13
-
-
-
"Frenchy"b/w "It Was Night (Foi A Noite)"
-
129
-
-
-
-
Vic Dana Now!
1965
"Red Roses for a Blue Lady"b/w "Blue Ribbons (For Her Curls)" (Non-album track)
10
11
2
-
-
8
Red Roses for a Blue Lady
"Bring a Little Sunshine (To My Heart)"b/w "That's All" (from Warm & Wonderful)
66
64
20
-
-
91
Golden Greats
"Moonlight and Roses (Bring Memories of You)"b/w "What'll I Do"
51
54
5
-
-
-
Moonlight and Roses
"Crystal Chandelier"b/w "What Now My Love (Et Maintenant)" (from Viva)
51
53
14
19
14
34
Crystal Chandelier
1966
"Lovey Kravezit"b/w "Hello Roommate" (from On the Country Side)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Non-album tracks
"I Love You Drops"b/w "Sunny Skies"
30
42
20
28
-
40
Town & Country
"A Million and One"b/w "My Baby Wouldn't Leave Me" (from Town & Country)
71
69
24
-
-
88
Non-album tracks
"Distant Drums"b/w "Love Me with All Your Heart" (from Viva)
114
92
33
-
-
-
On the Country Side
"Grown Up Games"b/w "So What's New?"
-
127
-
-
-
-
Non-album tracks
1967
"A Lifetime Lovin' You"b/w "Guess Who, You"
-
-
-
-
-
-
"Fraulein"b/w "A Little Bit Later on Down the Line"
-
138
-
-
-
-
On the Country Side
1968
"Little Arrows"
b/w "Roses Are Red"
Non-album tracks
1969
"You Are My Destiny"b/w "Where Has All the Love Gone"
-
133
-
-
-
-
Non-album tracks
"Look of Leavin'"b/w "Loneliness (Is Messin' Up My Mind)"
-
-
-
-
-
-
"I Tried To Love You Today"b/w "Aren't We The Lucky Ones"
-
-
-
-
-
-
1970
"If I Never Knew Your Name"b/w "Sad Day Song"
47
39
14
43
5
-
If I Never Knew Your Name
"Red Red Wine"b/w "Another Dream Shot Down"
72
94
30
-
-
-
"You Gave Me a Reason (To Believe)"b/w "It Won't Hurt to Try It"
-
-
-
-
-
-
Non-album tracks
1971
"Angel She Was Love"b/w "If You Think I Love You Now (I've Just Started)"
-
-
-
-
-
-
"The Love in Your Eyes"b/w "Child of Mine"
-
-
-
-
-
-
1975
"Memories Can't Make Love to Me"b/w "Best I Ever Had"
-
-
-
-
-
-
1976
"Lay Me Down (Roll Me Out to Sea)"b/w "You Never Really Know"
-
-
14
-
-
-
References
^ "Danger by Vic Dana - 1963 Hit Song". Vancouversignaturesounds.com. December 20, 2018. Retrieved August 22, 2021.
^ a b c d e f Colin Larkin, ed. (1992). The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music (First ed.). Guinness Publishing. p. 621. ISBN 0-85112-939-0.
^ "Danger by Vic Dana – Vancouver Pop Music Signature Sounds Vancouver Pop Music Signature Sounds". Vancouversignaturesounds.com. Retrieved March 6, 2020.
^ a b "Vic Dana | Biography & History". AllMusic. Retrieved August 22, 2021.
^ "Kelly Dana Obituary". Vancouversignaturesounds.com. Retrieved March 6, 2020.
External links
Vic Dana discography at Discogs
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
Netherlands
Poland
Artists
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Buffalo, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LarkinGE-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Musical artistSamuel Mendola[1] (born August 26, 1942, Buffalo, New York, United States),[2] known professionally as Vic Dana, is an American singer, dancer and actor.[3]","title":"Vic Dana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sammy Davis Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Davis_Jr."},{"link_name":"tap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tap_dance"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LarkinGE-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LarkinGE-2"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_magazine"},{"link_name":"Top Ten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_chart"},{"link_name":"hit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chart-topper"},{"link_name":"recording","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction"},{"link_name":"Sid Tepper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid_Tepper"},{"link_name":"Roy C. 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Bennett song \"Red Roses for a Blue Lady\".[2] His album of the same title made it into the Top 20.[2] Preceding this success as a solo artist, Dana was the lead singer of The Fleetwoods (for live performances only), replacing original vocalist Gary Troxel when Troxel went into the U.S. Navy.[4]Other hit recordings on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the 1960s: \"Little Altar Boy\", \"I Will\", \"More\", \"Shangri-La\", \"I Love You Drops\", and \"If I Never Knew Your Name\".[2] \"I Love You Drops\" was written and recorded by country singer Bill Anderson, and was popular enough to be recorded by others including Don Cherry and Teresa Brewer. He also scored a chart record in 1970 with Neil Diamond's \"Red Red Wine\", years before it was turned into a UK number one hit by UB40. 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Dana retired from the entertainment industry and now resides in Paducah, Kentucky.\nVic was married to Kelly Dana, formerly Kelly Riley. Kelly and Vic were married for 21 years before Kelly died suddenly in 2021.[5]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Albums","text":"This Is Vic Dana (1962)\nWarm & Wild (1962)\nMore (1963)\nShangri-La (1964)\nVic Dana Now! (1964)\nRed Roses for a Blue Lady (1965)\nMoonlight and Roses (1965)\nCrystal Chandelier (1966)\nViva! Vic Dana (1966)\nTown & Country (1966)\nGolden Greats (1966)\nWarm & Wonderful (1966)\nLittle Altar Boy and Other Christmas Songs (1966)\nForeign Affairs (1967)\nOn the Country Side (1967)\nIf I Never Knew Your Name (1970)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Discography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Danger by Vic Dana - 1963 Hit Song\". Vancouversignaturesounds.com. December 20, 2018. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litopterna | Litopterna | ["1 Diversity","2 Ecology","3 Evolutionary history","4 Classification","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"] | Extinct order of hoofed mammals
LitopternaTemporal range: Paleocene–Holocene
PreꞒ
Ꞓ
O
S
D
C
P
T
J
K
Pg
N
Skeleton of Macrauchenia (Macraucheniidae)
Skeleton of Diadiaphorus (Proterotheriidae)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Clade:
Panperissodactyla
Order:
†LitopternaAmeghino 1889
Subgroups
†Didolodontidae?
†Notonychopidae
†Protolipternidae
†Sparnotheriodontidae
†Indaleciidae
†Lopholipterna
†Proterotherioidea
†Proterotheriidae
†Macrauchenioidea
†Adianthidae
†Macraucheniidae
Litopterna (from Ancient Greek: λῑτή πτέρνα "smooth heel") is an extinct order of South American native ungulates that lived from the Paleocene to the end of the Pleistocene-early Holocene around 63 million-12,000 years ago, and were also present in Antarctica during the Eocene. They represent the second most diverse group of South American ungulates after Notoungulata. It is divided into nine families, with Proterotheriidae and Macraucheniidae being the most diverse and last surviving families.
Diversity
Skeleton of Theosodon (Macraucheniidae)
Historic life restoration of Thoatherium (Proterotheriidae)
The body forms of many litopterns, notably in the limb and skull structure, are broadly similar to those of living ungulates, unlike other South American native ungulate groups, which are often strongly divergent from living ungulates. Paleocene and Eocene litopterns generally had small body masses, with Protolipterna (Protolipternidae) estimated to have had a body mass of 0.5–1.5 kilograms (1.1–3.3 lb), though the Eocene sparnotheriodontids were considerably larger, with estimated body masses of around 400 kilograms (880 lb). Most proterotheriids had body masses of around 15 to 80 kilograms (33 to 176 lb) while many macraucheniids had body masses of around 80–120 kilograms (180–260 lb). Some of the last macraucheniids like Macrauchenia were considerably larger, with body masses around a ton. Adianthidae generally had small body masses, with members of the genus Adianthus estimated to weigh 7.4–20 kilograms (16–44 lb). Members of the proterotheriid subfamily Megadolodinae are noted for having bunodont (rounded cusp) molar teeth, which is largely unique to litopterns among South American native ungulates. Litopterns of the mid-late Cenozoic had hinge-like limb joints and hooves similar to those of modern ungulates, with the weight being supported on three toes in macraucheniids and one in proterotheriids, with the protherotheriid Thoatherium developing greater toe reduction than that present in living horses. Macraucheniids had long necks and limbs. Members of the macraucheniid subfamily Macraucheniinae saw the progressive migration of the nasal opening to the top of the skull, which was often historically suggested to indicate the presence of a trunk, though other authors have suggested that a moose-like prehensile lip is more likely.
Ecology
Litopterns were likely hindgut fermenters. At least some macraucheniids like Macrauchenia are suggested to have been mixed feeders feeding on both browse and grass. Sparnotheriodontids are suggested to have been browsers. Some proterotheriids are suggested to have been browsers, while some members proterotheriid subfamily Megadolodinae like Megadolodus have been suggested to have been omnivorous with at least part of their diet consisting of hard fruit.
Evolutionary history
Litopterna, like other "South American native ungulates" is thought to have originated from groups of archaic "condylarths" that migrated from North America. Sequencing of the collagen proteome and mitochondrial genome of Macrauchenia has revealed that litopterns are true ungulates, sharing a common ancestor with Notoungulata, and with their closest living relatives being Perissodactyla (the group containing living equines, rhinoceros and tapirs) as part of the clade Panperissodactyla, with the split from Perissodactyla being estimated at around 66 million years ago. The relationship of Litopterna to other South American native ungulate groups is uncertain, though it may be closely related to the "condylarth" group Didolodontidae. The earliest litopterns appeared during the early Paleocene, around 63 million years ago.
Aside from South America, sparnotheriodontids are also known from the Eocene aged La Meseta Formation in the Antarctic Peninsula, representing the only record of litopterns on the Antarctic continent. Litopterns declined during the Pliocene and Pleistocene, likely as a result of climatic change and competition with recently immigrated North American ungulates who arrived as part of the Great American interchange, following the connection of the previously isolated North and South America via the Isthmus of Panama. Macrauchenia, Macraucheniopsis, Xenorhinotherium (Macraucheniidae) and Neolicaphrium (Proterotheriidae) were the last surviving genera of litopterns. All four became extinct at the end of the Late Pleistocene around 12,000 years ago as part of the Quaternary extinction event, along with most other large mammals in the Americas, co-inciding with the arrival of the first humans to the continent. It is possible that hunting had a causal role in their extinction.
Classification
This section relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Litopterna" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2022)
Order Litopterna
Proacrodon
Family Protolipternidae
Asmithwoodwardia
Miguelsoria
Protolipterna
Family Indaleciidae
Adiantoides
Indalecia
Family Sparnotheriodontidae
Phoradiadius
Notiolofos
Sparnotheriodon
Victorlemoinea
Family Amilnedwardsiidae
Amilnedwardsia
Ernestohaeckelia
Rutimeyeria
Family Notonychopidae
Notonychops
Requisia
Superfamily Macrauchenioidea
Family Adianthidae
Proectocion
Adianthinae
Adianthus
Proadiantus
Proheptaconus
Thadanius
Tricoelodus
Family Macraucheniidae
Llullataruca
Subfamily Cramaucheniinae
Coniopternium
Caliphrium
Cramauchenia
Phoenixauchenia
Polymorphis
Pternoconius
Theosodon
Subfamily Macraucheniinae
Cullinia
Huayqueriana
Macrauchenia
Macraucheniopsis
Oxyodontherium
Paranauchenia
Promacrauchenia
Scalabrinitherium
Windhausenia
Xenorhinotherium
Superfamily Proterotherioidea
Family Proterotheriidae
References
^ a b c d e f g h Croft, Darin A.; Gelfo, Javier N.; López, Guillermo M. (2020-05-30). "Splendid Innovation: The Extinct South American Native Ungulates". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 48 (1): 259–290. Bibcode:2020AREPS..48..259C. doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-072619-060126. ISSN 0084-6597. S2CID 213737574.
^ a b c Carrillo, Juan D.; Suarez, Catalina; Benites-Palomino, Aldo Marcelo; Vanegas, Andrés; Link, Andrés; Rincón, Aldo F.; Luque, Javier; Cooke, Siobhán B.; Tallman, Melissa; Billet, Guillaume (2023-08-31). "New remains of Neotropical bunodont litopterns and the systematics of Megadolodinae (Mammalia: Litopterna)". Geodiversitas. 45 (15). doi:10.5252/geodiversitas2023v45a15. ISSN 1280-9659. S2CID 261638835.
^ a b Croft, Darin A.; Lorente, Malena (2021-08-17). Smith, Thierry (ed.). "No evidence for parallel evolution of cursorial limb adaptations among Neogene South American native ungulates (SANUs)". PLOS ONE. 16 (8): e0256371. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0256371. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 8370646. PMID 34403434.
^ Schmidt, Gabriela I.; Ferrero, Brenda S. (2014-07-29). "Taxonomic reinterpretation of Theosodon hystatus Cabrera and Kraglievich, 1931 (Litopterna, Macraucheniidae ) and phylogenetic relationships of the family". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (5): 1231–1238. Bibcode:2014JVPal..34.1231S. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.837393. hdl:11336/18953. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 86091386.
^ Forasiepi, Analía M.; MacPhee, Ross D. E.; Del Pino, Santiago Hernández; Schmidt, Gabriela I.; Amson, Eli; Grohé, Camille (2016-06-22). "Exceptional Skull of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From the Late Miocene of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, and Paleobiological Implications". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 404: 1–76. doi:10.1206/0003-0090-404.1.1. ISSN 0003-0090. S2CID 89219979.
^ Moyano, Silvana Rocio; Giannini, Norberto Pedro (November 2018). "Cranial characters associated with the proboscis postnatal-development in Tapirus (Perissodactyla: Tapiridae) and comparisons with other extant and fossil hoofed mammals". Zoologischer Anzeiger. 277: 143–147. doi:10.1016/j.jcz.2018.08.005. hdl:11336/86349. S2CID 92143497.
^ de Oliveira, Karoliny; Asevedo, Lidiane; Calegari, Marcia R.; Gelfo, Javier N.; Mothé, Dimila; Avilla, Leonardo (August 2021). "From oral pathology to feeding ecology: The first dental calculus paleodiet study of a South American native megamammal". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 109: 103281. Bibcode:2021JSAES.10903281D. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103281. S2CID 233678648.
^ Bond, M.; Reguero, M. A.; Vizcaíno, S. F.; Marenssi, S. A. (January 2006). "A new 'South American ungulate' (Mammalia: Litopterna) from the Eocene of the Antarctic Peninsula". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 258 (1): 163–176. doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2006.258.01.12. ISSN 0305-8719.
^ Morosi, Elizabeth; Ubilla, Martin (2019-02-07). "Dietary and palaeoenvironmental inferences in Neolicaphrium recens Frenguelli, 1921 (Litopterna, Proterotheriidae) using carbon and oxygen stable isotopes (Late Pleistocene; Uruguay)". Historical Biology. 31 (2): 196–202. doi:10.1080/08912963.2017.1355914. ISSN 0891-2963. S2CID 133673644.
^ Welker, Frido; Collins, Matthew J.; Thomas, Jessica A.; Wadsley, Marc; Brace, Selina; Cappellini, Enrico; Turvey, Samuel T.; Reguero, Marcelo; Gelfo, Javier N. (March 18, 2015). "Ancient proteins resolve the evolutionary history of Darwin/'s South American ungulates". Nature. 522 (7554): 81–84. Bibcode:2015Natur.522...81W. doi:10.1038/nature14249. hdl:11336/14769. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 25799987. S2CID 4467386.
^ Westbury, Michael; Baleka, Sina; Barlow, Axel; Hartmann, Stefanie; Paijmans, Johanna L.A.; Kramarz, Alejandro; Forasiepi, Analía M; Bond, Mariano; Gelfo, Javier N.; Reguero, Marcelo A.; López-Mendoza, Patricio; Taglioretti, Matias; Scaglia, Fernando; Rinderknecht, Andrés; Jones, Washington (2017-06-27). "A mitogenomic timetree for Darwin's enigmatic South American mammal Macrauchenia patachonica". Nature Communications. 8 (1): 15951. Bibcode:2017NatCo...815951W. doi:10.1038/ncomms15951. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5490259. PMID 28654082.
^ Webb, S. D. (1976). "Mammalian Faunal Dynamics of the Great American Interchange". Paleobiology. 2 (3): 220–234. Bibcode:1976Pbio....2..220W. doi:10.1017/S0094837300004802. JSTOR 2400220. S2CID 251050063.
^ Marshall, L. G.; Cifelli, R. L. (1990). "Analysis of changing diversity patterns in Cenozoic land mammal age faunas, South America". Palaeovertebrata. 19: 169–210. Retrieved 2018-10-08.
^ Webb, S. D. (1991). "Ecogeography and the Great American Interchange". Paleobiology. 17 (3): 266–280. Bibcode:1991Pbio...17..266W. doi:10.1017/S0094837300010605. JSTOR 2400869. S2CID 88305955.
^ "PBDB". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 2022-04-29.
Further reading
McKenna, Malcolm C; Bell, Susane K (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11013-6.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Litopterna.
An artist's rendition of a Macrauchenia, a representative genus of the Litopterna. Retrieved from the Red Académica Uruguaya megafauna page
vteGenera of South American native ungulates
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Superorder: Laurasiatheria
Xenungulata, Pyrotheria, Astrapotheria, and other minor groups†Kollpaniidae?
Andinodus
Molinodus
Pucanodus
Simoclaenus
Tiuclaenus
†Didolodontidae
Didolodus
Enneoconus
Ernestokokenia
Escribania?
Lamegoia
Paulogervaisia
Raulvaccia
Ricardocifellia
Saltaodus
Umayodus
†Xenungulata†Carodniidae
Carodnia
Etayoa
Notoetayoa
Rodcania
†Pyrotheria†Colombitheriidae
Colombitherium
Proticia
†Pyrotheriidae
Baguatherium
Berracotherium
Carolozittelia
Griphodon
Propyrotherium
Pyrotherium
†Astrapotheria
Eoastrapostylops
†Trigonostylopidae
Shecenia
Tetragonostylops
Trigonostylops
†Astrapotheriidae
Antarctodon
Astrapodon
Comahuetherium
Liarthrus
Maddenia
Parastrapotherium
†Albertogaudryinae
Albertogaudrya
Astraponotus
†Astrapotheriinae
Astrapothericulus
Astrapotherium
Scaglia
†Uruguaytheriinae
Granastrapotherium
Hilarcotherium
Uruguaytherium
Xenastrapotherium
Litopterna†Litopterna†Protolipternidae
Asmithwoodwardia
Miguelsoria
Protolipterna
†Amilnedwardsiidae
Amilnedwardsia
Ernestohaeckelia
Rutimeyeria
†Sparnotheriodontidae
Notiolofos
Phoradiadius
Sparnotheriodon
Victorlemoinea
†Indaleciidae
Adiantoides
Indalecia
†Notonychopidae
Notonychops
Requisia
†Lopholipterna†Adianthidae
Adianthus
Proadiantus
Proectocion?
Proheptaconus
Thadanius
Tricoelodus
†Macraucheniidae
Polymorphis
†Cramaucheniinae
Caliphrium
Coniopternium
Cramauchenia
Llullataruca
Phoenixauchenia
Pternoconius
Theosodon
†Macraucheniinae
Cullinia
Huayqueriana
Macrauchenia
Macraucheniopsis
Micrauchenia
Oxyodontherium
Paranauchenia
Promacrauchenia
Scalabrinitherium
Windhausenia
Xenorhinotherium
†Proterotheriidae
Mesolicaphrium
Neodolodus
Olisanophus
Promylophis
Pseudobrachytherium
†Anisolambdinae
Anisolambda
Eolicaphrium
Guilielmofloweria
Heteroglyphis
Lambdaconops
Paranisolambda
Protheosodon
†Proterotheriinae
Anisolophus
Brachytherium
Diadiaphorus
Diplasiotherium
Eoauchenia
Epecuenia
Epitherium
Lambdaconus
Neobrachytherium
Neolicaphrium
Paramacrauchenia
Picturotherium
Prolicaphrium
Proterotherium
Tetramerorhinus
Thoatheriopsis
Thoatherium
Uruguayodon
Villarroelia
†Megadolodinae
Bounodus
Megadolodus
Uncertain placement
Kyraodus
Proacrodon
Salladolodus
Xesmodon
Wainka
Notoungulataincertae sedis
Acoelodus
Archaeogaia
Carolodarwinia
Perutherium
†Notioprogonia
Satshatemnus
Seudenius
†Henricosborniidae
Henricosbornia
Nanolophodon
Othnielmarshia
Peripantostylops
Simpsonotus
†Notostylopidae
Boreastylops
Chilestylops
Edvardotrouessartia
Homalostylops
Notostylops
Otrhonia
Parastylops
†Toxodontia†Homalodotheriidae
Asmodeus
Chasicotherium
Homalodotherium
Trigonolophodon
†Isotemnidae
Anisotemnus
Coelostylodon
Distylophorus
Hedralophus
Isotemnus
Lophocoelus
Pampatemnus
Periphragnis
Pleurocoelodon
Pleurostylodon
Rhyphodon
Thomashuxleya
†Eutoxodontia†Leontiniidae
Anayatherium
Ancylocoelus
Colpodon
Coquenia
Elmerriggsia
Gualta
Henricofilholia
Huilatherium
Leontinia
Martinmiguelia
Purperia?
Scarrittia
Taubatherium
Termastherium
†Notohippidae
Acoelohyrax
Argyrohippus
Deuterotherium?
Edvardocopeia
Eomorphippus
Eurygenium
Mendozahippus
Moqueguahippus
Morphippus
Nesohippus
Notohippus
Pampahippus
Pascualihippus
Patagonhippus
Perhippidion
Plexotemnus
Puelia
Purperia?
Rhynchippus
Rosendo
Stilhippus
Teushentherium
Trimerostephanos
†Toxodontidae†Nesodontinae
Adinotherium
Nesodon
Proadinotherium
†Toxodontinae
Abothrodon
Andinotoxodon
Calchaquitherium
Ceratoxodon
Charruatoxodon
Dinotoxodon
Eutomodus
Falcontoxodon
Gyrinodon
Haplodontherium
Hemixotodon
Hoffstetterius
Hyperoxotodon
Mesenodon
Mesotoxodon
Minitoxodon
Mixotoxodon
Neoadinotherium
Neotoxodon
Nesodonopsis
Nonotherium
Ocnerotherium
Palyeidodon
Paratrigodon
Pericotoxodon
Piauhytherium
Pisanodon
Plesiotoxodon
Posnanskytherium
Prototrigodon
Stenotephanos
Stereotoxodon
Toxodon
Toxodontherium
Trigodon
Trigodonops
Xotodon
†Typotheria
Campanorco
Griphotherion
†Archaeopithecidae
Archaeopithecus
Teratopithecus
†Oldfieldthomasiidae
Allalmeia
Brachystephanus
Camargomendesia
Colbertia
Dolichostylodon
Itaboraitherium
Kibenikhoria
Maxschlosseria
Oldfieldthomasia
Paginula
Suniodon
Tsamnichoria
Ultrapithecus
Xenostephanus
†Interatheriidae
Antofagastia
Ignigena
Johnbell
Munizia
Punapithecus
†Interatheriinae
Archaeophylus
Argyrohyrax
Boleatherium
Brucemacfaddenia
Caenophilus
Choichephilum
Cochilius
Eopachyrucos
Federicoanaya
Interatherium
Juchuysillu
Miocochilius
Neoicochilus
Patriarchus
Proargyrohyrax
Progaleopithecus
Protypotherium
Santiagorothia
†Notopithecinae
Antepithecus
Guilielmoscottia
Notopithecus
Transpithecus
†Mesotheriidae
Fiandraia?
Trachytherus
†Mesotheriinae
Altitypotherium
Caraguatypotherium
Eotypotherium
Eutypotherium
Hypsitherium
Mesotherium
Microtypotherium
Plesiotypotherium
Pseudotypotherium
Rusconitherium
Typotheriopsis
†Archaeohyracidae
Archaeohyrax
Archaeotypotherium
Bryanpattersonia
Eohyrax
Pascualhyrax
Protarchaeohyrax
Pseudhyrax
Punahyrax
†Hegetotheriidae†Hegetotheriinae
Ethegotherium
Hegetotheriopsis
Hegetotherium
Hemihegetotherium
Prohegetotherium
Pseudohegetotherium
Sallatherium
†Pachyrukhinae
Medistylus
Propachyrucos
Prosotherium
Tremacyllus
†Pachyrukhini
Pachyrukhos
Paedotherium
Tremacyllus
Taxon identifiersLitopterna
Wikidata: Q132153
Wikispecies: Litopterna
EoL: 4471814
IRMNG: 10763
NCBI: 1563124
Open Tree of Life: 5327063
Paleobiology Database: 147593
Paleobiology Database: 43467 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language"},{"link_name":"extinct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction"},{"link_name":"South American native ungulates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_American_native_ungulates"},{"link_name":"Paleocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleocene"},{"link_name":"Pleistocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene"},{"link_name":"Holocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocene"},{"link_name":"Eocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocene"},{"link_name":"Notoungulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notoungulata"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Proterotheriidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proterotheriidae"},{"link_name":"Macraucheniidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macraucheniidae"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"}],"text":"Litopterna (from Ancient Greek: λῑτή πτέρνα \"smooth heel\") is an extinct order of South American native ungulates that lived from the Paleocene to the end of the Pleistocene-early Holocene around 63 million-12,000 years ago, and were also present in Antarctica during the Eocene. They represent the second most diverse group of South American ungulates after Notoungulata.[1] It is divided into nine families, with Proterotheriidae and Macraucheniidae being the most diverse and last surviving families.[2]","title":"Litopterna"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reports_of_the_Princeton_University_Expeditions_to_Patagonia,_1896-1899._J._B._Hatcher_in_charge_(1901)_(14749571352).jpg"},{"link_name":"Theosodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theosodon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thoatheriumknight.jpg"},{"link_name":"Thoatherium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoatherium"},{"link_name":"ungulates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungulate"},{"link_name":"South American native ungulate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_American_native_ungulate"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"Protolipterna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protolipterna"},{"link_name":"Protolipternidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protolipternidae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sparnotheriodontids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparnotheriodontidae"},{"link_name":"Macrauchenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrauchenia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Adianthidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adianthidae"},{"link_name":"Adianthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adianthus"},{"link_name":"bunodont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunodont"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"hooves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoof"},{"link_name":"Thoatherium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoatherium"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"moose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moose"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Skeleton of Theosodon (Macraucheniidae)Historic life restoration of Thoatherium (Proterotheriidae)The body forms of many litopterns, notably in the limb and skull structure, are broadly similar to those of living ungulates, unlike other South American native ungulate groups, which are often strongly divergent from living ungulates.[3] Paleocene and Eocene litopterns generally had small body masses, with Protolipterna (Protolipternidae) estimated to have had a body mass of 0.5–1.5 kilograms (1.1–3.3 lb), though the Eocene sparnotheriodontids were considerably larger, with estimated body masses of around 400 kilograms (880 lb). Most proterotheriids had body masses of around 15 to 80 kilograms (33 to 176 lb) while many macraucheniids had body masses of around 80–120 kilograms (180–260 lb). Some of the last macraucheniids like Macrauchenia were considerably larger, with body masses around a ton.[1] Adianthidae generally had small body masses, with members of the genus Adianthus estimated to weigh 7.4–20 kilograms (16–44 lb). Members of the proterotheriid subfamily Megadolodinae are noted for having bunodont (rounded cusp) molar teeth, which is largely unique to litopterns among South American native ungulates.[2][1] Litopterns of the mid-late Cenozoic had hinge-like limb joints and hooves similar to those of modern ungulates, with the weight being supported on three toes in macraucheniids and one in proterotheriids, with the protherotheriid Thoatherium developing greater toe reduction than that present in living horses.[1] Macraucheniids had long necks and limbs.[4] Members of the macraucheniid subfamily Macraucheniinae saw the progressive migration of the nasal opening to the top of the skull,[5] which was often historically suggested to indicate the presence of a trunk, though other authors have suggested that a moose-like prehensile lip is more likely.[6]","title":"Diversity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hindgut fermenters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindgut_fermenters"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"browsers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Browsing_(herbivory)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Megadolodus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megadolodus"},{"link_name":"omnivorous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnivore"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"}],"text":"Litopterns were likely hindgut fermenters.[3] At least some macraucheniids like Macrauchenia are suggested to have been mixed feeders feeding on both browse and grass.[7] Sparnotheriodontids are suggested to have been browsers.[8] Some proterotheriids are suggested to have been browsers,[9] while some members proterotheriid subfamily Megadolodinae like Megadolodus have been suggested to have been omnivorous with at least part of their diet consisting of hard fruit.[2]","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"condylarths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condylarth"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"collagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagen"},{"link_name":"proteome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteome"},{"link_name":"mitochondrial genome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_genome"},{"link_name":"Notoungulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notoungulata"},{"link_name":"Perissodactyla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perissodactyla"},{"link_name":"equines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equidae"},{"link_name":"rhinoceros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinoceros"},{"link_name":"tapirs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapirs"},{"link_name":"Panperissodactyla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panperissodactyla"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WelkerCollins2015-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Didolodontidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didolodontidae"},{"link_name":"Paleocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleocene"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Eocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocene"},{"link_name":"La Meseta Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Meseta_Formation"},{"link_name":"Pliocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliocene"},{"link_name":"Pleistocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene"},{"link_name":"Great American interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_American_Interchange"},{"link_name":"Isthmus of Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isthmus_of_Panama"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Macraucheniopsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macraucheniopsis"},{"link_name":"Xenorhinotherium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenorhinotherium"},{"link_name":"Neolicaphrium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolicaphrium"},{"link_name":"Late Pleistocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Pleistocene"},{"link_name":"Quaternary extinction event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary_extinction_event"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SDWebb-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marshal1990-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SDWebb2-14"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Litopterna, like other \"South American native ungulates\" is thought to have originated from groups of archaic \"condylarths\" that migrated from North America.[1] Sequencing of the collagen proteome and mitochondrial genome of Macrauchenia has revealed that litopterns are true ungulates, sharing a common ancestor with Notoungulata, and with their closest living relatives being Perissodactyla (the group containing living equines, rhinoceros and tapirs) as part of the clade Panperissodactyla, with the split from Perissodactyla being estimated at around 66 million years ago.[10][11] The relationship of Litopterna to other South American native ungulate groups is uncertain, though it may be closely related to the \"condylarth\" group Didolodontidae. The earliest litopterns appeared during the early Paleocene, around 63 million years ago.[1]Aside from South America, sparnotheriodontids are also known from the Eocene aged La Meseta Formation in the Antarctic Peninsula, representing the only record of litopterns on the Antarctic continent. Litopterns declined during the Pliocene and Pleistocene, likely as a result of climatic change and competition with recently immigrated North American ungulates who arrived as part of the Great American interchange, following the connection of the previously isolated North and South America via the Isthmus of Panama.[1] Macrauchenia, Macraucheniopsis, Xenorhinotherium (Macraucheniidae) and Neolicaphrium (Proterotheriidae) were the last surviving genera of litopterns. All four became extinct at the end of the Late Pleistocene around 12,000 years ago as part of the Quaternary extinction event, along with most other large mammals in the Americas, co-inciding with the arrival of the first humans to the continent. It is possible that hunting had a causal role in their extinction.[12][13][14][1]","title":"Evolutionary history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Proacrodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proacrodon"},{"link_name":"Protolipternidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protolipternidae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Asmithwoodwardia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmithwoodwardia"},{"link_name":"Miguelsoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miguelsoria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Protolipterna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protolipterna"},{"link_name":"Indaleciidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indaleciidae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Adiantoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiantoides"},{"link_name":"Indalecia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indalecia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sparnotheriodontidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparnotheriodontidae"},{"link_name":"Phoradiadius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phoradiadius&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Notiolofos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notiolofos"},{"link_name":"Sparnotheriodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparnotheriodon"},{"link_name":"Victorlemoinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorlemoinea"},{"link_name":"Amilnedwardsiidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amilnedwardsiidae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Amilnedwardsia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amilnedwardsia"},{"link_name":"Ernestohaeckelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernestohaeckelia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rutimeyeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rutimeyeria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Notonychopidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Notonychopidae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Notonychops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notonychops"},{"link_name":"Requisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requisia"},{"link_name":"Macrauchenioidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrauchenioidea"},{"link_name":"Adianthidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adianthidae"},{"link_name":"Proectocion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proectocion"},{"link_name":"Adianthinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adianthinae"},{"link_name":"Adianthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adianthus"},{"link_name":"Proadiantus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proadiantus"},{"link_name":"Proheptaconus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proheptaconus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Thadanius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thadanius"},{"link_name":"Tricoelodus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricoelodus"},{"link_name":"Macraucheniidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macraucheniidae"},{"link_name":"Llullataruca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llullataruca"},{"link_name":"Cramaucheniinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cramaucheniinae"},{"link_name":"Coniopternium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coniopternium&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caliphrium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caliphrium&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cramauchenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cramauchenia"},{"link_name":"Phoenixauchenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenixauchenia"},{"link_name":"Polymorphis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymorphis"},{"link_name":"Pternoconius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pternoconius"},{"link_name":"Theosodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theosodon"},{"link_name":"Subfamily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subfamily"},{"link_name":"Macraucheniinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macraucheniinae"},{"link_name":"Cullinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cullinia"},{"link_name":"Huayqueriana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huayqueriana"},{"link_name":"Macrauchenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrauchenia"},{"link_name":"Macraucheniopsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macraucheniopsis"},{"link_name":"Oxyodontherium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oxyodontherium&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paranauchenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranauchenia"},{"link_name":"Promacrauchenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promacrauchenia"},{"link_name":"Scalabrinitherium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalabrinitherium"},{"link_name":"Windhausenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windhausenia"},{"link_name":"Xenorhinotherium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenorhinotherium"},{"link_name":"Proterotherioidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proterotherioidea"},{"link_name":"Proterotheriidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proterotheriidae"}],"text":"Order Litopterna[15]\nProacrodon\nFamily Protolipternidae\nAsmithwoodwardia\nMiguelsoria\nProtolipterna\nFamily Indaleciidae\nAdiantoides\nIndalecia\nFamily Sparnotheriodontidae\nPhoradiadius\nNotiolofos\nSparnotheriodon\nVictorlemoinea\nFamily Amilnedwardsiidae\nAmilnedwardsia\nErnestohaeckelia\nRutimeyeria\nFamily Notonychopidae\nNotonychops\nRequisia\nSuperfamily Macrauchenioidea\nFamily Adianthidae\nProectocion\nAdianthinae\nAdianthus\nProadiantus\nProheptaconus\nThadanius\nTricoelodus\nFamily Macraucheniidae\nLlullataruca\nSubfamily Cramaucheniinae\nConiopternium\nCaliphrium\nCramauchenia\nPhoenixauchenia\nPolymorphis\nPternoconius\nTheosodon\nSubfamily Macraucheniinae\nCullinia\nHuayqueriana\nMacrauchenia\nMacraucheniopsis\nOxyodontherium\nParanauchenia\nPromacrauchenia\nScalabrinitherium\nWindhausenia\nXenorhinotherium\nSuperfamily Proterotherioidea\nFamily Proterotheriidae","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-231-11013-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11013-6"}],"text":"McKenna, Malcolm C; Bell, Susane K (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11013-6.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Skeleton of Theosodon (Macraucheniidae)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Reports_of_the_Princeton_University_Expeditions_to_Patagonia%2C_1896-1899._J._B._Hatcher_in_charge_%281901%29_%2814749571352%29.jpg/220px-Reports_of_the_Princeton_University_Expeditions_to_Patagonia%2C_1896-1899._J._B._Hatcher_in_charge_%281901%29_%2814749571352%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Historic life restoration of Thoatherium (Proterotheriidae)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Thoatheriumknight.jpg/220px-Thoatheriumknight.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Croft, Darin A.; Gelfo, Javier N.; López, Guillermo M. (2020-05-30). \"Splendid Innovation: The Extinct South American Native Ungulates\". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 48 (1): 259–290. Bibcode:2020AREPS..48..259C. doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-072619-060126. ISSN 0084-6597. S2CID 213737574.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-earth-072619-060126","url_text":"\"Splendid Innovation: The Extinct South American Native Ungulates\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020AREPS..48..259C","url_text":"2020AREPS..48..259C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-earth-072619-060126","url_text":"10.1146/annurev-earth-072619-060126"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0084-6597","url_text":"0084-6597"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213737574","url_text":"213737574"}]},{"reference":"Carrillo, Juan D.; Suarez, Catalina; Benites-Palomino, Aldo Marcelo; Vanegas, Andrés; Link, Andrés; Rincón, Aldo F.; Luque, Javier; Cooke, Siobhán B.; Tallman, Melissa; Billet, Guillaume (2023-08-31). \"New remains of Neotropical bunodont litopterns and the systematics of Megadolodinae (Mammalia: Litopterna)\". Geodiversitas. 45 (15). doi:10.5252/geodiversitas2023v45a15. ISSN 1280-9659. S2CID 261638835.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5252%2Fgeodiversitas2023v45a15","url_text":"\"New remains of Neotropical bunodont litopterns and the systematics of Megadolodinae (Mammalia: Litopterna)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5252%2Fgeodiversitas2023v45a15","url_text":"10.5252/geodiversitas2023v45a15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1280-9659","url_text":"1280-9659"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:261638835","url_text":"261638835"}]},{"reference":"Croft, Darin A.; Lorente, Malena (2021-08-17). Smith, Thierry (ed.). \"No evidence for parallel evolution of cursorial limb adaptations among Neogene South American native ungulates (SANUs)\". PLOS ONE. 16 (8): e0256371. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0256371. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 8370646. PMID 34403434.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8370646","url_text":"\"No evidence for parallel evolution of cursorial limb adaptations among Neogene South American native ungulates (SANUs)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0256371","url_text":"10.1371/journal.pone.0256371"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203","url_text":"1932-6203"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8370646","url_text":"8370646"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34403434","url_text":"34403434"}]},{"reference":"Schmidt, Gabriela I.; Ferrero, Brenda S. (2014-07-29). \"Taxonomic reinterpretation of Theosodon hystatus Cabrera and Kraglievich, 1931 (Litopterna, Macraucheniidae ) and phylogenetic relationships of the family\". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (5): 1231–1238. Bibcode:2014JVPal..34.1231S. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.837393. hdl:11336/18953. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 86091386.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02724634.2014.837393","url_text":"\"Taxonomic reinterpretation of Theosodon hystatus Cabrera and Kraglievich, 1931 (Litopterna, Macraucheniidae ) and phylogenetic relationships of the family\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JVPal..34.1231S","url_text":"2014JVPal..34.1231S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02724634.2014.837393","url_text":"10.1080/02724634.2014.837393"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11336%2F18953","url_text":"11336/18953"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0272-4634","url_text":"0272-4634"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86091386","url_text":"86091386"}]},{"reference":"Forasiepi, Analía M.; MacPhee, Ross D. E.; Del Pino, Santiago Hernández; Schmidt, Gabriela I.; Amson, Eli; Grohé, Camille (2016-06-22). \"Exceptional Skull of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From the Late Miocene of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, and Paleobiological Implications\". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 404: 1–76. doi:10.1206/0003-0090-404.1.1. ISSN 0003-0090. S2CID 89219979.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/0003-0090-404.1.1","url_text":"\"Exceptional Skull of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From the Late Miocene of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, and Paleobiological Implications\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1206%2F0003-0090-404.1.1","url_text":"10.1206/0003-0090-404.1.1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0090","url_text":"0003-0090"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:89219979","url_text":"89219979"}]},{"reference":"Moyano, Silvana Rocio; Giannini, Norberto Pedro (November 2018). \"Cranial characters associated with the proboscis postnatal-development in Tapirus (Perissodactyla: Tapiridae) and comparisons with other extant and fossil hoofed mammals\". Zoologischer Anzeiger. 277: 143–147. doi:10.1016/j.jcz.2018.08.005. hdl:11336/86349. S2CID 92143497.","urls":[{"url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0044523118301001","url_text":"\"Cranial characters associated with the proboscis postnatal-development in Tapirus (Perissodactyla: Tapiridae) and comparisons with other extant and fossil hoofed mammals\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jcz.2018.08.005","url_text":"10.1016/j.jcz.2018.08.005"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11336%2F86349","url_text":"11336/86349"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:92143497","url_text":"92143497"}]},{"reference":"de Oliveira, Karoliny; Asevedo, Lidiane; Calegari, Marcia R.; Gelfo, Javier N.; Mothé, Dimila; Avilla, Leonardo (August 2021). \"From oral pathology to feeding ecology: The first dental calculus paleodiet study of a South American native megamammal\". 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(January 2006). \"A new 'South American ungulate' (Mammalia: Litopterna) from the Eocene of the Antarctic Peninsula\". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 258 (1): 163–176. doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2006.258.01.12. ISSN 0305-8719.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/10.1144/GSL.SP.2006.258.01.12","url_text":"\"A new 'South American ungulate' (Mammalia: Litopterna) from the Eocene of the Antarctic Peninsula\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1144%2FGSL.SP.2006.258.01.12","url_text":"10.1144/GSL.SP.2006.258.01.12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0305-8719","url_text":"0305-8719"}]},{"reference":"Morosi, Elizabeth; Ubilla, Martin (2019-02-07). \"Dietary and palaeoenvironmental inferences in Neolicaphrium recens Frenguelli, 1921 (Litopterna, Proterotheriidae) using carbon and oxygen stable isotopes (Late Pleistocene; Uruguay)\". Historical Biology. 31 (2): 196–202. doi:10.1080/08912963.2017.1355914. ISSN 0891-2963. S2CID 133673644.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08912963.2017.1355914","url_text":"\"Dietary and palaeoenvironmental inferences in Neolicaphrium recens Frenguelli, 1921 (Litopterna, Proterotheriidae) using carbon and oxygen stable isotopes (Late Pleistocene; Uruguay)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08912963.2017.1355914","url_text":"10.1080/08912963.2017.1355914"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0891-2963","url_text":"0891-2963"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:133673644","url_text":"133673644"}]},{"reference":"Welker, Frido; Collins, Matthew J.; Thomas, Jessica A.; Wadsley, Marc; Brace, Selina; Cappellini, Enrico; Turvey, Samuel T.; Reguero, Marcelo; Gelfo, Javier N. (March 18, 2015). \"Ancient proteins resolve the evolutionary history of Darwin/'s South American ungulates\". Nature. 522 (7554): 81–84. Bibcode:2015Natur.522...81W. doi:10.1038/nature14249. hdl:11336/14769. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 25799987. S2CID 4467386.","urls":[{"url":"http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/91438/1/Welker_postprint.docx","url_text":"\"Ancient proteins resolve the evolutionary history of Darwin/'s South American ungulates\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal)","url_text":"Nature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Natur.522...81W","url_text":"2015Natur.522...81W"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature14249","url_text":"10.1038/nature14249"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11336%2F14769","url_text":"11336/14769"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687","url_text":"1476-4687"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25799987","url_text":"25799987"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4467386","url_text":"4467386"}]},{"reference":"Westbury, Michael; Baleka, Sina; Barlow, Axel; Hartmann, Stefanie; Paijmans, Johanna L.A.; Kramarz, Alejandro; Forasiepi, Analía M; Bond, Mariano; Gelfo, Javier N.; Reguero, Marcelo A.; López-Mendoza, Patricio; Taglioretti, Matias; Scaglia, Fernando; Rinderknecht, Andrés; Jones, Washington (2017-06-27). \"A mitogenomic timetree for Darwin's enigmatic South American mammal Macrauchenia patachonica\". Nature Communications. 8 (1): 15951. Bibcode:2017NatCo...815951W. doi:10.1038/ncomms15951. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5490259. PMID 28654082.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5490259","url_text":"\"A mitogenomic timetree for Darwin's enigmatic South American mammal Macrauchenia patachonica\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatCo...815951W","url_text":"2017NatCo...815951W"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms15951","url_text":"10.1038/ncomms15951"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723","url_text":"2041-1723"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5490259","url_text":"5490259"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28654082","url_text":"28654082"}]},{"reference":"Webb, S. D. (1976). \"Mammalian Faunal Dynamics of the Great American Interchange\". Paleobiology. 2 (3): 220–234. Bibcode:1976Pbio....2..220W. doi:10.1017/S0094837300004802. JSTOR 2400220. S2CID 251050063.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976Pbio....2..220W","url_text":"1976Pbio....2..220W"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0094837300004802","url_text":"10.1017/S0094837300004802"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2400220","url_text":"2400220"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251050063","url_text":"251050063"}]},{"reference":"Marshall, L. G.; Cifelli, R. L. (1990). \"Analysis of changing diversity patterns in Cenozoic land mammal age faunas, South America\". Palaeovertebrata. 19: 169–210. Retrieved 2018-10-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://palaeovertebrata.com/Articles/sendFile/284/published_article","url_text":"\"Analysis of changing diversity patterns in Cenozoic land mammal age faunas, South America\""}]},{"reference":"Webb, S. D. (1991). \"Ecogeography and the Great American Interchange\". Paleobiology. 17 (3): 266–280. Bibcode:1991Pbio...17..266W. doi:10.1017/S0094837300010605. JSTOR 2400869. S2CID 88305955.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991Pbio...17..266W","url_text":"1991Pbio...17..266W"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0094837300010605","url_text":"10.1017/S0094837300010605"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2400869","url_text":"2400869"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:88305955","url_text":"88305955"}]},{"reference":"\"PBDB\". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 2022-04-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=43467","url_text":"\"PBDB\""}]},{"reference":"McKenna, Malcolm C; Bell, Susane K (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmus_parvifolia_%27BSNUPF%27 | Ulmus parvifolia 'BSNUPF' | ["1 Description","2 Pests and diseases","3 Cultivation","4 Nurseries","5 Accessions","6 References","7 External links"] | Elm cultivar
Ulmus parvifolia 'BSNUPF'SpeciesUlmus parvifoliaCultivar'BSNUPF' = EverclearOriginUS
Ulmus parvifolia 'BSNUPF' (selling name Everclear) is a Chinese Elm cultivar that was raised by John Barbour of Athena Trees, Monroe, Georgia.
Description
Everclear is distinguished by its fastigiate form, growing 10 metres (33 ft) tall by only 2 m (6.6 ft) wide, with leaves larger and darker than the type .
Pests and diseases
The species and its cultivars are highly resistant, but not immune, to Dutch elm disease, and completely unaffected by the Elm Leaf Beetle Xanthogaleruca luteola. Damage caused by the Japanese Beetle is relatively slight.
Cultivation
Everclear is reputedly fast growing on well-drained soil. The tree has been selected for inclusion in the National Elm Trial coordinated by Colorado State University. The cultivar was introduced to the UK by Golden Hill Plants, Morden, Kent, in 2010, but discontinued owing to poor sales.
Nurseries
Commercial Nursery, Decherd, Tennessee, US.
Accessions
None known.
References
^ US PP17655, Barbour, John Hinds, "Chinese Elm tree named ‘BSNUPF’", published 2007-04-24
^ "Elm Leaf Beetle Survey". Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
^ Brady, C., Condra, J., & Potter, D. (2008) Resistance of Landscape-suitable Elm (Ulmus spp.) Cultivars to Japanese Beetle, Leaf Miners, and Gall Makers. 2008 Research Report, Nursery & Landscape Program, pp 15, 16. University of Kentucky.
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20110721154215/http://treehealth.agsci.colostate.edu/research/nationalelmtrial/NET_Cultivars.htm National Elm Trial coordinated by Colorado State University.
vteElm species, varieties, hybrids, hybrid cultivars and species cultivarsSpecies, varieties and subspecies
U. alata (Winged elm)
U. americana (American elm)
U. americana var. floridana (Florida elm)
U. bergmanniana (Bergmann's elm)
U. bergmanniana var. bergmanniana
U. bergmanniana var. lasiophylla
U. castaneifolia (Chestnut-leafed or multinerved elm)
U. changii (Hangzhou elm)
U. changii var. changii
U. changii var. kunmingensis (Kunming elm)
U. chenmoui (Chenmou or Langya Mountain elm)
U. chumlia
U. crassifolia (Cedar or Texas cedar elm)
U. davidiana (David or Father David elm)
U. davidiana var. davidiana
U. davidiana var. japonica (Japanese elm)
U. elongata (Long raceme elm)
U. gaussenii (Anhui or hairy elm)
U. glabra (Wych or scots elm)
U. glaucescens (Gansu elm)
U. glaucescens var. glaucescens
U. glaucescens var. lasiocarpa (hairy-fruited glaucescent elm)
U. harbinensis (Harbin elm)
U. ismaelis
U. laciniata (Manchurian cut-leaf or lobed elm)
U. laciniata var. nikkoensis (Nikko elm)
U. laevis (European white elm)
U. laevis var. celtidea
U. laevis var. parvifolia
U. laevis var. simplicidens
U. lamellosa (Hebei elm)
U. lanceifolia (Vietnam elm)
U. macrocarpa (Large-fruited elm)
U. macrocarpa var. glabra
U. macrocarpa var. macrocarpa
U. mexicana (Mexican elm)
U. microcarpa (Tibetan elm)
U. minor (Field elm)
U. minor subsp. minor
U. minor var. italica
U. parvifolia (Chinese or lacebark elm)
U. parvifolia var. coreana (Korean elm)
U. prunifolia (Cherry-leafed elm)
U. pseudopropinqua (Harbin spring elm)
U. pumila (Siberian elm)
U. rubra (Slippery elm)
U. serotina (September elm)
U. szechuanica (Szechuan (Sichuan) or red-fruited elm)
U. thomasii (Rock or cork elm)
U. uyematsui (Alishan elm)
U. villosa (Cherry-bark or marn elm)
U. wallichiana (Himalayan or kashmir elm)
U. wallichiana subsp. wallichiana
U. wallichiana subsp. xanthoderma
U. wallichiana var. tomentosa
Disputed species, varieties and subspecies
U. boissieri
U. minor subsp. canescens (Grey, grey-leafed or hoary elm)
U. elliptica
Hybrids
U. davidiana var. japonica × U. minor
U. × arbuscula
U. × arkansana
U. × brandisiana
U. × diversifolia
U. × hollandica (Dutch elm)
U. × hollandica var. insularum
U. × intermedia
U. × mesocarpa
Species cultivarsAmerican elm
American Liberty
Ascendens
Augustine
Aurea
Beaverlodge
Beebe's Weeping
Brandon
Burgoyne
JFS Prince II
College
Columnaris
Creole Queen
Deadfree
Delaware
Exhibition
Fiorei
Flick's Spreader
Folia Aurea Variegata
Great Plains
Hines
Incisa
Independence
Iowa State
Jackson
Jefferson
Kimley
Klehmii
L'Assomption
Lake City
Lewis & Clark
Littleford
Maine
Markham
Miller Park
Minneapolis Park
Moline
Morden
New Harmony
Nigricans
Patmore
Pendula
Penn Treaty
Princeton
Pyramidata
Queen City
Sheyenne
Skinner Upright
St. Croix
Star
Valley Forge
Variegata
Vase
Washington
Cedar elm
Brazos Rim
Chinese elm
A-1
A. Ross Central Park
Blizzard
BSNUPF
Burgundy
Burnley Select
Catlin
Chessins
Churchyard
Cork Bark
D. B. Cole
Drake
Dynasty
Ed Wood
Elsmo
Emer I
Emer II
Emerald Prairie
Frosty
Garden City Clone
Geisha
Glory
Golden Rey
Hallelujah
Hokkaido
Jade Empress
King's Choice
Littleleaf
Lois Hole
Matthew
Milliken
Nire-keyaki
Ohio
Orange Ribbon
Pathfinder
Pendens
Prairie Shade
Prince Richard
Red Fall
Sabamiki
Sagei
Seiju
Select 380
Sempervirens
Small Frye
State Fair
Stone's Dwarf
Taiwan
The Thinker
Todd
True Green
UPMTF
Ware's
Yarralumla
Yatsubusa
Zettler
Ulmus parvifolia f. lanceolata
European white elm
Aureovariegata
Colorans
Helena
Ornata
Pendula
Punctata
Urticifolia
Field elm
Ademuz
Albo-Dentata
Amplifolia
Argenteo-Variegata
Atinia
Atinia Pyramidalis
Atinia Variegata
Bea Schwarz
Biltii
Christine Buisman
Concavaefolia
Coritana
Cretensis
Cucullata
Cucullata Variegata
Dehesa de Amaniel
Dehesa de la Villa
Dicksonii
Dijkwel
Erecta
Folia Alba-Punctata
Glandulosa
Goodyeri
Hoersholmiensis
Holmstruph
Hunnybunii
Hunnybunii pseudo-Stricta
Laciniata
Lanuginosa
Majadahonda
Microphylla Pendula
Microphylla Purpurea
Microphylla Rubra
Monumentalis
Pendula
Picturata
Plotii
Propendens
Punctata
Purpurascens
Purpurea
Retiro
Reverti
Rugosa
Rueppellii
Sarniensis
Schuurhoek
Silvery Gem
Sowerbyi
Stricta
Suberosa
Umbraculifera Gracilis
Umbraculifera
Viminalis
Viminalis Aurea
Viminalis Betulaefolia
Viminalis Gracilis
Viminalis Incisa
Viminalis Marginata
Viminalis Pendula
Viminalis Pulverulenta
Viminalis Stricta
Virgata
Webbiana
Japanese elm
Discovery
Freedom
Jacan
JFS-Bieberich
Mitsui Centennial
Prospector
Reperta
Reseda
Thomson
Validation
Siberian elm
Ansaloni
Aurea
Aurescens
Chinkota
Dropmore
Dwarf Weeper
Green King
Hansen
Harbin
Manchu
Mauro
Mr. Buzz
Park Royal
Pendula
Pinnato-ramosa
Poort Bulten
Puszta
Pyramidalis Fiorei
Zhonghua Jinye
Winged elm
Lace Parasol
Wych elm
Albo-Variegata
Australis
Camperdownii
Cebennensis
Concavaefolia
Cornuta
Corylifolia Purpurea
Corylifolia
Fastigiata Macrophylla
Fastigiata Stricta
Fastigiata Variegata
Firma
Flava
Gigantea
Gittisham
Grandidentata
Holgeri
Horizontalis
Insularis
Latifolia
Latifolia Aurea
Latifolia Aureo-Variegata
Latifolia Nigricans
Luteo Variegata
Lutescens
Macrophylla
Maculata
Minor
Nana
Nigra
Nitida
Oblongata
Pendula Macrophylla
Pendula Variegata
Pyrenaica
Spectabilis
Superba
Tomentosa
Hybrid cultivars
Androssowii
Amsterdam
Arno
Cathedral
Clusius
Columella
Den Haag
Dodoens
Escaillard
Fiorente
Frontier
Fuente Umbria
Homestead
Karagatch
Lobel
Morfeo
Morton
Morton Glossy
Morton Plainsman
Morton Red Tip
Morton Stalwart
Nanguen
New Horizon
Patriot
Plantyn
Plinio
Rebella
Rebona
Recerta
Regal
Repura
Revera
San Zanobi
Sapporo Autumn Gold
Sapporo Gold 2
Stavast
Toledo
Urban
Wanoux
Wingham
Dutch elm
Alba
Angustifolia
Balder
Belgica
Blandford
Canadian Giant
Cicestria
Cinerea
Commelin
Dampieri
Dauvessei
Daveyi
Dovaei
Dumont
Elegantissima
Eleganto-Variegata
Etrusca
Fastigiata
Fjerrestad
Folia Rhomboidea
Freja
Fulva
Gaujardii
Groeneveld
Haarlemensis
Klemmer
Loke
Macrophylla Aurea
Major
Microphylla
Modiolina
Muscaviensis
Odin
Pioneer
Pitteurs
Serpentina
Smithii
Superba
Tricolor
Tyr
Vegeta
Viminalis
Viscosa
Wentworthii Pendula
Wredei
Ypreau
U. × intermedia
Coolshade
Fremont
Improved Coolshade
Lincoln
Rosehill
Willis
Unconfirmed derivation cultivars
aff. Plotii
Acutifolia
Alata
Alksuth
Argenteo-Marginata
Aspera
Atropurpurea
Australis
Berardii
Betulaefolia Nigrescens
Crispa
Crispa Aurea
Crispa Pendula
Densa
Exoniensis
Fastigiata Glabra
Folia Aurea
Folia Rubra
Folia Variegata Pendula
Gallica
Glabra
Globosa
Hamburg
Hertfordensis Angustifolia
Hertfordensis Latifolia
Hillieri
Jalaica
Jacqueline Hillier
Kansas Hybrid
Klemmer Blanc
Koopmannii
Lombartsii
Louis van Houtte
Marmorata
Monstrosa
Myrtifolia
Myrtifolia Purpurea
Nemoralis
Nigrescens
Planeroides
Planifolia
Purpurea
Pyramidalis Bertini
Ramulosa
Rotundifolia
Rubra
Rufa
Rugosa
Scampstoniensis
Sericea
Tiliaefolia
Tortuosa
Turkestanica
Variegata Nova
Virens
Fossil elms
U. okanaganensis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofija_Smetonien%C4%97 | Sofija Smetonienė | ["1 Early life and education","2 Life in Vilnius (1904-1919)","3 Switzerland (January - November 1919)","4 Kaunas (1919-1926)","5 The First Lady of Lithuania (1926-1940)","5.1 The 1926 coup d'etat","5.2 Palanga","5.3 Užugiris","5.4 Charity Causes","6 From Lithuania to the United States (1940–1941)","7 Life in the United States (1941–1968)","8 Death","9 References"] | First Lady of Lithuania (1919–1920, 1926–1940)
Sofija SmetonienėFirst Lady of LithuaniaIn officeApril 4, 1919 – June 19, 1920PresidentAntanas SmetonaIn officeDecember 19, 1926 – June 15, 1940PresidentAntanas Smetona
Personal detailsBornSofija ChodakauskaitėJanuary 13, 1885Gavėnonių Estate, LithuaniaDiedDecember 28, 1968 (aged 83)Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.
Sofija Smetonienė (née Chodakauskaitė; January 13, 1885 – December 28, 1968), was the wife of the first President of Lithuania Antanas Smetona and served as the First Lady of Lithuania from April 4, 1919, to June 19, 1920, and again from December 19, 1926, to June 15, 1940. Sofija was a member of the Chodakowski noble family.
Early life and education
Sofija Chodakauskaitė was born in Gavenoniai manor, the second child of Antanas Chodakauskas (1850-1925) and Maria-Joanna Chodakowska (1852-1910). She was baptized at Pasvitinys Church in February, 1885. Her cousin, Gabrielė Petkevičaitė-Bitė, was her godmother. Her uncle Stefan Chodakowski was her godfather. She had one older brother, Romanas Chodakauskas (1883-1932), one younger brother, Tadas Chodakauskas (1889-1959) and two sisters, Kazimiera (1882-1882) and Jadvyga Chodakauskaitė (1891-1988).
In 1895 Antanas Smetona, came to Gavėnonių to tutor Sofija’s brother Romanas. Sofija studied at Jelgava Girl’s Gymnasium.
Life in Vilnius (1904-1919)
On August 14, 1904, Sofija married Antanas Smetona in the Church of St. Raphael the Archangel in Vilnius. The couple moved to Vilnius, where Antanas worked in the Vilnius Land Bank. Sofija joined the local Lithuanian society, singing in choirs (led by Miko Petrauskas) and operettas, playing in amateur theatre productions and actively participating in charity work. They first rented a three-room apartment in Rev. Juozas Stankevičius ' house, but soon moved to a much more spacious and comfortable apartment in Antakalnis, at 13 Vilijos kranto gatvė, in front of Vileišis Palace - the home of Petras Vileišis. Sofija’s younger sister Jadvyga lived with them while she was attending school in Vilnius. The Smetona home became the meeting place in Vilnius for Lithuanian intellectuals. They discussed politics, played music and sang. According to Jadvyga the home was a great centre of Lithuanian activity, Smetona’s house. Everybody came there, all kinds of parties. Sofija was also later involved in the Rūta Society.
On September 19, 1905, Sofija gave birth to her first child, Marija, in Gavėnonių manor. Marija was ill so Sofija temporarily stayed with her. In order to save money the family, together with Sofija's sister Jadvyga, moved out of their apartment in Antakalnis, to Smetona's friend Rev. Juozas Tumas-Vaižgantas’ apartment at 1 Tilto Street, Vilnius. The building also housed the editorial office of the Lithuanian newspaper Viltis, edited by Antanas Smetona. They lived there between 1907 and 1908. In 1910 Sofija's second daughter, Birutė, was born at Sebentiškis , Sofija's parents manor house. Both girls had poor health and Marija was taken to St. Petersburg for treatment. Sofija blamed their health on genetics as her parents were first cousins. Birutė died as a child from brain inflammation. On February 17, 1913, Sofija gave birth to son Julius.
During World War I, Sofija joined the Lithuanian Mutual Aid Society of Vilnius, headed by her husband. She fundraised and distributed food to the war victims, invalids, wounded and the homeless.. Speaking fluent German, she also assisted as an interpreter and mediator during the German occupation. About fifty refugees passed through the Smetona home during the war. Sofija also supported her husband in his political and public work during this time. She managed their home, so Antanas could focus his free time on public work, publishing Lithuanian newspapers, editing and translating books. On February 16, 1918, Antanas Smetona and nineteen other men gathered in his office (at Pilies Gatve 26, Vilnius, the House of Signatories) and signed the Act of Independence of Lithuania. Near the end of 1918, with the Germans retreating from the Eastern Front and the Soviet army approaching Vilnius, the Smetonas moved to Kaunas, Lithuania.
Switzerland (January - November 1919)
On December 21, 1918, Smetona left for Germany to try to secure a loan for the country’s defence. He returned to Kaunas between January 1–14, 1919, and sent Sofija, with daughter Marija and son Julius to Switzerland. He then traveled through Scandinavia until March 1919, attempting to secure recognition for Lithuanian Independence. Arriving in Switzerland, Sofija immediately started working with her sister Jadvyga at the Lithuanian Information Bureau. She wrote her husband: We have taken our work very seriously and we have a good reputation both in Swiss newspapers and in the public. Once Jadvyga left Bern for Paris (for the Paris Peace Talks) in July 1919, Sofija took over her work. In late autumn 1919 Marija was enrolled into a private girls’ boarding gymnasium Collège Sainte-Croix in Fribourg, Switzerland, where many Lithuanians were studying. Sofija with Julius lived in Lausanne while Marija was in school.
Kaunas (1919-1926)
On April 4, 1919, the Council of Lithuania elected Sofija’s husband the First President of Lithuania. When Sofija returned to Kaunas in November 1919, she moved into the Presidential Palace with her husband. The Lithuanian Wars of Independence were ongoing, so Sofija spent a few hours every day at the military hospital, providing food, medicine and comfort to the injured soldiers. Smetona held the position of President until April 19, 1920. Not re-elected to the Seimas, from 1921 to 1924, Antanas Smetona edited several periodicals, including Lietuvos balsas, Lietuviškas balsas and Vairas. Between the years of 1923-1927, Antanas Smetona was assistant professor at the University of Lithuania in Kaunas - at first in the Chair of Art Theory and History and later at the Department of Philosophy. Smetona, Sofija and Sofija’s father, Antanas Chodakauskas (1850-1925), rented an apartment where the poet Reverend Maironis had previously lived: in the Syruć (Maironis) Mansion at Rotušės a. 13, Kaunas. Sofija continued to work in various community organizations, actively interacted with foreign diplomats and their wives, founded the Kuchi Society (en: Baby Rescue Society), was Honorary Chairwoman of The Lithuanian Women’s Union, and supported a state-run nursery shelter. On February 4, 1925, Sofija’s’ father died in Kaunas. Because Sofija had cared for him when he was elderly, as was traditional in Lithuania, he left the bulk of his estate at Sebentiškis, 120.36 hectares, to Sofija. The family buried him next to his wife in Suostas Cemetery, northern Lithuania.
The First Lady of Lithuania (1926-1940)
The 1926 coup d'etat
On December 17, 1926, a military coup d'état displaced the democratically elected President Kazys Grinius and reinstalled Sofija’s husband, Antanas Smetona as President of Lithuania. Smetona would go on to rule the country for the rest of the interwar period. Sofija, as First Lady of Lithuania soon became one of the most politically and socially engaged women in Kaunas.
During Smetona’s Presidency, Sofija’s liveliness, her ability to find common interests, to be friendly, to enter in conversations of interest to foreigners, impressed experienced American and German diplomats. The US consul in Kaunas 1924-25, Harry Carlson, characterized her positively:
"Madame Smetona is a highly educated woman of Polish origin, her family being reported as belonging to the Polish nobility. She is an extremely charming woman, and can easily be included among the three or four outstanding women of Lithuania at the present time. She takes great interest in her husband’s political work but is not openly interested in social work of any kind, and is not known to have taken or to be taking any special interest in education or welfare work. She is a brilliant conversationalist, but is somewhat inclined to be sharp and ironical in her remarks about persons and things. M-me Smetona is a passionate card player, and is known to play for rather heavy stakes."Carlson’s replacement, Robert Heingartner wrote of her:"Mrs. Smetona is a lady of unusual energy who dominates the President at home if not in office. In fact, she is sometimes facetiously called ‘The President.’"The British affairs trustee in Kaunas, Mr. Preston, said that one of the reasons for President Smetona’s popularity was Sofija, who was “a serious aide to the President.” According to him, Smetona’s popularity is determined by:"... his merits in the fight for Lithuania’s independence, as well as his intelligence, unwavering will, sense of tact, and sometimes his wife’s intrigue, who is often referred to as Lithuanian Catherine II."Antanas Smetona was, according to daughter of former Finance Minister Martynas Yčas, Hypatia Yčas:"… very approachable and quite unassuming, was a scholarly individual who liked to read the works of Plato and other Greek philosophers. He did not overawe any of us."Sofija, in contrast, was more active, more powerful and harder than her husband. She often displayed a forthright and independent manner. If she had any problems with people, she could be harsh and sarcastic with her replies. As Yčas noted, Sofija was “an outspoken chatterbox” who, if she disliked somebody or something:"… she would be sure to say so. It could be the food, the wine, the hairdos or the apparel of the hostess and/or the guests that she objected to. Some people found Mrs. Smetona’s cutting remarks hard to forget. For years, Mamma remembered her saying when they first met long ago in Vilnius, “You could be a good-looking woman, but WHY do you always wear low-heeled shoes?” An avid card player, she seemed to judge people on the basis of how good they were at playing Preference, an old but still popular game dating back to Russian Czarist times."
At the same time, Sofija had the talent to connect with a diverse range of people and was known to have a “good humour”. Sofija was reported by many foreign diplomats as an outstanding and very influential figure, involved in many informal political affairs. British envoy to the Baltic States Hugh Montgomery-Knachbullo Hugesseno reports in London also said that the two sisters, the President and the Prime Minister’s wife, Sofija and Jadvyga, had a significant impact on the government.
John Gunther, a popular American journalist of the time, wrote in 1940:"The president of the republic, Professor Smetona, is best known for his remarkable wife, who is a powerful personage in the affairs of the little state."It was also evident to Owen J.C. Norem, the US envoy to Lithuania, who intended to include in his memoirs of service in Lithuania pre-World War II, a few sentences about the very important role Sofija played. Smetona, after reading the envoy’s manuscript, was not particularly impressed with the statement that his wife, Sofija, had helped the President manage the country. He demanded that it be deleted from the book as it could lead to ambiguous interpretations.
Sofija was also a heavy smoker, who smoked Russian cigarettes most of the time. The writer M. Vaitkus, having visited the Smetonas in Kaunas, wrote: "I found Mrs. Sofija at home. Tall, slender. A rather pretty dark face. Eyes like a Mongolian. A bit of makeup below the eyes. In all a sharp, unusual face. Obviously good genes. In her right hand the lady often held a lit cigarette, from which her fingers had taken a yellow stain. But she often takes the cigarette to her mouth and draws deeply, so the corners of her lips are stained. She greeted me very simply, almost in a friendly fashion. We began to talk about life like old acquaintances. I asked, ‘Is Mr. Smetona home?’ She replied ‘yes’ and showed me where to go."Sofija attended many official social events, frequented the opera and the Metropolis, and kept a close friendship with Lily Heingartner (the wife of Robert Heingartner the American consul) who regularly attended Sofija’s weekly bridge parties at the Presidential Palace.
Palanga
During most of the year, Sofija lived with her family at the Presidential Palace in Kaunas. When summer came however the family, like many residents of Kaunas who could afford it, summered in Palanga. The Smetonas would spend two months at their friend’s, Vladas Stašinskas, villa: Baltoji Villa. While there, the family was accompanied by their servants and advisors.
Užugiris
In 1934, to celebrate Antanas Smetona’s 60th birthday, a committee, made up mostly of Tautininkai, collected money and as a gift bought Užugiris Estate for Antanas and Sofija. Including pasture, meadow and bog it extended to some 80 hectares (almost 200 acres), of which half was arable.
Smetona had no time for farming, but after the house was completed in 1937, Sofija willingly took over the management. She spent about six months, from spring to late autumn, at Užugiris. One morning, when Smetona came to visit without warning, he discovered Sofija in farm clothes - she had been up all night tending to the birth of a litter of piglets.
Charity Causes
During the interwar period, Sofija was involved in charity causes; she was President of the baby-care society “Darželis”, she headed the Duchess Birutė Celebration Committee, was the treasurer for the construction of Vytautas Magnus Museum, was on the board of the committee to organize events for the 500th anniversary of Vytautas the Great’s death, was a patron for Kindergarten and Winter Help, and a funder of V. Kudirka School.
She also fulfilled her duties as First Lady by participating in official events, opening important buildings and supporting women in sports.
From Lithuania to the United States (1940–1941)
On June 15, 1940, Sofija fled Lithuania with her husband and family, ahead of the occupation by Soviet forces.
Via Königsberg, the family was moved by the German authorities to a hunting lodge (Gästenheim Jägerhöhe) near the Święcajty (pl) (Schwenzait) lake in the Masurian Lake District. On August 17, Smetona received permission to relocate to Berlin. The family then went to Switzerland, Portugal, Brazil and finally to the United States, where they landed in New York on March 9 or 10, 1941.
Life in the United States (1941–1968)
The family moved to Pittsburgh and Chicago and finally settled in Cleveland, Ohio in May 1942 with Sofija’s son Julius’ family at 11596 Ablewhite Avenue.
On January 9, 1944, a fire broke out in the home, killing Antanas Smetona. A couple of years later, Sofija wrote: “It was a terrible blow to us. I’m just starting to recover from that disaster.”
Understanding Sofija’s condition, close friends invited her for extended visits. For three months she lived in a hotel owned by Juozas Bačiūnas in Florida. Then she went to Washington to stay with her sister, Jadvyga. She then returned to Cleveland, to live with her son, Julius at 1704 Lee Road, Cleveland Heights, US.
Because of the great divisions within the Lithuanian emigrant community, after Antanas' death Sofija withdrew from public work, though she kept in contact with some members of the Lithuanian political community.
Sofija continued to live in the Cleveland area for the rest of her life, helping to raise her grandchildren and caring for the home. She didn’t socialize very much but rather stayed at home taking care of the grandchildren, washing the dishes, doing the laundry, patching and mending clothes. There were moments in her life, however, that took her back to happier times: "When the wind blows as I sit in my yard, the corn stalks rustle the same as the reeds did along the riverbanks in Lithuania."
She always yearned to one day return to her homeland. She asked herself: “Will that blessed hour ever come?”In 1968, as she was preparing to attend the anniversary of her husband’s death, Sofija fell ill and was taken to St. Vincent Charity Medical Center.
Sofija Smetonienė's Tomb
Death
On December 28, 1968, at six in the evening, Sofija died. The funeral took place two days later. Sofija is buried in a crypt next to her husband (No. 103), in Section 23 of the All Souls Cemetery, Chardon, Geauga County, Ohio, (east of Cleveland).
References
^ "Sofija Smetonienė". Geni.com. 13 January 1885. Retrieved 17 November 2017.
^ "Sofija Smetonienė – pirmoji Lietuvos prezidentienė, laikiusi vyrą po padu?". Moteris.lt. 20 November 2014. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
^ Jakubavičienė, dr. Ingrida. "S.Smetonienė: neįmintos pirmosios ponios mįslės". DELFI. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
^ a b Eidintas, Alfonsas (2012). Antanas Smetona and his Environment. Vilnius: Science and Encyclopedia Publishing Centre. p. 197.
^ Jakubavičienė, Ingrida (2020). Portretas. Vilnius: Tyto alba. p. 72.
^ Jakubavičienė, Ingrida (2015). Duetas. Vilnius: Versus Aureus. p. 424.
^ Jakubavičienė, Ingrida (2015). Duetas. Vilnius: Versus Aureus. p. 425.
^ Jurènienė, V. Lithuanian Women's Movement at the End of the 19th Century - the First Half of the 20th Century. Vilnius. p. 90.
^ Eidintas, Alfonsas (2015). Antanas Smetona and his Lithuania. Boston: Brill Rodopi. p. 104.
^ Heingartner, Robert (2009). Lithuania in the 1920's - a Diplomat's Diary. Amsterdam: Rodopi. p. 8.
^ a b Yčas, Hypatia (2000). Springtime in Lithuania. Chicago: Adams Press. p. 140.
^ Heingartner, Robert (2009). Lithuania in the 1920's - a Diplomat's Diary. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
^ Eidintas, Alfonsas (2012). Antanas Smetona and his Environment. Vilnius: Science and Encyclopedia Publishing Centre. p. 169.
^ Eidintas, Alfonsas (2015). Antanas Smetona and his Lithuania. Boston: Brill Rodopi. p. 175.
^ Jakubavičienė, Ingrida (2015). Duetas. Vilnius: Versus Aureus. p. 92.
^ Jakubavičienė, Ingrida (2014). Seserys. Vilnius: Versus aureus. p. 197.
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Poland | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"President of Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Antanas Smetona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antanas_Smetona"},{"link_name":"First Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lady"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Chodakowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chodakowski_Family"}],"text":"Sofija Smetonienė (née Chodakauskaitė; January 13, 1885 – December 28, 1968), was the wife of the first President of Lithuania Antanas Smetona and served as the First Lady of Lithuania from April 4, 1919, to June 19, 1920, and again from December 19, 1926, to June 15, 1940.[1][2][3] Sofija was a member of the Chodakowski noble family.","title":"Sofija Smetonienė"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gavenoniai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gavenoniai&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"lt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0iaudiniai_(Pakruojis)"},{"link_name":"Antanas Chodakauskas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antanas_Chodakauskas"},{"link_name":"Pasvitinys Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%A1vitinys"},{"link_name":"Gabrielė Petkevičaitė-Bitė","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel%C4%97_Petkevi%C4%8Dait%C4%97-Bit%C4%97"},{"link_name":"Romanas Chodakauskas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanas_Chodakauskas"},{"link_name":"Tadas Chodakauskas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadas_Chodakauskas"},{"link_name":"Jadvyga Chodakauskaitė","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadvyga_T%C5%ABbelien%C4%97"},{"link_name":"Antanas Smetona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antanas_Smetona"},{"link_name":"Jelgava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelgava"}],"text":"Sofija Chodakauskaitė was born in Gavenoniai [lt] manor, the second child of Antanas Chodakauskas (1850-1925) and Maria-Joanna Chodakowska (1852-1910). She was baptized at Pasvitinys Church in February, 1885. Her cousin, Gabrielė Petkevičaitė-Bitė, was her godmother. Her uncle Stefan Chodakowski was her godfather. She had one older brother, Romanas Chodakauskas (1883-1932), one younger brother, Tadas Chodakauskas (1889-1959) and two sisters, Kazimiera (1882-1882) and Jadvyga Chodakauskaitė (1891-1988).In 1895 Antanas Smetona, came to Gavėnonių to tutor Sofija’s brother Romanas. Sofija studied at Jelgava Girl’s Gymnasium.","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antanas Smetona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antanas_Smetona"},{"link_name":"Church of St. Raphael the Archangel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Raphael_the_Archangel,_Vilnius"},{"link_name":"Vilnius Land Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilnius_Land_Bank"},{"link_name":"Miko Petrauskas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikas_Petrauskas"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Juozas Stankevičius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juozas_Stankevi%C4%8Dius&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"lt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juozas_Stankevi%C4%8Dius_(1866)"},{"link_name":"Antakalnis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antakalnis"},{"link_name":"Vileišis Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilei%C5%A1is_Palace"},{"link_name":"Petras Vileišis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petras_Vilei%C5%A1is"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Vilnius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilnius"},{"link_name":"intellectuals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Rūta Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%ABta_Society"},{"link_name":"Jadvyga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadvyga_T%C5%ABbelien%C4%97"},{"link_name":"Antakalnis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antakalnis"},{"link_name":"Juozas Tumas-Vaižgantas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juozas_Tumas-Vai%C5%BEgantas"},{"link_name":"Viltis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viltis_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"Sebentiškis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sebenti%C5%A1kis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"lt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebenti%C5%A1kis"},{"link_name":"St. Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian Mutual Aid Society of Vilnius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_Mutual_Aid_Society_of_Vilnius"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"refugees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"House of Signatories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_the_Signatories"},{"link_name":"Act of Independence of Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Independence_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Eastern Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"Soviet army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"Vilnius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilnius"},{"link_name":"Kaunas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaunas"}],"text":"On August 14, 1904, Sofija married Antanas Smetona in the Church of St. Raphael the Archangel in Vilnius. The couple moved to Vilnius, where Antanas worked in the Vilnius Land Bank. Sofija joined the local Lithuanian society, singing in choirs (led by Miko Petrauskas) and operettas, playing in amateur theatre productions and actively participating in charity work.[4] They first rented a three-room apartment in Rev. Juozas Stankevičius [lt]' house, but soon moved to a much more spacious and comfortable apartment in Antakalnis, at 13 Vilijos kranto gatvė, in front of Vileišis Palace - the home of Petras Vileišis.[5] Sofija’s younger sister Jadvyga lived with them while she was attending school in Vilnius. The Smetona home became the meeting place in Vilnius for Lithuanian intellectuals. They discussed politics, played music and sang. According to Jadvyga the home was a great centre of Lithuanian activity, Smetona’s house. Everybody came there, all kinds of parties.[citation needed] Sofija was also later involved in the Rūta Society.On September 19, 1905, Sofija gave birth to her first child, Marija, in Gavėnonių manor. Marija was ill so Sofija temporarily stayed with her. In order to save money the family, together with Sofija's sister Jadvyga, moved out of their apartment in Antakalnis, to Smetona's friend Rev. Juozas Tumas-Vaižgantas’ apartment at 1 Tilto Street, Vilnius. The building also housed the editorial office of the Lithuanian newspaper Viltis, edited by Antanas Smetona. They lived there between 1907 and 1908. In 1910 Sofija's second daughter, Birutė, was born at Sebentiškis [lt], Sofija's parents manor house. Both girls had poor health and Marija was taken to St. Petersburg for treatment. Sofija blamed their health on genetics as her parents were first cousins. Birutė died as a child from brain inflammation. On February 17, 1913, Sofija gave birth to son Julius.During World War I, Sofija joined the Lithuanian Mutual Aid Society of Vilnius, headed by her husband. She fundraised and distributed food to the war victims, invalids, wounded and the homeless..[6] Speaking fluent German, she also assisted as an interpreter and mediator during the German occupation. About fifty refugees passed through the Smetona home during the war. Sofija also supported her husband in his political and public work during this time. She managed their home, so Antanas could focus his free time on public work, publishing Lithuanian newspapers, editing and translating books.[7] On February 16, 1918, Antanas Smetona and nineteen other men gathered in his office (at Pilies Gatve 26, Vilnius, the House of Signatories) and signed the Act of Independence of Lithuania. Near the end of 1918, with the Germans retreating from the Eastern Front and the Soviet army approaching Vilnius, the Smetonas moved to Kaunas, Lithuania.","title":"Life in Vilnius (1904-1919)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Kaunas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaunas"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Jadvyga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadvyga_T%C5%ABbelien%C4%97"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Bern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bern"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Collège Sainte-Croix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coll%C3%A8ge_Sainte-Croix&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_Sainte-Croix_(Fribourg)"},{"link_name":"Fribourg, Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fribourg"},{"link_name":"Lausanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lausanne"}],"text":"On December 21, 1918, Smetona left for Germany to try to secure a loan for the country’s defence. He returned to Kaunas between January 1–14, 1919, and sent Sofija, with daughter Marija and son Julius to Switzerland. He then traveled through Scandinavia until March 1919, attempting to secure recognition for Lithuanian Independence. Arriving in Switzerland, Sofija immediately started working with her sister Jadvyga at the Lithuanian Information Bureau. She wrote her husband: We have taken our work very seriously and we have a good reputation both in Swiss newspapers and in the public.[citation needed] Once Jadvyga left Bern for Paris (for the Paris Peace Talks) in July 1919, Sofija took over her work.[8] In late autumn 1919 Marija was enrolled into a private girls’ boarding gymnasium Collège Sainte-Croix [fr] in Fribourg, Switzerland, where many Lithuanians were studying. Sofija with Julius lived in Lausanne while Marija was in school.","title":"Switzerland (January - November 1919)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Council of Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"President of Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Kaunas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaunas"},{"link_name":"Presidential Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_Presidential_Palace,_Kaunas"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian Wars of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_Wars_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Seimas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seimas"},{"link_name":"Lietuvos balsas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lietuvos_balsas"},{"link_name":"Lietuviškas balsas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lietuvi%C5%A1kas_balsas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vairas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vairas"},{"link_name":"University of Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Kaunas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaunas"},{"link_name":"Antanas Chodakauskas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antanas_Chodakauskas"},{"link_name":"Reverend Maironis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maironis"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"The Lithuanian Women’s Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_Women%27s_Union"},{"link_name":"Kaunas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaunas"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"}],"text":"On April 4, 1919, the Council of Lithuania elected Sofija’s husband the First President of Lithuania. When Sofija returned to Kaunas in November 1919, she moved into the Presidential Palace with her husband. The Lithuanian Wars of Independence were ongoing, so Sofija spent a few hours every day at the military hospital, providing food, medicine and comfort to the injured soldiers. Smetona held the position of President until April 19, 1920. Not re-elected to the Seimas, from 1921 to 1924, Antanas Smetona edited several periodicals, including Lietuvos balsas, Lietuviškas balsas and Vairas. Between the years of 1923-1927, Antanas Smetona was assistant professor at the University of Lithuania in Kaunas - at first in the Chair of Art Theory and History and later at the Department of Philosophy. Smetona, Sofija and Sofija’s father, Antanas Chodakauskas (1850-1925), rented an apartment where the poet Reverend Maironis had previously lived: in the Syruć (Maironis) Mansion at Rotušės a. 13, Kaunas.[9] Sofija continued to work in various community organizations, actively interacted with foreign diplomats and their wives, founded the Kuchi Society (en: Baby Rescue Society), was Honorary Chairwoman of The Lithuanian Women’s Union, and supported a state-run nursery shelter. On February 4, 1925, Sofija’s’ father died in Kaunas. Because Sofija had cared for him when he was elderly, as was traditional in Lithuania, he left the bulk of his estate at Sebentiškis, 120.36 hectares, to Sofija. The family buried him next to his wife in Suostas Cemetery, northern Lithuania.","title":"Kaunas (1919-1926)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"The First Lady of Lithuania (1926-1940)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kazys Grinius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazys_Grinius"},{"link_name":"Antanas Smetona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antanas_Smetona"},{"link_name":"President of Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"interwar period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interwar_period"},{"link_name":"First Lady of Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lady_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Kaunas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaunas"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"diplomats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacy"},{"link_name":"consul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consul_(representative)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"President Smetona’s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antanas_Smetona"},{"link_name":"Catherine II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Antanas Smetona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antanas_Smetona"},{"link_name":"Martynas Yčas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martynas_Y%C4%8Das_(1885)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Y%C4%8Das_2000_140-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Y%C4%8Das_2000_140-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Jadvyga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadvyga_T%C5%ABbelien%C4%97"},{"link_name":"John Gunther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gunther"},{"link_name":"Professor Smetona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antanas_Smetona"},{"link_name":"Owen J.C. Norem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_J.C._Norem"},{"link_name":"Smetona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antanas_Smetona"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Kaunas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaunas"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Mr. Smetona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antanas_Smetona"},{"link_name":"opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera"},{"link_name":"Metropolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.metropolishotel.lt"},{"link_name":"bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_bridge"},{"link_name":"Presidential Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_Presidential_Palace,_Kaunas"}],"sub_title":"The 1926 coup d'etat","text":"On December 17, 1926, a military coup d'état displaced the democratically elected President Kazys Grinius and reinstalled Sofija’s husband, Antanas Smetona as President of Lithuania. Smetona would go on to rule the country for the rest of the interwar period. Sofija, as First Lady of Lithuania soon became one of the most politically and socially engaged women in Kaunas.During Smetona’s Presidency, Sofija’s liveliness, her ability to find common interests, to be friendly, to enter in conversations of interest to foreigners, impressed experienced American and German diplomats. The US consul in Kaunas 1924-25, Harry Carlson, characterized her positively:[10]\"Madame Smetona is a highly educated woman of Polish origin, her family being reported as belonging to the Polish nobility. She is an extremely charming woman, and can easily be included among the three or four outstanding women of Lithuania at the present time. She takes great interest in her husband’s political work but is not openly interested in social work of any kind, and is not known to have taken or to be taking any special interest in education or welfare work. She is a brilliant conversationalist, but is somewhat inclined to be sharp and ironical in her remarks about persons and things. M-me Smetona is a passionate card player, and is known to play for rather heavy stakes.\"Carlson’s replacement, Robert Heingartner wrote of her:\"Mrs. Smetona is a lady of unusual energy who dominates the President at home if not in office. In fact, she is sometimes facetiously called ‘The President.’\"The British affairs trustee in Kaunas, Mr. Preston, said that one of the reasons for President Smetona’s popularity was Sofija, who was “a serious aide to the President.” According to him, Smetona’s popularity is determined by:\"... his merits in the fight for Lithuania’s independence, as well as his intelligence, unwavering will, sense of tact, and sometimes his wife’s intrigue, who is often referred to as Lithuanian Catherine II.\"Antanas Smetona was, according to daughter of former Finance Minister Martynas Yčas, Hypatia Yčas:\"… very approachable and quite unassuming, was a scholarly individual who liked to read the works of Plato and other Greek philosophers. He did not overawe any of us.\"[11]Sofija, in contrast, was more active, more powerful and harder than her husband. She often displayed a forthright and independent manner. If she had any problems with people, she could be harsh and sarcastic with her replies. As Yčas noted, Sofija was “an outspoken chatterbox” who, if she disliked somebody or something:\"… she would be sure to say so. It could be the food, the wine, the hairdos or the apparel of the hostess and/or the guests that she objected to. Some people found Mrs. Smetona’s cutting remarks hard to forget. For years, Mamma remembered her saying when they first met long ago in Vilnius, “You could be a good-looking woman, but WHY do you always wear low-heeled shoes?” An avid card player, she seemed to judge people on the basis of how good they were at playing Preference, an old but still popular game dating back to Russian Czarist times.\"[11]At the same time, Sofija had the talent to connect with a diverse range of people and was known to have a “good humour”.[12] Sofija was reported by many foreign diplomats as an outstanding and very influential figure, involved in many informal political affairs. British envoy to the Baltic States Hugh Montgomery-Knachbullo Hugesseno reports in London also said that the two sisters, the President and the Prime Minister’s wife, Sofija and Jadvyga, had a significant impact on the government.John Gunther, a popular American journalist of the time, wrote in 1940:\"The president of the republic, Professor Smetona, is best known for his remarkable wife, who is a powerful personage in the affairs of the little state.\"It was also evident to Owen J.C. Norem, the US envoy to Lithuania, who intended to include in his memoirs of service in Lithuania pre-World War II, a few sentences about the very important role Sofija played. Smetona, after reading the envoy’s manuscript, was not particularly impressed with the statement that his wife, Sofija, had helped the President manage the country. He demanded that it be deleted from the book as it could lead to ambiguous interpretations.[4]\nSofija was also a heavy smoker, who smoked Russian cigarettes most of the time. The writer M. Vaitkus, having visited the Smetonas in Kaunas, wrote:[13]\"I found Mrs. Sofija at home. Tall, slender. A rather pretty dark face. Eyes like a Mongolian. A bit of makeup below the eyes. In all a sharp, unusual face. Obviously good genes. In her right hand the lady often held a lit cigarette, from which her fingers had taken a yellow stain. But she often takes the cigarette to her mouth and draws deeply, so the corners of her lips are stained. She greeted me very simply, almost in a friendly fashion. We began to talk about life like old acquaintances. I asked, ‘Is Mr. Smetona home?’ She replied ‘yes’ and showed me where to go.\"Sofija attended many official social events, frequented the opera and the Metropolis, and kept a close friendship with Lily Heingartner (the wife of Robert Heingartner the American consul) who regularly attended Sofija’s weekly bridge parties at the Presidential Palace.","title":"The First Lady of Lithuania (1926-1940)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Presidential Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_Presidential_Palace,_Kaunas"},{"link_name":"Kaunas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaunas"},{"link_name":"Palanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palanga"},{"link_name":"Vladas Stašinskas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladas_Sta%C5%A1inskas"},{"link_name":"Baltoji Villa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.autc.lt/en/architecture-objects/1585"}],"sub_title":"Palanga","text":"During most of the year, Sofija lived with her family at the Presidential Palace in Kaunas. When summer came however the family, like many residents of Kaunas who could afford it, summered in Palanga. The Smetonas would spend two months at their friend’s, Vladas Stašinskas, villa: Baltoji Villa. While there, the family was accompanied by their servants and advisors.","title":"The First Lady of Lithuania (1926-1940)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antanas Smetona’s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antanas_Smetona"},{"link_name":"Užugiris Estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//eden.lithuania.travel/en/services/to-uzugiris-manor-in-the-footsteps-of-president-antanas-smetona/"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Užugiris","text":"In 1934, to celebrate Antanas Smetona’s 60th birthday, a committee, made up mostly of Tautininkai, collected money and as a gift bought Užugiris Estate for Antanas and Sofija. Including pasture, meadow and bog it extended to some 80 hectares (almost 200 acres), of which half was arable.Smetona had no time for farming, but after the house was completed in 1937, Sofija willingly took over the management.[14] She spent about six months, from spring to late autumn, at Užugiris.[15] One morning, when Smetona came to visit without warning, he discovered Sofija in farm clothes - she had been up all night tending to the birth of a litter of piglets.","title":"The First Lady of Lithuania (1926-1940)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vytautas Magnus Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vytautas_the_Great_War_Museum"},{"link_name":"V. Kudirka School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauno_Vinco_Kudirkos_progimnazija"},{"link_name":"First Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lady"}],"sub_title":"Charity Causes","text":"During the interwar period, Sofija was involved in charity causes; she was President of the baby-care society “Darželis”, she headed the Duchess Birutė Celebration Committee, was the treasurer for the construction of Vytautas Magnus Museum, was on the board of the committee to organize events for the 500th anniversary of Vytautas the Great’s death, was a patron for Kindergarten and Winter Help, and a funder of V. Kudirka School.She also fulfilled her duties as First Lady by participating in official events, opening important buildings and supporting women in sports.","title":"The First Lady of Lithuania (1926-1940)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"Königsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg"},{"link_name":"Masurian Lake District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masurian_Lake_District"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"}],"text":"On June 15, 1940, Sofija fled Lithuania with her husband and family, ahead of the occupation by Soviet forces.Via Königsberg, the family was moved by the German authorities to a hunting lodge (Gästenheim Jägerhöhe) near the Święcajty (pl) (Schwenzait) lake in the Masurian Lake District. On August 17, Smetona received permission to relocate to Berlin. The family then went to Switzerland, Portugal, Brazil and finally to the United States, where they landed in New York on March 9 or 10, 1941.","title":"From Lithuania to the United States (1940–1941)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland"},{"link_name":"Antanas Smetona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antanas_Smetona"},{"link_name":"Juozas Bačiūnas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juozas_Ba%C4%8Di%C5%ABnas"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Jadvyga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadvyga_T%C5%ABbelien%C4%97"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Heights,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"emigrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emigrant"},{"link_name":"St. Vincent Charity Medical Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Vincent_Charity_Medical_Center"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sofija_Smetonien%C4%97%27s_Tomb.jpg"}],"text":"The family moved to Pittsburgh and Chicago and finally settled in Cleveland, Ohio in May 1942 with Sofija’s son Julius’ family at 11596 Ablewhite Avenue.On January 9, 1944, a fire broke out in the home, killing Antanas Smetona. A couple of years later, Sofija wrote:“It was a terrible blow to us. I’m just starting to recover from that disaster.”Understanding Sofija’s condition, close friends invited her for extended visits. For three months she lived in a hotel owned by Juozas Bačiūnas in Florida. Then she went to Washington to stay with her sister, Jadvyga. She then returned to Cleveland, to live with her son, Julius at 1704 Lee Road, Cleveland Heights, US.[16]Because of the great divisions within the Lithuanian emigrant community, after Antanas' death Sofija withdrew from public work, though she kept in contact with some members of the Lithuanian political community.Sofija continued to live in the Cleveland area for the rest of her life, helping to raise her grandchildren and caring for the home. She didn’t socialize very much but rather stayed at home taking care of the grandchildren, washing the dishes, doing the laundry, patching and mending clothes. There were moments in her life, however, that took her back to happier times:\"When the wind blows as I sit in my yard, the corn stalks rustle the same as the reeds did along the riverbanks in Lithuania.\"She always yearned to one day return to her homeland. She asked herself:“Will that blessed hour ever come?”In 1968, as she was preparing to attend the anniversary of her husband’s death, Sofija fell ill and was taken to St. Vincent Charity Medical Center.Sofija Smetonienė's Tomb","title":"Life in the United States (1941–1968)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"funeral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funeral"},{"link_name":"crypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crypt"},{"link_name":"All Souls Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//clecem.org/Cemeteries/AllSouls.aspx"},{"link_name":"Chardon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chardon,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Geauga County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geauga_County"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland"}],"text":"On December 28, 1968, at six in the evening, Sofija died. The funeral took place two days later. Sofija is buried in a crypt next to her husband (No. 103), in Section 23 of the All Souls Cemetery, Chardon, Geauga County, Ohio, (east of Cleveland).","title":"Death"}] | [{"image_text":"Sofija Smetonienė's Tomb","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Sofija_Smetonien%C4%97%27s_Tomb.jpg/164px-Sofija_Smetonien%C4%97%27s_Tomb.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Sofija Smetonienė\". Geni.com. 13 January 1885. Retrieved 17 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.geni.com/people/Sofija-Smetonien%C4%97/6000000006183625280","url_text":"\"Sofija Smetonienė\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sofija Smetonienė – pirmoji Lietuvos prezidentienė, laikiusi vyrą po padu?\". Moteris.lt. 20 November 2014. Retrieved 20 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.moteris.lt/veidai/sofija-smetoniene-pirmoji-lietuvos-prezidentiene-laikiusi-vyra-po-padu.d?id=66443770","url_text":"\"Sofija Smetonienė – pirmoji Lietuvos prezidentienė, laikiusi vyrą po padu?\""}]},{"reference":"Jakubavičienė, dr. Ingrida. \"S.Smetonienė: neįmintos pirmosios ponios mįslės\". DELFI. Retrieved 17 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.delfi.lt/gyvenimas/istorijos/ssmetoniene-neimintos-pirmosios-ponios-misles.d?id=60451497","url_text":"\"S.Smetonienė: neįmintos pirmosios ponios mįslės\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DELFI","url_text":"DELFI"}]},{"reference":"Eidintas, Alfonsas (2012). Antanas Smetona and his Environment. Vilnius: Science and Encyclopedia Publishing Centre. p. 197.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jakubavičienė, Ingrida (2020). Portretas. Vilnius: Tyto alba. p. 72.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jakubavičienė, Ingrida (2015). Duetas. 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Boston: Brill Rodopi. p. 175.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jakubavičienė, Ingrida (2015). Duetas. Vilnius: Versus Aureus. p. 92.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jakubavičienė, Ingrida (2014). Seserys. Vilnius: Versus aureus. p. 197.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.metropolishotel.lt/","external_links_name":"Metropolis"},{"Link":"http://www.autc.lt/en/architecture-objects/1585","external_links_name":"Baltoji Villa"},{"Link":"http://eden.lithuania.travel/en/services/to-uzugiris-manor-in-the-footsteps-of-president-antanas-smetona/","external_links_name":"Užugiris Estate"},{"Link":"https://clecem.org/Cemeteries/AllSouls.aspx","external_links_name":"All Souls Cemetery"},{"Link":"https://www.geni.com/people/Sofija-Smetonien%C4%97/6000000006183625280","external_links_name":"\"Sofija Smetonienė\""},{"Link":"http://www.moteris.lt/veidai/sofija-smetoniene-pirmoji-lietuvos-prezidentiene-laikiusi-vyra-po-padu.d?id=66443770","external_links_name":"\"Sofija Smetonienė – pirmoji Lietuvos prezidentienė, laikiusi vyrą po padu?\""},{"Link":"https://www.delfi.lt/gyvenimas/istorijos/ssmetoniene-neimintos-pirmosios-ponios-misles.d?id=60451497","external_links_name":"\"S.Smetonienė: neįmintos pirmosios ponios mįslės\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/37150565604906252029","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyCFgQGfDfbMrWxqX6qcP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/107265489X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2016051532","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810688454405606","external_links_name":"Poland"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bachelor_(American_season_5) | The Bachelor (American TV series) season 5 | ["1 Contestants","1.1 Future appearances","2 Elimination Chart","3 Episodes","4 References"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "The Bachelor (American TV series) season 5" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Season of television series
The BachelorSeason 5Promotional posterStarringJesse PalmerPresented byChris HarrisonNo. of contestants25WinnerJessica BowlinRunner-upTara Huckeby
No. of episodes9ReleaseOriginal networkABCOriginal releaseApril 7 (2004-04-07) –May 19, 2004 (2004-05-19)List of episodes
The fifth season of ABC reality television series The Bachelor premiered on April 7, 2004. The show featured 25-year-old Jesse Palmer, a professional football player from Nepean, Ontario. Palmer is the first Canadian and the youngest Bachelor lead in the show's history. The season concluded on May 19, 2004, with Palmer choosing to pursue a relationship with 22-year-old student Jessica Bowlin. They ended their relationship several weeks after the finale.
Contestants
The following is the list of bachelorettes for this season:
Name
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Outcome
Jessica Bowlin
22
Huntington Beach, California
Student
Winner
Tara Huckeby
23
Shawnee, Oklahoma
General Contractor
Week 7
Mandy Jaye Jeffreys
26
Midland, Texas
Architect Designer
Week 6
Trish Schneider
28
Atlanta, Georgia
Model
Week 5
Karen Lindsay
28
Pleasant Grove, Utah
Pharmaceutical Salesperson
Week 4
Suzie Williams
23
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Prosthetic Technician
Jenny De Schiralli
26
Carrboro, North Carolina
Swim Instructor
Week 3
Jessica Holcomb
25
Pearsall, Texas
Attorney
Julie Durda
24
Sacramento, California
Professional Cheerleader
Katie Gehart
22
Scottsdale, Arizona
LASIK Eye & Skin Center Manager
Amber LaRoux
27
Sunriver, Oregon
Consultant
Week 2
Anne-Catherine Labbé
27
Quebec City, Quebec
Model
Celeste Creel
24
Ithaca, New York
Executive Assistant
Debbie Merkett
27
Pinetops, North Carolina
Massage Therapist
Jean-Marie Callahan
26
Gibson, North Carolina
Hairstylist
Jenny Matthews
24
Canton, Michigan
Retail Manager
Kristy Romero
25
Dearborn, Michigan
Student
Mandy Clemens
25
San Diego, California
Professional Soccer Player
DeShaun Warner
25
Phillipsburg, New Jersey
Account Manager
Week 1
Dolores Farburg
26
Madison, New Jersey
Account Manager
Francine Jones
25
Houston, Texas
Retail Manager
Holly Reeder
26
Tulsa, Oklahoma
Bank Representative
Jessica Kyron
21
Cincinnati, Ohio
Student
Kristin Clearwater
25
Sausalito, California
Singer
Rachel Clementi
26
Buffalo, New York
Fashion PR Manager
Future appearances
Jesse Palmer was named as the host for Bachelor Nation franchise in future content starting from The Bachelor season 26, replacing original host Chris Harrison.
Elimination Chart
#
Contestants
Week
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
Amber
Jean-Marie
Trish
Karen
Tara
Mandy J.
Jessica B.
Jessica B.
2
Anne-Catherine
Julie
Suzie
Tara
Mandy J.
Jessica B.
Tara
Tara
3
Celeste
Mandy J.
Jessica H.
Jessica B.
Trish
Tara
Mandy J.
4
Debbie
Anne-Catherine
Mandy J.
Suzie
Jessica B.
Trish
5
DeShaun
Jessica B.
Tara
Mandy J.
KarenSuzie
6
Dolores
Mandy C.
Katie
Trish
7
Francine
Celeste
Julie
Jenny S.Jessica H.JulieKatie
8
Holly
Karen
Karen
9
Jean-Marie
Trish
Jenny S.
10
Jenny M.
Jessica H.
Jessica B.
11
Jenny S.
Amber
AmberAnne-CatherineCelesteDebbieJean-MarieJenny M.KristyMandy C.
12
Jessica B.
Kristy
13
Jessica H.
Jenny S.
14
Jessica K.
Jenny M.
15
Julie
Katie
16
Karen
Tara
17
Katie
Debbie
18
Kristin
Suzie
19
Kristy
DeShaunDoloresFrancineHollyJessica K.KristinRachel
20
Mandy C.
21
Mandy J.
22
Rachel
23
Suzie
24
Tara
25
Trish
The contestant won the competition.
The contestant was eliminated at the rose ceremony.
Episodes
See also: List of The Bachelor (American TV series) episodes
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)Rating/share(18–49)371"Week 1"April 7, 2004 (2004-04-07)50111.085.2/14
382"Week 2"April 14, 2004 (2004-04-14)50210.474.6/12
393"Week 3"April 21, 2004 (2004-04-21)50311.955.3/13
404"Week 4"April 28, 2004 (2004-04-28)50411.625.0/13
415"Week 5"May 5, 2004 (2004-05-05)50510.334.7/12
426"The Women Tell All"May 12, 2004 (2004-05-12)N/A9.284.2/10
437"Week 6"May 12, 2004 (2004-05-12)50612.456.0/15
448"Week 7"May 19, 2004 (2004-05-19)50713.076.0/15
459"After the Final Rose"May 26, 2004 (2004-05-26)N/A7.50N/A
References
^ Elizabeth Wagmeister (September 29, 2021). "Jesse Palmer Named New Host of 'The Bachelor'". variety.com. Retrieved October 13, 2021.
^ a b c d e f g h i "Episode List: The Bachelor". TV Tango. Archived from the original on July 27, 2019. Retrieved July 27, 2019.
^ a b c d e f g h "SpotVault – The Bachelor (ABC) – Spring 2004". SpottedRatings.com. Archived from the original on July 27, 2019. Retrieved July 27, 2019.
vteThe Bachelor franchiseThe Bachelor(original U.S. version)Seasons
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8: Paris
9: Rome
10: Officer and a Gentleman
11
12: London Calling
13
14: On the Wings of Love
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
Bachelors
Alex Michel
Aaron Buerge
Andrew Firestone
Bob Guiney
Jesse Palmer
Byron Velvick
Charlie O'Connell
Travis Lane Stork
Lorenzo Borghese
Andrew Baldwin
Brad Womack
Jason Mesnick
Jake Pavelka
Sean Lowe
Juan Pablo Galavis
Chris Soules
Ben Higgins
Nick Viall
Arie Luyendyk Jr.
Colton Underwood
Peter Weber
Matt James
Clayton Echard
Zach Shallcross
Joey Graziadei
Contestants
Mandy Clemens
Shayne Lamas
Melissa Rycroft
Tenley Molzahn
Gia Allemand
Keltie Colleen
Jamie Otis
Catherine Giudici
Brittany Fetkin
Ashley Iaconetti
Amanda Stanton
Demi Burnett
Caelynn Miller-Keyes
Hannah Godwin
Cassie Randolph
Kelsey Weier
Madison Prewett
Hannah Ann Sluss
Catalina Morales
Marlena Wesh
Susie Evans
Daisy Kent
The Bachelorette(original U.S. version)Seasons
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Bachelorettes
Trista Rehn
DeAnna Pappas
Jillian Harris
Ali Fedotowsky
Andi Dorfman
Kaitlyn Bristowe
JoJo Fletcher
Rachel Lindsay
Becca Kufrin
Hannah Brown
Clare Crawley
Tayshia Adams
Katie Thurston
Michelle Young
Rachel Recchia
Gabby Windey
Charity Lawson
Jenn Tran
Contestants
Ryan Sutter
Jesse Csincsak
Ryan Hoag
Adam Duvendeck
Ed Swiderski
David Homyk
Evan Bass
Chad Johnson
Jordan Rodgers
Kenny Layne
Clay Harbor
Mike Johnson
Tyler Cameron
Dale Moss
Jason Foster
Uzoma Nwachukwu
Bryan Witzmann
Joe Coleman
Other spin-offs
Bachelor Pad
Bachelor in Paradise (U.S.)
seasons
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
After Paradise
The Bachelor Winter Games
The Bachelor Presents: Listen to Your Heart
The Golden Bachelor
Versionsoutside the U.S.The Bachelor
Australia
1
Tim Robards
2
3
4
5
Matty Johnson
6
Nick Cummins
7
8
9
10
11
Luke Bateman
Brazil
1
Canada
1
Brad Smith
2
3
Chris Leroux
Romania
United Kingdom
4
Gavin Henson
5
Spencer Matthews
6
New Zealand
1
2
3
Israel
Vietnam
Greece
The Bachelorette
Australia
1 (Sam Frost)
2
3 (Sophie Monk)
4
5 (Angie Kent)
6
7 (Brooke Blurton)
Canada
India
Tamil Nadu (state of India)
New Zealand
Bachelor in Paradise
Australia
1
2
3
Canada
1
2
Related
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_(U.S._state) | Virginia | ["1 History","1.1 Earliest inhabitants","1.2 Colony","1.3 Statehood","1.4 Civil War","1.5 Reconstruction and Jim Crow","1.6 Civil rights to present","2 Geography","2.1 Geology and terrain","2.2 Climate","2.3 Ecosystem","2.4 Protected lands","2.5 Cities and towns","3 Demographics","3.1 Race and ethnicity","3.2 Languages","3.3 Religion","4 Economy","4.1 Government agencies","4.2 Business","4.3 Agriculture","4.4 Taxes","5 Culture","5.1 Fine and performing arts","5.2 Festivals","6 Law and government","6.1 Legal system","7 Politics","7.1 State elections","7.2 Federal elections","8 Education","8.1 Colleges and universities","9 Health","10 Media","11 Transportation","11.1 Mass transit and ports","12 Sports","12.1 College sports","12.2 High school sports","13 State symbols","14 See also","15 Notes","16 References","17 Bibliography","18 External links","18.1 Government","18.2 Tourism and recreation","18.3 Culture and history","18.4 Maps and demographics"] | Coordinates: 38°00′N 79°00′W / 38.0°N 79.0°W / 38.0; -79.0 (Commonwealth of Virginia)U.S. state
This article is about the U.S. state. For other uses, see Virginia (disambiguation).
"The Old Dominion" redirects here. For other uses, see Old Dominion.
State in the United StatesVirginiaStateCommonwealth of Virginia
FlagSealNicknames: Old Dominion, Mother of PresidentsMotto(s): Sic semper tyrannis(English: Thus Always to Tyrants)Anthem: "Our Great Virginia"Map of the United States with Virginia highlightedCountryUnited StatesBefore statehoodColony of VirginiaAdmitted to the UnionJune 25, 1788 (10th)CapitalRichmondLargest cityVirginia BeachLargest metro and urban areasWashington (metro and urban)Government • GovernorGlenn Youngkin (R) • Lieutenant GovernorWinsome Sears (R)LegislatureGeneral Assembly • Upper houseSenate • Lower houseHouse of DelegatesJudiciarySupreme Court of VirginiaU.S. senators
Mark Warner (D)
Tim Kaine (D)
U.S. House delegation6 Democrats5 Republicans (list)Area • Total42,774.2 sq mi (110,785.67 km2) • Rank35thDimensions • Length430 mi (690 km) • Width200 mi (320 km)Elevation950 ft (290 m)Highest elevation (Mount Rogers)5,729 ft (1,746 m)Lowest elevation (Atlantic Ocean)0 ft (0 m)Population (2023) • Total8,715,698 • Rank12th • Density219.3/sq mi (84.7/km2) • Rank14th • Median household income$80,615 • Income rank10thDemonymVirginianLanguage • Official languageEnglish • Spoken language
English 86%
Spanish 6%
Other 8%
Time zoneUTC-05:00 (Eastern) • Summer (DST)UTC-04:00 (EDT)USPS abbreviationVAISO 3166 codeUS-VATraditional abbreviationVa.Latitude36° 32′ N to 39° 28′ NLongitude75° 15′ W to 83° 41′ WWebsitevirginia.gov
Virginia, officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a state in the Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains. The state's capital is Richmond and its most populous city is Virginia Beach, though its most populous subdivision is Fairfax County, part of Northern Virginia, where slightly over a third of Virginia's population of 8.72 million live.
The Blue Ridge Mountains cross the western and southwestern parts of the state. The state's central region lies predominantly in the Piedmont. Eastern Virginia is part of the Atlantic Plain, and the Middle Peninsula forms the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay. The fertile Shenandoah Valley fosters the state's most productive agricultural counties, while the economy in Northern Virginia is driven by technology companies and U.S. federal government agencies, including the U.S. Department of Defense and Central Intelligence Agency. Hampton Roads is also the site of the region's main seaport and Naval Station Norfolk, the world's largest naval base.
Virginia's history begins with several Indigenous groups, including the Powhatan. In 1607, the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent English colony in the New World, hence Virginia's state nickname the Old Dominion. Slaves from Africa and land from displaced native tribes fueled the growing plantation economy, but also fueled conflicts both inside and outside the colony. Virginia was one of the original Thirteen Colonies in the American Revolution and several key battles were fought there during that war. More major battles were fought in Virginia during the American Civil War, which split the state as the government in Richmond joined the Confederacy, but many northwestern counties remained loyal to the Union, which led to the separation of West Virginia in 1863.
Although the state was under one-party rule for nearly a century following the Reconstruction era, both major political parties have been competitive in Virginia since the repeal of Jim Crow laws in the 1970s. Virginia's state legislature is the Virginia General Assembly, which was established in July 1619, making it the oldest current law-making body in North America. It is made up of a 40-member Senate and a 100-member House of Delegates. Unlike other states, cities and counties in Virginia function as equals, but the state government manages most local roads inside each. It is the only state where governors are prohibited from serving consecutive terms.
History
Main article: History of Virginia
Earliest inhabitants
Main article: Native American tribes in Virginia
The story of Pocahontas was simplified and romanticized by later artists and authors, including Smith himself, and promoted by her descendants, some of whom married into elite colonial families.
Nomadic hunters are estimated to have arrived in Virginia around 17,000 years ago. Evidence from Daugherty's Cave in Russell County shows it was regularly used as a rock shelter by 9,800 years ago. During the late Woodland period (500–1000 CE), tribes coalesced, and farming, first of corn and squash, began, with beans and tobacco arriving from the southwest and Mexico by the end of the period. Palisaded towns began to be built around 1200, and the native population in the current boundaries of Virginia reached around 50,000 in the 1500s. Large groups in the area at that time included the Algonquian in the Tidewater region, which they referred to as Tsenacommacah, the Iroquoian-speaking Nottoway and Meherrin to the north and south, and the Tutelo, who spoke Siouan, to the west.
In response to threats from these other groups to their trade network, thirty or so Virginia Algonquian-speaking tribes consolidated during the 1570s under Wahunsenacawh, known in English as Chief Powhatan. Powhatan controlled more than 150 settlements that had total population of around 15,000 in 1607. Three-fourths of the native population in Virginia, however, died from smallpox and other Old World diseases during that century, disrupting their oral traditions and complicating research into earlier periods. Additionally, many primary sources, including those that mention Powhatan's daughter, Pocahontas, were created by Europeans, who may have held biases or misunderstood native social structures and customs.
Colony
Main article: Colony of Virginia
Several European expeditions, including a group of Spanish Jesuits, explored the Chesapeake Bay during the 16th century. To help counter Spain's colonies in the Caribbean, Queen Elizabeth I of England supported Walter Raleigh's April 1584 expedition to the Atlantic coast of North America. The name "Virginia" was used by Captain Arthur Barlowe in the expedition's report, and may have been suggested that year by Raleigh or Elizabeth, perhaps noting her status as the "Virgin Queen" or that they viewed the land as being untouched, and may also be related to an Algonquin phrase, Wingandacoa or Windgancon, or leader's name, Wingina, as heard by the expedition. The name initially applied to the entire coastal region from South Carolina in the south to Maine in the north, along with the island of Bermuda. Raleigh's colony failed, but the potential financial and strategic gains still captivated many English policymakers, and in 1606, King James I issued a charter for a new colony to the London Company. The group financed an expedition under Christopher Newport that crossed the Atlantic and established a settlement named Jamestown in May 1607.
Though more settlers soon joined, many were ill-prepared for the dangers of the new settlement. As the colony's president, John Smith secured food for the colonists from nearby tribes, but after he left in 1609, this trade stopped and a series of ambush-style killings between colonists and natives under Chief Powhatan and his brother began, resulting in mass starvation in the colony that winter. By the end of the colony's first fourteen years, over eighty percent of the roughly eight thousand settlers transported there had died. Demand for exported tobacco, however, fueled the need for more workers. Starting in 1618, the headright system tried to solve this by granting colonists farmland for their help attracting indentured servants. Enslaved Africans were first sold in Virginia in 1619. Though other Africans arrived under the rules of indentured servitude, and could be freed after four to seven years, the basis for lifelong slavery was developed in legal cases like those of John Punch in 1640 and John Casor in 1655. Laws passed in Jamestown defined slavery as race-based in 1661, as inherited maternally in 1662, and as enforceable by death in 1669.
In 1699, after the statehouse in Jamestown was destroyed by fire, the Colony of Virginia's capitol was moved to Williamsburg, where the College of William & Mary was founded six years earlier.
From the colony's start, residents agitated for greater local control, and in 1619, certain male colonists began electing representatives to an assembly, later called the House of Burgesses, that negotiated issues with the governing council appointed by the London Company. Unhappy with this arrangement, the monarchy revoked the company's charter and began directly naming governors and Council members in 1624. In 1635, colonists arrested a governor who ignored the assembly and sent him back to England against his will. William Berkeley was named governor in 1642, just as the turmoil of the English Civil War and Interregnum permitted the colony greater autonomy. As a supporter of the king, Berkeley welcomed other so-called Cavaliers who fled to Virginia. He surrendered to Parliamentarians in 1652, but after the 1660 Restoration made him governor again, he blocked assembly elections and exacerbated the class divide by disenfranchising and restricting the movement of indentured servants, who made up around eighty percent of the colony's workforce. On the colony's frontier, Piedmont tribes like the Tutelo and Doeg were being squeezed by Seneca raiders from the north, leading to more confrontations with colonists. In 1676, several hundred working-class followers of Nathaniel Bacon, upset by Berkeley's refusal to retaliate against the tribes, marched to Jamestown and burned it.
Bacon's Rebellion forced the signing of Bacon's Laws, which restored some of the colony's rights and sanctioned both attacks on native tribes and the enslavement of their men and women. The Treaty of 1677 further reduced the independence of the tribes that signed it, and aided the colony's assimilation of their land in the years that followed. Colonists in the 1700s were pushing westward into this area held by the Seneca and their larger Iroquois Nation, and in 1748, a group of wealthy speculators, backed by the British monarchy, formed the Ohio Company to start English settlement and trade in the Ohio Country west of the Appalachian Mountains. The Kingdom of France, which claimed this area as part of their colony of New France, viewed this as a threat, and in 1754 the French and Indian War engulfed England, France, the Iroquois, and other allied tribes on both sides. A militia from several British colonies, called the Virginia Regiment, was led by 21-year-old Major George Washington, himself one of the investors in the Ohio Company.
Statehood
See also: Virginia in the American Revolution
In 1765, Patrick Henry led a protest of the unpopular Stamp Act in the House of Burgesses, later depicted in this portrait by Peter F. Rothermel.
In the decade following the French and Indian War, the British Parliament under prime ministers Grenville, Chatham, and North passed new taxes on various colonial activities. These were deeply unpopular in the colonies, and in the House of Burgesses, opposition to taxation without representation was led by Patrick Henry and Richard Henry Lee, among others. Virginians began to coordinate their actions with other colonies in 1773 and sent delegates to the Continental Congress the following year. After the House of Burgesses was dissolved in 1774 by the royal governor, Virginia's revolutionary leaders continued to govern via the Virginia Conventions. On May 15, 1776, the Convention declared Virginia's independence from the British Empire and adopted George Mason's Virginia Declaration of Rights, which was then included in a new constitution that designated Virginia as a commonwealth, using a translation of the Latin term res publica. Another Virginian, Thomas Jefferson, drew upon Mason's work in drafting the national Declaration of Independence.
After the American Revolutionary War began, George Washington was selected by the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia to head the Continental Army, and many Virginians joined the army and other revolutionary militias. Virginia was the first colony to ratify the Articles of Confederation in December 1777. In April 1780, the capital was moved to Richmond at the urging of Governor Thomas Jefferson, who feared that Williamsburg's coastal location would make it vulnerable to British attack. British forces indeed landed around Portsmouth in October 1780, and soldiers under Benedict Arnold managed to raid Richmond in January 1781. The British army had over seven thousand soldiers and twenty-five warships stationed in Virginia at the beginning of 1781, but General Charles Cornwallis and his superiors were indecisive, and maneuvers by the three thousand soldiers under the Marquis de Lafayette and twenty-nine allied French warships together managed to confine the British to a swampy area of the Virginia Peninsula in September. Around sixteen thousand soldiers under George Washington and Comte de Rochambeau quickly converged there and defeated Cornwallis in the siege of Yorktown. His surrender on October 19, 1781, led to peace negotiations in Paris and secured the independence of the colonies.
Virginians were instrumental in the new country's early years and in writing the United States Constitution. James Madison drafted the Virginia Plan in 1787 and the Bill of Rights in 1789. Virginia ratified the Constitution on June 25, 1788. The three-fifths compromise ensured that Virginia, with its large number of slaves, initially had the largest bloc in the House of Representatives. Together with the Virginia dynasty of presidents, this gave the Commonwealth national importance. In 1790, Virginia and Maryland ceded territory to form the new national capital, which moved from Philadelphia to the District of Columbia a decade later, in 1800. In 1846, the Virginian area of the new capital was retroceded. Virginia is called the "Mother of States" because of its role in being carved into states such as Kentucky, which became the fifteenth state in 1792, and for the numbers of American pioneers born in Virginia.
Civil War
Main article: Virginia in the American Civil War
Eyre Crowe's 1853 portrait, Slaves Waiting for Sale: Richmond, Virginia, which he completed after visiting Richmond's slave markets, where thousands were sold annually
Between 1790 and 1860, the number of slaves in Virginia rose from around 290 thousand to over 490 thousand, roughly one-third of the state population during that time, and the number of slave owners rose to over 50 thousand. Both of these numbers represented the most in the U.S. The boom in cotton production across the South using cotton gins increased the amount of labor needed for harvesting raw cotton, but new federal laws prohibited the importation of additional slaves from abroad. Decades of monoculture tobacco farming had also degraded Virginia's agricultural productivity. To capitalize on this situation, Virginia plantations increasingly turned to exporting slaves, which broke up countless families and made the breeding of slaves, often through rape, a profitable business for their owners. Slaves in the Richmond area were also forced into industrial jobs, including mining and shipbuilding. The failed slave uprisings of Gabriel Prosser in 1800, George Boxley in 1815, and Nat Turner in 1831, however, marked the growing resistance to the system of slavery. Afraid of further uprisings, Virginia's government in the 1830s encouraged free Blacks to migrate to Liberia.
On October 16, 1859, abolitionist John Brown led a raid on an armory in Harpers Ferry, Virginia, in an attempt to start a slave revolt across the southern states. The polarized national response to his raid, capture, trial, and execution in Charles Town that December marked a tipping point for many who believed the end of slavery would need to be achieved by force. Abraham Lincoln's 1860 election further convinced many southern supporters of slavery that his opposition to its expansion would ultimately mean the end of slavery across the country. In South Carolina, the first state to secede to preserve the institution of slavery, a regiment loyal to the newly formed Confederate States of America seized Fort Sumter on April 14, 1861, prompting President Lincoln to call for a federal army of 75,000 men from state militias the next day.
The Confederacy used Richmond as their capital from May 1861 till April 1865, when they abandoned the city and set fire to its downtown.
In Virginia, a special convention called by the legislature voted on April 17 to secede on the condition it was approved in a referendum the next month. The convention then voted to join the Confederacy, which named Richmond its capital on May 20. During the May 23 referendum, armed pro-Confederate groups prevented the casting and counting of votes from many northwestern counties that opposed secession. Representatives from 27 of these counties instead began the Wheeling Convention that month, which organized a government loyal to the Union and led to the separation of West Virginia as a new state.
The armies of the Union and Confederacy first met on July 21, 1861, in Battle of Bull Run near Manassas, Virginia, where a bloody Confederate victory established that the war would not be easily decided. Union General George B. McClellan organized the Army of the Potomac, which landed on the Virginia Peninsula in March 1862 and reached the outskirts of Richmond that June. With Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston wounded in fighting outside the city, command of his Army of Northern Virginia fell to Robert E. Lee. Over the next month, Lee drove the Union army back, and starting that September led the first of several invasions into Union territory. During the next three years of war, more battles were fought in Virginia than anywhere else, including the battles of Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Spotsylvania, and the concluding Battle of Appomattox Court House, where Lee surrendered on April 9, 1865. After the capture of Richmond that month, the state capital was briefly moved to Lynchburg, while the Confederate leadership fled to Danville. 32,751 Virginians died in the Civil War.
Reconstruction and Jim Crow
With nearly 800,000 soldiers passing through, Hampton Roads was the second-largest port of embarkation during World War I.
Virginia was formally restored to the United States in 1870, due to the work of the Committee of Nine. During the post-war Reconstruction era, African Americans were able to unite in communities, particularly around Richmond, Danville, and the Tidewater region, and take a greater role in Virginia society, as many achieved some land ownership during the 1870s. Virginia adopted a constitution in 1868 which guaranteed political, civil, and voting rights, and provided for free public schools. However, with many railroad lines and other infrastructure investments destroyed during the Civil War, the Commonwealth was deeply in debt, and in the late 1870s redirected money from public schools to pay bondholders. The Readjuster Party formed in 1877 and won legislative power in 1879 by uniting Black and white Virginians behind a shared opposition to debt payments and the perceived plantation elites.
The Readjusters focused on building up schools, like Virginia Tech and Virginia State, and successfully forced West Virginia to share in the pre-war debt. But in 1883, they were divided by a proposed repeal of anti-miscegenation laws, and days before that year's election, a riot in Danville, involving armed policemen, left four Black men and one white man dead. These events motivated a push by white supremacists to seize political power through voter suppression, and segregationists in the Democratic Party won the legislature that year and maintained control for decades. They passed Jim Crow laws and in 1902 rewrote the state constitution to include a poll tax and other voter registration measures that effectively disenfranchised most African Americans and many poor whites.
New economic forces would meanwhile industrialize the Commonwealth. Virginian James Albert Bonsack invented the tobacco cigarette rolling machine in 1880 leading to new large-scale production centered around Richmond. Railroad magnate Collis Potter Huntington founded Newport News Shipbuilding in 1886, which was responsible for building six dreadnoughts, seven battleships, and 25 destroyers for the U.S. Navy between 1907 and 1923. During World War I, German submarines like U-151 attacked ships outside the port, which was a major site for transportation of both soldiers and supplies. After the war, a homecoming parade to honor African-American troops returning from service was attacked in July 1919 by the city's police as part of a renewed white-supremacy movement that was known as Red Summer. The shipyard continued building cruisers and aircraft carriers in World War II, and quadrupled its pre-war labor force to 70,000 by 1943. The Radford Arsenal outside Blacksburg also employed 22,000 workers making explosives.
Civil rights to present
Protests in 2020 focused on Confederate monuments in the state.
Protests against underfunded segregated schools started by Barbara Rose Johns in 1951 in Farmville led to the lawsuit Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County. This case, filed by Richmond natives Spottswood Robinson and Oliver Hill, was decided in 1954 with Brown v. Board of Education, which rejected the doctrine of "separate but equal". But, in 1956, under the policy of "massive resistance" led by the influential segregationist Senator Harry F. Byrd and his Byrd Organization, the Commonwealth prohibited desegregated local schools from receiving state or private funding as part of the Stanley Plan. After schools in many districts began closing in September 1958, state and district courts ruled the plan unconstitutional, and on February 2, 1959, the first Black students integrated schools in Arlington and Norfolk, where they were known as the Norfolk 17. Prince Edward County still refused to integrate and closed their county school system in June 1959. It only reopened in 1964, after the Supreme Court ordered the county's public schools to be, like others in the state, open and integrated, which they finally did that September.
Federal passage of the Civil Rights Act in June 1964 and Voting Rights Act in August 1965, and their later enforcement by the Justice Department, helped end racial segregation in Virginia and overturn Jim Crow era state laws. In June 1967, the Supreme Court also struck down the state's ban on interracial marriage with Loving v. Virginia. In 1968, Governor Mills Godwin called a commission to rewrite the state constitution. The new constitution, which banned discrimination and removed articles that now violated federal law, passed in a referendum with 71.8% support and went into effect in June 1971. In 1977, Black members became the majority of Richmond's city council; in 1989, Douglas Wilder became the first African American elected as governor in the United States; and in 1992, Bobby Scott became the first Black congressman from Virginia since 1888.
The expansion of federal government offices into Northern Virginia's suburbs during the Cold War boosted the region's population and economy. The Central Intelligence Agency outgrew their offices in Foggy Bottom during the Korean War, and moved to Langley in 1961, in part due to a decision by the National Security Council that the agency relocate outside the District of Columbia. The agency was involved in various Cold War events, and its headquarters was a target of Soviet espionage activities. The Pentagon, built in Arlington during World War II as the headquarters of the Department of Defense, was one of the targets of the September 11, 2001 attacks; 189 people died at the site when a jet passenger plane was flown into the building. Mass shootings at Virginia Tech in 2007 and in Virginia Beach in 2019 led to passage of gun control measures in 2020. Racial injustice and the presence of Confederate monuments in Virginia have also led to large demonstrations, including in August 2017, when a white supremacist drove his car into protesters, killing one, and in June 2020, when protests that were part of the larger Black Lives Matter movement brought about the removal of statues on Monument Avenue in Richmond and elsewhere.
Geography
Main article: Environment of Virginia
Virginia is shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains, the Chesapeake Bay and its watershed, and the parallel 36°30′ north.
Virginia is located in the Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern regions of the United States. Virginia has a total area of 42,774.2 square miles (110,784.7 km2), including 3,180.13 square miles (8,236.5 km2) of water, making it the 35th-largest state by area. The Commonwealth is bordered by Maryland and Washington, D.C. to the north and east; by the Atlantic Ocean to the east; by North Carolina to the south; by Tennessee to the southwest; by Kentucky to the west; and by West Virginia to the north and west. Virginia's boundary with Maryland and Washington, D.C. extends to the low-water mark of the south shore of the Potomac River.
Virginia's southern border was defined in 1665 as 36°30' north latitude. Surveyors marking the border with North Carolina in the 18th century however started their work about 3.5 miles (5.6 km) to the north and drifted an additional 3.5 miles by the border's westernmost point, likely due to equipment issues and instructions to use natural landmarks when possible. After Tennessee joined the U.S. in 1796, new surveyors worked in 1802 and 1803 to reset their border with Virginia as a line from the summit of White Top Mountain to the top of Tri-State Peak in the Cumberland Mountains. However, deviations in that border were identified when it was re-marked in 1856, and the Virginia General Assembly proposed a new surveying commission in 1871. Representatives from Tennessee preferred to keep the less-straight 1803 line, and in 1893, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in the state's favor in the case Virginia v. Tennessee. One result of this is the division of the city of Bristol between the two states.
Geology and terrain
Main article: Geology of Virginia
Great Falls is on the fall line of the Potomac River, and its rocks date to the late Precambrian.
The Chesapeake Bay separates the contiguous portion of the Commonwealth from the two-county peninsula of Virginia's Eastern Shore. The bay was formed from the drowned river valley of the ancient Susquehanna River. Many of Virginia's rivers flow into the Chesapeake Bay, including the Potomac, Rappahannock, York, and James, which create three peninsulas in the bay, traditionally referred to as "necks" named Northern Neck, Middle Peninsula, and the Virginia Peninsula from north to south. Sea level rise has eroded the land on Virginia's islands, which include Tangier Island in the bay and Chincoteague, one of 23 barrier islands on the Atlantic coast.
The Tidewater is a coastal plain between the Atlantic coast and the fall line. It includes the Eastern Shore and major estuaries of Chesapeake Bay. The Piedmont is a series of sedimentary and igneous rock-based foothills east of the mountains which were formed in the Mesozoic era. The region, known for its heavy clay soil, includes the Southwest Mountains around Charlottesville. The Blue Ridge Mountains are a physiographic province of the Appalachian Mountains with the highest points in the Commonwealth, the tallest being Mount Rogers at 5,729 feet (1,746 m). The Ridge-and-Valley region is west of the mountains, carbonate rock based, and includes the Massanutten Mountain ridge and the Great Appalachian Valley, which is called the Shenandoah Valley in Virginia, named after the river of the same name that flows through it. The Cumberland Plateau and Cumberland Mountains are in the southwest corner of Virginia, south of the Allegheny Plateau. In this region, rivers flow northwest, with a dendritic drainage system, into the Ohio River basin.
The Virginia Seismic Zone has not had a history of regular earthquake activity. Earthquakes are rarely above 4.5 in magnitude, because Virginia is located away from the edges of the North American Plate. The Commonwealth's largest earthquake in at least a century, at a magnitude of 5.8, struck central Virginia on August 23, 2011, near Mineral. Due to the area's geologic properties, this earthquake was felt from Northern Florida to Southern Ontario. 35 million years ago, a bolide impacted what is now eastern Virginia. The resulting Chesapeake Bay impact crater may explain what earthquakes and subsidence the region does experience. A meteor impact is also theorized as the source of Lake Drummond, the largest of the two natural lakes in the state.
The Commonwealth's carbonate rock is filled with more than 4,000 limestone caves, ten of which are open for tourism, including the popular Luray Caverns and Skyline Caverns. Virginia's iconic Natural Bridge is also the remaining roof of a collapsed limestone cave. Coal mining takes place in the three mountainous regions at 45 distinct coal beds near Mesozoic basins. More than 72 million tons of other non-fuel resources, such as slate, kyanite, sand, or gravel, were also mined in Virginia in 2020. The largest known deposits of uranium in the U.S. are under Coles Hill, Virginia. Despite a challenge that reached the U.S. Supreme Court twice, the state has banned its mining since 1982 due to environmental and public health concerns.
Climate
Main article: Climate of Virginia
See also: Climate change in Virginia
Virginia state-wide averages 1895–2023
Climate chart (explanation)
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Metric conversion
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Virginia has a humid subtropical climate that transitions to humid continental west of the Blue Ridge Mountains. Seasonal extremes vary from average lows of 25 °F (−4 °C) in January to average highs of 86 °F (30 °C) in July. The Atlantic Ocean and Gulf Stream have a strong effect on eastern and southeastern coastal areas of the Commonwealth, making the climate there warmer but also more constant. Most of Virginia's recorded extremes in temperature and precipitation have occurred in the Blue Ridge Mountains and areas west. Virginia receives an average of 43.47 inches (110 cm) of precipitation annually, with the Shenandoah Valley being the state's driest region due to the mountains on either side.
Virginia has around 35–45 days with thunderstorms annually, and storms are common in the late afternoon and evenings between April and September. These months are also the most common for tornadoes, eight of which touched down in the Commonwealth in 2023. Hurricanes and tropical storms can occur from August to October, and though they typically impact coastal regions, the deadliest natural disaster in Virginia was Hurricane Camille, which killed over 150 people mainly in inland Nelson County in 1969. Between December and March, cold-air damming caused by the Appalachian Mountains can lead to significant snowfalls across the state, such as the January 2016 blizzard, which created the state's highest recorded one-day snowfall of 36.6 inches (93 cm) near Bluemont. On average, cities in Virginia can receive between 5.8–12.3 inches (15–31 cm) of snow annually, but recent winters have seen below-average snowfalls, and much of Virginia failed to register any measurable snow during 2022–2023 winter season.
Part of this is due to climate change in Virginia, which is leading to higher temperatures year-round as well as more heavy rain and flooding events. Urban heat islands can be found in many Virginia cities and suburbs, particularly in neighborhoods linked to historic redlining. The air in Virginia has statistically improved since 1998, when haze in Blue Ridge Mountains peaked, as did the number of code orange days for high ozone polution in Fairfax County, with 64.8. In 2023, Fairfax, like neighboring Arlington and Loudoun counties, recorded just three code orange days. The closure and conversion of coal power plants in Virginia and the Ohio Valley region has helped cut the amount of particulate matter in Virginia's air in half, from 13.5 micrograms per cubic meter in 2003, when coal provided 49.3% of Virginia's electricity, to 6.6 in 2023, when coal provided just 1.5%, behind renewables like solar power and hydroelectricity. Current plans call for 30% of the Commonwealth's electricity to be renewable by 2030 and for all to be carbon-free by 2050.
Ecosystem
See also: List of endangered species in Virginia
Up to 7,000 white-tailed deer, also known as Virginia deer, live in Shenandoah National Park.
Forests cover 62% of Virginia as of 2021, of which 80% is considered hardwood forest, meaning that trees in Virginia are primarily deciduous and broad-leaved. The other 20% is pine, with loblolly and shortleaf pine dominating much of central and eastern Virginia. In the western and mountainous parts of the Commonwealth, oak and hickory are most common, while lower altitudes are more likely to have small but dense stands of moisture-loving hemlocks and mosses in abundance. Spongy moth infestations in oak trees and the blight in chestnut trees have decreased both of their numbers, leaving more room for hickory and the invasive tree of heaven. In the lowland tidewater and Piedmont, yellow pines tend to dominate, with bald cypress wetland forests in the Great Dismal and Nottoway swamps. Other common trees include red spruce, Atlantic white cedar, tulip-poplar, and the flowering dogwood, the state tree and flower, as well as willows, ashes, and laurels. Plants like milkweed, dandelions, daisies, ferns, and Virginia creeper, which is featured on the state flag, are also common. The Thompson Wildlife Area in Fauquier is known for having one of the largest populations of trillium wildflowers in all of North America.
White-tailed deer, one of 75 mammal species found in Virginia, rebounded from an estimated population of as few as 25,000 in the 1930s to over one million by the 2010s. Native carnivorans include black bears, who have a population of around five to six thousand in the state, as well as bobcats, coyotes, both gray and red foxes, raccoons, weasels and skunks. Rodents include groundhogs, nutria, beavers, both gray squirrels and fox squirrels, chipmunks, and Allegheny woodrats, while the seventeen bat species include brown bats and the Virginia big-eared bat, the state mammal. The Virginia opossum is also the only marsupial native to the United States and Canada, and the native Appalachian cottontail was recognized in 1992 as a distinct species of rabbit, one of three found in the state. Whales, dolphins, and porpoises have also been recorded in Virginia's coastal waters, with bottlenose dolphins being the most frequent aquatic mammals.
Visitors meet a screech owl rehabilitating at the Wildlife Center of Virginia, a hospital for native wild animals.
Virginia's bird fauna consists of 422 counted species, of which 359 are regularly occurring and 214 have bred in Virginia, while the rest are mostly winter residents or transients. Water birds include sandpipers, wood ducks, and Virginia rail, while common inland examples include warblers, woodpeckers, and cardinals, the state bird. Birds of prey include osprey, broad-winged hawks, and barred owls. There are no species of bird endemic to the Commonwealth. Audubon recognizes 21 Important Bird Areas in the state. Peregrine falcons, whose numbers dramatically declined due to DDT pesticide poisoning in the middle of the 20th century, are the focus of conservation efforts in the state and a reintroduction program in Shenandoah National Park.
Virginia has 226 species of freshwater fish from 25 families; the state's diverse array of fish species is attributable to its varied and humid climate, topography, interconnected river system, and lack of Pleistocene glaciers. The state's lakes and rivers are home to Eastern blacknose dace and sculpin on the Appalachian Plateau; smallmouth bass and redhorse sucker in the Ridge-and-Valley region; brook trout, the state fish, and Kanawha darter in the Blue Ridge; stripeback darter and Roanoke bass in the Piedmont; and swampfish, bluespotted sunfish, and pirate perch in the Tidewater. The Chesapeake Bay is host to clams, oysters, and 350 species of saltwater and estuarine fish, including the bay's most abundant finfish, the Bay anchovy, as well as the invasive blue catfish. An estimated 317 million Chesapeake blue crabs live in the bay as of 2024. There are 34 native species of crayfish, like the Big Sandy, which often inhabit rocky bottomed streambeds. Amphibians found in Virginia include the Cumberland Plateau salamander and Eastern hellbender, while the northern watersnake is the most common of the 32 snake species.
Protected lands
See also: List of Virginia state parks
Oak trees produce a haze of isoprene, which helps give the Blue Ridge Mountains their signature color.
As of 2019, roughly 16.2% of land in the Commonwealth is protected by federal, state, and local governments and non-profits. Federal lands account for the majority, with thirty National Park Service units in the state, such as Great Falls Park and the Appalachian Trail, and one national park, Shenandoah. Shenandoah was established in 1935 and encompasses the scenic Skyline Drive. Almost forty percent of the park's total 199,173 acres (806 km2) area has been designated as wilderness under the National Wilderness Preservation System. The U.S. Forest Service administers the George Washington and Jefferson National Forests, which cover more than 1.6 million acres (6,500 km2) within Virginia's mountains, and continue into West Virginia and Kentucky. The Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge also extends into North Carolina, as does the Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge, which marks the beginning of the Outer Banks.
State agencies control about one-third of protected land in the state, and the Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation manages over 75,900 acres (307.2 km2) in forty Virginia state parks and 59,222 acres (239.7 km2) in 65 Natural Area Preserves, plus three undeveloped parks. Breaks Interstate Park crosses the Kentucky border and is one of only two inter-state parks in the United States. Sustainable logging is allowed in 26 state forests managed by the Virginia Department of Forestry totaling 71,972 acres (291.3 km2), as is hunting in 44 Wildlife Management Areas run by the Virginia Department of Wildlife Resources covering over 205,000 acres (829.6 km2). The Chesapeake Bay is not a national park, but is protected by both state and federal legislation and the inter-state Chesapeake Bay Program, which conducts restoration on the bay and its watershed.
Cities and towns
See also: Political subdivisions of Virginia and Virginia statistical areas
The population density of Virginia counties and cities as of 2020
Virginia is divided into 95 counties and 38 independent cities, which the U.S. Census Bureau describes as county-equivalents. This general method of treating cities and counties on par with each other is unique to Virginia and stretches back to the influence the cities of Williamsburg and Norfolk had in the colonial period. Only three other independent cities exist elsewhere in the United States, each in a different state. The differences between counties and cities in Virginia are small and have to do with how each assess new taxes, whether a referendum is necessary to issue bonds, and with the application of Dillon's Rule, which limits the authority of cities and counties to countermand acts expressly allowed by the General Assembly. Counties can also have incorporated towns, and while there are no further administrative subdivisions, such as villages or townships, the Census Bureau recognizes several hundred unincorporated communities.
Over three million people, 35% of Virginians, live in the twenty jurisdictions collectively defined as Northern Virginia, which is part of the larger Washington metropolitan area and the Northeast megalopolis. Fairfax County, with more than 1.1 million residents, is Virginia's most populous jurisdiction, and has a major urban business and shopping center in Tysons, Virginia's largest office market. Neighboring Prince William County is Virginia's second-most populous county, with a population exceeding 450,000, and is home to Marine Corps Base Quantico, the FBI Academy and Manassas National Battlefield Park. Arlington County is the smallest self-governing county in the U.S. by land area, and local politicians have proposed reorganizing it as an independent city due to its high density. Loudoun County, with its county seat at Leesburg, is the fastest-growing county in the state. In western Virginia, Roanoke city and Montgomery County, part of the Blacksburg–Christiansburg metropolitan area, both have surpassed a population of over 100,000 since 2018.
Richmond is the capital of Virginia, and its city proper has a population of over 230,000, while its metropolitan area has over 1.3 million. Virginia Beach is the most populous independent city in the Commonwealth, with Chesapeake and Norfolk second and third, respectively. The three are part of the larger Hampton Roads metropolitan area, which has a population over 1.7 million people and is the site of the world's largest naval base, Naval Station Norfolk. Suffolk, which includes a portion of the Great Dismal Swamp, is the largest city by area at 429.1 square miles (1,111 km2). The concentration of independent cities in this region is, in part, a reaction by the jurisdictions that neighbor Norfolk and Portsmouth to annexations of their suburban areas in the 1950s, since cities were allowed to annex land from counties until a moratorium in 1987. Others, like Poquoson, became cities to preserve their racial segregation in the desegregation era of the 1970s.
Largest Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas in VirginiaU.S. Census Bureau MSA Population Estimates 2021
Rank
Name
Municipal pop.
Rank
Name
Municipal pop.
Northern VirginiaHampton Roads
1
Northern Virginia
3,061,478
11
Danville
102,187
RichmondRoanoke
2
Hampton Roads
1,726,251
12
Bristol
92,108
3
Richmond
1,324,062
13
Martinsville
63,765
4
Roanoke
314,496
14
Tazewell
39,925
5
Lynchburg
262,258
15
Big Stone Gap
39,313
6
Charlottesville
222,688
7
Blacksburg–Christiansburg
165,293
8
Harrisonburg
135,824
9
Staunton–Waynesboro
125,774
10
Winchester
145,155
Demographics
Main article: Demographics of Virginia
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1790691,737—1800807,55716.7%1810877,6838.7%1820938,2616.9%18301,044,05411.3%18401,025,227−1.8%18501,119,3489.2%18601,219,6309.0%18701,225,1630.5%18801,512,56523.5%18901,655,9809.5%19001,854,18412.0%19102,061,61211.2%19202,309,18712.0%19302,421,8514.9%19402,677,77310.6%19503,318,68023.9%19603,966,94919.5%19704,648,49417.2%19805,346,81815.0%19906,187,35815.7%20007,078,51514.4%20108,001,02413.0%20208,631,3937.9%2023 (est.)8,715,6981.0%1790–2020, 2023
The U.S. Census Bureau found the state resident population was 8,631,393 on April 1, 2020, a 7.9% increase since the 2010 census. Another 23,149 Virginians live overseas, giving the state a total population of 8,654,542. Virginia has the fourth-largest overseas population of U.S. states due to its federal employees and military personnel. The fertility rate in Virginia as of 2020 was 55.8 per 1,000 females between the ages of 15 and 44, and the median age as of 2021 was the same as the national average of 38.8 years old, with the oldest city by median age being James City and the youngest being Lynchburg, home to several universities. The geographic center of population was located northwest of Richmond in Hanover County, as of 2020.
Though still growing naturally as births outnumber deaths, Virginia has had a negative net migration rate since 2013, with 8,995 more people leaving the state than moving to it in 2021. This is largely credited to high home prices in Northern Virginia, which are driving residents there to relocate south, and although Raleigh is their top destination, in-state migration from Northern Virginia to Richmond increased by 36% in 2020 and 2021 compared to the annual average over the previous decade. Aside from Virginia, the top birth state for Virginians is New York, having overtaken North Carolina in the 1990s, with the Northeast accounting for the largest number of domestic migrants into the state by region. About twelve percent of residents were born outside the United States as of 2020. El Salvador is the most common foreign country of birth, with India, Mexico, South Korea, the Philippines, and Vietnam as other common birthplaces.
Race and ethnicity
The state's most populous racial group, non-Hispanic whites, has declined as a proportion of the population from 76% in 1990 to 58.6% in 2020, as other ethnicities have increased. Immigrants from the islands of Britain and Ireland settled throughout the Commonwealth during the colonial period, a time when roughly three-fourths of immigrants came as indentured servants. Those who identify on the census as having "American ethnicity" are predominantly of English descent, but have ancestors who have been in North America for so long they choose to identify simply as American. The Appalachian mountains and Shenandoah Valley have many settlements that were populated by German and Scotch-Irish immigrants in the 18th and 19th centuries, often following the Great Wagon Road. Over ten percent of Virginians have German ancestry as of 2020.
New citizens attend a naturalization ceremony in Northern Virginia, where 25% of residents are foreign-born, almost twice the overall state average.
The largest minority group in Virginia are Blacks and African Americans, who include about one-fifth of the population. Virginia was a major destination of the Atlantic slave trade, and the first generations of enslaved men, women, and children were brought primarily from Angola and the Bight of Biafra. The Igbo ethnic group of what is now southern Nigeria were the largest African group among slaves in Virginia. Blacks in Virginia also have more European ancestry than those in other southern states, and DNA analysis shows many have asymmetrical male and female ancestry contributions from before the Civil War, evidence of European fathers and African or Native American mothers during the time of slavery. Though the Black population was reduced by the Great Migration to northern industrial cities in the first half of the 20th century, since 1965 there has been a reverse migration of Blacks returning south. The Commonwealth has the highest number of Black-white interracial marriages in the United States, and 8.2% of Virginians describe themselves as multiracial.
More recent immigration in the late 20th century and early 21st century has resulted in new communities of Hispanics and Asians. As of 2020, 10.5% of Virginia's total population describe themselves as Hispanic or Latino, and 8.8% as Asian. The state's Hispanic population rose by 92% from 2000 to 2010, with two-thirds of Hispanics in the state living in Northern Virginia. Northern Virginia also has a significant population of Vietnamese Americans, whose major wave of immigration followed the Vietnam War. Korean Americans have migrated there more recently, attracted by the quality school system, while about 45,000 Filipino Americans have settled in the Hampton Roads area, with many having ties to the U.S. Navy and armed forces.
Governor Glen Youngkin receiving a ceremonial tribute from representatives of the Mattaponi and Pamunkey tribes, a Thanksgiving tradition since 1677.
Tribal membership in Virginia is complicated by the legacy of the state's "pencil genocide" of intentionally categorizing Native Americans and Blacks together, and many tribal members do have African or European ancestry, or both. In 2020, the U.S. Census Bureau found that only 0.5% of Virginians were exclusively American Indian or Alaska Native, though 2.1% were in some combination with other ethnicities. The state government has extended recognition to eleven tribes in Virginia. Seven tribes also have federal recognition, including six that were recognized in 2018 after passage of bill named for activist Thomasina Jordan. The Pamunkey and Mattaponi have reservations on tributaries of the York River in the Tidewater region.
Largest race by county or city
Race and ethnicity (2020)
Alone
Total
Legend
Non-Hispanic White 30–39%
40–49%
50–59%
60–69%
70–79%
80–89%
90–99%
Black or African American 40–49%
50–59%
60–69%
70–79%
Hispanic or Latino 40–49%
Non-Hispanic White
58.6%
62.8%
Black or African American
18.3%
20.1%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race)
10.5%
Asian
7.1%
8.6%
American Indian and Alaska Native
0.2%
1.5%
Other
0.6%
1.5%
Largest ancestry by county or city
Ancestry (2020 est.)
Total
American Community Survey five-year estimate
Irish or Scotch-Irish
10.4%
German
10.3%
English
9.8%
American
9.4%
Subsaharan African
2.3%
Languages
Recording of a resident of Tangier Island who was born in the late 1800s, showcasing the island's unique accent
According to U.S. Census data as of 2019 on Virginia residents aged five and older, 83.2% (6,683,027) speak English at home as a first language, while 16.8% (1,352,586) speak something other than English. Spanish is the next most commonly spoken language, with 7.6% (616,226) of Virginia households, though age is a factor, and 10.3% (139,312) of Virginians under age eighteen speak Spanish. Of Spanish speakers, 58.2% reported speaking English "very well", but again, of those under age eighteen, 80.3% speak English "very well". Chinese languages, including Standard Mandarin and Cantonese, were the third most commonly spoken languages with around 0.8% of residents, followed by Vietnamese and Arabic, both with just over 0.7%, and then Korean and Tagalog, with 0.6% and 0.5% respectively.
English was passed as the Commonwealth's official language by statutes in 1981 and again in 1996, though the status is not mandated by the Constitution of Virginia. While a more homogenized American English is found in urban areas, and the use of Southern accents in general has been on the decline in speakers born since the 1960s, various accents are still used around the commonwealth. The Piedmont region is known for its non-rhotic dialect's strong influence on Southern American English, and a BBC America study in 2014 ranked it as one of the most identifiable accents in American English. The Tidewater accent, sometimes described as a subset of the Old Virginia accent, evolved from the language that upper-class English typically spoke in the early Colonial period, while the Appalachian accent has much more influence from the English spoken by Scottish and Irish immigrants from that time. The outward stereotypes of Appalachians has, however, lead to some from the region code-switching to a less distinct English accent. The English spoken on Tangier Island in the Chesapeake Bay, preserved by the island's isolation, contains many phrases and euphemisms not found anywhere else and retains elements of Early Modern English.
Religion
See also: Religion in early Virginia
Religious groups (2014 est.)
Protestant
58%
Unaffiliated
20%
Catholic
12%
Mormon
2%
Eastern Orthodox
1%
Other faith
6%
Virginia is predominantly Christian and Protestant; Baptist denominations combined to form largest group with over a quarter of the population as of 2014. Baptist denominational groups in Virginia include the Baptist General Association of Virginia, with about 1,400 member churches, which supports both the Southern Baptist Convention and the moderate Cooperative Baptist Fellowship; and the Southern Baptist Conservatives of Virginia with more than 500 affiliated churches, which supports the Southern Baptist Convention. Roman Catholics are the next largest religious group with around twelve percent. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Arlington includes most of Northern Virginia's Catholic churches, while the Diocese of Richmond covers the rest of the state.
Since 1927, Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington County has hosted an annual nondenominational sunrise service every Easter.
The United Methodist Church, representing about six percent of Virginians, has the Virginia Conference as their regional body in most of the Commonwealth, while the Holston Conference represents much of extreme Southwest Virginia. Around five percent of Virginians attend Pentecostal churches, while around three percent attend Presbyterian churches, which are split between the Presbyterian Church (USA) and the Presbyterian Church in America. The Lutheran Church, under the Virginia Synod, Congregational churches, and Episcopalian adherents each comprised less than two percent of the population as of 2014. The Episcopal Diocese of Virginia, Southern Virginia, and Southwestern Virginia support the various Episcopal churches.
In November 2006, fifteen conservative Episcopal churches voted to split from the Diocese of Virginia over the ordination of openly gay bishops and clergy in other dioceses of the Episcopal Church; these churches continue to claim affiliation with the larger Anglican Communion through other bodies outside the United States. Though Virginia law allows parishioners to determine their church's affiliation, the diocese claimed the secessionist churches' buildings and properties. The resulting property law case, ultimately decided in favor of the mainline diocese, was a test for Episcopal churches nationwide.
Among other religions, adherents of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints constitute just over one percent of the population, with 216 congregations in Virginia as of 2022. Fairfax Station is the site of the Ekoji Buddhist Temple, of the Jodo Shinshu school, and the Hindu Durga Temple. Sterling is the home of the All Dulles Area Muslim Society, which, with its eleven satellite branches, considers itself the second-largest Muslim mosque community in the country. While the state's Jewish population is small, organized Jewish sites date to 1789 with Congregation Beth Ahabah. Megachurches in the Commonwealth include Thomas Road Baptist Church, Immanuel Bible Church, and McLean Bible Church, and the twenty percent who describe themselves as unaffiliated also include seven percent who say religion is important to them, but may not attend regular services with formal membership. Several Christian universities are also based in the state, including Regent University, Liberty University, and the University of Lynchburg.
Economy
Main article: Economy of Virginia
See also: Virginia locations by per capita income
Counties and cities by median household income between 2015 and 2019
Virginia's economy has diverse sources of income, including local and federal government, military, farming and high-tech. The state's average per capita income in 2022 was $68,211, and the gross domestic product (GDP) was $654.5 billion, both ranking as 13th-highest among U.S. states. The COVID-19 recession caused jobless claims due to soar over 10% in early April 2020, before leaving off around 5% in November 2020 and returning to pre-pandemic levels in 2023. In April 2024, the unemployment rate was 2.8%, which was the 8th-lowest nationwide.
Virginia had a median household income of $80,615 in 2021, 11th-highest nationwide, and a poverty rate of 10.2%, 10th-lowest nationwide. Montgomery County outside Blacksburg has the highest poverty rate in the state, with 28.5% falling below the U.S. Census poverty thresholds. The Hampton Roads region has the state's highest per capita number of homeless individuals, with 11 per 10,000, as of 2020. Loudoun County meanwhile has the highest median household income in the nation, and the wider Northern Virginia region is among the highest-income regions nationwide. As of 2022, seven of the twenty-five highest-income counties in the United States, including the two highest, are located in Northern Virginia. Though the Gini index shows Virginia has less income inequality than the national average, the state's middle class is also smaller than the majority of states.
Virginia's business environment has been ranked highly by various publications. After two years as number one, CNBC ranked Virginia second in their 2023 Top States for Business, with its deductions being mainly for the high cost of living, while Forbes magazine ranked it as the eighteenth best to start a business in. Additionally, in 2014 a survey of 12,000 small business owners found Virginia to be one of the most friendly states for small businesses. Oxfam America however ranked Virginia in 2023 as only the 28th-best state to work in, with pluses for worker protections from sexual harassment and pregnancy discrimination, but negatives for laws on organized labor and the low tipped employee minimum wage of $2.13. Virginia has been an employment-at-will state since 1906 and a "right to work" state since 1947, and though state minimum wage increased to $12 in 2023, farm and tipped workers are specifically excluded.
Government agencies
The U.S. Department of Defense is headquartered in Arlington County at the Pentagon.
Government agencies directly employ around 714,100 Virginians as of 2022, almost 17% of all employees in the state. Approximately 12% of all U.S. federal procurement money is spent in Virginia, the second-highest amount after California. As of 2020, 125,648 active-duty personnel, 25,404 reservists, and 99,832 civilians work directly for the U.S. Department of Defense at the Pentagon or one of 27 military bases in the state, representing all major branches and covering 270,009 acres (1,092.69 km2). Another 139,000 Virginians work for defense contracting firms, which received $44.8 billion worth of contracts in the 2020 fiscal year. Virginia has the second highest concentration of veterans of any state with 9.7% of the population, as many stay in the state and the Hampton Roads area in particular, which is home to world's largest navy base and only NATO station on U.S. soil.
Other large federal agencies in Northern Virginia include the Central Intelligence Agency in Langley, the National Science Foundation and U.S. Patent and Trademark Office in Alexandria, the U.S. Geological Survey in Reston, and the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service in Bailey's Crossroads. Virginia's state government employs over 106,000 public employees, who combined have a median income of $52,401 as of 2018, with the Departments of Transportation and of Education the two largest state departments by expenditure. K–12 teachers in Virginia make an annual average of $59,970, which is thirteen-lowest in the U.S. when adjusted for the state's cost of living as of the 2021–22 school year.
Business
Ocean tourism is an important sector of Virginia Beach's economy.
Based on data as of 2020, Virginia is home to 204,131 separate employers plus 644,341 sole proprietorships. Of the 144,431 registered non-farm businesses in 2017, 59.4% are majority male-owned, 22% are majority female-owned, 19.6% are majority minority-owned, and 8.9% are veteran-owned. Twenty-one Fortune 500 companies are headquartered in Virginia as of 2022, with the largest companies by revenue being Freddie Mac, General Dynamics, Northrup Grumman, and Capital One. The two largest by number of employees are Dollar Tree in Chesapeake and Hilton Worldwide Holdings in McLean.
Virginia has the third highest concentration of technology workers and the fifth highest overall number among U.S. states as of 2020, with the 451,268 tech jobs accounting for 11.1% of all jobs in the state and earning a median salary of $98,292. Many of these jobs are in Northern Virginia, which hosts a large number of software, communications, and cybersecurity companies, particularly in the Dulles Technology Corridor and Tysons areas. Amazon additionally selected Crystal City for its HQ2 in 2018, while Google expanded their Reston offices in 2019.
Northern Virginia became the world's largest data center market in 2016, with over 47.7 million square feet (4.43 km2) as of 2023, much of it in Loudoun County, which has branded itself "Data Center Alley". Data centers in Virginia handled around one-third of all internet traffic and directly employed 13,500 Virginians in 2023 and supported 45,000 total jobs. With 505.6 Mbit/s, Virginia boasted the second fastest average internet speed among U.S. states that year and ninth highest percent of households with broadband access, at 93.6%. Computer chips first became the state's highest-grossing export in 2006, and had an estimated export value of $740 million in 2022. Though in the top quartile for diversity based on the Simpson index, only 26% of tech employees in Virginia are women, and only 13% are Black or African American.
Tourism in Virginia supported an estimated 185,000 jobs in 2021, making tourism the state's fifth-largest industry. It generated $26 billion in 2018, an increase of 4.4% from the previous year. The state was eighth nationwide in domestic travel spending in 2018, with Arlington County the top tourist destination in the state by domestic spending, followed by Fairfax County, Loudoun County, and Virginia Beach. Virginia also saw 1.1 million international tourists in 2018, a five percent increase from 2017.
Agriculture
Rockingham County in the Shenandoah Valley accounts for twenty percent of Virginia's agricultural sales as of 2017, with the valley as a whole being the state's most productive region.
As of 2021, agriculture occupies 30% of the land in Virginia with 7.7 million acres (12,031 sq mi; 31,161 km2) of farmland. Nearly 54,000 Virginians work on the state's 41,500 farms, which average 186 acres (0.29 sq mi; 0.75 km2). Though agriculture has declined significantly since 1960 when there were twice as many farms, it remains the largest industry in Virginia, providing for over 490,000 jobs. Soybeans were the most profitable single crop in Virginia in 2022 although the ongoing trade war with China has led many Virginia farmers to plant cotton instead of soybeans. Other leading agricultural products include corn, cut flower and tobacco, where the state ranks third nationally in the production of the crop.
Virginia is the country's third-largest producer of seafood as of 2021, with sea scallops, oysters, Chesapeake blue crabs, menhaden, and hardshell clams as the largest seafood harvests by value, and France, Canada, New Zealand, and Hong Kong as the top export destinations. Commercial fishing supports 18,220 jobs as of 2020, while recreation fishing supports another 5,893. The population of eastern oysters collapsed in the 1980s due to pollution and overharvesting, but has slowly rebounded, and the 2022–2023 season saw the largest harvest in 35 years with around 700,000 US bushels (25,000 kL). A warm winter and a dry summer made the 2023 wine harvest one of the best for vineyards in the Northern Neck and along the Blue Ridge Mountains, which also attract 2.6 million tourists annually. Virginia has the seventh-highest number of wineries in the nation, with 388 producing 1.1 million cases a year as of 2024. Cabernet Franc and Chardonnay are the most grown varieties. Breweries in Virginia also produced 460,315 barrels (54,017 kl) of craft beer in 2022, the 15th-most nationally.
Taxes
Counties and cities by median property tax paid in 2019
State income tax is collected from those with incomes above a filing threshold. There are five income brackets, with rates ranging from 2.0% to 5.75% of taxable income. The state sales and use tax rate is 4.3%, though there is an additional 1% local tax, for a total of a 5.3% combined sales tax on most purchases. Three regions then have a higher sales tax: 6% in Northern Virginia and Hampton Roads, and 7% in the Historic Triangle. Unlike the majority of states, Virginia does have a 1% sales tax on groceries. This was lowered from 2.5% in January 2023, when the items covered by this lower rate were also extended to include essential personal hygiene goods.
Virginia's property tax is set and collected at the local government level and varies throughout the Commonwealth. Real estate is also taxed at the local level based on one hundred percent of fair market value. As of 2021, the overall median real estate tax rate per $100 of assessed taxable value was $0.96, though for 72 of the 95 counties this number was under $0.80 per $100. Northern Virginia has the highest property taxes in the state, with Manassas Park paying the highest effective tax rate at $1.31 per $100, while Powhatan and Lunenburg counties were tied for the lowest, at $0.30. Of local government tax revenue, about 61% is generated from real property taxes while 24% is from tangible personal property, sales and use, and business license tax. The remaining 15% come from taxes on hotels, restaurant meals, public service corporation property, and consumer utilities.
Culture
Main article: Culture of Virginia
Colonial Virginian culture, language, and style are reenacted in Williamsburg.
Modern Virginian culture has many sources and is part of the culture of the Southern United States. The Smithsonian Institution divides Virginia into nine cultural regions, and in 2007 used their annual Folklife Festival to recognize the substantial contributions of England and Senegal on Virginian culture. Virginia's culture was popularized and spread across America and the South by figures such as George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Robert E. Lee. Their homes in Virginia represent the birthplace of America and the South.
Besides the general cuisine of the Southern United States, Virginians maintain their own particular traditions. Virginia wine is made in many parts of the Commonwealth. Smithfield ham, sometimes called "Virginia ham", is a type of country ham which is protected by state law and can be produced only in the town of Smithfield. Virginia furniture and architecture are typical of American colonial architecture. Thomas Jefferson and many of the Commonwealth's early leaders favored the Neoclassical architecture style, leading to its use for important state buildings. The Pennsylvania Dutch and their style can also be found in parts of the Commonwealth.
Literature in Virginia often deals with the Commonwealth's extensive and sometimes troubled past. The works of Pulitzer Prize winner Ellen Glasgow often dealt with social inequalities and the role of women in her culture. Glasgow's peer and close friend James Branch Cabell wrote extensively about the changing position of gentry in the Reconstruction era, and challenged its moral code with Jurgen, A Comedy of Justice. William Styron approached history in works such as The Confessions of Nat Turner and Sophie's Choice. Tom Wolfe has occasionally dealt with his southern heritage in bestsellers like I Am Charlotte Simmons. Mount Vernon native Matt Bondurant received critical acclaim for his historic novel The Wettest County in the World about moonshiners in Franklin County during prohibition. Virginia also names a state Poet Laureate.
Fine and performing arts
See also: Music of Virginia
The Steel Wheels, an Americana roots folk rock band, plays at Jefferson Theater in Charlottesville in February 2019.
Virginia ranks near the middle of U.S. states in terms of public spending on the arts as of 2021, at just over half of the national average. The state government does fund some institutions, including the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts and the Science Museum of Virginia. Other museums include the popular Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center of the National Air and Space Museum and the Chrysler Museum of Art. Besides these sites, many open-air museums are located in the Commonwealth, such as Colonial Williamsburg, the Frontier Culture Museum, and various historic battlefields. The Virginia Foundation for the Humanities works to improve the Commonwealth's civic, cultural, and intellectual life.
Theaters and venues in Virginia are found both in the cities and in suburbs. The Harrison Opera House, in Norfolk, is home of the Virginia Opera. The Virginia Symphony Orchestra operates in and around Hampton Roads. Resident and touring theater troupes operate from the American Shakespeare Center in Staunton. The Barter Theatre in Abingdon, designated the State Theatre of Virginia, won the first Regional Theatre Tony Award in 1948, while the Signature Theatre in Arlington won it in 2009. There is also a Children's Theater of Virginia, Theatre IV, which is the second-largest touring troupe in the nation. Notable music performance venues include The Birchmere, the Landmark Theater, and Jiffy Lube Live. Wolf Trap National Park for the Performing Arts is located in Vienna and is the only national park intended for use as a performing arts center.
Virginia is known for its tradition in the music genres of old-time string and bluegrass, with groups such as the Carter Family and Stanley Brothers achieving national prominence during the 1940s. The state's African tradition is found through gospel, blues, and shout bands, with both Ella Fitzgerald and Pearl Bailey coming from Newport News. Contemporary Virginia is also known for folk rock artists like Dave Matthews and Jason Mraz, hip hop stars like Pharrell Williams, Missy Elliott and Pusha T, as well as thrash metal groups like GWAR and Lamb of God. Several members of country music band Old Dominion grew up in the Roanoke area, and took their band name from Virginia's state nickname.
Festivals
The annual Pony Penning features more than 200 wild ponies swimming across the Assateague Channel into Chincoteague.
Many counties and localities host county fairs and festivals. The Virginia State Fair is held at the Meadow Event Park every September. Also in September is the Neptune Festival in Virginia Beach, which celebrates the city, the waterfront, and regional artists. Norfolk's Harborfest, in June, features boat racing and air shows. Fairfax County also sponsors Celebrate Fairfax! with popular and traditional music performances. The Virginia Lake Festival is held during the third weekend in July in Clarksville. On the Eastern Shore island of Chincoteague the annual Pony Penning of feral Chincoteague ponies at the end of July is a unique local tradition expanded into a week-long carnival. Every year on Thanksgiving in Richmond, the Mattaponi and Pamunkey tribes present Virginia's governor with a tribute of deer in a celebration honoring colonial treaties that enshrined their hunting rights.
The Shenandoah Apple Blossom Festival is a two-week festival held annually in Winchester which includes parades and bluegrass concerts. The Old Time Fiddlers' Convention in Galax, begun in 1935, is one of the oldest and largest such events worldwide, and Wolf Trap hosts the Wolf Trap Opera Company, which produces an opera festival every summer. The Blue Ridge Rock Festival has operated since 2017, and has brought as many as 33,000 concert-goers to the Blue Ridge Amphitheater in Pittsylvania County. Two important film festivals, the Virginia Film Festival and the VCU French Film Festival, are held annually in Charlottesville and Richmond, respectively.
Law and government
Main article: Government of Virginia
The Virginia State Capitol in Richmond, designed by Thomas Jefferson and Charles-Louis Clérisseau, is home to the Virginia General Assembly.
In 1619, the first Virginia General Assembly met at Jamestown Church, and included 22 locally elected representatives, making Virginia's legislature the oldest of its kind in North America. The elected members became the House of Burgesses in 1642, and governed with the Governor's Council, which was appointed by the British monarchy, until Virginians declared their independence from Britain in 1776. The current General Assembly is the 162nd since that year. The government today functions under the seventh Constitution of Virginia, which was approved by voters in 1970 went into effect in July 1971. It is similar to the federal structure in that it provides for three branches: a strong legislature, an executive, and a unified judicial system.
Virginia's legislature is bicameral, with a 100-member House of Delegates and 40-member Senate, who together write the laws for the Commonwealth. Delegates serve two-year terms, while senators serve four-year terms, with the next scheduled elections for both taking place in November 2023. The executive department includes the governor, lieutenant governor, and attorney general, who are elected every four years in separate elections, with the most recent taking place in November 2025. The governor must be at least thirty years old and incumbent governors cannot run for re-election, however the lieutenant governor and attorney general can, and governors can and have served non-consecutive terms. The lieutenant governor is the official head of the Senate and is responsible for breaking ties. The House elects a Speaker of the House and the Senate elects a President pro tempore, who presides when the lieutenant governor is not present, and both houses elect a clerk and majority and minority leaders. The governor also nominates their sixteen cabinet members and others who head various state departments.
State budgets are biennial and are proposed by the governor in even years. Based on data through 2018, the Pew Center on the States found Virginia's government to be above average in running surpluses, and U.S. News & World Report ranked the state tenth in fiscal stability. The legislature starts regular sessions on the second Wednesday of every year, which meet for up to 48 days in odd years and 60 days in even years to allow more time for the state budget. After regular sessions end, special sessions can be called either by the governor or with agreement of two-thirds of both houses, and twenty special sessions have been called since 2000, typically for legislation on preselected issues. Though not a full-time legislature, the Assembly is classified as a hybrid because special sessions are not limited by the state constitution and often last several months. A one-day "veto session" is also automatically triggered when a governor chooses to veto or return legislation to the Assembly with amendments. Vetoes can then be overturned with approval of two-thirds of both the House and Senate. A bill that passes with two-thirds approval can also become law without action from the governor, and Virginia has no "pocket veto", so bills become law if the governor chooses to neither approve nor veto them.
Legal system
Unlike the federal judiciary system, justices of the Virginia Supreme Court have term limits, a mandatory retirement age, and select their own Chief Justice.
The judges and justices who make up Virginia's judicial system, also the oldest in America, are elected by a majority vote in both the House and Senate without input from the governor, one way Virginia's legislature is stronger than its executive. The governor can make recess appointments, and when both branches are controlled by the same party, the assembly often confirms them. The judicial hierarchy starts with the General District Courts and Juvenile and Domestic Relations District Courts, with the Circuit Courts above them, then the Court of Appeals of Virginia, and the Supreme Court of Virginia on top. The Supreme Court has seven justices who serve twelve-year terms, with a mandatory retirement age of 73, and they select their own Chief Justice, who is informally limited to two four-year terms. Virginia was the last state to guarantee an automatic right of appeal for all civil and criminal cases, and their Court of Appeals increased from eleven to seventeen judges in 2021.
The Code of Virginia is the statutory law and consists of the codified legislation of the General Assembly. The largest law enforcement agency in Virginia is the Virginia State Police, with 3,035 sworn and civilian members as of 2019. The Virginia Marine Police patrol coastal areas, and were founded as the "Oyster Navy" in 1864 in response to oyster bed poaching. The Virginia Capitol Police protect the legislature and executive department, and are the oldest police department in the United States, dating to the guards who protected the colonial leadership. The governor can also call upon the Virginia National Guard, which consists of approximately 7,200 army soldiers, 1,200 airmen, 300 Defense Force members, and 400 civilians.
Between 1608 and 2021, when the death penalty was abolished, the state executed over 1,300 people, including 113 following the resumption of capital punishment in 1982. Virginia's prison system incarcerates 30,936 people as of 2018, 53% of whom are Black, and the state has the sixteenth-highest rate of incarceration in the country, at 422 per 100,000 residents. Virginia state prisons make disproportionate use of attack dogs, with 90% of recorded dog attacks in U.S. prisons between 2017 and 2022 occurring in Virginia. Prisoner parole was ended in 1995, and Virginia's rate of recidivism of released felons who are re-convicted within three years and sentenced to a year or more is 23.1%, the lowest in the country as of 2019. Virginia has the fourth lowest violent crime rate and thirteenth lowest property crime rate as of 2018. Between 2008 and 2017, arrests for drug-related crimes rose 38%, with 71% of those related to marijuana, which Virginia decriminalized in July 2020 and legalized in July 2021.
Politics
Main article: Politics of Virginia
Mirroring Virginia's political transition, the annual Shad Planking event in Wakefield has evolved from a vestige of the Byrd era into a regular stop for many state campaigns.
Over the past century, Virginia has shifted politically from being a largely rural, conservative, Southern bloc member to a state that is more urbanized, pluralistic, and politically moderate, as both greater enfranchisement and demographic shifts have changed the electorate. Up until the 1970s, Virginia was a racially divided one-party state dominated by the Byrd Organization. They sought to stymie the political power of Northern Virginia, perpetuate segregation, and successfully restricted voter registration such that between 1905 and 1948, roughly one-third of votes in the state were cast by state employees and officeholders themselves, and voter turnout was regularly below ten percent. The organization used malapportionment to manipulate what areas were over-represented in the General Assembly and the U.S. Congress until ordered to end the practice by the 1964 U.S. Supreme Court decision in Davis v. Mann and the 1965 Virginia Supreme Court decision in Wilkins v. Davis respectively.
Enforcement of federal civil rights legislation passed in the mid-1960s helped overturn the state's Jim Crow laws that effectively disfranchised African Americans. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 made Virginia one of nine states that were required to receive federal approval for changes to voting laws, until the system for including states was struck down in 2013. A strict photo identification requirement, added under Governor Bob McDonnell in 2014, was repealed in 2020, and the Voting Rights Act of Virginia was passed in 2021, requiring preclearance from the state Attorney General for local election changes that could result in disenfranchisement, including closing or moving polling sites. Though many Jim Crow provisions were removed in Virginia's 1971 constitution, a lifetime ban on voting for felony convictions was unchanged, and by 2016, up to twenty percent of African Americans in Virginia were disenfranchised because of prior felonies. That year, Governor Terry McAuliffe ended the lifetime ban and individually restored voting rights to over 200,000 ex-felons. These changes moved Virginia from being ranked as the second most difficult state to vote in 2016, to the twelfth easiest in 2020.
Regional differences also play a large part in Virginia politics. While urban and expanding suburban areas, including much of Northern Virginia, form the modern Democratic Party base, rural southern and western areas moved to support the Republican Party in response to its "southern strategy" starting around 1970. Rural Democratic support has nevertheless persisted in union-influenced Roanoke in Southwest Virginia, college towns such as Charlottesville and Blacksburg, and the southeastern Black Belt Region. African Americans are the most reliable bloc of Democratic voters, but educational attainment and gender have also become strong indicators of political alignment, with the majority of women in Virginia supporting Democratic presidential candidates since 1980. International immigration and domestic migration into Virginia have also increased the proportion of eligible voters born outside the state from 44% in 1980 to 55% in 2019.
State elections
See also: Elections in Virginia and Political party strength in Virginia
2023 Virginia House of Delegates election2023 Virginia Senate election Republican hold Democratic hold Republican gain Democratic gain
Because Virginia enacted their post-Civil-War constitution in 1870, state elections in Virginia occur in odd-numbered years, with executive department elections occurring in years following U.S. presidential elections and State Senate elections occurring in the years prior to presidential elections, as both have four-year terms. House of Delegates elections take place concurrent with each of those elections as delegates have two-year terms. National politics often play a role in state election outcomes, and Virginians have elected governors of the party opposite the U.S. president in eleven of the last twelve contests, with only Terry McAuliffe beating the trend in 2013. McAuliffe, a Democrat, was elected during Barack Obama's second presidential term. Republicans at that time held a supermajority of seats in the House of Delegates, which they had first gained in the 2011 state elections, and a one-vote majority the state senate, both of which they maintained in the 2015 elections. The 2011 and 2015 elections also had the lowest voter turnout in recent history, with just 28.6% and 29.1% of registered voters participating respectively.
The 2017 state elections resulted in Democrats holding the three executive offices, as lieutenant governor Ralph Northam won the race for governor. In concurrent House of Delegates elections, Democrats flipped fifteen of the Republicans' previous sixteen-seat majority. Control of the House came down to a tied election in the 94th district, which the Republican won by a drawing of lots, giving the party a slim 51–49 majority in the 2018–19 legislative sessions. At this time, Virginia was ranked as having the most gerrymandered U.S. state legislature, as Republicans controlled the House with only 44.5% of the total vote. In 2019, federal courts found that eleven House district lines, including the 94th, were unconstitutionally drawn to discriminate against African Americans. Adjusted districts were used in the 2019 elections, when Democrats won full control of the General Assembly, despite a political crisis earlier that year. Voters in 2020 then passed a referendum to give control of drawing both state and congressional districts to a commission of eight citizens and four legislators from each of the two major parties, rather than the legislature.
In 2021, Glenn Youngkin became the first Republican to win the governor's race since 2009, with his party also winning the races for lieutenant governor and attorney general and gaining seven seats in the House of Delegates. Two years later, new legislative maps drawn by special masters appointed by the state supreme court led to nine retirements in the state senate and to twenty-five House delegates not seeking re-election. In those elections, Democrats claimed a slim majority of one seat in both the Senate and the House.
Federal elections
See also: United States presidential elections in Virginia
Mark Warner and Tim Kaine, Virginia's two current U.S. Senators, are both former governors of the state.
Though Virginia was considered a "swing state" in the 2008 presidential election, Virginia's thirteen electoral votes were carried in that election and the three since by Democratic candidates, including Joe Biden, who won by over ten percent in 2020, suggesting the state has shifted to being reliably Democratic in presidential elections. Virginia had previously voted for Republican presidential candidates in thirteen out of fourteen presidential elections from 1952 to 2004, including ten in a row from 1968 to 2004. Virginia currently holds its presidential open primary election on Super Tuesday, the same day as fourteen other states, with the most recent held on March 5, 2024.
Virginia's two U.S. Senators are in classes 1 and 2. In class 1, Republican incumbent George Allen lost races in 2006 to Democratic newcomer Jim Webb, and again in 2012 to Webb's successor, former Governor Tim Kaine. In 2008, Democrats also won the class 2 seat when former Governor Mark Warner was elected to replace retiring Republican John Warner. Virginia has had eleven U.S. House of Representatives seats since 1993, and control of the majority has flipped four times since then, often as part of "wave elections". In the 2010 mid-term elections, the first under President Obama, Republicans flipped the 2nd and 5th seats from the Democrats, who had flipped both in the previous election, as well as the 9th. In the 2018 mid-terms, the first under President Trump, Democrats took back the 2nd, as well as the 7th and 10th. The 2nd flipped again, to Republican control, in 2022. Currently, Democrats hold six seats to Republicans' five.
Education
Main article: Education in Virginia
Middle school students in Albemarle County participate in an engineering program in partnership with the Smithsonian Institution.
Virginia's educational system consistently ranks in the top five states on the U.S. Department of Education's National Assessment of Educational Progress, with Virginia students outperforming the average in all subject areas and grade levels tested. The 2021 Quality Counts report ranked Virginia's K–12 education thirteenth in the country, with a letter grade of B−. Virginia's K–7 schools had a student–teacher ratio of 12.15:1 as of the 2021–22 school year, and 12.52:1 for grades 8–12. All school divisions must adhere to educational standards set forth by the Virginia Department of Education, which maintains an assessment and accreditation regime known as the Standards of Learning to ensure accountability.
Public K–12 schools in Virginia are generally operated by the counties and cities, and not by the state. As of the 2022–23 academic year, a total of 1,263,342 students were enrolled in 2,381 local and regional schools in the Commonwealth, including 57 career and technical schools and 411 alternative and special education centers across 126 school divisions. Besides the general public schools in Virginia, there are Governor's Schools and selective magnet schools. The Governor's Schools are a collection of 52 regional high schools and summer programs intended for gifted students, and include the Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology, the top-rated high school in the country in 2022. The Virginia Council for Private Education oversees the regulation of 483 state accredited private schools. An additional 50,713 students receive homeschooling.
In 2022, 92.1% of high school students graduated on-time after four years, and 89.3% of adults over the age 25 had their high school diploma. Virginia has one of the smaller racial gaps in graduation rates among U.S. states, with 90.3% of Black students graduating on time, compared to 94.9% of white students and 98.3% of Asian students. Hispanic students had the highest dropout rate, at 13.95%, with high rates being correlated with students listed as English learners. Despite ending school segregation in the 1960s, seven percent of Virginia's public schools were rated as "intensely segregated" by The Civil Rights Project at UCLA in 2019, and the number has risen since 1989, when only three percent were. Virginia has comparatively large public school districts, typically comprising entire counties or cities, and this helps mitigate funding gaps seen in other states such that non-white districts average slightly more funding, $255 per student as of 2019, than majority white districts. Elementary schools, with Virginia's smallest districts, were found to be more segregated than state middle or high schools by a 2019 VCU study.
Colleges and universities
See also: List of colleges and universities in Virginia
The University of Virginia guarantees full tuition scholarships to all in-state Virginia students with family incomes of $80,000 or less.
As of 2020, Virginia has the sixth-highest percent of residents with bachelor's degrees or higher, with 39.5%. The Department of Education recognizes 163 colleges and universities in Virginia. In the 2022 U.S. News & World Report ranking of national public universities, the University of Virginia is ranked 3rd, the College of William and Mary is 13th, Virginia Tech is 23rd, George Mason University is 65th, James Madison University is 72nd, and Virginia Commonwealth University is 83rd. There are 119 private institutions in the state, including Washington and Lee University and the University of Richmond, which are ranked as the country's 11th and 18th best liberal arts colleges respectively.
Virginia Tech and Virginia State University are the state's land-grant universities, and Virginia State is one of five historically black colleges and universities in Virginia. The Virginia Military Institute is the oldest state military college. Virginia also operates 23 community colleges on 40 campuses which enrolled 218,985 degree-seeking students during the 2020–2021 school year. In 2021, the state made community college free for most low- and middle-income students. George Mason University had the largest on-campus enrollment at 38,542 students as of 2021, though the private Liberty University had the largest total enrollment in the state, with 88,283 online and 15,105 on-campus students in Lynchburg as of 2019.
Health
Patients are screened for COVID-19 outside Naval Medical Center Portsmouth, the Navy's oldest continuously operating hospital.
Virginia has a mixed health record. The state was ranked best for its physical environment in the 2023 United Health Foundation's Health Rankings, but 19th for its overall health outcomes and only 26th for residents healthy behaviors. Among U.S. states, Virginia has the 22nd lowest rate of premature deaths, with 8,709 per 100,000, and an infant mortality rate of 5.61 per 1,000 live births. The rate of uninsured Virginians dropped to 6.5% in 2023, following an expansion of Medicare in 2019. Falls Church and Loudoun County were both ranked in the top ten healthiest communities in 2020 by U.S. News & World Report.
There are however racial and social health disparities. With high rates of heart disease and diabetes, African Americans in Virginia have an average life expectancy four years less than whites and twelve less than Asian Americans and Latinos, and were disproportionately affected by COVID-19 during the coronavirus pandemic. African-American mothers are also three times more likely to die while giving birth in the state. Mortality rates among white middle-class Virginians have also been rising, with drug overdose, alcohol poisoning, and suicide as leading causes. Suicides in the state increased over 14% between 2009 and 2023, while deaths from drug overdoses more than doubled in that time. Virginia has a ratio of 221.5 primary care physicians per 10,000 residents, the fifteenth worst rate nationally, and only 250.3 mental health providers per that number, the fourteenth worst nationwide. A December 2023 report by the General Assembly found that all nine public mental health care facilities were over 95% full, causing overcrowding and delays in admissions.
Weight is an issue for many Virginians, and 32.2% of adults and 14.9% of 10- to 17-year-olds are obese as of 2021. Additionally, 35% of adults are overweight and 23.3% do not exercise regularly. Smoking in bars and restaurants was banned in January 2010, and the percent of tobacco smokers in the state has declined from 19% in that year to 12.1% in 2023, but an additional 7.7% use e-cigarettes. Virginia does have above average percentage of residents who receive annual immunizations, ranking twentieth for yearly flu vaccinations. In 2008, Virginia became the first U.S. state to mandate the HPV vaccine for girls for school attendance, and 62.7% of adolescents have the vaccine as of 2023.
The Virginia Board of Health regulates healthcare facilities, and there are 88 hospitals in Virginia with a combined 17,024 hospital beds as of 2023. The largest in both Virginia and the Washington metropolitan area is Inova Fairfax Hospital, which serves over 55,000 patients annually. VCU Medical Center, where a new 16-story children's hospital was opened in 2023, is highly ranked for pediatrics, while UVA Medical Center is highly ranked for its cancer care, and the state does number in the top ten for annual cancer screenings. Sentara Norfolk General Hospital, a teaching institution of Eastern Virginia Medical School, was the site of the first successful U.S. in-vitro fertilization program, and around 2.5% of births in the state are due to IVF.
Media
See also: List of newspapers in Virginia, List of radio stations in Virginia, and List of television stations in Virginia
USA Today, the nation's largest circulation newspaper, is headquartered in McLean.
The Hampton Roads area is the 44th-largest media market in the United States as ranked by Nielsen Media Research, while the Richmond-Petersburg area is 56th and Roanoke-Lynchburg is 71st as of 2022. Northern Virginia is part of the much larger Washington, D.C. media market, which is the country's ninth-largest.
There are 36 television stations in Virginia, representing each major U.S. network, part of 42 stations which serve Virginia viewers including those broadcasting from neighboring jurisdictions. According the Federal Communications Commission, 595 FCC-licensed FM radio stations broadcast in Virginia, with 239 such AM stations as of 2020. The nationally available Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) is headquartered in Arlington. Independent PBS affiliates exist throughout Virginia, and the Arlington PBS member station WETA-TV produces programs such as the PBS NewsHour and Washington Week.
The most circulated native newspapers in the Commonwealth are Norfolk's The Virginian-Pilot with around 132,000 subscribers, the Richmond Times-Dispatch with 86,219, and The Roanoke Times as of 2018. USA Today, which is headquartered in McLean, has seen its daily subscription number decline significantly from over 500,000 in 2019 to just over 180,000 in 2021, but is still the third-most circulated paper nationwide. USA Today is the flagship publication of Gannett, Inc., which merged with GateHouse Media in 2019, and operates over one hundred local newspapers nationwide. In Northern Virginia, The Washington Post is the dominant newspaper and provides local coverage for the region. Politico, which covers national politics, has its offices in Rosslyn.
Transportation
Main article: Transportation in Virginia
The Silver Line extension of the Washington Metro system opened in Tysons in 2014
Because of the 1932 Byrd Road Act, the state government controls most of Virginia's roads, instead of a local county authority as is usual in other states. As of 2018, the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) owns and operates 57,867 miles (93,128 km) of the total 70,105 miles (112,823 km) of roads in the state, making it the third-largest state highway system in the nation.
Traffic on Virginia's roads is among the worst in the nation according to the 2019 American Community Survey. The average commute time of 28.7 minutes is the eighth-longest among U.S. states, and the Washington Metropolitan Area, which includes Northern Virginia, has the second-worst rate of traffic congestion among U.S. cities. About 67.9% of workers in Virginia reported driving alone to work in 2021, the foureenth lowest percent in the U.S., while 8.5% reported carpooling, and Virginia hit peak car usage before the year 2000, making it one of the first such states.
Mass transit and ports
About 3.4% of Virginians commute on public transit, and there were over 171.9 million public transit trips in Virginia in 2019, over 62% of which were done on the Washington Metro transit system, which serves Arlington and Alexandria, and extends into Loudoun and Fairfax Counties. Commuter buses include the Fairfax Connector, FRED buses in Fredericksburg, and OmniRide in Prince William County, while the state-run Virginia Breeze buses run four inter-city routes from Washington, D.C. to Bristol, Blacksburg, Martinsville, and Danville. VDOT operates several free ferries throughout Virginia, the most notable being the Jamestown Ferry which connects Jamestown to Scotland Wharf across the James River.
Virginia has Amtrak passenger rail service along several corridors, and Virginia Railway Express (VRE) maintains two commuter lines into Washington, D.C. from Fredericksburg and Manassas. VRE experienced a dramatic decline in ridership due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with daily ridership dropping from over 18,000 in 2019 to 6,864 in February 2024. Amtrak routes in Virginia have however passed their pre-pandemic levels and served 123,658 passengers in March 2024. Major freight railroads in Virginia include Norfolk Southern and CSX Transportation, and in 2021 the state finalized a deal to purchase 223 miles (359 km) of track and over 350 miles (560 km) of right of way from CSX for future passenger rail service.
Virginia has five major airports: Dulles International and Reagan Washington National in Northern Virginia, both of which handle over 20 million passengers a year, Richmond International southeast of the state capital, Newport News/Williamsburg International Airport, and Norfolk International. Several other airports offer limited commercial passenger service, and sixty-six public airports serve the state's aviation needs. The Virginia Port Authority's main seaports are those in Hampton Roads, which carried 61,505,700 short tons (55,797,000 t) of total cargo in 2021, the sixth most of United States ports. The Eastern Shore of Virginia is the site of Wallops Flight Facility, a rocket launch center owned by NASA, and the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport, a commercial spaceport. Space tourism is also offered through Vienna-based Space Adventures.
Sports
See also: Sports teams in Virginia
The annual Monument Avenue 10K in Richmond, one of the ten largest timed long-distance running races in the U.S.
Virginia is the most populous U.S. state without a major professional sports league franchise. The reasons for this include the lack of any dominant city or market within the state and the proximity of teams in Washington, D.C., Baltimore, Charlotte, and Raleigh, as well as a reluctance to publicly finance stadiums. A proposed $220 million NBA arena in Virginia Beach lost the support of the city council there in 2017, while a 2023 proposal to move the NBA's Washington Wizards and the NHL's Washington Capitals to a $2 billion arena in Alexandria was cancelled after formidable opposition in the Virginia Senate.
Five minor league baseball and two mid-level hockey teams do play in Virginia. Norfolk is host to two: The Triple-A Norfolk Tides and the ECHL's Norfolk Admirals. The Double-A Richmond Flying Squirrels began playing at The Diamond in 2010, while the Fredericksburg Nationals, Lynchburg Hillcats, and Salem Red Sox play in the Low-A East league. Loudoun United FC, the reserve team of D.C. United, debuted in the USL Championship in 2019, while the Richmond Kickers of the USL League One have operated since 1993 and are the only team in their league to win both the league championship and the U.S. Open Cup in the same year. The training facilities for both the Washington Commanders and Washington Spirit are in Loudoun County, while the Washington Capitals practice at MedStar Capitals Iceplex in Ballston.
Among individual athletes, Hampton Roads has produced several Olympic gold medalists, including Gabby Douglas, the first African American to win gymnastics individual all-around gold, and LaShawn Merritt, Francena McCorory, and Michael Cherry, who have all won gold in the 4 × 400 meters relay. Reigning "worlds fastest man", Noah Lyles, hails from Alexandria. Major long-distance races in the state include the Richmond Marathon, the Blue Ridge Marathon on the Parkway, and the Monument Avenue 10K. Virginia's professional caliber golf courses include Kingsmill Resort outside Williamsburg, which hosts an LPGA Tour tournament in May, and the Country Club of Virginia outside Richmond, which hosts a charity classic on the PGA Tour Champions in October. Notable PGA Tour winners from Virginia include Sam Snead and Curtis Strange. NASCAR currently schedules Cup Series races on two tracks in Virginia: Martinsville Speedway and Richmond Raceway. Notable drivers from Virginia in the series have included Denny Hamlin and Curtis Turner.
College sports
Mike Scott and Joe Harris of the Virginia Cavaliers battle Cadarian Raines of the Virginia Tech Hokies for a rebound in a college basketball game at Cassell Coliseum in Blacksburg.
In the absence of professional sports, several of Virginia's collegiate sports programs have attracted strong followings, with a 2015 poll showing that 34% of Virginians were fans of the Virginia Cavaliers and 28% were fans of the rival Virginia Tech Hokies, making both more popular than the surveyed regional professional teams. The men's and women's college basketball programs of the Cavaliers, VCU Rams, and Old Dominion Monarchs have combined for 66 regular season conference championships and 49 conference tournament championships between them as of 2023. The Hokies football team sustained a 27-year bowl streak between 1993 and 2019; James Madison Dukes football won FCS NCAA Championships in both 2004 and 2016. The overall UVA men's athletics programs won the national Capital One Cup in both 2015 and 2019, and lead the Atlantic Coast Conference in NCAA championships.
Fourteen universities in total compete in NCAA Division I, with multiple programs each in the Atlantic Coast Conference, Atlantic 10 Conference, Big South Conference, and Coastal Athletic Association. Three historically Black schools compete in the Division II Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association, and two others (Hampton and Norfolk State) compete in Division I. Several smaller schools compete in the Old Dominion Athletic Conference and the USA South Athletic Conference of NCAA Division III. The NCAA currently holds its Division III championships in football, men's basketball, volleyball, and softball in Salem. State appropriated funds are not allowed to be used for either operational or capital expenses for intercollegiate athletics.
High school sports
Virginia is also home to several of the nation's top high school basketball programs, including Paul VI Catholic High School and Oak Hill Academy, the latter of which has won nine national championships. In the 2022–2023 school year, 176,623 high school students participated in fourteen girls sports and thirteen boys sports managed by the Virginia High School League, with the most popular sports being football, outdoor track and cross country, soccer, basketball, baseball and softball, and volleyball. Outside of the high school system, 145 youth soccer clubs operate in the Virginia Youth Soccer Association, under the USYS system, as of 2024.
State symbols
Main article: List of Virginia state symbols
The state slogan, "Virginia is for Lovers", has been used since 1969 and is featured on state welcome signs.
Virginia has several nicknames, the oldest of which is the "Old Dominion". King Charles II of England first referred to "our auntient dominion of Virginia" in 1660, the year of his restoration, perhaps because Virginia was home to many of his supporters during the English Civil War. These supporters were called Cavaliers, and the nickname "The Cavalier State" was popularized after the American Civil War. Virginia has also been called the "Mother of Presidents", as eight Virginians have served as President of the United States, including four of the first five.
The state's motto, Sic Semper Tyrannis, translates from Latin as "Thus Always to Tyrants", and is used on the state seal, which is then used on the flag. While the seal was designed in 1776, and the flag was first used in the 1830s, both were made official in 1930. The majority of the other symbols were made official in the late 20th century. In 1940, "Carry Me Back to Old Virginny" was named the state song, but it was retired in 1997 due to its nostalgic references to slavery. In March 2015, Virginia's government named "Our Great Virginia", which uses the tune of "Oh Shenandoah", as the traditional state song and "Sweet Virginia Breeze" as the popular state song.
Beverages: Milk, Rye Whiskey
Boat: Chesapeake Bay deadrise
Bird: Cardinal
Dance: Square dancing
Dog: American Foxhound
Fish: Brook trout, striped bass
Flower/Tree: Dogwood
Fossil: Chesapecten jeffersonius
Insect: Tiger swallowtail
Mammal: Virginia big-eared bat
Motto: Sic Semper Tyrannis
Nickname: The Old Dominion
Pony: Chincoteague Pony
Shell: Eastern oyster
Slogan: Virginia is for Lovers
Songs: "Our Great Virginia", "Sweet Virginia Breeze"
Tartan: Virginia Quadricentennial
See also
Virginia portalUnited States portal
Index of Virginia-related articles
Outline of Virginia
Notes
^ Virginia is one of four U.S. states to use the term "Commonwealth" in its official name, along with Massachusetts, Kentucky, and Pennsylvania.
References
^ a b Hamilton 2016, pp. 6
^ a b Burnham & Burnham 2018, pp. 277
^ a b c d e f g h "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Virginia". U.S. Census Bureau. July 1, 2023. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
^ a b Shapiro, Laurie Gwen (June 22, 2014). "Pocahontas: Fantasy and Reality". Slate Magazine. Archived from the original on June 23, 2014. Retrieved June 23, 2014.
^ Egloff & Woodward 2006, pp. 2–14.
^ Egloff & Woodward 2006, pp. 5, 31–39.
^ a b Heinemann et al. 2007, pp. 4–11
^ Stebbins, Sarah J. (August 20, 2020). "Chronology of Powhatan Indian Activity". National Park Service. Retrieved February 14, 2022.
^ "1700: Virginia Native peoples succumb to smallpox". National Institutes of Health. July 10, 2020. Retrieved June 11, 2021.
^ Beckley, Julia Ruth (May 2008). "How Cultural Factors Hastened the Population Decline of the Powhatan Indians". Virginia Commonwealth University Scholars Compass. doi:10.25772/VWYX-2J21. Retrieved August 10, 2023.
^ Basnight, Myra (June 7, 2022). "Virginia Treasures: Pocahontas—Her Real World Versus the Legend". AARP. Retrieved August 10, 2023.
^ Glanville, Jim (2009). "16th Century Spanish Invasions of Southwest Virginia" (PDF). Historical Society of Western Virginia Journal (Reprint). XVII (1): 34–42. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 12, 2013. Retrieved January 27, 2014.
^ Wallenstein 2007, pp. 8–9.
^ Moran 2007, p. 8.
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^ "Top 10 Virginia Daily Newspapers by Circulation". Agility PR. January 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
^ Turvill, William (August 21, 2021). "Top 25 US newspapers by circulation: America's largest titles have lost 20% of print sales since Covid-19 hit". Press Gazette. Retrieved August 14, 2022.
^ Bogage, Jacob (March 30, 2020). "Gannett will furlough workers at more than 100 newspapers over next three months". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
^ J. L. Jeffries (2000). Virginia's Native Son: The Election and Administration of Governor L. Douglas Wilder. Purdue University Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-1-55753-411-8.
^ Kennedy, Dan (2018). The Return of the Moguls: How Jeff Bezos and John Henry Are Remaking Newspapers for the Twenty-First Century. ForeEdge/University Press of New England. p. 26.
^ O'Leary, Amy A. (April 1998). "Beyond the Byrd Road Act: VDOT's Relationship with Virginia's Urban Counties" (PDF). Virginia Department of Transportation. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 8, 2011. Retrieved October 3, 2009.
^ "Virginia's Highway System". Virginia Department of Transportation. February 13, 2018. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011. Retrieved March 16, 2019.
^ Murillo, Mike (September 17, 2020). "DC region among worst nationwide for commute times, ranking reveals". WTOP. Retrieved March 31, 2021.
^ a b "Means of Transportation to Work by Selected Characteristics". American Community Survey. U.S. Census Bureau. 2021. Retrieved January 5, 2023.
^ Badger, Emily. "The American decline in driving actually began way earlier than you think". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved September 3, 2017.
^ "Transit Agency Ridership Report Fiscal Year 2019" (PDF). Virginia Department of Rail and Public Transportation. December 12, 2019. Retrieved March 31, 2021.
^ Smith, Max (July 11, 2019). "Ahead of I-395 tolling start, Virginia looks at more bus service". WTOP. Retrieved March 4, 2020.
^ Gordon, Wyatt (August 12, 2022). "Virginia's answer to Greyhound shows rural areas are worth serving". Virginia Mercury. Retrieved August 15, 2022.
^ "Ferry Information". Virginia Department of Transportation. December 4, 2007. Archived from the original on February 11, 2008. Retrieved February 14, 2008.
^ Foretek, Jared (February 22, 2021). "VRE ridership still down 90%; future projections 'uncertain'". InsideNoVa. Retrieved March 31, 2021.
^ McCaffrey, Scott (April 5, 2024). "Despite current travails, VRE looks to an expansive future". GazetteLeader. Retrieved May 2, 2024.
^ "Amtrak Virginia Sets Another Record with March 2024 Ridership". WYDaily. April 29, 2024. Retrieved May 2, 2024.
^ Lazo, Luz (March 30, 2021). "Virginia seals deal for $3.7 billion rail plan, including new Potomac River bridge". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 31, 2021.
^ "Airports". Virginia Department of Aviation. 2006. Archived from the original on April 29, 2008. Retrieved April 12, 2008.
^ "2021 Trade Overview" (PDF). The Port of Virginia. August 7, 2022. Retrieved August 15, 2022.
^ Goodwin 2012, p. 305.
^ Ruane, Michael E. (December 17, 2006). "At Va. Spaceport, Rocket Launches 1,000 Dreams". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 21, 2011. Retrieved September 10, 2009.
^ Hart, Kim (April 21, 2007). "Travel agency launches tourists on out-of-this-world adventures". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on December 4, 2008. Retrieved May 26, 2008.
^ "14 spring races all runners should try". USA Today. February 4, 2014. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
^ Madsen, Nancy (December 26, 2012). "Barrett says Virginia is the most populous state without a major league team". Politifact. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
^ "State supreme court rules in favor of City of Virginia Beach in lawsuit over failed arena". WAVY. May 28, 2020. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
^ Rankin, Sarah; Barakat, Matthew; Whyno, Stephen (March 27, 2024). "NHL's Capitals and NBA's Wizards are staying in Washington after Virginia arena deal collapses". Associated Press News. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
^ O'Connor, John (April 2, 2010). "Squirrels will nest at Diamond for several years". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Archived from the original on September 19, 2012. Retrieved April 27, 2010.
^ "Baseball in Virginia". Virginia is for Lovers. 2011. Archived from the original on November 17, 2011. Retrieved November 26, 2011.
^ "Loudoun United FC Joins the USL for 2019". United Soccer League. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
^ Kruszewski, Jackie (March 14, 2017). "The Most Underrated Sports Team in Richmond". Style Weekly. Retrieved June 7, 2020.
^ Carpenter, Les; Fortier, Sam (June 2, 2020). "Redskins training camp will be held in Ashburn after NFL tells teams to use practice facilities". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 7, 2020.
^ Goff, Steven (December 5, 2022). "Spirit set to play all home matches at Audi Field under new deal". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
^ DeVoe, Jo (December 13, 2023). "What the Capitals' move to Potomac Yard could mean for its Ballston practice facility and an at-grade Route 1". ARLnow. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
^ Macur, Juliet (August 2, 2012). "A Very Long Journey Was Very Swift". The New York Times. Retrieved August 4, 2012.
^ "Olympic track and field local interest roundup: McCorory collects gold despite not running for U.S. women's 4x400 in final; Merritt anchors U.S. men's 4x400 win". The Chicago Tribune. Associated Press. August 20, 2016. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
^ Howell, Melissa (August 24, 2023). "Alexandria high school graduate is now 'World's Fastest Man'". WTOP. Retrieved January 5, 2024.
^ Pockrass, Bob (March 30, 2023). "Ranking all-time best drivers from Virginia ahead of Richmond race". Fox Sports. Retrieved July 20, 2023.
^ "Virginians Favor Background Checks, Paid Sick Days". Public Policy Polling, July 21, 2015. Accessed April 17, 2021.
^ AP. "James Madison beats Youngstown State for FCS title". USA Today, January 7, 2017. Accessed April 16, 2021.
^ Staff Report. "UVa wins Capital One Cup for men's sports". Richmond Times-Dispatch, January 29, 2015. Accessed April 16, 2021.
^ Ron Counts. "Former Cavalier Long to present Virginia with its second Capital One Cup". Daily Progress, July 10, 2019. Accessed April 16, 2021.
^ Brady, Erik (December 14, 2006). "Virginia town is big game central". USA Today. Archived from the original on February 6, 2009. Retrieved February 6, 2008.
^ Sylwester, MaryJo; Witosky, Tom (February 18, 2004). "Athletic spending grows as academic funds dry up". USA Today. Archived from the original on December 3, 2009. Retrieved August 16, 2010.
^ Divens, Jordan (February 16, 2021). "High school basketball rankings: Millard North jumps in MaxPreps Top 25 after win vs. Oak Hill Academy". CBS Sports. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
^ "Participation". Virginia High School League. July 7, 2023. Retrieved January 22, 2024.
^ "Official Members". Virginia Youth Soccer Association. 2024. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
^ Kelly, John (July 24, 2021). "Here's the story on 'Virginia is for lovers,' one of history's greatest tourism slogans". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 28, 2021.
^ Library of Virginia 1994, pp. 88.
^ Welch 2006, pp. 1–3.
^ Goodwin 2012, pp. 11–13.
^ Walker, Julian (May 1, 2010). "Cuccinelli opts for more modest Virginia state seal". The Virginian-Pilot. Retrieved June 7, 2020.
^ "The state of the state emblems: Checking in on a dozen of Virginia's official symbols". The Richmond Times-Dispatch. February 18, 2017. Retrieved June 7, 2020.
^ Hambrick (March 27, 2015). "Listen: Virginia Now Has 2 State Songs". Patch. Archived from the original on July 11, 2015. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
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38°00′N 79°00′W / 38.0°N 79.0°W / 38.0; -79.0 (Commonwealth of Virginia) | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi"},{"link_name":"Virginia (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Old Dominion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dominion_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Southeastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_United_States"},{"link_name":"Mid-Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Appalachian Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains"},{"link_name":"capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Virginia Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Beach,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Fairfax County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfax_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Northern Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Blue Ridge Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Mountains"},{"link_name":"state's central region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont_region_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Piedmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Plain"},{"link_name":"Middle Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Chesapeake Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay"},{"link_name":"Shenandoah Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenandoah_Valley"},{"link_name":"Northern Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Virginia"},{"link_name":"technology companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_company"},{"link_name":"U.S. federal government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"U.S. Department of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"Central Intelligence Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"Hampton Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_Roads"},{"link_name":"region's main seaport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Port_Authority"},{"link_name":"Naval Station Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Station_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"several Indigenous groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_tribes_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Powhatan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powhatan"},{"link_name":"London Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Company"},{"link_name":"Colony of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"English colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_overseas_possessions"},{"link_name":"New World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World"},{"link_name":"Thirteen Colonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies"},{"link_name":"American Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution"},{"link_name":"several key battles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Revolution"},{"link_name":"that war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"More major battles were fought in Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Confederacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederated_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"one-party rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_South"},{"link_name":"Reconstruction era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_era_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Jim Crow laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws"},{"link_name":"Virginia General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"House of Delegates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_House_of_Delegates"}],"text":"U.S. stateThis article is about the U.S. state. For other uses, see Virginia (disambiguation).\"The Old Dominion\" redirects here. For other uses, see Old Dominion.State in the United StatesVirginia, officially the Commonwealth of Virginia,[a] is a state in the Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains. The state's capital is Richmond and its most populous city is Virginia Beach, though its most populous subdivision is Fairfax County, part of Northern Virginia, where slightly over a third of Virginia's population of 8.72 million live.The Blue Ridge Mountains cross the western and southwestern parts of the state. The state's central region lies predominantly in the Piedmont. Eastern Virginia is part of the Atlantic Plain, and the Middle Peninsula forms the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay. The fertile Shenandoah Valley fosters the state's most productive agricultural counties, while the economy in Northern Virginia is driven by technology companies and U.S. federal government agencies, including the U.S. Department of Defense and Central Intelligence Agency. Hampton Roads is also the site of the region's main seaport and Naval Station Norfolk, the world's largest naval base.Virginia's history begins with several Indigenous groups, including the Powhatan. In 1607, the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent English colony in the New World, hence Virginia's state nickname the Old Dominion. Slaves from Africa and land from displaced native tribes fueled the growing plantation economy, but also fueled conflicts both inside and outside the colony. Virginia was one of the original Thirteen Colonies in the American Revolution and several key battles were fought there during that war. More major battles were fought in Virginia during the American Civil War, which split the state as the government in Richmond joined the Confederacy, but many northwestern counties remained loyal to the Union, which led to the separation of West Virginia in 1863.Although the state was under one-party rule for nearly a century following the Reconstruction era, both major political parties have been competitive in Virginia since the repeal of Jim Crow laws in the 1970s. Virginia's state legislature is the Virginia General Assembly, which was established in July 1619, making it the oldest current law-making body in North America. It is made up of a 40-member Senate and a 100-member House of Delegates. Unlike other states, cities and counties in Virginia function as equals, but the state government manages most local roads inside each. It is the only state where governors are prohibited from serving consecutive terms.","title":"Virginia"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pocahontas-14.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pocahontas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocahontas"},{"link_name":"Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Smith_(explorer)"},{"link_name":"elite colonial families","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Families_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slate_pocahontas-5"},{"link_name":"estimated to have arrived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peopling_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Daugherty's Cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daugherty%27s_Cave_and_Breeding_Site"},{"link_name":"Russell County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"rock shelter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_shelter"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEgloffWoodward20062%E2%80%9314-6"},{"link_name":"Woodland period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodland_period"},{"link_name":"CE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Era"},{"link_name":"the southwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_United_States"},{"link_name":"Palisaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palisade"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEgloffWoodward20065,_31%E2%80%9339-7"},{"link_name":"Algonquian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonquian_peoples"},{"link_name":"Tidewater region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidewater_region_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Tsenacommacah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsenacommacah"},{"link_name":"Iroquoian-speaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroquoian_languages"},{"link_name":"Nottoway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottoway_Tribe"},{"link_name":"Meherrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meherrin"},{"link_name":"Tutelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutelo"},{"link_name":"Siouan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siouan_languages"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heinemann-8"},{"link_name":"Virginia Algonquian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powhatan_language"},{"link_name":"Chief Powhatan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Powhatan"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heinemann-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"smallpox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox"},{"link_name":"Old World diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_World_diseases"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"oral traditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_tradition"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Pocahontas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocahontas"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slate_pocahontas-5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Earliest inhabitants","text":"The story of Pocahontas was simplified and romanticized by later artists and authors, including Smith himself, and promoted by her descendants, some of whom married into elite colonial families.[4]Nomadic hunters are estimated to have arrived in Virginia around 17,000 years ago. Evidence from Daugherty's Cave in Russell County shows it was regularly used as a rock shelter by 9,800 years ago.[5] During the late Woodland period (500–1000 CE), tribes coalesced, and farming, first of corn and squash, began, with beans and tobacco arriving from the southwest and Mexico by the end of the period. Palisaded towns began to be built around 1200, and the native population in the current boundaries of Virginia reached around 50,000 in the 1500s.[6] Large groups in the area at that time included the Algonquian in the Tidewater region, which they referred to as Tsenacommacah, the Iroquoian-speaking Nottoway and Meherrin to the north and south, and the Tutelo, who spoke Siouan, to the west.[7]In response to threats from these other groups to their trade network, thirty or so Virginia Algonquian-speaking tribes consolidated during the 1570s under Wahunsenacawh, known in English as Chief Powhatan.[7] Powhatan controlled more than 150 settlements that had total population of around 15,000 in 1607.[8] Three-fourths of the native population in Virginia, however, died from smallpox and other Old World diseases during that century,[9] disrupting their oral traditions and complicating research into earlier periods.[10] Additionally, many primary sources, including those that mention Powhatan's daughter, Pocahontas, were created by Europeans, who may have held biases or misunderstood native social structures and customs.[4][11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"group of Spanish Jesuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajac%C3%A1n_Mission"},{"link_name":"Chesapeake Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Spain's colonies in the Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth I of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Walter Raleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Raleigh"},{"link_name":"Atlantic coast of North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallenstein20078%E2%80%939-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoran20078-15"},{"link_name":"Arthur Barlowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Barlowe"},{"link_name":"Wingina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wingina"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart200822-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine"},{"link_name":"Bermuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVollmann2002695%E2%80%93696-18"},{"link_name":"Raleigh's colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_Colony"},{"link_name":"King James I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"charter for a new colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Virginia_Charter"},{"link_name":"London Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Company"},{"link_name":"Christopher Newport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Newport"},{"link_name":"Jamestown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConlin200930%E2%80%9331-19"},{"link_name":"John Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Smith_(explorer)"},{"link_name":"series of ambush-style killings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Powhatan_Wars"},{"link_name":"Chief Powhatan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powhatan_(Native_American_leader)"},{"link_name":"his brother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opechancanough"},{"link_name":"mass starvation in the colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starving_Time_(Jamestown)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinemannKolpParentShade200730-21"},{"link_name":"Demand for exported tobacco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_in_the_American_Colonies"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallenstein200722-22"},{"link_name":"headright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headright"},{"link_name":"indentured servants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indentured_servant"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHashaw200776%E2%80%9377,_239%E2%80%93240-23"},{"link_name":"were first sold in Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Africans_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"lifelong slavery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"John Punch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Punch_(slave)"},{"link_name":"John Casor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Casor"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"race-based","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)"},{"link_name":"inherited maternally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHashaw2007211%E2%80%93215-25"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Governor%27s_Palace_--_Williamsburg_(VA)_September_2012.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jamestown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Colony of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Williamsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"College of William & Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinemannKolpParentShade200776%E2%80%9377-26"},{"link_name":"House of Burgesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Burgesses"},{"link_name":"governing council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Governor%27s_Council"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon200417-27"},{"link_name":"governors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"a governor who ignored the assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harvey_(Virginia_governor)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinemannKolpParentShade200732,_37-28"},{"link_name":"William Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Berkeley_(governor)"},{"link_name":"English Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Interregnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Interregnum"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Cavaliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Cavaliers_(historical)"},{"link_name":"Parliamentarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundhead"},{"link_name":"Restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Restoration"},{"link_name":"class divide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_stratification"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarter202062-30"},{"link_name":"Piedmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_tribes_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Tutelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutelo"},{"link_name":"Doeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doeg_people"},{"link_name":"Seneca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca_people"},{"link_name":"Nathaniel Bacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Bacon_(Virginia_colonist)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinemannKolpParentShade200751%E2%80%9359-31"},{"link_name":"Bacon's Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacon%27s_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Bacon's Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacon%27s_Laws"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarter202063%E2%80%9365-32"},{"link_name":"Treaty of 1677","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_1677"},{"link_name":"reduced the independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributary_state"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinemannKolpParentShade200757-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShefveland201659%E2%80%9362-34"},{"link_name":"Iroquois Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroquois"},{"link_name":"Ohio Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Company"},{"link_name":"Ohio Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Country"},{"link_name":"Appalachian Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson200023-35"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_France"},{"link_name":"New France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_France"},{"link_name":"French and Indian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_and_Indian_War"},{"link_name":"Virginia Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Regiment"},{"link_name":"George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson200042%E2%80%9343-36"}],"sub_title":"Colony","text":"Several European expeditions, including a group of Spanish Jesuits, explored the Chesapeake Bay during the 16th century.[12] To help counter Spain's colonies in the Caribbean, Queen Elizabeth I of England supported Walter Raleigh's April 1584 expedition to the Atlantic coast of North America.[13][14] The name \"Virginia\" was used by Captain Arthur Barlowe in the expedition's report, and may have been suggested that year by Raleigh or Elizabeth, perhaps noting her status as the \"Virgin Queen\" or that they viewed the land as being untouched, and may also be related to an Algonquin phrase, Wingandacoa or Windgancon, or leader's name, Wingina, as heard by the expedition.[15][16] The name initially applied to the entire coastal region from South Carolina in the south to Maine in the north, along with the island of Bermuda.[17] Raleigh's colony failed, but the potential financial and strategic gains still captivated many English policymakers, and in 1606, King James I issued a charter for a new colony to the London Company. The group financed an expedition under Christopher Newport that crossed the Atlantic and established a settlement named Jamestown in May 1607.[18]Though more settlers soon joined, many were ill-prepared for the dangers of the new settlement. As the colony's president, John Smith secured food for the colonists from nearby tribes, but after he left in 1609, this trade stopped and a series of ambush-style killings between colonists and natives under Chief Powhatan and his brother began, resulting in mass starvation in the colony that winter.[19] By the end of the colony's first fourteen years, over eighty percent of the roughly eight thousand settlers transported there had died.[20] Demand for exported tobacco, however, fueled the need for more workers.[21] Starting in 1618, the headright system tried to solve this by granting colonists farmland for their help attracting indentured servants.[22] Enslaved Africans were first sold in Virginia in 1619. Though other Africans arrived under the rules of indentured servitude, and could be freed after four to seven years, the basis for lifelong slavery was developed in legal cases like those of John Punch in 1640 and John Casor in 1655.[23] Laws passed in Jamestown defined slavery as race-based in 1661, as inherited maternally in 1662, and as enforceable by death in 1669.[24]In 1699, after the statehouse in Jamestown was destroyed by fire, the Colony of Virginia's capitol was moved to Williamsburg, where the College of William & Mary was founded six years earlier.[25]From the colony's start, residents agitated for greater local control, and in 1619, certain male colonists began electing representatives to an assembly, later called the House of Burgesses, that negotiated issues with the governing council appointed by the London Company.[26] Unhappy with this arrangement, the monarchy revoked the company's charter and began directly naming governors and Council members in 1624. In 1635, colonists arrested a governor who ignored the assembly and sent him back to England against his will.[27] William Berkeley was named governor in 1642, just as the turmoil of the English Civil War and Interregnum permitted the colony greater autonomy.[28] As a supporter of the king, Berkeley welcomed other so-called Cavaliers who fled to Virginia. He surrendered to Parliamentarians in 1652, but after the 1660 Restoration made him governor again, he blocked assembly elections and exacerbated the class divide by disenfranchising and restricting the movement of indentured servants, who made up around eighty percent of the colony's workforce.[29] On the colony's frontier, Piedmont tribes like the Tutelo and Doeg were being squeezed by Seneca raiders from the north, leading to more confrontations with colonists. In 1676, several hundred working-class followers of Nathaniel Bacon, upset by Berkeley's refusal to retaliate against the tribes, marched to Jamestown and burned it.[30]Bacon's Rebellion forced the signing of Bacon's Laws, which restored some of the colony's rights and sanctioned both attacks on native tribes and the enslavement of their men and women.[31] The Treaty of 1677 further reduced the independence of the tribes that signed it, and aided the colony's assimilation of their land in the years that followed.[32][33] Colonists in the 1700s were pushing westward into this area held by the Seneca and their larger Iroquois Nation, and in 1748, a group of wealthy speculators, backed by the British monarchy, formed the Ohio Company to start English settlement and trade in the Ohio Country west of the Appalachian Mountains.[34] The Kingdom of France, which claimed this area as part of their colony of New France, viewed this as a threat, and in 1754 the French and Indian War engulfed England, France, the Iroquois, and other allied tribes on both sides. A militia from several British colonies, called the Virginia Regiment, was led by 21-year-old Major George Washington, himself one of the investors in the Ohio Company.[35]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Virginia in the American Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Revolution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Patrick-Henry-by-Rothermel.jpg"},{"link_name":"Patrick Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Henry"},{"link_name":"protest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Resolves"},{"link_name":"Stamp Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765"},{"link_name":"House of Burgesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Burgesses"},{"link_name":"Peter F. Rothermel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_F._Rothermel"},{"link_name":"French and Indian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_and_Indian_War"},{"link_name":"British Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Grenville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenville_ministry"},{"link_name":"Chatham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham_ministry"},{"link_name":"North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_ministry"},{"link_name":"House of Burgesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Burgesses"},{"link_name":"taxation without representation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_taxation_without_representation"},{"link_name":"Patrick Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Henry"},{"link_name":"Richard Henry Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Henry_Lee"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"coordinate their actions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_of_correspondence"},{"link_name":"Continental Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Congress"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutzman200724%E2%80%9329-38"},{"link_name":"the royal governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Murray,_4th_Earl_of_Dunmore"},{"link_name":"Virginia Conventions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Conventions"},{"link_name":"George Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Mason"},{"link_name":"Virginia Declaration of Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Declaration_of_Rights"},{"link_name":"res publica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Res_publica"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinemannKolpParentShade2007125%E2%80%93133-39"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson"},{"link_name":"Declaration of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mason-40"},{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington"},{"link_name":"Second Continental Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Continental Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Army"},{"link_name":"Virginians joined the army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Line"},{"link_name":"Articles of Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper200758-42"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Benedict Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict_Arnold"},{"link_name":"raid Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_Richmond"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetchum2014155-43"},{"link_name":"General Charles Cornwallis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis"},{"link_name":"Marquis de Lafayette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette"},{"link_name":"confine the British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorktown_campaign"},{"link_name":"Virginia Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Comte de Rochambeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comte_de_Rochambeau"},{"link_name":"quickly converged there","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington%E2%80%93Rochambeau_Revolutionary_Route"},{"link_name":"siege of Yorktown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetchum2014126%E2%80%93131,_137%E2%80%93139,_296-44"},{"link_name":"peace negotiations in Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Paris_(1783)"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinemannKolpParentShade2007131%E2%80%93133-45"},{"link_name":"United States Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"James Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison"},{"link_name":"Virginia Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Plan"},{"link_name":"Bill of Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mason-40"},{"link_name":"Virginia ratified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Ratifying_Convention"},{"link_name":"three-fifths compromise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-fifths_compromise"},{"link_name":"House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Virginia dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"District of Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"retroceded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Columbia_retrocession"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallenstein2007104-46"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"},{"link_name":"American pioneers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_pioneer"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Robertson-47"}],"sub_title":"Statehood","text":"See also: Virginia in the American RevolutionIn 1765, Patrick Henry led a protest of the unpopular Stamp Act in the House of Burgesses, later depicted in this portrait by Peter F. Rothermel.In the decade following the French and Indian War, the British Parliament under prime ministers Grenville, Chatham, and North passed new taxes on various colonial activities. These were deeply unpopular in the colonies, and in the House of Burgesses, opposition to taxation without representation was led by Patrick Henry and Richard Henry Lee, among others.[36] Virginians began to coordinate their actions with other colonies in 1773 and sent delegates to the Continental Congress the following year.[37] After the House of Burgesses was dissolved in 1774 by the royal governor, Virginia's revolutionary leaders continued to govern via the Virginia Conventions. On May 15, 1776, the Convention declared Virginia's independence from the British Empire and adopted George Mason's Virginia Declaration of Rights, which was then included in a new constitution that designated Virginia as a commonwealth, using a translation of the Latin term res publica.[38] Another Virginian, Thomas Jefferson, drew upon Mason's work in drafting the national Declaration of Independence.[39]After the American Revolutionary War began, George Washington was selected by the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia to head the Continental Army, and many Virginians joined the army and other revolutionary militias. Virginia was the first colony to ratify the Articles of Confederation in December 1777.[40] In April 1780, the capital was moved to Richmond at the urging of Governor Thomas Jefferson, who feared that Williamsburg's coastal location would make it vulnerable to British attack.[41] British forces indeed landed around Portsmouth in October 1780, and soldiers under Benedict Arnold managed to raid Richmond in January 1781.[42] The British army had over seven thousand soldiers and twenty-five warships stationed in Virginia at the beginning of 1781, but General Charles Cornwallis and his superiors were indecisive, and maneuvers by the three thousand soldiers under the Marquis de Lafayette and twenty-nine allied French warships together managed to confine the British to a swampy area of the Virginia Peninsula in September. Around sixteen thousand soldiers under George Washington and Comte de Rochambeau quickly converged there and defeated Cornwallis in the siege of Yorktown.[43] His surrender on October 19, 1781, led to peace negotiations in Paris and secured the independence of the colonies.[44]Virginians were instrumental in the new country's early years and in writing the United States Constitution. James Madison drafted the Virginia Plan in 1787 and the Bill of Rights in 1789.[39] Virginia ratified the Constitution on June 25, 1788. The three-fifths compromise ensured that Virginia, with its large number of slaves, initially had the largest bloc in the House of Representatives. Together with the Virginia dynasty of presidents, this gave the Commonwealth national importance. In 1790, Virginia and Maryland ceded territory to form the new national capital, which moved from Philadelphia to the District of Columbia a decade later, in 1800. In 1846, the Virginian area of the new capital was retroceded.[45] Virginia is called the \"Mother of States\" because of its role in being carved into states such as Kentucky, which became the fifteenth state in 1792, and for the numbers of American pioneers born in Virginia.[46]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crowe-Slaves_Waiting_for_Sale_-_Richmond,_Virginia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Eyre Crowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyre_Crowe_(painter)"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"slaves in Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan1998490-50"},{"link_name":"cotton production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_production_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"across the South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_Belt"},{"link_name":"cotton gins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_gin"},{"link_name":"cotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton"},{"link_name":"new federal laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_Prohibiting_Importation_of_Slaves"},{"link_name":"monoculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoculture"},{"link_name":"degraded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_degradation"},{"link_name":"agricultural productivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_productivity"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fischer-51"},{"link_name":"exporting slaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_trade_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"breeding of slaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryson2011466%E2%80%93467-52"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan1995119%E2%80%93122-53"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2006125,_208%E2%80%93210-54"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Prosser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Prosser"},{"link_name":"George Boxley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Boxley"},{"link_name":"Nat Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat_Turner"},{"link_name":"Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fischer-51"},{"link_name":"John Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)"},{"link_name":"raid on an armory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Raid_on_Harpers_Ferry"},{"link_name":"Harpers Ferry, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpers_Ferry,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Charles Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Town,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"secede to preserve the institution of slavery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_Declaration_of_Secession"},{"link_name":"Confederate States of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"seized Fort Sumter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter"},{"link_name":"federal army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Army"},{"link_name":"75,000 men from state militias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_Lincoln%27s_75,000_volunteers"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaffa2000230%E2%80%93236,_357%E2%80%93358-56"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Currier_and_Ives_-_The_Fall_of_Richmond,_Va._on_the_Night_of_April_2d._1865_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Confederacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"its downtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shockoe_Slip"},{"link_name":"a special convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Secession_Convention_of_1861"},{"link_name":"voted on April 17 to secede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinance_of_Secession"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Robertson-47"},{"link_name":"Wheeling Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheeling_Convention"},{"link_name":"Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_(Civil_War)"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Battle of Bull Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run"},{"link_name":"Manassas, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manassas,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"George B. McClellan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_B._McClellan"},{"link_name":"Army of the Potomac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac"},{"link_name":"landed on the Virginia Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsula_campaign"},{"link_name":"Joseph E. Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_E._Johnston"},{"link_name":"Army of Northern Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Robert E. Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Lee"},{"link_name":"drove the Union army back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Days_Battles"},{"link_name":"the first of several invasions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_campaign"},{"link_name":"Fredericksburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericksburg"},{"link_name":"Chancellorsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville"},{"link_name":"Spotsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Spotsylvania_Court_House"},{"link_name":"Battle of Appomattox Court House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Appomattox_Court_House"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin20124-58"},{"link_name":"capture of Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Lynchburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynchburg,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Danville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danville,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1993170-60"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"sub_title":"Civil War","text":"Eyre Crowe's 1853 portrait, Slaves Waiting for Sale: Richmond, Virginia, which he completed after visiting Richmond's slave markets, where thousands were sold annually[47]Between 1790 and 1860, the number of slaves in Virginia rose from around 290 thousand to over 490 thousand, roughly one-third of the state population during that time, and the number of slave owners rose to over 50 thousand. Both of these numbers represented the most in the U.S.[48][49] The boom in cotton production across the South using cotton gins increased the amount of labor needed for harvesting raw cotton, but new federal laws prohibited the importation of additional slaves from abroad. Decades of monoculture tobacco farming had also degraded Virginia's agricultural productivity.[50] To capitalize on this situation, Virginia plantations increasingly turned to exporting slaves, which broke up countless families and made the breeding of slaves, often through rape, a profitable business for their owners.[51][52] Slaves in the Richmond area were also forced into industrial jobs, including mining and shipbuilding.[53] The failed slave uprisings of Gabriel Prosser in 1800, George Boxley in 1815, and Nat Turner in 1831, however, marked the growing resistance to the system of slavery. Afraid of further uprisings, Virginia's government in the 1830s encouraged free Blacks to migrate to Liberia.[50]On October 16, 1859, abolitionist John Brown led a raid on an armory in Harpers Ferry, Virginia, in an attempt to start a slave revolt across the southern states. The polarized national response to his raid, capture, trial, and execution in Charles Town that December marked a tipping point for many who believed the end of slavery would need to be achieved by force.[54] Abraham Lincoln's 1860 election further convinced many southern supporters of slavery that his opposition to its expansion would ultimately mean the end of slavery across the country. In South Carolina, the first state to secede to preserve the institution of slavery, a regiment loyal to the newly formed Confederate States of America seized Fort Sumter on April 14, 1861, prompting President Lincoln to call for a federal army of 75,000 men from state militias the next day.[55]The Confederacy used Richmond as their capital from May 1861 till April 1865, when they abandoned the city and set fire to its downtown.In Virginia, a special convention called by the legislature voted on April 17 to secede on the condition it was approved in a referendum the next month. The convention then voted to join the Confederacy, which named Richmond its capital on May 20.[46] During the May 23 referendum, armed pro-Confederate groups prevented the casting and counting of votes from many northwestern counties that opposed secession. Representatives from 27 of these counties instead began the Wheeling Convention that month, which organized a government loyal to the Union and led to the separation of West Virginia as a new state.[56]The armies of the Union and Confederacy first met on July 21, 1861, in Battle of Bull Run near Manassas, Virginia, where a bloody Confederate victory established that the war would not be easily decided. Union General George B. McClellan organized the Army of the Potomac, which landed on the Virginia Peninsula in March 1862 and reached the outskirts of Richmond that June. With Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston wounded in fighting outside the city, command of his Army of Northern Virginia fell to Robert E. Lee. Over the next month, Lee drove the Union army back, and starting that September led the first of several invasions into Union territory. During the next three years of war, more battles were fought in Virginia than anywhere else, including the battles of Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Spotsylvania, and the concluding Battle of Appomattox Court House, where Lee surrendered on April 9, 1865.[57] After the capture of Richmond that month, the state capital was briefly moved to Lynchburg,[58] while the Confederate leadership fled to Danville.[59] 32,751 Virginians died in the Civil War.[60]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:War_time_view_of_Norfolk_Va_Navy_Yard_1918_(49090133192).jpg"},{"link_name":"Hampton Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_Roads"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-embarkation-62"},{"link_name":"Committee of Nine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_of_Nine"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinemannKolpParentShade2007249%E2%80%93250-63"},{"link_name":"Reconstruction era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_era_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Danville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danville,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Tidewater region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidewater_(region)"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2006328%E2%80%93329-65"},{"link_name":"adopted a constitution in 1868","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Constitutional_Convention_of_1868"},{"link_name":"voting rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan1992160%E2%80%93166-66"},{"link_name":"Readjuster Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Readjuster_Party"},{"link_name":"plantation elites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planter_class"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaileyGilmoreSimon200090%E2%80%9396-67"},{"link_name":"Virginia Tech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Tech"},{"link_name":"Virginia State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_University"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"anti-miscegenation laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws"},{"link_name":"riot in Danville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danville_Massacre"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"voter suppression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voter_suppression_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"segregationists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaileyGilmoreSimon200099%E2%80%93103-70"},{"link_name":"Jim Crow laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws"},{"link_name":"state constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"poll tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poll_tax_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"disenfranchised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disenfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_Era"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallenstein2007253%E2%80%93254-71"},{"link_name":"James Albert Bonsack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Albert_Bonsack"},{"link_name":"Collis Potter Huntington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collis_Potter_Huntington"},{"link_name":"Newport News Shipbuilding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_News_Shipbuilding"},{"link_name":"dreadnoughts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreadnought"},{"link_name":"U.S. Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Navy"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStyron201142%E2%80%9343-72"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"U-151","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_U-151"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuer199950%E2%80%9352-73"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-embarkation-62"},{"link_name":"attacked in July 1919","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919_Norfolk_race_riot"},{"link_name":"Red Summer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Summer"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Radford Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radford_Army_Ammunition_Plant"},{"link_name":"Blacksburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacksburg,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"}],"sub_title":"Reconstruction and Jim Crow","text":"With nearly 800,000 soldiers passing through, Hampton Roads was the second-largest port of embarkation during World War I.[61]Virginia was formally restored to the United States in 1870, due to the work of the Committee of Nine.[62] During the post-war Reconstruction era, African Americans were able to unite in communities, particularly around Richmond, Danville, and the Tidewater region, and take a greater role in Virginia society, as many achieved some land ownership during the 1870s.[63][64] Virginia adopted a constitution in 1868 which guaranteed political, civil, and voting rights, and provided for free public schools.[65] However, with many railroad lines and other infrastructure investments destroyed during the Civil War, the Commonwealth was deeply in debt, and in the late 1870s redirected money from public schools to pay bondholders. The Readjuster Party formed in 1877 and won legislative power in 1879 by uniting Black and white Virginians behind a shared opposition to debt payments and the perceived plantation elites.[66]The Readjusters focused on building up schools, like Virginia Tech and Virginia State, and successfully forced West Virginia to share in the pre-war debt.[67] But in 1883, they were divided by a proposed repeal of anti-miscegenation laws, and days before that year's election, a riot in Danville, involving armed policemen, left four Black men and one white man dead.[68] These events motivated a push by white supremacists to seize political power through voter suppression, and segregationists in the Democratic Party won the legislature that year and maintained control for decades.[69] They passed Jim Crow laws and in 1902 rewrote the state constitution to include a poll tax and other voter registration measures that effectively disenfranchised most African Americans and many poor whites.[70]New economic forces would meanwhile industrialize the Commonwealth. Virginian James Albert Bonsack invented the tobacco cigarette rolling machine in 1880 leading to new large-scale production centered around Richmond. Railroad magnate Collis Potter Huntington founded Newport News Shipbuilding in 1886, which was responsible for building six dreadnoughts, seven battleships, and 25 destroyers for the U.S. Navy between 1907 and 1923.[71] During World War I, German submarines like U-151 attacked ships outside the port,[72] which was a major site for transportation of both soldiers and supplies.[61] After the war, a homecoming parade to honor African-American troops returning from service was attacked in July 1919 by the city's police as part of a renewed white-supremacy movement that was known as Red Summer.[73] The shipyard continued building cruisers and aircraft carriers in World War II, and quadrupled its pre-war labor force to 70,000 by 1943. The Radford Arsenal outside Blacksburg also employed 22,000 workers making explosives.[74]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RVA_2020_MDPC_(50041262732).jpg"},{"link_name":"Confederate monuments in the state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Barbara Rose Johns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Rose_Johns"},{"link_name":"Farmville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmville,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis_v._County_School_Board_of_Prince_Edward_County"},{"link_name":"Spottswood Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spottswood_William_Robinson_III"},{"link_name":"Oliver Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Hill_(attorney)"},{"link_name":"Brown v. Board of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education"},{"link_name":"separate but equal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separate_but_equal"},{"link_name":"massive resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massive_resistance"},{"link_name":"Harry F. Byrd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd"},{"link_name":"Byrd Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byrd_Organization"},{"link_name":"desegregated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desegregation_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Stanley Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Plan"},{"link_name":"integrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_integration"},{"link_name":"Arlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Norfolk 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_17"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Prince Edward County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Edward_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court ordered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffin_v._County_School_Board_of_Prince_Edward_County"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallenstein2007340%E2%80%93341,_350%E2%80%93357-78"},{"link_name":"Civil Rights Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964"},{"link_name":"Voting Rights Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965"},{"link_name":"Justice Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"Jim Crow era state laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"interracial marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interracial_marriage_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Loving v. Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia"},{"link_name":"Mills Godwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mills_Godwin"},{"link_name":"passed in a referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_Virginia_ballot_measures"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-constitution_1970-80"},{"link_name":"Douglas Wilder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Wilder"},{"link_name":"Bobby Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Scott_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinemannKolpParentShade2007359%E2%80%93366-81"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAccordino200076%E2%80%9378-83"},{"link_name":"Central Intelligence Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"Foggy Bottom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foggy_Bottom"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"Langley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langley,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"National Security Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Cold War events","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_events_in_the_Cold_War"},{"link_name":"Soviet espionage activities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Soviet_and_Russian_espionage_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"The Pentagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pentagon"},{"link_name":"Arlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"September 11, 2001 attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11,_2001_attacks"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Virginia Tech in 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Tech_shooting"},{"link_name":"Virginia Beach in 2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Virginia_Beach_shooting"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Confederate monuments in Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"drove his car into protesters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlottesville_car_attack"},{"link_name":"Black Lives Matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter"},{"link_name":"removal of statues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Removal_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials#Virginia"},{"link_name":"Monument Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_Avenue"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"}],"sub_title":"Civil rights to present","text":"Protests in 2020 focused on Confederate monuments in the state.Protests against underfunded segregated schools started by Barbara Rose Johns in 1951 in Farmville led to the lawsuit Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County. This case, filed by Richmond natives Spottswood Robinson and Oliver Hill, was decided in 1954 with Brown v. Board of Education, which rejected the doctrine of \"separate but equal\". But, in 1956, under the policy of \"massive resistance\" led by the influential segregationist Senator Harry F. Byrd and his Byrd Organization, the Commonwealth prohibited desegregated local schools from receiving state or private funding as part of the Stanley Plan. After schools in many districts began closing in September 1958, state and district courts ruled the plan unconstitutional, and on February 2, 1959, the first Black students integrated schools in Arlington and Norfolk, where they were known as the Norfolk 17.[75] Prince Edward County still refused to integrate and closed their county school system in June 1959. It only reopened in 1964, after the Supreme Court ordered the county's public schools to be, like others in the state, open and integrated, which they finally did that September.[76][77]Federal passage of the Civil Rights Act in June 1964 and Voting Rights Act in August 1965, and their later enforcement by the Justice Department, helped end racial segregation in Virginia and overturn Jim Crow era state laws.[78] In June 1967, the Supreme Court also struck down the state's ban on interracial marriage with Loving v. Virginia. In 1968, Governor Mills Godwin called a commission to rewrite the state constitution. The new constitution, which banned discrimination and removed articles that now violated federal law, passed in a referendum with 71.8% support and went into effect in June 1971.[79] In 1977, Black members became the majority of Richmond's city council; in 1989, Douglas Wilder became the first African American elected as governor in the United States; and in 1992, Bobby Scott became the first Black congressman from Virginia since 1888.[80][81]The expansion of federal government offices into Northern Virginia's suburbs during the Cold War boosted the region's population and economy.[82] The Central Intelligence Agency outgrew their offices in Foggy Bottom during the Korean War, and moved to Langley in 1961, in part due to a decision by the National Security Council that the agency relocate outside the District of Columbia.[83] The agency was involved in various Cold War events, and its headquarters was a target of Soviet espionage activities. The Pentagon, built in Arlington during World War II as the headquarters of the Department of Defense, was one of the targets of the September 11, 2001 attacks; 189 people died at the site when a jet passenger plane was flown into the building.[84] Mass shootings at Virginia Tech in 2007 and in Virginia Beach in 2019 led to passage of gun control measures in 2020.[85] Racial injustice and the presence of Confederate monuments in Virginia have also led to large demonstrations, including in August 2017, when a white supremacist drove his car into protesters, killing one, and in June 2020, when protests that were part of the larger Black Lives Matter movement brought about the removal of statues on Monument Avenue in Richmond and elsewhere.[86]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Virginia_geographic_map-en.svg"},{"link_name":"Blue Ridge Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Chesapeake Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay"},{"link_name":"parallel 36°30′ north","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_36%C2%B030%E2%80%B2_north"},{"link_name":"Mid-Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Southeastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_United_States"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"largest state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_area"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Potomac River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potomac_River"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"was defined in 1665","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Colonial_Boundary_of_1665"},{"link_name":"36°30' north latitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_36%C2%B030%E2%80%B2_north#In_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"the border's westernmost point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina%E2%80%93Tennessee%E2%80%93Virginia_Corners"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"},{"link_name":"White Top Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Top_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Tri-State Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri-State_Peak"},{"link_name":"Cumberland Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland_Mountains"},{"link_name":"U.S. Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Virginia v. Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_v._Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Zandt197692%E2%80%9395-93"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201571%E2%80%9372-94"},{"link_name":"Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"}],"text":"Virginia is shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains, the Chesapeake Bay and its watershed, and the parallel 36°30′ north.Virginia is located in the Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern regions of the United States.[87][88] Virginia has a total area of 42,774.2 square miles (110,784.7 km2), including 3,180.13 square miles (8,236.5 km2) of water, making it the 35th-largest state by area.[89] The Commonwealth is bordered by Maryland and Washington, D.C. to the north and east; by the Atlantic Ocean to the east; by North Carolina to the south; by Tennessee to the southwest; by Kentucky to the west; and by West Virginia to the north and west. Virginia's boundary with Maryland and Washington, D.C. extends to the low-water mark of the south shore of the Potomac River.[90]Virginia's southern border was defined in 1665 as 36°30' north latitude. Surveyors marking the border with North Carolina in the 18th century however started their work about 3.5 miles (5.6 km) to the north and drifted an additional 3.5 miles by the border's westernmost point, likely due to equipment issues and instructions to use natural landmarks when possible.[91] After Tennessee joined the U.S. in 1796, new surveyors worked in 1802 and 1803 to reset their border with Virginia as a line from the summit of White Top Mountain to the top of Tri-State Peak in the Cumberland Mountains. However, deviations in that border were identified when it was re-marked in 1856, and the Virginia General Assembly proposed a new surveying commission in 1871. Representatives from Tennessee preferred to keep the less-straight 1803 line, and in 1893, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in the state's favor in the case Virginia v. Tennessee.[92][93] One result of this is the division of the city of Bristol between the two states.[94]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Falls_in_purple.jpg"},{"link_name":"Great Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Falls_(Potomac_River)"},{"link_name":"fall line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Seaboard_Fall_Line"},{"link_name":"Potomac River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potomac_River"},{"link_name":"Precambrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precambrian"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Chesapeake Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay"},{"link_name":"Eastern Shore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Shore_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"drowned river valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ria"},{"link_name":"Susquehanna River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susquehanna_River"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bay-97"},{"link_name":"Virginia's rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Potomac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potomac_River"},{"link_name":"Rappahannock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rappahannock_River"},{"link_name":"York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_River_(Virginia)"},{"link_name":"James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_River"},{"link_name":"Northern Neck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Neck"},{"link_name":"Middle Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Virginia Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnhamBurnham20181-98"},{"link_name":"Sea level rise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level_rise"},{"link_name":"Tangier Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangier,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Chincoteague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chincoteague,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"23 barrier islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Barrier_Islands"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"Tidewater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidewater_(geographic_term)"},{"link_name":"coastal plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_coastal_plain"},{"link_name":"fall line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Seaboard_fall_line"},{"link_name":"estuaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuary"},{"link_name":"sedimentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentary_rock"},{"link_name":"igneous rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igneous_rock"},{"link_name":"foothills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foothills"},{"link_name":"Mesozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesozoic"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPazzaglia2006135%E2%80%93138-101"},{"link_name":"Southwest Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Charlottesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-agriculture-102"},{"link_name":"Blue Ridge Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Mountains"},{"link_name":"physiographic province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiographic_regions_of_the_world"},{"link_name":"Appalachian Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Mount Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Rogers_(Virginia)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mtrogers-2"},{"link_name":"Ridge-and-Valley region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridge-and-Valley_Appalachians"},{"link_name":"carbonate rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonate_rock"},{"link_name":"Massanutten Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massanutten_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Great Appalachian Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Appalachian_Valley"},{"link_name":"Shenandoah Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenandoah_Valley"},{"link_name":"river of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenandoah_River"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-regions-103"},{"link_name":"Cumberland Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland_Plateau"},{"link_name":"Cumberland Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Allegheny Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegheny_Plateau"},{"link_name":"dendritic drainage system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_system_(geomorphology)#Dendritic_drainage_pattern"},{"link_name":"Ohio River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_River"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer199849%E2%80%9351-104"},{"link_name":"Virginia Seismic Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Seismic_Zone"},{"link_name":"earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake"},{"link_name":"magnitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richter_magnitude_scale"},{"link_name":"North American Plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Plate"},{"link_name":"struck central Virginia on August 23, 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Virginia_earthquake"},{"link_name":"Mineral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"Northern Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Florida"},{"link_name":"Southern Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"bolide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolide"},{"link_name":"Chesapeake Bay impact crater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay_impact_crater"},{"link_name":"earthquakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake"},{"link_name":"subsidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidence"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"Lake Drummond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Drummond"},{"link_name":"lakes in the state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"limestone caves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone_cave"},{"link_name":"Luray Caverns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luray_Caverns"},{"link_name":"Skyline Caverns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyline_Caverns"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"Natural Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Bridge_(Virginia)"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"Coal mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_mining_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mining-111"},{"link_name":"slate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate"},{"link_name":"kyanite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyanite"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"uranium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium"},{"link_name":"Coles Hill, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coles_Hill_uranium_deposit"},{"link_name":"a challenge that reached the U.S. Supreme Court twice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Uranium,_Inc._v._Warren"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"}],"sub_title":"Geology and terrain","text":"Great Falls is on the fall line of the Potomac River, and its rocks date to the late Precambrian.[95]The Chesapeake Bay separates the contiguous portion of the Commonwealth from the two-county peninsula of Virginia's Eastern Shore. The bay was formed from the drowned river valley of the ancient Susquehanna River.[96] Many of Virginia's rivers flow into the Chesapeake Bay, including the Potomac, Rappahannock, York, and James, which create three peninsulas in the bay, traditionally referred to as \"necks\" named Northern Neck, Middle Peninsula, and the Virginia Peninsula from north to south.[97] Sea level rise has eroded the land on Virginia's islands, which include Tangier Island in the bay and Chincoteague, one of 23 barrier islands on the Atlantic coast.[98][99]The Tidewater is a coastal plain between the Atlantic coast and the fall line. It includes the Eastern Shore and major estuaries of Chesapeake Bay. The Piedmont is a series of sedimentary and igneous rock-based foothills east of the mountains which were formed in the Mesozoic era.[100] The region, known for its heavy clay soil, includes the Southwest Mountains around Charlottesville.[101] The Blue Ridge Mountains are a physiographic province of the Appalachian Mountains with the highest points in the Commonwealth, the tallest being Mount Rogers at 5,729 feet (1,746 m).[2] The Ridge-and-Valley region is west of the mountains, carbonate rock based, and includes the Massanutten Mountain ridge and the Great Appalachian Valley, which is called the Shenandoah Valley in Virginia, named after the river of the same name that flows through it.[102] The Cumberland Plateau and Cumberland Mountains are in the southwest corner of Virginia, south of the Allegheny Plateau. In this region, rivers flow northwest, with a dendritic drainage system, into the Ohio River basin.[103]The Virginia Seismic Zone has not had a history of regular earthquake activity. Earthquakes are rarely above 4.5 in magnitude, because Virginia is located away from the edges of the North American Plate. The Commonwealth's largest earthquake in at least a century, at a magnitude of 5.8, struck central Virginia on August 23, 2011, near Mineral.[104] Due to the area's geologic properties, this earthquake was felt from Northern Florida to Southern Ontario.[105] 35 million years ago, a bolide impacted what is now eastern Virginia. The resulting Chesapeake Bay impact crater may explain what earthquakes and subsidence the region does experience.[106] A meteor impact is also theorized as the source of Lake Drummond, the largest of the two natural lakes in the state.[107]The Commonwealth's carbonate rock is filled with more than 4,000 limestone caves, ten of which are open for tourism, including the popular Luray Caverns and Skyline Caverns.[108] Virginia's iconic Natural Bridge is also the remaining roof of a collapsed limestone cave.[109] Coal mining takes place in the three mountainous regions at 45 distinct coal beds near Mesozoic basins.[110] More than 72 million tons of other non-fuel resources, such as slate, kyanite, sand, or gravel, were also mined in Virginia in 2020[update].[111] The largest known deposits of uranium in the U.S. are under Coles Hill, Virginia. Despite a challenge that reached the U.S. Supreme Court twice, the state has banned its mining since 1982 due to environmental and public health concerns.[112]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Climate change in Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"humid subtropical climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate"},{"link_name":"humid continental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_continental_climate"},{"link_name":"Blue Ridge Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton201612%E2%80%9313-114"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-noaa-115"},{"link_name":"Gulf Stream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Stream"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burnham-116"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-noaa-115"},{"link_name":"Shenandoah Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenandoah_Valley"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burnham-116"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"tornadoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"Hurricanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Virginia_hurricanes"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Camille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Camille#Virginia"},{"link_name":"Nelson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burnham-116"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"cold-air damming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold-air_damming"},{"link_name":"January 2016 blizzard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_2016_United_States_blizzard"},{"link_name":"Bluemont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluemont,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"climate change in Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"Urban heat islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_heat_island"},{"link_name":"redlining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redlining"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-haze-128"},{"link_name":"ozone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone"},{"link_name":"Fairfax County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfax_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Arlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Loudoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudoun_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-polution-129"},{"link_name":"coal power plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_power_plant"},{"link_name":"particulate matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulate_pollution"},{"link_name":"Virginia's electricity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ahr-130"},{"link_name":"solar power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power"},{"link_name":"hydroelectricity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eiaco-132"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"See also: Climate change in VirginiaVirginia has a humid subtropical climate that transitions to humid continental west of the Blue Ridge Mountains.[113] Seasonal extremes vary from average lows of 25 °F (−4 °C) in January to average highs of 86 °F (30 °C) in July.[114] The Atlantic Ocean and Gulf Stream have a strong effect on eastern and southeastern coastal areas of the Commonwealth, making the climate there warmer but also more constant. Most of Virginia's recorded extremes in temperature and precipitation have occurred in the Blue Ridge Mountains and areas west.[115] Virginia receives an average of 43.47 inches (110 cm) of precipitation annually,[114] with the Shenandoah Valley being the state's driest region due to the mountains on either side.[115]Virginia has around 35–45 days with thunderstorms annually, and storms are common in the late afternoon and evenings between April and September.[116] These months are also the most common for tornadoes,[117] eight of which touched down in the Commonwealth in 2023.[118] Hurricanes and tropical storms can occur from August to October, and though they typically impact coastal regions, the deadliest natural disaster in Virginia was Hurricane Camille, which killed over 150 people mainly in inland Nelson County in 1969.[115][119] Between December and March, cold-air damming caused by the Appalachian Mountains can lead to significant snowfalls across the state, such as the January 2016 blizzard, which created the state's highest recorded one-day snowfall of 36.6 inches (93 cm) near Bluemont.[120][121] On average, cities in Virginia can receive between 5.8–12.3 inches (15–31 cm) of snow annually, but recent winters have seen below-average snowfalls, and much of Virginia failed to register any measurable snow during 2022–2023 winter season.[122][123]Part of this is due to climate change in Virginia, which is leading to higher temperatures year-round as well as more heavy rain and flooding events.[124] Urban heat islands can be found in many Virginia cities and suburbs, particularly in neighborhoods linked to historic redlining.[125][126] The air in Virginia has statistically improved since 1998, when haze in Blue Ridge Mountains peaked,[127] as did the number of code orange days for high ozone polution in Fairfax County, with 64.8. In 2023, Fairfax, like neighboring Arlington and Loudoun counties, recorded just three code orange days.[128] The closure and conversion of coal power plants in Virginia and the Ohio Valley region has helped cut the amount of particulate matter in Virginia's air in half, from 13.5 micrograms per cubic meter in 2003, when coal provided 49.3% of Virginia's electricity, to 6.6 in 2023,[129] when coal provided just 1.5%, behind renewables like solar power and hydroelectricity.[130][131] Current plans call for 30% of the Commonwealth's electricity to be renewable by 2030 and for all to be carbon-free by 2050.[132]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of endangered species in Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_endangered_species_in_Virginia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:White-tailed_buck_in_foggy_morning_at_Shenandoah_National_Park.jpeg"},{"link_name":"white-tailed deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tailed_deer"},{"link_name":"Shenandoah National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenandoah_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gildard-134"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"hardwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardwood"},{"link_name":"deciduous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduous"},{"link_name":"broad-leaved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad-leaved_tree"},{"link_name":"loblolly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_taeda"},{"link_name":"shortleaf pine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_echinata"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stateoftheforest-135"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burnham-116"},{"link_name":"Spongy moth infestations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsy_moths_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"blight in chestnut trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut_blight"},{"link_name":"tree of heaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ailanthus_altissima"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burnham-116"},{"link_name":"Piedmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stateoftheforest-135"},{"link_name":"Atlantic white cedar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamaecyparis_thyoides"},{"link_name":"tulip-poplar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liriodendron_tulipifera"},{"link_name":"flowering dogwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornus_florida"},{"link_name":"state tree and flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_trees"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"milkweed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asclepias"},{"link_name":"Virginia creeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenocissus_quinquefolia"},{"link_name":"state flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"Thompson Wildlife Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._Richard_Thompson_Wildlife_Management_Area"},{"link_name":"Fauquier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauquier_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"trillium wildflowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trillium_grandiflorum"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burnham-116"},{"link_name":"White-tailed deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tailed_deer"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mammals-140"},{"link_name":"carnivorans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnivora"},{"link_name":"black bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_black_bear"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"bobcats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobcat"},{"link_name":"coyotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coyote"},{"link_name":"gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_fox"},{"link_name":"red foxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_fox"},{"link_name":"raccoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raccoon"},{"link_name":"weasels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weasel"},{"link_name":"skunks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skunk"},{"link_name":"groundhogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundhog"},{"link_name":"nutria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutria"},{"link_name":"beavers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver"},{"link_name":"gray squirrels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_gray_squirrel"},{"link_name":"fox squirrels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_squirrel"},{"link_name":"Allegheny woodrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegheny_woodrat"},{"link_name":"Virginia big-eared bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_big-eared_bat"},{"link_name":"state mammal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_mammals"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dwr_list-142"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mammals-140"},{"link_name":"Virginia opossum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_opossum"},{"link_name":"marsupial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"Appalachian cottontail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_cottontail"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"bottlenose dolphins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottlenose_dolphins"},{"link_name":"aquatic mammals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_mammal"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mammals-140"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wildlife_Center_of_VA_at_TLSP_(7358017496).jpg"},{"link_name":"screech owl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_screech_owl"},{"link_name":"Virginia's bird fauna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"winter residents or transients","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_migration"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Terwilliger-145"},{"link_name":"Water birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_birds"},{"link_name":"Virginia rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_rail"},{"link_name":"state bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_birds"},{"link_name":"broad-winged hawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad-winged_hawk"},{"link_name":"barred owls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barred_owl"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic_species"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Terwilliger-145"},{"link_name":"Audubon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Audubon_Society"},{"link_name":"Important Bird Areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Important_Bird_Area"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"Peregrine falcons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peregrine_falcon"},{"link_name":"DDT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT"},{"link_name":"pesticide poisoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_poisoning"},{"link_name":"Shenandoah National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenandoah_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"freshwater fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater_fish"},{"link_name":"Pleistocene glaciers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene_glaciation"},{"link_name":"Eastern blacknose dace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_blacknose_dace"},{"link_name":"sculpin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculpin"},{"link_name":"Appalachian Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_Plateau"},{"link_name":"smallmouth bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallmouth_bass"},{"link_name":"redhorse sucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redhorse_sucker"},{"link_name":"Ridge-and-Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridge-and-Valley_Appalachians"},{"link_name":"brook trout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brook_trout"},{"link_name":"state fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_fish"},{"link_name":"Kanawha darter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanawha_darter"},{"link_name":"stripeback darter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stripeback_darter"},{"link_name":"Roanoke bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_bass"},{"link_name":"swampfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swampfish"},{"link_name":"bluespotted sunfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluespotted_sunfish"},{"link_name":"pirate perch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirate_perch"},{"link_name":"Tidewater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidewater_(region)"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"Chesapeake Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay"},{"link_name":"saltwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltwater_fish"},{"link_name":"estuarine fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_fish"},{"link_name":"Bay anchovy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_anchovy"},{"link_name":"blue catfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_catfish"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"Chesapeake blue crabs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callinectes_sapidus"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"Big Sandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Sandy_crayfish"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burnham-116"},{"link_name":"Cumberland Plateau salamander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland_Plateau_salamander"},{"link_name":"Eastern hellbender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_hellbender"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"northern watersnake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_watersnake"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"}],"sub_title":"Ecosystem","text":"See also: List of endangered species in VirginiaUp to 7,000 white-tailed deer, also known as Virginia deer, live in Shenandoah National Park.[133]Forests cover 62% of Virginia as of 2021[update], of which 80% is considered hardwood forest, meaning that trees in Virginia are primarily deciduous and broad-leaved. The other 20% is pine, with loblolly and shortleaf pine dominating much of central and eastern Virginia.[134] In the western and mountainous parts of the Commonwealth, oak and hickory are most common, while lower altitudes are more likely to have small but dense stands of moisture-loving hemlocks and mosses in abundance.[115] Spongy moth infestations in oak trees and the blight in chestnut trees have decreased both of their numbers, leaving more room for hickory and the invasive tree of heaven.[135][115] In the lowland tidewater and Piedmont, yellow pines tend to dominate, with bald cypress wetland forests in the Great Dismal and Nottoway swamps.[134] Other common trees include red spruce, Atlantic white cedar, tulip-poplar, and the flowering dogwood, the state tree and flower, as well as willows, ashes, and laurels.[136] Plants like milkweed, dandelions, daisies, ferns, and Virginia creeper, which is featured on the state flag, are also common.[137] The Thompson Wildlife Area in Fauquier is known for having one of the largest populations of trillium wildflowers in all of North America.[115]White-tailed deer, one of 75 mammal species found in Virginia, rebounded from an estimated population of as few as 25,000 in the 1930s to over one million by the 2010s.[138][139] Native carnivorans include black bears, who have a population of around five to six thousand in the state,[140] as well as bobcats, coyotes, both gray and red foxes, raccoons, weasels and skunks. Rodents include groundhogs, nutria, beavers, both gray squirrels and fox squirrels, chipmunks, and Allegheny woodrats, while the seventeen bat species include brown bats and the Virginia big-eared bat, the state mammal.[141][139] The Virginia opossum is also the only marsupial native to the United States and Canada,[142] and the native Appalachian cottontail was recognized in 1992 as a distinct species of rabbit, one of three found in the state.[143] Whales, dolphins, and porpoises have also been recorded in Virginia's coastal waters, with bottlenose dolphins being the most frequent aquatic mammals.[139]Visitors meet a screech owl rehabilitating at the Wildlife Center of Virginia, a hospital for native wild animals.Virginia's bird fauna consists of 422 counted species, of which 359 are regularly occurring and 214 have bred in Virginia, while the rest are mostly winter residents or transients.[144] Water birds include sandpipers, wood ducks, and Virginia rail, while common inland examples include warblers, woodpeckers, and cardinals, the state bird. Birds of prey include osprey, broad-winged hawks, and barred owls.[145] There are no species of bird endemic to the Commonwealth.[144] Audubon recognizes 21 Important Bird Areas in the state.[146] Peregrine falcons, whose numbers dramatically declined due to DDT pesticide poisoning in the middle of the 20th century, are the focus of conservation efforts in the state and a reintroduction program in Shenandoah National Park.[147]Virginia has 226 species of freshwater fish from 25 families; the state's diverse array of fish species is attributable to its varied and humid climate, topography, interconnected river system, and lack of Pleistocene glaciers. The state's lakes and rivers are home to Eastern blacknose dace and sculpin on the Appalachian Plateau; smallmouth bass and redhorse sucker in the Ridge-and-Valley region; brook trout, the state fish, and Kanawha darter in the Blue Ridge; stripeback darter and Roanoke bass in the Piedmont; and swampfish, bluespotted sunfish, and pirate perch in the Tidewater.[148] The Chesapeake Bay is host to clams, oysters, and 350 species of saltwater and estuarine fish, including the bay's most abundant finfish, the Bay anchovy, as well as the invasive blue catfish.[149][150] An estimated 317 million Chesapeake blue crabs live in the bay as of 2024[update].[151] There are 34 native species of crayfish, like the Big Sandy, which often inhabit rocky bottomed streambeds.[152][115] Amphibians found in Virginia include the Cumberland Plateau salamander and Eastern hellbender,[153] while the northern watersnake is the most common of the 32 snake species.[154]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Virginia state parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Virginia_state_parks"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shenandoah_2020.jpg"},{"link_name":"Oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak"},{"link_name":"isoprene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoprene"},{"link_name":"Blue Ridge Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-protectedland-157"},{"link_name":"National Park Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service"},{"link_name":"Great Falls Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Falls_Park"},{"link_name":"Appalachian Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_Trail"},{"link_name":"Shenandoah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenandoah_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"Skyline Drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyline_Drive"},{"link_name":"National Wilderness Preservation System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Wilderness_Preservation_System"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrollMiller2002158-159"},{"link_name":"U.S. Forest Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service"},{"link_name":"George Washington and Jefferson National Forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_and_Jefferson_National_Forests"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_National_Wildlife_Refuge"},{"link_name":"Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_Bay_National_Wildlife_Refuge"},{"link_name":"Outer Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_Banks"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2008152%E2%80%93153,_356-161"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-protectedland-157"},{"link_name":"Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Department_of_Conservation_and_Recreation"},{"link_name":"Virginia state parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Virginia_state_parks"},{"link_name":"Natural Area Preserves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Natural_Area_Preserve_System"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"Breaks Interstate Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaks_Interstate_Park"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"state forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Virginia_state_forests"},{"link_name":"Virginia Department of Forestry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Department_of_Forestry"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forests-165"},{"link_name":"Wildlife Management Areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Wildlife_Management_Areas"},{"link_name":"Virginia Department of Wildlife Resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Department_of_Wildlife_Resources"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"},{"link_name":"Chesapeake Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay"},{"link_name":"Chesapeake Bay Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay_Program"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"}],"sub_title":"Protected lands","text":"See also: List of Virginia state parksOak trees produce a haze of isoprene, which helps give the Blue Ridge Mountains their signature color.[155]As of 2019[update], roughly 16.2% of land in the Commonwealth is protected by federal, state, and local governments and non-profits.[156] Federal lands account for the majority, with thirty National Park Service units in the state, such as Great Falls Park and the Appalachian Trail, and one national park, Shenandoah.[157] Shenandoah was established in 1935 and encompasses the scenic Skyline Drive. Almost forty percent of the park's total 199,173 acres (806 km2) area has been designated as wilderness under the National Wilderness Preservation System.[158] The U.S. Forest Service administers the George Washington and Jefferson National Forests, which cover more than 1.6 million acres (6,500 km2) within Virginia's mountains, and continue into West Virginia and Kentucky.[159] The Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge also extends into North Carolina, as does the Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge, which marks the beginning of the Outer Banks.[160]State agencies control about one-third of protected land in the state,[156] and the Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation manages over 75,900 acres (307.2 km2) in forty Virginia state parks and 59,222 acres (239.7 km2) in 65 Natural Area Preserves, plus three undeveloped parks.[161][162] Breaks Interstate Park crosses the Kentucky border and is one of only two inter-state parks in the United States.[163] Sustainable logging is allowed in 26 state forests managed by the Virginia Department of Forestry totaling 71,972 acres (291.3 km2),[164] as is hunting in 44 Wildlife Management Areas run by the Virginia Department of Wildlife Resources covering over 205,000 acres (829.6 km2).[165] The Chesapeake Bay is not a national park, but is protected by both state and federal legislation and the inter-state Chesapeake Bay Program, which conducts restoration on the bay and its watershed.[166]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Political subdivisions of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_subdivisions_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Virginia statistical areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_statistical_areas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Population_density_of_Virginia_counties_(2020).png"},{"link_name":"counties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"independent cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"county-equivalents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County-equivalent"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-168"},{"link_name":"Williamsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELibrary_of_Virginia1994183-169"},{"link_name":"independent cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)#Other_states"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-170"},{"link_name":"Dillon's Rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dillon%27s_Rule"},{"link_name":"General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arlcity-171"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-172"},{"link_name":"incorporated towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"administrative subdivisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"unincorporated communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unincorporated_communities_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Northern Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Washington metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Northeast megalopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_megalopolis"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-msa-173"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-174"},{"link_name":"Fairfax County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfax_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wapo2018pop-175"},{"link_name":"Tysons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tysons,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-176"},{"link_name":"Prince William County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_William_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Marine Corps Base Quantico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Corps_Base_Quantico"},{"link_name":"FBI Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI_Academy"},{"link_name":"Manassas National Battlefield Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manassas_National_Battlefield_Park"},{"link_name":"Arlington County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-177"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arlcity-171"},{"link_name":"Loudoun County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudoun_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Leesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leesburg,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wapo2018pop-175"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-178"},{"link_name":"Roanoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Montgomery County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Blacksburg–Christiansburg metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacksburg%E2%80%93Christiansburg_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-179"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-msa-173"},{"link_name":"Virginia Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Beach,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Chesapeake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-agesex-180"},{"link_name":"Hampton Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_Roads"},{"link_name":"Naval Station Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Station_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-msa-173"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hr-181"},{"link_name":"Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Great Dismal Swamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-182"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-183"},{"link_name":"Poquoson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poquoson,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"racial segregation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_segregation"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"},{"link_name":"U.S. Census Bureau MSA Population Estimates 2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMSA"},{"link_name":"Rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_statistical_areas"},{"link_name":"Name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Municipal pop.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_statistical_areas"},{"link_name":"Rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_statistical_areas"},{"link_name":"Name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Municipal pop.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_statistical_areas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rosslyn_aerial_view,_September_2018.JPG"},{"link_name":"Northern Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Virginia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NorfolkAerial4_(38666135182).jpg"},{"link_name":"Hampton Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_Roads"},{"link_name":"Northern Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Danville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danville,_Virginia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Richmond,_Virginia_-_Facing_Northwest_(32004147783).jpg"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Richmond_Region"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roanoke_Virginia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Roanoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Hampton Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_Roads"},{"link_name":"Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsport%E2%80%93Bristol%E2%80%93Bristol,_Tennessee-Virginia_Metropolitan_Statistical_Area"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Richmond_Region"},{"link_name":"Martinsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinsville,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Roanoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Tazewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tazewell,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Lynchburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynchburg_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Big Stone Gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Stone_Gap,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Charlottesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Blacksburg–Christiansburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacksburg%E2%80%93Christiansburg_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Harrisonburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrisonburg_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Staunton–Waynesboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staunton%E2%80%93Waynesboro_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester,_VA%E2%80%93WV_MSA"}],"sub_title":"Cities and towns","text":"See also: Political subdivisions of Virginia and Virginia statistical areasThe population density of Virginia counties and cities as of 2020Virginia is divided into 95 counties and 38 independent cities, which the U.S. Census Bureau describes as county-equivalents.[167] This general method of treating cities and counties on par with each other is unique to Virginia and stretches back to the influence the cities of Williamsburg and Norfolk had in the colonial period.[168] Only three other independent cities exist elsewhere in the United States, each in a different state.[169] The differences between counties and cities in Virginia are small and have to do with how each assess new taxes, whether a referendum is necessary to issue bonds, and with the application of Dillon's Rule, which limits the authority of cities and counties to countermand acts expressly allowed by the General Assembly.[170][171] Counties can also have incorporated towns, and while there are no further administrative subdivisions, such as villages or townships, the Census Bureau recognizes several hundred unincorporated communities.Over three million people, 35% of Virginians, live in the twenty jurisdictions collectively defined as Northern Virginia, which is part of the larger Washington metropolitan area and the Northeast megalopolis.[172][173] Fairfax County, with more than 1.1 million residents, is Virginia's most populous jurisdiction,[174] and has a major urban business and shopping center in Tysons, Virginia's largest office market.[175] Neighboring Prince William County is Virginia's second-most populous county, with a population exceeding 450,000, and is home to Marine Corps Base Quantico, the FBI Academy and Manassas National Battlefield Park. Arlington County is the smallest self-governing county in the U.S. by land area,[176] and local politicians have proposed reorganizing it as an independent city due to its high density.[170] Loudoun County, with its county seat at Leesburg, is the fastest-growing county in the state.[174][177] In western Virginia, Roanoke city and Montgomery County, part of the Blacksburg–Christiansburg metropolitan area, both have surpassed a population of over 100,000 since 2018.[178]Richmond is the capital of Virginia, and its city proper has a population of over 230,000, while its metropolitan area has over 1.3 million.[172] Virginia Beach is the most populous independent city in the Commonwealth, with Chesapeake and Norfolk second and third, respectively.[179] The three are part of the larger Hampton Roads metropolitan area, which has a population over 1.7 million people and is the site of the world's largest naval base, Naval Station Norfolk.[172][180] Suffolk, which includes a portion of the Great Dismal Swamp, is the largest city by area at 429.1 square miles (1,111 km2).[181] The concentration of independent cities in this region is, in part, a reaction by the jurisdictions that neighbor Norfolk and Portsmouth to annexations of their suburban areas in the 1950s, since cities were allowed to annex land from counties until a moratorium in 1987.[182] Others, like Poquoson, became cities to preserve their racial segregation in the desegregation era of the 1970s.[183]Largest Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas in VirginiaU.S. Census Bureau MSA Population Estimates 2021\n\n\n\nRank\n\nName\n\n Municipal pop.\n\nRank\n\nName\n\n Municipal pop.\n\n\n\nNorthern VirginiaHampton Roads\n\n1\nNorthern Virginia\n3,061,478\n11\nDanville\n102,187\n\nRichmondRoanoke\n\n\n2\nHampton Roads\n1,726,251\n12\nBristol\n92,108\n\n\n3\nRichmond\n1,324,062\n13\nMartinsville\n63,765\n\n\n4\nRoanoke\n314,496\n14\nTazewell\n39,925\n\n\n5\nLynchburg\n262,258\n15\nBig Stone Gap\n39,313\n\n\n6\nCharlottesville\n222,688\n\n\n7\nBlacksburg–Christiansburg\n165,293\n\n\n8\nHarrisonburg\n135,824\n\n\n9\nStaunton–Waynesboro\n125,774\n\n\n10\nWinchester\n145,155","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"2010 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bureau_2021-187"},{"link_name":"fertility rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertility_rate"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-188"},{"link_name":"median age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_median_age"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"James City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_City_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Lynchburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynchburg,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-agesex-180"},{"link_name":"center of population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_of_population"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Hanover County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-189"},{"link_name":"net migration rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_migration_rate"},{"link_name":"Northern Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-190"},{"link_name":"Raleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-191"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-192"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Northeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_United_States"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytmigrationanddiaspora-193"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"El Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nova_immigrants-194"}],"text":"The U.S. Census Bureau found the state resident population was 8,631,393 on April 1, 2020, a 7.9% increase since the 2010 census. Another 23,149 Virginians live overseas, giving the state a total population of 8,654,542. Virginia has the fourth-largest overseas population of U.S. states due to its federal employees and military personnel.[186] The fertility rate in Virginia as of 2020[update] was 55.8 per 1,000 females between the ages of 15 and 44,[187] and the median age as of 2021[update] was the same as the national average of 38.8 years old, with the oldest city by median age being James City and the youngest being Lynchburg, home to several universities.[179] The geographic center of population was located northwest of Richmond in Hanover County, as of 2020[update].[188]Though still growing naturally as births outnumber deaths, Virginia has had a negative net migration rate since 2013, with 8,995 more people leaving the state than moving to it in 2021. This is largely credited to high home prices in Northern Virginia,[189] which are driving residents there to relocate south, and although Raleigh is their top destination, in-state migration from Northern Virginia to Richmond increased by 36% in 2020 and 2021 compared to the annual average over the previous decade.[190][191] Aside from Virginia, the top birth state for Virginians is New York, having overtaken North Carolina in the 1990s, with the Northeast accounting for the largest number of domestic migrants into the state by region.[192] About twelve percent of residents were born outside the United States as of 2020[update]. El Salvador is the most common foreign country of birth, with India, Mexico, South Korea, the Philippines, and Vietnam as other common birthplaces.[193]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"non-Hispanic whites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-195"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-race2020-196"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillerSchrierBolingDoyle20036,_147-197"},{"link_name":"indentured servants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indentured_servant"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-198"},{"link_name":"American ethnicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_ethnicity"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-199"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-200"},{"link_name":"Shenandoah Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenandoah_Valley"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenandoah_Germans"},{"link_name":"Scotch-Irish immigrants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotch-Irish_Americans"},{"link_name":"Great Wagon Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Wagon_Road"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dutch-201"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-202"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ancestry-203"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:L-15-12-22-A-040_(23285802904).jpg"},{"link_name":"Northern Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nova_immigrants-194"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-race2020-196"},{"link_name":"Atlantic slave trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade"},{"link_name":"Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola"},{"link_name":"Bight of Biafra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bight_of_Biafra"},{"link_name":"Igbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_American"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-204"},{"link_name":"[204]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-205"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-206"},{"link_name":"Great Migration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)"},{"link_name":"returning south","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Great_Migration"},{"link_name":"[206]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-207"},{"link_name":"interracial marriages in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interracial_marriage_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[207]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blackwhite-208"},{"link_name":"multiracial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiracial_people"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QuickFacts-3"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Hispanic or Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_people"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QuickFacts-3"},{"link_name":"Northern Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[208]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-demographics-209"},{"link_name":"Vietnamese Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_American"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"[209]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-210"},{"link_name":"Korean Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_American"},{"link_name":"[210]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-211"},{"link_name":"Filipino Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_American"},{"link_name":"U.S. Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Navy"},{"link_name":"[211]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-212"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:345th_Tax_Tribute_Ceremony,_Richmond_-_11-23-22_-_028.jpg"},{"link_name":"Glen Youngkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Youngkin"},{"link_name":"Mattaponi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattaponi"},{"link_name":"Pamunkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamunkey"},{"link_name":"[212]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taxtribute-213"},{"link_name":"Tribal membership in Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_tribes_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"pencil genocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_Integrity_Act_of_1924"},{"link_name":"[213]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-214"},{"link_name":"American Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Alaska Native","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Native"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-race2020-196"},{"link_name":"extended recognition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State-recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Thomasina Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomasina_Jordan"},{"link_name":"[214]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-215"},{"link_name":"[215]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-216"},{"link_name":"Pamunkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamunkey"},{"link_name":"Mattaponi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattaponi"},{"link_name":"York River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_River_(Virginia)"},{"link_name":"Tidewater region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidewater_region_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[216]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-217"}],"sub_title":"Race and ethnicity","text":"The state's most populous racial group, non-Hispanic whites, has declined as a proportion of the population from 76% in 1990 to 58.6% in 2020, as other ethnicities have increased.[194][195] Immigrants from the islands of Britain and Ireland settled throughout the Commonwealth during the colonial period,[196] a time when roughly three-fourths of immigrants came as indentured servants.[197] Those who identify on the census as having \"American ethnicity\" are predominantly of English descent, but have ancestors who have been in North America for so long they choose to identify simply as American.[198][199] The Appalachian mountains and Shenandoah Valley have many settlements that were populated by German and Scotch-Irish immigrants in the 18th and 19th centuries, often following the Great Wagon Road.[200][201] Over ten percent of Virginians have German ancestry as of 2020[update].[202]New citizens attend a naturalization ceremony in Northern Virginia, where 25% of residents are foreign-born, almost twice the overall state average.[193]The largest minority group in Virginia are Blacks and African Americans, who include about one-fifth of the population.[195] Virginia was a major destination of the Atlantic slave trade, and the first generations of enslaved men, women, and children were brought primarily from Angola and the Bight of Biafra. The Igbo ethnic group of what is now southern Nigeria were the largest African group among slaves in Virginia.[203] Blacks in Virginia also have more European ancestry than those in other southern states, and DNA analysis shows many have asymmetrical male and female ancestry contributions from before the Civil War, evidence of European fathers and African or Native American mothers during the time of slavery.[204][205] Though the Black population was reduced by the Great Migration to northern industrial cities in the first half of the 20th century, since 1965 there has been a reverse migration of Blacks returning south.[206] The Commonwealth has the highest number of Black-white interracial marriages in the United States,[207] and 8.2% of Virginians describe themselves as multiracial.[3]More recent immigration in the late 20th century and early 21st century has resulted in new communities of Hispanics and Asians. As of 2020[update], 10.5% of Virginia's total population describe themselves as Hispanic or Latino, and 8.8% as Asian.[3] The state's Hispanic population rose by 92% from 2000 to 2010, with two-thirds of Hispanics in the state living in Northern Virginia.[208] Northern Virginia also has a significant population of Vietnamese Americans, whose major wave of immigration followed the Vietnam War.[209] Korean Americans have migrated there more recently, attracted by the quality school system,[210] while about 45,000 Filipino Americans have settled in the Hampton Roads area, with many having ties to the U.S. Navy and armed forces.[211]Governor Glen Youngkin receiving a ceremonial tribute from representatives of the Mattaponi and Pamunkey tribes, a Thanksgiving tradition since 1677.[212]Tribal membership in Virginia is complicated by the legacy of the state's \"pencil genocide\" of intentionally categorizing Native Americans and Blacks together, and many tribal members do have African or European ancestry, or both.[213] In 2020, the U.S. Census Bureau found that only 0.5% of Virginians were exclusively American Indian or Alaska Native, though 2.1% were in some combination with other ethnicities.[195] The state government has extended recognition to eleven tribes in Virginia. Seven tribes also have federal recognition, including six that were recognized in 2018 after passage of bill named for activist Thomasina Jordan.[214][215] The Pamunkey and Mattaponi have reservations on tributaries of the York River in the Tidewater region.[216]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tangier Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangier,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"first language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_language"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Chinese languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Standard Mandarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Mandarin"},{"link_name":"Cantonese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese"},{"link_name":"Vietnamese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_language"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"Tagalog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_language"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-218"},{"link_name":"Constitution of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[218]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoseph200663-219"},{"link_name":"American English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English"},{"link_name":"[219]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-220"},{"link_name":"[220]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pleasant-221"},{"link_name":"Piedmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont_region_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Southern American English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_American_English"},{"link_name":"BBC America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_America"},{"link_name":"[221]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-222"},{"link_name":"Tidewater accent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidewater_accent"},{"link_name":"Appalachian accent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_English"},{"link_name":"[220]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pleasant-221"},{"link_name":"[222]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-223"},{"link_name":"stereotypes of Appalachians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_stereotypes"},{"link_name":"code-switching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code-switching"},{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-224"},{"link_name":"Tangier Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangier,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Chesapeake Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay"},{"link_name":"Early Modern English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Modern_English"},{"link_name":"[224]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-225"},{"link_name":"[225]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller-226"}],"sub_title":"Languages","text":"Recording of a resident of Tangier Island who was born in the late 1800s, showcasing the island's unique accentAccording to U.S. Census data as of 2019[update] on Virginia residents aged five and older, 83.2% (6,683,027) speak English at home as a first language, while 16.8% (1,352,586) speak something other than English. Spanish is the next most commonly spoken language, with 7.6% (616,226) of Virginia households, though age is a factor, and 10.3% (139,312) of Virginians under age eighteen speak Spanish. Of Spanish speakers, 58.2% reported speaking English \"very well\", but again, of those under age eighteen, 80.3% speak English \"very well\". Chinese languages, including Standard Mandarin and Cantonese, were the third most commonly spoken languages with around 0.8% of residents, followed by Vietnamese and Arabic, both with just over 0.7%, and then Korean and Tagalog, with 0.6% and 0.5% respectively.[217]English was passed as the Commonwealth's official language by statutes in 1981 and again in 1996, though the status is not mandated by the Constitution of Virginia.[218] While a more homogenized American English is found in urban areas, and the use of Southern accents in general has been on the decline in speakers born since the 1960s,[219] various accents are still used around the commonwealth.[220] The Piedmont region is known for its non-rhotic dialect's strong influence on Southern American English, and a BBC America study in 2014 ranked it as one of the most identifiable accents in American English.[221] The Tidewater accent, sometimes described as a subset of the Old Virginia accent, evolved from the language that upper-class English typically spoke in the early Colonial period, while the Appalachian accent has much more influence from the English spoken by Scottish and Irish immigrants from that time.[220][222] The outward stereotypes of Appalachians has, however, lead to some from the region code-switching to a less distinct English accent.[223] The English spoken on Tangier Island in the Chesapeake Bay, preserved by the island's isolation, contains many phrases and euphemisms not found anywhere else and retains elements of Early Modern English.[224][225]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Religion in early Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_early_Virginia"},{"link_name":"2014 est.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPew2014"},{"link_name":"Protestant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Mormon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormons"},{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Protestant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism"},{"link_name":"Baptist denominations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptists"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[226]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pew2014-227"},{"link_name":"Baptist General Association of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist_General_Association_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Southern Baptist Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention"},{"link_name":"Cooperative Baptist Fellowship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_Baptist_Fellowship"},{"link_name":"Southern Baptist Conservatives of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Conservatives_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[227]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-228"},{"link_name":"[228]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-229"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[226]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pew2014-227"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Arlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Arlington"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Richmond"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Easter_Sunrise_Service_at_Arlington_National_Cemetery_2019.jpg"},{"link_name":"Arlington National Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Arlington County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"sunrise service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunrise_service"},{"link_name":"[229]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-230"},{"link_name":"United Methodist Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Methodist_Church"},{"link_name":"regional body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_conferences_within_Methodism"},{"link_name":"Pentecostal churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecostalism"},{"link_name":"Presbyterian churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterianism"},{"link_name":"Presbyterian Church (USA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_(USA)"},{"link_name":"Presbyterian Church in America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_America"},{"link_name":"Lutheran Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_America"},{"link_name":"Virginia Synod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Synod"},{"link_name":"Congregational churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregational_church"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[226]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pew2014-227"},{"link_name":"Episcopal Diocese of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Diocese_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Southern Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Diocese_of_Southern_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Southwestern Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Diocese_of_Southwestern_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Episcopal churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"gay bishops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_bishops"},{"link_name":"Anglican Communion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Communion"},{"link_name":"other bodies outside the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_realignment"},{"link_name":"[230]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-231"},{"link_name":"the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"},{"link_name":"congregations in Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[231]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-232"},{"link_name":"Fairfax Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfax_Station,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Ekoji Buddhist Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekoji_Buddhist_Temple"},{"link_name":"Jodo Shinshu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodo_Shinshu"},{"link_name":"Durga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga"},{"link_name":"Sterling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"All Dulles Area Muslim Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Dulles_Area_Muslim_Society"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim"},{"link_name":"[232]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-233"},{"link_name":"Congregation Beth Ahabah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_Beth_Ahabah"},{"link_name":"[233]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlitzky1996359-234"},{"link_name":"Megachurches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megachurch"},{"link_name":"Thomas Road Baptist Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Road_Baptist_Church"},{"link_name":"Immanuel Bible Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Bible_Church"},{"link_name":"McLean Bible Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLean_Bible_Church"},{"link_name":"[234]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-235"},{"link_name":"[235]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-236"},{"link_name":"Regent University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent_University"},{"link_name":"Liberty University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_University"},{"link_name":"University of Lynchburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Lynchburg"}],"sub_title":"Religion","text":"See also: Religion in early VirginiaReligious groups (2014 est.)\n\n\n\n\n\n\nProtestant\n \n58%\n\n\nUnaffiliated\n \n20%\n\n\nCatholic\n \n12%\n\n\nMormon\n \n2%\n\n\nEastern Orthodox\n \n1%\n\n\nOther faith\n \n6%Virginia is predominantly Christian and Protestant; Baptist denominations combined to form largest group with over a quarter of the population as of 2014[update].[226] Baptist denominational groups in Virginia include the Baptist General Association of Virginia, with about 1,400 member churches, which supports both the Southern Baptist Convention and the moderate Cooperative Baptist Fellowship; and the Southern Baptist Conservatives of Virginia with more than 500 affiliated churches, which supports the Southern Baptist Convention.[227][228] Roman Catholics are the next largest religious group with around twelve percent.[226] The Roman Catholic Diocese of Arlington includes most of Northern Virginia's Catholic churches, while the Diocese of Richmond covers the rest of the state.Since 1927, Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington County has hosted an annual nondenominational sunrise service every Easter.[229]The United Methodist Church, representing about six percent of Virginians, has the Virginia Conference as their regional body in most of the Commonwealth, while the Holston Conference represents much of extreme Southwest Virginia. Around five percent of Virginians attend Pentecostal churches, while around three percent attend Presbyterian churches, which are split between the Presbyterian Church (USA) and the Presbyterian Church in America. The Lutheran Church, under the Virginia Synod, Congregational churches, and Episcopalian adherents each comprised less than two percent of the population as of 2014[update].[226] The Episcopal Diocese of Virginia, Southern Virginia, and Southwestern Virginia support the various Episcopal churches.In November 2006, fifteen conservative Episcopal churches voted to split from the Diocese of Virginia over the ordination of openly gay bishops and clergy in other dioceses of the Episcopal Church; these churches continue to claim affiliation with the larger Anglican Communion through other bodies outside the United States. Though Virginia law allows parishioners to determine their church's affiliation, the diocese claimed the secessionist churches' buildings and properties. The resulting property law case, ultimately decided in favor of the mainline diocese, was a test for Episcopal churches nationwide.[230]Among other religions, adherents of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints constitute just over one percent of the population, with 216 congregations in Virginia as of 2022[update].[231] Fairfax Station is the site of the Ekoji Buddhist Temple, of the Jodo Shinshu school, and the Hindu Durga Temple. Sterling is the home of the All Dulles Area Muslim Society, which, with its eleven satellite branches, considers itself the second-largest Muslim mosque community in the country.[232] While the state's Jewish population is small, organized Jewish sites date to 1789 with Congregation Beth Ahabah.[233] Megachurches in the Commonwealth include Thomas Road Baptist Church, Immanuel Bible Church, and McLean Bible Church,[234] and the twenty percent who describe themselves as unaffiliated also include seven percent who say religion is important to them, but may not attend regular services with formal membership.[235] Several Christian universities are also based in the state, including Regent University, Liberty University, and the University of Lynchburg.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Virginia locations by per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_locations_by_per_capita_income"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Virginia_Median_Household_Income_2015%E2%80%932019.png"},{"link_name":"average per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_income"},{"link_name":"[236]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-237"},{"link_name":"gross domestic product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_GDP"},{"link_name":"[237]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gdp-238"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 recession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_recession"},{"link_name":"[238]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-239"},{"link_name":"[239]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-240"},{"link_name":"[240]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-241"},{"link_name":"median household income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_household_income"},{"link_name":"10th-lowest nationwide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_poverty_rate"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QuickFacts-3"},{"link_name":"Montgomery County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Blacksburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacksburg,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"U.S. Census poverty thresholds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_thresholds_(United_States_Census_Bureau)"},{"link_name":"[241]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-poverty-242"},{"link_name":"Hampton Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_Roads"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[242]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-243"},{"link_name":"Loudoun County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudoun_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Northern Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[241]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-poverty-242"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"highest-income counties in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highest-income_counties_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[243]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-244"},{"link_name":"Gini index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_Gini_coefficient"},{"link_name":"income inequality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_inequality"},{"link_name":"[244]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-245"},{"link_name":"[245]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-247wallst-246"},{"link_name":"CNBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC"},{"link_name":"Top States for Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%27s_Top_States_For_Business"},{"link_name":"[246]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-247"},{"link_name":"Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes"},{"link_name":"[247]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-248"},{"link_name":"[248]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-249"},{"link_name":"Oxfam America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfam_America"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"pregnancy discrimination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy_discrimination"},{"link_name":"minimum wage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_wage"},{"link_name":"[249]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oxfam-250"},{"link_name":"employment-at-will","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At-will_employment"},{"link_name":"right to work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-to-work_law"},{"link_name":"[250]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-251"},{"link_name":"[251]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-252"},{"link_name":"[252]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-253"},{"link_name":"[249]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oxfam-250"}],"text":"See also: Virginia locations by per capita incomeCounties and cities by median household income between 2015 and 2019Virginia's economy has diverse sources of income, including local and federal government, military, farming and high-tech. The state's average per capita income in 2022 was $68,211,[236] and the gross domestic product (GDP) was $654.5 billion, both ranking as 13th-highest among U.S. states.[237] The COVID-19 recession caused jobless claims due to soar over 10% in early April 2020,[238] before leaving off around 5% in November 2020 and returning to pre-pandemic levels in 2023.[239] In April 2024, the unemployment rate was 2.8%, which was the 8th-lowest nationwide.[240]Virginia had a median household income of $80,615 in 2021, 11th-highest nationwide, and a poverty rate of 10.2%, 10th-lowest nationwide.[3] Montgomery County outside Blacksburg has the highest poverty rate in the state, with 28.5% falling below the U.S. Census poverty thresholds.[241] The Hampton Roads region has the state's highest per capita number of homeless individuals, with 11 per 10,000, as of 2020[update].[242] Loudoun County meanwhile has the highest median household income in the nation, and the wider Northern Virginia region is among the highest-income regions nationwide.[241] As of 2022[update], seven of the twenty-five highest-income counties in the United States, including the two highest, are located in Northern Virginia.[243] Though the Gini index shows Virginia has less income inequality than the national average,[244] the state's middle class is also smaller than the majority of states.[245]Virginia's business environment has been ranked highly by various publications. After two years as number one, CNBC ranked Virginia second in their 2023 Top States for Business, with its deductions being mainly for the high cost of living,[246] while Forbes magazine ranked it as the eighteenth best to start a business in.[247] Additionally, in 2014 a survey of 12,000 small business owners found Virginia to be one of the most friendly states for small businesses.[248] Oxfam America however ranked Virginia in 2023[update] as only the 28th-best state to work in, with pluses for worker protections from sexual harassment and pregnancy discrimination, but negatives for laws on organized labor and the low tipped employee minimum wage of $2.13.[249] Virginia has been an employment-at-will state since 1906 and a \"right to work\" state since 1947,[250][251] and though state minimum wage increased to $12 in 2023, farm and tipped workers are specifically excluded.[252][249]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Pentagon,_cropped_square.png"},{"link_name":"U.S. Department of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"Arlington County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"the Pentagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pentagon"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[253]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-254"},{"link_name":"U.S. federal procurement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_procurement_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[254]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fedspend-255"},{"link_name":"[255]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weighdefense-256"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"U.S. Department of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"the Pentagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pentagon"},{"link_name":"[256]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mil-257"},{"link_name":"defense contracting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_contractor"},{"link_name":"[257]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-258"},{"link_name":"[256]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mil-257"},{"link_name":"Hampton Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_Roads"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"[258]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-259"},{"link_name":"[256]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mil-257"},{"link_name":"federal agencies in Northern Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_agencies_in_Northern_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Central Intelligence Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"Langley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langley,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"National Science Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation"},{"link_name":"U.S. Patent and Trademark Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office"},{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"U.S. Geological Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey"},{"link_name":"Reston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reston,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Fish_%26_Wildlife_Service"},{"link_name":"Bailey's Crossroads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailey%27s_Crossroads,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[259]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-260"},{"link_name":"Departments of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Department_of_Education"},{"link_name":"[260]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-261"},{"link_name":"cost of living","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost_of_living"},{"link_name":"[261]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-262"}],"sub_title":"Government agencies","text":"The U.S. Department of Defense is headquartered in Arlington County at the Pentagon.Government agencies directly employ around 714,100 Virginians as of 2022[update], almost 17% of all employees in the state.[253] Approximately 12% of all U.S. federal procurement money is spent in Virginia, the second-highest amount after California.[254][255] As of 2020[update], 125,648 active-duty personnel, 25,404 reservists, and 99,832 civilians work directly for the U.S. Department of Defense at the Pentagon or one of 27 military bases in the state, representing all major branches and covering 270,009 acres (1,092.69 km2).[256] Another 139,000 Virginians work for defense contracting firms,[257] which received $44.8 billion worth of contracts in the 2020 fiscal year.[256] Virginia has the second highest concentration of veterans of any state with 9.7% of the population, as many stay in the state and the Hampton Roads area in particular, which is home to world's largest navy base and only NATO station on U.S. soil.[258][256]Other large federal agencies in Northern Virginia include the Central Intelligence Agency in Langley, the National Science Foundation and U.S. Patent and Trademark Office in Alexandria, the U.S. Geological Survey in Reston, and the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service in Bailey's Crossroads. Virginia's state government employs over 106,000 public employees, who combined have a median income of $52,401 as of 2018[update],[259] with the Departments of Transportation and of Education the two largest state departments by expenditure.[260] K–12 teachers in Virginia make an annual average of $59,970, which is thirteen-lowest in the U.S. when adjusted for the state's cost of living as of the 2021–22 school year.[261]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Virginia_Beach_waterfront.jpg"},{"link_name":"Virginia Beach's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Beach,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"sole proprietorships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sole_proprietorship"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QuickFacts-3"},{"link_name":"Fortune 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_500"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Freddie Mac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Mac"},{"link_name":"General Dynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Dynamics"},{"link_name":"Northrup Grumman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrup_Grumman"},{"link_name":"Capital One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_One"},{"link_name":"[262]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-263"},{"link_name":"Dollar Tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollar_Tree"},{"link_name":"Chesapeake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Hilton Worldwide Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilton_Worldwide_Holdings"},{"link_name":"McLean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLean,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[263]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-264"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[264]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cyberstates-265"},{"link_name":"Northern Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Dulles Technology Corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulles_Technology_Corridor"},{"link_name":"Tysons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tysons,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Amazon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_(company)"},{"link_name":"Crystal City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_City,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"its HQ2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_HQ2"},{"link_name":"Google","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google"},{"link_name":"Reston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reston,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"data center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_center"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[265]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-266"},{"link_name":"Loudoun County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudoun_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[266]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-267"},{"link_name":"[267]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-268"},{"link_name":"[268]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-269"},{"link_name":"[269]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-270"},{"link_name":"[270]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-271"},{"link_name":"Computer chips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit"},{"link_name":"[271]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chips-272"},{"link_name":"[272]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chips_census-273"},{"link_name":"Simpson index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpson_index"},{"link_name":"[264]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cyberstates-265"},{"link_name":"[273]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-274"},{"link_name":"[274]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-275"},{"link_name":"Arlington County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Fairfax County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfax_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Loudoun County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudoun_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Virginia Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Beach,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[275]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fairfaxnarrowly-276"},{"link_name":"[276]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-277"}],"sub_title":"Business","text":"Ocean tourism is an important sector of Virginia Beach's economy.Based on data as of 2020[update], Virginia is home to 204,131 separate employers plus 644,341 sole proprietorships. Of the 144,431 registered non-farm businesses in 2017[update], 59.4% are majority male-owned, 22% are majority female-owned, 19.6% are majority minority-owned, and 8.9% are veteran-owned.[3] Twenty-one Fortune 500 companies are headquartered in Virginia as of 2022[update], with the largest companies by revenue being Freddie Mac, General Dynamics, Northrup Grumman, and Capital One.[262] The two largest by number of employees are Dollar Tree in Chesapeake and Hilton Worldwide Holdings in McLean.[263]Virginia has the third highest concentration of technology workers and the fifth highest overall number among U.S. states as of 2020[update], with the 451,268 tech jobs accounting for 11.1% of all jobs in the state and earning a median salary of $98,292.[264] Many of these jobs are in Northern Virginia, which hosts a large number of software, communications, and cybersecurity companies, particularly in the Dulles Technology Corridor and Tysons areas. Amazon additionally selected Crystal City for its HQ2 in 2018, while Google expanded their Reston offices in 2019.Northern Virginia became the world's largest data center market in 2016, with over 47.7 million square feet (4.43 km2) as of 2023[update],[265] much of it in Loudoun County, which has branded itself \"Data Center Alley\".[266][267] Data centers in Virginia handled around one-third of all internet traffic and directly employed 13,500 Virginians in 2023 and supported 45,000 total jobs.[268] With 505.6 Mbit/s, Virginia boasted the second fastest average internet speed among U.S. states that year and ninth highest percent of households with broadband access, at 93.6%.[269][270] Computer chips first became the state's highest-grossing export in 2006,[271] and had an estimated export value of $740 million in 2022.[272] Though in the top quartile for diversity based on the Simpson index, only 26% of tech employees in Virginia are women, and only 13% are Black or African American.[264]Tourism in Virginia supported an estimated 185,000 jobs in 2021,[273] making tourism the state's fifth-largest industry. It generated $26 billion in 2018, an increase of 4.4% from the previous year.[274] The state was eighth nationwide in domestic travel spending in 2018, with Arlington County the top tourist destination in the state by domestic spending, followed by Fairfax County, Loudoun County, and Virginia Beach.[275] Virginia also saw 1.1 million international tourists in 2018, a five percent increase from 2017.[276]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Farmers_in_Rockingham_County,_Virginia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rockingham County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockingham_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Shenandoah Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenandoah_Valley"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[277]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-278"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[278]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-agfacts-279"},{"link_name":"[279]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Virginia's_Top_20_Farm_Commodities-280"},{"link_name":"trade war with China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war"},{"link_name":"[280]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-281"},{"link_name":"production of the crop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivation_of_tobacco"},{"link_name":"[278]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-agfacts-279"},{"link_name":"[279]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Virginia's_Top_20_Farm_Commodities-280"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"sea scallops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placopecten_magellanicus"},{"link_name":"Chesapeake blue crabs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callinectes_sapidus"},{"link_name":"menhaden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menhaden"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"[281]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-282"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[282]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-283"},{"link_name":"eastern oysters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_oyster"},{"link_name":"[283]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-284"},{"link_name":"Northern Neck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Neck"},{"link_name":"Blue Ridge Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[284]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-285"},{"link_name":"[285]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wine-286"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[286]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-287"},{"link_name":"Cabernet Franc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Franc"},{"link_name":"Chardonnay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chardonnay"},{"link_name":"[287]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-288"},{"link_name":"Breweries in Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_breweries_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[288]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-289"}],"sub_title":"Agriculture","text":"Rockingham County in the Shenandoah Valley accounts for twenty percent of Virginia's agricultural sales as of 2017[update], with the valley as a whole being the state's most productive region.[277]As of 2021[update], agriculture occupies 30% of the land in Virginia with 7.7 million acres (12,031 sq mi; 31,161 km2) of farmland. Nearly 54,000 Virginians work on the state's 41,500 farms, which average 186 acres (0.29 sq mi; 0.75 km2). Though agriculture has declined significantly since 1960 when there were twice as many farms, it remains the largest industry in Virginia, providing for over 490,000 jobs.[278] Soybeans were the most profitable single crop in Virginia in 2022[279] although the ongoing trade war with China has led many Virginia farmers to plant cotton instead of soybeans.[280] Other leading agricultural products include corn, cut flower and tobacco, where the state ranks third nationally in the production of the crop.[278][279]Virginia is the country's third-largest producer of seafood as of 2021[update], with sea scallops, oysters, Chesapeake blue crabs, menhaden, and hardshell clams as the largest seafood harvests by value, and France, Canada, New Zealand, and Hong Kong as the top export destinations.[281] Commercial fishing supports 18,220 jobs as of 2020[update], while recreation fishing supports another 5,893.[282] The population of eastern oysters collapsed in the 1980s due to pollution and overharvesting, but has slowly rebounded, and the 2022–2023 season saw the largest harvest in 35 years with around 700,000 US bushels (25,000 kL).[283] A warm winter and a dry summer made the 2023 wine harvest one of the best for vineyards in the Northern Neck and along the Blue Ridge Mountains, which also attract 2.6 million tourists annually.[284][285] Virginia has the seventh-highest number of wineries in the nation, with 388 producing 1.1 million cases a year as of 2024[update].[286] Cabernet Franc and Chardonnay are the most grown varieties.[287] Breweries in Virginia also produced 460,315 barrels (54,017 kl) of craft beer in 2022, the 15th-most nationally.[288]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Virginia_property_taxes_map_2019.svg"},{"link_name":"property tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_tax"},{"link_name":"State income tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_income_tax"},{"link_name":"filing threshold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_return_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[289]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-290"},{"link_name":"[290]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-291"},{"link_name":"state sales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sales_taxes_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"use tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Use_tax"},{"link_name":"sales tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sales_tax"},{"link_name":"Historic Triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_Triangle"},{"link_name":"[291]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Retail-292"},{"link_name":"[292]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-293"},{"link_name":"[291]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Retail-292"},{"link_name":"[293]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-294"},{"link_name":"property tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_tax_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[294]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-295"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Manassas Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manassas_Park,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Powhatan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powhatan_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Lunenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunenburg_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[295]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-296"},{"link_name":"taxes on hotels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_tax"},{"link_name":"[296]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-297"}],"sub_title":"Taxes","text":"Counties and cities by median property tax paid in 2019State income tax is collected from those with incomes above a filing threshold. There are five income brackets, with rates ranging from 2.0% to 5.75% of taxable income.[289][290] The state sales and use tax rate is 4.3%, though there is an additional 1% local tax, for a total of a 5.3% combined sales tax on most purchases. Three regions then have a higher sales tax: 6% in Northern Virginia and Hampton Roads, and 7% in the Historic Triangle.[291] Unlike the majority of states, Virginia does have a 1% sales tax on groceries.[292] This was lowered from 2.5% in January 2023, when the items covered by this lower rate were also extended to include essential personal hygiene goods.[291][293]Virginia's property tax is set and collected at the local government level and varies throughout the Commonwealth. Real estate is also taxed at the local level based on one hundred percent of fair market value.[294] As of 2021[update], the overall median real estate tax rate per $100 of assessed taxable value was $0.96, though for 72 of the 95 counties this number was under $0.80 per $100. Northern Virginia has the highest property taxes in the state, with Manassas Park paying the highest effective tax rate at $1.31 per $100, while Powhatan and Lunenburg counties were tied for the lowest, at $0.30.[295] Of local government tax revenue, about 61% is generated from real property taxes while 24% is from tangible personal property, sales and use, and business license tax. The remaining 15% come from taxes on hotels, restaurant meals, public service corporation property, and consumer utilities.[296]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Colonial_Williamsburg_ladies.jpg"},{"link_name":"Williamsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Williamsburg"},{"link_name":"culture of the Southern United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_the_Southern_United_States"},{"link_name":"[297]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischerKelly2000102%E2%80%93103-298"},{"link_name":"Smithsonian Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution"},{"link_name":"Folklife Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Folklife_Festival"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal"},{"link_name":"[298]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-299"},{"link_name":"South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_States"},{"link_name":"George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson"},{"link_name":"Robert E. Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Lee"},{"link_name":"[299]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw200514-300"},{"link_name":"cuisine of the Southern United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southern_United_States"},{"link_name":"Virginia wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_wine"},{"link_name":"[285]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wine-286"},{"link_name":"Smithfield ham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithfield_ham"},{"link_name":"country ham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_ham"},{"link_name":"protected by state law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_indication"},{"link_name":"Smithfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithfield,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[300]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamson200841-301"},{"link_name":"Virginia furniture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_furniture"},{"link_name":"American colonial architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_colonial_architecture"},{"link_name":"Neoclassical architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dutch-201"},{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize"},{"link_name":"Ellen Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Glasgow"},{"link_name":"[301]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrayRobinson200481,_103-302"},{"link_name":"James Branch Cabell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Branch_Cabell"},{"link_name":"Reconstruction era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_era"},{"link_name":"Jurgen, A Comedy of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurgen,_A_Comedy_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"[302]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-303"},{"link_name":"William Styron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Styron"},{"link_name":"The Confessions of Nat Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Confessions_of_Nat_Turner_(1967)"},{"link_name":"Sophie's Choice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie%27s_Choice_(novel)"},{"link_name":"[303]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-304"},{"link_name":"Tom Wolfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Wolfe"},{"link_name":"I Am Charlotte Simmons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Am_Charlotte_Simmons"},{"link_name":"[304]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-305"},{"link_name":"Mount Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Vernon,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Matt Bondurant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Bondurant"},{"link_name":"historic novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_fiction"},{"link_name":"The Wettest County in the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wettest_County_in_the_World"},{"link_name":"Franklin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"prohibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[305]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-306"},{"link_name":"state Poet Laureate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poet_Laureate_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[306]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-307"}],"text":"Colonial Virginian culture, language, and style are reenacted in Williamsburg.Modern Virginian culture has many sources and is part of the culture of the Southern United States.[297] The Smithsonian Institution divides Virginia into nine cultural regions, and in 2007 used their annual Folklife Festival to recognize the substantial contributions of England and Senegal on Virginian culture.[298] Virginia's culture was popularized and spread across America and the South by figures such as George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Robert E. Lee. Their homes in Virginia represent the birthplace of America and the South.[299]Besides the general cuisine of the Southern United States, Virginians maintain their own particular traditions. Virginia wine is made in many parts of the Commonwealth.[285] Smithfield ham, sometimes called \"Virginia ham\", is a type of country ham which is protected by state law and can be produced only in the town of Smithfield.[300] Virginia furniture and architecture are typical of American colonial architecture. Thomas Jefferson and many of the Commonwealth's early leaders favored the Neoclassical architecture style, leading to its use for important state buildings. The Pennsylvania Dutch and their style can also be found in parts of the Commonwealth.[200]Literature in Virginia often deals with the Commonwealth's extensive and sometimes troubled past. The works of Pulitzer Prize winner Ellen Glasgow often dealt with social inequalities and the role of women in her culture.[301] Glasgow's peer and close friend James Branch Cabell wrote extensively about the changing position of gentry in the Reconstruction era, and challenged its moral code with Jurgen, A Comedy of Justice.[302] William Styron approached history in works such as The Confessions of Nat Turner and Sophie's Choice.[303] Tom Wolfe has occasionally dealt with his southern heritage in bestsellers like I Am Charlotte Simmons.[304] Mount Vernon native Matt Bondurant received critical acclaim for his historic novel The Wettest County in the World about moonshiners in Franklin County during prohibition.[305] Virginia also names a state Poet Laureate.[306]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Music of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Virginia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Steel_Wheels_The_Jefferson_Theater_Charlottesville_VA_February_2019.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Steel Wheels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Steel_Wheels"},{"link_name":"Jefferson Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Theater_(Virginia)"},{"link_name":"Charlottesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[307]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-308"},{"link_name":"Virginia Museum of Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Museum_of_Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"Science Museum of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Museum_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_F._Udvar-Hazy_Center"},{"link_name":"National Air and Space Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum"},{"link_name":"Chrysler Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[308]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200822%E2%80%9325-309"},{"link_name":"Colonial Williamsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Williamsburg"},{"link_name":"Frontier Culture Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontier_Culture_Museum_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[309]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowardBurnhamBurnham200688,_206,_292-310"},{"link_name":"Virginia Foundation for the Humanities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Foundation_for_the_Humanities"},{"link_name":"[310]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-311"},{"link_name":"Harrison Opera House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_Opera_House"},{"link_name":"Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Virginia Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Opera"},{"link_name":"Virginia Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Hampton Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_Roads"},{"link_name":"[311]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowardBurnhamBurnham2006165%E2%80%93166-312"},{"link_name":"American Shakespeare Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Shakespeare_Center"},{"link_name":"Staunton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staunton,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[312]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin2012154-313"},{"link_name":"Barter Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barter_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Abingdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abingdon,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Regional Theatre Tony Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Theatre_Tony_Award"},{"link_name":"Signature Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signature_Theatre_(Arlington,_Virginia)"},{"link_name":"Arlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Theatre IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_IV"},{"link_name":"[313]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-314"},{"link_name":"The Birchmere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Birchmere"},{"link_name":"Landmark Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landmark_Theater_(Richmond,_Virginia)"},{"link_name":"Jiffy Lube Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiffy_Lube_Live"},{"link_name":"[314]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowardBurnhamBurnham200629,_121,_363,_432-315"},{"link_name":"Wolf Trap National Park for the Performing Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Trap_National_Park_for_the_Performing_Arts"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[315]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wolftrap-316"},{"link_name":"old-time string","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old-time_music"},{"link_name":"bluegrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluegrass_music"},{"link_name":"Carter Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carter_Family"},{"link_name":"Stanley Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Brothers"},{"link_name":"[316]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-317"},{"link_name":"gospel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_(music)"},{"link_name":"blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues"},{"link_name":"shout bands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shout_band"},{"link_name":"Ella Fitzgerald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald"},{"link_name":"Pearl Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Bailey"},{"link_name":"Newport News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_News,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[317]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-318"},{"link_name":"folk rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_rock"},{"link_name":"Dave Matthews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Matthews"},{"link_name":"Jason Mraz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Mraz"},{"link_name":"hip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_music"},{"link_name":"Pharrell Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharrell_Williams"},{"link_name":"Missy Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missy_Elliott"},{"link_name":"Pusha T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusha_T"},{"link_name":"thrash metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrash_metal"},{"link_name":"GWAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GWAR"},{"link_name":"Lamb of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamb_of_God_(band)"},{"link_name":"[318]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-319"},{"link_name":"country music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"Old Dominion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dominion_(band)"},{"link_name":"Roanoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[319]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-320"}],"sub_title":"Fine and performing arts","text":"See also: Music of VirginiaThe Steel Wheels, an Americana roots folk rock band, plays at Jefferson Theater in Charlottesville in February 2019.Virginia ranks near the middle of U.S. states in terms of public spending on the arts as of 2021[update], at just over half of the national average.[307] The state government does fund some institutions, including the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts and the Science Museum of Virginia. Other museums include the popular Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center of the National Air and Space Museum and the Chrysler Museum of Art.[308] Besides these sites, many open-air museums are located in the Commonwealth, such as Colonial Williamsburg, the Frontier Culture Museum, and various historic battlefields.[309] The Virginia Foundation for the Humanities works to improve the Commonwealth's civic, cultural, and intellectual life.[310]Theaters and venues in Virginia are found both in the cities and in suburbs. The Harrison Opera House, in Norfolk, is home of the Virginia Opera. The Virginia Symphony Orchestra operates in and around Hampton Roads.[311] Resident and touring theater troupes operate from the American Shakespeare Center in Staunton.[312] The Barter Theatre in Abingdon, designated the State Theatre of Virginia, won the first Regional Theatre Tony Award in 1948, while the Signature Theatre in Arlington won it in 2009. There is also a Children's Theater of Virginia, Theatre IV, which is the second-largest touring troupe in the nation.[313] Notable music performance venues include The Birchmere, the Landmark Theater, and Jiffy Lube Live.[314] Wolf Trap National Park for the Performing Arts is located in Vienna and is the only national park intended for use as a performing arts center.[315]Virginia is known for its tradition in the music genres of old-time string and bluegrass, with groups such as the Carter Family and Stanley Brothers achieving national prominence during the 1940s.[316] The state's African tradition is found through gospel, blues, and shout bands, with both Ella Fitzgerald and Pearl Bailey coming from Newport News.[317] Contemporary Virginia is also known for folk rock artists like Dave Matthews and Jason Mraz, hip hop stars like Pharrell Williams, Missy Elliott and Pusha T, as well as thrash metal groups like GWAR and Lamb of God.[318] Several members of country music band Old Dominion grew up in the Roanoke area, and took their band name from Virginia's state nickname.[319]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chincoteague_pony_swim_2007.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pony Penning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pony_Penning"},{"link_name":"wild ponies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chincoteague_Pony"},{"link_name":"Assateague Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assateague_Channel"},{"link_name":"Chincoteague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chincoteague,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[320]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ponies-321"},{"link_name":"county fairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_fair"},{"link_name":"Virginia State Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Fair"},{"link_name":"Meadow Event Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meadow_Event_Park"},{"link_name":"Neptune Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptune_Festival"},{"link_name":"Virginia Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Beach,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Norfolk's Harborfest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia#Parks_and_recreation"},{"link_name":"air shows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_show"},{"link_name":"[321]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin201225,_287-322"},{"link_name":"Fairfax County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfax_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[322]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-323"},{"link_name":"Clarksville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarksville,_VA"},{"link_name":"[323]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-324"},{"link_name":"Eastern Shore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Shore_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Chincoteague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chincoteague,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Pony Penning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pony_Penning"},{"link_name":"feral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feral"},{"link_name":"Chincoteague ponies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chincoteague_Pony"},{"link_name":"[320]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ponies-321"},{"link_name":"Thanksgiving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanksgiving_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Mattaponi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattaponi"},{"link_name":"Pamunkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamunkey"},{"link_name":"[212]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taxtribute-213"},{"link_name":"Shenandoah Apple Blossom Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenandoah_Apple_Blossom_Festival"},{"link_name":"Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"bluegrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluegrass_music"},{"link_name":"Old Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old-time_music"},{"link_name":"Galax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galax,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Wolf Trap Opera Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Trap_Opera_Company"},{"link_name":"[315]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wolftrap-316"},{"link_name":"Pittsylvania County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsylvania_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[324]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-325"},{"link_name":"Virginia Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"VCU French Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VCU_French_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Charlottesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[325]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin201225%E2%80%9326-326"}],"sub_title":"Festivals","text":"The annual Pony Penning features more than 200 wild ponies swimming across the Assateague Channel into Chincoteague.[320]Many counties and localities host county fairs and festivals. The Virginia State Fair is held at the Meadow Event Park every September. Also in September is the Neptune Festival in Virginia Beach, which celebrates the city, the waterfront, and regional artists. Norfolk's Harborfest, in June, features boat racing and air shows.[321] Fairfax County also sponsors Celebrate Fairfax! with popular and traditional music performances.[322] The Virginia Lake Festival is held during the third weekend in July in Clarksville.[323] On the Eastern Shore island of Chincoteague the annual Pony Penning of feral Chincoteague ponies at the end of July is a unique local tradition expanded into a week-long carnival.[320] Every year on Thanksgiving in Richmond, the Mattaponi and Pamunkey tribes present Virginia's governor with a tribute of deer in a celebration honoring colonial treaties that enshrined their hunting rights.[212]The Shenandoah Apple Blossom Festival is a two-week festival held annually in Winchester which includes parades and bluegrass concerts. The Old Time Fiddlers' Convention in Galax, begun in 1935, is one of the oldest and largest such events worldwide, and Wolf Trap hosts the Wolf Trap Opera Company, which produces an opera festival every summer.[315] The Blue Ridge Rock Festival has operated since 2017, and has brought as many as 33,000 concert-goers to the Blue Ridge Amphitheater in Pittsylvania County.[324] Two important film festivals, the Virginia Film Festival and the VCU French Film Festival, are held annually in Charlottesville and Richmond, respectively.[325]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MJK50147_Virginia_State_Capitol.jpg"},{"link_name":"Virginia State Capitol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Capitol"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson"},{"link_name":"Charles-Louis Clérisseau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Louis_Cl%C3%A9risseau"},{"link_name":"Virginia General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Virginia General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Jamestown Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown_Church"},{"link_name":"[326]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hemisphere-327"},{"link_name":"House of Burgesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Burgesses"},{"link_name":"Governor's Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Governor%27s_Council"},{"link_name":"British monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_monarchy"},{"link_name":"current General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/162nd_Virginia_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Constitution of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"approved by voters in 1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_Virginia_ballot_measures"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-constitution_1970-80"},{"link_name":"federal structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"three branches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers"},{"link_name":"[327]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-constitution-328"},{"link_name":"bicameral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicameral"},{"link_name":"House of Delegates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_House_of_Delegates"},{"link_name":"Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"the next scheduled elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Virginia_elections"},{"link_name":"governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"lieutenant governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"attorney general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"most recent taking place in November 2025","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Virginia_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"incumbent governors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Virginia_Governors"},{"link_name":"[328]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-329"},{"link_name":"Speaker of the House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Speakers_of_the_Virginia_House_of_Delegates"},{"link_name":"President pro tempore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_Senate_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[329]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vga_guide-330"},{"link_name":"cabinet members","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Governor%27s_Cabinet"},{"link_name":"[330]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-331"},{"link_name":"[331]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-332"},{"link_name":"Pew Center on the States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center"},{"link_name":"[332]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-333"},{"link_name":"U.S. News & World Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report"},{"link_name":"fiscal stability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiscal_sustainability"},{"link_name":"[333]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-334"},{"link_name":"[329]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vga_guide-330"},{"link_name":"[334]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-335"},{"link_name":"[335]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-336"},{"link_name":"[336]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-337"},{"link_name":"[337]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-338"},{"link_name":"pocket veto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocket_veto"},{"link_name":"[338]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-339"}],"text":"The Virginia State Capitol in Richmond, designed by Thomas Jefferson and Charles-Louis Clérisseau, is home to the Virginia General Assembly.In 1619, the first Virginia General Assembly met at Jamestown Church, and included 22 locally elected representatives, making Virginia's legislature the oldest of its kind in North America.[326] The elected members became the House of Burgesses in 1642, and governed with the Governor's Council, which was appointed by the British monarchy, until Virginians declared their independence from Britain in 1776. The current General Assembly is the 162nd since that year. The government today functions under the seventh Constitution of Virginia, which was approved by voters in 1970 went into effect in July 1971.[79] It is similar to the federal structure in that it provides for three branches: a strong legislature, an executive, and a unified judicial system.[327]Virginia's legislature is bicameral, with a 100-member House of Delegates and 40-member Senate, who together write the laws for the Commonwealth. Delegates serve two-year terms, while senators serve four-year terms, with the next scheduled elections for both taking place in November 2023. The executive department includes the governor, lieutenant governor, and attorney general, who are elected every four years in separate elections, with the most recent taking place in November 2025. The governor must be at least thirty years old and incumbent governors cannot run for re-election, however the lieutenant governor and attorney general can, and governors can and have served non-consecutive terms.[328] The lieutenant governor is the official head of the Senate and is responsible for breaking ties. The House elects a Speaker of the House and the Senate elects a President pro tempore, who presides when the lieutenant governor is not present, and both houses elect a clerk and majority and minority leaders.[329] The governor also nominates their sixteen cabinet members and others who head various state departments.[330]State budgets are biennial and are proposed by the governor in even years.[331] Based on data through 2018, the Pew Center on the States found Virginia's government to be above average in running surpluses,[332] and U.S. News & World Report ranked the state tenth in fiscal stability.[333] The legislature starts regular sessions on the second Wednesday of every year, which meet for up to 48 days in odd years and 60 days in even years to allow more time for the state budget.[329] After regular sessions end, special sessions can be called either by the governor or with agreement of two-thirds of both houses, and twenty special sessions have been called since 2000, typically for legislation on preselected issues.[334] Though not a full-time legislature, the Assembly is classified as a hybrid because special sessions are not limited by the state constitution and often last several months.[335] A one-day \"veto session\" is also automatically triggered when a governor chooses to veto or return legislation to the Assembly with amendments. Vetoes can then be overturned with approval of two-thirds of both the House and Senate.[336] A bill that passes with two-thirds approval can also become law without action from the governor,[337] and Virginia has no \"pocket veto\", so bills become law if the governor chooses to neither approve nor veto them.[338]","title":"Law and government"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SupremeCourtofVirginiaBuilding.JPG"},{"link_name":"federal judiciary system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Virginia Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Virginia's judicial system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"recess appointments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recess_appointment"},{"link_name":"General District Courts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_General_District_Court"},{"link_name":"Juvenile and Domestic Relations District Courts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Juvenile_and_Domestic_Relations_District_Court"},{"link_name":"Circuit Courts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Circuit_Court"},{"link_name":"Court of Appeals of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Appeals_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[339]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-340"},{"link_name":"mandatory retirement age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_retirement_age"},{"link_name":"[340]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-341"},{"link_name":"appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeal"},{"link_name":"[341]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-342"},{"link_name":"[342]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-343"},{"link_name":"Code of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"law enforcement agency in Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Virginia State Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Police"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[343]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-344"},{"link_name":"Virginia Marine Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Marine_Police"},{"link_name":"oyster bed poaching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyster_pirate"},{"link_name":"[344]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-345"},{"link_name":"Virginia Capitol Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Division_of_Capitol_Police"},{"link_name":"[345]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-346"},{"link_name":"Virginia National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"7,200 army soldiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Army_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"1,200 airmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Air_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"300 Defense Force members","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Defense_Force"},{"link_name":"[346]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-347"},{"link_name":"death penalty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"113 following the resumption of capital punishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[347]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-348"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[348]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-349"},{"link_name":"rate of incarceration in the country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_incarceration_and_correctional_supervision_rate"},{"link_name":"[349]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-350"},{"link_name":"attack dogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_dog"},{"link_name":"[350]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-351"},{"link_name":"parole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parole"},{"link_name":"[351]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-352"},{"link_name":"recidivism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recidivism"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[352]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-353"},{"link_name":"[353]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-354"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[354]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-355"},{"link_name":"marijuana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[355]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-356"},{"link_name":"decriminalized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decriminalization_of_non-medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"legalized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis_by_U.S._jurisdiction"},{"link_name":"[356]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-357"},{"link_name":"[357]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-358"}],"sub_title":"Legal system","text":"Unlike the federal judiciary system, justices of the Virginia Supreme Court have term limits, a mandatory retirement age, and select their own Chief Justice.The judges and justices who make up Virginia's judicial system, also the oldest in America, are elected by a majority vote in both the House and Senate without input from the governor, one way Virginia's legislature is stronger than its executive. The governor can make recess appointments, and when both branches are controlled by the same party, the assembly often confirms them. The judicial hierarchy starts with the General District Courts and Juvenile and Domestic Relations District Courts, with the Circuit Courts above them, then the Court of Appeals of Virginia, and the Supreme Court of Virginia on top.[339] The Supreme Court has seven justices who serve twelve-year terms, with a mandatory retirement age of 73, and they select their own Chief Justice, who is informally limited to two four-year terms.[340] Virginia was the last state to guarantee an automatic right of appeal for all civil and criminal cases, and their Court of Appeals increased from eleven to seventeen judges in 2021.[341][342]The Code of Virginia is the statutory law and consists of the codified legislation of the General Assembly. The largest law enforcement agency in Virginia is the Virginia State Police, with 3,035 sworn and civilian members as of 2019[update].[343] The Virginia Marine Police patrol coastal areas, and were founded as the \"Oyster Navy\" in 1864 in response to oyster bed poaching.[344] The Virginia Capitol Police protect the legislature and executive department, and are the oldest police department in the United States, dating to the guards who protected the colonial leadership.[345] The governor can also call upon the Virginia National Guard, which consists of approximately 7,200 army soldiers, 1,200 airmen, 300 Defense Force members, and 400 civilians.[346]Between 1608 and 2021, when the death penalty was abolished, the state executed over 1,300 people, including 113 following the resumption of capital punishment in 1982.[347] Virginia's prison system incarcerates 30,936 people as of 2018[update], 53% of whom are Black,[348] and the state has the sixteenth-highest rate of incarceration in the country, at 422 per 100,000 residents.[349] Virginia state prisons make disproportionate use of attack dogs, with 90% of recorded dog attacks in U.S. prisons between 2017 and 2022 occurring in Virginia.[350] Prisoner parole was ended in 1995,[351] and Virginia's rate of recidivism of released felons who are re-convicted within three years and sentenced to a year or more is 23.1%, the lowest in the country as of 2019[update].[352][353] Virginia has the fourth lowest violent crime rate and thirteenth lowest property crime rate as of 2018[update].[354] Between 2008 and 2017, arrests for drug-related crimes rose 38%, with 71% of those related to marijuana,[355] which Virginia decriminalized in July 2020 and legalized in July 2021.[356][357]","title":"Law and government"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shad_Planking.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shad Planking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shad_Planking"},{"link_name":"Wakefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakefield,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Byrd era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byrd_Organization"},{"link_name":"[358]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shad-359"},{"link_name":"Southern bloc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_South"},{"link_name":"Byrd Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byrd_Organization"},{"link_name":"[359]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-360"},{"link_name":"segregation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segregation_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"voter turnout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voter_turnout"},{"link_name":"[360]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-atlantic-361"},{"link_name":"[361]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-362"},{"link_name":"malapportionment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malapportionment"},{"link_name":"General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"U.S. Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Davis v. Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis_v._Mann"},{"link_name":"Virginia Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"[362]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-363"},{"link_name":"Jim Crow laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws"},{"link_name":"disfranchised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disfranchisement"},{"link_name":"[363]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-promiseprejudice-364"},{"link_name":"Voting Rights Act of 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965"},{"link_name":"struck down in 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_County_v._Holder"},{"link_name":"[364]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-365"},{"link_name":"photo identification requirement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voter_identification_laws_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Bob McDonnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_McDonnell"},{"link_name":"[365]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-366"},{"link_name":"Voting Rights Act of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"state Attorney General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[366]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-367"},{"link_name":"ban on voting for felony convictions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felony_disenfranchisement_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[367]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-368"},{"link_name":"Terry McAuliffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_McAuliffe"},{"link_name":"[360]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-atlantic-361"},{"link_name":"[368]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-369"},{"link_name":"Northern Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_(politics)"},{"link_name":"Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"southern strategy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_strategy"},{"link_name":"[369]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-370"},{"link_name":"[370]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-371"},{"link_name":"Roanoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Southwest Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Charlottesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Blacksburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacksburg,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Black Belt Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Belt_in_the_American_South"},{"link_name":"[371]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-372"},{"link_name":"[363]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-promiseprejudice-364"},{"link_name":"[372]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-373"},{"link_name":"[373]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-374"}],"text":"Mirroring Virginia's political transition, the annual Shad Planking event in Wakefield has evolved from a vestige of the Byrd era into a regular stop for many state campaigns.[358]Over the past century, Virginia has shifted politically from being a largely rural, conservative, Southern bloc member to a state that is more urbanized, pluralistic, and politically moderate, as both greater enfranchisement and demographic shifts have changed the electorate. Up until the 1970s, Virginia was a racially divided one-party state dominated by the Byrd Organization.[359] They sought to stymie the political power of Northern Virginia, perpetuate segregation, and successfully restricted voter registration such that between 1905 and 1948, roughly one-third of votes in the state were cast by state employees and officeholders themselves, and voter turnout was regularly below ten percent.[360][361] The organization used malapportionment to manipulate what areas were over-represented in the General Assembly and the U.S. Congress until ordered to end the practice by the 1964 U.S. Supreme Court decision in Davis v. Mann and the 1965 Virginia Supreme Court decision in Wilkins v. Davis respectively.[362]Enforcement of federal civil rights legislation passed in the mid-1960s helped overturn the state's Jim Crow laws that effectively disfranchised African Americans.[363] The Voting Rights Act of 1965 made Virginia one of nine states that were required to receive federal approval for changes to voting laws, until the system for including states was struck down in 2013.[364] A strict photo identification requirement, added under Governor Bob McDonnell in 2014, was repealed in 2020,[365] and the Voting Rights Act of Virginia was passed in 2021, requiring preclearance from the state Attorney General for local election changes that could result in disenfranchisement, including closing or moving polling sites.[366] Though many Jim Crow provisions were removed in Virginia's 1971 constitution, a lifetime ban on voting for felony convictions was unchanged, and by 2016, up to twenty percent of African Americans in Virginia were disenfranchised because of prior felonies.[367] That year, Governor Terry McAuliffe ended the lifetime ban and individually restored voting rights to over 200,000 ex-felons.[360] These changes moved Virginia from being ranked as the second most difficult state to vote in 2016, to the twelfth easiest in 2020.[368]Regional differences also play a large part in Virginia politics. While urban and expanding suburban areas, including much of Northern Virginia, form the modern Democratic Party base, rural southern and western areas moved to support the Republican Party in response to its \"southern strategy\" starting around 1970.[369][370] Rural Democratic support has nevertheless persisted in union-influenced Roanoke in Southwest Virginia, college towns such as Charlottesville and Blacksburg, and the southeastern Black Belt Region.[371] African Americans are the most reliable bloc of Democratic voters,[363] but educational attainment and gender have also become strong indicators of political alignment, with the majority of women in Virginia supporting Democratic presidential candidates since 1980.[372] International immigration and domestic migration into Virginia have also increased the proportion of eligible voters born outside the state from 44% in 1980 to 55% in 2019.[373]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elections in Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Political party strength in Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_party_strength_in_Virginia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2023VirginiaStateHouseElection_NoInsert.svg"},{"link_name":"2023 Virginia House of Delegates election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Virginia_House_of_Delegates_election"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2023_Virginia_State_Senate_election.svg"},{"link_name":"2023 Virginia Senate election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Virginia_Senate_election"},{"link_name":"constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"State Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[374]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-offyear-375"},{"link_name":"House of Delegates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_House_of_Delegates"},{"link_name":"Terry McAuliffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_McAuliffe"},{"link_name":"in 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_elections,_2013"},{"link_name":"[375]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-376"},{"link_name":"[376]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-377"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"[377]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-378"},{"link_name":"supermajority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermajority"},{"link_name":"the 2011 state elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Virginia_elections"},{"link_name":"[378]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-379"},{"link_name":"in the 2015 elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Virginia_elections"},{"link_name":"[379]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-380"},{"link_name":"voter turnout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voter_turnout"},{"link_name":"[380]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-turnout-381"},{"link_name":"2017 state elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_elections,_2017"},{"link_name":"Ralph Northam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Northam"},{"link_name":"the race for governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Virginia_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"House of Delegates elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_House_of_Delegates_elections,_2017"},{"link_name":"[381]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-382"},{"link_name":"94th district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia%27s_94th_House_of_Delegates_district"},{"link_name":"2018–19 legislative sessions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/160th_Virginia_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[382]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-383"},{"link_name":"gerrymandered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrymandering_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[383]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-384"},{"link_name":"federal courts found","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethune-Hill_v._Virginia_State_Bd._of_Elections"},{"link_name":"[384]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-385"},{"link_name":"[385]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-386"},{"link_name":"2019 elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_elections,_2019"},{"link_name":"a political crisis earlier that year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Virginia_political_crisis"},{"link_name":"[386]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-387"},{"link_name":"[387]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-388"},{"link_name":"passed a referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Virginia_Question_1"},{"link_name":"control of drawing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redistricting_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[388]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-389"},{"link_name":"Glenn Youngkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Youngkin"},{"link_name":"win the governor's race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Virginia_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"[389]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-390"},{"link_name":"lieutenant governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Virginia_lieutenant_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"attorney general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Virginia_Attorney_General_election"},{"link_name":"seven seats in the House of Delegates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Virginia_House_of_Delegates_election"},{"link_name":"[390]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-391"},{"link_name":"[391]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-392"},{"link_name":"special masters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_master"},{"link_name":"the state supreme court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"those elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Virginia_elections"},{"link_name":"[392]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-393"}],"sub_title":"State elections","text":"See also: Elections in Virginia and Political party strength in Virginia2023 Virginia House of Delegates election2023 Virginia Senate election Republican hold Democratic hold Republican gain Democratic gainBecause Virginia enacted their post-Civil-War constitution in 1870, state elections in Virginia occur in odd-numbered years, with executive department elections occurring in years following U.S. presidential elections and State Senate elections occurring in the years prior to presidential elections, as both have four-year terms.[374] House of Delegates elections take place concurrent with each of those elections as delegates have two-year terms. National politics often play a role in state election outcomes, and Virginians have elected governors of the party opposite the U.S. president in eleven of the last twelve contests, with only Terry McAuliffe beating the trend in 2013.[375][376] McAuliffe, a Democrat, was elected during Barack Obama's second presidential term.[377] Republicans at that time held a supermajority of seats in the House of Delegates, which they had first gained in the 2011 state elections,[378] and a one-vote majority the state senate, both of which they maintained in the 2015 elections.[379] The 2011 and 2015 elections also had the lowest voter turnout in recent history, with just 28.6% and 29.1% of registered voters participating respectively.[380]The 2017 state elections resulted in Democrats holding the three executive offices, as lieutenant governor Ralph Northam won the race for governor. In concurrent House of Delegates elections, Democrats flipped fifteen of the Republicans' previous sixteen-seat majority.[381] Control of the House came down to a tied election in the 94th district, which the Republican won by a drawing of lots, giving the party a slim 51–49 majority in the 2018–19 legislative sessions.[382] At this time, Virginia was ranked as having the most gerrymandered U.S. state legislature, as Republicans controlled the House with only 44.5% of the total vote.[383] In 2019, federal courts found that eleven House district lines, including the 94th, were unconstitutionally drawn to discriminate against African Americans.[384][385] Adjusted districts were used in the 2019 elections, when Democrats won full control of the General Assembly, despite a political crisis earlier that year.[386][387] Voters in 2020 then passed a referendum to give control of drawing both state and congressional districts to a commission of eight citizens and four legislators from each of the two major parties, rather than the legislature.[388]In 2021, Glenn Youngkin became the first Republican to win the governor's race since 2009,[389] with his party also winning the races for lieutenant governor and attorney general and gaining seven seats in the House of Delegates.[390][391] Two years later, new legislative maps drawn by special masters appointed by the state supreme court led to nine retirements in the state senate and to twenty-five House delegates not seeking re-election. In those elections, Democrats claimed a slim majority of one seat in both the Senate and the House.[392]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States presidential elections in Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Virginia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mark_Warner_and_Tim_Kaine_with_students_from_Mark_Twain_Middle_School_2024.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mark Warner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Warner"},{"link_name":"Tim Kaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Kaine"},{"link_name":"U.S. Senators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"governors of the state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"swing state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_state"},{"link_name":"2008 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[393]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-purple-394"},{"link_name":"electoral votes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Joe Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden"},{"link_name":"in 2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"presidential elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[394]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-breeze-395"},{"link_name":"open primary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_primaries_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Super Tuesday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Tuesday"},{"link_name":"the most recent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Virginia_Republican_presidential_primary"},{"link_name":"[395]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-396"},{"link_name":"Virginia's two U.S. Senators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Virginia"},{"link_name":"classes 1 and 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_senators"},{"link_name":"George Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Allen_(U.S._politician)"},{"link_name":"in 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_United_States_Senate_election,_2006"},{"link_name":"Jim Webb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Webb"},{"link_name":"in 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Virginia,_2012"},{"link_name":"Tim Kaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Kaine"},{"link_name":"[396]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-397"},{"link_name":"In 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Virginia,_2008"},{"link_name":"Mark Warner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Warner"},{"link_name":"John Warner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Warner"},{"link_name":"[397]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-398"},{"link_name":"eleven U.S. House of Representatives seats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Virginia"},{"link_name":"wave elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_elections_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"2010 mid-term elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia%27s_2nd_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"5th seats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia%27s_5th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"9th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia%27s_9th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"2018 mid-terms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"7th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia%27s_7th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"10th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia%27s_10th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"[398]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-399"},{"link_name":"in 2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[399]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-400"}],"sub_title":"Federal elections","text":"See also: United States presidential elections in VirginiaMark Warner and Tim Kaine, Virginia's two current U.S. Senators, are both former governors of the state.Though Virginia was considered a \"swing state\" in the 2008 presidential election,[393] Virginia's thirteen electoral votes were carried in that election and the three since by Democratic candidates, including Joe Biden, who won by over ten percent in 2020, suggesting the state has shifted to being reliably Democratic in presidential elections. Virginia had previously voted for Republican presidential candidates in thirteen out of fourteen presidential elections from 1952 to 2004, including ten in a row from 1968 to 2004.[394] Virginia currently holds its presidential open primary election on Super Tuesday, the same day as fourteen other states, with the most recent held on March 5, 2024.[395]Virginia's two U.S. Senators are in classes 1 and 2. In class 1, Republican incumbent George Allen lost races in 2006 to Democratic newcomer Jim Webb, and again in 2012 to Webb's successor, former Governor Tim Kaine.[396] In 2008, Democrats also won the class 2 seat when former Governor Mark Warner was elected to replace retiring Republican John Warner.[397] Virginia has had eleven U.S. House of Representatives seats since 1993, and control of the majority has flipped four times since then, often as part of \"wave elections\". In the 2010 mid-term elections, the first under President Obama, Republicans flipped the 2nd and 5th seats from the Democrats, who had flipped both in the previous election, as well as the 9th. In the 2018 mid-terms, the first under President Trump, Democrats took back the 2nd, as well as the 7th and 10th.[398] The 2nd flipped again, to Republican control, in 2022.[399] Currently, Democrats hold six seats to Republicans' five.","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BUF_IMG_5559_(33491723285).jpg"},{"link_name":"Albemarle County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albemarle_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Smithsonian Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution"},{"link_name":"U.S. Department of Education's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Education"},{"link_name":"National Assessment of Educational Progress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assessment_of_Educational_Progress"},{"link_name":"[400]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-401"},{"link_name":"Quality Counts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_Week#Quality_Counts"},{"link_name":"[401]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-402"},{"link_name":"student–teacher ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student%E2%80%93teacher_ratio"},{"link_name":"[402]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-403"},{"link_name":"Virginia Department of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Department_of_Education"},{"link_name":"Standards of Learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standards_of_Learning"},{"link_name":"[403]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-404"},{"link_name":"K–12 schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%E2%80%9312_(education)"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"school divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_school_divisions_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"public schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_school_(government-funded)"},{"link_name":"Governor's Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor%27s_Schools_(Virginia)"},{"link_name":"magnet schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnet_school"},{"link_name":"[404]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-doedata-405"},{"link_name":"[405]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-406"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_High_School_for_Science_and_Technology"},{"link_name":"[406]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-407"},{"link_name":"[407]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-408"},{"link_name":"[408]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-409"},{"link_name":"[409]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grad2022-410"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QuickFacts-3"},{"link_name":"[410]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-411"},{"link_name":"dropout rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_school_dropouts_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"English learners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_as_a_second_or_foreign_language"},{"link_name":"[409]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grad2022-410"},{"link_name":"school segregation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_segregation_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"The Civil Rights Project at UCLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Civil_Rights_Project/Proyecto_Derechos_Civiles"},{"link_name":"[411]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-412"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[412]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-413"},{"link_name":"[413]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-414"}],"text":"Middle school students in Albemarle County participate in an engineering program in partnership with the Smithsonian Institution.Virginia's educational system consistently ranks in the top five states on the U.S. Department of Education's National Assessment of Educational Progress, with Virginia students outperforming the average in all subject areas and grade levels tested.[400] The 2021 Quality Counts report ranked Virginia's K–12 education thirteenth in the country, with a letter grade of B−.[401] Virginia's K–7 schools had a student–teacher ratio of 12.15:1 as of the 2021–22 school year, and 12.52:1 for grades 8–12.[402] All school divisions must adhere to educational standards set forth by the Virginia Department of Education, which maintains an assessment and accreditation regime known as the Standards of Learning to ensure accountability.[403]Public K–12 schools in Virginia are generally operated by the counties and cities, and not by the state. As of the 2022–23 academic year,[update] a total of 1,263,342 students were enrolled in 2,381 local and regional schools in the Commonwealth, including 57 career and technical schools and 411 alternative and special education centers across 126 school divisions. Besides the general public schools in Virginia, there are Governor's Schools and selective magnet schools. The Governor's Schools are a collection of 52 regional high schools and summer programs intended for gifted students,[404][405] and include the Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology, the top-rated high school in the country in 2022.[406] The Virginia Council for Private Education oversees the regulation of 483 state accredited private schools.[407] An additional 50,713 students receive homeschooling.[408]In 2022, 92.1% of high school students graduated on-time after four years,[409] and 89.3% of adults over the age 25 had their high school diploma.[3] Virginia has one of the smaller racial gaps in graduation rates among U.S. states,[410] with 90.3% of Black students graduating on time, compared to 94.9% of white students and 98.3% of Asian students. Hispanic students had the highest dropout rate, at 13.95%, with high rates being correlated with students listed as English learners.[409] Despite ending school segregation in the 1960s, seven percent of Virginia's public schools were rated as \"intensely segregated\" by The Civil Rights Project at UCLA in 2019, and the number has risen since 1989, when only three percent were.[411] Virginia has comparatively large public school districts, typically comprising entire counties or cities, and this helps mitigate funding gaps seen in other states such that non-white districts average slightly more funding, $255 per student as of 2019[update], than majority white districts.[412] Elementary schools, with Virginia's smallest districts, were found to be more segregated than state middle or high schools by a 2019 VCU study.[413]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of colleges and universities in Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Virginia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Falling_Upwards;_The_Rotunda_at_the_University_of_Virginia.jpg"},{"link_name":"University of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[414]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-415"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"sixth-highest percent of residents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_educational_attainment"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QuickFacts-3"},{"link_name":"Department of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Education"},{"link_name":"colleges and universities in Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[415]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nces-416"},{"link_name":"U.S. News & World Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report"},{"link_name":"University of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"College of William and Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_William_and_Mary"},{"link_name":"Virginia Tech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Tech"},{"link_name":"George Mason University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Mason_University"},{"link_name":"James Madison University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison_University"},{"link_name":"Virginia Commonwealth University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Commonwealth_University"},{"link_name":"[416]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-417"},{"link_name":"Washington and Lee University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_and_Lee_University"},{"link_name":"University of Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Richmond"},{"link_name":"[415]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nces-416"},{"link_name":"[417]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-418"},{"link_name":"Virginia State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_University"},{"link_name":"land-grant universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land-grant_university"},{"link_name":"historically black colleges and universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities"},{"link_name":"[418]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-419"},{"link_name":"Virginia Military Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Military_Institute"},{"link_name":"military college","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_academy"},{"link_name":"[419]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-420"},{"link_name":"23 community colleges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Community_College_System"},{"link_name":"[420]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-421"},{"link_name":"[421]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-422"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[422]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-423"},{"link_name":"Liberty University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_University"},{"link_name":"Lynchburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynchburg,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[423]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-424"}],"sub_title":"Colleges and universities","text":"See also: List of colleges and universities in VirginiaThe University of Virginia guarantees full tuition scholarships to all in-state Virginia students with family incomes of $80,000 or less.[414]As of 2020[update], Virginia has the sixth-highest percent of residents with bachelor's degrees or higher, with 39.5%.[3] The Department of Education recognizes 163 colleges and universities in Virginia.[415] In the 2022 U.S. News & World Report ranking of national public universities, the University of Virginia is ranked 3rd, the College of William and Mary is 13th, Virginia Tech is 23rd, George Mason University is 65th, James Madison University is 72nd, and Virginia Commonwealth University is 83rd.[416] There are 119 private institutions in the state, including Washington and Lee University and the University of Richmond, which are ranked as the country's 11th and 18th best liberal arts colleges respectively.[415][417]Virginia Tech and Virginia State University are the state's land-grant universities, and Virginia State is one of five historically black colleges and universities in Virginia.[418] The Virginia Military Institute is the oldest state military college.[419] Virginia also operates 23 community colleges on 40 campuses which enrolled 218,985 degree-seeking students during the 2020–2021 school year.[420] In 2021, the state made community college free for most low- and middle-income students.[421] George Mason University had the largest on-campus enrollment at 38,542 students as of 2021[update],[422] though the private Liberty University had the largest total enrollment in the state, with 88,283 online and 15,105 on-campus students in Lynchburg as of 2019[update].[423]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:200318-N-BB298-1072_(49786116842).jpg"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"},{"link_name":"Naval Medical Center Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Medical_Center_Portsmouth"},{"link_name":"Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"[424]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-425"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ahr-130"},{"link_name":"infant mortality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_mortality"},{"link_name":"[425]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-426"},{"link_name":"Medicare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ahr-130"},{"link_name":"Falls Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falls_Church,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Loudoun County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudoun_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[426]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-427"},{"link_name":"[427]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-428"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"},{"link_name":"coronavirus pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[428]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-429"},{"link_name":"die while giving birth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_mortality_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[429]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-430"},{"link_name":"[430]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-431"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ahr-130"},{"link_name":"primary care physicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_care_physician"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ahr-130"},{"link_name":"General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[431]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-432"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[432]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-433"},{"link_name":"[433]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-434"},{"link_name":"[434]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-435"},{"link_name":"e-cigarettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-cigarette"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ahr-130"},{"link_name":"HPV vaccine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HPV_vaccine"},{"link_name":"[435]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-436"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ahr-130"},{"link_name":"Virginia Board of Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Board_of_Health"},{"link_name":"hospitals in Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Washington metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Inova Fairfax Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inova_Fairfax_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[436]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-437"},{"link_name":"VCU Medical Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VCU_Medical_Center"},{"link_name":"children's hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_hospital"},{"link_name":"pediatrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatrics"},{"link_name":"[437]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-438"},{"link_name":"UVA Medical Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Virginia_Health_System"},{"link_name":"[438]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-439"},{"link_name":"cancer screenings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_screening"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ahr-130"},{"link_name":"Sentara Norfolk General Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentara_Norfolk_General_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Eastern Virginia Medical School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Virginia_Medical_School"},{"link_name":"first successful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Jordan_Carr"},{"link_name":"in-vitro fertilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-vitro_fertilization"},{"link_name":"[439]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-440"}],"text":"Patients are screened for COVID-19 outside Naval Medical Center Portsmouth, the Navy's oldest continuously operating hospital.[424]Virginia has a mixed health record. The state was ranked best for its physical environment in the 2023 United Health Foundation's Health Rankings, but 19th for its overall health outcomes and only 26th for residents healthy behaviors. Among U.S. states, Virginia has the 22nd lowest rate of premature deaths, with 8,709 per 100,000,[129] and an infant mortality rate of 5.61 per 1,000 live births.[425] The rate of uninsured Virginians dropped to 6.5% in 2023, following an expansion of Medicare in 2019.[129] Falls Church and Loudoun County were both ranked in the top ten healthiest communities in 2020 by U.S. News & World Report.[426]There are however racial and social health disparities. With high rates of heart disease and diabetes, African Americans in Virginia have an average life expectancy four years less than whites and twelve less than Asian Americans and Latinos,[427] and were disproportionately affected by COVID-19 during the coronavirus pandemic.[428] African-American mothers are also three times more likely to die while giving birth in the state.[429] Mortality rates among white middle-class Virginians have also been rising, with drug overdose, alcohol poisoning, and suicide as leading causes.[430] Suicides in the state increased over 14% between 2009 and 2023, while deaths from drug overdoses more than doubled in that time.[129] Virginia has a ratio of 221.5 primary care physicians per 10,000 residents, the fifteenth worst rate nationally, and only 250.3 mental health providers per that number, the fourteenth worst nationwide.[129] A December 2023 report by the General Assembly found that all nine public mental health care facilities were over 95% full, causing overcrowding and delays in admissions.[431]Weight is an issue for many Virginians, and 32.2% of adults and 14.9% of 10- to 17-year-olds are obese as of 2021[update].[432] Additionally, 35% of adults are overweight and 23.3% do not exercise regularly.[433] Smoking in bars and restaurants was banned in January 2010,[434] and the percent of tobacco smokers in the state has declined from 19% in that year to 12.1% in 2023, but an additional 7.7% use e-cigarettes. Virginia does have above average percentage of residents who receive annual immunizations, ranking twentieth for yearly flu vaccinations.[129] In 2008, Virginia became the first U.S. state to mandate the HPV vaccine for girls for school attendance,[435] and 62.7% of adolescents have the vaccine as of 2023[update].[129]The Virginia Board of Health regulates healthcare facilities, and there are 88 hospitals in Virginia with a combined 17,024 hospital beds as of 2023[update]. The largest in both Virginia and the Washington metropolitan area is Inova Fairfax Hospital, which serves over 55,000 patients annually.[436] VCU Medical Center, where a new 16-story children's hospital was opened in 2023, is highly ranked for pediatrics,[437] while UVA Medical Center is highly ranked for its cancer care,[438] and the state does number in the top ten for annual cancer screenings.[129] Sentara Norfolk General Hospital, a teaching institution of Eastern Virginia Medical School, was the site of the first successful U.S. in-vitro fertilization program, and around 2.5% of births in the state are due to IVF.[439]","title":"Health"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of newspapers in Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"List of radio stations in Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"List of television stations in Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_Virginia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USA_Today_building.jpg"},{"link_name":"USA Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today"},{"link_name":"nation's largest circulation newspaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"McLean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLean,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Hampton Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_Roads"},{"link_name":"media market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_market"},{"link_name":"Nielsen Media Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_Media_Research"},{"link_name":"Richmond-Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond-Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Roanoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Lynchburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynchburg,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[440]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-441"},{"link_name":"television stations in Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"U.S. network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_over-the-air_television_networks"},{"link_name":"[441]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-442"},{"link_name":"Federal Communications Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission"},{"link_name":"FCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission"},{"link_name":"radio stations broadcast in Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[442]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-443"},{"link_name":"[443]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-444"},{"link_name":"Public Broadcasting Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service"},{"link_name":"Arlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"PBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS"},{"link_name":"WETA-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WETA-TV"},{"link_name":"PBS NewsHour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS_NewsHour"},{"link_name":"Washington Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Week"},{"link_name":"native newspapers in the Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Norfolk's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"The Virginian-Pilot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Virginian-Pilot"},{"link_name":"[444]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-445"},{"link_name":"Richmond Times-Dispatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Times-Dispatch"},{"link_name":"[445]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-446"},{"link_name":"The Roanoke Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Roanoke_Times"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[446]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-447"},{"link_name":"USA Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today"},{"link_name":"McLean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLean,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[447]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-448"},{"link_name":"Gannett, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gannett"},{"link_name":"GateHouse Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GateHouse_Media"},{"link_name":"[448]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-449"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"[449]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-450"},{"link_name":"Politico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"Rosslyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosslyn,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[450]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-451"}],"text":"See also: List of newspapers in Virginia, List of radio stations in Virginia, and List of television stations in VirginiaUSA Today, the nation's largest circulation newspaper, is headquartered in McLean.The Hampton Roads area is the 44th-largest media market in the United States as ranked by Nielsen Media Research, while the Richmond-Petersburg area is 56th and Roanoke-Lynchburg is 71st as of 2022[update]. Northern Virginia is part of the much larger Washington, D.C. media market, which is the country's ninth-largest.[440]There are 36 television stations in Virginia, representing each major U.S. network, part of 42 stations which serve Virginia viewers including those broadcasting from neighboring jurisdictions.[441] According the Federal Communications Commission, 595 FCC-licensed FM radio stations broadcast in Virginia, with 239 such AM stations as of 2020[update].[442][443] The nationally available Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) is headquartered in Arlington. Independent PBS affiliates exist throughout Virginia, and the Arlington PBS member station WETA-TV produces programs such as the PBS NewsHour and Washington Week.The most circulated native newspapers in the Commonwealth are Norfolk's The Virginian-Pilot with around 132,000 subscribers,[444] the Richmond Times-Dispatch with 86,219,[445] and The Roanoke Times as of 2018[update].[446] USA Today, which is headquartered in McLean, has seen its daily subscription number decline significantly from over 500,000 in 2019 to just over 180,000 in 2021, but is still the third-most circulated paper nationwide.[447] USA Today is the flagship publication of Gannett, Inc., which merged with GateHouse Media in 2019, and operates over one hundred local newspapers nationwide.[448] In Northern Virginia, The Washington Post is the dominant newspaper and provides local coverage for the region.[449] Politico, which covers national politics, has its offices in Rosslyn.[450]","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tysons_Corner_Sunset_.jpg"},{"link_name":"Silver Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Line_(Washington_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Washington Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Metro"},{"link_name":"Tysons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tysons,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Byrd Road Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byrd_Road_Act"},{"link_name":"[451]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-452"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Virginia Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"[452]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vdot-453"},{"link_name":"Northern Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[453]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-454"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ahr-130"},{"link_name":"[454]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acs_transit-455"},{"link_name":"peak car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_car"},{"link_name":"[455]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-456"}],"text":"The Silver Line extension of the Washington Metro system opened in Tysons in 2014Because of the 1932 Byrd Road Act, the state government controls most of Virginia's roads, instead of a local county authority as is usual in other states.[451] As of 2018[update], the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) owns and operates 57,867 miles (93,128 km) of the total 70,105 miles (112,823 km) of roads in the state, making it the third-largest state highway system in the nation.[452]Traffic on Virginia's roads is among the worst in the nation according to the 2019 American Community Survey. The average commute time of 28.7 minutes is the eighth-longest among U.S. states, and the Washington Metropolitan Area, which includes Northern Virginia, has the second-worst rate of traffic congestion among U.S. cities.[453] About 67.9% of workers in Virginia reported driving alone to work in 2021, the foureenth lowest percent in the U.S.,[129] while 8.5% reported carpooling,[454] and Virginia hit peak car usage before the year 2000, making it one of the first such states.[455]","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[454]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acs_transit-455"},{"link_name":"Washington Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Metro"},{"link_name":"Arlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Loudoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudoun_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Fairfax Counties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfax_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[456]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wmata-457"},{"link_name":"Fairfax Connector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfax_Connector"},{"link_name":"FRED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredericksburg_Regional_Transit"},{"link_name":"OmniRide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potomac_and_Rappahannock_Transportation_Commission"},{"link_name":"Prince William County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_William_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[457]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-458"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Blacksburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacksburg,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Martinsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinsville,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Danville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danville,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[458]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-459"},{"link_name":"Jamestown Ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown_Ferry"},{"link_name":"Jamestown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Scotland Wharf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"James River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_River,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[459]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-460"},{"link_name":"Amtrak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak"},{"link_name":"Virginia Railway Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Railway_Express"},{"link_name":"Fredericksburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredericksburg,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Manassas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manassas,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[460]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-461"},{"link_name":"[461]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-462"},{"link_name":"[462]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-463"},{"link_name":"Norfolk Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Southern"},{"link_name":"CSX Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSX_Transportation"},{"link_name":"[463]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-464"},{"link_name":"Dulles International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulles_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Reagan Washington National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Washington_National_Airport"},{"link_name":"Northern Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Richmond International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Newport News/Williamsburg International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_News/Williamsburg_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Norfolk International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[464]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-465"},{"link_name":"Virginia Port Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Port_Authority"},{"link_name":"short tons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_ton"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[465]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-466"},{"link_name":"Eastern Shore of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Shore_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Wallops Flight Facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallops_Flight_Facility"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_Regional_Spaceport"},{"link_name":"[466]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin2012305-467"},{"link_name":"[467]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-468"},{"link_name":"Space tourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_tourism"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Space Adventures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Adventures"},{"link_name":"[468]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-469"}],"sub_title":"Mass transit and ports","text":"About 3.4% of Virginians commute on public transit,[454] and there were over 171.9 million public transit trips in Virginia in 2019, over 62% of which were done on the Washington Metro transit system, which serves Arlington and Alexandria, and extends into Loudoun and Fairfax Counties.[456] Commuter buses include the Fairfax Connector, FRED buses in Fredericksburg, and OmniRide in Prince William County,[457] while the state-run Virginia Breeze buses run four inter-city routes from Washington, D.C. to Bristol, Blacksburg, Martinsville, and Danville.[458] VDOT operates several free ferries throughout Virginia, the most notable being the Jamestown Ferry which connects Jamestown to Scotland Wharf across the James River.[459]Virginia has Amtrak passenger rail service along several corridors, and Virginia Railway Express (VRE) maintains two commuter lines into Washington, D.C. from Fredericksburg and Manassas. VRE experienced a dramatic decline in ridership due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with daily ridership dropping from over 18,000 in 2019 to 6,864 in February 2024.[460][461] Amtrak routes in Virginia have however passed their pre-pandemic levels and served 123,658 passengers in March 2024.[462] Major freight railroads in Virginia include Norfolk Southern and CSX Transportation, and in 2021 the state finalized a deal to purchase 223 miles (359 km) of track and over 350 miles (560 km) of right of way from CSX for future passenger rail service.[463]Virginia has five major airports: Dulles International and Reagan Washington National in Northern Virginia, both of which handle over 20 million passengers a year, Richmond International southeast of the state capital, Newport News/Williamsburg International Airport, and Norfolk International. Several other airports offer limited commercial passenger service, and sixty-six public airports serve the state's aviation needs.[464] The Virginia Port Authority's main seaports are those in Hampton Roads, which carried 61,505,700 short tons (55,797,000 t) of total cargo in 2021[update], the sixth most of United States ports.[465] The Eastern Shore of Virginia is the site of Wallops Flight Facility, a rocket launch center owned by NASA, and the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport, a commercial spaceport.[466][467] Space tourism is also offered through Vienna-based Space Adventures.[468]","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sports teams in Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_teams_in_Virginia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011_Monument_Avenue_10k_(5583061136).jpg"},{"link_name":"Monument Avenue 10K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_Avenue_10K"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[469]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-470"},{"link_name":"major professional sports league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_professional_sports_leagues_in_the_United_States_and_Canada"},{"link_name":"teams in Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_in_Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_in_Baltimore"},{"link_name":"Charlotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_in_Charlotte,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Raleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[470]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-471"},{"link_name":"$220 million NBA arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Beach_Arena"},{"link_name":"Virginia Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Beach"},{"link_name":"[471]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-472"},{"link_name":"Washington Wizards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Wizards"},{"link_name":"Washington Capitals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Capitals"},{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Virginia Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Senate"},{"link_name":"[472]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-473"},{"link_name":"minor league baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_league_baseball"},{"link_name":"Triple-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple-A_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Norfolk Tides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Tides"},{"link_name":"ECHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECHL"},{"link_name":"Norfolk Admirals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Admirals_(ECHL)"},{"link_name":"Double-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-A_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Richmond Flying Squirrels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Flying_Squirrels"},{"link_name":"The Diamond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Diamond_(Richmond,_Virginia)"},{"link_name":"[473]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-474"},{"link_name":"Fredericksburg Nationals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredericksburg_Nationals"},{"link_name":"Lynchburg Hillcats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynchburg_Hillcats"},{"link_name":"Salem Red Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem_Red_Sox"},{"link_name":"Low-A East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-A_East"},{"link_name":"[474]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-475"},{"link_name":"Loudoun United FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudoun_United_FC"},{"link_name":"D.C. United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.C._United"},{"link_name":"USL Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USL_Championship"},{"link_name":"[475]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-476"},{"link_name":"Richmond Kickers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Kickers"},{"link_name":"USL League One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USL_League_One"},{"link_name":"U.S. Open Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Open_Cup"},{"link_name":"[476]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-477"},{"link_name":"Washington Commanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Commanders"},{"link_name":"Washington Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Spirit"},{"link_name":"Loudoun County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudoun_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[477]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-478"},{"link_name":"[478]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-479"},{"link_name":"Washington Capitals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Capitals"},{"link_name":"MedStar Capitals Iceplex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MedStar_Capitals_Iceplex"},{"link_name":"Ballston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballston,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[479]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-480"},{"link_name":"Hampton Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_Roads"},{"link_name":"Gabby Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabby_Douglas"},{"link_name":"gymnastics individual all-around","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_artistic_individual_all-around"},{"link_name":"[480]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-481"},{"link_name":"LaShawn Merritt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaShawn_Merritt"},{"link_name":"Francena McCorory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francena_McCorory"},{"link_name":"Michael Cherry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Cherry_(athlete)"},{"link_name":"4 × 400 meters relay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_%C3%97_400_meters_relay"},{"link_name":"[481]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-482"},{"link_name":"Noah Lyles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah_Lyles"},{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[482]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-483"},{"link_name":"Richmond Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Marathon"},{"link_name":"Blue Ridge Marathon on the Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Marathon_on_the_Parkway"},{"link_name":"Monument Avenue 10K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_Avenue_10K"},{"link_name":"Kingsmill Resort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsmill_Resort"},{"link_name":"Williamsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"an LPGA Tour tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_Silk_Championship"},{"link_name":"Country Club of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Club_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"a charity classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_Energy_Charity_Classic"},{"link_name":"PGA Tour Champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGA_Tour_Champions"},{"link_name":"Sam Snead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Snead"},{"link_name":"Curtis Strange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Strange"},{"link_name":"NASCAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR"},{"link_name":"Cup Series races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR_Cup_Series"},{"link_name":"Martinsville Speedway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinsville_Speedway"},{"link_name":"Richmond Raceway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Raceway"},{"link_name":"Denny Hamlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denny_Hamlin"},{"link_name":"Curtis Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Turner"},{"link_name":"[483]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-484"}],"text":"See also: Sports teams in VirginiaThe annual Monument Avenue 10K in Richmond, one of the ten largest timed long-distance running races in the U.S.[469]Virginia is the most populous U.S. state without a major professional sports league franchise. The reasons for this include the lack of any dominant city or market within the state and the proximity of teams in Washington, D.C., Baltimore, Charlotte, and Raleigh, as well as a reluctance to publicly finance stadiums.[470] A proposed $220 million NBA arena in Virginia Beach lost the support of the city council there in 2017,[471] while a 2023 proposal to move the NBA's Washington Wizards and the NHL's Washington Capitals to a $2 billion arena in Alexandria was cancelled after formidable opposition in the Virginia Senate.[472]Five minor league baseball and two mid-level hockey teams do play in Virginia. Norfolk is host to two: The Triple-A Norfolk Tides and the ECHL's Norfolk Admirals. The Double-A Richmond Flying Squirrels began playing at The Diamond in 2010,[473] while the Fredericksburg Nationals, Lynchburg Hillcats, and Salem Red Sox play in the Low-A East league.[474] Loudoun United FC, the reserve team of D.C. United, debuted in the USL Championship in 2019,[475] while the Richmond Kickers of the USL League One have operated since 1993 and are the only team in their league to win both the league championship and the U.S. Open Cup in the same year.[476] The training facilities for both the Washington Commanders and Washington Spirit are in Loudoun County,[477][478] while the Washington Capitals practice at MedStar Capitals Iceplex in Ballston.[479]Among individual athletes, Hampton Roads has produced several Olympic gold medalists, including Gabby Douglas, the first African American to win gymnastics individual all-around gold,[480] and LaShawn Merritt, Francena McCorory, and Michael Cherry, who have all won gold in the 4 × 400 meters relay.[481] Reigning \"worlds fastest man\", Noah Lyles, hails from Alexandria.[482] Major long-distance races in the state include the Richmond Marathon, the Blue Ridge Marathon on the Parkway, and the Monument Avenue 10K. Virginia's professional caliber golf courses include Kingsmill Resort outside Williamsburg, which hosts an LPGA Tour tournament in May, and the Country Club of Virginia outside Richmond, which hosts a charity classic on the PGA Tour Champions in October. Notable PGA Tour winners from Virginia include Sam Snead and Curtis Strange. NASCAR currently schedules Cup Series races on two tracks in Virginia: Martinsville Speedway and Richmond Raceway. Notable drivers from Virginia in the series have included Denny Hamlin and Curtis Turner.[483]","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VT_-_UVA_2012_-_Waiting_for_the_rebound.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mike Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Scott_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Joe Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Harris_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Virginia Cavaliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Cavaliers_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Cadarian Raines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadarian_Raines"},{"link_name":"Virginia Tech Hokies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Tech_Hokies_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"college basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_basketball"},{"link_name":"Cassell Coliseum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassell_Coliseum"},{"link_name":"Blacksburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacksburg,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Virginia Cavaliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Cavaliers"},{"link_name":"rival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia-Virginia_Tech_rivalry"},{"link_name":"Virginia Tech Hokies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Tech_Hokies"},{"link_name":"[484]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PPP-485"},{"link_name":"college basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_basketball"},{"link_name":"Cavaliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Cavaliers_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"VCU Rams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VCU_Rams_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Old Dominion Monarchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dominion_Monarchs_basketball"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Hokies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Tech_Hokies_football"},{"link_name":"James Madison Dukes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison_Dukes_football"},{"link_name":"FCS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Football_Championship_Subdivision"},{"link_name":"[485]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-486"},{"link_name":"Capital One Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_One_Cup_(college_sports)"},{"link_name":"both 2015 and 2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_One_Cup_(college_sports)#Champions"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Coast Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference"},{"link_name":"NCAA championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference#NCAA_team_championships"},{"link_name":"[486]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-487"},{"link_name":"[487]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-488"},{"link_name":"Fourteen universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_college_athletic_programs_in_Virginia#Division_I"},{"link_name":"NCAA Division I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I"},{"link_name":"Atlantic 10 Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_10_Conference"},{"link_name":"Big South Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_South_Conference"},{"link_name":"Coastal Athletic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"historically Black schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities"},{"link_name":"Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"Hampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_Pirates_and_Lady_Pirates"},{"link_name":"Norfolk State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_State_Spartans"},{"link_name":"Old Dominion Athletic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dominion_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"USA South Athletic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_South_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"Division III championships in football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_III_national_football_championship"},{"link_name":"Salem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[488]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-489"},{"link_name":"[489]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-490"}],"sub_title":"College sports","text":"Mike Scott and Joe Harris of the Virginia Cavaliers battle Cadarian Raines of the Virginia Tech Hokies for a rebound in a college basketball game at Cassell Coliseum in Blacksburg.In the absence of professional sports, several of Virginia's collegiate sports programs have attracted strong followings, with a 2015 poll showing that 34% of Virginians were fans of the Virginia Cavaliers and 28% were fans of the rival Virginia Tech Hokies, making both more popular than the surveyed regional professional teams.[484] The men's and women's college basketball programs of the Cavaliers, VCU Rams, and Old Dominion Monarchs have combined for 66 regular season conference championships and 49 conference tournament championships between them as of 2023[update]. The Hokies football team sustained a 27-year bowl streak between 1993 and 2019; James Madison Dukes football won FCS NCAA Championships in both 2004 and 2016.[485] The overall UVA men's athletics programs won the national Capital One Cup in both 2015 and 2019, and lead the Atlantic Coast Conference in NCAA championships.[486][487]Fourteen universities in total compete in NCAA Division I, with multiple programs each in the Atlantic Coast Conference, Atlantic 10 Conference, Big South Conference, and Coastal Athletic Association. Three historically Black schools compete in the Division II Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association, and two others (Hampton and Norfolk State) compete in Division I. Several smaller schools compete in the Old Dominion Athletic Conference and the USA South Athletic Conference of NCAA Division III. The NCAA currently holds its Division III championships in football, men's basketball, volleyball, and softball in Salem.[488] State appropriated funds are not allowed to be used for either operational or capital expenses for intercollegiate athletics.[489]","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"Paul VI Catholic High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_VI_Catholic_High_School"},{"link_name":"Oak Hill Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Hill_Academy_(Mouth_of_Wilson,_Virginia)"},{"link_name":"[490]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-491"},{"link_name":"Virginia High School League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_High_School_League"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_school_football"},{"link_name":"soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_school_soccer"},{"link_name":"[491]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-492"},{"link_name":"USYS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Youth_Soccer_Association"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[492]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-493"}],"sub_title":"High school sports","text":"Virginia is also home to several of the nation's top high school basketball programs, including Paul VI Catholic High School and Oak Hill Academy, the latter of which has won nine national championships.[490] In the 2022–2023 school year, 176,623 high school students participated in fourteen girls sports and thirteen boys sports managed by the Virginia High School League, with the most popular sports being football, outdoor track and cross country, soccer, basketball, baseball and softball, and volleyball.[491] Outside of the high school system, 145 youth soccer clubs operate in the Virginia Youth Soccer Association, under the USYS system, as of 2024[update].[492]","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2017-06-12_15_45_41_%27Welcome_to_Virginia%27_sign_along_eastbound_U.S._Route_58_(Wilderness_Road)_entering_Lee_County,_Virginia_from_Claiborne_County,_Tennessee_crop.jpg"},{"link_name":"Virginia is for Lovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_is_for_Lovers"},{"link_name":"[493]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-494"},{"link_name":"Charles II of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"auntient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/auntient"},{"link_name":"his 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Tyrannis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic_semper_tyrannis"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sic-1"},{"link_name":"[497]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-498"},{"link_name":"[498]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-499"},{"link_name":"Carry Me Back to Old Virginny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carry_Me_Back_to_Old_Virginny"},{"link_name":"state song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_songs"},{"link_name":"Our Great Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Great_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Oh Shenandoah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh_Shenandoah"},{"link_name":"Sweet Virginia Breeze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_Virginia_Breeze"},{"link_name":"[499]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-500"},{"link_name":"Beverages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_beverages"},{"link_name":"Milk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk"},{"link_name":"Rye Whiskey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington%27s_Rye_Whiskey"},{"link_name":"Boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_ships"},{"link_name":"Chesapeake Bay deadrise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay_deadrise"},{"link_name":"Bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_birds"},{"link_name":"Cardinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_cardinal"},{"link_name":"Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_dances"},{"link_name":"Square dancing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_dance"},{"link_name":"Dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_mammals"},{"link_name":"American Foxhound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Foxhound"},{"link_name":"Fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_fish"},{"link_name":"Brook trout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brook_trout"},{"link_name":"striped bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striped_bass"},{"link_name":"Flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_flowers"},{"link_name":"Tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_trees"},{"link_name":"Dogwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornus_florida"},{"link_name":"Fossil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_fossils"},{"link_name":"Chesapecten jeffersonius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapecten_jeffersonius"},{"link_name":"Insect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_insects"},{"link_name":"Tiger swallowtail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papilio_glaucus"},{"link_name":"Mammal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_mammals"},{"link_name":"Virginia big-eared bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_big-eared_bat"},{"link_name":"Motto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_mottos"},{"link_name":"Sic Semper Tyrannis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic_semper_tyrannis"},{"link_name":"Nickname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_nicknames"},{"link_name":"Pony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_horses"},{"link_name":"Chincoteague Pony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chincoteague_Pony"},{"link_name":"Shell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_shells"},{"link_name":"Eastern oyster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_oyster"},{"link_name":"Slogan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_branding"},{"link_name":"Virginia is for Lovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_is_for_Lovers"},{"link_name":"Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_songs"},{"link_name":"Our Great Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Great_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Sweet Virginia Breeze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_Virginia_Breeze"},{"link_name":"Tartan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_tartans"},{"link_name":"Virginia Quadricentennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Quadricentennial_tartan"}],"text":"The state slogan, \"Virginia is for Lovers\", has been used since 1969 and is featured on state welcome signs.[493]Virginia has several nicknames, the oldest of which is the \"Old Dominion\". King Charles II of England first referred to \"our auntient dominion of Virginia\" in 1660, the year of his restoration, perhaps because Virginia was home to many of his supporters during the English Civil War.[494] These supporters were called Cavaliers, and the nickname \"The Cavalier State\" was popularized after the American Civil War.[495] Virginia has also been called the \"Mother of Presidents\", as eight Virginians have served as President of the United States, including four of the first five.[496]The state's motto, Sic Semper Tyrannis, translates from Latin as \"Thus Always to Tyrants\", and is used on the state seal, which is then used on the flag.[1] While the seal was designed in 1776, and the flag was first used in the 1830s, both were made official in 1930.[497] The majority of the other symbols were made official in the late 20th century.[498] In 1940, \"Carry Me Back to Old Virginny\" was named the state song, but it was retired in 1997 due to its nostalgic references to slavery. In March 2015, Virginia's government named \"Our Great Virginia\", which uses the tune of \"Oh Shenandoah\", as the traditional state song and \"Sweet Virginia Breeze\" as the popular state song.[499]Beverages: Milk, Rye Whiskey\nBoat: Chesapeake Bay deadrise\nBird: Cardinal\nDance: Square dancing\nDog: American Foxhound\nFish: Brook trout, striped bass\nFlower/Tree: Dogwood\nFossil: Chesapecten jeffersonius\nInsect: Tiger swallowtail\nMammal: Virginia big-eared bat\nMotto: Sic Semper Tyrannis\nNickname: The Old Dominion\nPony: Chincoteague Pony\nShell: Eastern oyster\nSlogan: Virginia is for Lovers\nSongs: \"Our Great Virginia\", \"Sweet Virginia Breeze\"\nTartan: Virginia Quadricentennial","title":"State symbols"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"four U.S. states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"}],"text":"^ Virginia is one of four U.S. states to use the term \"Commonwealth\" in its official name, along with Massachusetts, Kentucky, and Pennsylvania.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Captives of the Cold War Economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=S6TuEMY2clQC"},{"link_name":"Greenwood Publishing Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-275-96561-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96561-7"},{"link_name":"Anderson, 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States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/bub_gb_skxAAAAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/bub_gb_skxAAAAAIAAJ/page/n104"},{"link_name":"Vollmann, William T.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_T._Vollmann"},{"link_name":"Argall: The True Story of Pocahontas and Captain John Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=hh0WYbclptAC&pg=PA695"},{"link_name":"Penguin Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Group"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-14-200150-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-200150-9"},{"link_name":"Wallenstein, Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Wallenstein"},{"link_name":"Cradle of America: Four Centuries of Virginia History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=qiwSAAAAYAAJ"},{"link_name":"University Press of Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Press_of_Kansas"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7006-1507-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1507-0"},{"link_name":"Virginia: An Illustrated History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=R2-yNS6PqBcC&pg=PA1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7818-1115-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7818-1115-6"},{"link_name":"The Best of Virginia Farms Cookbook and Tour Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=pnuFW6zT0T8C&pg=PA41"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-89732-657-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89732-657-5"}],"text":"Accordino, John J. (2000). Captives of the Cold War Economy. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-275-96561-7.\nAnderson, Fred (2000). Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-40642-3.\nBryson, Bill (2011). Home: A Short History of Private Life. New York: Anchor Books. ISBN 978-0-7679-1939-5.\nBurnham, Bill; Burnham, Mary (2018). Hiking Virginia: A Guide to Virginia's Greatest Hiking Adventures. Guilford, CT: Globe Pequot. ISBN 978-1-4930-3127-6.\nCarroll, Steven; Miller, Mark (2002). Wild Virginia: A Guide to Thirty Roadless Recreation Areas Including Shenandoah National Park. Guilford, CT: Globe Pequot. ISBN 978-0-7627-2315-7.\nChambers, Douglas B. (2005). Murder at Montpelier: Igbo Africans in Virginia. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-1-57806-706-0.\nConlin, Joseph R. (2009). The American Past: A Survey of American History. Belmont, CA: Thomson Learning. ISBN 978-0-495-56609-0.\nCooper, Jean L. (2007). A Guide to Historic Charlottesville and Albemarle County, Virginia. Charleston, SC: The History Press. ISBN 978-1-59629-173-7.\nDailey, Jane Elizabeth; Gilmore, Glenda Elizabeth; Simon, Bryant (2000). Jumpin' Jim Crow: Southern Politics from Civil War to Civil Rights. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-00193-7.\nDavis, David Brion (2006). Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-514073-6.\nEgloff, Keith; Woodward, Deborah B. (2006). First People: The Early Indians of Virginia. University of Virginia Press. ISBN 978-0-8139-2548-6.\nFeuer, A.B. (1999). The U.S. Navy in World War I: combat at sea and in the air. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-275-96212-8.\nFischer, David Hackett; Kelly, James C. (2000). Bound Away: Virginia and the Westward Movement. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. ISBN 978-0-8139-1774-0.\nGoodwin, Bill (2012). Frommer's Virginia (11 ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-22449-6.\nGordon, John Steele (2004). An Empire of Wealth: The Epic History of American Economic Power. New York: HarperCollins. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-06-009362-4.\nGray, Richard J.; Robinson, Owen (2004). A Companion to the Literature and Culture of the American South. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-22404-4.\nGrizzard, Frank E.; Smith, D. Boyd (2007). Jamestown Colony: a political, social, and cultural history. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-637-4.\nGutzman, Kevin R. C. (2007). Virginia's American Revolution: From Dominion to Republic, 1776–1840. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-2131-3.\nHamilton, John (August 15, 2016). Virginia. ABDO. ISBN 978-1-6807-7453-5. Retrieved May 29, 2020.\nHashaw, Tim (2007). The Birth of Black America. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7867-1718-7.\nHeinemann, Ronald L.; Kolp, John G.; Parent, Anthony S. Jr.; Shade, William G. (2007). Old Dominion, New Commonwealth. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. ISBN 978-0-8139-2609-4.\nHoffer, Peter Charles (2006). The Brave New World: A History of Early America. Baltimore: JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8483-2.\nHoward, Blair; Burnham, Mary; Burnham, Bill (2006). The Virginia Handbook (3 ed.). Edison, NJ: Hunter Publishing. ISBN 978-1-58843-512-5.\nJaffa, Harry V. (2000). A New Birth of Freedom: Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-0-8476-9952-0.\nJordan, Ervin L. (1995). Black Confederates and Afro-Yankees in Civil War Virginia. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press. ISBN 978-0-8139-1545-6.\nJoseph, John Earl (2006). Language and Politics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-2453-9.\nKetchum, Richard M. (2014). Victory at Yorktown: The Campaign That Won the Revolution. New York: Henry Holt and Co. ISBN 978-1-46687-953-9.\nLibrary of Virginia (1994). The Hornbook of Virginia History. Library of Virginia. ISBN 978-0-88490-177-8.\nMcGraw, Eliza (June 24, 2005). Two Covenants: Representations of Southern Jewishness. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8071-3043-8.\nMiller, Kerby A.; Schrier, Arnold; Boling, Bruce D.; Doyle, David N. (2003). Irish immigrants in the land of Canaan. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-504513-0.\nMoran, Michael G. (2007). Inventing Virginia: Sir Walter Raleigh and the Rhetoric of Colonization, 1584–1590. New York: Peter Lang. ISBN 978-0-8204-8694-9.\nMorgan, Lynda (1992). Emancipation in Virginia's Tobacco Belt, 1850–1870. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press. ISBN 978-0-8203-1415-0.\nMorgan, Philip D. (1998). Slave Counterpoint. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-4717-6.\nPalmer, Tim (1998). America by Rivers. Washington, D.C.: Island Press. ISBN 978-1-55963-264-5.\nPazzaglia, Frank James (2006). Excursions in Geology and History: Field Trips in the Middle Atlantic States. Boulder, CO: Geological Society of America. ISBN 978-0-8137-0008-3.\nPinn, Anthony B. (2009). African American Religious Cultures. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-470-1.\nOlitzky, Kerry (1996). The American Synagogue: A Historical Dictionary and Sourcebook. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-28856-2.\nRobertson, James I. (1993). Civil War Virginia: Battleground for a Nation. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. ISBN 978-0-8139-1457-2.\nScott, David L.; Scott, Kay W. (2004). Guide to the National Park Areas. Guilford, CT: Globe Pequot. ISBN 978-0-7627-2988-3.\nShefveland, Kristalyn Marie (2016). Anglo-Native Virginia: Trade, Conversion, and Indian Slavery in the Old Dominion, 1646-1722. Athens: University of Georgia Press. ISBN 978-0-8203-5025-7.\nSmith, Gary Alden (2015). State and National Boundaries of the United States. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. ISBN 978-1-47660-434-3.\nSmith, Julian (2008). Moon Virginia: Including Washington, D.C (4 ed.). Berkeley, CA: Avalon Travel. ISBN 978-1-59880-011-1.\nStewart, George (2008). Names on the Land: A Historical Account of Place-Naming in the United States. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-1-59017-273-5.\nStyron, Alexandra (2011). Reading My Father: A Memoir. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9-781-4165-9506-9.\nTarter, Brent (2020). Virginians and Their Histories. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. ISBN 978-0-8139-4393-0.\nVan Zandt, Franklin K. (1976). Boundaries of the United States and the several States. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 95.\nVollmann, William T. (2002). Argall: The True Story of Pocahontas and Captain John Smith. New York: Penguin Group. ISBN 978-0-14-200150-9.\nWallenstein, Peter (2007). Cradle of America: Four Centuries of Virginia History. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-1507-0.\nWelch, Deborah (2006). Virginia: An Illustrated History. Hippocrene Books. ISBN 978-0-7818-1115-6.\nWilliamson, CiCi (2008). The Best of Virginia Farms Cookbook and Tour Book. Birmingham, AL: Menasha Ridge Press. ISBN 978-0-89732-657-5.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_text":"The story of Pocahontas was simplified and romanticized by later artists and authors, including Smith himself, and promoted by her descendants, some of whom married into elite colonial families.[4]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Pocahontas-14.jpg/220px-Pocahontas-14.jpg"},{"image_text":"In 1699, after the statehouse in Jamestown was destroyed by fire, the Colony of Virginia's capitol was moved to Williamsburg, where the College of William & Mary was founded six years earlier.[25]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/The_Governor%27s_Palace_--_Williamsburg_%28VA%29_September_2012.jpg/220px-The_Governor%27s_Palace_--_Williamsburg_%28VA%29_September_2012.jpg"},{"image_text":"In 1765, Patrick Henry led a protest of the unpopular Stamp Act in the House of Burgesses, later depicted in this portrait by Peter F. Rothermel.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Patrick-Henry-by-Rothermel.jpg/170px-Patrick-Henry-by-Rothermel.jpg"},{"image_text":"Eyre Crowe's 1853 portrait, Slaves Waiting for Sale: Richmond, Virginia, which he completed after visiting Richmond's slave markets, where thousands were sold annually[47]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Crowe-Slaves_Waiting_for_Sale_-_Richmond%2C_Virginia.jpg/220px-Crowe-Slaves_Waiting_for_Sale_-_Richmond%2C_Virginia.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Confederacy used Richmond as their capital from May 1861 till April 1865, when they abandoned the city and set fire to its downtown.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Currier_and_Ives_-_The_Fall_of_Richmond%2C_Va._on_the_Night_of_April_2d._1865_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Currier_and_Ives_-_The_Fall_of_Richmond%2C_Va._on_the_Night_of_April_2d._1865_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"With nearly 800,000 soldiers passing through, Hampton Roads was the second-largest port of embarkation during World War I.[61]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War_time_view_of_Norfolk_Va_Navy_Yard_1918_%2849090133192%29.jpg/220px-War_time_view_of_Norfolk_Va_Navy_Yard_1918_%2849090133192%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Protests in 2020 focused on Confederate monuments in the state.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/RVA_2020_MDPC_%2850041262732%29.jpg/220px-RVA_2020_MDPC_%2850041262732%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Virginia is shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains, the Chesapeake Bay and its watershed, and the parallel 36°30′ north.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Virginia_geographic_map-en.svg/260px-Virginia_geographic_map-en.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Great Falls is on the fall line of the Potomac River, and its rocks date to the late Precambrian.[95]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Great_Falls_in_purple.jpg/170px-Great_Falls_in_purple.jpg"},{"image_text":"Up to 7,000 white-tailed deer, also known as Virginia deer, live in Shenandoah National Park.[133]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/White-tailed_buck_in_foggy_morning_at_Shenandoah_National_Park.jpeg/220px-White-tailed_buck_in_foggy_morning_at_Shenandoah_National_Park.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Visitors meet a screech owl rehabilitating at the Wildlife Center of Virginia, a hospital for native wild animals.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Wildlife_Center_of_VA_at_TLSP_%287358017496%29.jpg/220px-Wildlife_Center_of_VA_at_TLSP_%287358017496%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Oak trees produce a haze of isoprene, which helps give the Blue Ridge Mountains their signature color.[155]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Shenandoah_2020.jpg/220px-Shenandoah_2020.jpg"},{"image_text":"The population density of Virginia counties and cities as of 2020","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Population_density_of_Virginia_counties_%282020%29.png/300px-Population_density_of_Virginia_counties_%282020%29.png"},{"image_text":"New citizens attend a naturalization ceremony in Northern Virginia, where 25% of residents are foreign-born, almost twice the overall state average.[193]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/L-15-12-22-A-040_%2823285802904%29.jpg/220px-L-15-12-22-A-040_%2823285802904%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Governor Glen Youngkin receiving a ceremonial tribute from representatives of the Mattaponi and Pamunkey tribes, a Thanksgiving tradition since 1677.[212]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/345th_Tax_Tribute_Ceremony%2C_Richmond_-_11-23-22_-_028.jpg/220px-345th_Tax_Tribute_Ceremony%2C_Richmond_-_11-23-22_-_028.jpg"},{"image_text":"Recording of a resident of Tangier Island who was born in the late 1800s, showcasing the island's unique accent"},{"image_text":"Since 1927, Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington County has hosted an annual nondenominational sunrise service every Easter.[229]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Easter_Sunrise_Service_at_Arlington_National_Cemetery_2019.jpg/220px-Easter_Sunrise_Service_at_Arlington_National_Cemetery_2019.jpg"},{"image_text":"Counties and cities by median household income between 2015 and 2019","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Virginia_Median_Household_Income_2015%E2%80%932019.png/300px-Virginia_Median_Household_Income_2015%E2%80%932019.png"},{"image_text":"The U.S. Department of Defense is headquartered in Arlington County at the Pentagon.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/The_Pentagon%2C_cropped_square.png/220px-The_Pentagon%2C_cropped_square.png"},{"image_text":"Ocean tourism is an important sector of Virginia Beach's economy.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Virginia_Beach_waterfront.jpg/220px-Virginia_Beach_waterfront.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rockingham County in the Shenandoah Valley accounts for twenty percent of Virginia's agricultural sales as of 2017[update], with the valley as a whole being the state's most productive region.[277]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Farmers_in_Rockingham_County%2C_Virginia.jpg/220px-Farmers_in_Rockingham_County%2C_Virginia.jpg"},{"image_text":"Counties and cities by median property tax paid in 2019","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Virginia_property_taxes_map_2019.svg/300px-Virginia_property_taxes_map_2019.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Colonial Virginian culture, language, and style are reenacted in Williamsburg.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Colonial_Williamsburg_ladies.jpg/220px-Colonial_Williamsburg_ladies.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Steel Wheels, an Americana roots folk rock band, plays at Jefferson Theater in Charlottesville in February 2019.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/The_Steel_Wheels_The_Jefferson_Theater_Charlottesville_VA_February_2019.jpg/220px-The_Steel_Wheels_The_Jefferson_Theater_Charlottesville_VA_February_2019.jpg"},{"image_text":"The annual Pony Penning features more than 200 wild ponies swimming across the Assateague Channel into Chincoteague.[320]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Chincoteague_pony_swim_2007.jpg/220px-Chincoteague_pony_swim_2007.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Virginia State Capitol in Richmond, designed by Thomas Jefferson and Charles-Louis Clérisseau, is home to the Virginia General Assembly.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/MJK50147_Virginia_State_Capitol.jpg/220px-MJK50147_Virginia_State_Capitol.jpg"},{"image_text":"Unlike the federal judiciary system, justices of the Virginia Supreme Court have term limits, a mandatory retirement age, and select their own Chief Justice.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/SupremeCourtofVirginiaBuilding.JPG/220px-SupremeCourtofVirginiaBuilding.JPG"},{"image_text":"Mirroring Virginia's political transition, the annual Shad Planking event in Wakefield has evolved from a vestige of the Byrd era into a regular stop for many state campaigns.[358]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Shad_Planking.jpg/220px-Shad_Planking.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mark Warner and Tim Kaine, Virginia's two current U.S. Senators, are both former governors of the state.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Mark_Warner_and_Tim_Kaine_with_students_from_Mark_Twain_Middle_School_2024.jpg/220px-Mark_Warner_and_Tim_Kaine_with_students_from_Mark_Twain_Middle_School_2024.jpg"},{"image_text":"Middle school students in Albemarle County participate in an engineering program in partnership with the Smithsonian Institution.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/BUF_IMG_5559_%2833491723285%29.jpg/220px-BUF_IMG_5559_%2833491723285%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The University of Virginia guarantees full tuition scholarships to all in-state Virginia students with family incomes of $80,000 or less.[414]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Falling_Upwards%3B_The_Rotunda_at_the_University_of_Virginia.jpg/220px-Falling_Upwards%3B_The_Rotunda_at_the_University_of_Virginia.jpg"},{"image_text":"Patients are screened for COVID-19 outside Naval Medical Center Portsmouth, the Navy's oldest continuously operating hospital.[424]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/200318-N-BB298-1072_%2849786116842%29.jpg/220px-200318-N-BB298-1072_%2849786116842%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"USA Today, the nation's largest circulation newspaper, is headquartered in McLean.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/USA_Today_building.jpg/220px-USA_Today_building.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Silver Line extension of the Washington Metro system opened in Tysons in 2014","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Tysons_Corner_Sunset_.jpg/220px-Tysons_Corner_Sunset_.jpg"},{"image_text":"The annual Monument Avenue 10K in Richmond, one of the ten largest timed long-distance running races in the U.S.[469]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/2011_Monument_Avenue_10k_%285583061136%29.jpg/220px-2011_Monument_Avenue_10k_%285583061136%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mike Scott and Joe Harris of the Virginia Cavaliers battle Cadarian Raines of the Virginia Tech Hokies for a rebound in a college basketball game at Cassell Coliseum in Blacksburg.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/VT_-_UVA_2012_-_Waiting_for_the_rebound.jpg/220px-VT_-_UVA_2012_-_Waiting_for_the_rebound.jpg"},{"image_text":"The state slogan, \"Virginia is for Lovers\", has been used since 1969 and is featured on state welcome signs.[493]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/2017-06-12_15_45_41_%27Welcome_to_Virginia%27_sign_along_eastbound_U.S._Route_58_%28Wilderness_Road%29_entering_Lee_County%2C_Virginia_from_Claiborne_County%2C_Tennessee_crop.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Virginia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Virginia"},{"title":"United States portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"title":"Index of Virginia-related articles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Virginia-related_articles"},{"title":"Outline of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Virginia"}] | [{"reference":"\"U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Virginia\". U.S. Census Bureau. July 1, 2023. Retrieved March 29, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/VA","url_text":"\"U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Virginia\""}]},{"reference":"Shapiro, Laurie Gwen (June 22, 2014). \"Pocahontas: Fantasy and Reality\". Slate Magazine. Archived from the original on June 23, 2014. Retrieved June 23, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2014/06/pocahontas_wedding_re_enactment_john_rolfe_john_smith_and_native_americans.html","url_text":"\"Pocahontas: Fantasy and Reality\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140623013337/http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2014/06/pocahontas_wedding_re_enactment_john_rolfe_john_smith_and_native_americans.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Stebbins, Sarah J. (August 20, 2020). \"Chronology of Powhatan Indian Activity\". National Park Service. Retrieved February 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nps.gov/jame/learn/historyculture/chronology-of-powhatan-indian-activity.htm","url_text":"\"Chronology of Powhatan Indian Activity\""}]},{"reference":"\"1700: Virginia Native peoples succumb to smallpox\". National Institutes of Health. July 10, 2020. Retrieved June 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nlm.nih.gov/nativevoices/timeline/220.html","url_text":"\"1700: Virginia Native peoples succumb to smallpox\""}]},{"reference":"Beckley, Julia Ruth (May 2008). \"How Cultural Factors Hastened the Population Decline of the Powhatan Indians\". Virginia Commonwealth University Scholars Compass. doi:10.25772/VWYX-2J21. 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Retrieved August 4, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/03/sports/olympics/gabby-douglas-of-united-states-wins-gymnastics-all-around.html","url_text":"\"A Very Long Journey Was Very Swift\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Olympic track and field local interest roundup: McCorory collects gold despite not running for U.S. women's 4x400 in final; Merritt anchors U.S. men's 4x400 win\". The Chicago Tribune. Associated Press. August 20, 2016. Retrieved April 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/dp-spt-20160820-story.html","url_text":"\"Olympic track and field local interest roundup: McCorory collects gold despite not running for U.S. women's 4x400 in final; Merritt anchors U.S. men's 4x400 win\""}]},{"reference":"Howell, Melissa (August 24, 2023). \"Alexandria high school graduate is now 'World's Fastest Man'\". WTOP. Retrieved January 5, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://wtop.com/local-sports/2023/08/worlds-fastest-man-is-now-from-our-region-shares-plans-to-dominate-upcoming-world-championships/","url_text":"\"Alexandria high school graduate is now 'World's Fastest Man'\""}]},{"reference":"Pockrass, Bob (March 30, 2023). \"Ranking all-time best drivers from Virginia ahead of Richmond race\". Fox Sports. Retrieved July 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.foxsports.com/stories/nascar/ranking-all-time-best-drivers-from-virginia-ahead-of-richmond","url_text":"\"Ranking all-time best drivers from Virginia ahead of Richmond race\""}]},{"reference":"Brady, Erik (December 14, 2006). \"Virginia town is big game central\". USA Today. Archived from the original on February 6, 2009. Retrieved February 6, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/sports/college/football/2006-12-13-focus-salem_x.htm","url_text":"\"Virginia town is big game central\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090206075557/http://www.usatoday.com/sports/college/football/2006-12-13-focus-salem_x.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sylwester, MaryJo; Witosky, Tom (February 18, 2004). \"Athletic spending grows as academic funds dry up\". USA Today. Archived from the original on December 3, 2009. Retrieved August 16, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/sports/college/2004-02-18-athletic-spending-cover_x.htm","url_text":"\"Athletic spending grows as academic funds dry up\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091203174023/http://www.usatoday.com/sports/college/2004-02-18-athletic-spending-cover_x.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Divens, Jordan (February 16, 2021). \"High school basketball rankings: Millard North jumps in MaxPreps Top 25 after win vs. Oak Hill Academy\". CBS Sports. Retrieved April 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbssports.com/college-basketball/news/high-school-basketball-rankings-millard-north-jumps-in-maxpreps-top-25-after-win-vs-oak-hill-academy/","url_text":"\"High school basketball rankings: Millard North jumps in MaxPreps Top 25 after win vs. Oak Hill Academy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Participation\". Virginia High School League. July 7, 2023. Retrieved January 22, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vhsl.org/about-vhsl/","url_text":"\"Participation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Official Members\". Virginia Youth Soccer Association. 2024. Retrieved March 28, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vysa.com/members/","url_text":"\"Official Members\""}]},{"reference":"Kelly, John (July 24, 2021). \"Here's the story on 'Virginia is for lovers,' one of history's greatest tourism slogans\". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/virginia-is-for-lovers/2021/07/24/65fd0e78-ebfb-11eb-ba5d-55d3b5ffcaf1_story.html","url_text":"\"Here's the story on 'Virginia is for lovers,' one of history's greatest tourism slogans\""}]},{"reference":"Walker, Julian (May 1, 2010). \"Cuccinelli opts for more modest Virginia state seal\". The Virginian-Pilot. Retrieved June 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pilotonline.com/news/article_36f89ba4-ca4a-529a-be8f-31e8c1736068.html","url_text":"\"Cuccinelli opts for more modest Virginia state seal\""}]},{"reference":"\"The state of the state emblems: Checking in on a dozen of Virginia's official symbols\". The Richmond Times-Dispatch. February 18, 2017. Retrieved June 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.richmond.com/discover-richmond/the-state-of-the-state-emblems-checking-in-on-a-dozen-of-virginias-official-symbols/collection_7eafce86-1f1c-5d24-b9d0-dd2d83799482.html","url_text":"\"The state of the state emblems: Checking in on a dozen of Virginia's official symbols\""}]},{"reference":"Hambrick (March 27, 2015). \"Listen: Virginia Now Has 2 State Songs\". Patch. Archived from the original on July 11, 2015. Retrieved July 29, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://patch.com/virginia/fairfaxcity/listen-virginia-now-has-2-state-songs","url_text":"\"Listen: Virginia Now Has 2 State Songs\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150711062929/http://patch.com/virginia/fairfaxcity/listen-virginia-now-has-2-state-songs","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Accordino, John J. (2000). Captives of the Cold War Economy. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-275-96561-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=S6TuEMY2clQC","url_text":"Captives of the Cold War Economy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group","url_text":"Greenwood Publishing Group"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96561-7","url_text":"978-0-275-96561-7"}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Fred (2000). Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-40642-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Anderson_(historian)","url_text":"Anderson, Fred"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-vMxLslZopgC","url_text":"Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_House","url_text":"Random House"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-40642-3","url_text":"978-0-375-40642-3"}]},{"reference":"Bryson, Bill (2011). Home: A Short History of Private Life. New York: Anchor Books. ISBN 978-0-7679-1939-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Bryson","url_text":"Bryson, Bill"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WqxvlLwc2v8C","url_text":"Home: A Short History of Private Life"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchor_Books","url_text":"Anchor Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7679-1939-5","url_text":"978-0-7679-1939-5"}]},{"reference":"Burnham, Bill; Burnham, Mary (2018). Hiking Virginia: A Guide to Virginia's Greatest Hiking Adventures. Guilford, CT: Globe Pequot. ISBN 978-1-4930-3127-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zFZaDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Hiking Virginia: A Guide to Virginia's Greatest Hiking Adventures"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4930-3127-6","url_text":"978-1-4930-3127-6"}]},{"reference":"Carroll, Steven; Miller, Mark (2002). Wild Virginia: A Guide to Thirty Roadless Recreation Areas Including Shenandoah National Park. Guilford, CT: Globe Pequot. ISBN 978-0-7627-2315-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-2315-7","url_text":"978-0-7627-2315-7"}]},{"reference":"Chambers, Douglas B. (2005). Murder at Montpelier: Igbo Africans in Virginia. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-1-57806-706-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vqpoxEl_0_4C&pg=PA10","url_text":"Murder at Montpelier: Igbo Africans in Virginia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Press_of_Mississippi","url_text":"University Press of Mississippi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57806-706-0","url_text":"978-1-57806-706-0"}]},{"reference":"Conlin, Joseph R. (2009). The American Past: A Survey of American History. Belmont, CA: Thomson Learning. ISBN 978-0-495-56609-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_R._Conlin","url_text":"Conlin, Joseph R."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tT2AEMiUXvwC&pg=PT57","url_text":"The American Past: A Survey of American History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cengage_Learning","url_text":"Thomson Learning"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-56609-0","url_text":"978-0-495-56609-0"}]},{"reference":"Cooper, Jean L. (2007). A Guide to Historic Charlottesville and Albemarle County, Virginia. Charleston, SC: The History Press. ISBN 978-1-59629-173-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_History_Press","url_text":"The History Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59629-173-7","url_text":"978-1-59629-173-7"}]},{"reference":"Dailey, Jane Elizabeth; Gilmore, Glenda Elizabeth; Simon, Bryant (2000). Jumpin' Jim Crow: Southern Politics from Civil War to Civil Rights. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-00193-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenda_Gilmore","url_text":"Gilmore, Glenda Elizabeth"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yFvjsEYP7hAC&pg=PA90","url_text":"Jumpin' Jim Crow: Southern Politics from Civil War to Civil Rights"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Press","url_text":"Princeton University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00193-7","url_text":"978-0-691-00193-7"}]},{"reference":"Davis, David Brion (2006). Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-514073-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brion_Davis","url_text":"Davis, David Brion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhuman_Bondage:_The_Rise_and_Fall_of_Slavery_in_the_New_World","url_text":"Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514073-6","url_text":"978-0-19-514073-6"}]},{"reference":"Egloff, Keith; Woodward, Deborah B. (2006). First People: The Early Indians of Virginia. University of Virginia Press. ISBN 978-0-8139-2548-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1qCRs3KTI9EC","url_text":"First People: The Early Indians of Virginia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-2548-6","url_text":"978-0-8139-2548-6"}]},{"reference":"Feuer, A.B. (1999). The U.S. Navy in World War I: combat at sea and in the air. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-275-96212-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96212-8","url_text":"978-0-275-96212-8"}]},{"reference":"Fischer, David Hackett; Kelly, James C. (2000). Bound Away: Virginia and the Westward Movement. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. ISBN 978-0-8139-1774-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hackett_Fischer","url_text":"Fischer, David Hackett"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GFa7KVPWmKwC","url_text":"Bound Away: Virginia and the Westward Movement"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Virginia_Press","url_text":"University of Virginia Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-1774-0","url_text":"978-0-8139-1774-0"}]},{"reference":"Goodwin, Bill (2012). Frommer's Virginia (11 ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-22449-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=l_JqVwS2krIC","url_text":"Frommer's Virginia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons","url_text":"John Wiley & Sons"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-22449-6","url_text":"978-1-118-22449-6"}]},{"reference":"Gordon, John Steele (2004). An Empire of Wealth: The Epic History of American Economic Power. New York: HarperCollins. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-06-009362-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Steele_Gordon","url_text":"Gordon, John Steele"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/empireofwealthep0000gord","url_text":"An Empire of Wealth: The Epic History of American Economic Power"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins","url_text":"HarperCollins"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/empireofwealthep0000gord/page/17","url_text":"17"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-009362-4","url_text":"978-0-06-009362-4"}]},{"reference":"Gray, Richard J.; Robinson, Owen (2004). A Companion to the Literature and Culture of the American South. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-22404-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=v10uoRwUsuEC","url_text":"A Companion to the Literature and Culture of the American South"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell_(publisher)","url_text":"Wiley-Blackwell"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22404-4","url_text":"978-0-631-22404-4"}]},{"reference":"Grizzard, Frank E.; Smith, D. Boyd (2007). Jamestown Colony: a political, social, and cultural history. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-637-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=555CzPsGLDMC&pg=PA128","url_text":"Jamestown Colony: a political, social, and cultural history"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC-CLIO","url_text":"ABC-CLIO"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-637-4","url_text":"978-1-85109-637-4"}]},{"reference":"Gutzman, Kevin R. C. (2007). Virginia's American Revolution: From Dominion to Republic, 1776–1840. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-2131-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Gutzman","url_text":"Gutzman, Kevin R. C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield","url_text":"Lexington Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-2131-3","url_text":"978-0-7391-2131-3"}]},{"reference":"Hamilton, John (August 15, 2016). Virginia. ABDO. ISBN 978-1-6807-7453-5. Retrieved May 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=K53PDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA12","url_text":"Virginia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6807-7453-5","url_text":"978-1-6807-7453-5"}]},{"reference":"Hashaw, Tim (2007). The Birth of Black America. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7867-1718-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/birthofblackamer00hash","url_text":"The Birth of Black America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_%26_Graf_Publishers","url_text":"Carroll & Graf Publishers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-1718-7","url_text":"978-0-7867-1718-7"}]},{"reference":"Heinemann, Ronald L.; Kolp, John G.; Parent, Anthony S. Jr.; Shade, William G. (2007). Old Dominion, New Commonwealth. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. ISBN 978-0-8139-2609-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Virginia_Press","url_text":"University of Virginia Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-2609-4","url_text":"978-0-8139-2609-4"}]},{"reference":"Hoffer, Peter Charles (2006). The Brave New World: A History of Early America. Baltimore: JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8483-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bravenewworldhis0000hoff_a3b3","url_text":"The Brave New World: A History of Early America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press","url_text":"JHU Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8483-2","url_text":"978-0-8018-8483-2"}]},{"reference":"Howard, Blair; Burnham, Mary; Burnham, Bill (2006). The Virginia Handbook (3 ed.). Edison, NJ: Hunter Publishing. ISBN 978-1-58843-512-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bX0t5dMokXYC","url_text":"The Virginia Handbook"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58843-512-5","url_text":"978-1-58843-512-5"}]},{"reference":"Jaffa, Harry V. (2000). A New Birth of Freedom: Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-0-8476-9952-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/newbirthoffreedo00jaff/page/231","url_text":"A New Birth of Freedom: Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-9952-0","url_text":"978-0-8476-9952-0"}]},{"reference":"Jordan, Ervin L. (1995). Black Confederates and Afro-Yankees in Civil War Virginia. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press. ISBN 978-0-8139-1545-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=366g6T8ADjkC&pg=PA121","url_text":"Black Confederates and Afro-Yankees in Civil War Virginia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-1545-6","url_text":"978-0-8139-1545-6"}]},{"reference":"Joseph, John Earl (2006). Language and Politics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-2453-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pJu5veUAo7kC&pg=PA63","url_text":"Language and Politics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press","url_text":"Edinburgh University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2453-9","url_text":"978-0-7486-2453-9"}]},{"reference":"Ketchum, Richard M. (2014). Victory at Yorktown: The Campaign That Won the Revolution. New York: Henry Holt and Co. ISBN 978-1-46687-953-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_M._Ketchum","url_text":"Ketchum, Richard M."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CwEDBAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Victory at Yorktown: The Campaign That Won the Revolution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-46687-953-9","url_text":"978-1-46687-953-9"}]},{"reference":"Library of Virginia (1994). The Hornbook of Virginia History. Library of Virginia. ISBN 978-0-88490-177-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hornbook_of_Virginia_History","url_text":"The Hornbook of Virginia History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88490-177-8","url_text":"978-0-88490-177-8"}]},{"reference":"McGraw, Eliza (June 24, 2005). Two Covenants: Representations of Southern Jewishness. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8071-3043-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EzR13rJBwc4C&pg=PA14","url_text":"Two Covenants: Representations of Southern Jewishness"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_State_University_Press","url_text":"Louisiana State University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-3043-8","url_text":"978-0-8071-3043-8"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Kerby A.; Schrier, Arnold; Boling, Bruce D.; Doyle, David N. (2003). Irish immigrants in the land of Canaan. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-504513-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bq79_YZ8ViIC","url_text":"Irish immigrants in the land of Canaan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504513-0","url_text":"978-0-19-504513-0"}]},{"reference":"Moran, Michael G. (2007). Inventing Virginia: Sir Walter Raleigh and the Rhetoric of Colonization, 1584–1590. New York: Peter Lang. ISBN 978-0-8204-8694-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Lang_(publishing_company)","url_text":"Peter Lang"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-8694-9","url_text":"978-0-8204-8694-9"}]},{"reference":"Morgan, Lynda (1992). Emancipation in Virginia's Tobacco Belt, 1850–1870. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Rowe | Keith Rowe | ["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links"] | English experimental musician
Keith Rowe performing solo at the AMPLIFY 2008 festival, Kid Ailack Art Hall, Tokyo
Keith Rowe (born 16 March 1940 in Plymouth, England) is an English free improvisation tabletop guitarist and painter. Rowe is a founding member of both AMM in the mid-1960s and M.I.M.E.O. Having trained as a visual artist, his paintings have appeared on most of his albums. He is seen as a godfather of EAI (electroacoustic improvisation), with many of his recordings having been released by Erstwhile.
Biography
Rowe began his career playing jazz in the early 1960s with Mike Westbrook and Lou Gare. His early influences were guitarists Wes Montgomery, Charlie Christian, and Barney Kessel. But he grew tired of what he considered the genre's limitations. He began experimenting. An important step was a New Year's resolution to stop tuning his guitar—much to Westbrook's displeasure. He began playing free jazz and free improvisation, abandoning conventional guitar technique. He was featured in 'Crossing Bridges', a 1985 music programme based around jazz guitar improvisation, and broadcast by Channel 4
His change was partially inspired by a teacher in a painting class who told him, "Rowe, you cannot paint a Caravaggio. Only Caravaggio can paint Caravaggio." Rowe said that after considering this idea from a musical perspective, "trying to play guitar like Jim Hall seemed quite wrong." For several years he contemplated how to reinvent his approach to the guitar, again finding inspiration in visual art, specifically American painter Jackson Pollock, who abandoned traditional painting methods to forge his style. "How could I abandon the technique? Lay the guitar flat!"
Rowe developed prepared guitar techniques: placing the guitar flat on a table and manipulating the strings, body, and pick-ups in unorthodox ways. He has used needles, electric motors, violin bows, iron bars, a library card, rubber eraser, springs, hand-held electric fans, alligator clips, and common office supplies in playing the guitar. Rowe sometimes incorporates live radio broadcasts into his performances, including shortwave radio and number stations (the guitar's pick-ups will also pick up radio signals, and broadcast them through the amplifier).
Axel Dörner and Keith Rowe in Chicago, Illinois, 22 September 2004
Percussionist Eddie Prévost of AMM said Rowe finds radio broadcasts which seem to blend ideally with, or offer startling commentary on, the music. (Prévost, 18). On AMMMusic, towards the end of the cacophonous "Ailantus Glandolusa", a speaker announces via radio that "We cannot preserve the normal music." Prevost writes that during an AMM performance in Istanbul, Rowe located and integrated a radio broadcast of "the pious intonation of a male Turkish voice. AMM of course, had absolutely no idea what the material was. Later, it was complimented upon the judicious way that verses from The Koran had been introduced into the performance, and the respectful way they had been treated!"
In reviewing World Turned Upside Down, critic Dan Hill writes, "Rowe has tuned his shortwave radio to some dramatically exotic gameshow and human voices spatter the mix, though at such low volume, they're unintelligible and abstracted. Rowe never overplays this device, a clear temptation with such a seductive technology – the awesome possibility of sonically reaching out across a world of voices requires experienced hands to avoid simple but ultimately short-term pleasure. This he does masterfully, mixing in random operatics and chance encounters with talk show hosts to anchor the sound in humanity, amidst the abstraction."
Rowe has worked with Oren Ambarchi, Burkhard Beins, Cornelius Cardew, Christian Fennesz, Kurt Liedwart, Jeffrey Morgan, Toshimaru Nakamura, Evan Parker, Michael Pisaro, Peter Rehberg, Sachiko M, Howard Skempton, Taku Sugimoto, David Sylvian, John Tilbury, Christian Wolff, and Otomo Yoshihide.
In 2008 at Tate Modern, London, Rowe performed a live collaborative work The Room with film makers, Jarman award winner Luke Fowler, and Peter Todd as a part of the programme accompanying the major retrospective of the painter Mark Rothko. The Room featured films by Fowler and Todd and live guitar improvisation by Rowe with subsequent iterations being presented in France and Spain and the Netmage festival in Bologna Italy. The Room is also the title of a work by Rowe issued on CD in 2007 followed by The Room Extended in 2016 on a four CD set both from erstwhile records.
References
^ a b "Keith Rowe". paristransatlantic.com. Retrieved 26 October 2015.
^ Crossing Bridges website
^ Dan Warburton (January 2001). "Keith Rowe Interview". Retrieved 23 March 2011.
^ a b Berendt, Joachim-Ernst; Huesmann, Gunther (2009). The Jazz Book: From Ragtime to the 21st Century (7 ed.). Chicago, Illinois: Lawrence Hill Books. pp. 433–434. ISBN 978-1-55652820-0.
^ Prevost, Edwin (1995). No Sound Is Innocent: Amm and the Practice of Self-invention, Meta-musical Narratives, Essays. Copula. ISBN 0-9525492-0-4.
^ "Catalog:Erstwhile Records reviews". Erstwhile Records website. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2015.
^ Fowler, Luke, 1978- (2009). Luke Fowler. Ruf, Beatrix., Peyton-Jones, Julia., Obrist, Hans Ulrich., Bradley, Will, 1968-, Comer, Stuart., Kunsthalle Zürich. Zürich: JRP/Ringier. p. 66. ISBN 978-3-03764-046-3. OCLC 351329902.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ "The Room Extended, by Keith Rowe". Erstwhile Records. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
External links
Discography, links, mp3 samples
A 2001 interview
A 2007 interview
In Conversation with Richard Pinnell on the Audition Radio Show, Dublin, 01.04.06
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
Artists
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rowe_Solo.jpg"},{"link_name":"Plymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth"},{"link_name":"free improvisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_improvisation"},{"link_name":"tabletop guitarist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prepared_guitar"},{"link_name":"AMM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMM_(group)"},{"link_name":"M.I.M.E.O.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.I.M.E.O."},{"link_name":"EAI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EAI_(music)"},{"link_name":"Erstwhile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erstwhile_Records"}],"text":"Keith Rowe performing solo at the AMPLIFY 2008 festival, Kid Ailack Art Hall, TokyoKeith Rowe (born 16 March 1940 in Plymouth, England) is an English free improvisation tabletop guitarist and painter. Rowe is a founding member of both AMM in the mid-1960s and M.I.M.E.O. Having trained as a visual artist, his paintings have appeared on most of his albums. He is seen as a godfather of EAI (electroacoustic improvisation), with many of his recordings having been released by Erstwhile.","title":"Keith Rowe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"Mike Westbrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Westbrook"},{"link_name":"Lou Gare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Gare"},{"link_name":"Wes Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wes_Montgomery"},{"link_name":"Charlie Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Christian"},{"link_name":"Barney Kessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney_Kessel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-paristransatlantic.com-1"},{"link_name":"New Year's resolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Year%27s_resolution"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-paristransatlantic.com-1"},{"link_name":"free jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_jazz"},{"link_name":"free improvisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_improvisation"},{"link_name":"Channel 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Caravaggio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravaggio"},{"link_name":"Jim Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Hall_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Jackson Pollock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Pollock"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"prepared guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prepared_guitar"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berendt-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berendt-4"},{"link_name":"shortwave radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortwave_radio"},{"link_name":"number stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Axel_Doerner_and_Keith_Rowe_Chicago_2004-09-22.jpg"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"The Koran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Koran"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prevost-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-review-6"},{"link_name":"Oren Ambarchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oren_Ambarchi"},{"link_name":"Burkhard Beins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkhard_Beins"},{"link_name":"Cornelius Cardew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Cardew"},{"link_name":"Christian Fennesz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Fennesz"},{"link_name":"Kurt Liedwart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Liedwart&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Morgan_(Musician)"},{"link_name":"Toshimaru Nakamura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshimaru_Nakamura"},{"link_name":"Evan Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_Parker"},{"link_name":"Michael Pisaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Pisaro"},{"link_name":"Peter Rehberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Rehberg"},{"link_name":"Sachiko M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachiko_M"},{"link_name":"Howard Skempton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Skempton"},{"link_name":"Taku Sugimoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taku_Sugimoto"},{"link_name":"David Sylvian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sylvian"},{"link_name":"John Tilbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tilbury"},{"link_name":"Christian Wolff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Otomo Yoshihide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otomo_Yoshihide"},{"link_name":"Luke Fowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Fowler"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Rowe began his career playing jazz in the early 1960s with Mike Westbrook and Lou Gare. His early influences were guitarists Wes Montgomery, Charlie Christian, and Barney Kessel.[1] But he grew tired of what he considered the genre's limitations. He began experimenting. An important step was a New Year's resolution to stop tuning his guitar—much to Westbrook's displeasure.[1] He began playing free jazz and free improvisation, abandoning conventional guitar technique. He was featured in 'Crossing Bridges', a 1985 music programme based around jazz guitar improvisation, and broadcast by Channel 4[2]His change was partially inspired by a teacher in a painting class who told him, \"Rowe, you cannot paint a Caravaggio. Only Caravaggio can paint Caravaggio.\" Rowe said that after considering this idea from a musical perspective, \"trying to play guitar like Jim Hall seemed quite wrong.\" For several years he contemplated how to reinvent his approach to the guitar, again finding inspiration in visual art, specifically American painter Jackson Pollock, who abandoned traditional painting methods to forge his style. \"How could I abandon the technique? Lay the guitar flat!\"[3]Rowe developed prepared guitar techniques: placing the guitar flat on a table[4] and manipulating the strings, body, and pick-ups in unorthodox ways. He has used needles, electric motors, violin bows, iron bars,[4] a library card, rubber eraser, springs, hand-held electric fans, alligator clips, and common office supplies in playing the guitar. Rowe sometimes incorporates live radio broadcasts into his performances, including shortwave radio and number stations (the guitar's pick-ups will also pick up radio signals, and broadcast them through the amplifier).Axel Dörner and Keith Rowe in Chicago, Illinois, 22 September 2004Percussionist Eddie Prévost of AMM said Rowe finds radio broadcasts which seem to blend ideally with, or offer startling commentary on, the music. (Prévost, 18). On AMMMusic, towards the end of the cacophonous \"Ailantus Glandolusa\", a speaker announces via radio that \"We cannot preserve the normal music.\" Prevost writes that during an AMM performance in Istanbul, Rowe located and integrated a radio broadcast of \"the pious intonation of a male Turkish voice. AMM of course, had absolutely no idea what the material was. Later, it was complimented upon the judicious way that verses from The Koran had been introduced into the performance, and the respectful way they had been treated!\"[5]In reviewing World Turned Upside Down, critic Dan Hill writes, \"Rowe has tuned his shortwave radio to some dramatically exotic gameshow and human voices spatter the mix, though at such low volume, they're unintelligible and abstracted. Rowe never overplays this device, a clear temptation with such a seductive technology – the awesome possibility of sonically reaching out across a world of voices requires experienced hands to avoid simple but ultimately short-term pleasure. This he does masterfully, mixing in random operatics and chance encounters with talk show hosts to anchor the sound in humanity, amidst the abstraction.\"[6]Rowe has worked with Oren Ambarchi, Burkhard Beins, Cornelius Cardew, Christian Fennesz, Kurt Liedwart, Jeffrey Morgan, Toshimaru Nakamura, Evan Parker, Michael Pisaro, Peter Rehberg, Sachiko M, Howard Skempton, Taku Sugimoto, David Sylvian, John Tilbury, Christian Wolff, and Otomo Yoshihide.In 2008 at Tate Modern, London, Rowe performed a live collaborative work The Room with film makers, Jarman award winner Luke Fowler, and Peter Todd as a part of the programme accompanying the major retrospective of the painter Mark Rothko. The Room featured films by Fowler and Todd and live guitar improvisation by Rowe with subsequent iterations being presented in France and Spain and the Netmage festival in Bologna Italy.[7] The Room is also the title of a work by Rowe issued on CD in 2007 followed by The Room Extended in 2016 on a four CD set both from erstwhile records.[8]","title":"Biography"}] | [{"image_text":"Keith Rowe performing solo at the AMPLIFY 2008 festival, Kid Ailack Art Hall, Tokyo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Rowe_Solo.jpg/250px-Rowe_Solo.jpg"},{"image_text":"Axel Dörner and Keith Rowe in Chicago, Illinois, 22 September 2004","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Axel_Doerner_and_Keith_Rowe_Chicago_2004-09-22.jpg/250px-Axel_Doerner_and_Keith_Rowe_Chicago_2004-09-22.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Keith Rowe\". paristransatlantic.com. Retrieved 26 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://paristransatlantic.com/magazine/interviews/rowe.html","url_text":"\"Keith Rowe\""}]},{"reference":"Dan Warburton (January 2001). \"Keith Rowe Interview\". Retrieved 23 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.paristransatlantic.com/magazine/interviews/rowe.html","url_text":"\"Keith Rowe Interview\""}]},{"reference":"Berendt, Joachim-Ernst; Huesmann, Gunther (2009). The Jazz Book: From Ragtime to the 21st Century (7 ed.). Chicago, Illinois: Lawrence Hill Books. pp. 433–434. ISBN 978-1-55652820-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55652820-0","url_text":"978-1-55652820-0"}]},{"reference":"Prevost, Edwin (1995). No Sound Is Innocent: Amm and the Practice of Self-invention, Meta-musical Narratives, Essays. Copula. ISBN 0-9525492-0-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9525492-0-4","url_text":"0-9525492-0-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Catalog:Erstwhile Records reviews\". Erstwhile Records website. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303204852/http://erstwhilerecords.com/catalog/005_reviews.html","url_text":"\"Catalog:Erstwhile Records reviews\""},{"url":"http://erstwhilerecords.com/catalog/005_reviews.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fowler, Luke, 1978- (2009). Luke Fowler. Ruf, Beatrix., Peyton-Jones, Julia., Obrist, Hans Ulrich., Bradley, Will, 1968-, Comer, Stuart., Kunsthalle Zürich. Zürich: JRP/Ringier. p. 66. ISBN 978-3-03764-046-3. OCLC 351329902.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/351329902","url_text":"Luke Fowler"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03764-046-3","url_text":"978-3-03764-046-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/351329902","url_text":"351329902"}]},{"reference":"\"The Room Extended, by Keith Rowe\". Erstwhile Records. Retrieved 1 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://erstwhilerecords.bandcamp.com/album/the-room-extended","url_text":"\"The Room Extended, by Keith Rowe\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://paristransatlantic.com/magazine/interviews/rowe.html","external_links_name":"\"Keith Rowe\""},{"Link":"https://www.bright-thoughts.co.uk/crossing-bridges.html","external_links_name":"Crossing Bridges website"},{"Link":"http://www.paristransatlantic.com/magazine/interviews/rowe.html","external_links_name":"\"Keith Rowe Interview\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303204852/http://erstwhilerecords.com/catalog/005_reviews.html","external_links_name":"\"Catalog:Erstwhile Records reviews\""},{"Link":"http://erstwhilerecords.com/catalog/005_reviews.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/351329902","external_links_name":"Luke Fowler"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/351329902","external_links_name":"351329902"},{"Link":"https://erstwhilerecords.bandcamp.com/album/the-room-extended","external_links_name":"\"The Room Extended, by Keith Rowe\""},{"Link":"http://efi.group.shef.ac.uk/musician/mrowe.html","external_links_name":"Discography, links, mp3 samples"},{"Link":"http://www.paristransatlantic.com/magazine/interviews/rowe.html","external_links_name":"A 2001 interview"},{"Link":"http://www.ronsen.org/monkminkpinkpunk/12/rowe.html","external_links_name":"A 2007 interview"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070708040903/http://www.auditionradio.info/Keith%20Rowe%20Page.html","external_links_name":"In Conversation with Richard Pinnell on the Audition Radio Show, Dublin, 01.04.06"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000121199512","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/9082608","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqfBTmpvxccCbkJR9mKh3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16922704r","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16922704r","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/135213592","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n94105241","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/84b993bd-2743-48b0-88fb-88ebbe89789b","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/174367910","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSR-2 | KSR-2 | ["1 Development","2 Description","3 Variants","4 Combat history","5 Operators","5.1 Former operators","6 Notes","7 References"] | For the Korean sounding rocket, see KSR-2 (sounding rocket).
For the protein-coding gene, see KSR2.
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Air-launched cruise missile KSR-2 TypeAir-launched cruise missilePlace of originSoviet UnionService historyIn service1962 to 1990 (approx)Used bySoviet Union, Egypt, IraqWarsYom Kippur War, Iran–Iraq WarProduction historyDesigned1958ManufacturerMKB RadugaNo. built1,000 +VariantsKSR-11 anti-radiation missileKRM-2 (MV-1) target droneSpecifications (KSR-2)Mass4,077 kgLength8.647 mWidth4.522 m (wingspan)Diameter1.0 mWarheadHigh-explosive or nuclearWarhead weight1000 kgBlast yield1 Megaton (nuclear)EngineS2.721V two mode rocket motor1,200 kgp / 700 gbpOperationalrange200 kmMaximum speed 1,250 km/hGuidancesystemInertial guidance followed by terminal active radar homing
The Raduga KSR-2 (NATO reporting name: AS-5 "Kelt") was a Soviet cruise missile developed to replace the KS-1 Komet (NATO: AS-1 "Kennel"). It was developed in 1958 and entered service in 1962. The missile was normally armed with a conventional high-explosive warhead, although it could be fitted with a one-megaton nuclear warhead.
Development
Flight testing of the missile as part of the K-16 weapon system in 1958, with two missiles being carried on BD-352 pylons under the wings of a modified Tu-16 bomber designated as Tu-16KSR-2. The bomber was fitted with a newly developed Roobin-1K (Ruby) search and target illumination radar which has a maximum range of approximately 200 kilometers. During the tests, missiles were fired at ships and ground targets.
Description
The missile itself, like the earlier KS-1, is extremely large, nearly nine meters in length with a wingspan of approximately four and a half meters and weighing 4,000 kilograms. It has swept wings with two wing fences on each wing.
The K-16 system was accepted into Soviet Navy service in 1962. Egypt purchased a number of the K-16 systems. An updated version of the missile entered service in 1967 designated the KSR-2M. It borrowed some features from the KSR-5 missile (NATO:AS-6 "Kingfish") including a new Isayev S5.6.0000 rocket motor. This allowed the new missile to be launched from altitudes as low as 500 meters rather than the previous 1,500 meters.
The missile was prepared for launch by the navigator; the degree of automation provided by the Roobin-1K eliminated the need for a separate radar operator. For propulsion it used a liquid-fueled twin-chamber rocket motor that delivered 1,200 kgf (12 kN; 2,600 lbf) in boost mode and 700 kgf (6.9 kN; 1,500 lbf) in cruise mode. The fuel consisted of the TG-02 (sometimes TT-S2) fuel and AK-20F oxidizer which were toxic and highly corrosive, which made ground handling of the missile difficult.
Once the launching aircraft's radar has locked onto a target, the missile can be launched. The rocket motor fires immediately after release in boost mode, accelerating the missile to its cruise speed. Once the missile turns on an approach course to the target, the motor switches to cruise mode, shutting down one of its chambers. The missile's autopilot then flies a course using inertial guidance toward the target. In anti-shipping mode the missile engages its J-band active radar in the final approach to the target.
Variants
An anti-radar variant of the missile designated KSR-11 was also produced, being externally almost identical to the KSR-2. The KSR-11 was intended to home in on and destroy air-defence radar and ECM facilities. The missile used a 2PRG-11 passive radar seeker.
A target drone version of the missile designated KRM-2 (MV-1) also entered service in 1966, with a different rocket motor, a range of 376 kilometers and a level flight endurance of 433 seconds.
Combat history
Egyptian Tu-16 bombers reportedly launched 13 KSR-2 and 12 KSR-11 missiles during the 1973 Yom Kippur War. One of the Kelt missiles launched at Tel Aviv from Tu-16 was shot down by an IAF jet.
Operators
Map with former KSR-2 operators in red
Former operators
Egypt
Iraq
Soviet Union
Notes
^ a b Tucker, Spencer C. (8 October 2010). The Encyclopedia of Middle East Wars: The United States in the Persian Gulf, Afghanistan, and Iraq Conflicts : The United States in the Persian Gulf, Afghanistan, and Iraq Conflicts. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781851099481. Retrieved 23 January 2019 – via Google Books.
^ "בעיצומו של יום הכיפורים הודיע דובר צה"ל: "סמוך לשעה 14:00, פתחו כוחות מצרים וסוריה". Israeli Air Force Journal. Israeli Air Force. Archived from the original on 31 January 2019. Retrieved 13 February 2017.
^ "5 שבועות לאחר התרסקות מטוסו: נפטר הטייס שהפיל ביום כיפור טיל מול שמי ת"א". Ynet (in Hebrew). 13 February 2017. Retrieved 13 February 2017.
References
Gordon, Yefim (2004). Soviet/Russian Aircraft Weapons Since World War Two. Hinckley, England: Midland Publishing. ISBN 1-85780-188-1.
Healey, John K. (January–February 2004). "Retired Warriors: 'Cold War' Bomber Legacy". Air Enthusiast. No. 109. pp. 75–79. ISSN 0143-5450.
Duncan Lennox. Jane's Strategic Weapon Systems, Issue 44.
Michael J.H. Taylor. Missiles of the World.
vteNATO designation for Russian and former Soviet Union missilesAir-to-air(full list)
AA-1 Alkali
AA-2 Atoll
AA-3 Anab
AA-4 Awl
AA-5 Ash
AA-6 Acrid
AA-7 Apex
AA-8 Aphid
AA-9 Amos
AA-10 Alamo
AA-11 Archer
AA-12 Adder
AA-13 Arrow
K-74M2 (R-73M)
K-77M (R-77M)
KS-172
Air-to-surface(full list)
10Kh 14Kh 18Kh RV-1
AS-1 Kennel
AS-2 Kipper
AS-3 Kangaroo
AS-4 Kitchen
AS-5 Kelt
AS-6 Kingfish
AS-7 Kerry
AS-8 Kokon AT-6
AS-9 Kyle
AS-10 Karen
AS-11 Kilter
AS-12 Kegler
AS-13 Kingbolt
AS-14 Kedge
AS-15 Kent
AS-16 Kickback
AS-17 Krypton
AS-18 Kazoo
AS-X-19 Koala
AS-20 Kayak
AS-X-21
AS-22 Kh-59MK2S/69
AS-4M Kh-32
AS-23 Kh-38/36
AS-24 Kh-36
Kh-45
AS-25 Kh-50
AS-26 Kh-BD
Kh-90
AS-27 Sunburn A Kh-41
AS-28 Strobile A Kh-61
AS-29 Sizzler Club A
Hermes A ATS
Kh-50
LMUR Izd. 305
Iz 85 Kh-MD-E
Kh-74M2 "GZUR"
AS-X-36 Stone AH (Kh-76)
AS-37 BrahMos AL
Zirkon (Kh-72) ASM
BrahMos-II
Anti-tankguided(full list)
AT-1 Snapper
AT-2 Swatter
AT-3 Sagger
AT-4 Spigot
AT-5 Spandrel
AT-6 Spiral
AT-7 Saxhorn
AT-8 Songster
AT-9 Spiral-2
AT-10 Stabber
AT-11 Sniper
AT-12 Swinger
AT-13 Saxhorn-2
АТ-14 Spriggan
АТ-15 Springer
AT-16 Scallion
'Avtonomya' IR FF
Hermes A/M/K ATS
LMUR Izd. 305
Kh-50
Iz 85 Kh-MD-E
Surface-to-air(full list)Ground-based
SA-1 Guild
SA-2 Guideline
SA-3 Goa
SA-4 Ganef
SA-5 Gammon
SA-6 Gainful
SA-7 Grail
SA-8 Gecko
SA-9 Gaskin
SA-10 Grumble
SA-11 Gadfly
SA-12 Gladiator/Giant
SA-13 Gopher
SA-14 Gremlin
SA-15 Gauntlet
SA-16 Gimlet
SA-17 Grizzly
SA-18 Grouse
SA-19 Grison
SA-20 Gargoyle
SA-21 Growler
SA-22 Greyhound
SA-23 Gladiator/Giant
SA-24 Grinch
SA-29 Gizmo
Morfey
S-350
Sosna-R/RA
Naval-based
SA-N-1 Goa
SA-N-2 Guideline
SA-NX-2C M-3
SA-N-3 Goblet
SA-N-4 Gecko
SA-N-5 Grail
SA-N-6 Grumble
SA-N-7 Gadfly
SA-N-8 Gremlin
SA-N-9 Gauntlet
SA-N-10 Grouse
SA-N-11 Grison
SA-N-12 Grizzly
SA-N-14 Grouse
SA-N-20 Gargoyle
SA-N-21 Greyhound
9K96 Redut
Palash/Palma
Anti-ballistic
ABM-1 Galosh
ABM-3/53T6 Gazelle
S-500
A-235
Surface-to-surface(full list)Ground-based
SS-1 Scunner/SS-1 Scud (Scud-A/-B/-C/-D)
SS-2 Sibling
SS-3 Shyster
SS-4 Sandal
SS-5 Skean
SS-6 Sapwood
SS-7 Saddler
SS-8 Sasin
SS-8B Sasin 2
SS-9 Scarp
SS-10 Scrag
SS-11 Sego
SS-12 Scaleboard
SS-X-13 Savage
SS-13 Savage
SS-14 Scamp/Scapegoat
SS-15 Scrooge
SS-16 Sinner
SS-17 Spanker
SS-18 Satan
SS-19 Stiletto
SS-20 Saber
SS-21 Scarab
SS-22 Scaleboard
SS-23 Spider
SS-24 Scalpel
SS-25 Sickle
SS-26 Stone
SS-27 Sickle B
SS-28 Saber 2
SS-29 Sickle C
SS-X-30 Satan 2
SS-X-31 Sickle D
SS-X-32Zh Scalpel B
Avangard / HGV Yu-7#
SS-X-33 Stone AN
Naval-based
14KhK1 15Kh 17Kh
KS-1 Komet
P-20 Sokol
P-40 P-47
SS-N-1 Scrubber
SS-N-2 Styx
SS-N-3c Shaddock
SS-N-3a Shaddock 3b Sepal
SS-N-4 Sark
SS-N-5 Sark/Serb
D-6 D-6M
D-7 R-15M
SS-N-6 Serb
SS-N-7 Starbright
SS-N-8 Sawfly
SS-N-9 Siren
SS-N-12 Sandbox
SS-NX-13 Serb
SS-N-14 Silex
SS-N-15 Starfish
SS-N-16 Stallion
SS-N-17 Snipe
SS-N-18 Stingray
SS-N-19 Shipwreck
SS-N-20 Sturgeon
SS-N-21 Sampson
SS-N-22 Sunburn
SS-N-23 Skif R29RM
SS-N-23A Skif
SS-N-23B Skif
SS-NX-24 Scorpion
SS-N-25 Switchblade
SS-N-26 Strobile
SS-N-27 Sizzler
SS-N-30A 3M-14
SS-NX-28
SS-N-29
SS-N-32
SS-NX-33
SS-NX-34 Skif
SS-N-35
SS-N-36
SS-NX-37
SS-NX-38 Canyon
Ship-to-ship
10KhN
SSC-1B Sepal Redut
SSC-2 Salish/Samlet AS/KS-1
P-20 Sokol
SSC-K P-1 Schuka KSShch
SSC-3 Styx Rubezh
SSC-4 Slingshot
SSC-X-5 Scorpion
SSC-6 Sennight
SSC-7 Stone KS 9M728
SSC-8 Stone KB 9M729
SSC-14 Klub N/M 3M14/54
SSC-13 BrahMos
SSC-10/SSC-5 Stooge Bastion P/S
SSC-7/12 3M-80MV
SSC-X-11 "GZUR"
SSC-X-15 Skif
SSC-X-9 Stone AN
Hermes M ATS
Hermes K ATS
vteRussian and former Soviet aircraft ordnanceMissilesAir-to-air
K-5
R-3
R-8
R-38
R-4
R-40
R-23
R-60
R-33
R-27
R-73
R-77
R-37
Air-to-surface
Kh-23
Kh-25
Kh-28
Kh-29
Kh-45
Kh-58
Kh-59
LMUR
Anti-ship, cruise
KS-1
K-10S
Kh-20
Kh-22
KSR-2
KSR-5
Kh-55
Kh-15
Kh-31
Kh-35
Kh-45
Kh-90
Anti-tank
3M6 Shmel
9M17 Fleyta
9M14 Malyutka
9K114 Shturm
9M120 Ataka
9K121 Vikhr
Rockets
RS-82/132
S-5
S-8
S-13
S-24
S-25
Aerial bombs
FAB
OFAB-100-120
FAB-250
FAB-500
FAB-5000
RRAB
PTAB
PBK-500U Drel
FAB-9000
Autocannons,machine guns7.62 mm
SIBEMAS
PV-1
DA
ShKAS
Savin–Norov
GShG-7.62
12.7 mm
ShVAK 12.7 mm
Berezin UB
Afanasev A-12.7
YakB-12.7
20 mm
Sh-3
ShVAK 20 mm
Berezin B-20
23 mm
VYa-23
NS-23
NR-23
AM-23
R-23
GSh-23
GSh-6-23
30 mm
NR-30
GSh-30-1
GSh-30-2
GSh-6-30
2A42
37 mm
Sh-37
NS-37
N-37
45 mm
NS-45
57 mm
N-57/OKB-16-57
RShR-57/OKB-15-57 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KSR-2 (sounding rocket)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSR-2_(sounding_rocket)"},{"link_name":"KSR2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSR2"},{"link_name":"NATO reporting name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_reporting_name"},{"link_name":"Kelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kelt"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"cruise missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_missile"},{"link_name":"KS-1 Komet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raduga_KS-1_Komet"}],"text":"For the Korean sounding rocket, see KSR-2 (sounding rocket).For the protein-coding gene, see KSR2.Air-launched cruise missileThe Raduga KSR-2 (NATO reporting name: AS-5 \"Kelt\") was a Soviet cruise missile developed to replace the KS-1 Komet (NATO: AS-1 \"Kennel\"). It was developed in 1958 and entered service in 1962. The missile was normally armed with a conventional high-explosive warhead, although it could be fitted with a one-megaton nuclear warhead.","title":"KSR-2"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tu-16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu-16"}],"text":"Flight testing of the missile as part of the K-16 weapon system in 1958, with two missiles being carried on BD-352 pylons under the wings of a modified Tu-16 bomber designated as Tu-16KSR-2. The bomber was fitted with a newly developed Roobin-1K (Ruby) search and target illumination radar which has a maximum range of approximately 200 kilometers. During the tests, missiles were fired at ships and ground targets.","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"wing fences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing_fence"},{"link_name":"Soviet Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Navy"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"KSR-5 missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSR-5"},{"link_name":"Isayev S5.6.0000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.M._Isayev_Chemical_Engineering_Design_Bureau"},{"link_name":"TG-02","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonka_(fuel)"},{"link_name":"AK-20F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_fuming_nitric_acid"},{"link_name":"inertial guidance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertial_guidance_system"},{"link_name":"J-band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J_band_(NATO)"},{"link_name":"active radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_radar_homing"}],"text":"The missile itself, like the earlier KS-1, is extremely large, nearly nine meters in length with a wingspan of approximately four and a half meters and weighing 4,000 kilograms. It has swept wings with two wing fences on each wing.The K-16 system was accepted into Soviet Navy service in 1962. Egypt purchased a number of the K-16 systems. An updated version of the missile entered service in 1967 designated the KSR-2M. It borrowed some features from the KSR-5 missile (NATO:AS-6 \"Kingfish\") including a new Isayev S5.6.0000 rocket motor. This allowed the new missile to be launched from altitudes as low as 500 meters rather than the previous 1,500 meters.The missile was prepared for launch by the navigator; the degree of automation provided by the Roobin-1K eliminated the need for a separate radar operator. For propulsion it used a liquid-fueled twin-chamber rocket motor that delivered 1,200 kgf (12 kN; 2,600 lbf) in boost mode and 700 kgf (6.9 kN; 1,500 lbf) in cruise mode. The fuel consisted of the TG-02 (sometimes TT-S2) fuel and AK-20F oxidizer which were toxic and highly corrosive, which made ground handling of the missile difficult.Once the launching aircraft's radar has locked onto a target, the missile can be launched. The rocket motor fires immediately after release in boost mode, accelerating the missile to its cruise speed. Once the missile turns on an approach course to the target, the motor switches to cruise mode, shutting down one of its chambers. The missile's autopilot then flies a course using inertial guidance toward the target. In anti-shipping mode the missile engages its J-band active radar in the final approach to the target.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"An anti-radar variant of the missile designated KSR-11 was also produced, being externally almost identical to the KSR-2. The KSR-11 was intended to home in on and destroy air-defence radar and ECM facilities. The missile used a 2PRG-11 passive radar seeker.A target drone version of the missile designated KRM-2 (MV-1) also entered service in 1966, with a different rocket motor, a range of 376 kilometers and a level flight endurance of 433 seconds.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yom Kippur War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War"},{"link_name":"Tel Aviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv"},{"link_name":"Tu-16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-16"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Egyptian Tu-16 bombers reportedly launched 13 KSR-2 and 12 KSR-11 missiles during the 1973 Yom Kippur War. One of the Kelt missiles launched at Tel Aviv from Tu-16 was shot down by an IAF jet.[2][3]","title":"Combat history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KSR-2_operators.png"}],"text":"Map with former KSR-2 operators in red","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"}],"sub_title":"Former operators","text":"Egypt\n Iraq\n Soviet Union","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto_1-1"},{"link_name":"The Encyclopedia of Middle East Wars: The United States in the Persian Gulf, Afghanistan, and Iraq Conflicts [5 volumes]: The United States in the Persian Gulf, Afghanistan, and Iraq Conflicts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=U05OvsOPeKMC&q=Iraq+KSR-2&pg=PA39"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781851099481","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851099481"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"בעיצומו של יום הכיפורים הודיע דובר צה\"ל: \"סמוך לשעה 14:00, פתחו כוחות מצרים וסוריה\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190131060552/http://www.sky-high.co.il/134771/%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%AA-%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9C-%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%98-6-1-73"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sky-high.co.il/134771/%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%AA-%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9C-%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%98-6-1-73"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"5 שבועות לאחר התרסקות מטוסו: נפטר הטייס שהפיל ביום כיפור טיל מול שמי ת\"א\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4921722,00.html"}],"text":"^ a b Tucker, Spencer C. (8 October 2010). The Encyclopedia of Middle East Wars: The United States in the Persian Gulf, Afghanistan, and Iraq Conflicts [5 volumes]: The United States in the Persian Gulf, Afghanistan, and Iraq Conflicts. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781851099481. Retrieved 23 January 2019 – via Google Books.\n\n^ \"בעיצומו של יום הכיפורים הודיע דובר צה\"ל: \"סמוך לשעה 14:00, פתחו כוחות מצרים וסוריה\". Israeli Air Force Journal. Israeli Air Force. Archived from the original on 31 January 2019. Retrieved 13 February 2017.\n\n^ \"5 שבועות לאחר התרסקות מטוסו: נפטר הטייס שהפיל ביום כיפור טיל מול שמי ת\"א\". Ynet (in Hebrew). 13 February 2017. Retrieved 13 February 2017.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Map with former KSR-2 operators in red","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/KSR-2_operators.png/300px-KSR-2_operators.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Tucker, Spencer C. (8 October 2010). The Encyclopedia of Middle East Wars: The United States in the Persian Gulf, Afghanistan, and Iraq Conflicts [5 volumes]: The United States in the Persian Gulf, Afghanistan, and Iraq Conflicts. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781851099481. Retrieved 23 January 2019 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=U05OvsOPeKMC&q=Iraq+KSR-2&pg=PA39","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of Middle East Wars: The United States in the Persian Gulf, Afghanistan, and Iraq Conflicts [5 volumes]: The United States in the Persian Gulf, Afghanistan, and Iraq Conflicts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851099481","url_text":"9781851099481"}]},{"reference":"\"בעיצומו של יום הכיפורים הודיע דובר צה\"ל: \"סמוך לשעה 14:00, פתחו כוחות מצרים וסוריה\". Israeli Air Force Journal. Israeli Air Force. Archived from the original on 31 January 2019. Retrieved 13 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190131060552/http://www.sky-high.co.il/134771/%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%AA-%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9C-%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%98-6-1-73","url_text":"\"בעיצומו של יום הכיפורים הודיע דובר צה\"ל: \"סמוך לשעה 14:00, פתחו כוחות מצרים וסוריה\""},{"url":"http://www.sky-high.co.il/134771/%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%AA-%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9C-%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%98-6-1-73","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"5 שבועות לאחר התרסקות מטוסו: נפטר הטייס שהפיל ביום כיפור טיל מול שמי ת\"א\". Ynet (in Hebrew). 13 February 2017. Retrieved 13 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4921722,00.html","url_text":"\"5 שבועות לאחר התרסקות מטוסו: נפטר הטייס שהפיל ביום כיפור טיל מול שמי ת\"א\""}]},{"reference":"Gordon, Yefim (2004). Soviet/Russian Aircraft Weapons Since World War Two. Hinckley, England: Midland Publishing. ISBN 1-85780-188-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85780-188-1","url_text":"1-85780-188-1"}]},{"reference":"Healey, John K. (January–February 2004). \"Retired Warriors: 'Cold War' Bomber Legacy\". Air Enthusiast. No. 109. pp. 75–79. ISSN 0143-5450.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Enthusiast","url_text":"Air Enthusiast"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0143-5450","url_text":"0143-5450"}]},{"reference":"Duncan Lennox. Jane's Strategic Weapon Systems, Issue 44.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Michael J.H. Taylor. Missiles of the World.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=U05OvsOPeKMC&q=Iraq+KSR-2&pg=PA39","external_links_name":"The Encyclopedia of Middle East Wars: The United States in the Persian Gulf, Afghanistan, and Iraq Conflicts [5 volumes]: The United States in the Persian Gulf, Afghanistan, and Iraq Conflicts"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190131060552/http://www.sky-high.co.il/134771/%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%AA-%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9C-%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%98-6-1-73","external_links_name":"\"בעיצומו של יום הכיפורים הודיע דובר צה\"ל: \"סמוך לשעה 14:00, פתחו כוחות מצרים וסוריה\""},{"Link":"http://www.sky-high.co.il/134771/%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%AA-%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9C-%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%98-6-1-73","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4921722,00.html","external_links_name":"\"5 שבועות לאחר התרסקות מטוסו: נפטר הטייס שהפיל ביום כיפור טיל מול שמי ת\"א\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0143-5450","external_links_name":"0143-5450"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Bazzani | Cesare Bazzani | ["1 Works","2 References"] | Italian architect and engineer
National Central Library (Florence)
Cesare Bazzani (1873 - 1939) was a prominent and prolific Italian architect and engineer. Active from 1911 until his death in 1939, Bazzani designed major municipal works in several cities.
Nuova Manifattura Tabacchi, Florence, 1928. Front elevation.
Works
Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale (National Library of Italy), Florence, with V. Mazzei (1873-1939)
Cassa di Risparmio, Ascoli Piceno (1905-1915)
altar of the Chapel of the Madonna della Purità, Sant'Andrea della Valle, Rome (1912)
Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna, Rome, with exterior architectural friezes by sculptors Ermenegildo Luppi, Adolfo Laurenti, and Giovanni Prini (1911-1915)
Palazzo del Governo, Terni (1920)
Paradiso sul mare, a seaside casino, Anzio (1922)
facade restoration and other work, Papal Basilica of Saint Mary of the Angels in Assisi (1924-1930)
renovations to the Palazzo Trinci, Foligno (1927)
Chiesa del Carmine (Messina) (1931)
Gran Madre di Dio, Rome (1931-1933)
Pescara Cathedral (1939)
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cesare Bazzani.
^ "CFLR: Archivio di Stato di Terni - Fondo cesare Bazzani".
^ "ROMAPEDIA: NATIONAL GALLERY OF MODERN ART (First part)". 20 January 2014.
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
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United States
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Musée d'Orsay
ULAN
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Italian People
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EUTA
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Biblioteca_Nazionale_Firenze_2008.jpg"},{"link_name":"National Central Library (Florence)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Central_Library_(Florence)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manifattura_tabacchi,_prospetto_dello_stabilimento,_Firenze_1928_-_san_dl_SAN_IMG-00001415.jpg"}],"text":"National Central Library (Florence)Cesare Bazzani (1873 - 1939) was a prominent and prolific Italian architect and engineer. Active from 1911 until his death in 1939, Bazzani designed major municipal works in several cities.[1]Nuova Manifattura Tabacchi, Florence, 1928. 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Mazzei (1873-1939)\nCassa di Risparmio, Ascoli Piceno (1905-1915)\naltar of the Chapel of the Madonna della Purità, Sant'Andrea della Valle, Rome (1912)\nGalleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna, Rome, with exterior architectural friezes by sculptors Ermenegildo Luppi, Adolfo Laurenti, and Giovanni Prini (1911-1915)[2]\nPalazzo del Governo, Terni (1920)\nParadiso sul mare, a seaside casino, Anzio (1922)\nfacade restoration and other work, Papal Basilica of Saint Mary of the Angels in Assisi (1924-1930)\nrenovations to the Palazzo Trinci, Foligno (1927)\nChiesa del Carmine (Messina) (1931)\nGran Madre di Dio, Rome (1931-1933)\nPescara Cathedral (1939)","title":"Works"}] | [{"image_text":"National Central Library (Florence)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Biblioteca_Nazionale_Firenze_2008.jpg/220px-Biblioteca_Nazionale_Firenze_2008.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nuova Manifattura Tabacchi, Florence, 1928. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_of_Martyrs | Era of the Martyrs | ["1 Alternatives among early Christians","2 Transition to Anno Domini","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Not to be confused with dates anno Mundi, abbreviated "AM".
Calendar era used by the Church of Alexandria and the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria
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Today's date
System
Date
Anno Domini
18 June 2024
Era of the Martyrs
Paoni 11 1740
The Era of the Martyrs (Latin: anno martyrum), also known as the Diocletian era (Latin: anno Diocletiani), is a method of numbering years based on the reign of Roman Emperor Diocletian who instigated the last major persecution against Christians in the Empire. It was used by the Church of Alexandria beginning in the 4th century AD and it has been used by the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria from the 5th century until the present. This era was used to number the year in Easter tables produced by the Church of Alexandria.
Diocletian began his reign on 20 November 284 AD, and the reference epoch (day one of the Diocletian era) was assigned to be the first day of that Alexandrian year, 1 Thoth, the Egyptian New Year, or 29 August 284 AD.
Alternatives among early Christians
The anno Diocletiani era was not the only one used by early Christians. Western Christians were aware of it but did not use it. Most Roman Christians, like the pagan Romans before them, designated their years by naming the two consuls who held office that year.
The Romans also used the ab urbe condita (AUC) era. Its name is Latin for "from the founding of the City (Rome)". However, the AUC era was hardly ever used outside historical treatises.
Eras that began at Creation, called anno Mundi eras, became the dominant method of numbering years in the East until modern times, such as in the Byzantine calendar. Annianus of Alexandria, a monk who flourished at the beginning of the 5th century, placed the epoch of his world era on 25 March 5492 BC by counting back eleven 532-year paschal cycles from anno Diocletiani 77, itself four 19-year lunar cycles after anno Diocletiani 1. Regarded as a civil rather than a religious era, it began on the first day of the Alexandrian year, 29 August 5493 BC. This Alexandrian era was the preferred era used by Byzantine Christians such as Maximus the Confessor, until the 10th century when the Byzantine era, which had an epoch of 1 September 5509 BC, became dominant. Both eras used a version of dating Creation based on the Septuagint.
Transition to Anno Domini
When Dionysius Exiguus, an Eastern Roman of Scythia Minor, inherited the continuation of those tables for an additional 95 years (in the year 525 AD) he replaced the anno Diocletiani era with one based on the birth of Christ: the Anno Domini era. His main goal was to marginalize the memory of a tyrant who persecuted Christians. The anno Domini era became dominant in the Latin West but was not used in the Greek East until modern times.
See also
Adoption of the Gregorian calendar
Calendar era
Christian martyrs
Computus
Coptic calendar
Greek East and Latin West
Martyr
References
^ Blackburn, Bonnie; Holford-Strevens, Leofranc (2003). The Oxford Companion to the Year (Reprint with corrections ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 767. ISBN 9780192142313. OCLC 723603113.
External links
Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Dates and Dating". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. (alternate link)
vteCalendarsSystems
Lunar
Lunisolar
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Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anno Mundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Mundi"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Diocletian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocletian"},{"link_name":"last major persecution against Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocletianic_Persecution"},{"link_name":"Church of Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Alexandria"},{"link_name":"AD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini"},{"link_name":"Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria"},{"link_name":"Easter tables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paschal_Full_Moon"},{"link_name":"reference epoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoch_(reference_date)"},{"link_name":"Alexandrian year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_calendar#Alexandrian_Era"}],"text":"Not to be confused with dates anno Mundi, abbreviated \"AM\".Calendar era used by the Church of Alexandria and the Coptic Orthodox Church of AlexandriaThe Era of the Martyrs (Latin: anno martyrum), also known as the Diocletian era (Latin: anno Diocletiani), is a method of numbering years based on the reign of Roman Emperor Diocletian who instigated the last major persecution against Christians in the Empire. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitreous_marble | Pigmented structural glass | ["1 Overview","2 Manufacturing history","3 Characteristics","4 References","5 Bibliography"] | High-strength, colored glass
Black Vitrolite panelling on the Daily Express Building in Fleet Street, London.
Pigmented structural glass, also known generically as structural glass and as vitreous marble, and marketed under the names Carrara glass, Sani Onyx, and Vitrolite, among others, is a high-strength, colored glass. Developed in the United States in 1900, it was widely used around the world in the first half of the 20th century in Art Deco and Streamline Moderne buildings. It also found use as a material for signs, tables, and areas requiring a hygienic surface. Over time, the trademarked name "vitrolite" became a generic term for the glass.
Overview
Pigmented structural glass was developed in 1900 in the United States by the Marrietta Manufacturing Company of Indianapolis, Indiana. The product was made by combining borax, cryolite, kaolinite, manganese, silica, feldspar, and fluorspar. The fluorides made the glass opaque.
These materials were fused into glass at a temperature of 3,000 °F (1,650 °C) and then annealed. The annealing process took much longer than it did for plate glass, often lasting three to five days. This left the glass very strong, with a compressive strength about 40 percent greater than marble. If the product was to be affixed to another surface (such as the exterior of a building), one side of the slab was grooved before the glass hardened.
The exposed side(s) of the material was flame polished, which left the product highly reflective and brilliant. Later manufacturing techniques used fine sand to polish the surface, followed by felt blocks and iron(III) oxide powder.
Originally, only beige, black, and white colors were available. But by the 1930s, new manufacturing methods could make pigmented structure glass translucent, and more than 30 colors were available. In time, even agate- and marble-like color patterns were available. Black structural glass was sometimes silvered, to give it a reflective finish.
Pigmented structural glass could be manufactured in flat panels or curves, and in a wide range of sizes and thicknesses. Small mosaic tiles, affixed to flexible fabric, were another option for fitting the product to curved surfaces. In time, manufacturers learned that pigmented structural glass could be carved, cut, inlaid, laminated, sandblasted, and sculpted to create a wide range of finishes and textures. When translucent, it could be illuminated from within.
Manufacturing history
Vitrolite tiling at Eglinton station in Toronto.
Pigmented structural glass was originally marketed under the name "Sani Onyx" by Marrietta Manufacturing. The company also used the name "Sani Rox", while the term "vitreous marble" was coined by the firm as a general descriptive. By 1906, the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company had developed its own pigmented structural glass, which it called "Carrara glass". The same year, the Penn-American Plate Company began making a pigmented structural glass which it called "Novus Sanitary Structural Glass". In 1916, The Vitrolite Company began manufacturing the product under the name "Vitrolite", which eventually became a generic name for pigmented structural glass. In time, about eight American firms made pigmented structural glass, although Carrara glass and Vitrolite dominated the market. Names used by these and other companies to market the product included "Argentine", "Glastone", "Marbrunite", "Nuralite", and "Opalite". Pigmented structural glass was also manufactured by Pilkington Brothers in the United Kingdom.
Marrietta Manufacturing originally marketed pigmented structural glass as a lining for refrigerators. Industrial consumers quickly found new uses for the product as countertops, dados, bathroom partitions, storefront signs, and tabletops. By the early 1920s, it was advertised as an inexpensive alternative to marble or ceramic tile. The Art Deco and Steamline Moderne architectural movements vastly increased the market for pigmented structural glass. Its first important architectural use came in 1912, when it was used for bathroom stall partitions and dados in the Woolworth Building in New York City. By 1929, 5,000,000 square feet (460,000 m2) of pigmented structural glass was being manufactured in the United States. Throughout the 1930s, the product also found a use as cladding for storefronts, entryways, lobbies, and even as ceiling material. It was seen as an inexpensive means of making a dated building look modern.
The Great Depression significantly reduced the demand for pigmented structural glass. American production reached only 1,000,000 square feet (93,000 m2) in 1933. By the 1950s, changing architectural tastes had vastly reduced the demand for the product. The last two American manufacturers ceased production about 1960: Libbey-Owens-Ford shut down its pigmented structural glass plant in 1958, followed by Pittsburgh Plate Glass in the early 1960s. Production continued in the United Kingdom until 1968, and in Bavaria, Germany, until the end of the 20th century.
Characteristics
Unlike masonry, pigmented structural glass does not craze, swell, or warp. It is highly burn and stain resistant, and is colorfast. Since it is a glass, it is impervious to moisture. It cannot absorb pathogenic bacteria, viruses, pathogenic fungi, or parasites, and is easy to render aseptic.
References
Notes
^ Pigmented structural glass is also known as "structural glass". However, the term "structural glass" can encompass a wide range of high-strength glass (such as glass brick), and is not the preferred term for pigmented structural glass.
^ Fluorspar was eventually replaced by other kinds of fluorides.
^ "Carrara glass" was named for the white or blue-grey Carrara marble, for which pigmented structural glass was a low-cost alternative.
^ The Meyercord Company of Chicago, Illinois, and the Opalite Tile Company of Monaca, Pennsylvania, founded a new firm, Meyercord-Carter, in 1908. Meyercord made "vitrolite" signs. These were curved or flat opal glass signs in a metal frame on which a company logo or an advertisement were painted. Meyercord had partnered with Opalite to manufacture vitrolite signs by using clear decals instead of paint. Meyercord-Carter was founded to formalize their partnership. Meyercord-Carter was renamed The Vitrolite Company in 1910. The Vitrolite Company was acquired by Libbey-Owens-Ford in 1935.
^ One source claims production ceased in the United States in the late 1940s.
Citations
^ a b Dyson 1995, pp. 169–170.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Pender & Godfraind 2011, p. 432.
^ a b c d e f g Kappos 1987, p. 97.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Dyson 1995, p. 169.
^ a b c d The Modern Hospital Yearbook 1919, p. 692.
^ a b c d "Composition, Manufacture and Uses of Vitrolite". Buildings. December 6, 1926. pp. 47–48.
^ Pender & Godfraind 2011, p. 468.
^ a b c Sweet's Architectural Catalog 1920, p. 1304.
^ a b "Why Vitrolite for the Next Bathrooms You Design?". American Architect and Architecture. March 1934. p. 91.
^ "Vitrolite". The Architects' Journal. April 11, 1946. p. 246.
^ Kappos 1987, p. 98.
^ Piazza, Machielse & Austin 2015, p. 110.
^ a b c Esperdy 2008, p. 106.
^ Kious & Roussin 2012, p. 21.
^ a b Esperdy 2008, p. 117.
^ Esperdy 2008, p. 108, 117-119.
^ Esperdy 2008, p. 107.
^ Elk, Sara Jane (1985). Pigmented Structural Glass and the Storefront (MA). University of Pennsylvania. p. 20. Retrieved February 21, 2017.
^ United States Department of the Interior 2004, p. 119.
^ Kappos 1987, p. 99.
^ Dyson 1995, p. 170.
^ Parker & Hauf 1977, p. 309.
Bibliography
Dyson, Carol J. (1995). "Structural Glass". In Jester, Thomas C. (ed.). Twentieth-Century Building Materials: History and Conservation. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 9780070325739.
Esperdy, Gabrielle M. (2008). Modernizing Main Street : architecture and consumer culture in the New Deal. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226218021.
Kappos, Ludwig (1987). Preservation Briefs 1-14: Recognizing and Resolving Common Preservation and Repair Problems Prior to Working on Historic Buildings. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. ISBN 9780160035487.
Kious, Kevin; Roussin, Donald (2012). Breweriana: American Beer Collectibles. Oxford, UK: Shire. ISBN 9780747810445.
Parker, Harry; Hauf, Harold Dana (1977). Simplified Mechanics and Strength of Materials. New York: Wiley. ISBN 9780471665625.
Pender, Robyn; Godfraind, Sophie (2011). Practical Building Conservation: Glass and Glazing. Farnham, Surrey, England: Ashgate. ISBN 9780754645573.
Piazza, Gregory; Machielse, Allan; Austin, Dan (2015). A History of Detroit's Palmer Park. Charleston, S.C.: The History Press. ISBN 9781626197848. OCLC 907885624.
United States Department of the Interior (2004). The Preservation of Historic Architecture: The U.S. Government's Official Guidelines for Preserving Historic Homes. Guilford, Conn.: Lyons Press. ISBN 9781592281268.
"The Vitrolite Company: Sanitary Structural Slabs". Sweet's Architectural Catalog. 15th Annual Edition. New York: Sweet's Catalogue Service. 1920.
"The Vitrolite Co.". The Modern Hospital Yearbook. Chicago: The Modern Hospital Publishing Company. 1919. | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Express_Building.jpg"},{"link_name":"Daily Express Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Express_Building,_London"},{"link_name":"Fleet Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_Street"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass"},{"link_name":"Art Deco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Deco"},{"link_name":"Streamline Moderne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streamline_Moderne"}],"text":"Black Vitrolite panelling on the Daily Express Building in Fleet Street, London.Pigmented structural glass, also known generically as structural glass and as vitreous marble, and marketed under the names Carrara glass, Sani Onyx, and Vitrolite, among others, is a high-strength, colored glass. 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glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_glass"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson1995169-5"},{"link_name":"compressive strength","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressive_strength"},{"link_name":"marble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whyvitrolite-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"flame polished","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flame_polishing"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson1995169-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Sweet's_Architectural_Catalog''19201304-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whyvitrolite-11"},{"link_name":"felt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felt"},{"link_name":"iron(III) oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron(III)_oxide"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson1995169-5"},{"link_name":"translucent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translucent"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenderGodfraind2011432-3"},{"link_name":"agate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agate"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKappos198798-13"},{"link_name":"silvered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvering"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenderGodfraind2011432-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenderGodfraind2011432-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenderGodfraind2011432-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKappos198797-4"}],"text":"Pigmented structural glass[a] was developed in 1900 in the United States by the Marrietta Manufacturing Company of Indianapolis, Indiana.[2][3][4] The product was made by combining borax,[5] cryolite, kaolinite, manganese, silica,[4] feldspar,[6][5] and fluorspar.[6][5][b] The fluorides made the glass opaque.[1]These materials were fused[6] into glass at a temperature of 3,000 °F (1,650 °C)[4][5][8] and then annealed.[4][8] The annealing process took much longer than it did for plate glass, often lasting three to five days.[4] This left the glass very strong, with a compressive strength about 40 percent greater than marble.[9] If the product was to be affixed to another surface (such as the exterior of a building), one side of the slab was grooved before the glass hardened.[10]The exposed side(s) of the material was flame polished,[4][8] which left the product highly reflective and brilliant.[9] Later manufacturing techniques used fine sand to polish the surface, followed by felt blocks and iron(III) oxide powder.[4]Originally, only beige, black, and white colors were available. But by the 1930s, new manufacturing methods could make pigmented structure glass translucent, and more than 30 colors were available.[2] In time, even agate- and marble-like color patterns were available.[11] Black structural glass was sometimes silvered, to give it a reflective finish.[2]Pigmented structural glass could be manufactured in flat panels or curves, and in a wide range of sizes and thicknesses.[2] Small mosaic tiles, affixed to flexible fabric, were another option for fitting the product to curved surfaces.[2] In time, manufacturers learned that pigmented structural glass could be carved, cut, inlaid, laminated, sandblasted, and sculpted to create a wide range of finishes and textures. When translucent, it could be illuminated from within.[3]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eglinton_Station_Vitrolite.jpg"},{"link_name":"Eglinton station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eglinton_(TTC)"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKappos198797-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson1995169-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKappos198797-4"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiazzaMachielseAustin2015110-14"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPG_Industries"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsperdy2008106-15"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Penn-American Plate Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Penn-American_Plate_Company&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsperdy2008106-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsperdy2008106-15"},{"link_name":"generic name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generic_trademark"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenderGodfraind2011432-3"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenderGodfraind2011432-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenderGodfraind2011432-3"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsperdy2008117-18"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson1995169-5"},{"link_name":"Pilkington Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilkington"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenderGodfraind2011432-3"},{"link_name":"dados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dado_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenderGodfraind2011432-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKappos198797-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-compo-7"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsperdy2008108,_117-119-20"},{"link_name":"Woolworth Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolworth_Building"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenderGodfraind2011432-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson1995169-5"},{"link_name":"cladding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladding_(construction)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenderGodfraind2011432-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKappos198797-4"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsperdy2008107-21"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson1995169-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson1995169-5"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_States_Department_of_the_Interior2004119-24"}],"text":"Vitrolite tiling at Eglinton station in Toronto.Pigmented structural glass was originally marketed under the name \"Sani Onyx\" by Marrietta Manufacturing.[3][4] The company also used the name \"Sani Rox\",[3] while the term \"vitreous marble\" was coined by the firm as a general descriptive.[12] By 1906, the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company had developed its own pigmented structural glass, which it called \"Carrara glass\".[13][c] The same year, the Penn-American Plate Company began making a pigmented structural glass which it called \"Novus Sanitary Structural Glass\".[13] In 1916, The Vitrolite Company began manufacturing the product under the name \"Vitrolite\",[13] which eventually became a generic name for pigmented structural glass.[2][d] In time, about eight American firms made pigmented structural glass,[2] although Carrara glass and Vitrolite dominated the market.[2][15] Names used by these and other companies to market the product included \"Argentine\", \"Glastone\", \"Marbrunite\", \"Nuralite\", and \"Opalite\".[4] Pigmented structural glass was also manufactured by Pilkington Brothers in the United Kingdom.[2]Marrietta Manufacturing originally marketed pigmented structural glass as a lining for refrigerators. Industrial consumers quickly found new uses for the product as countertops, dados, bathroom partitions, storefront signs, and tabletops.[2][3] By the early 1920s, it was advertised as an inexpensive alternative to marble or ceramic tile.[6] The Art Deco and Steamline Moderne architectural movements vastly increased the market for pigmented structural glass.[16] Its first important architectural use came in 1912, when it was used for bathroom stall partitions and dados in the Woolworth Building in New York City.[2] By 1929, 5,000,000 square feet (460,000 m2) of pigmented structural glass was being manufactured in the United States.[4] Throughout the 1930s, the product also found a use as cladding for storefronts, entryways, lobbies, and even as ceiling material. It was seen as an inexpensive means of making a dated building look modern.[2][3]The Great Depression significantly reduced the demand for pigmented structural glass. American production reached only 1,000,000 square feet (93,000 m2) in 1933.[17] By the 1950s, changing architectural tastes had vastly reduced the demand for the product.[4] The last two American manufacturers ceased production about 1960: Libbey-Owens-Ford shut down its pigmented structural glass plant in 1958, followed by Pittsburgh Plate Glass in the early 1960s.[4][18][e] Production continued in the United Kingdom until 1968, and in Bavaria, Germany, until the end of the 20th century.[19]","title":"Manufacturing history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"masonry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masonry"},{"link_name":"craze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crazing"},{"link_name":"colorfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colour_fastness"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKappos198799-25"},{"link_name":"pathogenic bacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogenic_bacteria"},{"link_name":"viruses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus"},{"link_name":"pathogenic fungi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogenic_fungi"},{"link_name":"parasites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitism"},{"link_name":"aseptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asepsis"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson1995170-26"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParkerHauf1977309-27"}],"text":"Unlike masonry, pigmented structural glass does not craze, swell, or warp. It is highly burn and stain resistant, and is colorfast. Since it is a glass, it is impervious to moisture.[20] It cannot absorb pathogenic bacteria, viruses, pathogenic fungi, or parasites, and is easy to render aseptic.[21][22]","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Structural Glass\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=kn9DBAAAQBAJ&q=%22Libbey-Owens-Ford%22+vitrolite&pg=PA169"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780070325739","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780070325739"},{"link_name":"Modernizing Main Street : architecture and consumer culture in the New Deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=2E5D1sjD7l4C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780226218021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226218021"},{"link_name":"Preservation Briefs 1-14: Recognizing and Resolving Common Preservation and Repair Problems Prior to Working on Historic Buildings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=6t8VA3onDgIC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780160035487","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780160035487"},{"link_name":"Breweriana: American Beer Collectibles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=MAjDCwAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780747810445","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780747810445"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780471665625","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780471665625"},{"link_name":"Practical Building Conservation: Glass and Glazing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=m3dqs6zRCcEC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780754645573","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780754645573"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781626197848","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781626197848"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"907885624","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/907885624"},{"link_name":"The Preservation of Historic Architecture: The U.S. Government's Official Guidelines for Preserving Historic Homes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/preservationofhi00depa"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781592281268","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781592281268"},{"link_name":"\"The Vitrolite Company: Sanitary Structural Slabs\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=K9c7AQAAMAAJ&q=vitrolite+annealed&pg=PA1304"},{"link_name":"\"The Vitrolite Co.\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=NcoyAQAAMAAJ&q=vitrolite&pg=PA692"}],"text":"Dyson, Carol J. (1995). \"Structural Glass\". In Jester, Thomas C. (ed.). Twentieth-Century Building Materials: History and Conservation. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 9780070325739.\nEsperdy, Gabrielle M. (2008). Modernizing Main Street : architecture and consumer culture in the New Deal. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226218021.\nKappos, Ludwig (1987). Preservation Briefs 1-14: Recognizing and Resolving Common Preservation and Repair Problems Prior to Working on Historic Buildings. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. ISBN 9780160035487.\nKious, Kevin; Roussin, Donald (2012). Breweriana: American Beer Collectibles. Oxford, UK: Shire. ISBN 9780747810445.\nParker, Harry; Hauf, Harold Dana (1977). Simplified Mechanics and Strength of Materials. New York: Wiley. ISBN 9780471665625.\nPender, Robyn; Godfraind, Sophie (2011). Practical Building Conservation: Glass and Glazing. Farnham, Surrey, England: Ashgate. ISBN 9780754645573.\nPiazza, Gregory; Machielse, Allan; Austin, Dan (2015). A History of Detroit's Palmer Park. Charleston, S.C.: The History Press. ISBN 9781626197848. OCLC 907885624.\nUnited States Department of the Interior (2004). The Preservation of Historic Architecture: The U.S. Government's Official Guidelines for Preserving Historic Homes. Guilford, Conn.: Lyons Press. ISBN 9781592281268.\n\"The Vitrolite Company: Sanitary Structural Slabs\". Sweet's Architectural Catalog. 15th Annual Edition. New York: Sweet's Catalogue Service. 1920.\n\"The Vitrolite Co.\". The Modern Hospital Yearbook. Chicago: The Modern Hospital Publishing Company. 1919.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_text":"Black Vitrolite panelling on the Daily Express Building in Fleet Street, London.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Express_Building.jpg/220px-Express_Building.jpg"},{"image_text":"Vitrolite tiling at Eglinton station in Toronto.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Eglinton_Station_Vitrolite.jpg/220px-Eglinton_Station_Vitrolite.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Composition, Manufacture and Uses of Vitrolite\". Buildings. December 6, 1926. pp. 47–48.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Why Vitrolite for the Next Bathrooms You Design?\". American Architect and Architecture. March 1934. p. 91.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Vitrolite\". The Architects' Journal. April 11, 1946. p. 246.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Elk, Sara Jane (1985). Pigmented Structural Glass and the Storefront (MA). University of Pennsylvania. p. 20. Retrieved February 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1447&context=hp_theses","url_text":"Pigmented Structural Glass and the Storefront"}]},{"reference":"Dyson, Carol J. (1995). \"Structural Glass\". In Jester, Thomas C. (ed.). Twentieth-Century Building Materials: History and Conservation. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 9780070325739.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kn9DBAAAQBAJ&q=%22Libbey-Owens-Ford%22+vitrolite&pg=PA169","url_text":"\"Structural Glass\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780070325739","url_text":"9780070325739"}]},{"reference":"Esperdy, Gabrielle M. (2008). Modernizing Main Street : architecture and consumer culture in the New Deal. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226218021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2E5D1sjD7l4C","url_text":"Modernizing Main Street : architecture and consumer culture in the New Deal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226218021","url_text":"9780226218021"}]},{"reference":"Kappos, Ludwig (1987). Preservation Briefs 1-14: Recognizing and Resolving Common Preservation and Repair Problems Prior to Working on Historic Buildings. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. ISBN 9780160035487.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6t8VA3onDgIC","url_text":"Preservation Briefs 1-14: Recognizing and Resolving Common Preservation and Repair Problems Prior to Working on Historic Buildings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780160035487","url_text":"9780160035487"}]},{"reference":"Kious, Kevin; Roussin, Donald (2012). Breweriana: American Beer Collectibles. Oxford, UK: Shire. ISBN 9780747810445.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MAjDCwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Breweriana: American Beer Collectibles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780747810445","url_text":"9780747810445"}]},{"reference":"Parker, Harry; Hauf, Harold Dana (1977). Simplified Mechanics and Strength of Materials. New York: Wiley. ISBN 9780471665625.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780471665625","url_text":"9780471665625"}]},{"reference":"Pender, Robyn; Godfraind, Sophie (2011). Practical Building Conservation: Glass and Glazing. Farnham, Surrey, England: Ashgate. ISBN 9780754645573.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=m3dqs6zRCcEC","url_text":"Practical Building Conservation: Glass and Glazing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780754645573","url_text":"9780754645573"}]},{"reference":"Piazza, Gregory; Machielse, Allan; Austin, Dan (2015). A History of Detroit's Palmer Park. Charleston, S.C.: The History Press. ISBN 9781626197848. OCLC 907885624.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781626197848","url_text":"9781626197848"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/907885624","url_text":"907885624"}]},{"reference":"United States Department of the Interior (2004). The Preservation of Historic Architecture: The U.S. Government's Official Guidelines for Preserving Historic Homes. Guilford, Conn.: Lyons Press. ISBN 9781592281268.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/preservationofhi00depa","url_text":"The Preservation of Historic Architecture: The U.S. Government's Official Guidelines for Preserving Historic Homes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781592281268","url_text":"9781592281268"}]},{"reference":"\"The Vitrolite Company: Sanitary Structural Slabs\". Sweet's Architectural Catalog. 15th Annual Edition. New York: Sweet's Catalogue Service. 1920.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=K9c7AQAAMAAJ&q=vitrolite+annealed&pg=PA1304","url_text":"\"The Vitrolite Company: Sanitary Structural Slabs\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Vitrolite Co.\". The Modern Hospital Yearbook. Chicago: The Modern Hospital Publishing Company. 1919.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NcoyAQAAMAAJ&q=vitrolite&pg=PA692","url_text":"\"The Vitrolite Co.\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1447&context=hp_theses","external_links_name":"Pigmented Structural Glass and the Storefront"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kn9DBAAAQBAJ&q=%22Libbey-Owens-Ford%22+vitrolite&pg=PA169","external_links_name":"\"Structural Glass\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2E5D1sjD7l4C","external_links_name":"Modernizing Main Street : architecture and consumer culture in the New Deal"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6t8VA3onDgIC","external_links_name":"Preservation Briefs 1-14: Recognizing and Resolving Common Preservation and Repair Problems Prior to Working on Historic Buildings"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MAjDCwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Breweriana: American Beer Collectibles"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=m3dqs6zRCcEC","external_links_name":"Practical Building Conservation: Glass and Glazing"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/907885624","external_links_name":"907885624"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/preservationofhi00depa","external_links_name":"The Preservation of Historic Architecture: The U.S. Government's Official Guidelines for Preserving Historic Homes"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=K9c7AQAAMAAJ&q=vitrolite+annealed&pg=PA1304","external_links_name":"\"The Vitrolite Company: Sanitary Structural Slabs\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NcoyAQAAMAAJ&q=vitrolite&pg=PA692","external_links_name":"\"The Vitrolite Co.\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Perry_Private_Hospital | Frances Perry Private Hospital | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Coordinates: 37°47′55″S 144°57′18″E / 37.7987°S 144.9549°E / -37.7987; 144.9549Hospital in Australia
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Frances Perry Private Hospital" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Frances Perry House, co-located with the Royal Women's Hospital in the Melbourne suburb of Parkville, is a 69-bed private hospital for women run by Ramsay Healthcare.
The hospital specialises in obstetrics, gynaecology, neonatology, breast surgery, day surgery, reconstructive surgery and plastic surgery.
Three floors of the Royal Women's Hospital in Carlton were opened as Frances Perry House on 2 November 1970 and named after Frances (Fanny) Perry, a key founder of the hospital. This facility offered maternity services to private patients who did not qualify for a free public bed at the time. It continued operating after the introduction of Medibank in 1975. It was fully privatised in 1997. When the Royal Women's Hospital moved to Parkville in 2008, Frances Perry House moved too.
References
^ a b "Frances Perry House turns 50". The Royal Women's Hospital. 2 November 2020. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
External links
Official website
37°47′55″S 144°57′18″E / 37.7987°S 144.9549°E / -37.7987; 144.9549
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This article about a building or structure in Victoria (state) is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Women%27s_Hospital_Mel_1a.jpg"},{"link_name":"Royal Women's Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Women%27s_Hospital,_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Parkville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkville,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital"},{"link_name":"Ramsay Healthcare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramsay_Healthcare&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"obstetrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstetrics"},{"link_name":"gynaecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynaecology"},{"link_name":"neonatology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonatology"},{"link_name":"breast surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_surgery"},{"link_name":"day surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outpatient_surgery"},{"link_name":"reconstructive surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstructive_surgery"},{"link_name":"plastic surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_surgery"},{"link_name":"Royal Women's Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Women%27s_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Frances (Fanny) Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Perry_(philanthropist)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Medibank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Hospital in AustraliaFrances Perry House, co-located with the Royal Women's Hospital in the Melbourne suburb of Parkville, is a 69-bed private hospital for women run by Ramsay Healthcare.The hospital specialises in obstetrics, gynaecology, neonatology, breast surgery, day surgery, reconstructive surgery and plastic surgery.Three floors of the Royal Women's Hospital in Carlton were opened as Frances Perry House on 2 November 1970 and named after Frances (Fanny) Perry, a key founder of the hospital.[1] This facility offered maternity services to private patients who did not qualify for a free public bed at the time. It continued operating after the introduction of Medibank in 1975. It was fully privatised in 1997.[1] When the Royal Women's Hospital moved to Parkville in 2008, Frances Perry House moved too.","title":"Frances Perry Private Hospital"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Royal_Women%27s_Hospital_Mel_1a.jpg/220px-Royal_Women%27s_Hospital_Mel_1a.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Frances Perry House turns 50\". The Royal Women's Hospital. 2 November 2020. Retrieved 3 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thewomens.org.au/news/frances-perry-house-turns-50","url_text":"\"Frances Perry House turns 50\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Frances_Perry_Private_Hospital¶ms=37.7987_S_144.9549_E_region:AU-VIC_type:landmark","external_links_name":"37°47′55″S 144°57′18″E / 37.7987°S 144.9549°E / -37.7987; 144.9549"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Frances+Perry+Private+Hospital%22","external_links_name":"\"Frances Perry Private Hospital\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Frances+Perry+Private+Hospital%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Frances+Perry+Private+Hospital%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Frances+Perry+Private+Hospital%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Frances+Perry+Private+Hospital%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Frances+Perry+Private+Hospital%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.thewomens.org.au/news/frances-perry-house-turns-50","external_links_name":"\"Frances Perry House turns 50\""},{"Link":"http://www.francesperryhouse.com.au/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Frances_Perry_Private_Hospital¶ms=37.7987_S_144.9549_E_region:AU-VIC_type:landmark","external_links_name":"37°47′55″S 144°57′18″E / 37.7987°S 144.9549°E / -37.7987; 144.9549"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frances_Perry_Private_Hospital&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frances_Perry_Private_Hospital&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frances_Perry_Private_Hospital&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdisho_III | Abdisho III | ["1 Sources","2 Abdisho's patriarchate","3 See also","4 References","4.1 Citations","4.2 Bibliography"] | Patriarch of the Church of the East from 1139 to 1148
MarʾAbdishoʾ IIIPatriarch of All the EastChurchChurch of the EastSeeSeleucia-CtesiphonInstalled1139Term ended1148PredecessorBar SawmaSuccessorIshoyahb VPersonal detailsBornʾAbdishoʾ bar MoqliDied1148
ʾAbdishoʾ III bar Moqli was Patriarch of the Church of the East from 1139 to 1148.
Sources
Brief accounts of Abdisho's patriarchate are given in the ecclesiastical history of the Nestorian writer Mari ibn Suleiman (fl. 1140), in the Ecclesiastical Chronicle of the Jacobite writer Bar Hebraeus (fl. 1280), and in the histories of the fourteenth-century Nestorian writers ʿAmr ibn Mattā and Ṣalībā ibn Yūḥannā.
Abdisho's patriarchate
The following account of Abdisho's patriarchate is given by Bar Hebraeus:
Bar Sawma was succeeded by ʾAbdishoʾ Bar Moqli, of Mosul, an old man of a fine appearance. He was summoned to the caliph's palace after the election, and after he was crowned with the mitre and seated upon a mule, he progressed as far as the church of the third ward with one of the noblemen of the palace, and there dismounted. He conducted his patriarchate ably for nine years, and was then struck down by an apoplexy. He was consecrated on a Sunday, the tenth day of the latter teshrin in the year 533 of the Arabs , and died on the third day of the latter teshrin in the year 541 of the same era .
A charter of protection granted to Abdisho III in 1139 by the caliph al-Muqtafi was published in 1926 by the Assyrian scholar Alphonse Mingana. In 1142 Abdisho was able to reconcile with the Syriac Orthodox Church Maphrian Dionysius, increasing the unity within Syriac Christianity.
See also
List of patriarchs of the Church of the East
References
Citations
^ Bar Hebraeus, Ecclesiastical Chronicle (ed. Abeloos and Lamy), ii. 328
^ Mingana, A., 'A Charter of Protection Granted to the Nestorian Church in AD 1138 by Muktafi II, Caliph of Baghdad', Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, 10 (1926), 126-33
^ Baum & Winkler 2003, p. 80.
Bibliography
Abbeloos, J. B., and Lamy, T. J., Bar Hebraeus, Chronicon Ecclesiasticum (3 vols, Paris, 1877)
Assemani, J. A., De Catholicis seu Patriarchis Chaldaeorum et Nestorianorum (Rome, 1775)
Baum, Wilhelm; Winkler, Dietmar W. (2003). The Church of the East: a concise history. London & New York: Taylor & Francis.
Brooks, E. W., Eliae Metropolitae Nisibeni Opus Chronologicum (Rome, 1910)
Gismondi, H., Maris, Amri, et Salibae: De Patriarchis Nestorianorum Commentaria I: Amri et Salibae Textus (Rome, 1896)
Gismondi, H., Maris, Amri, et Salibae: De Patriarchis Nestorianorum Commentaria II: Maris textus arabicus et versio Latina (Rome, 1899)
Church of the East titles
Preceded byBar Sawma (1134–1136)Vacant(1136–1139)
Catholicos-Patriarch of the East (1139–1148)
Succeeded byIshoʿyahb V (1149–1175)
vtePatriarchs of the Church of the East
Until the schism of 1552
Full list
1st–4th centuries
Addai
Aggai (66–87)
Mari (ob.104)
Abris (121–37)
Abraham (159–71)
Yaʿqob I (c. 190)
Ahadabui (204–20)
Shahlufa (220–4)
Papa (c. 280–317)
Shemʿon Bar Sabbaʿe (329–41)
Shahdost (341–3)
Barbaʿshmin (343–6)
Tomarsa (363–71)
Qayyoma (377–99)
5th–8th centuries
Isaac (399–410)
Ahha (410–14)
Yahballaha I (415–20)
Maʿna (420)
Farbokht (421)
Dadishoʿ (421–56)
Babowai (457–84)
Acacius (485–96)
Babai (497–503)
Shila (503–23)
Elishaʿ (524–37)
Narsai intrusus (524–37)
Paul (539)
Aba I (540–52)
Joseph (552–67)
Ezekiel (570–81)
Ishoʿyahb I (582–95)
Sabrishoʿ I (596–604)
Gregory (605–9)
Ishoʿyahb II (628–45)
Maremmeh (646–9)
Ishoʿyahb III (649–59)
Giwargis I (661–80)
Yohannan I (680–3)
Hnanishoʿ I (686–98)
Yohannan Garba intrusus (691–3)
Sliba-zkha (714–28)
Pethion (731–40)
Aba II (741–51)
Surin (753)
Yaʿqob II (753–73)
Hnanishoʿ II (773–80)
Timothy I (780–823)
9th–12th centuries
Ishoʿ bar Nun (823–8)
Giwargis II (828–31)
Sabrishoʿ II (831–5)
Abraham II (837–50)
Theodosius (853–8)
Sargis (860–72)
Israel of Kashkar intrusus (877)
Enosh (877–84)
Yohannan II (884–91)
Yohannan III (893–9)
Yohannan IV (900–05)
Abraham III (906–37)
Emmanuel I (937–60)
Israel (961)
ʿAbdishoʿ I (963–86)
Mari (987–99)
Yohannan V (1000–11)
Yohannan VI (1012–20)
Ishoʿyahb IV (1020–5)
Eliya I (1028–49)
Yohannan VII (1049–57)
Sabrishoʿ III (1064–72)
ʿAbdishoʿ II (1074–90)
Makkikha I (1092–1110)
Eliya II (1111–32)
Bar Sawma (1134–6)
ʿAbdishoʿ III (1139–48)
Ishoʿyahb V (1149–75)
Eliya III (1176–90)
13th–16th centuries
Yahballaha II (1190–1222)
Sabrishoʿ IV (1222–5)
Sabrishoʿ V (1226–56)
Makkikha II (1257–65)
Denha I (1265–81)
Yahballaha III (1281–1317)
Timothy II (1318–c. 1332)
Denha II (1336/7–1381/2)
Shemʿon II (c. 1385–c. 1405)
Eliya IV (c. 1405–c. 1425)
Shemʿon III (c. 1425–c. 1450)
Shemʿon IV Basidi (c. 1450–1497)
Shemʿon V (1497–1502)
Eliya V (1503–4)
Shemʿon VI (1504–38)
Shemʿon VII Ishoʿyahb (1539–58)
Christianity portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Patriarch of the Church of the East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_patriarchs_of_the_Church_of_the_East"}],"text":"ʾAbdishoʾ III bar Moqli was Patriarch of the Church of the East from 1139 to 1148.","title":"Abdisho III"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mari ibn Suleiman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_ibn_Suleiman"},{"link_name":"Bar Hebraeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Hebraeus"},{"link_name":"ʿAmr ibn Mattā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BFAmr_ibn_Matt%C4%81"},{"link_name":"Ṣalībā ibn Yūḥannā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saliba_ibn_Yuhanna"}],"text":"Brief accounts of Abdisho's patriarchate are given in the ecclesiastical history of the Nestorian writer Mari ibn Suleiman (fl. 1140), in the Ecclesiastical Chronicle of the Jacobite writer Bar Hebraeus (fl. 1280), and in the histories of the fourteenth-century Nestorian writers ʿAmr ibn Mattā and Ṣalībā ibn Yūḥannā.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bar Sawma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Sawma_(Nestorian_Patriarch)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"al-Muqtafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muqtafi_(Abbasid_Caliph)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Syriac Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Maphrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maphrian"},{"link_name":"Syriac Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Christianity"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler200380-3"}],"text":"The following account of Abdisho's patriarchate is given by Bar Hebraeus:Bar Sawma was succeeded by ʾAbdishoʾ Bar Moqli, of Mosul, an old man of a fine appearance. He was summoned to the caliph's palace after the election, and after he was crowned with the mitre and seated upon a mule, he progressed as far as the church of the third ward with one of the noblemen of the palace, and there dismounted. He conducted his patriarchate ably for nine years, and was then struck down by an apoplexy. He was consecrated on a Sunday, the tenth day of the latter teshrin [November] in the year 533 of the Arabs [AD 1139], and died on the third day of the latter teshrin in the year 541 of the same era [AD 1147].[1]A charter of protection granted to Abdisho III in 1139 by the caliph al-Muqtafi was published in 1926 by the Assyrian scholar Alphonse Mingana.[2] In 1142 Abdisho was able to reconcile with the Syriac Orthodox Church Maphrian Dionysius, increasing the unity within Syriac Christianity.[3]","title":"Abdisho's patriarchate"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of patriarchs of the Church of the East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_patriarchs_of_the_Church_of_the_East"}] | [{"reference":"Baum, Wilhelm; Winkler, Dietmar W. (2003). The Church of the East: a concise history. London & New York: Taylor & Francis.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Baum_(historian)","url_text":"Baum, Wilhelm"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietmar_W._Winkler","url_text":"Winkler, Dietmar W."}]}] | [] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%E2%80%9392_Indiana_Hoosiers_men%27s_basketball_team | 1991–92 Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball team | ["1 Roster","2 Schedule/Results","3 Rankings","4 References"] | American college basketball season
1991–92 Indiana Hoosiers men's basketballNCAA men's Division I tournament, Final FourConferenceBig Ten ConferenceRankingCoachesNo. 4APNo. 5Record27–7 (14–4 Big Ten)Head coachBobby Knight (21st season)Assistant coaches
Dan Dakich (7th season)
Norm Ellenberger
Ron Felling
CaptainEric Anderson Jamal MeeksHome arenaAssembly HallSeasons← 1990–911992–93 →
1991–92 Big Ten Conference men's basketball standings
vte
Conf
Overall
Team
W
L
PCT
W
L
PCT
No. 3 Ohio State
15
–
3
.833
26
–
6
.813
No. 5 Indiana
14
–
4
.778
27
–
7
.794
No. 15 Michigan
11
–
7
.611
24
–
9
.727
No. 14 Michigan State
11
–
7
.611
22
–
8
.733
Iowa
10
–
8
.556
19
–
11
.633
Purdue
8
–
10
.444
18
–
15
.545
Minnesota
8
–
10
.444
16
–
16
.500
Illinois
7
–
11
.389
13
–
15
.464
Wisconsin
4
–
14
.222
13
–
18
.419
Northwestern
2
–
16
.111
9
–
19
.321
Rankings from AP Poll
The 1991–92 Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball team represented Indiana University. Their head coach was Bobby Knight, who was in his 21st year. The team played its home games in Assembly Hall in Bloomington, Indiana, and was a member of the Big Ten Conference.
The Hoosiers finished the regular season with an overall record of 27–7 and a conference record of 14–4, finishing 2nd in the Big Ten Conference. The Hoosiers were invited to participate in the 1992 NCAA tournament as a 2-seed, where they advanced to the Final Four.
Roster
No.
Name
Position
Ht.
Year
Hometown
20
Greg Graham
G
6–4
Jr.
Indianapolis, Indiana
21
Chris Reynolds
G
6–1
Jr.
Peoria, Illinois
22
Damon Bailey
G
6–3
So.
Bedford, Indiana
23
Jamal Meeks
G
6–1
Sr.
Freeport, Illinois
24
Matt Nover
F/C
6–8
Jr.
Chesterton, Indiana
25
Pat Knight
G
6–6
RS So.
Bloomington, Indiana
30
Todd Leary
G
6–3
So.
Indianapolis, Indiana
32
Eric Anderson
F/C
6–9
Sr.
Chicago, Illinois
33
Pat Graham
G
6–5
RS Jr.
Floyds Knobs, Indiana
34
Brian Evans
F
6–8
RS Fr.
Terre Haute, Indiana
40
Calbert Cheaney
F
6–7
Jr.
Evansville, Indiana
44
Alan Henderson
F
6–9
Fr.
Indianapolis, Indiana
50
Todd Lindeman
C
7–1
Fr.
Channing, Michigan
Schedule/Results
Datetime, TV
Rank#
Opponent#
Result
Record
Site city, state
Regular Season
11/15/1991*
No. 2
vs. UCLA Hall of Fame Game
L 72–87
0–1
Springfield Civic Center Springfield, Massachusetts
11/30/1991*
No. 10
Butler
W 97–73
1–1
Assembly Hall Bloomington, Indiana
12/3/1991*
No. 9
Notre Dame
W 78–46
2–1
Assembly Hall Bloomington, Indiana
12/7/1991*
No. 9
vs. No. 14 Kentucky Indiana–Kentucky rivalry
L 74–76
2–2
Hoosier Dome Indianapolis
12/10/1991*
No. 13
Vanderbilt
W 88–51
3–2
Assembly Hall Bloomington, Indiana
12/13/1991*
No. 13
Boston University Indiana Classic
W 88–47
4–2
Assembly Hall Bloomington, Indiana
12/14/1991*
No. 13
Central Michigan Indiana Classic
W 99–52
5–2
Assembly Hall Bloomington, Indiana
12/21/1991*
No. 14
at No. 10 St. John's
W 82–77
6–2
Madison Square Garden New York City
12/27/1991*
No. 10
vs. Texas Tech Hoosier Classic
W 86–69
7–2
Market Square Arena Indianapolis
12/28/1991*
No. 10
vs. Indiana State Hoosier Classic
W 94–44
8–2
Market Square Arena Indianapolis
1/4/1992*
No. 10
at Cincinnati
W 81–60
9–2
Myrl H. Shoemaker Center Cincinnati
1/9/1992
No. 10
Minnesota
W 96–50
10–2 (1–0)
Assembly Hall Bloomington
1/11/1992
No. 10
at Wisconsin
W 79–63
11–2 (2–0)
Wisconsin Field House Madison, Wisconsin
1/14/1992
No. 5
Ohio State
W 91–83
12–2 (3–0)
Assembly Hall Bloomington, Indiana
1/18/1992
No. 5
at Northwestern
W 96–62
13–2 (4–0)
Welsh-Ryan Arena Evanston, Illinois
1/21/1992
No. 4
No. 16 Michigan
W 89–74
14–2 (5–0)
Assembly Hall Bloomington, Indiana
1/28/1992
No. 4
Purdue Rivalry
W 106–65
15–2 (6–0)
Assembly Hall Bloomington, Indiana
2/1/1992
No. 4
at Michigan State
L 60–76
15–3 (6–1)
Breslin Center East Lansing, Michigan
2/4/1992
No. 6
at Illinois Rivalry
W 76–65
16–3 (7–1)
Assembly Hall Champaign, Illinois
2/9/1992
No. 6
Iowa
W 81–66
17–3 (8–1)
Assembly Hall Bloomington, Indiana
2/12/1992
No. 4
at Minnesota
L 67–71
17–4 (8–2)
Williams Arena Minneapolis
2/15/1992
No. 4
Northwestern
W 91–60
18–4 (9–2)
Assembly Hall Bloomington, Indiana
2/19/1992
No. 7
Michigan State
W 103–73
19–4 (10–2)
Assembly Hall Bloomington, Indiana
2/23/1992
No. 7
at Ohio State
W 86–80
20–4 (11–2)
St. John Arena Columbus, Ohio
3/1/1992
No. 2
Illinois Rivalry
W 76–70
21–4 (12–2)
Assembly Hall Bloomington, Indiana
3/4/1992
No. 2
at Iowa
W 64–60
22–4 (13–2)
Carver–Hawkeye Arena Iowa City, Iowa
3/8/1992
No. 2
at Michigan
L 60–68
22–5 (13–3)
Crisler Arena Ann Arbor, Michigan
3/12/1992
No. 4
Wisconsin
W 66–41
23–5 (14–3)
Assembly Hall Bloomington, Indiana
3/15/1992
No. 4
at Purdue Rivalry
L 59–61
23–6 (14–4)
Mackey Arena West Lafayette, Indiana
NCAA tournament
3/19/1992*
No. 5 (2)
vs. No. (15) Eastern Illinois First Round
W 94–55
24–6 (14–4)
BSU Pavilion Boise, Idaho
3/21/1992*
No. 5 (2)
vs. No. 25 (7) LSU Second Round
W 89–79
25–6 (14–4)
BSU Pavilion Boise, Idaho
3/26/1992*
(2) No. 5
vs. (3) No. 20 Florida State Sweet Sixteen
W 85–74
26–6 (14–4)
University Arena Albuquerque, New Mexico
3/28/1992*
No. 5 (2)
vs. No. 4 (1) UCLA Elite Eight
W 106–79
27–6 (14–4)
University Arena Albuquerque, New Mexico
4/4/1992*
No. 5 (2)
vs. No. 1 (1) Duke Final Four
L 78–81
27–7 (14–4)
Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome Minneapolis
*Non-conference game. #Rankings from AP Poll. (#) Tournament seedings in parentheses.
Rankings
See also: 1991–92 NCAA Division I men's basketball rankings
References
^ "Indiana Basketball Men's Database". IndyStar. Retrieved November 14, 2015.
^ *ESPN College Basketball Encyclopedia: The Complete History of the Men's Game. Random House. 2009. pp. 998–999. ISBN 978-0-345-51392-2.
vteIndiana Hoosiers men's basketballVenues
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Rivalries
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List of seasons
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1904–05
1905–06
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1909–10
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1916–17
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1930–31
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1932–33
1933–34
1934–35
1935–36
1936–37
1937–38
1938–39
1939–40
1940–41
1941–42
1942–43
1943–44
1944–45
1945–46
1946–47
1947–48
1948–49
1949–50
1950–51
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1952–53
1953–54
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NCAA national championships in bold; NCAA Final Four appearances in italics | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indiana University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University_(Bloomington)"},{"link_name":"Bobby Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Knight"},{"link_name":"Assembly Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_Hall_(Bloomington)"},{"link_name":"Bloomington, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomington,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Big Ten Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Ten_Conference"},{"link_name":"1992 NCAA tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The 1991–92 Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball team represented Indiana University. Their head coach was Bobby Knight, who was in his 21st year. The team played its home games in Assembly Hall in Bloomington, Indiana, and was a member of the Big Ten Conference.The Hoosiers finished the regular season with an overall record of 27–7 and a conference record of 14–4, finishing 2nd in the Big Ten Conference. The Hoosiers were invited to participate in the 1992 NCAA tournament as a 2-seed, where they advanced to the Final Four.[1]","title":"1991–92 Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball team"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Roster"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Schedule/Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1991–92 NCAA Division I men's basketball rankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%E2%80%9392_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_rankings"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-2"}],"text":"See also: 1991–92 NCAA Division I men's basketball rankings[2]","title":"Rankings"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Indiana Basketball Men's Database\". IndyStar. Retrieved November 14, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indystar.com/story/sports/college/indiana/2013/10/29/indiana-basketball-mens-database/3308409/","url_text":"\"Indiana Basketball Men's Database\""}]},{"reference":"ESPN College Basketball Encyclopedia: The Complete History of the Men's Game. Random House. 2009. pp. 998–999. ISBN 978-0-345-51392-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_House","url_text":"Random House"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-51392-2","url_text":"978-0-345-51392-2"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.indystar.com/story/sports/college/indiana/2013/10/29/indiana-basketball-mens-database/3308409/","external_links_name":"\"Indiana Basketball Men's Database\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Comics_Art_Festival | Toronto Comic Arts Festival | ["1 Programming","2 History","2.1 Event history","3 References","4 External links"] | Comic book festival in Toronto, Ontario
Toronto Comic Arts FestivalStatusActiveGenreAlternative comics conventionFrequencyAnnualVenueToronto Reference LibraryLocation(s)Toronto, OntarioCountryCanadaInauguratedMarch 29, 2003; 21 years ago (2003-03-29)FounderPeter BirkemoeChris ButcherMost recentApril 29-30, 2023Next eventMay 11-12, 2024Attendance25,000Organized byTCAFWebsitehttp://torontocomics.com/
The Toronto Comic Arts Festival (TCAF) is a comic book festival held annually in Toronto, Ontario. Founded in 2003, TCAF has grown to become one of the world’s largest festivals dedicated to the promotion and appreciation of comic arts.
Programming
TCAF focuses on alternative and independent comics, but includes other creative arts besides comics. Unlike traditional comic book conventions, TCAF is modeled off of independent comic festivals and art book fairs such as the Angoulême International Comics Festival and Small Press Expo.
TCAF is a free-admission event.
History
TCAF was founded by Peter Birkemoe and Chris Butcher of The Beguiling in 2003. The festival was held biennially until 2009, when in partnership with the Toronto Public Library it became an annual event. Starting that year, the festival took place at the Toronto Reference Library.
Event history
Dates
Location
Attend.
Featured Guests
March 29, 2003
Trinity-St. Paul's United Church600
May 28–29, 2005
Honest Ed's Parking Lot6,000
August 18–19, 2007
Victoria College6,000Chester Brown, Darwyn Cooke, Evan Dorkin, James Jean, Joe Matt, Paul Pope, Seth
May 9–10, 2009
Toronto Reference Library10,500Ivan Brunetti, Anke Feuchtenberger, Emmanuel Guibert, Bryan Lee O’Malley, Paul Pope, Seth, Yoshihiro Tatsumi, Adrian Tomine
May 8–9, 2010
Toronto Reference Library12,500Daniel Clowes, Jeff Lemire, Paul Pope, Dash Shaw, James Sturm, Charles Vess, Jim Woodring
May 7–8, 2011
Toronto Reference Library15,000David Boswell, Chester Brown, Darwyn Cooke, Ludovic Debeurme, Brecht Evens, Usamaru Furuya, Lorenzo Mattotti, Mawil, Natsume Ono, John Porcellino, Jillian Tamaki, Adrian Tomine, Pendleton Ward, Chris Ware
May 5–6, 2012
Toronto Reference Library18,000Gabriella Giandelli, Aislin, Gabriel Bá, Kate Beaton, Alison Bechdel, Arne Bellstorf, José-Luis Bocquet, Guy Delisle, Tom Gauld, Matt Holm, Jennifer Holm, Jason, Konami Kanata, Kazu Kibuishi, Kid Koala, Bryan Lee O’Malley, Hugues Micol, Fábio Moon, Catel Muller, Michel Rabagliati, Andy Runton, Jeff Smith, Pendleton Ward, Adam Warren
May 8–9, 2013
Toronto Reference Library18,000Bill Amend, David B, Blutch, Boulet, Ivan Brunetti, C.F., Chihoi, Glyn Dillon, Lisa Hanawalt, Gilbert Hernandez, Jaime Hernandez, Chip Kidd, Michael Kupperman, Eric Lambé, Bryan Lee O’Malley, Ulli Lust, Taiyo Matsumoto, Rutu Modan, Françoise Mouly, Frederik Peeters, Paul Pope, Michel Rabagliati, Dash Shaw, Art Spiegelman, Gengoroh Tagame, Raina Telgemeier, Judith Vanistendael
May 10–11, 2014
Toronto Reference Library22,000Moyoco Anno, Isabelle Arsenault, Kate Beaton, Gabrielle Bell, Christophe Blain, Fanny Britt, Ed Brubaker, Darwyn Cooke, Michael DeForge, Renaud Dillies, est em, Pascal Girard, Réal Godbout, Akira Himekawa, Lynn Johnston, Kazu Kibuishi, Reinhard Kleist, Abel Lanzac, Luke Pearson, Sean Phillips, Mimi Pond, Trina Robbins, Jeff Smith, Jillian Tamaki Mariko Tamaki
May 9–10, 2015
Toronto Reference Library24,000Pénélope Bagieu, Lynda Barry, Marc Bell, Pascal Blanchet, Boulet, Charles Burns, Eleanor Davis, Étienne Davodeau, Julie Doucet, Hunt Emerson, Gurihiru, Simon Hanselmann, Dustin Harbin, Matt Holm, Jennifer Holm, Aya Kanno, Killoffer, Lucy Knisley, Ed Luce, Jason Lutes, Lorenzo Mattotti, Scott McCloud, Anders Nilsen, Seth, ND Stevenson, Barbara Stok, Gengoroh Tagame, Jillian Tamaki, Adrian Tomine, Chip Zdarsky
May 14–15, 2016
Toronto Reference Library25,000Marguerite Abouet, Adrian Alphona, Balak, Kate Beaton, Boulet, Chester Brown, Brian Chippendale, Brecht Evens, Duncan Fegredo, Manuele Fior, Matt Furie, Pia Guerra, Lisa Hanawalt, Simon Hanselmann, Jennifer Hayden, Faith Erin Hicks, Keith Jones, Shintaro Kago, Bendik Kaltenborn, Jeff Lemire, Emi Lenox, Francisco Sousa Lobo, MariNaomi, Sean Phillips, Michel Rabagliati, Rokudenashiko, Ant Sang, Steve Skroce, Raina Telgemeier, Noah Van Sciver, Brian K. Vaughan, Bastien Vivès, Gene Luen Yang, Barbara Yelin, Chip Zdarsky
May 13–14, 2017
Toronto Reference Library25,000Charlie Adlard, Isabelle Arsenault, Paolo Bacilieri, Pénélope Bagieu, Gabrielle Bell, Fanny Britt, Svetlana Chmakova, David Collier, Katherine Collins, Dave Cooper, Colleen Coover, Eleanor Davis, Aimée de Jongh, Joe Decie, Guy Delisle, Rick Geary, Élise Gravel, Anna Haigisch, Shannon Hale, Igor Hofbauer, Jesse Jacobs, Jason, Jeff Lemire, Marjorie Liu, Ulli Lust, Jane Mai, Dave McKean, An Nguyen, Michael Nybrandt, Bryan Lee O’Malley, Gary Panter, LeUyen Pham, Nate Powell, Michel Rabagliati, Sandrine Revel, Emma Ríos, Martina Schradi, Gengoroh Tagame, San Takeda, Jillian Tamaki, Marcelino Truong, Ngozi Ukazu, Scott Westerfeld, Eric Kostiuk Williams
May 12–13, 2018
Toronto Reference Library25,000Yvan Alagbé, Brooklyn Allen, Ho Che Anderson, Inio Asano, David B, Romy Blümel, Vera Brosgol, Eddie Campbell, Emily Carroll, Cecil Castellucci, Michael Comeau, Max de Radiguès, Michael DeForge, Brigitte Findakly, Gale Galligan, Melanie Gillman, Charise Mericle Harper, Jamie Hernandez, Ananth Hirsh, James Kochalka, Hope Larson, Hartley Lin, Liniers, Wauter Mannaert, Françoise Mouly, National Cartoonists Society, Audrey Niffenegger, Katie O'Neill, Molly Knox Ostertag, Yuko Ota, Danish Pavilion, Chris Reynolds, Julie Rocheleau, Sergio García Sánchez, Fiona Smyth, Jillian Tamaki, Mariko Tamaki, Lewis Trondheim, Jen Wang, Georgia Webber, Ronald Wimberly, Stephanie Wunderlich
May 11–12, 2019
Toronto Reference LibraryGabriel Bá, Bessora, Daria Bogdanska, Emily Carroll, Alexandre Clérisse, Ezra Claytan Daniels, Margreet de Heer, Aimee de Jongh, Entreviñetas, Kieron Gillen, Bill Griffith, Stephanie Hans, Erica Henderson, Gord Hill, Junji Ito, Jason, JonJon, Lucy Knisley, Nora Krug, Ness Lee, Rachel Lindsay, Richard Marazano, Jamie McKelvie, Fábio Moon, Søren Glosimodt Mosdal, Anders Nilsen, Alex Norris, Ben Passmore, Emilie Plateau, Jérémie Royer, David Rubín, Brian Selznick, Seth, Vivek Shraya, Mark Alan Stamaty, James Stokoe, Hiromi Takashima, Craig Thompson, Typex, Jhonen Vasquez, Kelsey Wroten, Chip Zdarsky
May 9–10, 2020
––Cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic
May 8–15, 2021
––Held virtually
June 17–19, 2022
Toronto Reference LibraryTillie Walden, Rumi Hara, Robyn Smith, Zviane, Emma Hunsinger, Jamila Rowser, Jenn Woodall, Anoosha Syed, Benjamin Marra, Terry Dodson, Akane Torikai, Johnnie Christmas, Jo Rioux, Lee Lai, Conor Stechschulte, Emily Hampshire, Katherine Battersby, Stanley Wany, S. Bear Bergman, Joe Ollmann, Aimée de Jongh, Sonja Ahlers, Saul Freedman-Lawson, Catherine Castro, Mikaël, Seth, Ho Che Anderson, John Patrick Green, Brandon Mitchell, Veronika Barinova, Hope Larson, Neil Gaiman, Maggie Edkins Willis, Ben Passmore, and Gord Hill.
References
^ a b c Braga, Matthew (May 9, 2011). "Toronto Comics Fest, Ruining Mother's Day Yet Again". Torontoist. Retrieved December 22, 2011.
^ a b "2010 Hero: The Toronto Comic Arts Festival". Torontoist. December 23, 2010. Retrieved December 23, 2011.
^ a b "About TCAF: History and Staff". Toronto Comic Arts Festival. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
^ Boyd, Kevin (June 11, 2007). "TORONTO COMIC ARTS FESTIVAL AUG 18-19 ANNOUNCES 2007 GUESTS". CGC. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
^ "Announcing the 2009 Toronto Comic Arts Festival (via Archive)". Toronto Comic Arts Festival. March 5, 2009. Archived from the original on August 2, 2009. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
^ "Toronto Comics Arts Festival (TCAF) Preview". The Comics Journal. April 30, 2010. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
^ "Featured Guests - TCAF 2011 (via Archive)". Toronto Comic Arts Festival. 2011. Archived from the original on May 10, 2011. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
^ "Featured Guests - TCAF 2012 (via Archive)". Toronto Comic Arts Festival. 2012. Archived from the original on May 9, 2012. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
^ "Featured Guests - TCAF 2013 (via Archive)". Toronto Comic Arts Festival. 2013. Archived from the original on May 27, 2013. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
^ "Featured Guests - TCAF 2014 (via Archive)". Toronto Comic Arts Festival. 2014. Archived from the original on April 23, 2014. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
^ "Featured Guests - TCAF 2015 (via Archive)". Toronto Comic Arts Festival. 2015. Archived from the original on May 6, 2015. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
^ "Featured Guests - TCAF 2016 (via Archive)". Toronto Comic Arts Festival. 2016. Archived from the original on April 13, 2016. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
^ "Featured Guests - TCAF 2017". Guidebook. 2017. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
^ "Featured Guests - TCAF 2018 (via Archive)". Toronto Comic Arts Festival. 2018. Archived from the original on April 30, 2018. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
^ "Featured Guests - TCAF 2019 (via Archive)". Toronto Comic Arts Festival. 2019. Archived from the original on April 18, 2019. Retrieved April 23, 2019.
^ "TCAF 2020 Announcement of Event Cancellation". TCAF. March 18, 2020. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
^ "TCAF 2021: virtual lineup announced". Comics Beat. February 1, 2021. Retrieved May 31, 2022.
^ "TCAF 2022". TCAF. Retrieved May 31, 2022.
^ "TCAF 2022 Featured Guests". TCAF. Retrieved February 22, 2024.
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TCAF official website
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This article related to a Canadian festival is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a literary festival is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comic book festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_book_festival"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"}],"text":"The Toronto Comic Arts Festival (TCAF) is a comic book festival held annually in Toronto, Ontario. 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The Comics Journal. April 30, 2010. Retrieved November 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://classic.tcj.com/international/toronto-comics-arts-festival-tcaf-preview/","url_text":"\"Toronto Comics Arts Festival (TCAF) Preview\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Comics_Journal","url_text":"The Comics Journal"}]},{"reference":"\"Featured Guests - TCAF 2011 (via Archive)\". Toronto Comic Arts Festival. 2011. Archived from the original on May 10, 2011. Retrieved November 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110510000943/http://torontocomics.com:80/whos-coming/","url_text":"\"Featured Guests - TCAF 2011 (via Archive)\""},{"url":"http://torontocomics.com/whos-coming/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Featured Guests - TCAF 2012 (via Archive)\". Toronto Comic Arts Festival. 2012. Archived from the original on May 9, 2012. Retrieved November 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120509003137/http://torontocomics.com/exhibitors/type/featured-guests/","url_text":"\"Featured Guests - TCAF 2012 (via Archive)\""},{"url":"http://torontocomics.com/exhibitors/type/featured-guests/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Featured Guests - TCAF 2013 (via Archive)\". Toronto Comic Arts Festival. 2013. Archived from the original on May 27, 2013. Retrieved November 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130527143912/http://torontocomics.com:80/exhibitors/type/featured-guests/","url_text":"\"Featured Guests - TCAF 2013 (via Archive)\""},{"url":"http://torontocomics.com/exhibitors/type/featured-guests/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Featured Guests - TCAF 2014 (via Archive)\". Toronto Comic Arts Festival. 2014. Archived from the original on April 23, 2014. 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Retrieved November 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160413225202/http://torontocomics.com:80/exhibitors/type/featured-guests/","url_text":"\"Featured Guests - TCAF 2016 (via Archive)\""},{"url":"http://torontocomics.com/exhibitors/type/featured-guests/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Featured Guests - TCAF 2017\". Guidebook. 2017. Retrieved November 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://guidebook.com/guide/91128/list/441189/","url_text":"\"Featured Guests - TCAF 2017\""}]},{"reference":"\"Featured Guests - TCAF 2018 (via Archive)\". Toronto Comic Arts Festival. 2018. Archived from the original on April 30, 2018. Retrieved November 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180430050022/http://www.torontocomics.com:80/featured-guests-2018/","url_text":"\"Featured Guests - TCAF 2018 (via Archive)\""},{"url":"http://www.torontocomics.com/featured-guests-2018/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Featured Guests - TCAF 2019 (via Archive)\". Toronto Comic Arts Festival. 2019. Archived from the original on April 18, 2019. Retrieved April 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190418232329/http://www2.torontocomics.com/featured-guests/?cat=featured-guests","url_text":"\"Featured Guests - TCAF 2019 (via Archive)\""},{"url":"http://www2.torontocomics.com/featured-guests/?cat=featured-guests","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"TCAF 2020 Announcement of Event Cancellation\". TCAF. March 18, 2020. Retrieved March 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www2.torontocomics.com/2020/03/18/tcaf-2020-announcement-of-event-cancellation/","url_text":"\"TCAF 2020 Announcement of Event Cancellation\""}]},{"reference":"\"TCAF 2021: virtual lineup announced\". Comics Beat. February 1, 2021. Retrieved May 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.comicsbeat.com/tcaf-2021-virtual-lineup-announced/","url_text":"\"TCAF 2021: virtual lineup announced\""}]},{"reference":"\"TCAF 2022\". TCAF. Retrieved May 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.torontocomics.com/tcaf-2022","url_text":"\"TCAF 2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"TCAF 2022 Featured Guests\". TCAF. Retrieved February 22, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.torontocomics.com/post/featured-guests-round-two","url_text":"\"TCAF 2022 Featured Guests\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://torontocomics.com/","external_links_name":"http://torontocomics.com/"},{"Link":"http://torontoist.com/2011/05/tcaf/","external_links_name":"\"Toronto Comics Fest, Ruining Mother's Day Yet Again\""},{"Link":"http://torontoist.com/2010/12/2010_hero_tcaf/","external_links_name":"\"2010 Hero: The Toronto Comic Arts Festival\""},{"Link":"http://www2.torontocomics.com/about-tcaf/","external_links_name":"\"About TCAF: History and Staff\""},{"Link":"https://www.cgccomics.com/boards/topic/95934-toronto-comic-arts-festival-aug-18-19-announces-2007-guests/","external_links_name":"\"TORONTO COMIC ARTS FESTIVAL AUG 18-19 ANNOUNCES 2007 GUESTS\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090802084531/http://www2.torontocomics.com/","external_links_name":"\"Announcing the 2009 Toronto Comic Arts Festival (via Archive)\""},{"Link":"http://www2.torontocomics.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://classic.tcj.com/international/toronto-comics-arts-festival-tcaf-preview/","external_links_name":"\"Toronto Comics Arts Festival (TCAF) Preview\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110510000943/http://torontocomics.com:80/whos-coming/","external_links_name":"\"Featured Guests - TCAF 2011 (via Archive)\""},{"Link":"http://torontocomics.com/whos-coming/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120509003137/http://torontocomics.com/exhibitors/type/featured-guests/","external_links_name":"\"Featured Guests - TCAF 2012 (via Archive)\""},{"Link":"http://torontocomics.com/exhibitors/type/featured-guests/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130527143912/http://torontocomics.com:80/exhibitors/type/featured-guests/","external_links_name":"\"Featured Guests - TCAF 2013 (via Archive)\""},{"Link":"http://torontocomics.com/exhibitors/type/featured-guests/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140423134242/http://torontocomics.com:80/exhibitors/type/featured-guests/","external_links_name":"\"Featured Guests - TCAF 2014 (via Archive)\""},{"Link":"http://torontocomics.com/exhibitors/type/featured-guests/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150506091711/http://torontocomics.com:80/exhibitors/type/featured-guests/","external_links_name":"\"Featured Guests - TCAF 2015 (via Archive)\""},{"Link":"http://torontocomics.com/exhibitors/type/featured-guests/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160413225202/http://torontocomics.com:80/exhibitors/type/featured-guests/","external_links_name":"\"Featured Guests - TCAF 2016 (via Archive)\""},{"Link":"http://torontocomics.com/exhibitors/type/featured-guests/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://guidebook.com/guide/91128/list/441189/","external_links_name":"\"Featured Guests - TCAF 2017\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180430050022/http://www.torontocomics.com:80/featured-guests-2018/","external_links_name":"\"Featured Guests - TCAF 2018 (via Archive)\""},{"Link":"http://www.torontocomics.com/featured-guests-2018/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190418232329/http://www2.torontocomics.com/featured-guests/?cat=featured-guests","external_links_name":"\"Featured Guests - TCAF 2019 (via Archive)\""},{"Link":"http://www2.torontocomics.com/featured-guests/?cat=featured-guests","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www2.torontocomics.com/2020/03/18/tcaf-2020-announcement-of-event-cancellation/","external_links_name":"\"TCAF 2020 Announcement of Event Cancellation\""},{"Link":"https://www.comicsbeat.com/tcaf-2021-virtual-lineup-announced/","external_links_name":"\"TCAF 2021: virtual lineup announced\""},{"Link":"https://www.torontocomics.com/tcaf-2022","external_links_name":"\"TCAF 2022\""},{"Link":"https://www.torontocomics.com/post/featured-guests-round-two","external_links_name":"\"TCAF 2022 Featured Guests\""},{"Link":"http://www2.torontocomics.com/","external_links_name":"TCAF official website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toronto_Comic_Arts_Festival&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toronto_Comic_Arts_Festival&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_First_Edition_Records_releases | List of First Edition Records releases | ["1 References"] | This is a discography of LP releases by the Louisville Orchestra on First Edition Records, and CD releases on First Edition Records and the First Edition Music label.
This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Original LPs
No.
Year
Composer(s)
Title(s)
Format
Notes
LOU-545-1
1955
Paul Creston, Heitor Villa-Lobos, Halsey Stevens
Invocation And Dance, Op. 58 / Alvorada Na Floresta Tropical / Triskelion
LP
all LPs mono unless otherwise noted
LOU-545-2
1955
Henry Cowell, Alexander Tcherepnin, Bernard Wagenaar
Symphony No. 11 / Suite / A Concert Overture
LP
LOU-545-3
1955
Peter Mennin, Wallingford Riegger, Ernst Toch
Symphony No. 6 / Variations For Piano And Orchestra / Notturno
LP
LOU-545-4
1955
Alan Hovhaness, Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco, Carlos Surinach
Concerto No. 7 For Orchestra / Overture To "Much Ado About Nothing" / Sinfonietta Flamenca
LP
LOU-545-5
1955
Jacques Ibert, Gardner Read, Otto Luening & Vladimir Ussachevsky
Louisville Concerto / Toccata Giocosa / Rhapsodic Variations For Tape Recorder And Orchestra
LP
LOU-545-6
1955
Peggy Glanville-Hicks
The Transposed Heads
LP
LOU-545-7
1955
Vincent Persichetti, Robert Sanders, Boris Blacher
Symphony For Strings / Little Symphony No. 2 In B Flat / Studie In Pianissimo
LP
LOU-545-8
1955
Luigi Dallapiccola, José Pablo Moncayo, Ulysses Kay, Darius Milhaud
Variazioni Per Orchestra / Cumbres / Serenade For Orchestra / Ouverture Méditerranéenne
LP
LOU-545-9
1955
Gottfried von Einem, Karol Rathaus, George Perle
Meditations / Prelude For Orchestra / Rhapsody For Orchestra
LP
LOU-545-10
1955
Alberto Ginastera, Henri Sauguet, Robert Ward, William Bergsma
Pampeana No. 3 / A Carol On Twelfth Night / Les Trois Lys / Euphony For Orchestra
LP
LOU-545-11
1955
Gian Francesco Malipiero, Vittorio Rieti, Ernst Bacon
Fantasie Di Ogni Giorno / Introduzione E Gioco Delle Ore / The Enchanted Island
LP
LOU-56-1
1956
Hilding Rosenberg, Camargo Guarnieri
Louisville Concerto / "And The Fallen Petals" / Suite IV Centenario
LP
LOU-56-2
1956
Alexandre Tansman, Felix Borowski, Ingolf Dahl
Capriccio / The Mirror / The Tower Of Saint Barbara
LP
LOU-56-3
1956
Ernst Krenek, Roberto Caamaño
Eleven Transparencies / Magnificat
LP
LOU-56-4
1956
George Antheil
The Wish
LP
LOU-56-5
1956
Juan Orrego-Salas, Harold Shapero, Robert Muczynski
Serenata Concertante / Credo For Orchestra / Concerto No. 1 For Piano And Orchestra
LP
LOU-56-6
1956
Henk Badings, Ben Weber, Leo Sowerby
The Louisville Symphony / Prelude And Passacaglia / All On A Summer's Day
LP
LOU-57-1
1957
Paul Nordoff, Paul Müller-Zürich
Winter Symphony / Concerto For Cello And Orchestra
LP
LOU-57-2
1957
André Jolivet, John Vincent
Suite Transocéane / Symphony In D
LP
LOU-57-3
1957
Rolf Liebermann
School for Wives
LP
LOU-57-4
1957
Roger Sessions
Idyll Of Theocritus
LP
LOU-57-5
1957
Ned Rorem, Bernard Reichel
Design For Orchestra / Suite Symphonique
LP
LOU-57-6
1957
Edmund Rubbra, Irving Fine, Harold Morris
Improvisation For Violin & Orchestra / Serious Song: A Lament For String Orchestra / Passacaglia, Adagio And Finale
LP
LOU-58-1
1958
Alexei Haieff, Nicolas Nabokov
Ballet In E / Symboli Chrestiani For Baritone And Orchestra
LP
LOU-58-2
1958
Lou Harrison, Peter Jona Korn
Four Strict Songs For Eight Baritones And Orchestra / Variations On A Tune From "The Beggar's Opera"
LP
LOU-58-3
1958
Elliott Carter, Everett Helm
Variations For Orchestra / Second Piano Concerto
LP
LOU-58-4
1958
Arthur Berger, Carlos Surinach, Meyer Kupferman
Polyphony For Orchestra / Overture, Feria Magica / Fourth Symphony
LP
LOU-58-5
1958
Roger Goeb, Gail Kubik
Concertino For Orchestra / Symphony No. 2 In F
LP
LOU-58-6
1958
Roger Sessions, David Van Vactor, Niels Viggo Bentzon
Serenata / Fantasia, Chaconne And Allegro / Pezzi Sinfonici
LP
LOU-59-1
1959
Aaron Copland, Alfonso Lefelier
Orchestral Variations / "Aculeo" Suite For Orchestra
LP
LOU-592
1959
Arthur Bliss, Colin McPhee
Discourse For Orchestra / Symphony No. 2, Pastoral
LP
LOU-593
1959
Halsey Stevens, Herbert Elwell
Sinfonia Breve / Concert Suite For Violin And Orchestra
LP
LOU-594
1959
Nicolas Nabokov
The Holy Devil
LP
LOU-595
1959
Henry Cowell, Benjamin Lees
Ongaku For Orchestra / Symphony No. 2
LP
LOU-601
1960
Paul Ben-Haim, Wallingford Riegger
To The Chief Musician: Metamorphoses For Orchestra / Variations For Violin And Orchestra, Op. 71
LP
LOU-602
1960
Klaus Egge, Roy Harris
Symphony No. 3 / Kentucky Spring
LP
LOU-603
1960
Lee Hoiby
Beatrice
LP
2-LP set
LOU-604
1960
William Schuman, Gian Francesco Malipiero
Judith, Chorographic Poem for Orchestra / Concerto No. 3 for Piano and Orchestra
LP
LOU-605
1960
Paul Hindemith, David Diamond, Claude Almand
Sinfonietta in E / Timon Of Athens: A Symphonic Portrait After Shakespeare / John Gilbert: A Steamboat Overture
LP
LOU-606
1960
Bernard Rogers, Joaquín Rodrigo, Vincent Persichetti
Dance Scenes / Cuatro Madrigales Amatorios / Serenade No. 5
LP
LOU-611
1961
Elliott Carter, Alexei Haieff
Symphony No. 1 / Divertimento
LP
LOU-612
1961
Ernst Toch, Roberto García Morillo
Peter Pan: A Fairy Tale for Orchestra, Op. 76 / Variaciones Olimpicas, Op. 24
LP
LOU-613
1961
Peter Mennin, Joaquín Rodrigo
Symphony No.5 / Concerto Galante for Violincello and Orchestra
LP
LOU-614
1961
Alan Hovhaness, Chou Wen-chung
Magnificat For Four Solo Voices, Chorus And Orchestra, Op. 157 / All In The Spring Wind
LP
LOU-615
1961
Alexander Tcherepnin, Arthur Honegger
Piano Concerto No. 2 / Suite Archaique
LP
LOU-616
1961
Robert Kurka, Robert Whitney
Symphony No. 2, Op. 24 / Concertino
LP
LOU-621
1962
Charles Ives, Lou Harrison
Decoration Day / Suite for Symphonic Strings
LP
LOU-622
1962
Henry Cowell, Rodolfo Halffter
Thesis / Ballet Suite, "La Madrugada Del Panadero"
LP
LOU-623
1962
Harald Sæverud, George Rochberg
Peer Gynt Suite No. 1 Op. 28 / Night Music
LP
LOU-624
1962
Juan Orrego-Salas, Andrzej Panufnik
Symphony No. 2 / Sinfonia Elegiaca
LP
LOU-625
1962
Ross Lee Finney, Iain Hamilton
Symphony No. 2 / Scottish Dances, Op. 32
LP
LOU-626
1962
Benjamin Britten, Paul Ben-Haim
Violin Concerto No. 1, Op. 15 / "Pastorale Variee" For Clarinet, Harp And Strings, Op. 31
LP
LOU-631
1963
Zoltán Kodály, Nelson Keyes
Symphony / Suite, "Music For Monday Evenings"
LP
LOU-632
1963
Hale Smith, Gardner Read, Robert Kurka
Contours For Orchestra / Night Flight / Serenade For Small Orchestra
LP
LOU-633
1963
Walter Piston, Hall Overton
Concerto For Viola And Orchestra / Symphony No. 2 In One Movement
LP
in stereo LS-633
LOU-634
1963
George Rochberg, Ray Luke
Symphony No. 1 / Symphony No. 2
LP
LOU-635
1963
Carlisle Floyd, Robert Sanders
The Mystery / Little Symphony No. 1 In G
LP
LOU-636
1963
Ernst Bloch, Frank Martin, Toshiro Mayuzumi
Concerto For Violin And Orchestra / Proclamation For Trumpet And Orchestra / Pieces For Prepared Piano And Strings
LP
in stereo LS-636
LOU-641
1964
Luigi Dallapiccola, José Serebrier
Soliloquy Of A Bhiksuni – Due Pezzi / Partita
LP
LOU-642
1964
Quincy Porter, Vittorio Giannini
Symphony No. 2 / Divertimento No. 2
LP
LOU-643
1964
Werner Egk, Hans Werner Henze, Irving Fine
Suite From Ballet "Abraxas" / Wedding Music From "Undine" / Diversions For Orchestra
LP
LOU-644
1964
Ned Rorem, William Jay Sydeman
Eleven Studies For Eleven Players / Orchestral Abstractions
LP
LOU-645
1964
Alexander Tcherepnin, Richard Mohaupt
Symphony No. 2 / Town Piper Music
LP
LOU-646
1964
Wallingford Riegger, Roberto Gerhard
Symphony No. 4 / Allegrias
LP
LOU-651
1965
Alvin Etler, Charles Ives & William Schuman, Ulysses Kay
Concerto For Wind Quintet And Orchestra / Variations On "America" / Umbrian Scene
LP
LOU-652
1965
Ross Lee Finney, Daniel Pinkham
Symphony No. 1 (Communique 1943) / Symphony No. 2
LP
LOU-653
1965
Walter Piston, William Kraft
Symphony No. 5 / Concerto Grosso
LP
in stereo LS-653
LOU-654
1965
Nikolai Lopatnikoff, Andrzej Panufnik
Variazioni Concertanti / Nocturne
LP
LOU-655
1965
Roy Harris, Paul Creston
Symphony No. 5 / Corinthians 13
LP
in stereo LS-655
LOU-656
1965
Robert Kurka, Carlos Surinach
Suite From "The Good Soldier Schweik" / Symphonic Variations
LP
in stereo LS-656
LOU-661
1966
Ernst Toch, Harry Somers, François Morel
Jephta. Rhapsodic Poem (Symphony No. 5) / Passacaglia And Fugue For Orchestra / Antiphonie
LP
in stereo LS-661
LOU-662
1966
Alan Hovhaness, Lennox Berkeley
Symphony No. 15 "The Silver Pilgrimage" / Four Ronsard Sonets for Tenor and Orchestra
LP
in stereo LS-662
LOU-663
1966
Bohuslav Martinů, Virgil Thomson
Symphony No. 5 / Concerto For Flute
LP
LOU-664
1966
Gian Francesco Malipiero, Irwin Bazelon
Notturno Di Canti E Balli / Short Symphony (Testament To A Big City)
LP
in stereo LS-664
LOU-665
1966
Benjamin Lees, Ronald Herder, Luigi Nono
Concerto For Orchestra / Movements For Orchestra / Uno Espressione
LP
in stereo LS-665
LOU-666
1966
Roy Harris, Gunther Schuller, Toshiro Mayuzumi
Epilogue to Profiles in Courage: JFK / Dramatic Overture / Samsara, Symphonic Poem
LP
LOU-671
1967
Boris Blacher, Andrzej Panufnik
Orchestral Fantasy / Rhapsody For Orchestra
LP
in stereo LS-671
LOU-674
1967
Alvin Etler, Harold Shapero
Triptych / Partita In C For Piano And Small Orchestra
LP
in stereo LS-674
LOU-675
1967
Peter Racine Fricker
Symphony No. 1, Op. 9
LP
in stereo LS-675
LOU-676
1967
Goffredo Petrassi, Ben Weber, Irwin Leroy Fischer
Concerto No. 5 For Orchestra / Dolmen, An Elegy / Overture On An Exuberant Tone Row
LP
LOU-681
1968
Henry Cowell, Carlos Surinach
Sinfonietta / Melorhythmic Dramas
LP
LOU-682
1968
Charles Koechlin, Robert Starer, Henry Cowell
Cinq Chorals Dans Les Modes Du Moyen-Age / Mutabili / Hymn And Fuguing Tune No. 2 / Ballad / Hymn And Fuguing Tune No. 3
LP
in stereo LS-682
LOU-683
1968
Dmitri Shostakovich, Leon Kirchner
Hamlet, Op. 32 / Toccata
LP
in stereo LS-683
LOU-684
1968
Goffredo Petrassi, Paul Hindemith
Kammermusik / Noche Oscura
LP
in stereo LS-684
LOU-685
1968
Boris Blacher, Francis Poulenc, Darius Milhaud
Orchestral Ornament, Op. 44 / Deux Marches et un Intermède / Cortège Funèbre
LP
in stereo LS-685
LOU-686
1986
Leonardo Balada, Gunther Schuller, Luigi Dallapiccola
Guernica / Five Bagatelles for Orchestra / Musica Notturna
LP
in stereo LS-686
LOU-691
1969
Peter Schickele, Stanley Walden, Robert Dennis
Three Views From "The Open Window"
LP
in stereo LS-691
LOU-692
1969
William Schuman, Robert Bernat
Symphony No. 4 / In Memoriam: John F Kennedy
LP
in stereo LS-692
LOU-693
1969
Peter Mennin, Arthur Honegger
Concerto for Cello and Orchestra / Prelude To "Aglavaine Et Selysette
LP
in stereo LS-693
LOU-694
1969
Paul Hindemith, Easley Blackwood, Jr.
Concert Music For Solo Viola And Large Chamber Orchestra, Op. 48 / Concerto For Violin And Orchestra, Op. 21
LP
in stereo LS-694
LOU-695
1969
Heitor Villa-Lobos, John Addison
Danses Africaines / Concerto For Trumpet And Strings
LP
in stereo LS-695
LOU-696
1969
Silvestre Revueltas, Alberto Ginastera
Redes / "Ollantay", a Symphonic Triptych
LP
in stereo LS-696
LOU-701
1970
Antonio Tauriello, Marcel Grandjany, Mátyás Seiber
"Ilinx" for Clarinet Solo and Orchestra / Aria in Classic Style for Harp and Strings / Concertino for Clarinet and Strings
LP
in stereo LS-701
LOU-702
1970
Héctor Tosar, Ernst Toch, Jacques Ibert, Yoav Talmi, Camargo Guarnieri
Toccata / Miniature Overture / Bacchanale / Overture On Mexican Themes / Three Dances For Orchestra
LP
in stereo LS-702
LOU-703
1970
Julius Rietz, Max Bruch
Concert Ouverture Op. 7 / Symphony No. 2 In F Minor, Op. 36
LP
in stereo LS-703
LOU-704
1970
Richard Strauss, Phillip Rhodes
Six Songs, Op. 68 (After Clemens Brentano) / "The Lament Of Michal" For Soprano and Orchestra
LP
"100th Golden Edition", in stereo LS-704
LOU-705
1970
Joseph Joachim
Concerto For Violins And Orchestra In D Minor ("In The Hungarian Style")
LP
in stereo LS-705
LOU-706
1970
Vincent Persichetti, Wallingford Riegger
Symphony No. 8 / Study In Sonority, Op. 7
LP
in stereo LS-706
LOU-711
1971
George Crumb, Merrill Leroy Ellis
Echoes Of Time And The River (Echoes II) / "Kaleidoscope" For Orchestra, Synthesizer, And Soprano
LP
in stereo LS-711
LOU-712
1971
Ezra Laderman, Nelson Keyes
Magic Prison / Abysses, Bridges, Chasms For Ten Rock-Jazz Soloists And Orchestra
LP
in stereo LS-712
LOU-713
1970
Carlos Chávez, Enrique Granados
Suite From "Horsepower" / "Dante" Symphonic Poem, Op. 21
LP
in stereo LS-713
LOU-714
1970
Gustavo Becerra-Schmidt, Jesús Pinzón Urrea, Gerardo Gandini, Héctor Quintanar
Symphony No. 1 / Study for Orchestra / Fantasie-Impromptu for Piano and Orchestra / Sideral II
LP
in stereo LS-714
LOU-715
1971
György Ránki, Wallingford Riegger
Elegaic Variations / Lamentation For Orchestra / Dichotomy
LP
in stereo LS-715
LOU-716
1971
Morton Gould, Carlisle Floyd
Soundings / Columbia / In Celebration: An Overture For Orchestra
LP
in stereo LS-716
LOU-721
1972
John J. Becker, William Schuman, Felix Labunski
Symphonia Brevis (Symphony No. 3) / Prayer In Time Of War / Canto Di Aspirazione
LP
in stereo LS-721
LOU-722
1972
Krzysztof Penderecki, Gene Gutchë, Karel Husa
De Natura Sonoris No. 2 / Genghis Khan, Op. 37 / Music For Prague 1968
LP
in stereo LS-722
LOU-723
1972
Phillip Rhodes
From "Paradise Lost" An Opera-Oratorio In Three Acts
LP
disc 1 of 2, in stereo LS-723
LOU-724
1972
Phillip Rhodes
From "Paradise Lost" An Opera-Oratorio In Three Acts
LP
disc 2 of 2, in stereo LS-724
LOU-725
1972
Karel Husa, Matthias Bamert
Two Sonnets From Michelangelo / "Septuria Lunaris"
LP
in stereo LS-725
LOU-726
1972
Leonardo Balada
María Sabina (Tragifonía / A Symphonic Tragedy For Narrators, Chorus And Orchestra)
LP
in stereo LS-726
LOU-731
1973
Frank Martin, Malcolm Arnold
Concerto For Cello And Orchestra / Concerto For Two Violins And String Orchestra, Op. 77
LP
in stereo LS-731
LOU-732
1973
Rod McKuen
The City / I Hear America Singing
LP
in stereo LS-732
LOU-733
1973
Ned Rorem, Thomas Briccetti, Paul Turok
Piano Concerto In Six Movements / Overture: The Fountain Of Youth / Lyric Variations
LP
in stereo LS-733
LOU-734
1973
Max Reger, Georges Bizet, Moritz Moszkowski, Eduard Nápravník
A Comedy Overture, Op. 120 / Chromatic Variations / Suite No. 3 For Orchestra, Op. 79 / Festive March
LP
in stereo LS-734
LOU-735
1973
Lawrence Widdoes, Paul Sculthorpe, Alan Hovhaness
Morning Music / Sun Music III / Avak, The Healer
LP
in stereo LS-735
LOU-736
1973
Jacques Ibert, Charles Koechlin
Ballad Of Reading Gaol / Partita For Chamber Orchestra
LP
in stereo LS-736
LOU-741
1974
Gordon Crosse, Matthias Bamert, Philip Rhodes
Mantrajana / Some Marches On A Ground / Museum Pieces
LP
in stereo LS-741
LOU-742
1974
Norman Dello Joio, Dan Welcher
Homage To Haydn / Concerto For Flute And Orchestra
LP
in stereo LS-742
LOU-743
1974
Ernest Guiraud, Moritz Moszkowski
"The Fantastic Hunt" Symphonic Poem / Violin Concerto In C Major Op. 30
LP
in stereo LS-743
LOU-744
1974
Darius Milhaud
Chansons De Ronsard For Soprano And Orchestra / Symphony No. 6 For Large Orchestra
LP
in stereo LS-744
LOU-745
1974
Claus Adam, Samuel Barber
Concerto For Cello And Orchestra / Die Natali
LP
in stereo LS-745
LOU-746
1974
Walter Piston
Symphony No. 7 / Symphony No. 8
LP
in stereo LS-746
LOU-751
1975
David Baker, Morton Gould
"Le Chat Qui Peche", For Soprano, Jazz Quartet, And Orchestra / Symphonette No. 2
LP
in stereo LS-751
LOU-752
1975
Benjamin Lees, Joaquín Turina
Symphony No. 3 / Danzas Gitanas, Op. 55
LP
in stereo LS-752
LOU-753
1975
Frederick Shepherd Converse, George Whitefield Chadwick
Endymion's Narrative: Romance for Orchestra / Flivver Ten Million: A Joyous Epic / Euterpe: Concert Overture for Orchestra
LP
in stereo LS-753
LOU-754
1975
Arthur Foote, Arthur Bird, Leo Ornstein
Francesca Da Rimini / Carnival Scene / Nocturne and Dance of the Fates
LP
in stereo LS-754
LOU-755
1975
Walter Piston, Dudley Buck
The Incredible Flutist / Festival Overture On The American National Air
LP
in stereo LS-755
LOU-756
1975
Ernst Krenek, Peter Maxwell Davies
Music For Winds, Brass And Percussion
LP
in stereo LS-756
LOU-757
1975
Stephen Douglas Burton
Songs of the Tulpehocken
LP
in stereo LS-757
LOU-758
1975
Edward Harper, Alun Hoddinott, Anthony Strilko
Bartók Games / Investiture Dances / The Meditation Of Hermes Trismegistus
LP
in stereo LS-758
LOU-760
1976
Eric Stokes
The Continental Harp And Band Report (An American Miscellany)
LP
in stereo LS-760
LOU-761
1976
Joaquín Nin-Culmell, Blas Galindo
Diferencias / Symphony No. 2
LP
in stereo LS-761
LOU-762
1977
Heitor Villa-Lobos, Priscilla McLean
Bachianas Brasileieas No. 4 / Variations And Mosaics On A Theme Of Stravinsky
LP
in stereo LS-762
LOU-763
1976
Samuel Barber, Dan Welcher, Hunter Johnson
Prayers Of Kierkegaard, Op. 30 / Dervishes: Ritual Dance-Scene For Full Orchestra / Past The Evening Sun
LP
in stereo LS-763
LOU-764
1976
Jacob Druckman, Dominick Argento
Lamia / Royal Invitation
LP
in stereo LS-764
LOU-765
1979
Roque Cordero, Leonardo Balada, Henry Brant
Symphony No. 2 / Hommage A Sarasate / On The Nature Of Things
LP
numbering system changed; in stereo LS-765
LOU-766
1979
Roy Harris, John Weinzweig, Walter Piston
When Johnny Comes Marching Home Overture / Symphonic Ode / Symphony No. 1
LP
in stereo LS-766
LOU-767
1979
Gian Carlo Menotti, Ivana Marburger Themmen
The Telephone / Shelter This Candle
LP
in stereo LS-767
LOU-768
1980
Peter Schickele, Francis Thorne, Joyce Mekeel
Pentangle For Horn / Elegy / Vigil
LP
in stereo LS-768
LOU-769
1980
Jacques Hétu, Derek Healey
Piano Concerto / Arctic Images
LP
in stereo LS-769
LOU-770
1980
Peter Maxwell Davies, George Antheil
St. Thomas Wake / Symphony No. 5
LP
in stereo LS-770
LOU-771
1980
John Corigliano, Bohuslav Martinů
Tournaments, Elegy / Oboe Concerto
LP
in stereo LS-771
LOU-772
1980
Donald Erb
Spatial Fanfare for Brass and Percussion, Concerto for Trombone, Christmasmusic, Autumnmusic
LP
in stereo LS-772
LOU-773
1981
Gunnar de Frumerie, Daniel Börtz, Lars-Erik Larsson
Symphonic Variations / In Memoria Di / Divertimento
LP
in stereo LS-773
LOU-774
1981
George Crumb, Sydney Hodkinson
Varazioni / Fresco
LP
in stereo LS-774
LOU-775
1981
Karel Husa
The Trojan Women
LP
in stereo LS-775
LOU-776
1981
Roger Sessions
Symphony No. 7 / Divertimento For Orchestra
LP
in stereo LS-776
LOU-777
1983
Duke Ellington, Toshiro Mayuzumi
Suite From The River / Essay For String Orchestra
LP
in stereo LS-777
LOU-778
1983
Thomas Ludwig, Stanisław Skrowaczewski
Symphony No. 1 / Music at Night
LP
in stereo LS-778
LOU-779
1983
Rolv Yttrehus, Alberto Ginastera
Gradus Ad Parnassum / Iubilum
LP
in stereo LS-779
LOU-780
1984
Frederick A. Fox, Stuart Sankey
Night Ceremonies / Variations For Orchestra
LP
in stereo LS-780
LOU-781
1985
Paul Chihara, David Amram
Concerto For Saxophone And Orchestra / Ode To Lord Buckley
LP
in stereo LS-781
LOU-782
1982
Louis Moreau Gottschalk
Cakewalk Ballet
LP
in stereo LS-782
LOU-783
1986
Gundaris Pone, Marc-Antonio Consoli
La Serenissima / Afterimages
LP
disc 1 of 2, in stereo LS-783
LOU-784
1986
Boris Pillin, Stephen Suber
Symphony, Op. 3 / Symphony: Of Wind and Light
LP
disc 2 of 2, in stereo LS-784
LOU-785
1986
Paul Ramsier
Divertimento Concertante on a Theme of Couperin / The Road to Hamelin
LP
in stereo LS-785
LOU-786
1987
Roy Harris
Symphony 1933 (Symphony No. 1) / Concerto For Violin And Orchestra
LP
in stereo LS-786
LOU-787
1987
Ned Rorem
Air Music / Eagles
LP
in stereo LS-787
LOU-788
1987
Morton Gould, Paul Chihara
Concerto For Viola And Orchestra / Flourishes And Galop / Forest Music For Orchestra
LP
in stereo LS-788
LOU-789
1987
Claude Baker, John B. Foley, Walter Piston
The Glass Bead Game / A Movement For Orchestra / Ricercare
LP
in stereo LS-789
LOU-790
1987
Tomáš Svoboda, Frederic Goossen
Symphony No. 4 Op. 69 "Apocalyptic" / Ex Libris, Op. 113 / Orpheus Singing
LP
in stereo LS-790
LOU-791
1989
Morton Gould
Housewarming / Symphony Of Spirituals
LP
in stereo LS-791
LOU-792
1987
Charles Wuorinen, Boris Blacher
Suite from "The Magic Art" / Orchestral Variations on a Theme by Paganini, Op. 26
LP
in stereo LS-792
LOU-793
1989
Dan Welcher, Robert Xavier Rodríguez
The Visions Of Merlin / Favola Boccaccesca
LP
in stereo LS-793
LOU-794
1989
Ezra Laderman, Raymond Luedeke
Sanctuary / Shadow Music
LP
in stereo LS-794
LOU-795
1989
Brian Fennelly, Sydney Hodkinson
Fantasy Variations / Sinfonia Concertante
LP
in stereo LS-795
LOU-796
1990
Wilfred Josephs, Donaldson V. Lawhead, Kevin Hanlon
Variations on a Theme of Beethoven / Aleost / Cumulus Nimbus
LP
in stereo LS-796
LOU-797
1990
Ellen Taaffe Zwilich, Karl Korte
Cello Symphony No. 2 / Symphony No. 3
LP
in stereo LS-797
LOU-798
1987
Paul Hindemith, Gunther Schuller
Piano Concerto / Farbenspiel (Concerto for Orchestra No. 3)
LP
in stereo LS-798
LOU-799
1990
Karel Husa
Apotheosis Of This Earth / Monodrama, Ballet For Orchestra
LP
in stereo LS-799
LOU-800
1991
Ezra Laderman
Concerto For Violin And Orchestra / Citadel
LP
in stereo LS-800
LOU-801
1987
Witold Lutoslawski, Sofia Gubaidulina
Fanfare for Louisville / Pro et Contra
LP
in stereo LS-801
LOU-802
1992
Paul Creston, Otto Luening, William Bolcom
Invocation And Dance / Kentucky Concerto / Seattle Slew
LP
in stereo LS-802
FER-1
1974
Richard Strauss
Strauss Conducts Strauss
LP
FER-2
1974
Richard Wagner, Felix Mendelssohn
Wilhelm Furtwängler Conducts
LP
FER-3
1974
Paul Hindemith
Paul Hindemith Conducts Paul Hindemith
LP
FER-4
1974
Ludwig van Beethoven
Symphony No. 9 in D Major
LP
CD Re-issues
No.
Year
Composer(s)
Title(s)
Format
Notes
LCD001
1990
Sidney Hodkinson, Wilfred Josephs, Karl Korte
Sinfonia Concertante / Variations on a Theme of Beethoven / Symphony No. 3
CD
from 795, 796, 797
LCD002
1990
Donaldson V. Lawhead, Paul Hindemith, Ellen Taafe Zwilich
Aleost / Concerto For Piano And Orchestra / Symphony No. 2, "Cello Symphony"
CD
from 796, 797
LCD003
1990
Kevin Hanlon, Brian Fennelly, Gunther Schuller
Cumulus Nimbus / Fantasy Variations / Farbenspiel: Concerto No. 3 for Orchestra
CD
from 795, 796, 798
LCD004
1990
Ezra Laderman
Concerto For Violin And Orchestra / Sanctuary / Citadel
CD
from 800, 794
LCD005
1991
Witold Lutoslawski, Karel Husa, Paul Creston
Fanfare For Louisville / Apotheosis Of This Earth / Monodrama / Invocation And Dance
CD
from 801, 799, 802
LCD006
1991
Joan Tower, Otto Luening, Sophia Gubaidulina
Island Rhythms / Kentucky Concerto / Pro Et Contra
CD
from 802, 801
LCD007
1992
William Bolcom
Symphony No. 1 / Symphony No. 3 / Seattle Slew Orchestral Suite
CD
same as FECD-0033, from 802
LCD008
1994
John Corigliano
Gazebo Dances / Voyage for Strings / Promenade Overture / Campane di Ravello / Concerto for Piano and Orchestra
CD
LCD009
1995
Adolphus Hailstork, Gunther Schuller, Ellen Taaffe Zwilich & David Dzubay
An American Port of Call / Four Soundscapes / Concerto for Violin, Cello & Orchestra / Snake Alley
CD
FECD-0001
2001
Aaron Copland, Luigi Dallapiccola, Elliott Carter, William Schuman & Charles Ives
Variations for Orchestra
CD
from 59-1, 545-8, 58-3, 651
FECD-0002
2001
John Corigliano
Tournaments Overture / Piano Concerto
CD
from 771
FECD-0003
2001
Henry Cowell
Ongaku / Symphony No. 11 / Thesis
CD
from 595, 545-2, 622
FECD-0004
2001
Ellen Taafe Zwilich
Chamber Symphony / Double Concerto / Symphony No. 2
CD
from 797
FECD-0005
2001
Roy Harris
Kentucky Spring / Violin Concerto / Symphony No. 5
CD
from 602, 786, 655
FECD-0006
2001
Alan Hovhaness
Concerto No. 7 / Symphony No. 15 / Magnificat
CD
from 545-4, 662, 614
FECD-0007
2001
Wallingford Riegger
Variations / Symphony No. 4
CD
from 601
FECD-0008
2002
George Crumb
Variazioni / Echoes of Time and the River (Echoes II)
CD
from 711
FECD-0009
2002
Karel Husa
Music for Prague 1968 / Apotheosis of this Earth
CD
from 722, 799
FECD-0010
2002
Walter Piston
Serenata / Symphony No. 5 / Symphony No. 7 / Symphony No. 8
CD
from 58-6, 653, 766, 746
FECD-0011
2002
William Schuman
Symphony No. 4 / Prayer In Time Of War / Judith
CD
from 692, 721, 604
FECD-0012
2003
Roger Sessions
Divertimento For Orchestra / Idyll Of Theocritus
CD
from 776, 57-4
FECD-0013
2003
Peter Mennin
Symphony No. 5 / Concerto For Cello And Orchestra / Symphony No. 6
CD
from 693, 545-3
FECD-0014
2003
Lou Harrison
Suite for Symphonic Strings / Strict Songs for Eight Baritones
CD
from 58-2
FECD-0015
2003
Alberto Ginastera
Ollantay / Pampeana No. 3 / Jubilum
CD
from 696, 545-10
FECD-0016
2003
Heitor Villa-Lobos
Erosão / Danses Africaines / Bachianas Brasileiras No. 4
CD
from 695, 762
FECD-0017
2003
Andrzej Panufnik
Sinfonia Elegiaca / Nocturne / Rhapsody
CD
from 624, 654, 671
FECD-0018
2003
Bohuslav Martinů
Symphony No. 5 / Intermezzo / Concerto for Oboe and Orchestra / Estampes
CD
from 663, 771
FECD-0019
2003
Norman Dello Joio
Homage to Haydn / The Triumph of St. Joan
CD
from 742
FECD-0020
2003
Frank Martin
Violin Concerto / Cello Concerto
CD
from 731
FECD-0021
2003
Ned Rorem
Eleven Studies / Piano Concerto
CD
from 644, 733
FECD-0022
2003
Paul Hindemith
Kammermusik No. 2 / Concert Music for Viola / Piano Concerto
CD
from 684, 694
FECD-0023
2004
Karel Husa
Two Sonnets From Michelangelo / The Trojan Women
CD
from 725, 775
FECD-0024
2004
Alexander Tcherepnin
Piano Concerto No. 2, Op. 22 / Symphony No. 2, Op. 77 / Suite for Orchestra, Op. 87
CD
from 645
FECD-0025
2004
Joan Tower
Silver Ladders / Island Prelude / Music For Cello And Orchestra / Sequoia
CD
FECD-0026
2004
Christopher Rouse
Symphony No. 1 / Phantasmata
CD
FECD-0027
2004
Robert Xavier Rodriguez
Oktoechos / Favola Boccaccesca / The Song of Songs
CD
FECD-0028
2004
John Harbison
Ulysses' Bow / Samuel Chapter
CD
FECD-0029
2004
Tobias Picker
Symphony No. 2 / String Quartet No. 1
CD
FECD-0030
2004
Toshiro Mayuzumi
Pieces for Prepared Piano and Strings / Samsara, Symphonic Poem
CD
from 636, 666
FECD-0031
2004
Darius Milhaud
Overture Mediterraneenne / Kentuckiana / Cortege Funebre / Quatre Chansons de Ronsard
CD
from 545-8, 685, 744
FECD-0032
2005
various artists
World Premier Collection – First Edition Music
CD
FECD-0033
2005
William Bolcom
Symphonies 1 & 3 / Seattle Slew Orchestral Suite
CD
same as LCD007, from 802
FECD-0034
2005
Vincent Persichetti
Serenade No. 5, Op. 43 / Symphony No. 5, Op. 61 / Symphony No. 8
CD
from 606, 706
FECD-0035
2005
Ernst Toch
Miniature Overture / Peter Pan, Op. 76 / Notturno, Op. 77 / Symphony No. 5, Op. 89
CD
from 702, 612, 545-3, 661
FECD-0036
2005
Gian Francesco Malipiero
Fantasie di ogni giorno / Piano Concerto No. 3 / Noturrno di canti e balli
CD
from 545-11, 604, 664
FECD-0037
CD
FECD-0038
CD
FECD-0039
2005
Carlos Surinach
Melorhythmic Dramas / Symphonic Variations / Feria Magica Overture / Sinfonietta Flamenca
CD
from 681, 773, 58-4, 545-4
FECD-0040
2005
Boris Blacher
Orchestral Variations on a Theme by Paganini
CD
from 792
FECD-0041
CD
FECD-0042
CD
FECD-0043
2005
Alvin Singleton
Shadows / A Yellow Rose Petal / After Fallen Crumbs
CD
FECD-0044
2005
William Kraft
Contextures II: The Final Beast / Interplay / Of Ceremonies, Pageants, and Celebrations
CD
FECD-1904
2005
Arthur Bliss, Edmund Rubbra, Malcolm Arnold, John Addison
British Modern, Vol. 1
CD
from 592, 57-6, 731, 695
FECD-1906
2005
Arthur Honegger, Jacques Ibert
Français Moderne, Vol. 1
CD
FECD-1909
2006
Witold Lutoslawski, Andrzej Panufnik, Krzysztof Penderecki, Alexandre Tansman, Stanisław Skrowaczewski, Karol Rathaus
Polski Nowoczesny (Polish Modern)
CD
from 801, 778, 654, 56-2, 722
FECD-1911
2006
Mátyás Seiber, Antal Doráti, Zoltán Kodály
Magyar Modern (Hungarian Modern)
CD
unknown
2010
Lars-Erik Larsson, Gunnar De Frumerie, Hilding Rosenberg, Daniel Börtz
Svenska Modern
CD
unknown
2010
Carlos Chavez, Silvestre Revueltas
Mexicano Moderno, Vol. 1
CD
unknown
2011
François Morel, Harry Somers, Colin McPhee, John Weinzweig, Jacques Hétu, Derek Healey
Canadian Modern
CD
unknown
2011
Francis Poulenc, Charles Koechlin, André Jolivet, Henri Sauguet, Marcel Grandjany, Ernest Guiraud
Français Moderne, Vol. 2
CD
unknown
2011
Paul Hindemith, Morton Gould, Walter Piston
Modern Viola Concertos
CD
unknown
2011
Edmund Rubbra, Herbert Elwell, Wallingford Riegger, Hilding Rosenberg
Modern Violin Premieres
CD
unknown
2011
Ernest Bloch, Bernard Reichel, Paul Müller-Zürich, Matthias Bamert
Suisse Moderne
CD
unknown
2011
Ernst Krenek, Ernst Toch, Gottfried von Einem, Robert Starer
Österreicher Modern (Austrian Modern)
CD
unknown
2011
Harald Sæverud, Klaus Egge
Norsk Moderne
CD
unknown
2011
Benjamin Britten, Iain Hamilton, Felix Borowski
British Modern, Vol. 2
CD
unknown
unknown
Rodolfo Halffter, Héctor Quintanar, Blas Galindo, José Pablo Moncayo
Mexicano Moderno, Vol. 2
CD
unknown
unknown
Gerardo Gandini, Antonio Tauriello, Roberto Caamaño, Roberto García Morillo
Argentino Moderno
CD
unknown
unknown
Gustavo Becerra-Schmidt, Alfonso Letelier, Juan Orrego-Salas
Chileno Moderno
CD
unknown
unknown
Enrique Granados, Joaquin Turina, Rodolfo Halffter
Español Moderno, Vol. 1
CD
unknown
unknown
Robert Gerhard, Joaquin Rodrigo, Carlos Surinach
Español Moderno, Vol. 2
CD
unknown
unknown
Luigi Nono, Luigi Dallapiccola, Gian-Francesco Malipiero, Vittorio Rieti, Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco
Italiano Moderno
CD
unknown
unknown
Hans Werner Henze, Peter Jona Korn, Boris Blacher, Paul Hindemith, Werner Egk
Deutsche Moderne
CD
unknown
unknown
Paul Ben-Haim, Yoav Talmi
Israeli Modern
CD
References
First Edition Records at Discogs
First Edition Music at Discogs
First Edition Music at Naxos
Background on First Edition Music | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of First Edition Records releases"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/label/338300-First-Edition-Records","external_links_name":"First Edition Records at Discogs"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/label/172289-First-Edition-Music","external_links_name":"First Edition Music at Discogs"},{"Link":"https://www.naxos.com/labels/first_edition-cd.htm","external_links_name":"First Edition Music at Naxos"},{"Link":"https://louisvillerenaissanceproject.com/2018/11/27/first-editions/","external_links_name":"Background on First Edition Music"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantz_Reichel | Frantz Reichel | ["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links"] | French athlete
Frantz ReichelFrantz Reichel in 1928Personal informationBorn(1871-03-16)16 March 1871Paris, FranceDied24 March 1932(1932-03-24) (aged 61)Paris, FranceHeight169 cm (5 ft 7 in)SportSportRugby, sprint runningClubRacing Club de France, Paris
Medal record
Rugby union
Representing France
Olympic Games
1900 Paris
Team competition
François Étienne "Frantz" Reichel (16 March 1871 – 24 March 1932) was a French sports administrator, athlete, cyclist and journalist. He competed at the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens as a runner and at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris as a rugby union player. He co-founded the Association Internationale de la Presse Sportive (AIPS), and served as its first president in 1924–1932.
Biography
Reichel's father was the treasurer of the French Union of Athletic Sports Societies (USFSA) and the chief press officer at the 1894 Sorbonne Congress, where the Olympic Movement was founded. He later succeeded Pierre de Coubertin as secretary-general of the USFSA.
His son was a talented runner, who won French titles in the 110 m hurdles (1891), cross country (1890 and 1891) and 1 km walking. In 1892 he set a national record in one-hour run at 16.611 km. At the 1896 Olympics he failed to reach the 400 m final. It is unclear whether he placed second or third in the preliminary round of the 110 metres hurdles. He did not run in the final anyway, as he was busy assisting Albin Lermusiaux in conducting the marathon race. At those Games, besides running, Reichel also worked as a journalist for the French magazine Vélo.
At the 1900 Olympics Reichel competed in rugby and won a gold medal with the French team. He was later selected as the captain of the French rugby team in an international match in 1906. Reichel was a highly respected rugby player in France, and after his death a championship for young rugby players, Championnat Reichel, was established in his honour.
Later in life Reichel became a sports administrator and the secretary general of the USFSA. He also founded the French Boxing Federation and the Fédération Internationale de Hockey (FIH), serving as its president from 1926 to 1932. He was also a member of the French National Olympic and Sports Committee and headed the organizing committee of the 1924 Paris Olympics.
Reichel remained active as a journalist, and became the first European journalist to fly an airplane, assisting Wilbur Wright in his distance record for flights with a passenger. He co-founded the Association Internationale de la Presse Sportive (International Sports Press Association) and served as its first president from 1924 until his death in 1932.
References
^ "Historic Overview François Étienne "Frantz" Reichel". CyclingRanking.com.
^ "Frantz Reichel". Olympedia. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
^ a b c d e Frantz Reichel Archived 6 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Sports Reference.com
^ AIPS History (1924–2014) Archived 13 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine. aipsmedia.com
^ "Athletics at the 1896 Athina Summer Games: Men's 400 metres Round One". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Frantz Reichel.
Frantz Reichel at BoxRec (registration required)
Frantz Reichel at ESPNscrum
Frantz Reichel at Olympics.com
Frantz Reichel at Olympedia
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
United States
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"1896 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1896_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"1900 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sr-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"François Étienne \"Frantz\" Reichel (16 March 1871 – 24 March 1932) was a French sports administrator, athlete, cyclist[1] and journalist.[2] He competed at the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens as a runner and at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris as a rugby union player. He co-founded the Association Internationale de la Presse Sportive (AIPS), and served as its first president in 1924–1932.[3][4]","title":"Frantz Reichel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pierre de Coubertin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_de_Coubertin"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"hurdles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurdling"},{"link_name":"Albin Lermusiaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albin_Lermusiaux"},{"link_name":"marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathon_(sport)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sr-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sr-3"},{"link_name":"French Boxing Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Boxing_Federation"},{"link_name":"French National Olympic and Sports Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_National_Olympic_and_Sports_Committee"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sr-3"},{"link_name":"Wilbur Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilbur_Wright"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sr-3"}],"text":"Reichel's father was the treasurer of the French Union of Athletic Sports Societies (USFSA) and the chief press officer at the 1894 Sorbonne Congress, where the Olympic Movement was founded. He later succeeded Pierre de Coubertin as secretary-general of the USFSA.His son was a talented runner, who won French titles in the 110 m hurdles (1891), cross country (1890 and 1891) and 1 km walking. In 1892 he set a national record in one-hour run at 16.611 km. At the 1896 Olympics he failed to reach the 400 m final.[5] It is unclear whether he placed second or third in the preliminary round of the 110 metres hurdles. He did not run in the final anyway, as he was busy assisting Albin Lermusiaux in conducting the marathon race. At those Games, besides running, Reichel also worked as a journalist for the French magazine Vélo.[3]At the 1900 Olympics Reichel competed in rugby and won a gold medal with the French team. He was later selected as the captain of the French rugby team in an international match in 1906. Reichel was a highly respected rugby player in France, and after his death a championship for young rugby players, Championnat Reichel, was established in his honour.[3]Later in life Reichel became a sports administrator and the secretary general of the USFSA. He also founded the French Boxing Federation and the Fédération Internationale de Hockey (FIH), serving as its president from 1926 to 1932. He was also a member of the French National Olympic and Sports Committee and headed the organizing committee of the 1924 Paris Olympics.[3]Reichel remained active as a journalist, and became the first European journalist to fly an airplane, assisting Wilbur Wright in his distance record for flights with a passenger. He co-founded the Association Internationale de la Presse Sportive (International Sports Press Association) and served as its first president from 1924 until his death in 1932.[3]","title":"Biography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Historic Overview François Étienne \"Frantz\" Reichel\". CyclingRanking.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cyclingranking.com/rider/109572/francois-etienne-frantz-reichel","url_text":"\"Historic Overview François Étienne \"Frantz\" Reichel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Frantz Reichel\". Olympedia. Retrieved 20 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/68474","url_text":"\"Frantz Reichel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Athletics at the 1896 Athina Summer Games: Men's 400 metres Round One\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417094557/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1896/ATH/mens-400-metres-round-one.html","url_text":"\"Athletics at the 1896 Athina Summer Games: Men's 400 metres Round One\""},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1896/ATH/mens-400-metres-round-one.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.cyclingranking.com/rider/109572/francois-etienne-frantz-reichel","external_links_name":"\"Historic Overview François Étienne \"Frantz\" Reichel\""},{"Link":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/68474","external_links_name":"\"Frantz Reichel\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/re/frantz-reichel-1.html","external_links_name":"Frantz Reichel"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121106041046/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/re/frantz-reichel-1.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.aipsmedia.com/AIPSFipbook/index.html#p=117","external_links_name":"AIPS History (1924–2014)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150413194949/http://www.aipsmedia.com/AIPSFipbook/index.html#p=117","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417094557/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1896/ATH/mens-400-metres-round-one.html","external_links_name":"\"Athletics at the 1896 Athina Summer Games: Men's 400 metres Round One\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1896/ATH/mens-400-metres-round-one.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://boxrec.com/en/boxer/440262","external_links_name":"Frantz Reichel"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q650640#P1967"},{"Link":"http://en.espn.co.uk/statsguru/rugby/player/1446.html","external_links_name":"Frantz Reichel"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q650640#P858"},{"Link":"https://olympics.com/en/athletes/frantz-reichel-1","external_links_name":"Frantz Reichel"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q650640#P5815"},{"Link":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/68474","external_links_name":"Frantz Reichel"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q650640#P8286"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000078355494","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/69063248","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjMwFy84R6kMDxGgBvJXd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12990962w","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12990962w","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2010087394","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/142863327","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_Della_Porta | Giacomo della Porta | ["1 Biography","2 Selected works","3 References","4 External links"] | Italian architect (1532–1602)
St. Peter's Dome
Façade of the church of Gesù in Rome.
Sacro Cuore Chapel
Palazzetto Inside Palazzo Albertoni Spinola Perspective
Fontana delle Tartarughe
Christ delivering the keys of Heaven to St. Peter (1594), Santa Pudenziana, Rome
Giacomo della Porta (1532–1602) was an Italian architect and sculptor, who worked on many important buildings in Rome, including St. Peter's Basilica.
Biography
Giacomo Della Porta was born in Porlezza, then part of the Duchy of Milan, into a family of sculptors. He began his activity in Genoa, then capital of the Genoese Republic, in his uncle Bartolomeo's workshop. Among the works he did in the city are the statues in the chapel of the aristocratic Cybo family inside the Genoa Cathedral.
He was influenced by and collaborated with Michelangelo, and Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola, his teacher of architecture. With these two great masters, he became one of the most important architects in the history of the Roman Renaissance. In fact, after 1563 he carried out Michelangelo's plans for the rebuilding of the Campidoglio or Capitoline Hill's open spaces where he completed the façade and steps of Palazzo Senatorio, and the Cordonata or the ramped steps up to the Piazza del Campidoglio.
After the death of Vignola in 1573, he continued the construction of Il Gesù, the mother church of the Jesuit order, and in 1584 modified its façade after his own designs.
He also worked on the construction of Palazzo Albertoni Spinola by acting on the load-bearing structures and internal partitions creating, through the orthogonality of the entrance gallery and the entrance hall of the Palace, a unique prospective visual effect.
From 1573 he was in charge of the ongoing construction of St. Peter's Basilica, and later, in collaboration with Domenico Fontana, completed Michelangelo's dome between 1588-1590.
Della Porta and Fontana were not mere performers of Michelangelo's drawings; in fact, they had the merit of the technical execution of a firm that sanctioned an important stage of technological advances at the end of the sixteenth century. Not only did they make a noticeable change in the bend curvature of Michelangelo's projected design, making it closer to the Brunelleschi model, but inserted a series of chains in the masonry (especially in the upper part of the dome) to hold the transverse forces pushed by the vault they used high-quality materials, hinging travertine plates with molten lead; features, which allowed the dome not to bear any serious damage after the earthquake of 1703. They also made the costumes with the help of sophisticated wooden finishes and drew the technical details of the 1: 1 scale dome directly on the floor of the Basilica of St. Paul outside the Walls.
Giacomo della Porta completed a number of Rome's fountains from the 16th century; these included the fountains in the Piazza del Popolo, the Fountain of Neptune, Rome and La Fontana del Moro in the Piazza Navona and Fontana delle Tartarughe very important for the Roman legends.
He died suddenly in 1602 coming back to Rome from Frascati where he was building Villa Belvedere commissioned by the Aldobrandini family.
Selected works
St. Peter's Dome (1564)
Palazzetto Inside Palazzo Albertoni Spinola Perspective (1600)
Oratorio del SS. Crocifisso (1562–1568)
Chiesa del Gesù (1571–1575)
Fountains at the Palazzo Borghese (1573)
Fountains in Piazza Colonna (1574)
Small fountains at Piazza Navona (1574)
One fountain at the Piazza della Rotonda
Palazzo Senatorio at the Capitol Hill (1573–1602)
Palazzo della Sapienza (1578–1602)
Palazzo Capizucchi (1580)
Santa Maria dei Monti (1580)
Sant'Atanasio dei Greci (1581)
Façade of San Luigi dei Francesi (1589)
Fontana delle Tartarughe (1584)
Santa Maria Scala Coeli
Palazzo Marescotti (1585)
Palazzo Serlupi (1585)
SS. Trinità de' Monti (1586)
Fontana di Piazza alli Monti (1589)
Cupola of St. Peter's Basilica (1588–90)
Fountains at the Piazza di Santa Maria in Campitelli (1589)
Fontana di Piazza d'Aracoeli (1589)
Fontana della Terrina (1590)
Sculpture Christ delivering the keys of Heaven to St. Peter (1594), altar of the St. Peter chapel, church Santa Pudenziana
Palazzo Fani (1598)
San Paolo alle Tre Fontane (1599)
San Nicolò in Carcere (1599)
Palazzo Albertoni Spinola (1600)
Villa Aldobrandini (1600–02) in Frascati
Cappella Aldobrandini (1600–02) in Santa Maria sopra Minerva
References
^ "Giacomo della Porta." Encyclopædia Britannica. Web. 18 Jun. 2011.
^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Giacomo della Porta" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^ "BIOGRAFIA - Giacomo Della Porta" (in Italian).
Katherine Rinne, "Fluid Precision: Giacomo della Porta and the Acqua Vergine fountains of Rome", in Landscapes of Memory and Experience, ed. Jan Birksted (London, 2000), 183-201.
Katherine W. Rinne, "Between Precedent and Experiment: the Restoration of the Acqua Vergine (1560–1570)", in L. Roberts, S. Schaffer and P. Dear (eds.), The mindful hand: inquiry and invention from the late Renaissance to early industrialisation (Edita/University of Chicago Press: 2007), 95-115.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Giacomo della Porta.
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SNAC | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saint_Peter%27s_dome_in_the_night.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Il-gesu.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Capella_sacro_cuore.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GiacomoDellaPorta_masterpiece.png"},{"link_name":"Palazzetto Inside Palazzo Albertoni Spinola Perspective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospettiva_di_Giacomo_Della_Porta"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fontana_delle_tartarughe.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:San_Pudenziana.040.JPG"},{"link_name":"Santa Pudenziana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Pudenziana"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"architect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architect"},{"link_name":"sculptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculptor"},{"link_name":"St. Peter's Basilica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"St. Peter's DomeFaçade of the church of Gesù in Rome.Sacro Cuore ChapelPalazzetto Inside Palazzo Albertoni Spinola PerspectiveFontana delle TartarugheChrist delivering the keys of Heaven to St. Peter (1594), Santa Pudenziana, RomeGiacomo della Porta (1532–1602) was an Italian[1] architect and sculptor, who worked on many important buildings in Rome, including St. Peter's Basilica.[2]","title":"Giacomo della Porta"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Porlezza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porlezza"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan"},{"link_name":"Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa"},{"link_name":"Genoese Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoese_Republic"},{"link_name":"Cybo family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybo_family"},{"link_name":"Genoa Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Michelangelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo"},{"link_name":"Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_Barozzi_da_Vignola"},{"link_name":"Campidoglio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campidoglio"},{"link_name":"Capitoline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitoline"},{"link_name":"Palazzo Senatorio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_Senatorio"},{"link_name":"Cordonata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordonata"},{"link_name":"Il Gesù","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Ges%C3%B9"},{"link_name":"Jesuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit"},{"link_name":"Palazzo Albertoni Spinola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_Albertoni_Spinola"},{"link_name":"prospective visual effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospettiva_di_Giacomo_Della_Porta"},{"link_name":"Domenico Fontana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico_Fontana"},{"link_name":"Brunelleschi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunelleschi"},{"link_name":"St. Paul outside the Walls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul_outside_the_Walls"},{"link_name":"Piazza del Popolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piazza_del_Popolo"},{"link_name":"Fountain of Neptune, Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountain_of_Neptune,_Rome"},{"link_name":"La Fontana del Moro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Fontana_del_Moro"},{"link_name":"Piazza Navona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piazza_Navona"},{"link_name":"Fontana delle Tartarughe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontana_delle_Tartarughe"},{"link_name":"Frascati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frascati"},{"link_name":"Villa Belvedere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Belvedere"},{"link_name":"Aldobrandini family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldobrandini_family"}],"text":"Giacomo Della Porta was born in Porlezza, then part of the Duchy of Milan, into a family of sculptors. He began his activity in Genoa, then capital of the Genoese Republic, in his uncle Bartolomeo's workshop. Among the works he did in the city are the statues in the chapel of the aristocratic Cybo family inside the Genoa Cathedral.[3]He was influenced by and collaborated with Michelangelo, and Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola, his teacher of architecture. With these two great masters, he became one of the most important architects in the history of the Roman Renaissance. In fact, after 1563 he carried out Michelangelo's plans for the rebuilding of the Campidoglio or Capitoline Hill's open spaces where he completed the façade and steps of Palazzo Senatorio, and the Cordonata or the ramped steps up to the Piazza del Campidoglio.After the death of Vignola in 1573, he continued the construction of Il Gesù, the mother church of the Jesuit order, and in 1584 modified its façade after his own designs.He also worked on the construction of Palazzo Albertoni Spinola by acting on the load-bearing structures and internal partitions creating, through the orthogonality of the entrance gallery and the entrance hall of the Palace, a unique prospective visual effect.From 1573 he was in charge of the ongoing construction of St. Peter's Basilica, and later, in collaboration with Domenico Fontana, completed Michelangelo's dome between 1588-1590.Della Porta and Fontana were not mere performers of Michelangelo's drawings; in fact, they had the merit of the technical execution of a firm that sanctioned an important stage of technological advances at the end of the sixteenth century. Not only did they make a noticeable change in the bend curvature of Michelangelo's projected design, making it closer to the Brunelleschi model, but inserted a series of chains in the masonry (especially in the upper part of the dome) to hold the transverse forces pushed by the vault they used high-quality materials, hinging travertine plates with molten lead; features, which allowed the dome not to bear any serious damage after the earthquake of 1703. They also made the costumes with the help of sophisticated wooden finishes and drew the technical details of the 1: 1 scale dome directly on the floor of the Basilica of St. Paul outside the Walls.Giacomo della Porta completed a number of Rome's fountains from the 16th century; these included the fountains in the Piazza del Popolo, the Fountain of Neptune, Rome and La Fontana del Moro in the Piazza Navona and Fontana delle Tartarughe very important for the Roman legends.He died suddenly in 1602 coming back to Rome from Frascati where he was building Villa Belvedere commissioned by the Aldobrandini family.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Peter's Dome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Dome"},{"link_name":"1564","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1564"},{"link_name":"Palazzetto Inside Palazzo Albertoni Spinola Perspective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospettiva_di_Giacomo_Della_Porta"},{"link_name":"1600","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1600"},{"link_name":"Oratorio del SS. Crocifisso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratory_of_Santissimo_Crocifisso"},{"link_name":"Chiesa del Gesù","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiesa_del_Ges%C3%B9"},{"link_name":"Palazzo Borghese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_Borghese"},{"link_name":"Piazza Colonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piazza_Colonna"},{"link_name":"Piazza Navona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piazza_Navona"},{"link_name":"Piazza della Rotonda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome"},{"link_name":"Palazzo Senatorio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_Senatorio"},{"link_name":"Palazzo della Sapienza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Rome_La_Sapienza"},{"link_name":"Palazzo Capizucchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palazzo_Capizucchi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Santa Maria dei Monti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_dei_Monti"},{"link_name":"Sant'Atanasio dei Greci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant%27Atanasio_dei_Greci"},{"link_name":"San Luigi dei Francesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Luigi_dei_Francesi"},{"link_name":"Fontana delle Tartarughe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontana_delle_Tartarughe"},{"link_name":"Santa Maria Scala Coeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_Scala_Coeli"},{"link_name":"Palazzo Serlupi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palazzo_Serlupi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"SS. Trinità de' Monti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinit%C3%A0_dei_Monti"},{"link_name":"St. Peter's Basilica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica"},{"link_name":"Santa Maria in Campitelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Campitelli"},{"link_name":"Fontana di Piazza d'Aracoeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontana_di_Piazza_d%27Aracoeli"},{"link_name":"Santa Pudenziana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Pudenziana"},{"link_name":"San Paolo alle Tre Fontane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Paolo_alle_Tre_Fontane"},{"link_name":"San Nicolò in Carcere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Nicola_in_Carcere"},{"link_name":"Palazzo Albertoni Spinola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_Albertoni_Spinola"},{"link_name":"Villa Aldobrandini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Aldobrandini,_Frascati"},{"link_name":"Frascati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frascati"},{"link_name":"Santa Maria sopra Minerva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_sopra_Minerva"}],"text":"St. Peter's Dome (1564)\nPalazzetto Inside Palazzo Albertoni Spinola Perspective (1600)\nOratorio del SS. Crocifisso (1562–1568)\nChiesa del Gesù (1571–1575)\nFountains at the Palazzo Borghese (1573)\nFountains in Piazza Colonna (1574)\nSmall fountains at Piazza Navona (1574)\nOne fountain at the Piazza della Rotonda\nPalazzo Senatorio at the Capitol Hill (1573–1602)\nPalazzo della Sapienza (1578–1602)\nPalazzo Capizucchi (1580)\nSanta Maria dei Monti (1580)\nSant'Atanasio dei Greci (1581)\nFaçade of San Luigi dei Francesi (1589)\nFontana delle Tartarughe (1584)\nSanta Maria Scala Coeli\nPalazzo Marescotti (1585)\nPalazzo Serlupi (1585)\nSS. Trinità de' Monti (1586)\nFontana di Piazza alli Monti (1589)\nCupola of St. Peter's Basilica (1588–90)\nFountains at the Piazza di Santa Maria in Campitelli (1589)\nFontana di Piazza d'Aracoeli (1589)\nFontana della Terrina (1590)\nSculpture Christ delivering the keys of Heaven to St. Peter (1594), altar of the St. Peter chapel, church Santa Pudenziana\nPalazzo Fani (1598)\nSan Paolo alle Tre Fontane (1599)\nSan Nicolò in Carcere (1599)\nPalazzo Albertoni Spinola (1600)\nVilla Aldobrandini (1600–02) in Frascati\nCappella Aldobrandini (1600–02) in Santa Maria sopra Minerva","title":"Selected works"}] | [{"image_text":"St. Peter's Dome","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Saint_Peter%27s_dome_in_the_night.jpg/220px-Saint_Peter%27s_dome_in_the_night.jpg"},{"image_text":"Façade of the church of Gesù in Rome.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Il-gesu.jpg/160px-Il-gesu.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sacro Cuore Chapel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Capella_sacro_cuore.jpg/183px-Capella_sacro_cuore.jpg"},{"image_text":"Palazzetto Inside Palazzo Albertoni Spinola Perspective","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/GiacomoDellaPorta_masterpiece.png/276px-GiacomoDellaPorta_masterpiece.png"},{"image_text":"Fontana delle Tartarughe","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Fontana_delle_tartarughe.jpg/263px-Fontana_delle_tartarughe.jpg"},{"image_text":"Christ delivering the keys of Heaven to St. Peter (1594), Santa Pudenziana, Rome","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/San_Pudenziana.040.JPG/200px-San_Pudenziana.040.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"Giacomo della Porta\" . Catholic Encyclopedia. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Forensic_Association | American Forensic Association | ["1 Members","2 Publications and research","3 Collegiate competitions","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "American Forensic Association" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
American Forensic AssociationAbbreviationAFAFormationDecember 10, 1949TypePublic SpeakingPurposeTo seek greater understanding of the history and practice of reasoned discourse as a sound basis for public involvement.Region served United StatesOfficial language EnglishPresidentHeidi Hamilton, Emporia State UniversityWebsitewww.americanforensicsassoc.org/
The American Forensic Association is an American organisation which promotes and supports competitive debating and public speaking in high schools and colleges in the United States.
Members
Cross Examination Debate Association
National Parliamentary Debate Association
American Debate Association
International Debate Education Association
Publications and research
The association publishes several scholarly journals including:
Argumentation and Advocacy
The Journal of the American Forensic Association
The AFA Newsletter
Collegiate competitions
The association holds two collegiate national tournaments annually. The tournaments brings students from across the nation to compete for national championships in both individual events and debate. Students reach the tournaments through a rigorous at-large and district qualification system verified by organizational officers. Since their inception, the tournaments have served hundreds of colleges and universities and thousands of students. The tournaments include:
National Speech Tournament (commonly known as AFA-NST)
National Debate Tournament (commonly known as AFA-NDT)
See also
Competitive debate in the United States
References
^ "Call for submissions | Argumentation and Advocacy". Archived from the original on 2015-08-01. Retrieved 2015-06-24.
^ "AFA Publications". Archived from the original on 2005-04-04. Retrieved 2015-06-24.
^ "AFA-NST".
^ "National Debate Tournament Home Page".
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10417945109371177?journalCode=rsjc18
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00028533.2000.11951653?journalCode=rafa20
External links
Official website
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Germany
Israel
United States
Australia
Academics
CiNii | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"competitive debating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitive_debating"},{"link_name":"public speaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual_events_(speech)"}],"text":"The American Forensic Association is an American organisation which promotes and supports competitive debating and public speaking in high schools and colleges in the United States.","title":"American Forensic Association"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cross Examination Debate Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_Examination_Debate_Association"},{"link_name":"National Parliamentary Debate Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Parliamentary_Debate_Association"},{"link_name":"American Debate Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Debate_Association"},{"link_name":"International Debate Education Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Debate_Education_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Cross Examination Debate Association\nNational Parliamentary Debate Association\nAmerican Debate Association\nInternational Debate Education Association","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The association publishes several scholarly journals including:Argumentation and Advocacy [1]\nThe Journal of the American Forensic Association [2]\nThe AFA Newsletter","title":"Publications and research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Speech Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Forensic_Association_National_Speech_Tournament"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The association holds two collegiate national tournaments annually. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coming_Out_Stories | Coming Out Stories | ["1 Episode list","2 External links"] | 2006 American reality television series
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Coming Out Stories" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Coming Out StoriesGenreReality televisionCreated byLauren LazinDirected byKaren GoodmanKirk SimonNarrated byKevin ThomsCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons1No. of episodes8ProductionExecutive producersLauren LazinEileen OpatutProducersKaren GoodmanKirk SimonEditorEmily WilliamsCamera setupGreg AndrackeBuddy SquiresKirk SimonSteve McCarthyRunning time30 minutesOriginal releaseNetworkLogoReleaseFebruary 16 (2006-02-16) –April 6, 2006 (2006-04-06)
Coming Out Stories is an American reality television series that premiered on the LGBT-themed Logo television network with its first episode on February 16, 2006. Each episode follows a particular gay or lesbian individual's preparation and coming out to a particular person or group of people. The shows were produced by four time Academy Award nominees Kirk Simon and Karen Goodman.
So far, there has been one season, which consisted of eight episodes, that ended on October, 2006 and has subsequently been rerun periodically. Episodes are also available on Logo's official website, and can be downloaded in the iPod format via iTunes.
The series won a 2007 Insight Award and was nominated for the National Association for Multi-Ethnicity in Communications (NAMEC) award that honors those who create outstanding content that depicts the world's rich, multi-ethnic experiences.
Episode list
Episode #
Title (Subject)
Airdate
Overview
1
"Mom, I'm a Lesbian" (Karen)
February 16, 2006
Logo explores the reactions, consequences, and rewards of coming to terms with one's sexual identity and sharing that personal discovery with others. In this episode, we meet a dynamic woman who comes out to her mother, who has a fatal brain disease and about one year to live, and her sister as well. The touching scene where the young woman comes out to her sister goes unedited for about two minutes, very unusual for an MTV station or for that matter, any broadcast documentary.
2
"The Mayor" (Chris)
February 23, 2006
Christopher Cabaldon is the mayor of West Sacramento. Early in his career, he forfeited a personal life in order to enter politics. Now a respected mayor at age 40, Chris is unwilling to continue living a lie. Fueled by a desire to create positive change in community attitudes, Chris comes out at his annual State of the City address. The events depicted in the program were front page news in Sacramento.
3
"Son of the Islands" (Xavior)
March 2, 2006
Xavior is a counselor at a gay rights organization in Harlem, helping young men come out to their families. But his Jamaican heritage keeps him in fear of his own coming out. Realizing his hypocrisy, Xavior decides to practice what he preaches, and comes out to his father in Florida. Venturing further still, he then travels to Jamaica to confront his heritage and Jamaica's homophobic attitudes.
4
"Gay in Kansas" (Tom)
March 9, 2006
Tom, a public speaking professor at a Kansas community college, encounters traditional Bible Belt values everywhere, including within his own family. Even his sister Gina, his closest relative and best friend, does not know he is gay. Despite the homophobia that surrounds him, Gina's struggle with breast cancer forces Tom to come out so that he can share his life—and what remains of hers—openly.
5
"My Ex-Wife" (Scott)
March 15, 2006
Scott and his wife Tracy were married for 11 years and had 3 kids. Now divorced, they share joint custody of the children and maintain a rocky relationship. Scott's decided to finally tell Tracy who he is on the day he receives his final divorce papers, whether she wants to hear it or not.
6
"The Identical Twin" (Van)
March 23, 2006
For years, Van has hidden the fact that she is gay from her identical twin sister. Van is a liberal and a lesbian; her sister is conservative and straight. Van has tried a number of times to come out to her sister, "the other half of my egg," but has never been able to get the words out. Now that she is a host for Boise Pride and the leader of a drag king band, she feels it's time to tell her twin.
7
"My Traditional Korean Mom" (JP)
March 30, 2006
JP is very close to her traditional Korean mother - she even has her mom's name tattooed down her arm. But she's terrified to come out to her—so much so that she won't hold hands with her girlfriend if there are any Asians within sight in case word gets back home. Now she feels it's time to conquer her fears and tell her mom who she really is, even if it means losing the bond they share.
8
"Hip Hop & Ready to Drop" (Trish)
April 6, 2006
Trish (aka Feloni) is a rising performer in the Detroit hip-hop scene. Although she is already out in the male dominated world of hip-hop and in her songs writes openly about her sexuality; her family remains in the dark. She needs to drop the news before the release of her debut album. Feloni's songs can be found on iTunes.
External links
Official website
Coming Out Stories at IMDb
vteLogo TV original programmingFormer
365gay News (2005–2009)
The A-List: Dallas (2011)
The A-List: New York (2010–2011)
The Arrangement (2010)
Bad Sex (2011–2014)
The Big Gay Sketch Show (2006–2010)
Coming Out Stories (2006)
Curl Girls (2007)
Exes and Ohs (2006–2009)
Finding Prince Charming (2016)
Gimme Sugar (2008)
Jacob and Joshua: Nemesis Rising (2006)
Jeffery & Cole Casserole (2009–2010)
NewNowNext Awards (2008–2013)
Noah's Arc (2005–2006)
Open Bar (2005)
Pretty Hurts (2011)
Real Gay (2005)
Real Momentum (2005)
Rick & Steve: The Happiest Gay Couple in All the World (2007–2009)
RuPaul's Drag Race (2009–2016)
RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars (2012–2016)
RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars: Untucked (2012)
RuPaul's Drag Race: Untucked (2010–2014)
RuPaul's Drag U (2010–2012)
Setup Squad (2011)
Shirts & Skins (2008)
Sordid Lives: The Series (2008)
Transamerican Love Story (2008)
TransGeneration (2005)
U.S. of Ant (2006)
Visible Vote '08: A Presidential Forum (2007) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"reality television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality_television"},{"link_name":"LGBT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT"},{"link_name":"Logo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logo_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"coming out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coming_out"},{"link_name":"Kirk Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirk_Simon"},{"link_name":"Karen Goodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Goodman"},{"link_name":"iPod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPod"},{"link_name":"iTunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes"}],"text":"Coming Out Stories is an American reality television series that premiered on the LGBT-themed Logo television network with its first episode on February 16, 2006. Each episode follows a particular gay or lesbian individual's preparation and coming out to a particular person or group of people. The shows were produced by four time Academy Award nominees Kirk Simon and Karen Goodman.So far, there has been one season, which consisted of eight episodes, that ended on October, 2006 and has subsequently been rerun periodically. Episodes are also available on Logo's official website, and can be downloaded in the iPod format via iTunes.The series won a 2007 Insight Award and was nominated for the National Association for Multi-Ethnicity in Communications (NAMEC) award that honors those who create outstanding content that depicts the world's rich, multi-ethnic experiences.","title":"Coming Out Stories"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episode list"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Coming+Out+Stories%22","external_links_name":"\"Coming Out Stories\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Coming+Out+Stories%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Coming+Out+Stories%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Coming+Out+Stories%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Coming+Out+Stories%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Coming+Out+Stories%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.logoonline.com/shows/dyn/coming_out_stories/series.jhtml","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0901823/","external_links_name":"Coming Out Stories"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajdabiya_District | Ajdabiya District | ["1 Towns and villages 2001-2007","2 Notes"] | Coordinates: 30°45′N 20°13′E / 30.750°N 20.217°E / 30.750; 20.217Former district of Libya
Map showing the 32 districts of Libya 2001–2007 with Ajdabiy District in blue.
Ajdabiya (Arabic: إجدابيا) was one of the districts of Libya. It lay in the northeastern part of the country. Its capital was Ajdabiya. As of 2007 it was subsumed within the enlarged Al Wahat District.
When Ajdabiya District was in existence from 2001 to 2007, it had, in the north, a short piece of coastline on the Mediterranean Sea. On land, it bordered the following districts:
Hizam al Akhdar - northeast
Al Wahat - east
Kufra - southeast
Jufra - southwest
Sirte - west
Ajdabiya District was also in existence from 1987 to 1995 when it covered a larger area, including all of the 2001-2007 Al Wahat District, and some additional area to the south.
Towns and villages 2001-2007
Ajdabiya, Al Hiri, Labba, Mawahi, El Agheila, Shawashina, Shurraf, Awjila, Zuwetina, Brega, Jalu, Jikharra, Marada, Masliwa, Qaryat Bishr, Rashida, Sultan
Notes
^ "شعبيات الجماهيرية العظمى – Sha'biyat of Great Jamahiriya" (in Arabic). General People's Committee, Government of Libya. Archived from the original on 20 December 2008.
vte Ajdabiya District 2001-2007, LibyaCapital
Ajdabiya
Towns and villages
Al Hiri
Labba
Mawahi
El Agheila
Shawashina
Shurraf
Awjila
Zuwetina
Jikharra
Brega
Jalu
Marada
Masliwa
Qaryat Bishr
Rashida
Sultan
vteDistricts of Libya 2001–2007
Ajdabiya
Bani Walid
Benghazi
Butnan
Derna
Ghat
Ghadames
Gharyan
Hizam al Akhdar
Jabal al Akhdar
Jafara
Jufra
Kufra
Marj
Misrata
Mizda
Murqub
Murzuq
Nalut
Nuqat al Khams
Quba
Sabha
Sabratha & Sorman
Sirte
Tajura & Arba‘
Tarhuna & Msalata
Tripoli
Wadi al Hayaa
Wadi al Shatii
Al Wahat
Yafran
Zawiya
30°45′N 20°13′E / 30.750°N 20.217°E / 30.750; 20.217
This Libya location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Libyen_Ajdabiya.png"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"districts of Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Libya"},{"link_name":"Ajdabiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajdabiya"},{"link_name":"Al Wahat District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Wahat_District"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GPCO-shabiya-1"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea"},{"link_name":"Hizam al Akhdar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizam_al_Akhdar_District"},{"link_name":"Al Wahat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Wahat_District"},{"link_name":"Kufra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kufra_District"},{"link_name":"Jufra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jufra_District"},{"link_name":"Sirte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirte_District"},{"link_name":"Al Wahat District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Wahat_District"}],"text":"Former district of LibyaMap showing the 32 districts of Libya 2001–2007 with Ajdabiy District in blue.Ajdabiya (Arabic: إجدابيا) was one of the districts of Libya. It lay in the northeastern part of the country. Its capital was Ajdabiya. As of 2007 it was subsumed within the enlarged Al Wahat District.[1]When Ajdabiya District was in existence from 2001 to 2007, it had, in the north, a short piece of coastline on the Mediterranean Sea. On land, it bordered the following districts:Hizam al Akhdar - northeast\nAl Wahat - east\nKufra - southeast\nJufra - southwest\nSirte - westAjdabiya District was also in existence from 1987 to 1995 when it covered a larger area, including all of the 2001-2007 Al Wahat District, and some additional area to the south.","title":"Ajdabiya District"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ajdabiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajdabiya"},{"link_name":"Al Hiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Hiri"},{"link_name":"Labba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labba,_Libya"},{"link_name":"Mawahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawahi"},{"link_name":"El Agheila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Agheila"},{"link_name":"Shawashina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawashina"},{"link_name":"Shurraf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shurraf"},{"link_name":"Awjila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awjila"},{"link_name":"Zuwetina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuwetina"},{"link_name":"Brega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brega"},{"link_name":"Jalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalu"},{"link_name":"Jikharra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jikharra"},{"link_name":"Marada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marada,_Libya"},{"link_name":"Masliwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masliwa"},{"link_name":"Qaryat Bishr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaryat_Bishr"},{"link_name":"Rashida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashida,_Libya"},{"link_name":"Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan,_Libya"}],"text":"Ajdabiya, Al Hiri, Labba, Mawahi, El Agheila, Shawashina, Shurraf, Awjila, Zuwetina, Brega, Jalu, Jikharra, Marada, Masliwa, Qaryat Bishr, Rashida, Sultan","title":"Towns and villages 2001-2007"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GPCO-shabiya_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"شعبيات الجماهيرية العظمى – Sha'biyat of Great Jamahiriya\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20081220214410/http://gpco.gov.ly/online/shabyat.php"},{"link_name":"General People's Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_People%27s_Committee"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//gpco.gov.ly/online/shabyat.php"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ajdabiya"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Ajdabiya"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ajdabiya"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya"},{"link_name":"Ajdabiya District 2001-2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya"},{"link_name":"Ajdabiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajdabiya"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Libyen_Ajdabiya.png"},{"link_name":"Al Hiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Hiri"},{"link_name":"Labba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labba,_Libya"},{"link_name":"Mawahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawahi"},{"link_name":"El Agheila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Agheila"},{"link_name":"Shawashina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawashina"},{"link_name":"Shurraf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shurraf"},{"link_name":"Awjila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awjila"},{"link_name":"Zuwetina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuwetina"},{"link_name":"Jikharra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jikharra"},{"link_name":"Brega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brega"},{"link_name":"Jalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalu"},{"link_name":"Marada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marada,_Libya"},{"link_name":"Masliwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masliwa"},{"link_name":"Qaryat Bishr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaryat_Bishr"},{"link_name":"Rashida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashida,_Libya"},{"link_name":"Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan,_Libya"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Districts_of_Libya_2001%E2%80%932007"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Districts_of_Libya_2001%E2%80%932007"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Districts_of_Libya_2001%E2%80%932007"},{"link_name":"Districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Libya"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya"},{"link_name":"Ajdabiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Bani Walid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bani_Walid_District"},{"link_name":"Benghazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benghazi"},{"link_name":"Butnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butnan_District"},{"link_name":"Derna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derna_District"},{"link_name":"Ghat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghat_District"},{"link_name":"Ghadames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghadames_District"},{"link_name":"Gharyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gharyan_District"},{"link_name":"Hizam al Akhdar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizam_al_Akhdar_District"},{"link_name":"Jabal al Akhdar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabal_al_Akhdar"},{"link_name":"Jafara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jafara"},{"link_name":"Jufra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jufra_District"},{"link_name":"Kufra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kufra_District"},{"link_name":"Marj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marj_District"},{"link_name":"Misrata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misrata_District"},{"link_name":"Mizda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizda_District"},{"link_name":"Murqub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murqub_District"},{"link_name":"Murzuq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murzuq_District"},{"link_name":"Nalut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nalut_District"},{"link_name":"Nuqat al Khams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuqat_al_Khams"},{"link_name":"Quba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quba_District_(Libya)"},{"link_name":"Sabha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabha_District"},{"link_name":"Sabratha & Sorman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabratha_wa_Sorman_District"},{"link_name":"Sirte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirte_District"},{"link_name":"Tajura & Arba‘","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajura_wa_Arba%E2%80%98_District"},{"link_name":"Tarhuna & Msalata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarhuna_wa_Msalata_District"},{"link_name":"Tripoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli_District,_Libya"},{"link_name":"Wadi al Hayaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadi_al_Hayaa_District"},{"link_name":"Wadi al Shatii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadi_al_Shatii_District"},{"link_name":"Al Wahat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Wahat_District"},{"link_name":"Yafran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yafran_District"},{"link_name":"Zawiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zawiya_District"},{"link_name":"30°45′N 20°13′E / 30.750°N 20.217°E / 30.750; 20.217","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ajdabiya_District¶ms=30_45_N_20_13_E_"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_map_of_Libya.svg"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ajdabiya_District&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Libya-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Libya-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Libya-geo-stub"}],"text":"^ \"شعبيات الجماهيرية العظمى – Sha'biyat of Great Jamahiriya\" (in Arabic). General People's Committee, Government of Libya. Archived from the original on 20 December 2008.vte Ajdabiya District 2001-2007, LibyaCapital\nAjdabiya\nTowns and villages\nAl Hiri\nLabba\nMawahi\nEl Agheila\nShawashina\nShurraf\nAwjila\nZuwetina\nJikharra\nBrega\nJalu\nMarada\nMasliwa\nQaryat Bishr\nRashida\nSultanvteDistricts of Libya 2001–2007\nAjdabiya\nBani Walid\nBenghazi\nButnan\nDerna\nGhat\nGhadames\nGharyan\nHizam al Akhdar\nJabal al Akhdar\nJafara\nJufra\nKufra\nMarj\nMisrata\nMizda\nMurqub\nMurzuq\nNalut\nNuqat al Khams\nQuba\nSabha\nSabratha & Sorman\nSirte\nTajura & Arba‘\nTarhuna & Msalata\nTripoli\nWadi al Hayaa\nWadi al Shatii\nAl Wahat\nYafran\nZawiya30°45′N 20°13′E / 30.750°N 20.217°E / 30.750; 20.217This Libya location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Map showing the 32 districts of Libya 2001–2007 with Ajdabiy District in blue.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Libyen_Ajdabiya.png/300px-Libyen_Ajdabiya.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"شعبيات الجماهيرية العظمى – Sha'biyat of Great Jamahiriya\" (in Arabic). General People's Committee, Government of Libya. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Scott_(singer) | Ray Scott (singer) | ["1 Career","2 Discography","2.1 Studio albums","2.2 EPs","2.3 Singles","2.4 Music videos","3 References","4 External links"] | American singer
This article is about the singer. For other people named Ray Scott, see Ray Scott (disambiguation).
Ray ScottRay Scott at Toe Jam in Destin, Florida, August 27, 2014Background informationBirth nameCarlton Ray Scott Jr.Born (1969-12-05) December 5, 1969 (age 54)OriginSemora, North Carolina, United StatesGenresCountryOccupation(s)Singer-songwriterInstrument(s)Vocals, acoustic guitarYears active2003–presentLabelsDecibel Nashville, Warner Bros. Nashville, JethropolitanWebsitehttp://www.rayscott.comMusical artist
Carlton Ray Scott Jr. (born December 5, 1969, in Semora, North Carolina) is an American country music artist. He first gained attention in 2005 with his debut album My Kind of Music, and has since released eleven albums and two EPS.
Career
Scott has a distinctive southern voice and wears a cowboy hat.
Warner Brothers released his debut album, My Kind of Music, and its title track became a top 40 single in 2005.
Scott split from the Warner Brothers label two years later. He independently released Crazy Like Me (2008) and Rayality (2011), which gave him a physical product on the road and support from Sirius XM. "Drinkin Beer" and "Ain’t Always Thirsty" received Sirius airplay, as did one of his best-known singles: "Those Jeans" from the Rayality album, produced by Dave Brainard (Jerrod Neimann, Brandy Clark). Then came his 5th studio album in 2017 — Guitar for Sale, produced by Michael Hughes.
Hughes and Scott paired up again for Honky Tonk Heart, an EP released on March 1, 2019. According to Scott, ""Honky Tonk Heart" is all about who I am, and it's an ode to all the troubadours out there runnin' up and down the highways keeping real country music alive because they love it, live it, and breathe it."
Scott's second EP, Nowhere Near Done, was released in February 2020.
Discography
Studio albums
Title
Album details
Peak chartpositions
Sales
US Country
US Heat
US Indie
My Kind of Music
Release date: November 22, 2005
Label: Warner Bros. Nashville
39
4
—
Crazy Like Me
Release date: June 3, 2008
Label: Jethropolitan
—
—
—
Rayality
Release date: September 16, 2011
Label: Jethropolitan
—
—
—
Ray Scott
Release date: October 10, 2014
Label: Jethropolitan
—
—
—
Guitar for Sale
Release date: June 9, 2017
Label: Jethropolitan
—
12
28
US: 1,500
Cover The Earth
Release date: September 17, 2021
Label: Jethropolitan
—
—
—
Billboards & Brake Lights
Release date: November 10, 2023
Label: Jethropolitan
—
—
—
"—" denotes releases that did not chart
EPs
Title
Album details
Peak chartpositions
Sales
US Heat
US Indie
Honky Tonk Heart
Release date: March 1, 2019
Label: Jethropolitan
19
39
Nowhere Near Done
Release date: Early 2020
Label: Jethropolitan
—
—
US: 100
"—" denotes releases that did not chart
Singles
Year
Single
Peak positions
Album
US Country
2005
"My Kind of Music"
39
My Kind of Music
2006
"Gone Either Way"
53
"I Didn't Come Here to Talk"
—
2008
"Sometimes the Bottle Hits You Back"
—
Crazy Like Me
2012
"Those Jeans"
—
Rayality
2014
"What Works for Willie"
—
Rayality (Deluxe)
"Drinkin' Beer"
—
Ray Scott
2015
"Ain't Always Thirsty"
—
2017
"Livin' This Way"
—
Guitar For Sale
2019
"Honky Tonk Heart"
—
Honky Tonk Heart
2022
"Santa's Sack"
—
N/A
"—" denotes releases that did not chart
Music videos
Year
Video
Director
2005
"My Kind of Music"
Shaun Silva
2012
"Those Jeans"
Marcel
2014
"Drinkin' Beer"
Sam White
2015
"Ain't Always Thirsty"
Blake Judd
2016
"High Road"
2022
"Santa's Sack"
References
^ a b Whitburn, Joel (2008). Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008. Record Research, Inc. p. 371. ISBN 978-0-89820-177-2.
^ "About Ray Scott". Ray Scott.
^ a b ""Nowhere Near Done;" The Ray Scott Story (So Far)". Pro Country. September 2, 2019.
^ Kay, Mary (June 15, 2017). "Ray Scott Celebrates "Guitar For Sale" With A Fan Party – CMM Interview". Country Music Matters.
^ Laffer, Lauren (January 18, 2019). "Ray Scott Puts Acoustic Twist on His Ode to the Troubadours". Sounds Like Nashville.
^ "Ray Scott > Top Country Albums". Billboard.
^ a b "Ray Scott > Heatseekers Albums". Billboard.
^ a b "Ray Scott > Independent Albums". Billboard.
^ Bjorke, Matt (June 19, 2017). "Top 10 Country Albums Sales Chart: June 19, 2017". Roughstock.
^ Bjorke, Matt (March 3, 2020). "Top 10 Country Albums In Pure Sales: March 2, 2020". Roughstock. Retrieved March 7, 2020.
^ "Ray Scott – Drinkin' Beer". Yallwire. Retrieved October 21, 2014.
External links
Ray Scott Official Website
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ray Scott (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Scott_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Semora, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semora,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"country music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"}],"text":"This article is about the singer. For other people named Ray Scott, see Ray Scott (disambiguation).Musical artistCarlton Ray Scott Jr. (born December 5, 1969, in Semora, North Carolina) is an American country music artist. He first gained attention in 2005 with his debut album My Kind of Music, and has since released eleven albums and two EPS.","title":"Ray Scott (singer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"},{"link_name":"Sirius XM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirius_XM"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-procountry-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-procountry-3"}],"text":"Scott has a distinctive southern voice and wears a cowboy hat. \nWarner Brothers released his debut album, My Kind of Music, and its title track became a top 40 single in 2005.[2]Scott split from the Warner Brothers label two years later. He independently released Crazy Like Me (2008) and Rayality (2011), which gave him a physical product on the road and support from Sirius XM.[3] \"Drinkin Beer\" and \"Ain’t Always Thirsty\" received Sirius airplay, as did one of his best-known singles: \"Those Jeans\" from the Rayality album, produced by Dave Brainard (Jerrod Neimann, Brandy Clark). Then came his 5th studio album in 2017 — Guitar for Sale, produced by Michael Hughes.[4]Hughes and Scott paired up again for Honky Tonk Heart, an EP released on March 1, 2019. According to Scott, \"\"Honky Tonk Heart\" is all about who I am, and it's an ode to all the troubadours out there runnin' up and down the highways keeping real country music alive because they love it, live it, and breathe it.\"[5]Scott's second EP, Nowhere Near Done, was released in February 2020.[3]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Studio albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"EPs","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Music videos","title":"Discography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Whitburn, Joel (2008). Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008. Record Research, Inc. p. 371. ISBN 978-0-89820-177-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89820-177-2","url_text":"978-0-89820-177-2"}]},{"reference":"\"About Ray Scott\". Ray Scott.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rayscott.com/bio","url_text":"\"About Ray Scott\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Nowhere Near Done;\" The Ray Scott Story (So Far)\". Pro Country. September 2, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://procountrymusic.com/2019/09/02/nowhere-near-done-the-ray-scott-story-so-far/","url_text":"\"\"Nowhere Near Done;\" The Ray Scott Story (So Far)\""}]},{"reference":"Kay, Mary (June 15, 2017). \"Ray Scott Celebrates \"Guitar For Sale\" With A Fan Party – CMM Interview\". Country Music Matters.","urls":[{"url":"https://countrymusicmatters.com/2017/06/15/ray-scott-celebrates-guitar-sale-fan-party-cmm-interview/","url_text":"\"Ray Scott Celebrates \"Guitar For Sale\" With A Fan Party – CMM Interview\""}]},{"reference":"Laffer, Lauren (January 18, 2019). \"Ray Scott Puts Acoustic Twist on His Ode to the Troubadours\". Sounds Like Nashville.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soundslikenashville.com/news/ray-scott-acoustic-honky-tonk-heart/","url_text":"\"Ray Scott Puts Acoustic Twist on His Ode to the Troubadours\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ray Scott > Top Country Albums\". Billboard.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/ray-scott/chart-history/clp/","url_text":"\"Ray Scott > Top Country Albums\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ray Scott > Heatseekers Albums\". Billboard.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/ray-scott/chart-history/tln/","url_text":"\"Ray Scott > Heatseekers Albums\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ray Scott > Independent Albums\". Billboard.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/ray-scott/chart-history/ind/","url_text":"\"Ray Scott > Independent Albums\""}]},{"reference":"Bjorke, Matt (June 19, 2017). \"Top 10 Country Albums Sales Chart: June 19, 2017\". Roughstock.","urls":[{"url":"http://roughstock.com/news/2017/06/41978-top-10-country-albums-sales-chart-june-19-2017","url_text":"\"Top 10 Country Albums Sales Chart: June 19, 2017\""}]},{"reference":"Bjorke, Matt (March 3, 2020). \"Top 10 Country Albums In Pure Sales: March 2, 2020\". Roughstock. Retrieved March 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://roughstock.com/news/2020/03/44152-top-10-country-albums-in-pure-sales-march-2-2020","url_text":"\"Top 10 Country Albums In Pure Sales: March 2, 2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ray Scott – Drinkin' Beer\". Yallwire. Retrieved October 21, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yallwire.com/player/rayscottdrinkinbeer.html","url_text":"\"Ray Scott – Drinkin' Beer\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.rayscott.com/","external_links_name":"http://www.rayscott.com"},{"Link":"http://www.rayscott.com/bio","external_links_name":"\"About Ray Scott\""},{"Link":"https://procountrymusic.com/2019/09/02/nowhere-near-done-the-ray-scott-story-so-far/","external_links_name":"\"\"Nowhere Near Done;\" The Ray Scott Story (So Far)\""},{"Link":"https://countrymusicmatters.com/2017/06/15/ray-scott-celebrates-guitar-sale-fan-party-cmm-interview/","external_links_name":"\"Ray Scott Celebrates \"Guitar For Sale\" With A Fan Party – CMM Interview\""},{"Link":"https://www.soundslikenashville.com/news/ray-scott-acoustic-honky-tonk-heart/","external_links_name":"\"Ray Scott Puts Acoustic Twist on His Ode to the Troubadours\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/ray-scott/chart-history/clp/","external_links_name":"\"Ray Scott > Top Country Albums\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/ray-scott/chart-history/tln/","external_links_name":"\"Ray Scott > Heatseekers Albums\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/ray-scott/chart-history/ind/","external_links_name":"\"Ray Scott > Independent Albums\""},{"Link":"http://roughstock.com/news/2017/06/41978-top-10-country-albums-sales-chart-june-19-2017","external_links_name":"\"Top 10 Country Albums Sales Chart: June 19, 2017\""},{"Link":"http://roughstock.com/news/2020/03/44152-top-10-country-albums-in-pure-sales-march-2-2020","external_links_name":"\"Top 10 Country Albums In Pure Sales: March 2, 2020\""},{"Link":"http://www.yallwire.com/player/rayscottdrinkinbeer.html","external_links_name":"\"Ray Scott – Drinkin' Beer\""},{"Link":"http://www.rayscott.com/","external_links_name":"Ray Scott Official Website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/136288596","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmP8j8YYcvTqdPmRktkDq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2010072201","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/c30e5a03-b79a-4ca5-b848-90f9a98a30cd","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craigend_Castle | Craigend Castle | ["1 Early history","2 1851","3 1920s","4 Gallery","5 References","6 External links"] | This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The ruins of Craigend Castle in Mugdock Country Park Craigend Castle is a ruined country house, located to the north of Milngavie, in Stirlingshire, central Scotland.
Early history
The lands of Craigend were part of the Barony of Mugdock in medieval times, but the estate was sold in the mid-17th century to the Smith family. John Smith (1724–1812) was born at Craigend and became a merchant and the founder, in 1751, of booksellers John Smith & Son. John Smith built a plain house on the estate, but after his death, in 1816, his son, James Smith, incorporated that house in a much more ornate mansion. It was built by Alexander Ramsay, initially using designs by James Smith of Jordanhill, in what is described as Regency Gothic style.
1851
Craigend was sold to Sir Andrew Buchanan, the former Ambassador to the Habsburg court in Vienna, in 1851.
James Outram, chartered accountant and nephew of George Outram the one-time owner of the Glasgow Herald newspaper, later leased the Castle from the Buchanan family in the early years of the 20th Century.
1920s
In 1920, Craigend Castle was tenanted by Sir Harold E. Yarrow, Chairman & Managing Director of Yarrow Shipbuilders, who moved there from 'Fairlawn', Ralston Road, Bearsden. Glasgow businessman Andrew Wilson and his zoologist son, William, bought part of Craigend Estate from the Buchanan family and opened a zoo at Craigend Castle and stables in 1949, with various exotic animals, but it failed to attract significant visitors and eventually closed in 1955.
The stables and zoo grounds became part of Mugdock Country Park but the main house has become a ruin. The stable block, located to the north of the house, now serves as the country park visitor centre. Craigend Estate, adjacent, is privately owned and is operated as a cattle and sheep farm.
Gallery
Another view of the ruins
The former stable block
References
^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Mugdock Country Park, Craigend Castle (Category C Listed Building) (LB50821)". Retrieved 22 March 2019.
External links
The Glasgow Story: Craigend Castle
The old country houses of the old Glasgow gentry: Craigend Castle
Notable historical figures with ties to the castle grounds | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Craigend1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Milngavie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milngavie"},{"link_name":"Stirlingshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirlingshire"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"}],"text":"The ruins of Craigend Castle in Mugdock Country ParkCraigend Castle is a ruined country house, located to the north of Milngavie, in Stirlingshire, central Scotland.","title":"Craigend Castle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_feudal_barony"},{"link_name":"Mugdock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mugdock_Castle"},{"link_name":"John Smith & Son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Smith_%26_Son"},{"link_name":"Alexander Ramsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Ramsay_(architect)"},{"link_name":"Regency Gothic style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The lands of Craigend were part of the Barony of Mugdock in medieval times, but the estate was sold in the mid-17th century to the Smith family. John Smith (1724–1812) was born at Craigend and became a merchant and the founder, in 1751, of booksellers John Smith & Son. John Smith built a plain house on the estate, but after his death, in 1816, his son, James Smith, incorporated that house in a much more ornate mansion. It was built by Alexander Ramsay, initially using designs by James Smith of Jordanhill, in what is described as Regency Gothic style.[1]","title":"Early history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir Andrew Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Andrew_Buchanan,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Habsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Habsburg"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Glasgow Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_Herald"}],"text":"Craigend was sold to Sir Andrew Buchanan, the former Ambassador to the Habsburg court in Vienna, in 1851.James Outram, chartered accountant and nephew of George Outram the one-time owner of the Glasgow Herald newspaper, later leased the Castle from the Buchanan family in the early years of the 20th Century.","title":"1851"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yarrow Shipbuilders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarrow_Shipbuilders"},{"link_name":"Bearsden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bearsden"},{"link_name":"zoologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologist"},{"link_name":"Mugdock Country Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mugdock_Country_Park"}],"text":"In 1920, Craigend Castle was tenanted by Sir Harold E. Yarrow, Chairman & Managing Director of Yarrow Shipbuilders, who moved there from 'Fairlawn', Ralston Road, Bearsden. Glasgow businessman Andrew Wilson and his zoologist son, William, bought part of Craigend Estate from the Buchanan family and opened a zoo at Craigend Castle and stables in 1949, with various exotic animals, but it failed to attract significant visitors and eventually closed in 1955.The stables and zoo grounds became part of Mugdock Country Park but the main house has become a ruin. The stable block, located to the north of the house, now serves as the country park visitor centre. Craigend Estate, adjacent, is privately owned and is operated as a cattle and sheep farm.","title":"1920s"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Craigend2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Craigend3.jpg"}],"text":"Another view of the ruins\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe former stable block","title":"Gallery"}] | [{"image_text":"The ruins of Craigend Castle in Mugdock Country Park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Craigend1.jpg/300px-Craigend1.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Historic Environment Scotland. \"Mugdock Country Park, Craigend Castle (Category C Listed Building) (LB50821)\". Retrieved 22 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_Environment_Scotland","url_text":"Historic Environment Scotland"},{"url":"https://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/LB50821","url_text":"\"Mugdock Country Park, Craigend Castle (Category C Listed Building) (LB50821)\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/LB50821","external_links_name":"\"Mugdock Country Park, Craigend Castle (Category C Listed Building) (LB50821)\""},{"Link":"http://www.theglasgowstory.com/image.php?inum=TGSB00254","external_links_name":"The Glasgow Story: Craigend Castle"},{"Link":"http://gdl.cdlr.strath.ac.uk/smihou/smihou026.htm","external_links_name":"The old country houses of the old Glasgow gentry: Craigend Castle"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170329141726/http://www.mugdock-country-park.org.uk/builtheritage_famousresidents.html","external_links_name":"Notable historical figures with ties to the castle grounds"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonded_seal | Bonded seal | ["1 References"] | Type of washer used to create a seal around a screw or bolt
A bonded seal commonly seals between bolt head and body.
In mechanical engineering, a bonded seal is a type of washer used to provide a seal around a screw or bolt. Originally made by Dowty Group, they are also known as Dowty seals or Dowty washers. Now widely manufactured, they are available in a range of standard sizes and materials
A bonded seal consists of an outer annular ring of a hard material, typically steel, and an inner annular ring of an elastomeric material that acts as a gasket. It is the compression of the elastomeric part between the faces of the parts on either side of the bonded seal that provides the sealing action. The elastomeric material, typically nitrile rubber, is bonded by heat and pressure to the outer ring, which holds it in place. This structure increases resistance to bursting, increasing the pressure rating of the seal. Because the bonded seal itself acts to retain the gasket material, there is no need for the parts to be sealed to be shaped to retain the gasket. This results in simplified machining and greater ease of use as compared to some other seals, such as O-rings. Some designs come with an additional flap of rubber on the internal diameter to locate the bonded seal at the centre of the hole; these are called self-centring bonded washers.
References
^ "The Dowty Bonded Seal" (PDF). Retrieved 12 August 2016.
^ "Bonded Seals from Ashton Seals". Retrieved 12 August 2016.
^ "Bonded Seals from Eastern Seals". Retrieved 12 August 2016.
^ "Bonded Seals from Supaseal" (PDF). Retrieved 12 August 2016.
^ "Bonded Seals, Dowty Washers from SND Seals".
^ "Bonded Washers from Sealing Australia". 30 January 2014.
This article about a mechanical engineering topic is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Bonded_Washer_WIKIPEDIA_DWG.png"},{"link_name":"mechanical engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_engineering"},{"link_name":"washer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washer_(hardware)"},{"link_name":"seal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_seal"},{"link_name":"screw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw"},{"link_name":"bolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolt_(fastener)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"annular ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annulus_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"elastomeric material","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastomer"},{"link_name":"gasket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasket"},{"link_name":"nitrile rubber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrile_rubber"},{"link_name":"O-rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O-ring"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"A bonded seal commonly seals between bolt head and body.In mechanical engineering, a bonded seal is a type of washer used to provide a seal around a screw or bolt. Originally made by Dowty Group, they are also known as Dowty seals or Dowty washers.[1] Now widely manufactured, they are available in a range of standard sizes and materials [2][3][4]A bonded seal consists of an outer annular ring of a hard material, typically steel, and an inner annular ring of an elastomeric material that acts as a gasket. It is the compression of the elastomeric part between the faces of the parts on either side of the bonded seal that provides the sealing action. The elastomeric material, typically nitrile rubber, is bonded by heat and pressure to the outer ring, which holds it in place. This structure increases resistance to bursting, increasing the pressure rating of the seal. Because the bonded seal itself acts to retain the gasket material, there is no need for the parts to be sealed to be shaped to retain the gasket. This results in simplified machining and greater ease of use as compared to some other seals, such as O-rings. Some designs come with an additional flap of rubber on the internal diameter to locate the bonded seal at the centre of the hole; these are called self-centring bonded washers.[5][6]","title":"Bonded seal"}] | [{"image_text":"A bonded seal commonly seals between bolt head and body.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/New_Bonded_Washer_WIKIPEDIA_DWG.png/220px-New_Bonded_Washer_WIKIPEDIA_DWG.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"The Dowty Bonded Seal\" (PDF). Retrieved 12 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.potterassoc.com/pdf/bonded_seal_information_and_sizing_chart.pdf","url_text":"\"The Dowty Bonded Seal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bonded Seals from Ashton Seals\". Retrieved 12 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ashtonseals.com/bonded-seals.asp","url_text":"\"Bonded Seals from Ashton Seals\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bonded Seals from Eastern Seals\". Retrieved 12 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.easternseals.co.uk/products/bonded-seals/","url_text":"\"Bonded Seals from Eastern Seals\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bonded Seals from Supaseal\" (PDF). Retrieved 12 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://supaseal.co.uk/datasheets/bonded_seals.pdf","url_text":"\"Bonded Seals from Supaseal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bonded Seals, Dowty Washers from SND Seals\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sndseals.com/en/series/5/bonded-seals-dowty-washers-usit-rings","url_text":"\"Bonded Seals, Dowty Washers from SND Seals\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bonded Washers from Sealing Australia\". 30 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sealingaustralia.com.au/bonded-washers","url_text":"\"Bonded Washers from Sealing Australia\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.potterassoc.com/pdf/bonded_seal_information_and_sizing_chart.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Dowty Bonded Seal\""},{"Link":"http://www.ashtonseals.com/bonded-seals.asp","external_links_name":"\"Bonded Seals from Ashton Seals\""},{"Link":"http://www.easternseals.co.uk/products/bonded-seals/","external_links_name":"\"Bonded Seals from Eastern Seals\""},{"Link":"http://supaseal.co.uk/datasheets/bonded_seals.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Bonded Seals from Supaseal\""},{"Link":"https://www.sndseals.com/en/series/5/bonded-seals-dowty-washers-usit-rings","external_links_name":"\"Bonded Seals, Dowty Washers from SND Seals\""},{"Link":"http://www.sealingaustralia.com.au/bonded-washers","external_links_name":"\"Bonded Washers from Sealing Australia\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bonded_seal&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra_Legislative_Council_elections | Maharashtra Legislative Council | ["1 Maharashtra Legislature Leaders","2 Party Group Leader & Chief Whip and Whip","3 Location","4 Membership by party","5 Composition of Legislative Council","6 Constituencies and Members (78)","6.1 Elected by the Legislative Assembly members (30)","6.2 Elected from Local Authorities' constituencies (22)","6.3 Elected from Teachers' constituencies (7)","6.4 Elected from Graduates constituencies (7)","6.5 Nominated by the Governor (12)","7 Officers","7.1 Chairman","7.2 Leader of the House","7.3 Deputy Leader of the House","7.4 Leader of the Opposition","8 See also","9 References"] | Upper house of the bicameral legislature of the state of Maharashtra
Maharashtra Legislative CouncilTypeTypeUpper house of the Maharashtra Legislature Term limits6 yearsLeadershipGovernor of MaharashtraRamesh Bais since 18 February 2023 Chairman of the HouseNeelam Gorhe (Additional Charge), SHS since 7 July 2022 Deputy Chairman of the HouseNeelam Gorhe, SHS since 24 June 2019 Chief MinisterEknath Shinde, SHS since 30 June 2022 Minister of Parliamentary AffairsChandrakant Patil, BJP since 14 August 2022 Leader of the HouseDevendra Fadnavis(Dy Chief Minister), BJP since 17 August 2022 Deputy Leader of the HouseUday Samant (Acting)(Cabinet Minister), SHS since 17 August 2022 Leader of the OppositionAmbadas Danve, SS(UBT) since 9 August 2022 Deputy Leader of the OppositionBhai Jagtap, INC since 17 August 2022 General SecretaryRajendra Bhagwat, IAS StructureSeats78 (66 Elected + 12 Nominated)Political groupsGovernment (37)NDA (37)
BJP (22)
NCP (6)
SHS (4)
RSP (1)
IND (4)
Opposition (20)MVA (20)
SS(UBT) (7)
INC (8)
NCP(SP) (3)
PWPI (1)
SGP (1)
Vacant (21)
Vacant (21)
Meeting placeVidhan Bhavan, MumbaiVidhan Bhavan, Nagpur (Winter session)
Maharashtra LegislatureWebsiteGovernment of Maharashtra Maharashtra Legislative Council Website
The Maharashtra Legislative Council or Maharashtra Vidhan Parishad is the upper house of the bicameral legislature of Maharashtra state in western India.
Maharashtra Legislature Leaders
House
Leader
Portrait
Since
Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Posts
Leader Legislature BJP Party
Devendra Fadnavis
19 November 2019
Leader Legislature NCP(SP) Party
Jayant Patil
24 November 2019
Leader Legislature Congress Party
Balasaheb Thorat
19 November 2019
Leader Legislature SHS Party
Eknath Shinde
17 February 2023
Leader Legislature NCP Party
Ajit Pawar
04 July 2023
Leader Legislature SHS(UBT) Party
Ajay Choudhari
27 June 2022
Maharashtra Legislative Council Posts
Group Leader Legislature Council BJP Party
Pravin Darekar
16 December 2019
Group Leader Legislature Council SHS Party
Viplav Bajoria
1 March 2023
Group Leader Legislature Council SS(UBT) Party
Anil Parab
7 July 2022
Group Leader Legislature Council NCP(SP) Party
Eknath Khadse
11 March 2023
Group Leader Legislature Council Congress Party
Satej Patil
2 March 2023
Group Leader Legislature Council SGP Party
Kapil Waman Patil
2 December 2019
Group Leader Legislature Council PWPI Party
Jayant Patil
2 December 2019
Group Leader Legislature Council RSP Party
Mahadev Jankar
2 December 2019
Party Group Leader & Chief Whip and Whip
No
Party
Post
Name
01
Bharatiya Janata Party
Group Leader
Pravin Darekar
Chief Whip
Vijay Girkar
Whip
Prasad Lad
02
Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)
Group Leader
Anil Parab
Chief Whip
Sunil Shinde
Whip
Sachin Ahir
03
Nationalist Congress Party
Group Leader
Aniket Tatkare
Chief Whip
Unknown
Whip
Unknown
04
Indian National Congress
Group Leader
Satej Patil
Chief Whip
Abhijit Wanjarri
Whip
Rajesh Rathod
05
Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)
Group Leader
Eknath Khadse
Chief Whip
Shashikant Shinde
Whip
Unknown
06
Shiv Sena
Group Leader & Chief Whip
Viplav Bajoria
07
Samajwadi Ganrajya Party
Group Leader & Chief Whip
Kapil Waman Patil
08
Peasants and Workers Party of India
Group Leader & Chief Whip
Jayant Patil
09
Rashtriya Samaj Paksha
Group Leader & Chief Whip
Mahadev Jankar
Location
The seat of the Vidhan Parishad is situated at the Nariman Point area of South Mumbai in the capital Mumbai. The budget session and the monsoon session are convened in Mumbai whereas the winter session is convened in the auxiliary capital Nagpur.
Membership by party
Members of Maharashtra Legislative Council by their political party (as of 23 January 2023):
Alliance
Party
No.of MLAs
Leader of the Party
GovernmentNDA
(37) Majority
BJP
22
Pravin Darekar
NCP
6
Aniket Tatkare
SHS
4
Viplove Bajoria
RSP
1
Mahadev Jankar
IND
4
NONE
OppositionMVA
(18) Minority
INC
8
Satej Patil
SS(UBT)
6
Anil Parab
NCP(SP)
3
Eknath Khadse
SGP
1
Kapil Waman Patil
PWPI
1
Jayant Patil
Vacant
21
Elected from Local Authorities' constituencies (9)
Jalgaon
Bhandara-Gondia
Pune
Sangli-Satara
Nanded
Yavatmal
Thane-Palghar
Ahmednagar
Solapur
Governor Nominated (12)
Total
78
Composition of Legislative Council
Legislative Council shall consist of not less than 40 members or maximum one-third of the total number of members in the legislative assembly, chosen in the manner provided in this section.
30 members shall be elected by the members of the Legislative Assembly.
7 members are elected from amongst graduates from seven divisions of Maharashtra ( Mumbai, Amravati Division, Nashik Division, Aurangabad Division, Konkan Division, Nagpur Division and Pune Division)
7 members are elected from amongst teachers from seven divisions of Maharashtra ( Mumbai, Amravati Division, Nashik Division, Aurangabad Division, Konkan Division, Nagpur Division and Pune Division)
22 members are elected from amongst the local bodies of Maharashtra from 21 divisions of Maharashtra ( Mumbai (2 seats) and one seat each from Ahmednagar, Akola-cum-Washim-cum-Buldhana, Amravati, Aurangabad-cum-Jalna, Bhandara- Gondiya, Dhule-cum-Nandurbar, Jalgaon, Kolhapur, Nagpur, Nanded, Nashik, Osmanabad-cum-Latur-cum-Beed, Parbhani-Hingoli, Pune, Raigad-cum-Ratnagiri-cum-Sindhudurg, Sangli-cum-Satara, Solapur, Thane-cum-Palghar, Wardha-cum-Chandrapur-cum-Gadhchiroli and Yavatmal)
12 members having special knowledge or practical experience in respect of matters such as literature, science, art, co-operative movement and social service shall be nominated by the Governor
It is a continuous House and not subject to dissolution. However, one-third of its members retire every second year and are replaced by new members. As such a member enjoys a tenure of six years. The members of the Vidhan Parishad elect its chairman and deputy chairman.
Constituencies and Members (78)
Following are recent members of Maharashtra Legislative Council
Elected by the Legislative Assembly members (30)
Keys:
BJP (13)
NCP(SP) (2)
INC (4)
SS(UBT) (3)
SHS (3)
PWPI (1)
RSP (1)
#
Member
Party
Term Start
Term End
1
Pravin Darekar
BJP
08-Jul-2022
07-Jul-2028
2
Ram Shinde
BJP
08-Jul-2022
07-Jul-2028
3
Uma Khapre
BJP
08-Jul-2022
07-Jul-2028
4
Shrikant Bharatiya
BJP
08-Jul-2022
07-Jul-2028
5
Prasad Lad
BJP
08-Jul-2022
07-Jul-2028
6
Ranjitsinh Mohite Patil
BJP
14-May-2020
13-May-2026
7
Pravin Datke
BJP
14-May-2020
13-May-2026
8
Gopichand Padalkar
BJP
14-May-2020
13-May-2026
9
Ramesh Karad
BJP
14-May-2020
13-May-2026
10
Nilay Naik
BJP
28-Jul-2018
27-Jul-2024
11
Ram Patil Ratolikar
BJP
28-Jul-2018
27-Jul-2024
12
Ramesh Patil
BJP
28-Jul-2018
27-Jul-2024
13
Vijay Girkar
BJP
28-Jul-2018
27-Jul-2024
14
Aamshya Padavi
SHS
08-Jul-2022
07-Jul-2028
15
Neelam Gorhe
SHS
14-May-2020
13-May-2026
16
Manisha Kayande
SHS
28-Jul-2018
27-Jul-2024
17
Sachin Ahir
SS(UBT)
08-Jul-2022
07-Jul-2028
18
Uddhav Thackeray
SS(UBT)
14-May-2020
13-May-2026
19
Anil Parab
SS(UBT)
28-Jul-2018
27-Jul-2024
20
Ramraje Naik Nimbalkar
NCP
08-Jul-2022
07-Jul-2028
21
Amol Mitkari
NCP
14-May-2020
13-May-2026
22
Babajani Durani
NCP
28-Jul-2018
27-Jul-2024
23
Eknath Khadse
NCP(SP)
08-Jul-2022
07-Jul-2028
24
Shashikant Shinde
NCP(SP)
14-May-2020
13-May-2026
25
Bhai Jagtap
INC
08-Jul-2022
07-Jul-2028
26
Rajesh Rathod
INC
14-May-2020
13-May-2026
27
Wajahat Ather Mirza
INC
28-Jul-2018
27-Jul-2024
28
Pradnya Satav
INC
23-Nov-2021
27-Jul-2024
29
Jayant Patil
PWPI
28-Jul-2018
27-Jul-2024
30
Mahadev Jankar
RSP
28-Jul-2018
27-Jul-2024
Elected from Local Authorities' constituencies (22)
Keys:
BJP (7)
SS (3)
INC (1)
NCP (1)
SS (1)
Vacant (9)
#
Constituency
Member
Party
Term Start
Term End
1
Mumbai
Sunil Shinde
SS (UBT)
02-Jan-2022
01-Jan-2028
2
Mumbai
Raj Hans Singh
BJP
02-Jan-2022
01-Jan-2028
3
Dhule-Nandurbar
Amrish Patel
BJP
02-Jan-2022
01-Jan-2028
4
Nagpur
Chandrashekhar Bawankule
BJP
02-Jan-2022
01-Jan-2028
5
Akola-Washim-Buldhana
Vasant Khandelwal
BJP
02-Jan-2022
01-Jan-2028
6
Kolhapur
Satej Patil
INC
02-Jan-2022
01-Jan-2028
7
Aurangabad-Jalna
Ambadas Danve
SS (UBT)
30-Aug-2019
29-Aug-2025
8
Osmanabad-Latur-Beed
Suresh Dhas
BJP
22-Jun-2018
21-Jun-2024
9
Amravati
Pravin Pote
BJP
22-Jun-2018
21-Jun-2024
10
Wardha-Chandrapur-Gadhchiroli
Ramdas Ambatkar
BJP
22-Jun-2018
21-Jun-2024
11
Nashik
Narendra Darade
SS(UBT)
22-Jun-2018
21-Jun-2024
12
Parbhani-Hingoli
Viplove Bajoria
SHS
22-Jun-2018
21-Jun-2024
13
Raigad-Ratnagiri-Sindhudurg
Vacant
14
Jalgaon
Vacant
15
Bhandara-Gondia
Vacant
16
Pune
Vacant
17
Sangli-Satara
Vacant
18
Nanded
Vacant
19
Yavatmal
Vacant
20
Thane-Palghar
Vacant
21
Ahmednagar
Vacant
22
Solapur
Vacant
Elected from Teachers' constituencies (7)
Keys:
BJP (1)
NCP (1)
INC (1) SGP
(1)
Ind (3)
#
Constituency
Member
Party
Term Start
Term End
1
Konkan
Dnyaneshwar Mhatre
BJP
08-Feb-2023
07-Feb-2029
2
Aurangabad
Vikram Kale
NCP
08-Feb-2023
07-Feb-2029
3
Nagpur
Sudhakar Adbale
IND
08-Feb-2023
07-Feb-2029
4
Pune
Jayant Asgaonkar
INC
07-Dec-2020
06-Dec-2026
5
Amravati
Kiran Sarnaik
IND
07-Dec-2020
06-Dec-2026
6
Mumbai
Kapil Waman Patil
SGP
08-Jul-2018
07-Jul-2024
7
Nashik
Kishor Darade
IND
08-Jul-2018
07-Jul-2024
Elected from Graduates constituencies (7)
Keys:
NCP (1)
NCP(SP) (1)
INC (2)
BJP (1)
SS(UBT) (1)
Ind (1)
#
Constituency
Member
Party
Term Start
Term End
1
Amravati
Dhiraj Lingade
INC
08-Feb-2023
07-Feb-2029
2
Nashik
Satyajeet Tambe
IND
08-Feb-2023
07-Feb-2029
3
Nagpur
Abhijit Wanjarri
INC
07-Dec-2020
06-Dec-2026
4
Aurangabad
Satish Chavan
NCP
07-Dec-2020
06-Dec-2026
5
Pune
Arun Lad
NCP(SP)
07-Dec-2020
06-Dec-2026
6
Mumbai
Vilas Potnis
SS(UBT)
08-Jul-2018
07-Jul-2024
7
Konkan
Niranjan Davkhare
BJP
08-Jul-2018
07-Jul-2024
Nominated by the Governor (12)
Keys:
Vacant (12)
#
Member
Party
Term Start
Term End
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Officers
Chairman
Main article: List of chairpersons of the Maharashtra Legislative Council
Leader of the House
The council has a Leader of the House, who heads the government caucus. The office is provided for in the Legislative Council Rules, which defines it as "Chief Minister or any other Minister appointed by Chief Minister". The Rules further mandate that the chairperson should conduct parliamentary business in consultation with the Leader.
Main article: List of leaders of the house in the Maharashtra Legislative Council
Deputy Leader of the House
The council has a Deputy Leader of the House, who heads the government caucus. The office is provided for in the Legislative Council Rules, which defines it as "Chief Minister or any other Minister appointed by Chief Minister". The Rules further mandate that the chairperson should conduct parliamentary business in consultation with the Leader.
Leader of the Opposition
Main article: List of leaders of the opposition in the Maharashtra Legislative Council
See also
List of members of the Maharashtra Legislative Council
Government of Maharashtra
Maharashtra Legislative Assembly
Vidhan Parishad
References
^ "Shiv Sena (UBT) leader Neelam Gorhe joins Eknath Shinde camp". 7 July 2023. Archived from the original on 15 July 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
^ "Maharashtra Legislative Council polls: MVA bags 3 seats, defeats BJP on Gadkari's home turf". India Today.
^ "NCP split: Here's a list of the MLAs, MLCS and MPS that attended Sharad Pawar's meeting". 5 July 2023. Archived from the original on 7 July 2023. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
^ "Patil,PWPI is supported by the Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray), the NCP and Congress". 11 January 2023. Archived from the original on 25 January 2023. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
^ "Vidhan Mandal Margadarshika" (PDF) (in Marathi). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 January 2022. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
^ http://mls.org.in/pdf2021/winter/list-of-council-member.pdf Archived 26 January 2022 at the Wayback Machine
^ a b "Maharashtra Legislative Council Rules" (PDF). 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 June 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
vte Legislatures of IndiaParliament of India
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vte State of Maharashtra
Capital: Mumbai
Second capital: Nagpur
Topics
History
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Culture
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Marathi literature
Marathi cinema
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Sports
Regions
Desh
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Mumbai Metropolitan Region
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North Maharashtra
Divisions and DistrictsAmravati division
Akola
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Buldhana
Washim
Yavatmal
Konkan division
Mumbai
Mumbai Suburban
Palghar
Raigad
Ratnagiri
Sindhudurg
Thane
Aurangabad division
Beed
Aurangabad
Osmanabad
Hingoli
Jalna
Latur
Nanded
Parbhani
Nagpur division
Bhandara
Chandrapur
Gadchiroli
Gondia
Nagpur
Wardha
Nashik division
Ahmednagar
Dhule
Jalgaon
Nandurbar
Nashik
Pune division
Kolhapur
Pune
Sangli
Satara
Solapur
Million-plus cities in Maharashtra
Mumbai
Pune
Nagpur
Thane
Pimpri-Chinchwad
Nashik
Kalyan-Dombivli
Vasai-Virar
Aurangabad
Navi Mumbai
Other cities with municipal corporations
Ahmednagar
Akola
Amravati
Bhiwandi
Chandrapur
Dhule
Ichalkaranji
Jalgaon
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Latur
Malegaon
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Portal:India | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bicameral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicameral"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_India"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"}],"text":"The Maharashtra Legislative Council or Maharashtra Vidhan Parishad is the upper house of the bicameral legislature of Maharashtra state in western India.","title":"Maharashtra Legislative Council"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Maharashtra Legislature Leaders"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Party Group Leader & Chief Whip and Whip"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nariman Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nariman_Point"},{"link_name":"South Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Mumbai"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"monsoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoon"},{"link_name":"Nagpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagpur"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The seat of the Vidhan Parishad is situated at the Nariman Point area of South Mumbai in the capital Mumbai. The budget session and the monsoon session are convened in Mumbai whereas the winter session is convened in the auxiliary capital Nagpur.[5]","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maharashtra_Legislative_Council&action=edit"}],"text":"Members of Maharashtra Legislative Council by their political party (as of 23 January 2023[update]):","title":"Membership by party"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Legislative Council shall consist of not less than 40 members or maximum one-third of the total number of members in the legislative assembly, chosen in the manner provided in this section.30 members shall be elected by the members of the Legislative Assembly.\n7 members are elected from amongst graduates from seven divisions of Maharashtra ( Mumbai, Amravati Division, Nashik Division, Aurangabad Division, Konkan Division, Nagpur Division and Pune Division)\n7 members are elected from amongst teachers from seven divisions of Maharashtra ( Mumbai, Amravati Division, Nashik Division, Aurangabad Division, Konkan Division, Nagpur Division and Pune Division)\n22 members are elected from amongst the local bodies of Maharashtra from 21 divisions of Maharashtra ( Mumbai (2 seats) and one seat each from Ahmednagar, Akola-cum-Washim-cum-Buldhana, Amravati, Aurangabad-cum-Jalna, Bhandara- Gondiya, Dhule-cum-Nandurbar, Jalgaon, Kolhapur, Nagpur, Nanded, Nashik, Osmanabad-cum-Latur-cum-Beed, Parbhani-Hingoli, Pune, Raigad-cum-Ratnagiri-cum-Sindhudurg, Sangli-cum-Satara, Solapur, Thane-cum-Palghar, Wardha-cum-Chandrapur-cum-Gadhchiroli and Yavatmal)\n12 members having special knowledge or practical experience in respect of matters such as literature, science, art, co-operative movement and social service shall be nominated by the GovernorIt is a continuous House and not subject to dissolution. However, one-third of its members retire every second year and are replaced by new members. As such a member enjoys a tenure of six years. The members of the Vidhan Parishad elect its chairman and deputy chairman.","title":"Composition of Legislative Council"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Following are recent members of Maharashtra Legislative Council[6]","title":"Constituencies and Members (78)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BJP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party"},{"link_name":"NCP(SP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalist_Congress_Party_(Sharadchandra_Pawar)"},{"link_name":"INC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"SS(UBT)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiv_Sena_(UBT)"},{"link_name":"SHS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiv_Sena"},{"link_name":"PWPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants_and_Workers_Party_of_India"},{"link_name":"RSP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashtriya_Samaj_Paksha"}],"sub_title":"Elected by the Legislative Assembly members (30)","text":"Keys: \n BJP (13)\n NCP(SP) (2)\n INC (4)\n SS(UBT) (3)\n SHS (3)\n PWPI (1)\n RSP (1)","title":"Constituencies and Members (78)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BJP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party"},{"link_name":"SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiv_Sena"},{"link_name":"INC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"NCP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalist_Congress_Party"},{"link_name":"SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiv_Sena"}],"sub_title":"Elected from Local Authorities' constituencies (22)","text":"Keys: \n BJP (7)\n SS (3)\n INC (1)\n NCP (1)\n SS (1)\n Vacant (9)","title":"Constituencies and Members (78)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BJP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party"},{"link_name":"NCP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalist_Congress_Party"},{"link_name":"INC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"SGP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samajwadi_Ganrajya_Party&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Politician"}],"sub_title":"Elected from Teachers' constituencies (7)","text":"Keys: \n BJP (1)\n NCP (1)\n INC (1) SGP\n(1)\n Ind (3)","title":"Constituencies and Members (78)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NCP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalist_Congress_Party"},{"link_name":"NCP(SP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalist_Congress_Party_(Sharadchandra_Pawar)"},{"link_name":"INC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"BJP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party"},{"link_name":"SS(UBT)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiv_Sena_(UBT)"},{"link_name":"Ind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Politician"}],"sub_title":"Elected from Graduates constituencies (7)","text":"Keys: \n NCP (1)\n NCP(SP) (1)\n INC (2)\n BJP (1)\n SS(UBT) (1)\n Ind (1)","title":"Constituencies and Members (78)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Nominated by the Governor (12)","text":"Keys: \n Vacant (12)","title":"Constituencies and Members (78)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Officers"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Chairman","title":"Officers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-7"}],"sub_title":"Leader of the House","text":"The council has a Leader of the House, who heads the government caucus. The office is provided for in the Legislative Council Rules, which defines it as \"Chief Minister or any other Minister appointed by Chief Minister\". The Rules further mandate that the chairperson should conduct parliamentary business in consultation with the Leader.[7]","title":"Officers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-7"}],"sub_title":"Deputy Leader of the House","text":"The council has a Deputy Leader of the House, who heads the government caucus. The office is provided for in the Legislative Council Rules, which defines it as \"Chief Minister or any other Minister appointed by Chief Minister\". The Rules further mandate that the chairperson should conduct parliamentary business in consultation with the Leader.[7]","title":"Officers"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Leader of the Opposition","title":"Officers"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of members of the Maharashtra Legislative Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Maharashtra_Legislative_Council"},{"title":"Government of Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Maharashtra"},{"title":"Maharashtra Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra_Legislative_Assembly"},{"title":"Vidhan Parishad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidhan_Parishad"}] | [{"reference":"\"Shiv Sena (UBT) leader Neelam Gorhe joins Eknath Shinde camp\". 7 July 2023. Archived from the original on 15 July 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deccanherald.com/national/west/shiv-sena-ubt-leader-neelam-gorhe-joins-eknath-shinde-camp-1234770.html","url_text":"\"Shiv Sena (UBT) leader Neelam Gorhe joins Eknath Shinde camp\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230715085825/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/west/shiv-sena-ubt-leader-neelam-gorhe-joins-eknath-shinde-camp-1234770.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Maharashtra Legislative Council polls: MVA bags 3 seats, defeats BJP on Gadkari's home turf\". India Today.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/maharashtra-legislative-council-polls-mva-wins-in-3-assembly-constituencies-2330145-2023-02-03","url_text":"\"Maharashtra Legislative Council polls: MVA bags 3 seats, defeats BJP on Gadkari's home turf\""}]},{"reference":"\"NCP split: Here's a list of the MLAs, MLCS and MPS that attended Sharad Pawar's meeting\". 5 July 2023. Archived from the original on 7 July 2023. Retrieved 6 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/maharashtra-political-crisis-ncp-split-mlas-mlcs-mps-supporting-sharad-pawar-faction-check-full-list-17127141.htm","url_text":"\"NCP split: Here's a list of the MLAs, MLCS and MPS that attended Sharad Pawar's meeting\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230707161942/https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/maharashtra-political-crisis-ncp-split-mlas-mlcs-mps-supporting-sharad-pawar-faction-check-full-list-17127141.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Patil,PWPI is supported by the Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray), the NCP and Congress\". 11 January 2023. Archived from the original on 25 January 2023. Retrieved 25 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://theprint.in/india/maha-parties-gear-up-for-legislative-council-polls-many-incumbents-fielded-again/1310011/","url_text":"\"Patil,PWPI is supported by the Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray), the NCP and Congress\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230125075016/https://theprint.in/india/maha-parties-gear-up-for-legislative-council-polls-many-incumbents-fielded-again/1310011/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Vidhan Mandal Margadarshika\" (PDF) (in Marathi). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 January 2022. Retrieved 23 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://mls.org.in/pdf/Margdarshika.pdf","url_text":"\"Vidhan Mandal Margadarshika\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220126044827/http://mls.org.in/pdf/Margdarshika.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Maharashtra Legislative Council Rules\" (PDF). 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 June 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://mls.org.in/pdf/ebooks/council_rules_en.pdf","url_text":"\"Maharashtra Legislative Council Rules\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210610051552/http://mls.org.in/pdf/ebooks/council_rules_en.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.maharashtra.gov.in/","external_links_name":"Government of Maharashtra"},{"Link":"https://www.mls.org.in/","external_links_name":"Maharashtra Legislative Council Website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maharashtra_Legislative_Council&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.deccanherald.com/national/west/shiv-sena-ubt-leader-neelam-gorhe-joins-eknath-shinde-camp-1234770.html","external_links_name":"\"Shiv Sena (UBT) leader Neelam Gorhe joins Eknath Shinde camp\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230715085825/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/west/shiv-sena-ubt-leader-neelam-gorhe-joins-eknath-shinde-camp-1234770.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/maharashtra-legislative-council-polls-mva-wins-in-3-assembly-constituencies-2330145-2023-02-03","external_links_name":"\"Maharashtra Legislative Council polls: MVA bags 3 seats, defeats BJP on Gadkari's home turf\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/maharashtra-political-crisis-ncp-split-mlas-mlcs-mps-supporting-sharad-pawar-faction-check-full-list-17127141.htm","external_links_name":"\"NCP split: Here's a list of the MLAs, MLCS and MPS that attended Sharad Pawar's meeting\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230707161942/https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/maharashtra-political-crisis-ncp-split-mlas-mlcs-mps-supporting-sharad-pawar-faction-check-full-list-17127141.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://theprint.in/india/maha-parties-gear-up-for-legislative-council-polls-many-incumbents-fielded-again/1310011/","external_links_name":"\"Patil,PWPI is supported by the Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray), the NCP and Congress\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230125075016/https://theprint.in/india/maha-parties-gear-up-for-legislative-council-polls-many-incumbents-fielded-again/1310011/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://mls.org.in/pdf/Margdarshika.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Vidhan Mandal Margadarshika\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220126044827/http://mls.org.in/pdf/Margdarshika.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://mls.org.in/pdf2021/winter/list-of-council-member.pdf","external_links_name":"http://mls.org.in/pdf2021/winter/list-of-council-member.pdf"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220126053218/http://mls.org.in/pdf2021/winter/list-of-council-member.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://mls.org.in/pdf/ebooks/council_rules_en.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Maharashtra Legislative Council Rules\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210610051552/http://mls.org.in/pdf/ebooks/council_rules_en.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reeve%27s_Tale | The Reeve's Tale | ["1 Summary","2 Sources","3 Analysis","3.1 Malyne","3.2 Satiric aube","4 Adaptations","5 See also","6 References","6.1 General references","6.2 Inline citations","7 External links"] | Part of the Canterbury Tales
Oswald the Reeve
"The Reeve's Tale" is the third story told in Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales. The reeve, named Oswald in the text, is the manager of a large estate who reaped incredible profits for his master and himself. He is described in the Tales as skinny and bad-tempered and old; his hair is closely cropped reflecting his social status as a serf. His sword is rusty while he rides a fine gray horse called Scot. The Reeve is a skilled carpenter, a profession mocked in the previous "Miller's Tale". Oswald responds with a tale that mocks the Miller's profession.
The tale is based on a popular fabliau (also the source of the Sixth Story of the Ninth Day of The Decameron) of the period with many different versions, the "cradle-trick". Chaucer improves on his sources with his detailed characterisation and sly humour linking the act of grinding corn with sex. The northeastern accent of the two clerks is also the earliest surviving attempt in English to record a dialect from an area other than that of the main writer. Chaucer's works are written with traces of the southern English or London accent of himself and his scribes, but he extracts comedy from imitating accents.
Summary
Symkyn is a miller who lives in Trumpington near Cambridge and who takes wheat and meal brought to him for grinding. Symkyn is also a bully who cheats his customers with the help of his "golden thumb" (i.e. using his thumb to tip the scale in his favour and overcharge) and claims to be a Master with a sword and dagger and knives (cf. the coulter in "The Miller's Tale"). Symkyn and his arrogant and snobbish wife are extremely proud that she is the daughter of the town clergyman (which is peculiar because her parentage means she is illegitimate, as priests in later medieval England could not marry). They have a twenty-year-old daughter Malyne and a six-month-old son. (At the time the story was written it was customary for young females to marry as soon as they reached puberty; Malyne is kept as a virgin by her selfish and social climbing parents so that she can be married off with a dowry of copper dishes to a wealthy husband of higher social status.)
When Symkyn overcharged for his latest work grinding corn for Soler Hall, a Cambridge University college also known as King's Hall (which later became part of Trinity College), the college steward was too ill to face him. Two clerical students there, John and Aleyn, originally from Strother in North East England, are outraged at this latest theft and vow to beat the miller at his own game. John and Aleyn hold an even larger amount of wheat than usual and say they will watch Symkyn while he grinds it into flour, pretending that they are interested in the process because they have limited knowledge about milling. Symkyn sees through the clerks' story and vows to take even more of their grain than he had planned, to prove that scholars are not always the wisest or cleverest of people. He unties their horse, and the two students are unable to catch it until nightfall. While they are away chasing their horse, Symkyn steals the clerks' flour and gives it to his wife to bake a loaf of bread.
Returning to the miller's house, John and Aleyn offer to pay him for a night's sleeping there. He challenges them to use their rhetorical training to make his single bedroom into a grand house. After much rearranging, Symkyn and his wife sleep in one bed, John and Aleyn in another, and Malyne in the third. The baby boy's cradle sits at the foot of the miller's bed.
After a long night of drinking wine, Symkyn and his family fall fast asleep while Aleyn and John lie awake, plotting revenge (rape of Malyne and rape by deception for her mother). First Aleyn creeps over to Malyne in her bed while she remains fast asleep. He leaps on her and then, the narrating Reeve announces, "it had been too late for to crye" (line 4196). When the miller's wife leaves her bed to relieve herself of the wine she has drunk, John moves the baby's cradle to the foot of his own bed. Upon returning to the darkened room, the miller's wife feels for the cradle to identify her bed. She mistakenly assumes that John's bed is her own. When she crawls into the bed she thinks is her own; John leaps upon her and begins having sex with her.
Dawn comes, and Aleyn says goodbye to Malyne. She tells him to look behind the main door to find the bread she had helped make with the flour her father had stolen. Seeing the cradle in front of what he assumes is Symkyn's bed (but is in fact John's), he goes to the other bed, shakes the miller—who he thinks is John—awake and recounts that he had "thries in this shorte nyght / Swyved the milleres doghter", Malyne (lines 4265–6). Hearing this, Symkyn rises from his bed in a rage, which wakes his wife in John's bed. She takes a club and hits her raging husband by mistake, thinking him one of the students. John and Aleyn beat up the miller and flee, taking with them their horse and the bread made from their stolen grain. Both students ride off and get a good laugh of their revenge with the beating of the cheating Miller and the double humiliation on his wife and daughter; despite their tearful farewells Aleyn has no thought of either Malyne or whether she is now pregnant with a child which may ruin her parents' plans to make an advantageous marriage for her (although such a child could be passed off as a third child born to her parents, as was not unusual with illegitimate births). The Reeve goes on to say that the story demonstrates the proverb "Hym thar nat wene wil that yvele dooth" (One who does evil fares badly) and concludes "A gylour shal hymself bigyled be" (a deceiver will himself be deceived)(lines 4320–22).
Sources
Although some scholars are reluctant to say that Chaucer ever read The Decameron, Chaucer's story is very close to one told in Day IX, Tale 6 of that set of Italian tales, in which two clerks lodge with an innkeeper for the night. One of the clerks, who has long been an admirer of the innkeeper's daughter, slips into her bed while she is asleep and, after her fears are overcome, they both enjoy sex together. Later, a cat wakes up the innkeeper's wife and she gets up to investigate. The second clerk gets up to go to the bathroom and moves the cradle in front of the innkeeper's bed because it is in the way. After he returns to his bed, the innkeeper's wife returns and feels her way to the bed with the cradle in front of it, which is actually the clerk's bed. She slips in beside him and both are surprised and have sex together. The wife later explains to the suspecting innkeeper that she was in her daughter's bed all night. The story has several differences from Chaucer's in that the clerks do not plot against the innkeeper but are only there to get to his daughter. No mill is even mentioned in the story.
More broadly, this type of tale is known as a "cradle-trick" tale, where the wife gets into the wrong bed because the cradle has been moved. These tales were popular all over Europe in the Middle Ages. One such story is the 13th-century French Le meunier et les II clers. In this tale, the clerks do not know the miller, but are new in town looking for jobs as bakers. The miller has his wife send them into the woods looking for him while he steals their goods. They come back and end up spending a night with the family, and find that the miller's daughter spends every night locked in a bin to protect her chastity. During the night, the miller's wife has sex with one of the clerks in exchange for a ring which will restore her virginity. She then gives the clerk the key to her daughter's bin and invites him to have sex with her. The miller later finds out and accuses his wife, only to have her reveal that he is a robber. Other "cradle-trick" tales include the French De Gombert et des deux clers, a Flemish tale: Ein bispel van ij clerken, and two German tales: Das Studentenabenteuer and Irregang und Girregar.
Analysis
Malyne
There is ongoing debate about the nature of the sex that Malyne has with Aleyn. Some argue that, although she is surprised at the beginning, by the end of the night she seems to be in love with Aleyn. Evidence for this reading includes the fact that she calls him her "lemman" after the fact, says a genuine fond farewell to him and tells where the cake made out of his stolen flour is hidden. Others emphasize that Aleyn, by surprising Malyne and entering her before she has the chance to consent or not, prevents her from consenting, which makes the sex rape. Nicole Nolan Sidhu takes a different angle and argues that this scene stages tensions between Christian doctrine and social practices over women's free will in marriage. Malyne's parallel in the Decameron also finds the night enjoyable after some initial fear and is eager for future meetings with the clerk. By removing this from his version of the tale, Chaucer creates a more ambiguous and unsettling ending. However, Aleyn has a university course to complete so will be remaining in Cambridge for some time, leaving the possibility of a lasting relationship open.
Malyne is called "this wench" at line 3973, which has been sometimes used to suggest that she is "immoral" or "wanton", and perhaps therefore enjoys her night. However, definitions for "wench" in the Middle English Dictionary primarily suggest a woman's youth and lower class status (although they secondarily can also suggest sexual servitude).
Satiric aube
As morning approaches, Aleyn and Malyne have an exchange of feelings which scholars have described as a mock aube or dawn-song, where two lovers express their sorrow at parting in the morning after a night together. Chaucer himself used aube elsewhere, for example in his Troilus and Criseyde. This type of love poem was usually written in a very high, courtly style and the characters in them were usually knights and ladies, but in this tale Chaucer brings it down to the level of a fabliau, which gives it a strong satire. For example, Aleyn, instead of saying to Malyne, "I am thyn own knight", says "I am thyn own clerk" (emph. added), and Malyne, between emotional words of parting, tells Aleyn about a bread in the mill—an odd fixture in any love poem. (This may be a slang term for pregnancy, similar to the modern "bun in the oven", a further humiliation to the Miller.)
Adaptations
"The Reeve's Tale" is one of eight of Chaucer's stories adapted by Pasolini in The Canterbury Tales. Patrick Duffett portrays Alan, Eamann Howell portrays John, the Italian producer/ actor Tiziano Longo portrays Simkin the Miller, Eileen King portrays his wife and Heather Johnson portrays Molly.
See also
Bed trick
References
General references
Chaucer, Geoffrey (1987). Benson, Larry D. (ed.). The Riverside Chaucer (in Middle English) (3rd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 79. ISBN 0395290317.
Inline citations
^ a b c Beidler, Peter G. "Chaucer's "Reeve's Tale", Boccaccio's "Decameron", IX, 6, and Two "Soft" German Analogues." The Chaucer Review. Penn State University Press. Vol. 28, No. 3 (1994), pp. 237–251.
^ Kohanski, Tamarah. "In Search of Malyne." The Chaucer Review. Penn State University Press. Vol. 27, No. 3 (1993) pp. 228–238.
^ Sidhu, Nicole Nolan. "To Late for to Crie": Female Desire, Fabliau Politics, and Classical Legend in Chaucer's Reeve's Tale. Exemplaria. Vol. 21, No. 1 (Spring 2009) pp. 3-23.
^ "wench"
^ Kaske, R. E. "An Aube in the Reeve's Tale". ELH. The Johns Hopkins University Press. Vol. 26, No. 3 (Sep 1959) pp. 295–31.
External links
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
The Reeve's Prologue and Tale (Chaucer)
"The Reeve's Prologue and Tale", middle-english hypertext with glossary and side-by-side middle english and modern english
Read "The Reeve's Prologue and Tale" with interlinear translation
Modern Translation of the Reeve's Tale and Other Resources at eChaucer
"The Reeve's Tale" – a plain-English retelling for non-scholars.
vteGeoffrey ChaucerWorksTheCanterburyTales
General Prologue
The Knight's Tale
The Miller's Tale
The Reeve's Tale
The Cook's Tale
The Man of Law's Tale
The Wife of Bath's Tale
The Friar's Tale
The Summoner's Tale
The Clerk's Tale
The Merchant's Tale
The Squire's Tale
The Franklin's Tale
The Physician's Tale
The Pardoner's Tale
The Shipman's Tale
The Prioress's Tale
Sir Thopas
The Tale of Melibee
The Monk's Tale
The Nun's Priest's Tale
The Second Nun's Tale
The Canon's Yeoman's Tale
The Manciple's Tale
The Parson's Tale
Chaucer's Retraction
Other works
The Romaunt of the Rose
The Book of the Duchess
The House of Fame
Anelida and Arcite
The Parliament of Fowls
Boece
Troilus and Criseyde
The Legend of Good Women
A Treatise on the Astrolabe
The Complaint of Mars
Spurious
The Cuckoo and the Nightingale
The Complaint of the Black Knight
The equatorie of the planetis
The Floure and the Leafe
Pierce the Ploughman's Crede
Jack Upland
Tales
The Tale of Gamelyn
Prologue and Tale of Beryn
The Plowman's Tale
The Pilgrim's Tale
Languageand Texts
Rhyme royal
Heroic couplet
Manuscript tradition
Order of The Canterbury Tales
Hengwrt Chaucer
Ellesmere Chaucer
Harley MS. 7334
Adam Pinkhurst
Scribe D
John Shirley
Related
Chaucer's influence on fifteenth-century Scottish literature
Influence of Italian humanism on Chaucer
Philippa Roet (wife)
Katherine Swynford (wife's sister)
Thomas Chaucer (son)
Alice de la Pole (granddaughter)
A Knight's Tale (2001 film)
vteGeoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury TalesOrder of TheCanterbury Tales
General Prologue
The Knight's Tale
The Miller's Tale
The Reeve's Tale
The Cook's Tale
The Man of Law's Tale
The Wife of Bath's Tale
The Friar's Tale
The Summoner's Tale
The Clerk's Tale
The Merchant's Tale
The Squire's Tale
The Franklin's Tale
The Physician's Tale
The Pardoner's Tale
The Shipman's Tale
The Prioress's Tale
Sir Thopas
The Tale of Melibee
The Monk's Tale
The Nun's Priest's Tale
The Second Nun's Tale
The Canon's Yeoman's Tale
The Manciple's Tale
The Parson's Tale
Addenda
The Plowman's Tale
The Tale of Gamelyn
Siege of Thebes
Prologue and Tale of Beryn
Films
The Canterbury Tales (1972)
Stage and music
The Two Noble Kinsmen (1634 play)
The Canterbury Pilgrims (De Koven) (1917 opera)
Canterbury Tales (1964 musical)
Television
Trinity Tales (1975)
Canterbury Tales (2003)
Literature
The Canterbury Puzzles
A Commentary on the General Prologue to The Canterbury Tales
Single talederivations
The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnelle
Chanticleer and the Fox
The Book of the Dun Cow
Palamon and Arcite (Edwardes)
"Palamon and Arcite" (Dryden)
God Spede the Plough
"The Pilgrim's Tale"
Related
Chaucer's Retraction
Descriptive Catalogue
Ellesmere Chaucer
"Have a nice day"
Hengwrt Chaucer
The Tabard | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Reeve_-_Ellesmere_Chaucer.jpg"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Chaucer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer"},{"link_name":"The Canterbury Tales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canterbury_Tales"},{"link_name":"reeve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reeve_(England)"},{"link_name":"serf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serf"},{"link_name":"carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpenter"},{"link_name":"Miller's Tale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Miller%27s_Prologue_and_Tale"},{"link_name":"fabliau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabliau"},{"link_name":"The Decameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Decameron"}],"text":"Oswald the Reeve\"The Reeve's Tale\" is the third story told in Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales. The reeve, named Oswald in the text, is the manager of a large estate who reaped incredible profits for his master and himself. He is described in the Tales as skinny and bad-tempered and old; his hair is closely cropped reflecting his social status as a serf. His sword is rusty while he rides a fine gray horse called Scot. The Reeve is a skilled carpenter, a profession mocked in the previous \"Miller's Tale\". Oswald responds with a tale that mocks the Miller's profession.The tale is based on a popular fabliau (also the source of the Sixth Story of the Ninth Day of The Decameron) of the period with many different versions, the \"cradle-trick\". Chaucer improves on his sources with his detailed characterisation and sly humour linking the act of grinding corn with sex. The northeastern accent of the two clerks is also the earliest surviving attempt in English to record a dialect from an area other than that of the main writer. Chaucer's works are written with traces of the southern English or London accent of himself and his scribes, but he extracts comedy from imitating accents.","title":"The Reeve's Tale"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller"},{"link_name":"Trumpington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpington,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge"},{"link_name":"meal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flour"},{"link_name":"coulter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/colter"},{"link_name":"clergyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastor"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University"},{"link_name":"King's Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Hall,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Trinity College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"clerical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy"},{"link_name":"North East England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_England"},{"link_name":"rape by deception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape_by_deception"}],"text":"Symkyn is a miller who lives in Trumpington near Cambridge and who takes wheat and meal brought to him for grinding. Symkyn is also a bully who cheats his customers with the help of his \"golden thumb\" (i.e. using his thumb to tip the scale in his favour and overcharge) and claims to be a Master with a sword and dagger and knives (cf. the coulter in \"The Miller's Tale\"). Symkyn and his arrogant and snobbish wife are extremely proud that she is the daughter of the town clergyman (which is peculiar because her parentage means she is illegitimate, as priests in later medieval England could not marry). They have a twenty-year-old daughter Malyne and a six-month-old son. (At the time the story was written it was customary for young females to marry as soon as they reached puberty; Malyne is kept as a virgin by her selfish and social climbing parents so that she can be married off with a dowry of copper dishes to a wealthy husband of higher social status.)When Symkyn overcharged for his latest work grinding corn for Soler Hall, a Cambridge University college also known as King's Hall (which later became part of Trinity College), the college steward was too ill to face him. Two clerical students there, John and Aleyn, originally from Strother in North East England, are outraged at this latest theft and vow to beat the miller at his own game. John and Aleyn hold an even larger amount of wheat than usual and say they will watch Symkyn while he grinds it into flour, pretending that they are interested in the process because they have limited knowledge about milling. Symkyn sees through the clerks' story and vows to take even more of their grain than he had planned, to prove that scholars are not always the wisest or cleverest of people. He unties their horse, and the two students are unable to catch it until nightfall. While they are away chasing their horse, Symkyn steals the clerks' flour and gives it to his wife to bake a loaf of bread.Returning to the miller's house, John and Aleyn offer to pay him for a night's sleeping there. He challenges them to use their rhetorical training to make his single bedroom into a grand house. After much rearranging, Symkyn and his wife sleep in one bed, John and Aleyn in another, and Malyne in the third. The baby boy's cradle sits at the foot of the miller's bed.After a long night of drinking wine, Symkyn and his family fall fast asleep while Aleyn and John lie awake, plotting revenge (rape of Malyne and rape by deception for her mother). First Aleyn creeps over to Malyne in her bed while she remains fast asleep. He leaps on her and then, the narrating Reeve announces, \"it had been too late for to crye\" (line 4196). When the miller's wife leaves her bed to relieve herself of the wine she has drunk, John moves the baby's cradle to the foot of his own bed. Upon returning to the darkened room, the miller's wife feels for the cradle to identify her bed. She mistakenly assumes that John's bed is her own. When she crawls into the bed she thinks is her own; John leaps upon her and begins having sex with her.Dawn comes, and Aleyn says goodbye to Malyne. She tells him to look behind the main door to find the bread she had helped make with the flour her father had stolen. Seeing the cradle in front of what he assumes is Symkyn's bed (but is in fact John's), he goes to the other bed, shakes the miller—who he thinks is John—awake and recounts that he had \"thries in this shorte nyght / Swyved the milleres doghter\", Malyne (lines 4265–6). Hearing this, Symkyn rises from his bed in a rage, which wakes his wife in John's bed. She takes a club and hits her raging husband by mistake, thinking him one of the students. John and Aleyn beat up the miller and flee, taking with them their horse and the bread made from their stolen grain. Both students ride off and get a good laugh of their revenge with the beating of the cheating Miller and the double humiliation on his wife and daughter; despite their tearful farewells Aleyn has no thought of either Malyne or whether she is now pregnant with a child which may ruin her parents' plans to make an advantageous marriage for her (although such a child could be passed off as a third child born to her parents, as was not unusual with illegitimate births). The Reeve goes on to say that the story demonstrates the proverb \"Hym thar nat wene wil that yvele dooth\" (One who does evil fares badly) and concludes \"A gylour shal hymself bigyled be\" (a deceiver will himself be deceived)(lines 4320–22).","title":"Summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beidler-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Koh-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beidler-1"}],"text":"Although some scholars are reluctant to say that Chaucer ever read The Decameron, Chaucer's story is very close to one told in Day IX, Tale 6 of that set of Italian tales, in which two clerks lodge with an innkeeper for the night. One of the clerks, who has long been an admirer of the innkeeper's daughter, slips into her bed while she is asleep and, after her fears are overcome, they both enjoy sex together. Later, a cat wakes up the innkeeper's wife and she gets up to investigate. The second clerk gets up to go to the bathroom and moves the cradle in front of the innkeeper's bed because it is in the way. After he returns to his bed, the innkeeper's wife returns and feels her way to the bed with the cradle in front of it, which is actually the clerk's bed. She slips in beside him and both are surprised and have sex together. The wife later explains to the suspecting innkeeper that she was in her daughter's bed all night. The story has several differences from Chaucer's in that the clerks do not plot against the innkeeper but are only there to get to his daughter. No mill is even mentioned in the story.[1]More broadly, this type of tale is known as a \"cradle-trick\" tale, where the wife gets into the wrong bed because the cradle has been moved. These tales were popular all over Europe in the Middle Ages. One such story is the 13th-century French Le meunier et les II clers.[2] In this tale, the clerks do not know the miller, but are new in town looking for jobs as bakers. The miller has his wife send them into the woods looking for him while he steals their goods. They come back and end up spending a night with the family, and find that the miller's daughter spends every night locked in a bin to protect her chastity. During the night, the miller's wife has sex with one of the clerks in exchange for a ring which will restore her virginity. She then gives the clerk the key to her daughter's bin and invites him to have sex with her. The miller later finds out and accuses his wife, only to have her reveal that he is a robber. Other \"cradle-trick\" tales include the French De Gombert et des deux clers, a Flemish tale: Ein bispel van ij clerken, and two German tales: Das Studentenabenteuer and Irregang und Girregar.[1]","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beidler-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Malyne","text":"There is ongoing debate about the nature of the sex that Malyne has with Aleyn. Some argue that, although she is surprised at the beginning, by the end of the night she seems to be in love with Aleyn. Evidence for this reading includes the fact that she calls him her \"lemman\" after the fact, says a genuine fond farewell to him and tells where the cake made out of his stolen flour is hidden. Others emphasize that Aleyn, by surprising Malyne and entering her before she has the chance to consent or not, prevents her from consenting, which makes the sex rape. Nicole Nolan Sidhu takes a different angle and argues that this scene stages tensions between Christian doctrine and social practices over women's free will in marriage.[3] Malyne's parallel in the Decameron also finds the night enjoyable after some initial fear and is eager for future meetings with the clerk.[1] By removing this from his version of the tale, Chaucer creates a more ambiguous and unsettling ending. However, Aleyn has a university course to complete so will be remaining in Cambridge for some time, leaving the possibility of a lasting relationship open.Malyne is called \"this wench\" at line 3973, which has been sometimes used to suggest that she is \"immoral\" or \"wanton\", and perhaps therefore enjoys her night. However, definitions for \"wench\" in the Middle English Dictionary primarily suggest a woman's youth and lower class status (although they secondarily can also suggest sexual servitude).[4]","title":"Analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"aube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alba_(poetry)"},{"link_name":"Troilus and Criseyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troilus_and_Criseyde"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Satiric aube","text":"As morning approaches, Aleyn and Malyne have an exchange of feelings which scholars[citation needed] have described as a mock aube or dawn-song, where two lovers express their sorrow at parting in the morning after a night together. Chaucer himself used aube elsewhere, for example in his Troilus and Criseyde. This type of love poem was usually written in a very high, courtly style and the characters in them were usually knights and ladies, but in this tale Chaucer brings it down to the level of a fabliau, which gives it a strong satire. For example, Aleyn, instead of saying to Malyne, \"I am thyn own knight\", says \"I am thyn own clerk\" (emph. added), and Malyne, between emotional words of parting, tells Aleyn about a bread in the mill—an odd fixture in any love poem. (This may be a slang term for pregnancy, similar to the modern \"bun in the oven\", a further humiliation to the Miller.)[5]","title":"Analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pasolini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasolini"},{"link_name":"The Canterbury Tales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canterbury_Tales_(film)"}],"text":"\"The Reeve's Tale\" is one of eight of Chaucer's stories adapted by Pasolini in The Canterbury Tales. Patrick Duffett portrays Alan, Eamann Howell portrays John, the Italian producer/ actor Tiziano Longo portrays Simkin the Miller, Eileen King portrays his wife and Heather Johnson portrays Molly.","title":"Adaptations"}] | [{"image_text":"Oswald the Reeve","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/The_Reeve_-_Ellesmere_Chaucer.jpg/250px-The_Reeve_-_Ellesmere_Chaucer.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Bed trick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed_trick"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/riversidechaucer0000chau","external_links_name":"The Riverside Chaucer"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/riversidechaucer0000chau/page/79","external_links_name":"79"},{"Link":"https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/m/mec/med-idx?type=id&id=MED52198","external_links_name":"\"wench\""},{"Link":"http://www.librarius.com/canttran/rvtltrfs.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Reeve's Prologue and Tale\", middle-english hypertext with glossary and side-by-side middle english and modern english"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120630230503/http://www.courses.fas.harvard.edu/~chaucer/teachslf/rvt-par.htm","external_links_name":"Read \"The Reeve's Prologue and Tale\" with interlinear translation"},{"Link":"https://medievalit.com/home/echaucer/modern-translations/the-reeves-tale-translation/","external_links_name":"Modern Translation of the Reeve's Tale and Other Resources at eChaucer"},{"Link":"http://eleusinianm.co.uk/redShalfleet/rs17reeves.html","external_links_name":"\"The Reeve's Tale\" – a plain-English retelling for non-scholars."}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942_National_Invitation_Tournament | 1942 National Invitation Tournament | ["1 Selected teams","2 Bracket","3 See also","4 References"] | Annual NCAA basketball competition
1942 National Invitation TournamentTournament detailsCityNew York CityVenue(s)Madison Square GardenTeams8Final positionsChampionsWest Virginia Mountaineers (1st title)Runner-upWestern Kentucky HilltoppersSemifinalistsCreighton BluejaysToledo RocketsTournament statisticsMVPRudy Baric (West Virginia)← 19411943 →
The 1942 National Invitation Tournament was the 1942 edition of the annual NCAA college basketball competition.
Selected teams
Below is a list of the 8 teams selected for the tournament.
CCNY
Creighton
Long Island
Rhode Island
Toledo
West Texas State
West Virginia
Western Kentucky State
Bracket
Below is the tournament bracket.
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Finals
West Virginia
58
Long Island
49
West Virginia
51
Toledo
39
Toledo
82
Rhode Island
71
West Virginia
47
Western Kentucky State
45
Creighton
59
West Texas State
58
Creighton
36
Western Kentucky State
49
Western Kentucky State
49
CCNY
46
Third place game
Toledo
46
Creighton
48
See also
1942 NCAA basketball tournament
1942 NAIA Basketball Tournament
References
^ a b Tournament Results (1940s) at nit.org, URL accessed December 9, 2009. Archived 11/7/09
vteNational Invitation Tournament
Bids schools and conference
Semifinal appearances
Records
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
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1963
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1969
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1972
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1978
1979
1980
1981
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1990
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1997
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2009
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2011
2012
2013
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2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Invitation Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Invitation_Tournament"},{"link_name":"NCAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA"},{"link_name":"college basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_basketball"}],"text":"The 1942 National Invitation Tournament was the 1942 edition of the annual NCAA college basketball competition.","title":"1942 National Invitation Tournament"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-results-1"},{"link_name":"CCNY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_College_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"Creighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creighton_University"},{"link_name":"Long Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_University"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"Toledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toledo"},{"link_name":"West Texas State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Texas_A%26M_University"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia_University"},{"link_name":"Western Kentucky State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1941%E2%80%9342_Western_Kentucky_Hilltoppers_basketball_team"}],"text":"Below is a list of the 8 teams selected for the tournament.[1]CCNY\nCreighton\nLong Island\nRhode Island\nToledo\nWest Texas State\nWest Virginia\nWestern Kentucky State","title":"Selected teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-results-1"}],"text":"Below is the tournament bracket.[1]","title":"Bracket"}] | [] | [{"title":"1942 NCAA basketball tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942_NCAA_basketball_tournament"},{"title":"1942 NAIA Basketball Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942_NAIA_Basketball_Tournament"}] | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.nit.org/history/nit-postseason-results-1940s.html","external_links_name":"Tournament Results (1940s)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100326191321/http://www.nit.org/history/nit-postseason-results-1940s.html","external_links_name":"Archived"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalambo_River | Kalambo River | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Coordinates: 8°24′S 31°18′E / 8.400°S 31.300°E / -8.400; 31.300River in Rukwa Region, Tanzania and Mbala District, Zambia
Kalambo RiverKalambo FallsLocationCountryRukwa Region, TanzaniaCountryNorthern Province, ZambiaPhysical characteristicsSourceUfipa Plateau • locationZambia • elevation1,800 m (5,900 ft)
MouthLake Tanganyika • locationTanzania • elevation770 m (2,530 ft)Length50 km (31 mi)
The Kalambo River forms part of the border between Zambia and Tanzania. It is a comparatively small stream which rises on the Ufipa Plateau in Rukwa Region,Tanzania north-east of Mbala at an elevation of about 1,800 metres (5,900 ft) and descends into the Albertine Rift, entering the southeastern end of Lake Tanganyika at an elevation of about 770 metres (2,530 ft), in a straight-line distance of only about 50 kilometres (31 mi). This accounts for its main claim to fame, its waterfall, Kalambo Falls, which is Africa's second highest falls (after South Africa's Tugela Falls). Below the falls, the river runs in a deep gorge.
The site of the river includes important archaeological sites.
References
UNESCO, World Heritage Centre, Kalambo falls archaeological site (prehistoric settlement site), 11/06/1997.
"Forestry." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 17 June 2006 <http://search.eb.com/eb/article-26182>.
External links
"Photo Gallery: Children enjoy a swim in Kalambo River at Kapozwa Village near Lake Tanganyika in Kalambo District, Rukwa Region". 2012. Archived from the original on 2012-09-04. Retrieved 2012-09-04.
vteRivers of ZambiaCongo System
Chambeshi
Kalambo
Kalungwishi
Luapula
Mbereshi
Lake Rukwa
Lumi
Zambezi SystemMajor
Chongwe
Kabompo
Kafue
Luangwa
Lungwebungu
Lunsemfwa
Zambezi
Minor
Kafubu
Luanginga
Luena
Lukasashi
Lunga
Mulungushi
Sakeji
vteRivers of TanzaniaRivers
Ambala
Bangala
Gombe
Great Ruaha
Kafufu
Kagera
Kalambo
Luhumuka
Lujenda
Lukuledi
Lumi
Lumpungu
Magamba
Malagarasi
Manonga
Mara
Matandu
Mbezi
Mbwemkuru
Mkulumuzi
Mkuzu
Moyowosi
Mpiji
Msangazi
Myakaliza
Nguya
Pangani
Ruchugi
Rufiji
Rurubu
Ruvu
Ruvuma
Ruvyironza
Semu
Sibiti
Simiyu
Tarangire
Ugalla
Umba
Wami
Wembere
Zigi
Cheli
Mwaru
8°24′S 31°18′E / 8.400°S 31.300°E / -8.400; 31.300
This article related to a river in Tanzania is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia"},{"link_name":"Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania"},{"link_name":"Ufipa Plateau in Rukwa Region,Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ufipa_Plateau_in_Rukwa_Region,Tanzania&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mbala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbala,_Zambia"},{"link_name":"Albertine Rift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertine_Rift"},{"link_name":"Lake Tanganyika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Tanganyika"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Kalambo Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalambo_Falls"},{"link_name":"Tugela Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tugela_Falls"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"River in Rukwa Region, Tanzania and Mbala District, ZambiaThe Kalambo River forms part of the border between Zambia and Tanzania. It is a comparatively small stream which rises on the Ufipa Plateau in Rukwa Region,Tanzania north-east of Mbala at an elevation of about 1,800 metres (5,900 ft) and descends into the Albertine Rift, entering the southeastern end of Lake Tanganyika at an elevation of about 770 metres (2,530 ft), in a straight-line distance of only about 50 kilometres (31 mi).[citation needed] This accounts for its main claim to fame, its waterfall, Kalambo Falls, which is Africa's second highest falls (after South Africa's Tugela Falls). Below the falls, the river runs in a deep gorge.[citation needed]The site of the river includes important archaeological sites.","title":"Kalambo River"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Photo Gallery: Children enjoy a swim in Kalambo River at Kapozwa Village near Lake Tanganyika in Kalambo District, Rukwa Region\". 2012. Archived from the original on 2012-09-04. Retrieved 2012-09-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120904233613/http://m.dailynews.co.tz/index.php/gallery/photovideo-gallery/photo-gallery/7819-recreation","url_text":"\"Photo Gallery: Children enjoy a swim in Kalambo River at Kapozwa Village near Lake Tanganyika in Kalambo District, Rukwa Region\""},{"url":"http://m.dailynews.co.tz/index.php/gallery/photovideo-gallery/photo-gallery/7819-recreation","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kalambo_River¶ms=8_24_S_31_18_E_region:TZ_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"8°24′S 31°18′E / 8.400°S 31.300°E / -8.400; 31.300"},{"Link":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/868/","external_links_name":"Kalambo falls archaeological site (prehistoric settlement site)"},{"Link":"http://search.eb.com/eb/article-26182","external_links_name":"http://search.eb.com/eb/article-26182"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120904233613/http://m.dailynews.co.tz/index.php/gallery/photovideo-gallery/photo-gallery/7819-recreation","external_links_name":"\"Photo Gallery: Children enjoy a swim in Kalambo River at Kapozwa Village near Lake Tanganyika in Kalambo District, Rukwa Region\""},{"Link":"http://m.dailynews.co.tz/index.php/gallery/photovideo-gallery/photo-gallery/7819-recreation","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kalambo_River¶ms=8_24_S_31_18_E_region:TZ_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"8°24′S 31°18′E / 8.400°S 31.300°E / -8.400; 31.300"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalambo_River&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan%E2%80%93Chama_Project | San Juan–Chama Project | ["1 Background","2 Project description","2.1 Diversion works","2.2 Storage facilities","3 Water allocations","4 Panoramic views","5 See also","6 References"] | Water management project in New Mexico and Colorado
San Juan–Chama ProjectHeron Lake, the main storage reservoir of the San Juan–Chama ProjectGeneral statisticsBegun1951Completed1976Dams and reservoirsHeronNambe FallsBlanco (diversion)Oso (diversion)Little Oso (diversion)OperationsStorage capacity403,343 acre⋅ft (0.497516 km3)Annual water yield110,000 acre⋅ft (0.14 km3)Land irrigated92,479 acres (37,425 ha)vte
The San Juan–Chama Project is a U.S. Bureau of Reclamation interbasin water transfer project located in the states of New Mexico and Colorado in the United States. The project consists of a series of tunnels and diversions that take water from the drainage basin of the San Juan River – a tributary of the Colorado River – to supplement water resources in the Rio Grande watershed. The project furnishes water for irrigation and municipal water supply to cities along the Rio Grande including Albuquerque and Santa Fe.
Background
Most major agricultural and urban areas in New Mexico today lie along the narrow corridor of the Rio Grande as it cuts across the center of this predominantly desert state. Spanish settlers arrived in the area in the late 1500s, followed by Mexican and American settlers in the 18th and 19th centuries, building large irrigation systems and diversion dams to allow agricultural production in the arid region. In the early 1920s, water supply in the Rio Grande basin was already severely stressed, and studies were conducted as to the feasibility of procuring additional water by transbasin diversion from tributaries of the San Juan River.
The 1933–1934 Bunger Survey studied potential locations for diversions and storage reservoirs, and in 1939, the Rio Grande Compact was signed, dividing Rio Grande waters between Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas including allocations from a potential future diversion from the San Juan basin. When the Upper Colorado River Basin Compact was established in 1948, it also included provisions for the tentative diversion project under its water allotment to New Mexico. In the 1950s, post-World War II population growth in central New Mexico put even larger strains on the Rio Grande's water, and the need for a transbasin water project rose because water supplies in the area quickly became overallocated.
Studies for the project continued through the early 1950s, but actual implementation languished until 1962 when Congress amended the Colorado River Storage Act of 1956, allowing the diversion of part of New Mexico's share of Colorado River basin waters into the Rio Grande basin. The diversions proposed were for 235,000 acre⋅ft (0.290 km3) per year from three tributaries of the San Juan River in Colorado: the Rio Blanco, Navajo and Little Navajo Rivers, to the headwaters of the Rio Chama, a major tributary of the Rio Grande. The project would be constructed in two phases. However, Reclamation ran into difficulties because the Navajo Nation asserted rights to about 900,000 acre⋅ft (1.1 km3) of water from the San Juan River, which runs through their traditional lands. Resultantly, only the first phase of the project was ever constructed, delivering just under 47% of the original amount proposed by Reclamation.
On December 19, 1964, construction began on the Azotea Tunnel, the main water tunnel for the project, running from the Navajo River south to Azotea Creek in the Rio Chama watershed. Work started on the Oso and Little Oso tunnels in February 1966, and construction on the Blanco Tunnel began in March of the same year. In 1967, an enlargement of the outlets of existing El Vado Dam to accommodate increased flows from the diversion project was completed, and construction began on Heron Dam, which would impound the project's main storage reservoir. Azotea Tunnel was holed through and construction was finished on the project's three diversion dams in 1970. Heron Dam was completed the next year. Nambe Falls Dam, completed in 1976, was the last part of the project to be built. The dam was the only one built of a series of small independent irrigation units originally proposed under the project to serve Native American lands. In 1978, Reclamation announced the completion of the San Juan–Chama Project.
Project description
Diversion works
Blanco Diversion Dam on the Rio Blanco
Little Oso Diversion Dam on the Little Navajo River
Oso Diversion Dam on the Navajo River
The San Juan–Chama Project taps the water of the Rio Blanco, Navajo, and Little Navajo Rivers via a series of small diversion dams, tunnels, and siphons. Blanco Diversion Dam, with a diversion capacity of 520 cu ft/s (15 m3/s), sends water into the Blanco Feeder Conduit, which connects to the 8.64-mile (13.90 km)-long Blanco Tunnel and flows south towards the Little Navajo River. The water passes underneath the river via the Little Oso Siphon and connects to the Oso Tunnel. Just upstream from the siphon, Little Oso Diversion Dam sends up to 150 cu ft/s (4.2 m3/s) of water through the Little Oso Feeder Conduit, which also empties into the Oso Tunnel.
Oso Tunnel, with a capacity of 650 cu ft/s (18 m3/s), travels 5.05 miles (8.13 km) south to the Navajo River, which it passes under via the Oso Siphon. Oso Diversion Dam on the Navajo diverts additional water into the Oso Feeder Conduit, which joins with water from the Oso Tunnel and Siphon to form the Azotea Tunnel. The Azotea Tunnel, which has a capacity of 950 cu ft/s (27 m3/s), runs south for 12.8 miles (20.6 km), passing under the Continental Divide. The tunnel terminates at Azotea Creek, a tributary of Willow Creek, which is in turn a tributary of the Rio Chama. The lower portion of Azotea Creek has been channelized to mitigate erosion from the higher flows.
Storage facilities
The main storage facility for the project is Heron Lake, a reservoir formed by Heron Dam on Willow Creek about 8 miles (13 km) downstream of the terminus of Azotea Tunnel and 20 miles (32 km) southwest of Chama, New Mexico. The reservoir has a capacity of 401,320 acre⋅ft (0.49502 km3) and has a surface area of 5,950 acres (2,410 ha). Heron Dam is an earthfill dam 269 feet (82 m) high and 1,220 feet (370 m) long, standing 249.1 feet (75.9 m) above the streambed. Heron Lake receives water from a catchment of 193 sq mi (500 km2), which has been augmented to over three times this size by the San Juan–Chama diversions.
Nambe Falls Dam is located about 15 miles (24 km) north of Santa Fe on the Rio Nambe, a tributary of the Rio Grande. The dam and reservoir are functionally independent from the other facilities of the San Juan–Chama Project. The curved earthfill dam forms Nambe Falls Lake, which has a capacity of 2,023 acre⋅ft (2,495,000 m3) and controls runoff from a catchment of 35 sq mi (91 km2). Its main purpose is to provide irrigation water for about 2,800 acres (1,100 ha) in the Pojoaque Valley, which is situated west and downstream of the dam.
Water allocations
Each year, a minimum of 86,210 acre⋅ft (0.10634 km3) of San Juan–Chama water is allocated as follows. Because annual diversions average about 110,000 acre⋅ft (0.14 km3), there is usually a surplus available for other uses along the river. About 75% of the water serves municipal and industrial uses; the remaining fourth furnishes irrigation supplies to approximately 92,500 acres (37,400 ha) of land along the Rio Grande and Rio Nambe. Surplus water is also used to maintain a permanent pool at the Cochiti Lake flood-control reservoir on the Rio Grande.
Water allocations of the San Juan–Chama Project
User
Share (acre feet)
Percent
Albuquerque, New Mexico
48,200
55.91%
Middle Rio Grande Conservancy District
20,900
24.24%
Jicarilla Apache
6,500
7.54%
Santa Fe County, New Mexico
5,605
6.50%
Los Alamos County, New Mexico
1,200
1.39%
Pojoaque Valley Irrigation District
1,030
1.19%
Española, New Mexico
1,000
1.16%
Belen, New Mexico
500
0.06%
Los Lunas, New Mexico
400
0.05%
Taos, New Mexico
400
0.05%
Bernalillo, New Mexico
400
0.05%
Red River, New Mexico
60
0.01%
Twining Water and Sanitation District
15
0.01%
Panoramic views
Blanco Diversion Dam
Oso Diversion Dam
Little Oso Diversion Dam
The small lake behind Little Oso Diversion Dam
See also
Colorado River Storage Project
Rio Grande Project
Rio Grande dams and diversions
References
^ a b c d e f g "San Juan–Chama Project". U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. 2011-05-17. Archived from the original on 2012-09-25. Retrieved 2012-01-02.
^ a b c d e Glaser, Leah S. "San Juan–Chama Project" (PDF). U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Retrieved 2012-01-02.
^ "The Colorado River Compact and the San Juan–Chama Project" (PDF). The League of Women Voters of New Mexico. Retrieved 2012-01-02.
^ Shirley, Joe (2007-07-23). "Shirley Presses to Settle Unquantified Navajo Water Claims: Sustainable Water Vital to Navajos". Alpcentral. Retrieved 2012-01-02.
^ "Heron Dam". San Juan–Chama Project. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. 2008-10-30. Retrieved 2012-01-02.
^ "Nambe Falls Dam". San Juan–Chama Project. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. 2009-04-08. Retrieved 2012-01-02.
vteRio Grande dams and diversionsProjects
Rio Grande Project
Middle Rio Grande Conservancy District
Middle Rio Grande Project
San Juan–Chama Project
Closed Basin Project
Storage dams
Rio Grande
Platoro
Heron
El Vado
Abiquiu
Cochiti
Galisteo
Jemez Canyon
Elephant Butte
Caballo
Amistad
Falcon
Diversion dams
Angostura
Isleta
San Acacia
Percha
Leasburg
Mesilla
American
International
Riverside
Pecos River dams
Sumner Dam
Santa Rosa Dam
Brantley Dam
Avalon Dam
Red Bluff Dam | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Bureau of Reclamation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Bureau_of_Reclamation"},{"link_name":"interbasin water transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interbasin_water_transfer"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"drainage basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basin"},{"link_name":"San Juan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan_River_(Colorado_River)"},{"link_name":"Colorado River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River"},{"link_name":"Rio Grande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Grande"},{"link_name":"irrigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation"},{"link_name":"Albuquerque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Santa Fe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico"}],"text":"The San Juan–Chama Project is a U.S. Bureau of Reclamation interbasin water transfer project located in the states of New Mexico and Colorado in the United States. The project consists of a series of tunnels and diversions that take water from the drainage basin of the San Juan River – a tributary of the Colorado River – to supplement water resources in the Rio Grande watershed. The project furnishes water for irrigation and municipal water supply to cities along the Rio Grande including Albuquerque and Santa Fe.","title":"San Juan–Chama Project"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Mexican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"settlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settler"},{"link_name":"diversion dams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diversion_dam"},{"link_name":"transbasin diversion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transbasin_diversion"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-project-1"},{"link_name":"Rio Grande Compact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Grande_Compact"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-2"},{"link_name":"Upper Colorado River Basin Compact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River_Compact"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-project-1"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-2"},{"link_name":"Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Colorado River Storage Act of 1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_N._Aspinall#Colorado_River_Storage_Act_of_1956"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Rio Blanco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Blanco_(Colorado)"},{"link_name":"Navajo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo_River"},{"link_name":"Little Navajo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Navajo_River"},{"link_name":"Rio Chama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Chama_(Rio_Grande)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-project-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-2"},{"link_name":"Navajo Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo_Nation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"water tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_tunnel_(physical_infrastructure)"},{"link_name":"El Vado Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Vado_Dam"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-project-1"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-2"}],"text":"Most major agricultural and urban areas in New Mexico today lie along the narrow corridor of the Rio Grande as it cuts across the center of this predominantly desert state. Spanish settlers arrived in the area in the late 1500s, followed by Mexican and American settlers in the 18th and 19th centuries, building large irrigation systems and diversion dams to allow agricultural production in the arid region. In the early 1920s, water supply in the Rio Grande basin was already severely stressed, and studies were conducted as to the feasibility of procuring additional water by transbasin diversion from tributaries of the San Juan River.[1]The 1933–1934 Bunger Survey studied potential locations for diversions and storage reservoirs, and in 1939, the Rio Grande Compact was signed, dividing Rio Grande waters between Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas including allocations from a potential future diversion from the San Juan basin.[2] When the Upper Colorado River Basin Compact was established in 1948, it also included provisions for the tentative diversion project under its water allotment to New Mexico.[1] In the 1950s, post-World War II population growth in central New Mexico put even larger strains on the Rio Grande's water, and the need for a transbasin water project rose because water supplies in the area quickly became overallocated.[2]Studies for the project continued through the early 1950s, but actual implementation languished until 1962 when Congress amended the Colorado River Storage Act of 1956, allowing the diversion of part of New Mexico's share of Colorado River basin waters into the Rio Grande basin.[3] The diversions proposed were for 235,000 acre⋅ft (0.290 km3) per year from three tributaries of the San Juan River in Colorado: the Rio Blanco, Navajo and Little Navajo Rivers, to the headwaters of the Rio Chama, a major tributary of the Rio Grande. The project would be constructed in two phases.[1][2] However, Reclamation ran into difficulties because the Navajo Nation asserted rights to about 900,000 acre⋅ft (1.1 km3) of water from the San Juan River, which runs through their traditional lands. Resultantly, only the first phase of the project was ever constructed, delivering just under 47% of the original amount proposed by Reclamation.[2][4]On December 19, 1964, construction began on the Azotea Tunnel, the main water tunnel for the project, running from the Navajo River south to Azotea Creek in the Rio Chama watershed. Work started on the Oso and Little Oso tunnels in February 1966, and construction on the Blanco Tunnel began in March of the same year. In 1967, an enlargement of the outlets of existing El Vado Dam to accommodate increased flows from the diversion project was completed, and construction began on Heron Dam, which would impound the project's main storage reservoir.[1] Azotea Tunnel was holed through and construction was finished on the project's three diversion dams in 1970. Heron Dam was completed the next year. Nambe Falls Dam, completed in 1976, was the last part of the project to be built. The dam was the only one built of a series of small independent irrigation units originally proposed under the project to serve Native American lands. In 1978, Reclamation announced the completion of the San Juan–Chama Project.[2]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Project description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blanco_Diversion_Dam_sign.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rio Blanco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Blanco_(Colorado)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Little_Oso_Diversion_Dam.jpg"},{"link_name":"Little Navajo River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Navajo_River"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oso_Diversion_Dam.jpg"},{"link_name":"Navajo River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo_River"},{"link_name":"diversion dams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diversion_dam"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-project-1"},{"link_name":"Continental Divide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Divide_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"channelized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_engineering#Channelization"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-project-1"}],"sub_title":"Diversion works","text":"Blanco Diversion Dam on the Rio BlancoLittle Oso Diversion Dam on the Little Navajo RiverOso Diversion Dam on the Navajo RiverThe San Juan–Chama Project taps the water of the Rio Blanco, Navajo, and Little Navajo Rivers via a series of small diversion dams, tunnels, and siphons. Blanco Diversion Dam, with a diversion capacity of 520 cu ft/s (15 m3/s), sends water into the Blanco Feeder Conduit, which connects to the 8.64-mile (13.90 km)-long Blanco Tunnel and flows south towards the Little Navajo River. The water passes underneath the river via the Little Oso Siphon and connects to the Oso Tunnel. Just upstream from the siphon, Little Oso Diversion Dam sends up to 150 cu ft/s (4.2 m3/s) of water through the Little Oso Feeder Conduit, which also empties into the Oso Tunnel.[1]Oso Tunnel, with a capacity of 650 cu ft/s (18 m3/s), travels 5.05 miles (8.13 km) south to the Navajo River, which it passes under via the Oso Siphon. Oso Diversion Dam on the Navajo diverts additional water into the Oso Feeder Conduit, which joins with water from the Oso Tunnel and Siphon to form the Azotea Tunnel. The Azotea Tunnel, which has a capacity of 950 cu ft/s (27 m3/s), runs south for 12.8 miles (20.6 km), passing under the Continental Divide. The tunnel terminates at Azotea Creek, a tributary of Willow Creek, which is in turn a tributary of the Rio Chama. The lower portion of Azotea Creek has been channelized to mitigate erosion from the higher flows.[1]","title":"Project description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heron Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heron_Lake_(New_Mexico)"},{"link_name":"Heron Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heron_Dam"},{"link_name":"Chama, New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chama,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-project-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Storage facilities","text":"The main storage facility for the project is Heron Lake, a reservoir formed by Heron Dam on Willow Creek about 8 miles (13 km) downstream of the terminus of Azotea Tunnel and 20 miles (32 km) southwest of Chama, New Mexico. The reservoir has a capacity of 401,320 acre⋅ft (0.49502 km3) and has a surface area of 5,950 acres (2,410 ha). Heron Dam is an earthfill dam 269 feet (82 m) high and 1,220 feet (370 m) long, standing 249.1 feet (75.9 m) above the streambed. Heron Lake receives water from a catchment of 193 sq mi (500 km2), which has been augmented to over three times this size by the San Juan–Chama diversions.[1][5]Nambe Falls Dam is located about 15 miles (24 km) north of Santa Fe on the Rio Nambe, a tributary of the Rio Grande. The dam and reservoir are functionally independent from the other facilities of the San Juan–Chama Project. The curved earthfill dam forms Nambe Falls Lake, which has a capacity of 2,023 acre⋅ft (2,495,000 m3) and controls runoff from a catchment of 35 sq mi (91 km2). Its main purpose is to provide irrigation water for about 2,800 acres (1,100 ha) in the Pojoaque Valley, which is situated west and downstream of the dam.[6]","title":"Project description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cochiti Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochiti_Lake"}],"text":"Each year, a minimum of 86,210 acre⋅ft (0.10634 km3) of San Juan–Chama water is allocated as follows. Because annual diversions average about 110,000 acre⋅ft (0.14 km3), there is usually a surplus available for other uses along the river. About 75% of the water serves municipal and industrial uses; the remaining fourth furnishes irrigation supplies to approximately 92,500 acres (37,400 ha) of land along the Rio Grande and Rio Nambe. Surplus water is also used to maintain a permanent pool at the Cochiti Lake flood-control reservoir on the Rio Grande.","title":"Water allocations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blanco_Diversion_Dam_overview.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blanco_Diversion_Dam_overview.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oso_Diversion_Dam_pano.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oso_Diversion_Dam_pano.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Little_Oso_Diversion_Dam_pano.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LIttle_Oso_Diversion_Dam_pano.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Little_Oso_Diversion_Reservoir_pano.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Little_Oso_Diversion_Reservoir_pano.jpg"}],"text":"Blanco Diversion DamOso Diversion DamLittle Oso Diversion DamThe small lake behind Little Oso Diversion Dam","title":"Panoramic views"}] | [{"image_text":"Blanco Diversion Dam on the Rio Blanco","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Blanco_Diversion_Dam_sign.jpg/220px-Blanco_Diversion_Dam_sign.jpg"},{"image_text":"Little Oso Diversion Dam on the Little Navajo River","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Little_Oso_Diversion_Dam.jpg/220px-Little_Oso_Diversion_Dam.jpg"},{"image_text":"Oso Diversion Dam on the Navajo River","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Oso_Diversion_Dam.jpg/220px-Oso_Diversion_Dam.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Colorado River Storage Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River_Storage_Project"},{"title":"Rio Grande Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Grande_Project"},{"title":"Rio Grande dams and diversions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Grande_dams_and_diversions"}] | [{"reference":"\"San Juan–Chama Project\". U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. 2011-05-17. Archived from the original on 2012-09-25. Retrieved 2012-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120925123715/http://www.usbr.gov/projects/Project.jsp?proj_Name=San%20Juan-Chama%20Project","url_text":"\"San Juan–Chama Project\""},{"url":"https://www.usbr.gov/projects/Project.jsp?proj_Name=San%20Juan-Chama%20Project","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Glaser, Leah S. \"San Juan–Chama Project\" (PDF). U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Retrieved 2012-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usbr.gov/projects//ImageServer?imgName=Doc_1305641466592.pdf","url_text":"\"San Juan–Chama Project\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Colorado River Compact and the San Juan–Chama Project\" (PDF). The League of Women Voters of New Mexico. Retrieved 2012-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lwvnm.org/Water/SJCBackground.pdf","url_text":"\"The Colorado River Compact and the San Juan–Chama Project\""}]},{"reference":"Shirley, Joe (2007-07-23). \"Shirley Presses to Settle Unquantified Navajo Water Claims: Sustainable Water Vital to Navajos\". Alpcentral. Retrieved 2012-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.alpcentral.com/article.php?article_id=19465","url_text":"\"Shirley Presses to Settle Unquantified Navajo Water Claims: Sustainable Water Vital to Navajos\""}]},{"reference":"\"Heron Dam\". San Juan–Chama Project. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. 2008-10-30. Retrieved 2012-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usbr.gov/projects/Facility.jsp?fac_Name=Heron+Dam&groupName=General","url_text":"\"Heron Dam\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nambe Falls Dam\". San Juan–Chama Project. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. 2009-04-08. Retrieved 2012-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usbr.gov/projects/Facility.jsp?fac_Name=Nambe+Falls+Dam&groupName=General","url_text":"\"Nambe Falls Dam\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120925123715/http://www.usbr.gov/projects/Project.jsp?proj_Name=San%20Juan-Chama%20Project","external_links_name":"\"San Juan–Chama Project\""},{"Link":"https://www.usbr.gov/projects/Project.jsp?proj_Name=San%20Juan-Chama%20Project","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.usbr.gov/projects//ImageServer?imgName=Doc_1305641466592.pdf","external_links_name":"\"San Juan–Chama Project\""},{"Link":"http://www.lwvnm.org/Water/SJCBackground.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Colorado River Compact and the San Juan–Chama Project\""},{"Link":"http://www.alpcentral.com/article.php?article_id=19465","external_links_name":"\"Shirley Presses to Settle Unquantified Navajo Water Claims: Sustainable Water Vital to Navajos\""},{"Link":"https://www.usbr.gov/projects/Facility.jsp?fac_Name=Heron+Dam&groupName=General","external_links_name":"\"Heron Dam\""},{"Link":"https://www.usbr.gov/projects/Facility.jsp?fac_Name=Nambe+Falls+Dam&groupName=General","external_links_name":"\"Nambe Falls Dam\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaux-sur-Morges | Vaux-sur-Morges | ["1 Geography","2 Coat of arms","3 Demographics","4 Politics","5 Economy","6 Religion","7 Education","8 References","9 External links"] | Coordinates: 46°32′N 06°28′E / 46.533°N 6.467°E / 46.533; 6.467
Municipality in Vaud, SwitzerlandVaux-sur-MorgesMunicipality
Coat of armsLocation of Vaux-sur-Morges
Vaux-sur-MorgesShow map of SwitzerlandVaux-sur-MorgesShow map of Canton of VaudCoordinates: 46°32′N 06°28′E / 46.533°N 6.467°E / 46.533; 6.467CountrySwitzerlandCantonVaudDistrictMorgesGovernment • MayorSyndicPhilippe SutterArea • Total2.10 km2 (0.81 sq mi)Elevation504 m (1,654 ft)Population (31 December 2018) • Total184 • Density88/km2 (230/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (Central European Time) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (Central European Summer Time)Postal code(s)1126SFOS number5650ISO 3166 codeCH-VDSurrounded byBussy-Chardonney, Clarmont, Colombier, Monnaz, Reverolle, Vufflens-le-ChâteauWebsitewww.vaux-sur-morges.ch Profile (in French), SFSO statistics
Vaux-sur-Morges is a municipality in the Swiss canton of Vaud, located in the district of Morges.
Geography
Vaux-sur-Morges has an area, as of 2009, of 2.1 square kilometers (0.81 sq mi). Of this area, 1.57 km2 (0.61 sq mi) or 74.8% is used for agricultural purposes, while 0.28 km2 (0.11 sq mi) or 13.3% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.22 km2 (0.085 sq mi) or 10.5% is settled (buildings or roads).
Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 4.8% and transportation infrastructure made up 4.8%. Out of the forested land, 9.5% of the total land area is heavily forested and 3.8% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 61.4% is used for growing crops and 9.5% is pastures, while 3.8% is used for orchards or vine crops.
The municipality was part of the Morges District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Vaux-sur-Morges became part of the new district of Morges.
Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Gules, a Bar Argent between three Escallops Or, two and one.
Demographics
Vaux-sur-Morges has a population (as of December 2020) of 194. As of 2008, 12.1% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of 24.6%. It has changed at a rate of 13% due to migration and at a rate of 13.8% due to births and deaths.
Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks French (139 or 88.0%), with English being second most common (11 or 7.0%) and German being third (5 or 3.2%).
Of the population in the municipality 32 or about 20.3% were born in Vaux-sur-Morges and lived there in 2000. There were 77 or 48.7% who were born in the same canton, while 23 or 14.6% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 26 or 16.5% were born outside of Switzerland.
In 2008 there was 1 live birth to Swiss citizens. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 1 while the foreign population remained the same. There was 1 Swiss man who emigrated from Switzerland. At the same time, there was 1 non-Swiss man and 1 non-Swiss woman who emigrated from Switzerland to another country. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was a decrease of 1 and the non-Swiss population decreased by 4 people. This represents a population growth rate of −2.8%.
The age distribution, as of 2009, in Vaux-sur-Morges is; 27 children or 15.7% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 29 teenagers or 16.9% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 12 people or 7.0% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 13 people or 7.6% are between 30 and 39, 32 people or 18.6% are between 40 and 49, and 25 people or 14.5% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 20 people or 11.6% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 11 people or 6.4% are between 70 and 79, there are 3 people or 1.7% who are between 80 and 89.
As of 2000, there were 63 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 82 married individuals, 8 widows or widowers and 5 individuals who are divorced.
As of 2000, there were 55 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.8 persons per household. There were 10 households that consist of only one person and 6 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 58 households that answered this question, 17.2% were households made up of just one person. Of the rest of the households, there are 14 married couples without children, 28 married couples with children There were 3 single parents with a child or children.
In 2000 there were 23 single family homes (or 51.1% of the total) out of a total of 45 inhabited buildings. There were 4 multi-family buildings (8.9%), along with 17 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (37.8%) and 1 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (2.2%). Of the single family homes 5 were built before 1919, while 11 were built between 1990 and 2000. The most multi-family homes (2) were built before 1919 and the next most (1) were built between 1981 and 1990.
In 2000 there were 57 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 5 rooms of which there were 18. There were 1 single room apartments and 39 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 54 apartments (94.7% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 3 apartments (5.3%) were seasonally occupied. As of 2009, the construction rate of new housing units was 0 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2010, was 0%.
The historical population is given in the following chart:
Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 25.2% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the LPS Party (15.83%), the CVP (14.47%) and the FDP (12.65%). In the federal election, a total of 66 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 61.7%.
Economy
As of 2010, Vaux-sur-Morges had an unemployment rate of 1.2%. As of 2008, there were 19 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 8 businesses involved in this sector. 11 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 2 businesses in this sector. 7 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 4 businesses in this sector. There were 84 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 48.8% of the workforce.
In 2008 the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 27. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 12, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 10, all of which were in manufacturing. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 5. In the tertiary sector; 5 or 100.0% were technical professionals or scientists, .
In 2000, there were 7 workers who commuted into the municipality and 63 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 9.0 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. Of the working population, 8.3% used public transportation to get to work, and 66.7% used a private car.
Religion
From the 2000 census, 29 or 18.4% were Roman Catholic, while 93 or 58.9% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 35 individuals (or about 22.15% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. 15 (or about 9.49% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 1 individuals (or about 0.63% of the population) did not answer the question.
Education
In Vaux-sur-Morges about 45 or (28.5%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 39 or (24.7%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 39 who completed tertiary schooling, 46.2% were Swiss men, 35.9% were Swiss women.
In the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 32 students in the Vaux-sur-Morges school district. In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts. During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 631 children of which 203 children (32.2%) received subsidized pre-school care. The canton's primary school program requires students to attend for four years. There were 18 students in the municipal primary school program. The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 14 students in those schools.
As of 2000, there were 3 students in Vaux-sur-Morges who came from another municipality, while 29 residents attended schools outside the municipality.
References
^ a b "Arealstatistik Standard - Gemeinden nach 4 Hauptbereichen". Federal Statistical Office. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
^ "Ständige Wohnbevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeitskategorie Geschlecht und Gemeinde; Provisorische Jahresergebnisse; 2018". Federal Statistical Office. 9 April 2019. Retrieved 11 April 2019.
^ a b Swiss Federal Statistical Office-Land Use Statistics 2009 data (in German) accessed 25 March 2010
^ Nomenklaturen – Amtliches Gemeindeverzeichnis der Schweiz Archived 13 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 4 April 2011
^ Flags of the World.com accessed 13-July-2011
^ "Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
^ a b Swiss Federal Statistical Office – Superweb database – Gemeinde Statistics 1981–2008 (in German) accessed 19 June 2010
^ a b c d e f Swiss Federal Statistical Office accessed 13-July-2011
^ a b c d e f STAT-TAB Datenwürfel für Thema 40.3 – 2000 Archived 9 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 2 February 2011
^ Canton of Vaud Statistical Office (in French) accessed 29 April 2011
^ a b Swiss Federal Statistical Office STAT-TAB – Datenwürfel für Thema 09.2 – Gebäude und Wohnungen Archived 7 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 28 January 2011
^ Swiss Federal Statistical Office STAT-TAB Bevölkerungsentwicklung nach Region, 1850–2000 Archived 30 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 29 January 2011
^ Swiss Federal Statistical Office, Nationalratswahlen 2007: Stärke der Parteien und Wahlbeteiligung, nach Gemeinden/Bezirk/Canton (in German) accessed 28 May 2010
^ Swiss Federal Statistical Office STAT-TAB Betriebszählung: Arbeitsstätten nach Gemeinde und NOGA 2008 (Abschnitte), Sektoren 1–3 Archived 25 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 28 January 2011
^ a b Swiss Federal Statistical Office – Statweb Archived 4 August 2012 at archive.today (in German) accessed 24 June 2010
^ Organigramme de l'école vaudoise, année scolaire 2009–2010 (in French) accessed 2 May 2011
^ Canton of Vaud Statistical Office – Scol. obligatoire/filières de transition (in French) accessed 2 May 2011
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vaux-sur-Morges.
http://www.vaux-sur-morges.ch
vteMunicipalities in the district of Morges, Switzerland
Aclens
Allaman
Aubonne
Ballens
Berolle
Bière
Bougy-Villars
Bremblens
Buchillon
La Chaux
Chavannes-le-Veyron
Chevilly
Chigny
Clarmont
Cossonay
Cuarnens
Denens
Denges
Dizy
Échandens
Echichens
Éclépens
Etoy
Féchy
Ferreyres
Gimel
Gollion
Grancy
Hautemorges
L'Isle
Lavigny
Lonay
Lully
Lussy-sur-Morges
Mauraz
Moiry
Mollens
Mont-la-Ville
Montricher
Morges
Orny
Pizy
Pompaples
Préverenges
Romanel-sur-Morges
Saint-Livres
Saint-Oyens
Saint-Prex
La Sarraz
Saubraz
Senarclens
Tolochenaz
Vaux-sur-Morges
Villars-sous-Yens
Vufflens-le-Château
Vullierens
Yens
Canton of Vaud
Municipalities of the canton of Vaud
Switzerland
Authority control databases
Historical Dictionary of Switzerland | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Swiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"canton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Vaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaud"},{"link_name":"district of Morges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morges_(district)"}],"text":"Municipality in Vaud, SwitzerlandVaux-sur-Morges is a municipality in the Swiss canton of Vaud, located in the district of Morges.","title":"Vaux-sur-Morges"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vaux-sur-Morges&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BFS_land-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BFS_land-3"},{"link_name":"Morges District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morges_District"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mutation-4"}],"text":"Vaux-sur-Morges has an area, as of 2009[update], of 2.1 square kilometers (0.81 sq mi). Of this area, 1.57 km2 (0.61 sq mi) or 74.8% is used for agricultural purposes, while 0.28 km2 (0.11 sq mi) or 13.3% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.22 km2 (0.085 sq mi) or 10.5% is settled (buildings or roads).[3]Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 4.8% and transportation infrastructure made up 4.8%. Out of the forested land, 9.5% of the total land area is heavily forested and 3.8% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 61.4% is used for growing crops and 9.5% is pastures, while 3.8% is used for orchards or vine crops.[3]The municipality was part of the Morges District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Vaux-sur-Morges became part of the new district of Morges.[4]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"blazon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blazon"},{"link_name":"coat of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Gules, a Bar Argent between three Escallops Or, two and one.[5]","title":"Coat of arms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vaux-sur-Morges&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stat2020_VD-6"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vaux-sur-Morges&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDS_superweb-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFSO-8"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vaux-sur-Morges&action=edit"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-STAT2000-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-STAT2000-9"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vaux-sur-Morges&action=edit"},{"link_name":"population growth rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_growth#Population_growth_rate"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDS_superweb-7"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vaux-sur-Morges&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vaud_Pop_Stats-10"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vaux-sur-Morges&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-STAT2000-9"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vaux-sur-Morges&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFSO-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-STAT2000-9"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vaux-sur-Morges&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Housing-11"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vaux-sur-Morges&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Housing-11"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vaux-sur-Morges&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFSO-8"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vaux-sur-Morges&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFSO-8"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Vaux-sur-Morges has a population (as of December 2020[update]) of 194.[6] As of 2008[update], 12.1% of the population are resident foreign nationals.[7] Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of 24.6%. It has changed at a rate of 13% due to migration and at a rate of 13.8% due to births and deaths.[8]Most of the population (as of 2000[update]) speaks French (139 or 88.0%), with English being second most common (11 or 7.0%) and German being third (5 or 3.2%).[9]Of the population in the municipality 32 or about 20.3% were born in Vaux-sur-Morges and lived there in 2000. There were 77 or 48.7% who were born in the same canton, while 23 or 14.6% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 26 or 16.5% were born outside of Switzerland.[9]In 2008[update] there was 1 live birth to Swiss citizens. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 1 while the foreign population remained the same. There was 1 Swiss man who emigrated from Switzerland. At the same time, there was 1 non-Swiss man and 1 non-Swiss woman who emigrated from Switzerland to another country. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was a decrease of 1 and the non-Swiss population decreased by 4 people. This represents a population growth rate of −2.8%.[7]The age distribution, as of 2009[update], in Vaux-sur-Morges is; 27 children or 15.7% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 29 teenagers or 16.9% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 12 people or 7.0% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 13 people or 7.6% are between 30 and 39, 32 people or 18.6% are between 40 and 49, and 25 people or 14.5% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 20 people or 11.6% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 11 people or 6.4% are between 70 and 79, there are 3 people or 1.7% who are between 80 and 89.[10]As of 2000[update], there were 63 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 82 married individuals, 8 widows or widowers and 5 individuals who are divorced.[9]As of 2000[update], there were 55 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.8 persons per household.[8] There were 10 households that consist of only one person and 6 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 58 households that answered this question, 17.2% were households made up of just one person. Of the rest of the households, there are 14 married couples without children, 28 married couples with children There were 3 single parents with a child or children.[9]In 2000[update] there were 23 single family homes (or 51.1% of the total) out of a total of 45 inhabited buildings. There were 4 multi-family buildings (8.9%), along with 17 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (37.8%) and 1 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (2.2%). Of the single family homes 5 were built before 1919, while 11 were built between 1990 and 2000. The most multi-family homes (2) were built before 1919 and the next most (1) were built between 1981 and 1990.[11]In 2000[update] there were 57 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 5 rooms of which there were 18. There were 1 single room apartments and 39 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 54 apartments (94.7% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 3 apartments (5.3%) were seasonally occupied.[11] As of 2009[update], the construction rate of new housing units was 0 new units per 1000 residents.[8] The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2010[update], was 0%.[8]The historical population is given in the following chart:[12]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2007 federal election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Swiss_federal_election"},{"link_name":"SVP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_People%27s_Party"},{"link_name":"LPS Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"CVP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_People%27s_Party_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"FDP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDP.The_Liberals"},{"link_name":"voter turnout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voter_turnout"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 25.2% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the LPS Party (15.83%), the CVP (14.47%) and the FDP (12.65%). In the federal election, a total of 66 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 61.7%.[13]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vaux-sur-Morges&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vaux-sur-Morges&action=edit"},{"link_name":"primary economic sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_sector_of_the_economy"},{"link_name":"secondary sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_sector_of_the_economy"},{"link_name":"tertiary sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFSO-8"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vaux-sur-Morges&action=edit"},{"link_name":"full-time equivalent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full-time_equivalent"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vaux-sur-Morges&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-commuter-15"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFSO-8"}],"text":"As of 2010[update], Vaux-sur-Morges had an unemployment rate of 1.2%. As of 2008[update], there were 19 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 8 businesses involved in this sector. 11 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 2 businesses in this sector. 7 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 4 businesses in this sector.[8] There were 84 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 48.8% of the workforce.In 2008[update] the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 27. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 12, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 10, all of which were in manufacturing. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 5. In the tertiary sector; 5 or 100.0% were technical professionals or scientists, .[14]In 2000[update], there were 7 workers who commuted into the municipality and 63 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 9.0 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering.[15] Of the working population, 8.3% used public transportation to get to work, and 66.7% used a private car.[8]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vaux-sur-Morges&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Swiss Reformed Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Reformed_Church"},{"link_name":"agnostic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnosticism"},{"link_name":"atheist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheism"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-STAT2000-9"}],"text":"From the 2000 census[update], 29 or 18.4% were Roman Catholic, while 93 or 58.9% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 35 individuals (or about 22.15% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. 15 (or about 9.49% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 1 individuals (or about 0.63% of the population) did not answer the question.[9]","title":"Religion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"upper secondary education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Switzerland#Secondary"},{"link_name":"university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Fachhochschule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fachhochschule"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-STAT2000-9"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"primary school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_school"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vaud_Education-17"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vaux-sur-Morges&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-commuter-15"}],"text":"In Vaux-sur-Morges about 45 or (28.5%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 39 or (24.7%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 39 who completed tertiary schooling, 46.2% were Swiss men, 35.9% were Swiss women.[9]In the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 32 students in the Vaux-sur-Morges school district. In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts.[16] During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 631 children of which 203 children (32.2%) received subsidized pre-school care. The canton's primary school program requires students to attend for four years. There were 18 students in the municipal primary school program. The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 14 students in those schools.[17]As of 2000[update], there were 3 students in Vaux-sur-Morges who came from another municipality, while 29 residents attended schools outside the municipality.[15]","title":"Education"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Arealstatistik Standard - Gemeinden nach 4 Hauptbereichen\". Federal Statistical Office. Retrieved 13 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/de/home/statistiken/raum-umwelt/bodennutzung-bedeckung/gesamtspektrum-regionalen-stufen/gemeinden.html","url_text":"\"Arealstatistik Standard - Gemeinden nach 4 Hauptbereichen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ständige Wohnbevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeitskategorie Geschlecht und Gemeinde; Provisorische Jahresergebnisse; 2018\". Federal Statistical Office. 9 April 2019. Retrieved 11 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/de/home/statistiken/bevoelkerung.assetdetail.7966022.html","url_text":"\"Ständige Wohnbevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeitskategorie Geschlecht und Gemeinde; Provisorische Jahresergebnisse; 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit\". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2020. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerry_Feilden_Hurdle | Gerry Feilden Hurdle | ["1 Winners","2 See also","3 References"] | Hurdle horse race in Britain
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Gerry Feilden Hurdle
2022
First Street
Grivetana
Teddy Blue
Previous years
2021
Onemorefortheroad
Captain Morgs
Gowel Road
2020-2011
2020
Floressa
The Pink'n
Milkwood
2019
Epatante
French Crusader
Elusive Belle
2018
Global Citizen
Lisp
Mont Des Avaloirs
2017
High Bridge
Charli Parcs
Poppy Kay
2016
Who Dares Wins
Theligny
Makethedifference
2015
Sternrubin
John Constable
Ch'tibello
2014
L'ami Serge
Kilcooley
Violet Dancer
2013
Ifandbutwhynot
Chatterbox
Chris Pea Green
2012
Lyvius
Edgardo Sol
Peckhamecho
2011
Rock on Ruby
Empire Levant
Raya Star
2010-2001
2010
Tocca Ferro
Rebel Dancer
Olofi
2009
Fairyland
Frontier Dancer
Trafalgar Road
2008
Helens Vision
Khyber Kim
Prince Taime
2007
Mon Michel
French Saulaie
European Dream
2006
Afsoun
Craven
Iffy
2005
Manorson
Dom d'Orgeval
Only Vintage
2004
Distant Prospect
Albuhera
Howle Hill
2003
Tramantano
Sporazene
Saintsaire
2002
Never
Jaboune
Rainbows Aglitter
2001
Got One Too
Tikram
Fait Le Jojo
2000-1991
2000
Male-Ana-Mou
Mr Cool
Milligan
1999
Bacchanal
Hit And Run
Auetaler
1998
Wahiba Sands
Decoupage
Zafarabad
1997
Sanmartino
I'm Supposin
Finnegan's Hollow
1996
Zabadi
Urubande
Punting Pete
1995
Killone Abbot
Mouse Bird
Kissair
1994
Large Action
Jazilah
Glenstal Flagship
1993
Bold Boss
Winter Squall
Satin Lover
1992
Mighty Mogul
Staunch Friend
Lift And Load
1991
Gran Alba
Oh So Risky
Song of Sixpence
1990-1987
1990
Fidway
Atlaal
Black Humour
1989
Cruising Altitude
Morley Street
Nomadic Way
1988
Kribensis
Calapaez
Decided
1987
Celtic Chief
Osric
Ghofar
The Gerry Feilden Hurdle is a Premier Handicap National Hunt hurdle race in Great Britain which is open to horses aged four years or older. It is run at Newbury over a distance of about 2 miles and half a furlong (2 miles and 69 yards, or 3,282 metres), and it is scheduled to take place each year in late November or early December at the course's Ladbrokes Trophy meeting.
It is currently an Intermediate Hurdle (Limited Handicap) sponsored by Ladbrokes Coral, but in the 1980s and early 1990s it was a Grade 2 race, contested by many of the top hurdlers. It was given Grade 2 status when the National Hunt Pattern was revised in 1989 and was restricted to horses in their second winning season (intermediates) over hurdles – the 1992 running, for example, was restricted to horses which had not won prior to 2 August 1991. Similar conditions still apply – the 2019 running was restricted to horses which had not won before 29 April 2019. The race was subsequently reduced to Listed status and was re-classified as a Premier Handicap from the 2022 running when Listed status was removed from handicap races.
The race was first run in 1954, and is named in honour of General Sir Randle (Gerry) Feilden, one of the great post-war racing administrators.
Winners
Year
Winner
Age
Weight
Jockey
Trainer
1954
Syrte
4
12-02
Fred Winter
Ryan Price
1955
Punjab
4
10-01
H Sprague
T Farmer
1956
Hilarion
8
11-04
Michael Scudamore
Bill Wightman
1957
Fare Time
4
10–12
J Gilbert
Ryan Price
1958
Retour de Flamme
5
12-04
Dave Dick
S Warren
1959
Langton Heath
5
11-04
R Martin
T Griffiths
1960
Rough Tweed
6
10-04
H East
Neville Crump
1961
Anzio
4
11-01
Bobby Beasley
Fulke Walwyn
1962
White Park Bay
7
11-04
Josh Gifford
Peter Payne-Gallwey
1963
Salmon Spray
5
10-08
Johnny Haine
Bob Turnell
1964
Golden Sailor
5
10-04
David Nicholson
G Vergette
1965
Lanconello
6
10-05
Johnny Haine
Keith Piggott
1966
Hanassi
6
10-06
Andy Turnell
J Goldsmith
1967
Secret Agent II
5
10-02
Josh Gifford
John Benstead
1968
Bric-Brac
9
11-06
J Guest
Harry Hannon
1969
Viroy
5
11-06
Josh Gifford
Ryan Price
1970
Coral Diver
5
12-00
K White
Fred Rimell
1971
Eric
4
10-08
J Nolan
V Cross
1972
Comedy of Errors
5
12-00
Bill Smith
Fred Rimell
1973
Lanzarote
5
11-10
Richard Pitman
Fred Winter
1974
Flash Imp
5
11-06
Jeff King
Ron Smyth
1975
Dramatist
4
11-01
Bill Smith
Fulke Walwyn
1976
Beacon Light
5
12-00
Andy Turnell
Bob Turnell
1977
Decent Fellow
4
11-09
Richard Linley
Toby Balding
1978
Connaught Ranger
4
11-09
John Burke
Fred Rimell
1979
Celtic Ryde
4
11-05
M O'Halloran
Peter Cundell
1980
Pollardstown
5
11-08
Philip Blacker
Stan Mellor
1981
Heighlin
5
11-08
Steve Jobar
David Elsworth
1982
Royal Vulcan
4
11-00
Jonjo O'Neill
Neville Callaghan
1983
Buck House
5
11-08
Tommy Carmody
Mouse Morris
1984
Ra Nova
5
11-03
Mark Perrett
Nan Kennedy
1985
Gala's Image
5
11-00
Richard Linley
Mercy Rimell
1986
Barnbrook Again
5
11-00
Ross Arnott
David Elsworth
1987
Celtic Chief
4
11-00
Peter Scudamore
Mercy Rimell
1988
Kribensis
4
11-06
Richard Dunwoody
Michael Stoute
1989
Cruising Altitude
6
11-03
Jamie Osborne
Oliver Sherwood
1990
Fidway
5
11-06
Steve Smith Eccles
Tim Thomson Jones
1991
Gran Alba
5
11-00
Graham McCourt
Richard Hannon, Sr.
1992
Mighty Mogul
5
11-03
Richard Dunwoody
David Nicholson
1993
Bold Boss
4
11-03
Richard Dunwoody
Martin Pipe
1994
Large Action
6
10-09
Jamie Osborne
Oliver Sherwood
1995
Killone Abbot
6
10-03
Jamie Osborne
Jim Old
1996
Zabadi
4
11-06
Norman Williamson
David Nicholson
1997
Sanmartino
5
11-06
Adrian Maguire
David Nicholson
1998
Wahiba Sands
5
11-00
Richard Dunwoody
Martin Pipe
1999
Bacchanal
5
11-09
Mick Fitzgerald
Nicky Henderson
2000
Male-Ana-Mou
7
10-07
Robert Thornton
Jamie Poulton
2001
Got One Too
4
11-00
Norman Williamson
Nicky Henderson
2002
Never
5
11-09
Thierry Doumen
François Doumen
2003
Tramantano
4
10–12
Carl Llewellyn
Nigel Twiston-Davies
2004
Distant Prospect
7
10-04
Timmy Murphy
Andrew Balding
2005
Manorson
6
10-09
Graham Lee
Oliver Sherwood
2006
Afsoun
4
11-10
Mick Fitzgerald
Nicky Henderson
2007
Mon Michel
4
10-04
Jamie Moore
Gary Moore
2008
Helens Vision
5
10-07
Seamus Durack
Tim Vaughan
2009
Fairyland
6
10-08
Barry Geraghty
Nicky Henderson
2010
Tocca Ferro
5
10–13
Sam Thomas
Emma Lavelle
2011
Rock On Ruby
6
11-10
Ruby Walsh
Paul Nicholls
2012
Lyvius
4
10-07
Barry Geraghty
Nicky Henderson
2013
Ifandbutwhynot
7
10–11
Timmy Murphy
David O'Meara
2014
L'Ami Serge
4
10-07
Barry Geraghty
Nicky Henderson
2015
Sternrubin
4
11-01
Richard Johnson
Philip Hobbs
2016
Who Dares Wins
4
11–10
Wayne Hutchinson
Alan King
2017
High Bridge
6
11–03
Alex Ferguson
Ben Pauling
2018
Global Citizen
6
11-10
David Bass
Ben Pauling
2019
Epatante
5
11-06
Aidan Coleman
Nicky Henderson
2020
Floressa
5
11-05
Jeremiah McGrath
Nicky Henderson
2021
Onemorefortheroad
6
10-08
Jack Quinlan
Neil King
2022
First Street
5
12-00
James Bowen
Nicky Henderson
See also
Horse racing in Great Britain
List of British National Hunt races
References
^ Rae, George (1992). A Guide to the National Hunt Pattern. The Sporting Life. p. 95. ISBN 0901091448.
^ "British Jump Pattern and Listed Races 2017-18" (PDF). britishhorseracing.com. p. 45. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
^ "Jump Pattern Committee update 22/23 season". British Horseracing Authority. Retrieved 12 August 2022.
Racing Post:
1987,1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996
1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006
2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016
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It was given Grade 2 status when the National Hunt Pattern was revised in 1989 and was restricted to horses in their second winning season (intermediates) over hurdles – the 1992 running, for example, was restricted to horses which had not won prior to 2 August 1991.[1] Similar conditions still apply – the 2019 running was restricted to horses which had not won before 29 April 2019.[2] The race was subsequently reduced to Listed status and was re-classified as a Premier Handicap from the 2022 running when Listed status was removed from handicap races.[3]The race was first run in 1954, and is named in honour of General Sir Randle (Gerry) Feilden, one of the great post-war racing administrators.","title":"Gerry Feilden Hurdle"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Winners"}] | [] | [{"title":"Horse racing in Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_racing_in_Great_Britain"},{"title":"List of British National Hunt races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_National_Hunt_races"}] | [{"reference":"Rae, George (1992). 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Retrieved 12 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishhorseracing.com/press_releases/jump-pattern-committee-update-22-23-season/","url_text":"\"Jump Pattern Committee update 22/23 season\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.britishhorseracing.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/42585-Jump-pattern-2018-complete-2.pdf","external_links_name":"\"British Jump Pattern and Listed Races 2017-18\""},{"Link":"https://www.britishhorseracing.com/press_releases/jump-pattern-committee-update-22-23-season/","external_links_name":"\"Jump Pattern Committee update 22/23 season\""},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/36/newbury/1987-11-28/21340","external_links_name":"1987"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/36/newbury/1988-11-26/26519","external_links_name":"1988"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/36/newbury/1989-11-25/32091","external_links_name":"1989"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/36/newbury/1990-11-24/37664","external_links_name":"1990"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/36/newbury/1991-11-23/43153","external_links_name":"1991"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/36/newbury/1992-11-28/49024","external_links_name":"1992"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/36/newbury/1993-11-27/54783","external_links_name":"1993"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/36/newbury/1994-11-26/60540","external_links_name":"1994"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/36/newbury/1995-11-25/66266","external_links_name":"1995"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/36/newbury/1996-11-30/232038","external_links_name":"1996"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/36/newbury/1997-11-29/245229","external_links_name":"1997"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/36/newbury/1998-11-28/258806","external_links_name":"1998"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/36/newbury/1999-11-27/274231","external_links_name":"1999"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/36/newbury/2000-11-25/293112","external_links_name":"2000"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/36/newbury/2001-12-01/308782","external_links_name":"2001"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/36/newbury/2002-11-30/324679","external_links_name":"2002"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/36/newbury/2003-11-29/341836","external_links_name":"2003"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/36/newbury/2004-11-27/361115","external_links_name":"2004"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/36/newbury/2005-11-26/394477","external_links_name":"2005"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/36/newbury/2006-11-25/419507","external_links_name":"2006"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/36/newbury/2007-12-01/444082","external_links_name":"2007"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/36/newbury/2008-11-29/469333","external_links_name":"2008"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/36/newbury/2009-11-28/493839","external_links_name":"2009"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/36/newbury/2010-11-27/517516","external_links_name":"2010"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/36/newbury/2011-11-26/542263","external_links_name":"2011"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/36/newbury/2012-11-29/567211","external_links_name":"2012"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/36/newbury/2013-11-28/590401","external_links_name":"2013"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/36/newbury/2014-11-27/613737","external_links_name":"2014"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/36/newbury/2015-11-26/638237","external_links_name":"2015"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/36/newbury/2016-11-26/662132","external_links_name":"2016"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/36/newbury/2017-12-02/688594","external_links_name":"2017"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/36/newbury/2018-12-01/715596","external_links_name":"2018"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/36/newbury/2019-11-30/743384","external_links_name":"2019"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/36/newbury/2020-11-28/770507","external_links_name":"2020"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FGV_Holdings_Berhad | FGV Holdings | ["1 Background","2 US sanctions","3 Notes","4 References","5 External links"] | FGV Holdings BerhadCompany typePublicly traded government-owned investment companyTraded asMYX: 5222ISINMYL5222OO004Industry Agribusiness and FoodFounded19 December 2007; 16 years ago (2007-12-19)HeadquartersKuala Lumpur, MalaysiaKey peopleMohd Nazrul Izam Mansor(GCEO)Websitefgvholdings.com
FGV Holdings Berhad (Abbreviation: FGV, sometimes FGVH; or formerly
Felda Global Ventures Holdings Berhad; MYX: 5222) is a Malaysian-based global agribusiness and food company. It is an affiliate of the Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA).
With operations worldwide, FGV produces oil palm and rubber products, oleochemicals and sugar products, with materials sourced from FELDA colonies throughout the country.
Background
Its initial public offering in 2012 was the third largest in the world that year after Facebook and biggest IPO in Asia which raised US$3.1 billion.
Wisma FGV in Kuala Lumpur.
It is the third largest palm oil company in the world by planted acreage. FGV manages a total land bank of 439,230 hectares in Malaysia and Indonesia including land under Land Lease Agreement (LLA) with Felda. The company produces approximately 3 million metric tonnes of crude palm oil annually.
In 2009, FGV purchased 51% of the largest sugar refiner in Malaysia, MSM Malaysia Holdings from PPB Group Berhad (founded by Robert Kuok) for RM1.25 billion.
On July 3, 2018, the company dropped the phrase "Felda Global Ventures" from their corporate name and renamed as FGV Holdings Berhad.
US sanctions
On 1 October 2020, the company's products were banned by U.S. Customs and Border Protection, citing forced labour and human rights abuses, including "physical and sexual abuse, debt bondage and abusive conditions."
Notes
^ The company also known as Felda Global on their official website.
References
^ "Milestones - About FGV - Our Organisation | Felda Global Ventures". Archived from the original on 9 April 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
^ ""Official Website"". Archived from the original on 16 February 2013. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
^ a b "Felda Global Ventures' RM10bil IPO 2nd biggest in world this year after Facebook". The Star Online. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
^ "Felda Raises $3.1 Billion in Asia's Biggest I.P.O." 14 June 2012. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
^ Jayaseelan, Risen (4 November 2009). "The mystery of Sugar King Kuok exiting sugar business in M'sia". The Star. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 9 August 2015.
^ "Felda Global Ventures Holdings Bhd is now FGV Holdings Bhd". New Straits Times. 3 July 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
^ "Felda Global Ventures Holdings kini FGV Holdings Bhd". Berita Harian. 3 July 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
^ "US bans Malaysian palm oil producer over forced labour", BBC News, 1 October 2020
External links
Official website
vte Constituents of the FTSE Bursa Malaysia KLCIAs of 23 December 2019
AmBank
Axiata
CelcomDigi
CIMB
Genting
Hong Leong Bank
IHH Healthcare
IOI Group
KLK
Maybank
Malaysia Airports
Maxis
MISC
Nestlé
Petronas
PPB Group
Public Bank
RHB Bank
Sime Darby
Tenaga Nasional
Top Glove
This Malaysian corporation or company article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Abbreviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbreviation"},{"link_name":"MYX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bursa_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"5222","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bursamalaysia.com/trade/trading_resources/listing_directory/company-profile?stock_code=5222"},{"link_name":"Malaysian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Federal Land Development Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Land_Development_Authority"},{"link_name":"oil palm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_palm"},{"link_name":"rubber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubber_plantation"},{"link_name":"oleochemicals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleochemicals"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"FGV Holdings Berhad[a] (Abbreviation: FGV, sometimes FGVH; or formerly \nFelda Global Ventures Holdings Berhad; MYX: 5222) is a Malaysian-based global agribusiness and food company. 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The company produces approximately 3 million metric tonnes of crude palm oil annually.In 2009, FGV purchased 51% of the largest sugar refiner in Malaysia, MSM Malaysia Holdings from PPB Group Berhad (founded by Robert Kuok) for RM1.25 billion.[5]On July 3, 2018, the company dropped the phrase \"Felda Global Ventures\" from their corporate name and renamed as FGV Holdings Berhad.[6][7]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Customs and Border Protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"On 1 October 2020, the company's products were banned by U.S. Customs and Border Protection, citing forced labour and human rights abuses, including \"physical and sexual abuse, debt bondage and abusive conditions.\"[8]","title":"US sanctions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"}],"text":"^ The company also known as Felda Global on their official website.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Wisma FGV in Kuala Lumpur.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/FGV-WISMA-1-scaled.jpg/220px-FGV-WISMA-1-scaled.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Milestones - About FGV - Our Organisation | Felda Global Ventures\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanche_of_France_(disambiguation) | Blanche of France | [] | Blanche of France may refer to:
Blanche of Castile (1188–1252), queen of Louis VIII of France
Blanche of France (1253–1323), daughter of Louis IX of France and Margaret of Provence; wife of Ferdinand de la Cerda; Blanche of France, Infanta of Castile
Blanche of France (1282–1305), daughter of Philip III of France and Marie of Brabant, Queen of France; wife of Rudolph I of Bohemia; Blanche of France, Duchess of Austria
Blanche of France (daughter of Philip IV)
Blanche of France (nun) (1313–1358), daughter of Philip V of France and Joan II of Burgundy
Blanche of France, Duchess of Orléans (1328–1393), daughter of Charles IV of France and Jeanne d'Évreux; wife of Philip of Valois, Duke of Orléans
Topics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blanche of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanche_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Blanche of France (1253–1323)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanche_of_France_(1253%E2%80%931323)"},{"link_name":"Blanche of France (1282–1305)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanche_of_France_(1282%E2%80%931305)"},{"link_name":"Blanche of France (daughter of Philip IV)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanche_of_France_(daughter_of_Philip_IV)"},{"link_name":"Blanche of France (nun)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanche_of_France_(nun)"},{"link_name":"Blanche of France, Duchess of Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanche_of_France,_Duchess_of_Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"link_name":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/Blanche_of_France&namespace=0"}],"text":"Blanche of Castile (1188–1252), queen of Louis VIII of France\nBlanche of France (1253–1323), daughter of Louis IX of France and Margaret of Provence; wife of Ferdinand de la Cerda; Blanche of France, Infanta of Castile\nBlanche of France (1282–1305), daughter of Philip III of France and Marie of Brabant, Queen of France; wife of Rudolph I of Bohemia; Blanche of France, Duchess of Austria\nBlanche of France (daughter of Philip IV)\nBlanche of France (nun) (1313–1358), daughter of Philip V of France and Joan II of Burgundy\nBlanche of France, Duchess of Orléans (1328–1393), daughter of Charles IV of France and Jeanne d'Évreux; wife of Philip of Valois, Duke of OrléansTopics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.","title":"Blanche of France"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/Blanche_of_France&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._J._Joy | K. J. Joy | ["1 Selected hit songs","2 References","3 External links"] | K. J. JoyBirth nameK. J. JoyAlso known asJoyBorn(1946-06-14)14 June 1946Trichur, Cochin, IndiaDied15 January 2024(2024-01-15) (aged 77)Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IndiaGenresCarnatic music, Hindistani classical, Malayalam music, world musicOccupation(s)Music directorInstrument(s)Accordion, Musical keyboard, ViolinYears active1975–1994Musical artist
K. J. Joy (14 June 1946 – 15 January 2024) was an Indian composer who was music director for the Malayalam film industry. He composed music for 71 films. He began his career as music director in 1974, after many years as an accordion recording artist for various music directors, primarily his mentor MS Viswanathan, who encouraged him to try his hand as a music director after realizing his potential. His first film was Love Letter in 1975.
K. J. Joy died in Chennai on 15 January 2024, at the age of 77.
Selected hit songs
Year
Song
Film
Lyricst
Rendered
1979
En Swaram
Anupallavi
Bichu Thirumala
KJ Yesudas
1979
Ore Raaga Pallavi
Anupallavi
Bichu Thirumala
KJ Yesudas, S Janaki
1978
Akkare Ikkare Ninnal
Itha Oru Theeram
Yusufali Kechery
KJ Yesudas
1980
Kasthoori Maanmizhi
Manushya Mrugam
Pappanamkodu Lakshmanan
KJ Yesudas
1980
Kurumozhi
Pappu
Bichu Thirumala
KJ Yesudas, S Janaki
1978
Oo Neeyente Jeevanil
Madaalasa
Yusufali Kechery
KJ Yesudas
1980
Swarnameeninte
Sarpam
Bichu Thirumala
KJ Yesudas, SP Balasubrahmanyam, P Susheela, Vani Jayaram
1981
Laavanya Devathayalle
Karimpoocha
Poovachal Khader
KJ Yesudas
1977
Ee Jeevithamoru Paaravaaram
Ivanente Priyaputhran
Mankombu Gopalakrishnan
KJ Yesudas
1980
Thechippoove Mizhithurakku
Hridhayam Paadunnu
Yusufali Kechery
KJ Yesudas, S Janaki
1984
Koodaram Vediyumee
Kurisuyudham
Poovachal Khadar
KJ Yesudas
References
^ "List of Malayalam Movies by Musician KJ+Joy". en.msidb.org.
^ "സ്വര്ണമീനിന്റെ ചേലൊത്ത ഗാനങ്ങള്". www.mathrubhumi.com.
^ Malayalam music director K.J. Joy dies at 77
External links
K.J. Joy at IMDb
K. J. Joy discography at Discogs | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malayalam film industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_film_industry"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"accordion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accordion"},{"link_name":"MS Viswanathan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._S._Viswanathan"},{"link_name":"Love Letter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Letter_(1975_film)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Musical artistK. J. Joy (14 June 1946 – 15 January 2024) was an Indian composer who was music director for the Malayalam film industry. He composed music for 71 films.[1] He began his career as music director in 1974, after many years as an accordion recording artist for various music directors, primarily his mentor MS Viswanathan, who encouraged him to try his hand as a music director after realizing his potential. His first film was Love Letter in 1975.[2]K. J. Joy died in Chennai on 15 January 2024, at the age of 77.[3]","title":"K. J. Joy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Selected hit songs"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"List of Malayalam Movies by Musician KJ+Joy\". en.msidb.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.msidb.org/movies.php?tag=Search&musician=KJ+Joy&limit=71","url_text":"\"List of Malayalam Movies by Musician KJ+Joy\""}]},{"reference":"\"സ്വര്ണമീനിന്റെ ചേലൊത്ത ഗാനങ്ങള്\". www.mathrubhumi.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mathrubhumi.com/tv/Programs/Episode/1655","url_text":"\"സ്വര്ണമീനിന്റെ ചേലൊത്ത ഗാനങ്ങള്\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://en.msidb.org/movies.php?tag=Search&musician=KJ+Joy&limit=71","external_links_name":"\"List of Malayalam Movies by Musician KJ+Joy\""},{"Link":"http://www.mathrubhumi.com/tv/Programs/Episode/1655","external_links_name":"\"സ്വര്ണമീനിന്റെ ചേലൊത്ത ഗാനങ്ങള്\""},{"Link":"https://www.news9live.com/entertainment/malayalam/k-j-joy-dies-at-77-malayalam-music-director-2405756","external_links_name":"Malayalam music director K.J. Joy dies at 77"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1549846/","external_links_name":"K.J. Joy"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/artist/K.+J.+Joy","external_links_name":"K. J. Joy"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Blackwell | The Reaping | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Release","4.1 Box office","5 Score","6 Reception","7 Comments by Jacqueline van Rysselberghe","8 References","9 External links"] | For the Doctor Who audio drama, see The Reaping (audio drama).
2007 American filmThe ReapingTheatrical release posterDirected byStephen HopkinsWritten byCarey HayesChad HayesProduced byRichard MirischHerb GainsSusan DowneyJoel SilverRobert ZemeckisStarring
Hilary Swank
David Morrissey
Idris Elba
AnnaSophia Robb
Stephen Rea
CinematographyPeter LevyEdited byColby Parker Jr.Tod FeuermanMusic byJohn FrizzellProductioncompaniesVillage Roadshow PicturesDark Castle EntertainmentDistributed byWarner Bros. PicturesRelease date
April 5, 2007 (2007-04-05)
Running time99 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$40 millionBox office$62.8 million
The Reaping is a 2007 American supernatural horror thriller film, starring Hilary Swank. The film was directed by Stephen Hopkins for Warner Bros. Pictures, Village Roadshow Pictures and Dark Castle Entertainment. The music for the film was scored by John Frizzell.
Plot
Katherine Winter and colleague Ben investigate claims of miracles. On an expedition to the city of Concepción, Chile, they investigate claims that the corpse of a priest who has been dead for 40 years remains in pristine condition. Eventually, they discovered that toxic waste helped preserve the body.
In Louisiana, Katherine receives a call from a friend, Father Michael Costigan, who says that his photographs of her have developed burn marks that when assembled, form a sickle-like symbol "ㄜ", a possible warning from God, which she ignores. She meets Doug Blackwell, a teacher from the nearby town of Haven, who asks Katherine to find out why Haven's river has turned red. The locals believe this is a biblical plague caused by a girl, Loren McConnell, who they believe killed her older brother.
They travel to Haven, where Katherine sees the river is indeed entirely red. Katherine and Doug come across the ruins of an old church, which Doug explains was destroyed 100 years ago by several hurricanes, forcing the entire town to relocate. Meanwhile, Ben witnesses dead frogs seemingly falling from the sky. Doug invites them to spend the night at his house, where he reveals he comes from a long line of only children. That night, their dinner becomes rotted with flies instantly.
Katherine and Ben get a call asking them to come to a nearby farm, where they find that the cows are dying of an unknown disease. Ben begins to question whether the events could have biblical causes, but Katherine remains unconvinced. The owner of the farm tells them that the McConnell family has been visited by people who appear to be Satan worshippers and that he saw evidence of a religious sacrifice. Later that evening, Katherine tells Doug why she left the church; 5 years ago, she was an ordained minister. While doing missionary work with her husband and daughter in southern provinces of Sudan during the Sudanese Civil War, the locals sacrificed her family, believing they caused a drought. Katherine then has intense dreams that she and Doug have sex.
Katherine goes to talk to Loren. Loren remains silent the whole time. Katherine notices that her leg is soaked in menstrual blood. Katherine helps clean her up and has a vision of Loren turning the river red. Loren's mother appears, asking if Katherine is there to kill Loren. Before she can explain, Loren attacks her and Katherine runs away. Ben and Katherine examine Loren's brother's body, finding the sickle-like symbol branded into his lower back. Test results prove that the river contains human blood. The citizens, meanwhile, are shaving their children's heads, due to an outbreak of lice. Ben and Doug try to get the mayor to evacuate the town, but he and his staff are killed with boils.
A posse gathers to kill Loren to try to stop the plagues. Katherine calls Father Costigan, who explains that he's researched a satanic cult that sacrifices every 2nd-born child once they reach puberty to create a "perfect child with the eyes of the Devil" to bring them power. He believes that Loren is the devil's child. He also states that an angel, who cannot be harmed by the cult, will destroy them. He insists that Katherine is the angel, as the term is sometimes used to mean servants of God. At that moment, a supernatural force burns Costigan's room, killing him. Katherine returns to the McConnell house, where she finds the cult's sacrificial chamber. There, Loren's mother says that Loren is "his servant" now, then kills herself. Outside, Katherine finds locusts everywhere. As the townspeople arrive and prepare to kill Loren, the locusts attack and kill the posse. Doug runs away and falls into the river. Katherine locks herself in the house and Ben hides in a crypt, where he discovers skeletons and bodies of sacrificed children. He calls Katherine when Loren appears outside.
Katherine finds Ben dead. She confronts Loren as darkness falls and fiery hail and thunder rain from the sky. Katherine is about to kill Loren when suddenly she says something that Katherine told her daughter in Sudan. Katherine asks how she can tell what is real. Loren answers "faith", and shows her a vision of the truth. The cult, which encompasses the entire town and Doug, is shown trying to kill Loren since she has reached puberty. Loren escaped and her brother Brody stabbed her, but her wound miraculously healed, and Brody died. Katherine realizes that Loren is the angel sent by God. She also sees that Doug killed Ben. The townsfolk surround them as Doug tells her that only an ordained servant of God can kill Loren. He reveals that his family recruited the entire town into the satanic cult, as the hurricanes that destroyed the old church led them to believe that God had abandoned them. He invited Katherine to investigate the plagues because they hoped she would join them since she had turned her back on God. Katherine refuses. A sudden fire then rains down on the town, killing the Satanists who all happened to be first-born. Doug grabs Katherine as he is being lifted off the ground and killed, with Katherine being spared.
As Katherine drives Loren away, Loren reveals that Katherine is pregnant. Since this is her second child, Katherine realizes that her unborn son, fathered by Doug, is the prophesied demonic child.
Cast
Hilary Swank as Katherine Winter
David Morrissey as Doug Blackwell
Idris Elba as Ben
AnnaSophia Robb as Loren McConnell
Stephen Rea as Father Michael Costigan
William Ragsdale as Sheriff Cade
John McConell as Mayor Brooks
Andrea Frankle as Maddie McConnell
David Jensen as Jim Wakeman
Yvonne Landry as Brynn Wakeman
Stuart Greer as Gordon
Lara Grice as Isabelle
Mark Lynch as Brody McConnell
Myles Cleveland as Kyle Wakeman
Samuel Garland as William Wakeman
Cody Sanders as Hank
Sabrina Junius as Sarah Winter
Burgess Jenkins as David Winter
Production
Filming for the movie took place in and around Baton Rouge, Louisiana with many scenes shot in an abandoned WalMart store. Swank convinced the producers to move the film's setting from New England to Louisiana. When Hurricane Katrina occurred midshoot (August 26, 2005), the production of the film was suspended for one week. Many scenes were shot at Ellerslie Plantation near St. Francisville, Louisiana. The DVD special features record that the producers considered shooting in another city, but decided that Louisiana needed the economic benefit of the movie being shot there.
Before and during the making of the movie, skeptic investigator Joe Nickell was consulted. The type of skeptical investigations by the movie's main character in the first part of the movie is roughly based on Nickell's investigations of claims of the paranormal since 1969.
The film was originally scheduled to play in theaters on August 5, 2006, then November 5, 2006; it was then switched to March 30, 2007, (the date featured on the above poster), then April 6, 2007, and then to April 5, 2007. It was finally released on April 5, 2007, to coincide with Holy Thursday.
Release
Box office
The Reaping opened in 2,603 theaters and earned $10,025,203 in its opening weekend. The film grossed $25,126,214 in the United States Box Office and $62,771,059 worldwide.
Score
The score was originally written by Philip Glass, and went as far as the recording; however, the producers were not completely satisfied and decided to give it another try. John Frizzell was then brought in to compose a new score.
Reception
The aggregate site Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 8% based on 134 reviews, and an average rating of 3.49/10, with the consensus stating: "It may feature such accomplished actors as Hilary Swank and Stephen Rea, but The Reaping also boasts the apropos tagline "What hath God wrought?". It's schlocky, spiritually shallow, and scare-free."
Comments by Jacqueline van Rysselberghe
Jacqueline van Rysselberghe, the Mayor of Concepción, Chile, formally objected to the producers of the film over its portrayal of the city in the opening scene. She pointed out that rather than being the dirty underdeveloped tropical city as shown in the movie, Concepción is an industrialized city with many universities and was surprised that such inadequate research of the setting had been carried out for a high budget movie.
References
^ a b c "The Reaping". boxofficemojo.com. Retrieved 11 July 2015.
^ Hart, Hugh (April 1, 2007). "Real scare for cast of 'Reaping'". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2007-04-01.
^ The Making of The Reaping: Behind the Scenes of a Supernatural Thriller Committee for Skeptical Inquiry, accessed June 4, 2007.
^ Glass, Philip (2006-12-11). "Philip Glass - Interview" (Interview). Interviewed by Dan Goldwasser.
^ Goldwasser, Dan (2006-12-13). "Frizzell replaces Glass on 'The Reaping'". Soundtrack.net. Retrieved 2024-01-12.
^ "The Reaping". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved 2007-08-09.
^ "Concepción Mayor Pans Hilary Swank Film". Retrieved 2010-10-27.
External links
Official website
The Reaping at IMDb
The Reaping at AllMovie
The Reaping at Box Office Mojo
The Reaping at Rotten Tomatoes
vteFilms directed by Stephen Hopkins
Dangerous Game (1987)
A Nightmare on Elm Street 5: The Dream Child (1989)
Predator 2 (1990)
Judgment Night (1993)
Blown Away (1994)
The Ghost and the Darkness (1996)
Lost in Space (1998)
Under Suspicion (2000)
The Life and Death of Peter Sellers (2004)
The Reaping (2007)
Race (2016)
vteDark Castle EntertainmentFilms
House on Haunted Hill (1999)
Thirteen Ghosts (2001)
Ghost Ship (2002)
Gothika (2003)
House of Wax (2005)
The Reaping (2007)
Return to House on Haunted Hill (2007)
RocknRolla (2008)
The Hills Run Red (2009)
Orphan (2009)
Whiteout (2009)
Ninja Assassin (2009)
The Losers (2010)
Splice (2010)
Unknown (2011)
The Apparition (2012)
The Factory (2012)
Bullet to the Head (2012)
Getaway (2013)
Suburbicon (2017)
Seance (2021)
Orphan: First Kill (2022)
Old Guy (2024)
Last Breath (TBA)
Shell (TBA)
Founders
Joel Silver
Robert Zemeckis
Gilbert Adler
Other
William Castle
Susan Downey
Warner Bros.
StudioCanal
Silver Pictures
vteBook of Exodus mediaArt
The Crossing of the Red Sea (1482)
Crossing of the Red Sea (1542)
The Crossing of the Red Sea (1634)
The Adoration of the Golden Calf (1634)
Moses Breaking the Tablets of the Law (1659)
The Fifth Plague of Egypt (1800)
Victory O Lord! (1871)
Dance Around the Golden Calf (1910)
FilmBiblical
The Ten Commandments (1923)
The Moon of Israel (1924)
The Ten Commandments (1956)
Moses und Aron (1973)
Moses the Lawgiver (1974)
Moses (1995)
The Prince of Egypt (1998)
Joseph: King of Dreams (2000)
The Exodus Decoded (2006)
The Ten Commandments (2006)
The Ten Commandments (2007)
Exodus: Gods and Kings (2014)
The Ten Commandments: The Movie (2016)
Seder-Masochism (2018)
Modern settings
The Abominable Dr. Phibes (1971)
The Reaping (2007)
Exodus (2007)
Musical
Les Dix Commandements (2000)
The Ten Commandments: The Musical (2004)
The Prince of Egypt (2015)
Opera
Mosè in Egitto (1818)
Moïse et Pharaon, ou Le passage de la mer rouge (1827)
Moses und Aron (1951)
Music
Israel in Egypt (1739)
Creeping Death (1984)
Exodus (2002)
Plague Songs (2006)
Television
"Duke and the Great Pie War" (2005)
"Moe and the Big Exit" (2007)
Os Dez Mandamentos (2015 telenovela)
Literature
Exodus (10th century)
Moon of Israel (1918)
Moses, Man of the Mountain (1939)
The Tables of the Law (1944) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Doctor Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who"},{"link_name":"The Reaping (audio drama)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Reaping_(audio_drama)"},{"link_name":"supernatural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernatural_film"},{"link_name":"horror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_film"},{"link_name":"thriller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thriller_(genre)"},{"link_name":"Hilary Swank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Swank"},{"link_name":"Stephen Hopkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hopkins_(director)"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros. Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Pictures"},{"link_name":"Village Roadshow Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_Roadshow_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Dark Castle Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Castle_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"John Frizzell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Frizzell_(composer)"}],"text":"For the Doctor Who audio drama, see The Reaping (audio drama).2007 American filmThe Reaping is a 2007 American supernatural horror thriller film, starring Hilary Swank. The film was directed by Stephen Hopkins for Warner Bros. Pictures, Village Roadshow Pictures and Dark Castle Entertainment. The music for the film was scored by John Frizzell.","title":"The Reaping"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Concepción","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concepci%C3%B3n,_Chile"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"biblical plague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagues_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Satan worshippers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanism"},{"link_name":"minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_(Christianity)"},{"link_name":"missionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionary"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan"},{"link_name":"Sudanese Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"sacrificed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_sacrifice"},{"link_name":"menstrual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstrual_cycle"},{"link_name":"the prophesied demonic child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antichrist"}],"text":"Katherine Winter and colleague Ben investigate claims of miracles. On an expedition to the city of Concepción, Chile, they investigate claims that the corpse of a priest who has been dead for 40 years remains in pristine condition. Eventually, they discovered that toxic waste helped preserve the body.In Louisiana, Katherine receives a call from a friend, Father Michael Costigan, who says that his photographs of her have developed burn marks that when assembled, form a sickle-like symbol \"ㄜ\", a possible warning from God, which she ignores. She meets Doug Blackwell, a teacher from the nearby town of Haven, who asks Katherine to find out why Haven's river has turned red. The locals believe this is a biblical plague caused by a girl, Loren McConnell, who they believe killed her older brother.They travel to Haven, where Katherine sees the river is indeed entirely red. Katherine and Doug come across the ruins of an old church, which Doug explains was destroyed 100 years ago by several hurricanes, forcing the entire town to relocate. Meanwhile, Ben witnesses dead frogs seemingly falling from the sky. Doug invites them to spend the night at his house, where he reveals he comes from a long line of only children. That night, their dinner becomes rotted with flies instantly.Katherine and Ben get a call asking them to come to a nearby farm, where they find that the cows are dying of an unknown disease. Ben begins to question whether the events could have biblical causes, but Katherine remains unconvinced. The owner of the farm tells them that the McConnell family has been visited by people who appear to be Satan worshippers and that he saw evidence of a religious sacrifice. Later that evening, Katherine tells Doug why she left the church; 5 years ago, she was an ordained minister. While doing missionary work with her husband and daughter in southern provinces of Sudan during the Sudanese Civil War, the locals sacrificed her family, believing they caused a drought. Katherine then has intense dreams that she and Doug have sex.Katherine goes to talk to Loren. Loren remains silent the whole time. Katherine notices that her leg is soaked in menstrual blood. Katherine helps clean her up and has a vision of Loren turning the river red. Loren's mother appears, asking if Katherine is there to kill Loren. Before she can explain, Loren attacks her and Katherine runs away. Ben and Katherine examine Loren's brother's body, finding the sickle-like symbol branded into his lower back. Test results prove that the river contains human blood. The citizens, meanwhile, are shaving their children's heads, due to an outbreak of lice. Ben and Doug try to get the mayor to evacuate the town, but he and his staff are killed with boils.A posse gathers to kill Loren to try to stop the plagues. Katherine calls Father Costigan, who explains that he's researched a satanic cult that sacrifices every 2nd-born child once they reach puberty to create a \"perfect child with the eyes of the Devil\" to bring them power. He believes that Loren is the devil's child. He also states that an angel, who cannot be harmed by the cult, will destroy them. He insists that Katherine is the angel, as the term is sometimes used to mean servants of God. At that moment, a supernatural force burns Costigan's room, killing him. Katherine returns to the McConnell house, where she finds the cult's sacrificial chamber. There, Loren's mother says that Loren is \"his servant\" now, then kills herself. Outside, Katherine finds locusts everywhere. As the townspeople arrive and prepare to kill Loren, the locusts attack and kill the posse. Doug runs away and falls into the river. Katherine locks herself in the house and Ben hides in a crypt, where he discovers skeletons and bodies of sacrificed children. He calls Katherine when Loren appears outside.Katherine finds Ben dead. She confronts Loren as darkness falls and fiery hail and thunder rain from the sky. Katherine is about to kill Loren when suddenly she says something that Katherine told her daughter in Sudan. Katherine asks how she can tell what is real. Loren answers \"faith\", and shows her a vision of the truth. The cult, which encompasses the entire town and Doug, is shown trying to kill Loren since she has reached puberty. Loren escaped and her brother Brody stabbed her, but her wound miraculously healed, and Brody died. Katherine realizes that Loren is the angel sent by God. She also sees that Doug killed Ben. The townsfolk surround them as Doug tells her that only an ordained servant of God can kill Loren. He reveals that his family recruited the entire town into the satanic cult, as the hurricanes that destroyed the old church led them to believe that God had abandoned them. He invited Katherine to investigate the plagues because they hoped she would join them since she had turned her back on God. Katherine refuses. A sudden fire then rains down on the town, killing the Satanists who all happened to be first-born. Doug grabs Katherine as he is being lifted off the ground and killed, with Katherine being spared.As Katherine drives Loren away, Loren reveals that Katherine is pregnant. Since this is her second child, Katherine realizes that her unborn son, fathered by Doug, is the prophesied demonic child.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hilary Swank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Swank"},{"link_name":"David Morrissey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Morrissey"},{"link_name":"Idris Elba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idris_Elba"},{"link_name":"AnnaSophia Robb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AnnaSophia_Robb"},{"link_name":"Stephen Rea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Rea"},{"link_name":"William Ragsdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ragsdale"},{"link_name":"John McConell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McConnell_(actor)"},{"link_name":"David Jensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Jensen_(actor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stuart Greer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Greer"},{"link_name":"Lara Grice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lara_Grice"},{"link_name":"Sabrina Junius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabrina_Junius&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Burgess Jenkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgess_Jenkins"}],"text":"Hilary Swank as Katherine Winter\nDavid Morrissey as Doug Blackwell\nIdris Elba as Ben\nAnnaSophia Robb as Loren McConnell\nStephen Rea as Father Michael Costigan\nWilliam Ragsdale as Sheriff Cade\nJohn McConell as Mayor Brooks\nAndrea Frankle as Maddie McConnell\nDavid Jensen as Jim Wakeman\nYvonne Landry as Brynn Wakeman\nStuart Greer as Gordon\nLara Grice as Isabelle\nMark Lynch as Brody McConnell\nMyles Cleveland as Kyle Wakeman\nSamuel Garland as William Wakeman\nCody Sanders as Hank\nSabrina Junius as Sarah Winter\nBurgess Jenkins as David Winter","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baton Rouge, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Katrina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina"},{"link_name":"St. Francisville, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Francisville,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Joe Nickell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Nickell"},{"link_name":"paranormal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranormal"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Making_of_the_Reaping-3"},{"link_name":"Holy Thursday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maundy_Thursday"}],"text":"Filming for the movie took place in and around Baton Rouge, Louisiana with many scenes shot in an abandoned WalMart store. Swank convinced the producers to move the film's setting from New England to Louisiana.[2] When Hurricane Katrina occurred midshoot (August 26, 2005), the production of the film was suspended for one week. Many scenes were shot at Ellerslie Plantation near St. Francisville, Louisiana. The DVD special features record that the producers considered shooting in another city, but decided that Louisiana needed the economic benefit of the movie being shot there.Before and during the making of the movie, skeptic investigator Joe Nickell was consulted. The type of skeptical investigations by the movie's main character in the first part of the movie is roughly based on Nickell's investigations of claims of the paranormal since 1969.[3]The film was originally scheduled to play in theaters on August 5, 2006, then November 5, 2006; it was then switched to March 30, 2007, (the date featured on the above poster), then April 6, 2007, and then to April 5, 2007. It was finally released on April 5, 2007, to coincide with Holy Thursday.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Box-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Box-1"}],"sub_title":"Box office","text":"The Reaping opened in 2,603 theaters and earned $10,025,203 in its opening weekend.[1] The film grossed $25,126,214 in the United States Box Office and $62,771,059 worldwide.[1]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philip Glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Glass"},{"link_name":"John Frizzell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Frizzell_(composer)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The score was originally written by Philip Glass, and went as far as the recording; however, the producers were not completely satisfied and decided to give it another try. John Frizzell was then brought in to compose a new score.[4][5]","title":"Score"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The aggregate site Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 8% based on 134 reviews, and an average rating of 3.49/10, with the consensus stating: \"It may feature such accomplished actors as Hilary Swank and Stephen Rea, but The Reaping also boasts the apropos tagline \"What hath God wrought?\". It's schlocky, spiritually shallow, and scare-free.\"[6]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jacqueline van Rysselberghe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline_van_Rysselberghe"},{"link_name":"Concepción","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concepci%C3%B3n,_Chile"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Jacqueline van Rysselberghe, the Mayor of Concepción, Chile, formally objected to the producers of the film over its portrayal of the city in the opening scene. She pointed out that rather than being the dirty underdeveloped tropical city as shown in the movie, Concepción is an industrialized city with many universities and was surprised that such inadequate research of the setting had been carried out for a high budget movie.[7]","title":"Comments by Jacqueline van Rysselberghe"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"The Reaping\". boxofficemojo.com. Retrieved 11 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=reaping.htm","url_text":"\"The Reaping\""}]},{"reference":"Hart, Hugh (April 1, 2007). \"Real scare for cast of 'Reaping'\". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2007-04-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/04/01/PKG7MOPVNG1.DTL&type=movies","url_text":"\"Real scare for cast of 'Reaping'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle","url_text":"San Francisco Chronicle"}]},{"reference":"Glass, Philip (2006-12-11). \"Philip Glass - Interview\" (Interview). Interviewed by Dan Goldwasser.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Glass","url_text":"Glass, Philip"},{"url":"https://www.soundtrack.net/content/article/?id=216","url_text":"\"Philip Glass - Interview\""}]},{"reference":"Goldwasser, Dan (2006-12-13). \"Frizzell replaces Glass on 'The Reaping'\". Soundtrack.net. Retrieved 2024-01-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soundtrack.net/news/article/?id=883#","url_text":"\"Frizzell replaces Glass on 'The Reaping'\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Reaping\". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved 2007-08-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/reaping/","url_text":"\"The Reaping\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flixster","url_text":"Flixster"}]},{"reference":"\"Concepción Mayor Pans Hilary Swank Film\". Retrieved 2010-10-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.patagoniatimes.cl/content/view/74/102/","url_text":"\"Concepción Mayor Pans Hilary Swank Film\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=reaping.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Reaping\""},{"Link":"http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/04/01/PKG7MOPVNG1.DTL&type=movies","external_links_name":"\"Real scare for cast of 'Reaping'\""},{"Link":"http://www.csicop.org/specialarticles/show/making_of_citethe_reaping_cite_behind_the_scenes_of_a_supernatural_thri/","external_links_name":"The Making of The Reaping: Behind the Scenes of a Supernatural Thriller"},{"Link":"https://www.soundtrack.net/content/article/?id=216","external_links_name":"\"Philip Glass - Interview\""},{"Link":"https://www.soundtrack.net/news/article/?id=883#","external_links_name":"\"Frizzell replaces Glass on 'The Reaping'\""},{"Link":"http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/reaping/","external_links_name":"\"The Reaping\""},{"Link":"http://www.patagoniatimes.cl/content/view/74/102/","external_links_name":"\"Concepción Mayor Pans Hilary Swank Film\""},{"Link":"https://www.warnerbros.com/movies/reaping","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0444682/","external_links_name":"The Reaping"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v320372","external_links_name":"The Reaping"},{"Link":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=reaping.htm","external_links_name":"The Reaping"},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/reaping","external_links_name":"The Reaping"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Robison | Samuel Robison | ["1 Early life and career","2 World War I service","3 Post-war service and retirement","4 Publications","5 See also","6 References"] | United States admiral
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Samuel Shelburne RobisonBorn(1867-05-10)May 10, 1867Juniata County, PennsylvaniaDiedNovember 20, 1952(1952-11-20) (aged 85)Glendale, CaliforniaAllegiance United StatesService/branch United States NavyYears of service1888–1931Rank AdmiralCommands heldSuperintendent, United States Naval AcademyU.S. FleetU.S. Battle Fleet Boston Navy YardMilitary Governor, Dominican RepublicBattles/warsWorld War IAwardsNavy CrossRelationsCharles F. Hughes (brother-in-law)Other workSuperintendent, Admiral Farragut Academy
Admiral Samuel Shelburne Robison CB, USN (May 10, 1867 – November 20, 1952) was a United States Navy officer whose service extended from the 1890s through the early 1930s. He held several major commands during World War I, and from 1928 to 1931 served as Superintendent of the United States Naval Academy. In 1933, Admiral Robison also founded a Naval Preparatory Academy in Pine Beach, New Jersey called Admiral Farragut Academy.
Early life and career
Robison was born on May 10, 1867, in Juniata County, Pennsylvania. He entered the United States Naval Academy on September 4, 1884. After finishing his academic studies at Annapolis he served the two years at sea as a passed naval cadet in USS Omaha on the Asiatic Station and was commissioned ensign July 1, 1890.
In 1891 he was transferred to USS Boston, still on the Asiatic Station; and, from 1893, he served in USS Thetis until ordered to the Mare Island Navy Yard in 1895. In 1896 he returned to the Asiatic Station in Boston. In August 1899 he was assigned to the League Island Navy Yard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He joined Alabama (BB-8) September 15, 1900, and two years later was transferred to Hull (DD-7), a torpedo boat destroyer. From September 1904 to July 1906, he served with the Bureau of Equipment at Washington, D.C., then he returned to sea, serving first in Tennessee (CA-10) and later in Pennsylvania (ACR-4).
After a tour of duty in the Bureau of Engineering, he assumed command of Cincinnati (C-7), a unit of the Asiatic Fleet, on October 25, 1911. Upon his return to the United States in April 1914, he became commanding officer of USS Jupiter (AC-3). He held the rank of captain from July 1, 1914, and he remained with Jupiter until August 8.
World War I service
On October 12, 1915, he assumed command of USS South Carolina (BB-26) and held that post until after the United States entered World War I. From July 1917 until September 1918, he commanded the Atlantic Submarine Force with additional duty as General Supervisor of all commissioned submarines in the Navy. For this duty he was awarded the Navy Cross. He was also made an Honorary Companion of the Order of the Bath for service to the British during the war.
In October 1918 he assumed command of Squadron 3, Patrol Force, and during the next month had additional duty as District Commander, Brest, France. In November, he was appointed U.S. Naval Representative on the Commission for executing the Naval Terms of the Armistice with Germany. After his return to the United States in March 1919, he commanded the Boston Navy Yard. In May 1921, he was sent to Santo Domingo as Military Governor, serving until October 1922, when Santo Domingo was turned back over to civilian control.
Post-war service and retirement
A member of the General Board of the Navy from December 1922 until June 1923, he was appointed Commander in Chief, Battle Fleet, with the rank of admiral, from June 30, 1923. With USS Seattle (ACR-11) as his flagship, he commanded the United States Fleet during the year commencing August 1925. He then became Commandant of the 13th Naval District with the permanent rank of rear admiral. From June 16, 1928, until his retirement in June 1931, he served as Superintendent of the Naval Academy.
For a number of years after his retirement, Admiral Robison was Superintendent of the Admiral Farragut Academy, Toms River. He died in Glendale, California, on November 20, 1952.
Publications
A History of naval tactics from 1530-1930 : the evolution of tactical maxims, by Samuel Shelburne Robison and Mary Louise Robison, pub U.S. Naval Institute, 1942.
Manual of wireless telegraphy for the use of naval electricians, by Samuel Shelburne Robison et al, pub United States Navy Department, Bureau of Equipment, 1906, 1909, 1911, 1915.
See also
List of superintendents of the United States Naval Academy
References
^ "Samuel Shelburn Robison". navylog.navymemorial.org. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
^ Godcharles, Frederic Antes (1944). Chronicles of Central Pennsylvania. Lewis historical publishing Company, Incorporated. p. 369. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
^ Hamersly, Lewis Randolph (1902). The Records of Living Officers of the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps. L.R. Hamersly Company. p. 308. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
^ a b c Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, Naval History Division. 1976. p. 134. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
^ "Thirteenth Naval District". history.navy.mil. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
^ "USNA Timeline". www.usna.edu. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
Academic offices
Preceded byLouis M. Nulton
Superintendent of United States Naval Academy 1928–1931
Succeeded byThomas C. Hart
Preceded byRobert E. Coontz
Commander in Chief, United States Fleet 1925–1926
Succeeded byCharles F. Hughes
vteSuperintendents of the United States Naval Academy
Buchanan (1845)
Upshur (1847)
Stribling (1850)
Goldsborough (1853)
Blake (1857)
Porter (1865)
Worden (1869)
Rodgers (1874)
Parker (1878)
Balch (1879)
Rodgers (1881)
Ramsay (1881)
Sampson (1886)
Phythian (1890)
Cooper (1894)
McNair (1898)
Wainwright (1900)
Brownson (1902)
Sands (1905)
Badger (1907)
Bowyer (1909)
Gibbons (1911)
Fullam (1914)
Eberle (1915)
Scales (1919)
Wilson (1921)
Nulton (1925)
Robison (1928)
Hart (1931)
Sellers (1934)
Brown (1938)
Willson (1941)
Beardall (1942)
Fitch (1945)
Holloway (1947)
Hill (1950)
Joy (1952)
Boone (1954)
Smedberg (1956)
Melson (1958)
Davidson (1960)
Kirkpatrick (1962)
Minter (1964)
Kauffman (1965)
Heyworth (1968)
Calvert (1968)
Mack (1972)
McKee (1975)
Lawrence (1978)
Waller (1981)
Larson (1983)
Marryott (1986)
Hill (1988)
Lynch (1991)
Larson (1994)
Ryan (1998)
Naughton (2002)
Moore (2003)
Rempt (2003)
Fowler (2007)
Miller (2010)
Carter (2014)
Buck (2019)
Kacher (2023)
Davids (2024)
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
United States
Other
NARA | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"United States Naval Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy"},{"link_name":"Admiral Farragut Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral_Farragut_Academy"}],"text":"Admiral Samuel Shelburne Robison CB, USN (May 10, 1867 – November 20, 1952) was a United States Navy officer whose service extended from the 1890s through the early 1930s. He held several major commands during World War I, and from 1928 to 1931 served as Superintendent of the United States Naval Academy. 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In August 1899 he was assigned to the League Island Navy Yard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.[4] He joined Alabama (BB-8) September 15, 1900, and two years later was transferred to Hull (DD-7), a torpedo boat destroyer. From September 1904 to July 1906, he served with the Bureau of Equipment at Washington, D.C., then he returned to sea, serving first in Tennessee (CA-10) and later in Pennsylvania (ACR-4).After a tour of duty in the Bureau of Engineering, he assumed command of Cincinnati (C-7), a unit of the Asiatic Fleet, on October 25, 1911. Upon his return to the United States in April 1914, he became commanding officer of USS Jupiter (AC-3). He held the rank of captain from July 1, 1914, and he remained with Jupiter until August 8.","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS South Carolina (BB-26)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_South_Carolina_(BB-26)"},{"link_name":"Navy Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Cross_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Order of the Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"Brest, France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest,_France"},{"link_name":"Boston Navy Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Navy_Yard"},{"link_name":"Santo Domingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic#Etymology"}],"text":"On October 12, 1915, he assumed command of USS South Carolina (BB-26) and held that post until after the United States entered World War I. 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In May 1921, he was sent to Santo Domingo as Military Governor, serving until October 1922, when Santo Domingo was turned back over to civilian control.","title":"World War I service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_Fleet"},{"link_name":"admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral"},{"link_name":"USS Seattle (ACR-11)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Washington_(ACR-11)"},{"link_name":"United States Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Fleet"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Admiral Farragut Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral_Farragut_Academy"},{"link_name":"Toms River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toms_River,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Glendale, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glendale,_California"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roles-4"}],"text":"A member of the General Board of the Navy from December 1922 until June 1923, he was appointed Commander in Chief, Battle Fleet, with the rank of admiral, from June 30, 1923. With USS Seattle (ACR-11) as his flagship, he commanded the United States Fleet during the year commencing August 1925. He then became Commandant of the 13th Naval District with the permanent rank of rear admiral.[5] From June 16, 1928, until his retirement in June 1931, he served as Superintendent of the Naval Academy.[6]For a number of years after his retirement, Admiral Robison was Superintendent of the Admiral Farragut Academy, Toms River. He died in Glendale, California, on November 20, 1952.[4]","title":"Post-war service and retirement"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"A History of naval tactics from 1530-1930 : the evolution of tactical maxims, by Samuel Shelburne Robison and Mary Louise Robison, pub U.S. Naval Institute, 1942.\nManual of wireless telegraphy for the use of naval electricians, by Samuel Shelburne Robison et al, pub United States Navy Department, Bureau of Equipment, 1906, 1909, 1911, 1915.","title":"Publications"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of superintendents of the United States Naval Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_superintendents_of_the_United_States_Naval_Academy"}] | [{"reference":"\"Samuel Shelburn Robison\". navylog.navymemorial.org. Retrieved 1 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://navylog.navymemorial.org/robison-samuel","url_text":"\"Samuel Shelburn Robison\""}]},{"reference":"Godcharles, Frederic Antes (1944). Chronicles of Central Pennsylvania. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjulie_(album) | Anjulie (album) | ["1 Track listing","2 Charts","3 References","4 External links"] | 2009 studio album by AnjulieAnjulieStudio album by AnjulieReleasedAugust 4, 2009 (2009-08-04)GenrePop, R&BLabelHear MusicProducerJohn Burk, Jon Levine, The Transcenders, Colin Wolfe
Anjulie is the debut studio album by the Canadian recording artist Anjulie, released by Starbucks record label Hear Music on August 4, 2009, in Canada and the United States. It was produced by John Burk, Jon Levine, The Transcenders and Colin Wolfe and reached number two on the US Billboard Heatseekers Albums chart.
The album received generally positive reviews from critics, with Allmusic noting that "while the record's not without its rough patches, dully derivative moments, and false notes, Anjulie is quite impressive as an opening salvo from a talented musical collagist whose minor flurry of hype is well-warranted."
Professional ratingsAggregate scoresSourceRatingMetacritic(66/100)Review scoresSourceRatingAllMusicBoston Globe(favorable)Slant MagazineRobert ChristgauPopMatters(5/10)
Track listing
No.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Boom"Anjulie Persaud, Jon Levine3:142."Rain"Persaud, Levine3:523."Some Dumb Girl"Persaud, Colin Wolfe4:294."Addicted2Me"Persaud, Levine3:075."Crazy That Way" (Intro)Persaud0:386."Crazy That Way"Persaud, Levine2:307."Fatal Attraction"Persaud, Levine, Brian West3:138."The Heat"Persaud, Levine2:599."Colombia"Persaud2:4510."Same Damn Thing"Persaud, Wolfe3:4411."I Want The World to Know"Persaud, Wolfe3:3212."Love Songs"Persaud, Levine3:1813."Day Will Soon Com"Persaud, Levine6:2614."When, It's Love (CD OMITS THE BONUS TRACK - DIGITAL ONLY)
"Persaud, KristIan Ottestad, Nate Company2:36
Charts
Chart (2009)
Peakposition
US Billboard 200
108
US Billboard Heatseekers Albums
2
References
^ a b c "Anjulie Album & Song Chart History". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved May 16, 2011.
^ a b "Anjulie – Anjulie". Allmusic. Allmusic.com. Retrieved August 16, 2011.
^ Anjulie Reviews
^ Capobianco, Ken (3 August 2009). "Anjulie, 'Anjulie'". Boston Globe. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
^ Cinquemani, Sal (26 July 2009). "Anjulie Review". Slant. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
^ Christgau, Robert (2009). "Consumer Guide: Anjulie". Retrieved 25 October 2014.
^ Wikane, Christian John (8 November 2009). "Anjulie Review". PopMatters. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
^ Anjulie 13 Track CD https://a.co/d/3DlcZOE
^ Anjulie 14 Track Digital Bonus https://a.co/d/3DlcZOE
External links
AnjulieMusic.com — official site
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"studio album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_album"},{"link_name":"Anjulie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjulie"},{"link_name":"Starbucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starbucks"},{"link_name":"Hear Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hear_Music"},{"link_name":"Jon Levine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Levine"},{"link_name":"The Transcenders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Transcenders"},{"link_name":"US Billboard Heatseekers Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Heatseekers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bb-1"},{"link_name":"Allmusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-2"}],"text":"Anjulie is the debut studio album by the Canadian recording artist Anjulie, released by Starbucks record label Hear Music on August 4, 2009, in Canada and the United States. It was produced by John Burk, Jon Levine, The Transcenders and Colin Wolfe and reached number two on the US Billboard Heatseekers Albums chart.[1]The album received generally positive reviews from critics, with Allmusic noting that \"while the record's not without its rough patches, dully derivative moments, and false notes, Anjulie is quite impressive as an opening salvo from a talented musical collagist whose minor flurry of hype is well-warranted.\"[2]","title":"Anjulie (album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anjulie Persaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjulie"},{"link_name":"Jon Levine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Levine"},{"link_name":"Brian West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_West_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"No.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"Boom\"Anjulie Persaud, Jon Levine3:142.\"Rain\"Persaud, Levine3:523.\"Some Dumb Girl\"Persaud, Colin Wolfe4:294.\"Addicted2Me\"Persaud, Levine3:075.\"Crazy That Way\" (Intro)Persaud0:386.\"Crazy That Way\"Persaud, Levine2:307.\"Fatal Attraction\"Persaud, Levine, Brian West3:138.\"The Heat\"Persaud, Levine2:599.\"Colombia\"Persaud2:4510.\"Same Damn Thing\"Persaud, Wolfe3:4411.\"I Want The World to Know\"Persaud, Wolfe3:3212.\"Love Songs\"Persaud, Levine3:1813.\"Day Will Soon Com\"Persaud, Levine6:2614.\"When, It's Love (CD OMITS THE BONUS TRACK - DIGITAL ONLY) [8]\n[9]\"Persaud, KristIan Ottestad, Nate Company2:36","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Anjulie Album & Song Chart History\". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved May 16, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/anjulie/chart-history/","url_text":"\"Anjulie Album & Song Chart History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Global_Media","url_text":"Prometheus Global Media"}]},{"reference":"\"Anjulie – Anjulie\". Allmusic. Allmusic.com. Retrieved August 16, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/anjulie-r1591542/review","url_text":"\"Anjulie – Anjulie\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic","url_text":"Allmusic"}]},{"reference":"Capobianco, Ken (3 August 2009). \"Anjulie, 'Anjulie'\". Boston Globe. Retrieved 25 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boston.com/ae/music/cd_reviews/articles/2009/08/03/anjulie_anjulie/","url_text":"\"Anjulie, 'Anjulie'\""}]},{"reference":"Cinquemani, Sal (26 July 2009). \"Anjulie Review\". Slant. Retrieved 25 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.slantmagazine.com/music/review/anjulie-anjulie","url_text":"\"Anjulie Review\""}]},{"reference":"Christgau, Robert (2009). \"Consumer Guide: Anjulie\". Retrieved 25 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.robertchristgau.com/get_artist.php?name=anjulie","url_text":"\"Consumer Guide: Anjulie\""}]},{"reference":"Wikane, Christian John (8 November 2009). \"Anjulie Review\". PopMatters. Retrieved 25 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.popmatters.com/review/112777-anjulie-anjulie/","url_text":"\"Anjulie Review\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/anjulie/chart-history/","external_links_name":"\"Anjulie Album & Song Chart History\""},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/anjulie-r1591542/review","external_links_name":"\"Anjulie – Anjulie\""},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/music/anjulie/anjulie","external_links_name":"Anjulie Reviews"},{"Link":"http://www.boston.com/ae/music/cd_reviews/articles/2009/08/03/anjulie_anjulie/","external_links_name":"\"Anjulie, 'Anjulie'\""},{"Link":"http://www.slantmagazine.com/music/review/anjulie-anjulie","external_links_name":"\"Anjulie Review\""},{"Link":"http://www.robertchristgau.com/get_artist.php?name=anjulie","external_links_name":"\"Consumer Guide: Anjulie\""},{"Link":"https://www.popmatters.com/review/112777-anjulie-anjulie/","external_links_name":"\"Anjulie Review\""},{"Link":"https://a.co/d/3DlcZOE","external_links_name":"https://a.co/d/3DlcZOE"},{"Link":"https://a.co/d/3DlcZOE","external_links_name":"https://a.co/d/3DlcZOE"},{"Link":"http://anjuliemusic.com/","external_links_name":"AnjulieMusic.com"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/23f160a8-ea82-4be7-900b-9b9f69fd0ef2","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Carlos_Clarke | Bob Carlos Clarke | ["1 Life and career","2 Personal life","3 Death","4 Publications","4.1 Publications by Carlos Clarke","4.2 Publications paired with others","5 DVDs","6 Collections","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"] | British-Irish photographer
Bob Carlos ClarkeBornRobert Carlos Clarke(1950-06-24)24 June 1950County Cork, IrelandDied25 March 2006(2006-03-25) (aged 55)London, England, United KingdomNationalityIrishKnown forPhotographyChildrenScarlett Carlos Clarke
Robert Carlos Clarke (24 June 1950 – 25 March 2006) was a British-Irish photographer who made erotic images of women as well as documentary, portrait, and commercial photography.
Carlos Clarke produced six books during his career: The Illustrated Delta of Venus (1980), Obsession (1981), The Dark Summer (1985), White Heat (1990), Shooting Sex (2002), Love Dolls Never Die (2004), and one DVD, Too Many Nights (2006).
His work is held in the collection of the National Portrait Gallery in London.
Life and career
Carlos Clarke was born in Cork, Ireland, and educated at numerous English public schools, including Wellington College. After school and working as a trainee journalist and a brief job in Belfast in 1969, Carlos Clarke moved back to England in the latter half of 1970 and enrolled in Worthing College of Art in West Sussex.
By 1975, he had moved to Brixton, London, and enrolled in the London College of Printing. He later went on to complete an MA degree from the Royal College of Art in photography, graduating in 1975.
Initially in the 1970s, he began photographing nudes as a means of making money. He used his fellow students as models he shot for Paul Raymond Publications, Men Only, and Club International.
Carlos Clarke's first encounter with photographing models in rubber and latex was an experience with a gentleman called 'The Commander', a publisher of a magazine for devotees of rubber wear who had contacted Carlos Clarke to shoot for his publication. The British pop artist Allen Jones was a good friend of Carlos Clarke. Jones' work drew heavily on fetishism and he advised the younger photographer to lay off the fetish scene. He is known as "the British Helmut Newton".
Personal life
While at Worthing, he met Sue Frame, later his first wife. Knowing that she was a part-time model, he instantly became a photographer and persuaded her to pose for him on a chromed 650 cc Triumph Bonneville. In 1975, a couple of years later, they married at Kensington Registry Office. Carlos Clarke was later remarried with his wife Lindsey. The couple had a daughter.
Death
Carlos Clarke died by suicide on 25 March 2006.
Publications
Publications by Carlos Clarke
The Illustrated Delta of Venus. W H Allen, 1980.
Obsession. Quartet, 1981.
The Dark Summer. Quartet, 1985.
Shooting Sex: The Definitive Guide to Undressing Beautiful Strangers. Self-published, 2002. ISBN 978-0954346201.
Zürich: Skylight, 2002. ISBN 9783283004460.
Love Dolls Never Die. Self-published, 2004. Edition of 300 copies.
The Agony and the Ecstasy. Brighton, UK: Jane & Jeremy, 2018. With texts by Max Houghton and Carlos Clarke. Edition of 200 copies.
Publications paired with others
White Heat. Octopus, 1990. With Marco Pierre White.
DVDs
Too Many Nights (Panoramica, 2006)
Collections
Carlos Clarke's work is held in the following public collection:
National Portrait Gallery, London: 10 prints, portraits of celebrities (as of June 2018)
Science Museum Group, UK: 102 prints (as of May 2021)
References
^ a b McCabe, Eamonn (2 April 2006). "Obituary: Bob Carlos Clarke". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 June 2018.
^ a b c d "Bob Carlos Clarke". The Daily Telegraph. 29 March 2006. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 8 June 2018.
^ a b c d Garfield, Simon (26 April 2009). "The naked truth about Bob Carlos Clarke". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
^ a b c Carlos Clarke, Bob (2002). Shooting Sex; The Definitive Guide to Undressing Beautiful Strangers. London: Self-Published. pp. 18–31.
^ "Bob Carlos Clarke - Iconic Photographer". Amateur Photographer. 1 March 2010. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
^ Tate Gallery catalogue
^ Collins, Britt (19 May 2012). "Bob Carlos Clarke, husband and father". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
^ Kirby, Terry. "Bob Carlos Clarke, photographer of beautiful women, is laid to rest". The Independent. Retrieved 8 June 2018.
^ "Bob Carlos Clarke images donated". BBC News. 14 August 2013. Retrieved 8 June 2018.
^ Kennedy, Maev (13 August 2013). "Bob Carlos Clarke pictures presented to the National Portrait Gallery". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 June 2018.
^ "Bob Carlos Clarke - Person - National Portrait Gallery". National Portrait Gallery, London. Retrieved 8 June 2018.
^ "News Release: National Portrait Gallery Acquires rarely seen Celebrity Photographs by Bob Carlos". National Portrait Gallery, London. Archived from the original on 27 July 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
^ "Bob Carlos Clarke". collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
^ "Search our collection". collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
Further reading
Exposure: The Unusual Life and Violent Death of Bob Carlos Clarke by Simon Garfield
"Interview with Bob Carlos Clarke, TDP Magazine (October 2004)
External links
The Agony and The Ecstasy: Photographer Bob Carlos Clarke Captures Wild Photos Of Young Lovers Getting Off In The 90s"
"Bob Carlos Clarke's The Agony and The Ecstasy", a gallery of photos at Dazed
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
United States
Netherlands
Artists
Photographers' Identities
RKD Artists | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"erotic images","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erotic_photography"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-mccabe-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph-obit-2"},{"link_name":"National Portrait Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London"}],"text":"Robert Carlos Clarke (24 June 1950 – 25 March 2006) was a British-Irish photographer who made erotic images of women as well as documentary, portrait, and commercial photography.[1][2]Carlos Clarke produced six books during his career: The Illustrated Delta of Venus (1980), Obsession (1981), The Dark Summer (1985), White Heat (1990), Shooting Sex (2002), Love Dolls Never Die (2004), and one DVD, Too Many Nights (2006).His work is held in the collection of the National Portrait Gallery in London.","title":"Bob Carlos Clarke"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cork, Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_(city)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-garfield-guardian-3"},{"link_name":"English public schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_school_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Wellington College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_College,_Berkshire"},{"link_name":"Worthing College of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Worthing_College_of_Art&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shootingsex-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Brixton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brixton"},{"link_name":"London College of Printing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_College_of_Communication"},{"link_name":"MA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Royal College of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-garfield-guardian-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shootingsex-4"},{"link_name":"Paul Raymond Publications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Raymond_Publications"},{"link_name":"Men Only","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men_Only"},{"link_name":"Club International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_International"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shootingsex-4"},{"link_name":"Allen Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Jones_(artist)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph-obit-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph-obit-2"},{"link_name":"Helmut Newton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Newton"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-collins-guardian-7"}],"text":"Carlos Clarke was born in Cork, Ireland,[3] and educated at numerous English public schools, including Wellington College. After school and working as a trainee journalist and a brief job in Belfast in 1969, Carlos Clarke moved back to England in the latter half of 1970 and enrolled in Worthing College of Art in West Sussex.[4][5]By 1975, he had moved to Brixton, London, and enrolled in the London College of Printing. He later went on to complete an MA degree from the Royal College of Art[3] in photography, graduating in 1975.Initially in the 1970s,[4] he began photographing nudes as a means of making money. 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Retrieved 8 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp84119/bob-carlos-clarke","url_text":"\"Bob Carlos Clarke - Person - National Portrait Gallery\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London","url_text":"National Portrait Gallery, London"}]},{"reference":"\"News Release: National Portrait Gallery Acquires rarely seen Celebrity Photographs by Bob Carlos\". National Portrait Gallery, London. Archived from the original on 27 July 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180727145649/https://www.npg.org.uk/about/press/national-portrait-gallery-acquires-celebrity-photographs.php","url_text":"\"News Release: National Portrait Gallery Acquires rarely seen Celebrity Photographs by Bob Carlos\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London","url_text":"National Portrait Gallery, London"},{"url":"https://www.npg.org.uk/about/press/national-portrait-gallery-acquires-celebrity-photographs.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bob Carlos Clarke\". collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk. Retrieved 16 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/people/cp139545/bob-carlos","url_text":"\"Bob Carlos Clarke\""}]},{"reference":"\"Search our collection\". collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk. Retrieved 16 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/search/objects?q=%2522Bob%2520Carlos%2520Clarke%2522&page%5Bnumber%5D=1","url_text":"\"Search our collection\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/news/2006/apr/03/guardianobituaries.artsobituaries","external_links_name":"\"Obituary: Bob Carlos Clarke\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1514292/Bob-Carlos-Clarke.html","external_links_name":"\"Bob Carlos Clarke\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235","external_links_name":"0307-1235"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2009/apr/26/bob-carlos-clarke-photography","external_links_name":"\"The naked truth about Bob Carlos Clarke\""},{"Link":"https://www.amateurphotographer.co.uk/iconic-images/bob-carlos-clarke-iconic-photographer-21181","external_links_name":"\"Bob Carlos Clarke - Iconic Photographer\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2012/may/19/bob-carlos-clarke-wife-daughter-photography","external_links_name":"\"Bob Carlos Clarke, husband and father\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/bob-carlos-clarke-photographer-of-beautiful-women-is-laid-to-rest-473146.html","external_links_name":"\"Bob Carlos Clarke, photographer of beautiful women, is laid to rest\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-23696626","external_links_name":"\"Bob Carlos Clarke images donated\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2013/aug/13/bob-carlos-clarke-national-portait-gallery","external_links_name":"\"Bob Carlos Clarke pictures presented to the National Portrait Gallery\""},{"Link":"https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp84119/bob-carlos-clarke","external_links_name":"\"Bob Carlos Clarke - Person - National Portrait Gallery\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180727145649/https://www.npg.org.uk/about/press/national-portrait-gallery-acquires-celebrity-photographs.php","external_links_name":"\"News Release: National Portrait Gallery Acquires rarely seen Celebrity Photographs by Bob Carlos\""},{"Link":"https://www.npg.org.uk/about/press/national-portrait-gallery-acquires-celebrity-photographs.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/people/cp139545/bob-carlos","external_links_name":"\"Bob Carlos Clarke\""},{"Link":"https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/search/objects?q=%2522Bob%2520Carlos%2520Clarke%2522&page%5Bnumber%5D=1","external_links_name":"\"Search our collection\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143546/https://designyoutrust.com/2018/04/the-agony-the-ecstasy-photographer-bob-carlos-clarke-captures-wild-photos-of-young-lovers-getting-off-in-the-90s/","external_links_name":"The Agony and The Ecstasy: Photographer Bob Carlos Clarke Captures Wild Photos Of Young Lovers Getting Off In The 90s\""},{"Link":"http://www.dazeddigital.com/art-photography/gallery/25052/3/bob-carlos-clarke-s-the-agony-the-ecstasy","external_links_name":"\"Bob Carlos Clarke's The Agony and The Ecstasy\""},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/71558/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000008299941X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/110512320","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjxt6vQrPgHgptJ8tkVYP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/12440121X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81044258","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p074846159","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/386102","external_links_name":"Photographers' Identities"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/344190","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Elmira_Royster | Sarah Elmira Shelton | ["1 Biography","1.1 Second relationship with Poe","1.2 Later life","2 References in literature","3 Further reading","4 References","5 External links"] | Lover of Edgar Allan Poe
Sarah Elmira SheltonBornSarah Elmira Royster1810United StatesDiedFebruary 11, 1888 (aged 77–78)United StatesNationalityAmericanSpouseAlexander B. Shelton (1828 - 1844; his death)Children4 (including 2 who died in childhood)
Sarah Elmira Shelton (née Royster; 1810 – February 11, 1888) was an adolescent sweetheart of Edgar Allan Poe who became engaged to him shortly before his death in 1849.
Their early relationship, begun when she was 15, ended due to the interference of her father while Poe was studying at the University of Virginia. Two years later, she married Alexander B. Shelton, who became wealthy through his involvement in the transportation industry. The couple had four children, although only two lived past infancy. After she was widowed in 1844, Royster and her two surviving children inherited $100,000 ($3.27 million in 2023) with the stipulation that she would lose a portion of this estate if she remarried.
Poe came back into her life in 1848 and they renewed their relationship. Poe pressed her to marry him, though she was hesitant and her children did not approve. They never married; he died shortly thereafter in October 1849. Royster had an influence on Poe's work and may have inspired "The Raven" and "Annabel Lee". The early relationship between Poe and Shelton was immortalized by other writers, including Poe's brother Henry.
Biography
Royster and Poe were neighbors in Richmond, Virginia when they began their relationship in 1825, when she was 15 years old and he was 16. They discussed marriage, though Royster's father vocally disapproved. They were secretly engaged as Poe began classes at the University of Virginia in 1826; however, Royster's father intercepted and destroyed all of Poe's letters to his daughter. Royster wrote later that his disapproval was only because of their young age but he likely also considered Poe unsuitable due to social and financial status as a poor orphan.
Thinking Poe had forgotten her, in 1828 Royster married Alexander B. Shelton, a businessman from a well-to-do Virginia family. Royster was only 18 at the time but quickly gained social prominence and wealth: Shelton worked in the transportation industry and was for a time the co-owner of a boat line that travelled the James River. The couple had four children, two of whom died in childhood. A third predeceased his mother in 1887, a year before her own death. Thus, only one of Sarah's children survived her. Alexander B. Shelton died of pneumonia at the age of 37 on July 12, 1844. Royster and her two children were left an estate worth $100,000.
Second relationship with Poe
Edgar Allan Poe in 1848
Poe and Royster would meet again in July 1848, over a year after the death of Poe's wife Virginia Clemm. His visit was unannounced. As Royster described it: "I was ready to go to church and a servant told me that a gentleman in the parlor wanted to see me. I went down and was amazed to see him—but knew him instantly". By this time, Royster was very religious, having been baptized as an adult at St. John's Episcopal Church. She was 39 and living with her 19-year-old daughter Ann and 10-year-old son Southall. A friend described her as being very attractive around this time:
Her eyes were a deep blue, her hair brown, touched with grey, her nose thin and patrician... Her voice was very low, soft and sweet, her manners exquisitely refined, and intellectually she was a woman of education and force of character. Her distinguishing qualities were gentleness and womanliness.
Royster attended Poe's lecture in Richmond, sitting in the front row. Poe and Royster rekindled their relationship somewhat and discussed marriage. Her children disapproved, however, and her dead husband's will stipulated that remarriage would remove three-quarters of her estate. Poe visited Richmond on September 17, 1849, and stayed with Royster for the evening. He wrote: "I think she loves me more devotedly than any one I ever knew... I cannot help loving her in return." Poe hoped to be married before he left Richmond and pushed her to respond. She wanted time to consider: "I told him if he would not take a positive denial he must give me time to consider it". Royster may have been reluctant because of the rumors of Poe's drinking and, because of this, may have inspired Poe into joining the Richmond chapter of the Sons of Temperance. Poe's lecture tour then brought him to Norfolk, Virginia and Old Point Comfort. It is unclear if the couple was ever officially engaged but most biographers agree that they came to an "understanding" by late September.
Former residence of Elmira Shelton, Richmond, Grace Street
The wedding never took place; after Poe said goodbye to her, he left Richmond on September 27, 1849, and died mysteriously only two weeks later in Baltimore. Royster recalled her last moments with him: "He came up to my house on the evening of 26 Sept. to take leave of me.–He was very sad, and complained of being quite sick... I felt so wretched about him all of that night, that I went up early the next morning to enquire after him, when, much to my regret, he had left in the boat for Baltimore." On his deathbed, Poe mentioned a wife he had in Richmond, possibly referring to Royster.
Royster later said that she would not "have married him under any circumstances". A letter Royster wrote to Poe's mother-in-law Maria Clemm, however, announced that she was ready to accept her as her own mother-in-law. In her letter, she also referred to Poe as "the dearest object on earth" to her. Writer John Evangelist Walsh suggests that Royster's brothers were responsible for Poe's mysterious death.
Later life
After Poe's death, Royster refused to speak about him or her relationship, bluntly denying all requests and living a relatively reclusive lifestyle. In 1875, she finally granted an interview to local sculptor Edward Valentine, as a response to a Poe biography written by John H. Ingram. In this conversation, she vehemently denied ever having been engaged to Poe.
In June 1884, however, she privately admitted to Dr. John Joseph Moran, Poe's attending physician at the time of his death, that she and Poe had been engaged.
Royster died on February 11, 1888, and her obituary, published on the front page of the Richmond Whig on February 12, bore the heading "Poe's First and Last Love".
References in literature
Many of the poems in Poe's first published work, Tamerlane and Other Poems (1827), were inspired by his failed childhood romance with Royster, with many lines discussing the follies of youth and lost love. One of Poe's minor poems, "Song," is presumed to be about Royster. She also believed that the "lost Lenore" in the poem "The Raven" as well as the title character in "Annabel Lee" were representative of her and claimed that Poe himself had assured her of it. Biographers, however, often debate Poe's inspiration, particularly for "Annabel Lee". Poe's wife Virginia, who had died two years prior to the poem's publication, was suggested by poet Frances Sargent Osgood and generally is considered the most likely candidate for the title character, though Osgood herself is another possibility. Sarah Helen Whitman and Sarah Anna Lewis also claimed to have inspired the poem. Even so, in her later years, Royster was known familiarly in Richmond as "Poe's Lenore".
Poe's brother, Henry Poe, also wrote a short story based on his brother's young romance with Royster called "The Pirate" which was published in the October 27, 1827, issue of the North American. Lambert A. Wilmer, a Baltimore writer who was friend of both Poe brothers, also wrote about the young relationship. His drama in verse, Merlin, was in three parts, the first of which was published on August 18, 1827.
Further reading
Davis, Harriet Ide. Elmira: The Girl Who Loved Edgar Allan Poe. Houghton Mifflin Co., 1966.
References
^ Stashower, Daniel. The Beautiful Cigar Girl: Mary Rogers, Edgar Allan Poe, and the Invention of Murder. New York: Dutton, 2006: 38. ISBN 0-525-94981-X
^ Walsh, John Evangelist. Midnight Dreary: The Mysterious Death of Edgar Allan Poe. New York: St. Martin's Minotaur, 2000: 6. ISBN 0-312-22732-9
^ Meyers, Jeffrey. Edgar Allan Poe: His Life and Legacy. New York: Cooper Square Press, 1992: 18. ISBN 0-8154-1038-7
^ a b c Silverman, Kenneth. Edgar A. Poe: Mournful and Never-ending Remembrance. Harper Perennial, 1991: 425. ISBN 0-06-092331-8
^ Walsh, John Evangelist. Midnight Dreary: The Mysterious Death of Edgar Allan Poe. New York: St. Martin's Minotaur, 2000: 5–6. ISBN 0-312-22732-9
^ a b Walsh, John Evangelist. Midnight Dreary: The Mysterious Death of Edgar Allan Poe. New York: St. Martin's Minotaur, 2000: 5. ISBN 0-312-22732-9
^ Thomas, Dwight and David K. Jackson. The Poe Log: A Documentary Life of Edgar Allan Poe 1809–1849. New York: G. K. Hall & Co., 1987: 467. ISBN 0-7838-1401-1
^ a b c d Sova, Dawn B. Edgar Allan Poe: A to Z. New York: Checkmark Books, 2001: 214. ISBN 0-8160-4161-X
^ a b c Meyers, Jeffrey. Edgar Allan Poe: His Life and Legacy. New York: Cooper Square Press, 1992: 249. ISBN 0-8154-1038-7
^ Silverman, Kenneth. Edgar A. Poe: Mournful and Never-ending Remembrance. Harper Perennial, 1991: 430. ISBN 0-06-092331-8
^ Meyers, Jeffrey. Edgar Allan Poe: His Life and Legacy. New York: Cooper Square Press, 1992: 250–251. ISBN 0-8154-1038-7
^ Stashower, Daniel. The Beautiful Cigar Girl: Mary Rogers, Edgar Allan Poe, and the Invention of Murder. New York: Dutton, 2006: 280. ISBN 0-525-94981-X
^ Kennedy, J. Gerald. "A Brief Biography", A Historical Guide to Edgar Allan Poe. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001: 58. ISBN 978-0-19-512150-6
^ a b Meyers, Jeffrey. Edgar Allan Poe: His Life and Legacy. New York: Cooper Square Press, 1992: 251. ISBN 0-8154-1038-7
^ a b Silverman, Kenneth. Edgar A. Poe: Mournful and Never-ending Remembrance. New York: Harper Perennial, 1991: 426. ISBN 0-06-092331-8
^ Walsh, John Evangelist. Midnight Dreary: The Mysterious Death of Edgar Allan Poe. New York: St. Martin's Minotaur, 2000: 124. ISBN 0-312-22732-9
^ See John Evangelist Walsh's Midnight Dreary: The Mysterious Death of Edgar Allan Poe, St. Martin's Minotaur, 2000.
^ Walsh, John Evangelist. Midnight Dreary: The Mysterious Death of Edgar Allan Poe. New York: St. Martin's Minotaur, 2000: 127–128. ISBN 0-312-22732-9
^ a b Walsh, John Evangelist. Midnight Dreary: The Mysterious Death of Edgar Allan Poe. New York: St. Martin's Minotaur, 2000: 184. ISBN 0-312-22732-9
^ Stashower, Daniel. The Beautiful Cigar Girl: Mary Rogers, Edgar Allan Poe, and the Invention of Murder. New York: Dutton, 2006: 43–44. ISBN 0-525-94981-X
^ Silverman, Kenneth. Edgar A. Poe: Mournful and Never-ending Remembrance. New York: Harper Perennial, 1991: 401. ISBN 0-06-092331-8
^ Sova, Dawn B. Edgar Allan Poe: A to Z. New York: Checkmark Books, 2001: 12. ISBN 0-8160-4161-X
^ Sova, Dawn B. Edgar Allan Poe: A to Z. New York: Checkmark Books, 2001: 193. ISBN 0-8160-4161-X
^ Thomas, Dwight and David K. Jackson. The Poe Log: A Documentary Life of Edgar Allan Poe 1809–1849. New York: G. K. Hall & Co., 1987: 81. ISBN 0-7838-1401-1
External links
Sarah Elmira Royster Shelton at the Edgar Allan Poe Society online | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names"},{"link_name":"adolescent sweetheart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood_sweetheart"},{"link_name":"Edgar Allan Poe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe"},{"link_name":"his death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Edgar_Allan_Poe"},{"link_name":"University of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"The Raven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Raven"},{"link_name":"Annabel Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annabel_Lee"},{"link_name":"Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Leonard_Poe"}],"text":"Sarah Elmira Shelton (née Royster; 1810 – February 11, 1888) was an adolescent sweetheart of Edgar Allan Poe who became engaged to him shortly before his death in 1849.Their early relationship, begun when she was 15, ended due to the interference of her father while Poe was studying at the University of Virginia. Two years later, she married Alexander B. Shelton, who became wealthy through his involvement in the transportation industry. The couple had four children, although only two lived past infancy. After she was widowed in 1844, Royster and her two surviving children inherited $100,000 ($3.27 million in 2023) with the stipulation that she would lose a portion of this estate if she remarried.Poe came back into her life in 1848 and they renewed their relationship. Poe pressed her to marry him, though she was hesitant and her children did not approve. They never married; he died shortly thereafter in October 1849. Royster had an influence on Poe's work and may have inspired \"The Raven\" and \"Annabel Lee\". The early relationship between Poe and Shelton was immortalized by other writers, including Poe's brother Henry.","title":"Sarah Elmira Shelton"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richmond, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"University of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"James River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_River_(Virginia)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silverman425-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"pneumonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walsh5-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silverman425-4"}],"text":"Royster and Poe were neighbors in Richmond, Virginia[1] when they began their relationship in 1825, when she was 15 years old and he was 16. They discussed marriage, though Royster's father vocally disapproved. They were secretly engaged as Poe began classes at the University of Virginia in 1826; however, Royster's father intercepted and destroyed all of Poe's letters to his daughter.[2] Royster wrote later that his disapproval was only because of their young age but he likely also considered Poe unsuitable due to social and financial status as a poor orphan.[3]Thinking Poe had forgotten her, in 1828 Royster married Alexander B. Shelton, a businessman from a well-to-do Virginia family. Royster was only 18 at the time but quickly gained social prominence and wealth: Shelton worked in the transportation industry and was for a time the co-owner of a boat line that travelled the James River.[4] The couple had four children, two of whom died in childhood. A third predeceased his mother in 1887, a year before her own death. Thus, only one of Sarah's children survived her.[5] Alexander B. Shelton died of pneumonia[6] at the age of 37 on July 12, 1844.[7] Royster and her two children were left an estate worth $100,000.[4]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edgar_Allan_Poe_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Edgar Allan Poe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sova214-8"},{"link_name":"Virginia Clemm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Eliza_Clemm_Poe"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meyers249-9"},{"link_name":"St. John's Episcopal Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John%27s_Episcopal_Church,_Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silverman425-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walsh5-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meyers249-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meyers249-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sova214-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Sons of Temperance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Temperance"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Norfolk, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Old Point Comfort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Point_Comfort"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sova214-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elmira_shelton_haus600px.jpg"},{"link_name":"died mysteriously","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Edgar_Allan_Poe"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sova214-8"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meyers251-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meyers251-14"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Second relationship with Poe","text":"Edgar Allan Poe in 1848Poe and Royster would meet again in July 1848,[8] over a year after the death of Poe's wife Virginia Clemm. His visit was unannounced. As Royster described it: \"I was ready to go to church and a servant told me that a gentleman in the parlor wanted to see me. I went down and was amazed to see him—but knew him instantly\".[9] By this time, Royster was very religious, having been baptized as an adult at St. John's Episcopal Church.[4] She was 39 and living with her 19-year-old daughter Ann and 10-year-old son Southall.[6] A friend described her as being very attractive around this time:Her eyes were a deep blue, her hair brown, touched with grey, her nose thin and patrician... Her voice was very low, soft and sweet, her manners exquisitely refined, and intellectually she was a woman of education and force of character. Her distinguishing qualities were gentleness and womanliness.[9]Royster attended Poe's lecture in Richmond, sitting in the front row.[9] Poe and Royster rekindled their relationship somewhat and discussed marriage. Her children disapproved, however, and her dead husband's will stipulated that remarriage would remove three-quarters of her estate.[8] Poe visited Richmond on September 17, 1849, and stayed with Royster for the evening. He wrote: \"I think she loves me more devotedly than any one I ever knew... I cannot help loving her in return.\"[10] Poe hoped to be married before he left Richmond and pushed her to respond. She wanted time to consider: \"I told him if he would not take a positive denial he must give me time to consider it\".[11] Royster may have been reluctant because of the rumors of Poe's drinking and, because of this, may have inspired Poe into joining the Richmond chapter of the Sons of Temperance.[12] Poe's lecture tour then brought him to Norfolk, Virginia and Old Point Comfort.[13] It is unclear if the couple was ever officially engaged but most biographers agree that they came to an \"understanding\" by late September.[8]Former residence of Elmira Shelton, Richmond, Grace StreetThe wedding never took place; after Poe said goodbye to her, he left Richmond on September 27, 1849, and died mysteriously only two weeks later in Baltimore.[8] Royster recalled her last moments with him: \"He came up to my house on the evening of 26 Sept. to take leave of me.–He was very sad, and complained of being quite sick... I felt so wretched about him all of that night, that I went up early the next morning to enquire after him, when, much to my regret, he had left in the boat for Baltimore.\"[14] On his deathbed, Poe mentioned a wife he had in Richmond, possibly referring to Royster.[15]Royster later said that she would not \"have married him under any circumstances\". A letter Royster wrote to Poe's mother-in-law Maria Clemm, however, announced that she was ready to accept her as her own mother-in-law.[14] In her letter, she also referred to Poe as \"the dearest object on earth\" to her.[16] Writer John Evangelist Walsh suggests that Royster's brothers were responsible for Poe's mysterious death.[17]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Poe's death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Edgar_Allan_Poe"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walsh184-19"}],"sub_title":"Later life","text":"After Poe's death, Royster refused to speak about him or her relationship, bluntly denying all requests and living a relatively reclusive lifestyle. In 1875, she finally granted an interview to local sculptor Edward Valentine, as a response to a Poe biography written by John H. Ingram. In this conversation, she vehemently denied ever having been engaged to Poe.\nIn June 1884, however, she privately admitted to Dr. John Joseph Moran, Poe's attending physician at the time of his death, that she and Poe had been engaged.[18]Royster died on February 11, 1888, and her obituary, published on the front page of the Richmond Whig on February 12, bore the heading \"Poe's First and Last Love\".[19]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tamerlane and Other Poems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamerlane_and_Other_Poems"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poems_by_Edgar_Allan_Poe#Song_(1827)"},{"link_name":"The Raven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Raven"},{"link_name":"Annabel Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annabel_Lee"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-15"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Eliza_Clemm_Poe"},{"link_name":"Frances Sargent Osgood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Sargent_Osgood"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Sarah Helen Whitman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Helen_Whitman"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walsh184-19"},{"link_name":"Henry Poe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Poe"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"Many of the poems in Poe's first published work, Tamerlane and Other Poems (1827), were inspired by his failed childhood romance with Royster, with many lines discussing the follies of youth and lost love.[20] One of Poe's minor poems, \"Song,\" is presumed to be about Royster. She also believed that the \"lost Lenore\" in the poem \"The Raven\" as well as the title character in \"Annabel Lee\" were representative of her and claimed that Poe himself had assured her of it.[15] Biographers, however, often debate Poe's inspiration, particularly for \"Annabel Lee\". Poe's wife Virginia, who had died two years prior to the poem's publication, was suggested by poet Frances Sargent Osgood and generally is considered the most likely candidate for the title character, though Osgood herself is another possibility.[21] Sarah Helen Whitman and Sarah Anna Lewis also claimed to have inspired the poem.[22] Even so, in her later years, Royster was known familiarly in Richmond as \"Poe's Lenore\".[19]Poe's brother, Henry Poe, also wrote a short story based on his brother's young romance with Royster called \"The Pirate\" which was published in the October 27, 1827, issue of the North American.[23] Lambert A. Wilmer, a Baltimore writer who was friend of both Poe brothers, also wrote about the young relationship. His drama in verse, Merlin, was in three parts, the first of which was published on August 18, 1827.[24]","title":"References in literature"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Davis, Harriet Ide. Elmira: The Girl Who Loved Edgar Allan Poe. Houghton Mifflin Co., 1966.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Edgar Allan Poe in 1848","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Edgar_Allan_Poe_2.jpg/170px-Edgar_Allan_Poe_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Former residence of Elmira Shelton, Richmond, Grace Street","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2f/Elmira_shelton_haus600px.jpg/220px-Elmira_shelton_haus600px.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.eapoe.org/people/SHELSE01.HTM","external_links_name":"Sarah Elmira Royster Shelton"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie_Compston | Archie Compston | ["1 Tournament wins (11)","2 Results in major championships","3 Team appearances","4 References"] | English professional golfer
Archie CompstonPersonal informationFull nameArchibald Edward Wones CompstonBorn1893Wolverhampton, EnglandDied8 August 1962 (age 69)London, EnglandSporting nationality EnglandCareerStatusProfessionalProfessional wins10Best results in major championshipsMasters TournamentDNPPGA ChampionshipDNPU.S. OpenT7: 1927The Open ChampionshipT2: 1925
Archibald Edward Wones Compston (1893 – 8 August 1962) was an English professional golfer. Through the 1920s he built a reputation as a formidable match play golfer, in an era when many professionals made more money from "challenge" matches against fellow pros, or wealthy amateurs, than from tournament golf.
Compston was born in Wolverhampton.
Famously, in 1928, Compston - who had won the British PGA Matchplay Championship in 1925 and 1927 - faced Walter Hagen, who had won the American PGA Championship at match play in the previous four years, in a 72-hole challenge match, and defeated the American 18 & 17. However, when the two met again shortly afterward at The Open Championship at Royal St George's, Hagen prevailed, with Compston placing third.
In 1930, Compston nearly derailed Bobby Jones's bid for the Grand Slam at Hoylake - his third round of 68 took the lead from Jones, but inexplicably his form deserted him in the final round, and Compston shot 82 to finish down the field.
Compston played in the Ryder Cup in 1927, 1929 and 1931, defeating Gene Sarazen on one occasion.
Compston also became notable as perhaps Britain's first "celebrity" professional golfer, becoming a coach to the future Edward VIII. He was the professional at the Wentworth Club from 1945 to 1948, and later at the Mid Ocean Club in Bermuda.
Tournament wins (11)
This list may be incomplete
1925 Leeds Cup, Glasgow Herald Tournament, British PGA Matchplay Championship
1926 Leeds Cup
1927 Ifield Tournament, British PGA Matchplay Championship
1928 Eastern Open Championship
1929 Roehampton Invitation
1930 Daily Dispatch Southport Tournament
1935 Roehampton Invitation
1945 Yorkshire Evening News Tournament
Results in major championships
Tournament
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
The Open Championship
T73
NT
NT
NT
NT
NT
U.S. Open
NT
NT
Tournament
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
The Open Championship
T9
35
27
T59
T21
T2
DQ
T23
3
12
U.S. Open
T7
T22
Tournament
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
The Open Championship
T6
T29
T10
T12
T49
T44
CUT
U.S. Open
Tournament
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
The Open Championship
NT
NT
NT
NT
NT
NT
T18
CUT
U.S. Open
NT
NT
NT
NT
Note: Compston only played in The Open Championship and the U.S. Open.
Top 10
Did not play
NT = No tournament
DQ = disqualified
CUT = missed the half-way cut
"T" indicates a tie for a place
Team appearances
Great Britain vs USA (representing Great Britain): 1926 (winners)
Ryder Cup (representing Great Britain): 1927, 1929 (winners), 1931
France–Great Britain Professional Match (representing Great Britain): 1929 (winners, captain)
England–Scotland Professional Match (representing England): 1932 (winners), 1935 (winners)
England–Ireland Professional Match (representing England): 1932 (winners)
References
^ a b Alliss, Peter (1983). The Who's Who of Golf. Orbis Publishing. pp. 225–226. ISBN 0-85613-520-8.
^ "Past professionals". Wentworth Club. Archived from the original on 1 December 2010. Retrieved 10 February 2011.
^ "Compston wins by one hole". The Vancouver Sun. 13 April 1929. Retrieved 10 February 2011.
^ "Great golf at Southport". The Glasgow Herald. 10 May 1930. Retrieved 12 February 2011.
^ "Compston beats Padgham in final". The Glasgow Herald. 8 April 1935. Retrieved 13 February 2011.
Archie Compston in the Ryder Cup
vteGreat Britain Ryder Cup team – 1927
Aubrey Boomer
Archie Compston
George Duncan
George Gadd
Arthur Havers
Herbert Jolly
Fred Robson
Charles Whitcombe
Ted Ray (playing captain)
Lost: 2.5 – 9.5
vteGreat Britain Ryder Cup team – 1929
Percy Alliss
Aubrey Boomer
Stewart Burns
Archie Compston
Henry Cotton
Abe Mitchell
Fred Robson
Charles Whitcombe
Ernest Whitcombe
George Duncan (playing captain)
Won: 7 – 5
vteGreat Britain Ryder Cup team – 1931
Archie Compston
Bill Davies
George Duncan
Syd Easterbrook
Arthur Havers
Bert Hodson
Abe Mitchell
Fred Robson
Ernest Whitcombe
Charles Whitcombe (playing captain)
Lost: 3 – 9
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
France
BnF data | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"professional golfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_golfer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alliss-1"},{"link_name":"match play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Match_play"},{"link_name":"Wolverhampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverhampton"},{"link_name":"British PGA Matchplay Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_PGA_Matchplay_Championship"},{"link_name":"Walter Hagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Hagen"},{"link_name":"PGA Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGA_Championship"},{"link_name":"The Open Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Open_Championship"},{"link_name":"Royal St George's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_St_George%27s_Golf_Club"},{"link_name":"Bobby Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Jones_(golfer)"},{"link_name":"Hoylake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Liverpool_Golf_Club,_Hoylake"},{"link_name":"Ryder Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryder_Cup"},{"link_name":"Gene Sarazen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Sarazen"},{"link_name":"Edward VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VIII"},{"link_name":"Wentworth Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wentworth_Club"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Mid Ocean Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_Ocean_Club"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alliss-1"}],"text":"Archibald Edward Wones Compston (1893 – 8 August 1962) was an English professional golfer.[1] Through the 1920s he built a reputation as a formidable match play golfer, in an era when many professionals made more money from \"challenge\" matches against fellow pros, or wealthy amateurs, than from tournament golf.Compston was born in Wolverhampton.Famously, in 1928, Compston - who had won the British PGA Matchplay Championship in 1925 and 1927 - faced Walter Hagen, who had won the American PGA Championship at match play in the previous four years, in a 72-hole challenge match, and defeated the American 18 & 17. However, when the two met again shortly afterward at The Open Championship at Royal St George's, Hagen prevailed, with Compston placing third.In 1930, Compston nearly derailed Bobby Jones's bid for the Grand Slam at Hoylake - his third round of 68 took the lead from Jones, but inexplicably his form deserted him in the final round, and Compston shot 82 to finish down the field.Compston played in the Ryder Cup in 1927, 1929 and 1931, defeating Gene Sarazen on one occasion.Compston also became notable as perhaps Britain's first \"celebrity\" professional golfer, becoming a coach to the future Edward VIII. He was the professional at the Wentworth Club from 1945 to 1948,[2] and later at the Mid Ocean Club in Bermuda.[1]","title":"Archie Compston"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leeds Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_Cup"},{"link_name":"Glasgow Herald Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_Herald_Tournament"},{"link_name":"British PGA Matchplay Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_PGA_Matchplay_Championship"},{"link_name":"Leeds Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_Cup"},{"link_name":"British PGA Matchplay Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_PGA_Matchplay_Championship"},{"link_name":"Roehampton Invitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roehampton_Invitation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Daily Dispatch Southport Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Dispatch_Southport_Tournament"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Roehampton Invitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roehampton_Invitation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire Evening News Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_Evening_News_Tournament"}],"text":"This list may be incomplete1925 Leeds Cup, Glasgow Herald Tournament, British PGA Matchplay Championship\n1926 Leeds Cup\n1927 Ifield Tournament, British PGA Matchplay Championship\n1928 Eastern Open Championship\n1929 Roehampton Invitation[3]\n1930 Daily Dispatch Southport Tournament[4]\n1935 Roehampton Invitation[5]\n1945 Yorkshire Evening News Tournament","title":"Tournament wins (11)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Note: Compston only played in The Open Championship and the U.S. Open.Top 10Did not playNT = No tournament\nDQ = disqualified\nCUT = missed the half-way cut\n\"T\" indicates a tie for a place","title":"Results in major championships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Britain vs USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryder_Cup#Wentworth_1926"},{"link_name":"Ryder Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryder_Cup"},{"link_name":"1927","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1927_Ryder_Cup"},{"link_name":"1929","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929_Ryder_Cup"},{"link_name":"1931","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1931_Ryder_Cup"},{"link_name":"England–Scotland Professional Match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England%E2%80%93Scotland_Professional_Match"},{"link_name":"England–Ireland Professional Match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England%E2%80%93Ireland_Professional_Match"}],"text":"Great Britain vs USA (representing Great Britain): 1926 (winners)\nRyder Cup (representing Great Britain): 1927, 1929 (winners), 1931\nFrance–Great Britain Professional Match (representing Great Britain): 1929 (winners, captain)\nEngland–Scotland Professional Match (representing England): 1932 (winners), 1935 (winners)\nEngland–Ireland Professional Match (representing England): 1932 (winners)","title":"Team appearances"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Alliss, Peter (1983). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_Tunisienne_du_Travail | Tunisian General Labour Union | ["1 Chairman (secretaries-general)","2 References","3 External links"] | Tunisian trade union
UGTTTunisian General Labour UnionUnion Générale Tunisienne du TravailFoundedJanuary 20, 1946 (1946-01-20)Headquarters29 Rue Mohamed Ali, TunisLocationTunisiaMembers 1 million (2021)Key peopleNoureddine Taboubi, secretary generalPublicationAl-Sha'abAffiliationsITUC, ATUCWebsitewww.ugtt.org.tn
The Tunisian General Labour Union (French: Union Générale Tunisienne du Travail, UGTT. Arabic: الاتحاد العام التونسي للشغل) is a national trade union center in Tunisia. It has a membership of more than one million and was founded January 20, 1946.
The UGTT is affiliated with the International Trade Union Confederation and the Arab Trade Union Confederation. Author Safwan M. Masri has noted the influence of "notable intellectuals such as Tahar Haddad," among other early twentieth-century reformers and thinkers, on the development of labor power in Tunisia.
In recent years, the UGTT worked together with three other organizations (the Tunisian Human Rights League-LTDH, the Tunisian Confederation of Industry, Trade and Handicrafts-UTICA and the Tunisian Order of Lawyers), collectively labelled the National Dialogue Quartet, to address the national discord following the Jasmine Revolution of 2011. The National Dialogue Quartet was afterward announced as the laureate of the 2015 Nobel Peace Prize "for its decisive contribution to the building of a pluralistic democracy in Tunisia".
Scholar Joel Beinin has previously stated that the UGTT is "the single most important reason that Tunisia is a democracy today" (however, this statement was made prior to the coup of 2021). Safwan Masri contrasts the status of the union in Tunisia with the relatively disempowered labor organizations throughout the rest of the Arab world; in 2017, he observed that “UGTT has historically served as the umbrella organization for social movements in Tunisia, a role that is likely to endure."
Chairman (secretaries-general)
Seat of UGTT in Tunis
1946–1952: Farhat Hached
1952–1952: Mahmoud Messadi
1952–1954: Mohamed Kraïem
1954–1956: Ahmed Ben Salah
1956–1963: Ahmed Tlili
1963–1965: Habib Achour
1965–1970: Béchir Bellagha
1970–1978: Habib Achour
1978–1981: Tijani Abid
1981–1984: Taieb Baccouche
1984–1989: Habib Achour
1989–2000: Ismaïl Sahbani
2000–2011: Abdessalem Jerad
2011–2017: Houcine Abassi
2017–present: Noureddine Taboubi
References
^ Bishara, Dina; Grewal, Sharan (2022). "Political, Not Partisan: The Tunisian General Labor Union under Democracy". Comparative Politics. 54 (3): 453–475. doi:10.5129/001041522X16240414667941. S2CID 238876290.
^ "Tunisair workers to strike on Friday, union says". Reuters. 2021-02-18. Retrieved 2021-03-09. The UGTT, Tunisia's most powerful organisation with more than a million members...
^ Abbasi, Houcine. "The national role of the Tunisian General Labour Union" (PDF).
^ "List of Affiliates". International Trade Union Confederation. November 2019. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
^ "الإتحاد العربي للنقابات". Arab Trade Union Confederation. Retrieved 2021-03-09.
^ Masri, Safwan. Tunisia: An Arab Anomaly. New York: Columbia University Press, 2017, 15.
^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2015". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2015-10-09.
^ Joel Beinin, “Workers and Revolutions in Egypt and Tunisia,” lecture at Stanford University, January 21, 2015, video posted by Hesham Sallam, February 4, 2015, https://cddrl.fsi.stanford.edu/arabreform/news/stanford-historian-joel-beinin-analyzes-role-workers-egyptian-and-tunisian-revolutions-video
^ Masri, Safwan. Tunisia: An Arab Anomaly. New York: Columbia University Press, 2017, 67.
ICTUR; et al., eds. (2005). Trade Unions of the World (6th ed.). London, UK: John Harper Publishing. ISBN 0-9543811-5-7.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tunisian General Labour Union.
Official website
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IdRef
This Tunisia-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article related to an African trade union is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"national trade union center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_trade_union_center"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"International Trade Union Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Trade_Union_Confederation"},{"link_name":"Arab Trade Union Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arab_Trade_Union_Confederation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Tahar Haddad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahar_Haddad"},{"link_name":"the development of labor power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tunisian_labor_movement&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Tunisian Human Rights League-LTDH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_Human_Rights_League"},{"link_name":"Tunisian Confederation of Industry, Trade and Handicrafts-UTICA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_Confederation_of_Industry,_Trade_and_Handicrafts"},{"link_name":"Tunisian Order of Lawyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_Order_of_Lawyers"},{"link_name":"National Dialogue Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_National_Dialogue_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Jasmine Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"2015 Nobel Peace Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Nobel_Peace_Prize"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nobel-2015-7"},{"link_name":"Joel Beinin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Beinin"},{"link_name":"coup of 2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Tunisian_self-coup"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Safwan Masri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safwan_M._Masri"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The Tunisian General Labour Union (French: Union Générale Tunisienne du Travail, UGTT. Arabic: الاتحاد العام التونسي للشغل) is a national trade union center in Tunisia.[1] It has a membership of more than one million and was founded January 20, 1946.[2][3]The UGTT is affiliated with the International Trade Union Confederation and the Arab Trade Union Confederation.[4][5] Author Safwan M. Masri has noted the influence of \"notable intellectuals such as Tahar Haddad,\" among other early twentieth-century reformers and thinkers, on the development of labor power in Tunisia.[6]In recent years, the UGTT worked together with three other organizations (the Tunisian Human Rights League-LTDH, the Tunisian Confederation of Industry, Trade and Handicrafts-UTICA and the Tunisian Order of Lawyers), collectively labelled the National Dialogue Quartet, to address the national discord following the Jasmine Revolution of 2011. The National Dialogue Quartet was afterward announced as the laureate of the 2015 Nobel Peace Prize \"for its decisive contribution to the building of a pluralistic democracy in Tunisia\".[7]Scholar Joel Beinin has previously stated that the UGTT is \"the single most important reason that Tunisia is a democracy today\" (however, this statement was made prior to the coup of 2021).[8] Safwan Masri contrasts the status of the union in Tunisia with the relatively disempowered labor organizations throughout the rest of the Arab world; in 2017, he observed that “UGTT has historically served as the umbrella organization for social movements in Tunisia, a role that is likely to endure.\"[9]","title":"Tunisian General Labour Union"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SiegeUGTTPlaceMohamedAliTunis.jpg"},{"link_name":"Farhat Hached","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farhat_Hached"},{"link_name":"Mahmoud Messadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Messadi"},{"link_name":"Mohamed Kraïem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohamed_Kra%C3%AFem&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ahmed Ben Salah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Ben_Salah"},{"link_name":"Ahmed Tlili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Tlili"},{"link_name":"Habib Achour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habib_Achour"},{"link_name":"Béchir Bellagha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A9chir_Bellagha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Habib Achour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habib_Achour"},{"link_name":"Tijani Abid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tijani_Abid&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Taieb Baccouche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taieb_Baccouche"},{"link_name":"Habib Achour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habib_Achour"},{"link_name":"Ismaïl Sahbani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isma%C3%AFl_Sahbani&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Abdessalem Jerad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abdessalem_Jerad&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Houcine Abassi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houcine_Abassi"},{"link_name":"Noureddine Taboubi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Noureddine_Taboubi&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Seat of UGTT in Tunis1946–1952: Farhat Hached\n1952–1952: Mahmoud Messadi\n1952–1954: Mohamed Kraïem\n1954–1956: Ahmed Ben Salah\n1956–1963: Ahmed Tlili\n1963–1965: Habib Achour\n1965–1970: Béchir Bellagha\n1970–1978: Habib Achour\n1978–1981: Tijani Abid\n1981–1984: Taieb Baccouche\n1984–1989: Habib Achour\n1989–2000: Ismaïl Sahbani\n2000–2011: Abdessalem Jerad\n2011–2017: Houcine Abassi\n2017–present: Noureddine Taboubi","title":"Chairman (secretaries-general)"}] | [{"image_text":"Seat of UGTT in Tunis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/SiegeUGTTPlaceMohamedAliTunis.jpg/220px-SiegeUGTTPlaceMohamedAliTunis.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Bishara, Dina; Grewal, Sharan (2022). \"Political, Not Partisan: The Tunisian General Labor Union under Democracy\". Comparative Politics. 54 (3): 453–475. doi:10.5129/001041522X16240414667941. S2CID 238876290.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/cuny/cp/pre-prints/content-jcpo54301","url_text":"\"Political, Not Partisan: The Tunisian General Labor Union under Democracy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5129%2F001041522X16240414667941","url_text":"10.5129/001041522X16240414667941"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238876290","url_text":"238876290"}]},{"reference":"\"Tunisair workers to strike on Friday, union says\". Reuters. 2021-02-18. Retrieved 2021-03-09. The UGTT, Tunisia's most powerful organisation with more than a million members...","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/tunisia-tunisair-strike-idUSL8N2KO7D4","url_text":"\"Tunisair workers to strike on Friday, union says\""}]},{"reference":"Abbasi, Houcine. \"The national role of the Tunisian General Labour Union\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.arabstates.undp.org/content/dam/rbas/doc/Compendium%20English/Part%202/22%20Houcine%20Abassi%20EN.pdf","url_text":"\"The national role of the Tunisian General Labour Union\""}]},{"reference":"\"List of Affiliates\". International Trade Union Confederation. November 2019. Retrieved 8 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ituc-csi.org/list-of-ituc-affiliates","url_text":"\"List of Affiliates\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Trade_Union_Confederation","url_text":"International Trade Union Confederation"}]},{"reference":"\"الإتحاد العربي للنقابات\". Arab Trade Union Confederation. Retrieved 2021-03-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.arabtradeunion.org/About","url_text":"\"الإتحاد العربي للنقابات\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Nobel Peace Prize 2015\". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2015-10-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2015/press.html","url_text":"\"The Nobel Peace Prize 2015\""}]},{"reference":"ICTUR; et al., eds. (2005). Trade Unions of the World (6th ed.). London, UK: John Harper Publishing. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._J._Wallace | B. J. Wallace | ["1 Career","2 Personal","3 References","4 External links"] | American baseball player
Baseball player
B. J. WallacePitcherBorn: (1971-05-18) May 18, 1971 (age 53)Mobile, AlabamaBats: RightThrows: Left
Billy Lyle "B. J." Wallace, Jr. (born May 18, 1971) is a retired American professional baseball pitcher. He played college baseball for Mississippi State University and pitched for the United States national baseball team in the 1992 Summer Olympics, where he set an Olympic record for strikeouts in one game.
Wallace was selected in the first round of the 1992 Major League Baseball (MLB) Draft by the Montreal Expos. However, he retired in 1997 without reaching MLB.
Career
Wallace attended Robertsdale High School and later attended Monroe Academy in Monroeville, Alabama. Out of high school, the Boston Red Sox selected Wallace in the 20th round of the 1989 Major League Baseball Draft. He attended college rather than turn professional. Wallace attended Mississippi State University, where he played college baseball for the Mississippi State Bulldogs baseball team, competing in the Southeastern Conference (SEC) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association's (NCAA) Division I. There, he set a Mississippi State school record with 145 career strikeouts, besting the previous record set by Jeff Brantley. In 1991, he was named to the All-SEC's first team, and played collegiate summer baseball for the Anchorage Glacier Pilots of the Alaska Baseball League, a member league of the National Baseball Congress. He led the 1992 Bulldogs to the NCAA Mideast Regional tournament.
He participated in the 1992 Summer Olympics, as a member of the United States national baseball team. In a win over the Italian national team, Wallace recorded 14 strikeouts, setting an Olympic record. The United States finished fourth in the competition.
After the Olympics, Wallace was drafted by the Montreal Expos in the first round of the 1992 Major League Baseball Draft, with the third overall selection. He received a signing bonus of $550,000. Noted for their player development success, the Expos passed on Jeffrey Hammonds due to salary demands. The Expos' selection of Wallace was criticized as a "money" pick, as Wallace did not request as high a signing bonus as Hammonds or Derek Jeter, who remained available to the Expos when they chose Wallace.
Wallace played minor league baseball for the Expos. He pitched for the West Palm Beach Expos of the Class-A Advanced Florida State League (FSL) in 1993. He had an 11-8 win–loss record and 3.28 earned run average with 126 strikeouts in 137 innings pitched, and was named a midseason FSL All-Star. Heading into the 1994 season, Baseball America rated Wallace as the 94th best prospect in baseball. He was promoted to the Harrisburg Senators of the Class-AA Eastern League in 1994, but he struggled and was limited by injuries. He did not pitch during the 1995 season. The Philadelphia Phillies selected Wallace in the Rule 5 draft. He cleared waivers and signed a minor league contract with the Phillies for the 1996 season, pitching for the Clearwater Phillies of the FSL. The Red Sox signed Wallace as a free agent, but released him in spring training in 1997.
In 2003, he served as an assistant baseball coach at Gulf Shores High School, which reached the Class 4A state championship series.
Personal
Biography portalBaseball portal
Wallace and his wife, Amber Sheree McKenzie, have three children.
Wallace has had run ins with law enforcement. In 2003, Wallace was involved in a fatal car crash, which resulted in his being charged with driving under the influence of alcohol. Though his breathalyzer result was within the legal limit, police officers used their discretion in making the arrest. He was acquitted. In 2011, Wallace and his wife were arrested for the manufacturing of a controlled substance, possession of a controlled substance and possession of drug paraphernalia. The substance was reportedly methamphetamine.
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j David Ferrara, Press-Register. "Former Olympic baseball player charged with making meth near Loxley school | al.com". Blog.al.com. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
^ a b "First round Provides A Classic". The State. Columbia, South Carolina. May 23, 1992. p. 10C. Retrieved September 25, 2014. (subscription required)
^ "Florida Defeats LSU For SEC Championship". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. May 20, 1991. p. 8.C. Retrieved April 28, 2012. (subscription required)
^ "Anchorage Remains Unbeaten". Wichita Eagle. August 16, 1991. Retrieved September 25, 2014. (subscription required)
^ a b c d Kepner, Tyler (June 5, 2010). "Five Players Who Outranked Jeter, if Only Briefly". The New York Times. Retrieved April 24, 2012.
^ "Italy puts up little fight". The Kansas City Star. Associated Press. July 29, 1992. p. D7. Retrieved September 25, 2014. (subscription required)
^ Chass, Murray (May 31, 1992). "BASEBALL; Amateur Draft Presents A Different Challenge". The New York Times.
^ Lee, Victor (June 3, 1992). "Expos Deny That Picking Wallace Was Done For Reasons Of Economy". The Palm Beach Post. p. 3C. Retrieved April 28, 2012. (subscription required)
^ Tolley, Scott (July 2, 1993). "Expos' Wallace Remains 'Star-Crossed'". The Palm Beach Post. p. 5C. Retrieved April 28, 2012. (subscription required)
^ "West Palm Beach Has Four In Tonight's All-Star Game". The Palm Beach Post. June 26, 1993. p. 5C. Retrieved April 28, 2012. (subscription required)
^ "All-Time Top 100 Prospects". Baseball America. Retrieved April 23, 2012.
^ "Former Dogs on a Tough Road To Majors". Sun Herald. Biloxi, Mississippi. June 6, 1994. p. D4. Retrieved September 25, 2014. (subscription required)
^ "Numbers ..." The Rocky Mountain News. December 10, 1995. Retrieved April 28, 2012. (subscription required)
^ "Phillies Hoping Stocker Can Shake Off Spring Slump: The Young Shortstop Has Committed Seven Errors So Far, But GM Lee Thomas Isn't Throwing in the Towel Just Yet". The Philadelphia Inquirer. March 16, 1996. Retrieved September 25, 2014. (subscription required)
^ "Strikeout king charged with DUI in auto death case". Associated Press. June 19, 2003. Retrieved April 28, 2012. (subscription required)
^ "Former Olympic star in meth bust". FOX Sports. September 1, 2011. Retrieved September 25, 2014.
External links
Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference (Minors)
Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "B. J. Wallace". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on April 18, 2020.
vte1992 Major League Baseball draft first round selections
Phil Nevin
Paul Shuey
B. J. Wallace
Jeffrey Hammonds
Chad Mottola
Derek Jeter
Calvin Murray
Pete Janicki
Preston Wilson
Michael Tucker
Derek Wallace
Kenny Felder
Chad McConnell
Ron Villone
Sean Lowe
Rick Greene
Jim Pittsley
Chris Roberts
Shannon Stewart
Benji Grigsby
Jamie Arnold
Rick Helling
Jason Kendall
Eddie Pearson
Todd Steverson
Dan Serafini
John Burke
Charles Johnson
Jeff Schmidt
Jon Ward
Sherard Clinkscales
Ryan Luzinski
Shon Walker
Brandon Cromer
Johnny Damon
Michael Moore
Kendall Rhine
Gabby Martinez
vteMontreal Expos / Washington Nationals first-round draft picks
1968: None
1969: Moore
1970: Foote
1971: Holloway
1972: Goodman
1973: Roenicke
1974: Sorey
1975: Miles
1976: James
1977: Gullickson
1978: Franklin
1979: Wallach
1980: Francona
1981: Dilks
1982: None
1983: Stoll, Holman
1984: Caffrey, Charlton
1985: Incaviglia
1986: Dean
1987: DeShields, Kingwood
1988: Wainhouse
1989: Johnson
1990: Andrews, R. White, G. White, Spencer, Van Ryn, Robertson
1991: Floyd
1992: Wallace
1993: Schwab, Estrada
1994: Bocachica, Thurman
1995: Barrett
1996: Patterson
1997: Bridges, Stowe, Hodges, Hebson, Pittman, Tucker, Arthurs, Myers
1998: McKinley, Wilkerson
1999: Girdley
2000: Wayne
2001: Karp
2002: Everts
2003: Cordero
2004: Bray
2005: Zimmerman
2006: Marrero, Willems
2007: Detwiler, Smoker, Burgess
2008: Crow
2009: Strasburg, Storen
2010: Harper
2011: Rendon, Meyer, Goodwin
2012: Giolito
2013: None
2014: Fedde
2015: None
2016: Kieboom, Dunning
2017: Romero
2018: Denaburg
2019: Rutledge
2020: Cavalli
2021: House
2022: Green
2023: Crews | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"professional baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_baseball"},{"link_name":"pitcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcher"},{"link_name":"college baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_baseball"},{"link_name":"Mississippi State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_State_University"},{"link_name":"United States national baseball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_national_baseball_team"},{"link_name":"1992 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"strikeouts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikeout"},{"link_name":"1992 Major League Baseball (MLB) Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Major_League_Baseball_Draft"},{"link_name":"Montreal Expos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Expos"}],"text":"Baseball playerBilly Lyle \"B. J.\" Wallace, Jr. (born May 18, 1971) is a retired American professional baseball pitcher. He played college baseball for Mississippi State University and pitched for the United States national baseball team in the 1992 Summer Olympics, where he set an Olympic record for strikeouts in one game.Wallace was selected in the first round of the 1992 Major League Baseball (MLB) Draft by the Montreal Expos. However, he retired in 1997 without reaching MLB.","title":"B. J. 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Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Baseball_Congress"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brantley-2"},{"link_name":"1992 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"United States national baseball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_national_baseball_team"},{"link_name":"Italian national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_national_baseball_team"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-al-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kepner-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Montreal Expos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Expos"},{"link_name":"1992 Major League Baseball Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Major_League_Baseball_Draft"},{"link_name":"signing 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run average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earned_run_average"},{"link_name":"innings pitched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innings_pitched"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-al-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Baseball America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_America"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-top100-11"},{"link_name":"Harrisburg Senators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrisburg_Senators"},{"link_name":"Eastern League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_League_(1938%E2%80%932020)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-al-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kepner-5"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Phillies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies"},{"link_name":"Rule 5 draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_5_draft"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"waivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waivers_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Clearwater Phillies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clearwater_Phillies"},{"link_name":"spring training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_training"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-al-1"},{"link_name":"Gulf Shores High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Shores_High_School"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-al-1"}],"text":"Wallace attended Robertsdale High School and later attended Monroe Academy in Monroeville, Alabama. Out of high school, the Boston Red Sox selected Wallace in the 20th round of the 1989 Major League Baseball Draft. He attended college rather than turn professional. Wallace attended Mississippi State University, where he played college baseball for the Mississippi State Bulldogs baseball team, competing in the Southeastern Conference (SEC) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association's (NCAA) Division I. There, he set a Mississippi State school record with 145 career strikeouts,[1] besting the previous record set by Jeff Brantley.[2] In 1991, he was named to the All-SEC's first team,[3] and played collegiate summer baseball for the Anchorage Glacier Pilots of the Alaska Baseball League, a member league of the National Baseball Congress.[4] He led the 1992 Bulldogs to the NCAA Mideast Regional tournament.[2]He participated in the 1992 Summer Olympics, as a member of the United States national baseball team. In a win over the Italian national team, Wallace recorded 14 strikeouts, setting an Olympic record.[1][5][6] The United States finished fourth in the competition.After the Olympics, Wallace was drafted by the Montreal Expos in the first round of the 1992 Major League Baseball Draft, with the third overall selection. He received a signing bonus of $550,000.[5][1] Noted for their player development success,[5] the Expos passed on Jeffrey Hammonds due to salary demands.[7] The Expos' selection of Wallace was criticized as a \"money\" pick, as Wallace did not request as high a signing bonus as Hammonds or Derek Jeter, who remained available to the Expos when they chose Wallace.[8]Wallace played minor league baseball for the Expos. He pitched for the West Palm Beach Expos of the Class-A Advanced Florida State League (FSL) in 1993. He had an 11-8 win–loss record and 3.28 earned run average with 126 strikeouts in 137 innings pitched,[1] and was named a midseason FSL All-Star.[9][10] Heading into the 1994 season, Baseball America rated Wallace as the 94th best prospect in baseball.[11] He was promoted to the Harrisburg Senators of the Class-AA Eastern League in 1994, but he struggled and was limited by injuries.[1][5][12] He did not pitch during the 1995 season. The Philadelphia Phillies selected Wallace in the Rule 5 draft.[13] He cleared waivers and signed a minor league contract with the Phillies for the 1996 season,[14] pitching for the Clearwater Phillies of the FSL. The Red Sox signed Wallace as a free agent, but released him in spring training in 1997.[1]In 2003, he served as an assistant baseball coach at Gulf Shores High School, which reached the Class 4A state championship series.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"link_name":"Baseball portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Baseball"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-al-1"},{"link_name":"driving under the influence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"breathalyzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathalyzer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-al-1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"methamphetamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methamphetamine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-al-1"}],"text":"Biography portalBaseball portalWallace and his wife, Amber Sheree McKenzie, have three children.[1]Wallace has had run ins with law enforcement. In 2003, Wallace was involved in a fatal car crash, which resulted in his being charged with driving under the influence of alcohol.[15] Though his breathalyzer result was within the legal limit, police officers used their discretion in making the arrest. He was acquitted.[1] In 2011, Wallace and his wife were arrested for the manufacturing of a controlled substance, possession of a controlled substance and possession of drug paraphernalia.[16] The substance was reportedly methamphetamine.[1]","title":"Personal"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"David Ferrara, Press-Register. \"Former Olympic baseball player charged with making meth near Loxley school | al.com\". Blog.al.com. Retrieved April 28, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.al.com/live/2011/08/former_olympic_ballplayer_char.html","url_text":"\"Former Olympic baseball player charged with making meth near Loxley school | al.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"First round Provides A Classic\". The State. Columbia, South Carolina. May 23, 1992. p. 10C. Retrieved September 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CS&s_site=thestate&p_multi=CS&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0F0F8222757E0333&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM","url_text":"\"First round Provides A Classic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_State_(newspaper)","url_text":"The State"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina","url_text":"Columbia, South Carolina"}]},{"reference":"\"Florida Defeats LSU For SEC Championship\". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. May 20, 1991. p. 8.C. Retrieved April 28, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/sun_sentinel/access/87912946.html?dids=87912946:87912946&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=May+20%2C+1991&author=Staff+and+wire+reports&pub=South+Florida+Sun+-+Sentinel&desc=FLORIDA+DEFEATS+LSU+FOR+SEC+CHAMPIONSHIP&pqatl=google","url_text":"\"Florida Defeats LSU For SEC Championship\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anchorage Remains Unbeaten\". Wichita Eagle. August 16, 1991. Retrieved September 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=WE&s_site=kansas&p_multi=WE&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EADB477E5CFD112&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM","url_text":"\"Anchorage Remains Unbeaten\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wichita_Eagle","url_text":"Wichita Eagle"}]},{"reference":"Kepner, Tyler (June 5, 2010). \"Five Players Who Outranked Jeter, if Only Briefly\". The New York Times. Retrieved April 24, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/06/sports/baseball/06jeter.html?pagewanted=all","url_text":"\"Five Players Who Outranked Jeter, if Only Briefly\""}]},{"reference":"\"Italy puts up little fight\". The Kansas City Star. Associated Press. July 29, 1992. p. D7. Retrieved September 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=KC&p_theme=kc&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAF3DF9DCCA5160&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM","url_text":"\"Italy puts up little fight\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kansas_City_Star","url_text":"The Kansas City Star"}]},{"reference":"Chass, Murray (May 31, 1992). \"BASEBALL; Amateur Draft Presents A Different Challenge\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1992/05/31/sports/baseball-amateur-draft-presents-a-different-challenge.html","url_text":"\"BASEBALL; Amateur Draft Presents A Different Challenge\""}]},{"reference":"Lee, Victor (June 3, 1992). \"Expos Deny That Picking Wallace Was Done For Reasons Of Economy\". The Palm Beach Post. p. 3C. Retrieved April 28, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=PBPB&p_theme=pbpb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAF8543C3D2FAE3&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM","url_text":"\"Expos Deny That Picking Wallace Was Done For Reasons Of Economy\""}]},{"reference":"Tolley, Scott (July 2, 1993). \"Expos' Wallace Remains 'Star-Crossed'\". The Palm Beach Post. p. 5C. Retrieved April 28, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=PBPB&p_theme=pbpb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAF86270C037E96&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM","url_text":"\"Expos' Wallace Remains 'Star-Crossed'\""}]},{"reference":"\"West Palm Beach Has Four In Tonight's All-Star Game\". The Palm Beach Post. June 26, 1993. p. 5C. Retrieved April 28, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=PBPB&p_theme=pbpb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAF8625863941DE&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM","url_text":"\"West Palm Beach Has Four In Tonight's All-Star Game\""}]},{"reference":"\"All-Time Top 100 Prospects\". Baseball America. Retrieved April 23, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.baseballamerica.com/today/prospects/rankings/top-100-prospects/all-time.html","url_text":"\"All-Time Top 100 Prospects\""}]},{"reference":"\"Former Dogs on a Tough Road To Majors\". Sun Herald. Biloxi, Mississippi. June 6, 1994. p. D4. Retrieved September 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=BX&s_site=sunherald&p_multi=BX&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB622E8EB8A4230&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM","url_text":"\"Former Dogs on a Tough Road To Majors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Herald","url_text":"Sun Herald"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biloxi,_Mississippi","url_text":"Biloxi, Mississippi"}]},{"reference":"\"Numbers ...\" The Rocky Mountain News. December 10, 1995. Retrieved April 28, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=RM&p_theme=rm&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB4E41F5B3FF0F1&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM","url_text":"\"Numbers ...\""}]},{"reference":"\"Phillies Hoping Stocker Can Shake Off Spring Slump: The Young Shortstop Has Committed Seven Errors So Far, But GM Lee Thomas Isn't Throwing in the Towel Just Yet\". The Philadelphia Inquirer. March 16, 1996. 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Retrieved April 28, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NewsLibrary&p_multi=APAB&d_place=APAB&p_theme=newslibrary2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0FC15B92938EC8DD&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM","url_text":"\"Strikeout king charged with DUI in auto death case\""}]},{"reference":"\"Former Olympic star in meth bust\". FOX Sports. September 1, 2011. Retrieved September 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://msn.foxsports.com/olympics/story/BJ-Wallace-former-olympic-baseball-star-in-meth-bust-090111","url_text":"\"Former Olympic star in meth bust\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOX_Sports","url_text":"FOX Sports"}]},{"reference":"Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. \"B. J. Wallace\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Peveril_(1971) | MV Peveril (1971) | ["1 History","2 Footnotes"] | For other ships with the same name, see Peveril (disambiguation).
History
Name
MV Holmia
Feb 1973: ADS Meteor
Feb 1975: Penda
July 1980: NF Jaguar
1983: Peveril
Sept 2000: Caribbean Express
Jan 2003: Express
Owner
Feb 1973 International Chartering Cooperation, Singapore
1974: Meteor Reederei und Schiffsfahrts GmbH KG, Singapore
Feb 1975: P&O Ferries
Dec 1981: James Fisher and Sons Plc, Barrow
Dec 1992: Isle of Man Steam Packet Co., Douglas
Sept 2000: Marine Express Inc., Panama
Jan 2003: Cadre shipping, Phnom Pehn, Cambodia
Operator
Feb 1973: P&O Ferries
Jan 1980: Sealink
May 1981: Isle of Man Steam Packet Co., Douglas
16-24 Nov 1997: Irish Ferries Ltd, Dublin (charter)
Route
Feb 1973: Heysham - Belfast
Jan 1980: Stranraer - Larne
April 1980: Southampton - Le Havre
May 1981: Douglas - Heysham
Nov 1997: Rosslare - Pembroke
Jan-July 1998: Douglas - Heysham
BuilderKristiansand Mekaniske Verksted A/S, Kristiansand, Norway
Yard number216
Launched9 January 1971
Maiden voyage7 April 1971
IdentificationIMO number: 7105029
FateScrapped 2009
General characteristics
Tonnage
1,950 GRT (as built)
5,254 GT (remeasured)
Length106.31 metres (348.8 ft)
Beam16.04 metres (52.6 ft)
Draught4.95 metres (16.2 ft)
Installed power2x 8-cyl Pielstick diesel 6620 kW
Speed19 knots
Capacity56 trucks 51 cars; 12 passengers
MV Peveril was a ro-ro cargo ferry operated in the Irish Sea, initially by P&O Ferries and then Sealink. As NF Jaguar and then Peveril, between 1981 and 1998 she was operated by the Isle of Man Steam Packet Company from Douglas, Isle of Man.
History
Built in 1971 as MV Holmia by Kristiansands Mekaniske Verksted, Norway for Silja Line, Finland, she was operated as ADS Meteor
and then Pendaby by P&O Ferries between Heysham and Belfast from February 1973.
From May 1981, NF Jaguar (the NF denoting Normandy Ferries) was on bareboat charter to the Isle of Man Steam Packet Company operating between Douglas and Heysham in rivalry to the Manx Line, Manx Viking. The company purchased her in December 1982 and renamed her Peveril.
Competition from the rival Manx Line led to the financial collapse of the Isle of Man Steam Packet Company and its subsequent amalgamation with Sealink-Manx Line. From 1 April 1985, the main UK port was to move from Liverpool to Heysham, severing connections with Liverpool after 155 years. Twelve shore staff staged a sit-in at Liverpool trapping the Peveril. She was only released on 8 April after redundancy payments totalling almost a quarter of a million pounds were agreed, adding to the costs of withdrawing from Liverpool. She continued on the route until 10 July 1998.
In September 2000, she was sold to Marine Express Inc., Panama. As Caribbean Express, she left Birkenhead on 27 September. A few days, later she suffered an engine failure in the Bay of Biscay and required repair in Santander, Spain.
In 2002, she was detained in Sotchi, Russia.
Latterly under Cambodian flag, she was sold to Indian breakers and was scrapped in April 2009.
Footnotes
^ "ASD Meteor - IMO 7105029". Shipspotting. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
^ "ASD Meteor - IMO 7105029". Shipspotting. Retrieved 4 August 2013.
^ a b "M/S Holmia" (in Swedish). Fakta om Fartyg. Retrieved 4 August 2013.
^ a b "The Gathering Crisis". Mersey Ships. Archived from the original on 10 September 2013. Retrieved 4 August 2013.
^ "Information and analysis bulletin on ship demolition # 15" (PDF). Robin des Bois. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
^ "Peveril (7105029)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 14 June 2020.
vteIsle of Man Steam Packet Company shipsCurrent fleet
Ben-my-Chree (1998)
Manannan (1998)
Manxman (2023)
Former vessels (1830-99)
Mona's Isle (1830)
Mona (1832)
Queen of the Isle (1834)
King Orry (1842)
Ben-my-Chree (1845)
Tynwald (1846)
Mona's Queen (1852)
Douglas (1858)
Ellan Vannin1 (1860)
Snaefell (1863)
Douglas (1864)
Tynwald (1866)
King Orry (1871)
Ben-my-Chree (1875)
Snaefell (1876)
Mona (1878)
Fenella (1881)
Mona's Isle (1882)
Peveril (1884)
Mona's Queen (1885)
Prince of Wales (1887)
Queen Victoria (1887)
Douglas (1889)
Mona (1889)
Tynwald (1891)
Tyrconnel (1892)
Peel Castle (1894)
The Ramsey (1895)
Empress Queen (1897)
Rushen Castle (1898)
Former vessels (1900-98)
Menevia (1902)
Manxman (1904)
Ramsey Town (1904)
Mona's Isle (1905)
Viking (1905)
Snaefell (1906)
Mona (1907)
Victoria (1907)
Ben-my-Chree (1908)
Cushag (1908)
Manx Maid (1910)
Snaefell (1910)
King Orry (1913)
Conister (1921)
Ben-my-Chree (1927)
Peveril (1929)
Lady of Mann (1930)
Mona's Queen (1934)
Fenella (1936)
Tynwald (1937)
King Orry (1946)
Mona's Queen (1946)
Snaefell (1948)
Tynwald (1947)
Mona's Isle (1950)
Fenella (1951)
Manxman (1955)
Manx Maid (1962)
Peveril (1963)
Ramsey (1964)
Ben-my-Chree (1965)
Mona's Isle (1966)
Tynwald (1967)
King Orry (1972)
Mona's Queen (1972)
Peveril (1971)
Conister (1974)
Manx Viking (1974)
Stena Sailer2 (1974)
Lady of Mann (1976)
European Mariner2 (1978)
Belard (1979)
Merchant Brilliant2 (1979)
Stena Caledonia2 (1981)
River Lune2 (1983)
East Express2 (1984)
Phocine2 (1985)
Hoburgen2 (1986)
Hoverspeed Great Britain (1990)
Emeraude France2 (1990)
Snaefell (1991)
SeaCat Danmark (1992)
SeaCat Scotland (1992)
Rapide (1995)
Diamant2 (1996)
Viking (1997)
Helliar2 (1997)
Arrow2 (1998)
Express2 (1998)
SuperSeaCat Three (1998)
1 = New as Mona's Isle, 2 = Chartered | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peveril (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peveril_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Isle of Man Steam Packet Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Man_Steam_Packet_Company"},{"link_name":"Douglas, Isle of Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas,_Isle_of_Man"}],"text":"For other ships with the same name, see Peveril (disambiguation).MV Peveril was a ro-ro cargo ferry operated in the Irish Sea, initially by P&O Ferries and then Sealink. As NF Jaguar and then Peveril, between 1981 and 1998 she was operated by the Isle of Man Steam Packet Company from Douglas, Isle of Man.","title":"MV Peveril (1971)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kristiansands Mekaniske Verksted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kristiansands_Mekaniske_Verksted&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Silja Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silja_Line"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"P&O Ferries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%26O_Ferries"},{"link_name":"Heysham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heysham"},{"link_name":"Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fartyg-3"},{"link_name":"Isle of Man Steam Packet Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Man_Steam_Packet_Company"},{"link_name":"Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas,_Isle_of_Man"},{"link_name":"Heysham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heysham"},{"link_name":"Manx Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manx_Line"},{"link_name":"Manx Viking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Manx_Viking"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mess-4"},{"link_name":"Manx Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manx_Line"},{"link_name":"Isle of Man Steam Packet Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Man_Steam_Packet_Company"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mess-4"},{"link_name":"Birkenhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkenhead"},{"link_name":"Bay of Biscay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay"},{"link_name":"Santander, Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santander,_Spain"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fartyg-3"},{"link_name":"Sotchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotchi"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Built in 1971 as MV Holmia by Kristiansands Mekaniske Verksted, Norway for Silja Line, Finland,[2] she was operated as ADS Meteor\nand then Pendaby by P&O Ferries between Heysham and Belfast from February 1973.[3]From May 1981, NF Jaguar (the NF denoting Normandy Ferries) was on bareboat charter to the Isle of Man Steam Packet Company operating between Douglas and Heysham in rivalry to the Manx Line, Manx Viking. The company purchased her in December 1982 and renamed her Peveril.[4]Competition from the rival Manx Line led to the financial collapse of the Isle of Man Steam Packet Company and its subsequent amalgamation with Sealink-Manx Line. From 1 April 1985, the main UK port was to move from Liverpool to Heysham, severing connections with Liverpool after 155 years. Twelve shore staff staged a sit-in at Liverpool trapping the Peveril. She was only released on 8 April after redundancy payments totalling almost a quarter of a million pounds were agreed, adding to the costs of withdrawing from Liverpool.[4] She continued on the route until 10 July 1998.In September 2000, she was sold to Marine Express Inc., Panama. As Caribbean Express, she left Birkenhead on 27 September. A few days, later she suffered an engine failure in the Bay of Biscay and required repair in Santander, Spain.[3]In 2002, she was detained in Sotchi, Russia.[5]Latterly under Cambodian flag, she was sold to Indian breakers and was scrapped in April 2009.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"ASD Meteor - IMO 7105029\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.shipspotting.com/gallery/photo.php?lid=351038"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"ASD Meteor - IMO 7105029\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.shipspotting.com/gallery/photo.php?lid=351038"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fartyg_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fartyg_3-1"},{"link_name":"\"M/S Holmia\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.faktaomfartyg.se/holmia_1971.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-mess_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-mess_4-1"},{"link_name":"\"The Gathering Crisis\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130910191127/http://www.merseyships.org/this_sorry_mess_2._the_gathering_crisis.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.merseyships.org/this_sorry_mess_2._the_gathering_crisis.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Information and analysis bulletin on ship demolition # 15\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.robindesbois.org/english/shipbreaking15.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Peveril (7105029)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.miramarshipindex.nz/ship/7105029"},{"link_name":"Miramar Ship Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Miramar"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Steam_Packet_Ships"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Steam_Packet_Ships"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Steam_Packet_Ships"},{"link_name":"Isle of Man Steam Packet Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Man_Steam_Packet_Company"},{"link_name":"Ben-my-Chree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS_Ben-my-Chree"},{"link_name":"Manannan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSC_Manannan"},{"link_name":"Manxman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Manxman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ben-my-chree_april_2010.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hsc_manannan.png"},{"link_name":"Mona's Isle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Mona%27s_Isle_(1830)"},{"link_name":"Mona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Mona_(1832)"},{"link_name":"Queen of the Isle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Queen_of_the_Isle"},{"link_name":"King Orry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_King_Orry_(1842)"},{"link_name":"Ben-my-Chree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Ben-my-Chree_(1845)"},{"link_name":"Tynwald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Tynwald_(1846)"},{"link_name":"Mona's Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Mona%27s_Queen_(1852)"},{"link_name":"Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Gettysburg_(1858)"},{"link_name":"Ellan Vannin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Ellan_Vannin_(1860)"},{"link_name":"Snaefell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Snaefell_(1863)"},{"link_name":"Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Douglas_(1864)"},{"link_name":"Tynwald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Tynwald_(1866)"},{"link_name":"King Orry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_King_Orry_(1871)"},{"link_name":"Ben-my-Chree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Ben-my-Chree_(1875)"},{"link_name":"Snaefell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Snaefell_(1876)"},{"link_name":"Mona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Mona_(1878)"},{"link_name":"Fenella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Fenella_(1881)"},{"link_name":"Mona's Isle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Mona%27s_Isle_(1882)"},{"link_name":"Peveril","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Peveril_(1884)"},{"link_name":"Mona's Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Mona%27s_Queen_(1885)"},{"link_name":"Prince of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Prince_of_Wales_(1887)"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Queen_Victoria_(1887)"},{"link_name":"Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Douglas_(1889)"},{"link_name":"Mona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Mona_(1889)"},{"link_name":"Tynwald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Tynwald_(1891)"},{"link_name":"Tyrconnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Tyrconnel_(1892)"},{"link_name":"Peel Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Peel_Castle"},{"link_name":"The Ramsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Duke_of_Lancaster_(1895)"},{"link_name":"Empress Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Empress_Queen"},{"link_name":"Rushen Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Rushen_Castle"},{"link_name":"Menevia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSS_Scotia_(1902)"},{"link_name":"Manxman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSS_Manxman_(1904)"},{"link_name":"Ramsey Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Ramsey_Town"},{"link_name":"Mona's Isle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Mona%27s_Isle_(1905)"},{"link_name":"Viking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Vindex_(1915)"},{"link_name":"Snaefell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Snaefell_(1906)"},{"link_name":"Mona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Mona_(1907)"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Victoria_(1907)"},{"link_name":"Ben-my-Chree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Ben-my-Chree"},{"link_name":"Cushag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Cushag"},{"link_name":"Manx Maid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSS_Manx_Maid_(1910)"},{"link_name":"Snaefell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Snaefell_(1910)"},{"link_name":"King Orry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_King_Orry_(1913)"},{"link_name":"Conister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Conister"},{"link_name":"Ben-my-Chree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Ben-my-Chree_(1927)"},{"link_name":"Peveril","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Peveril_(1929)"},{"link_name":"Lady of Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Lady_of_Mann"},{"link_name":"Mona's Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Mona%27s_Queen_(1934)"},{"link_name":"Fenella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Fenella_(1936)"},{"link_name":"Tynwald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Tynwald_(1936)"},{"link_name":"King Orry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_King_Orry_(1946)"},{"link_name":"Mona's Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Mona%27s_Queen_(1946)"},{"link_name":"Snaefell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Snaefell_(1948)"},{"link_name":"Tynwald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Tynwald_(1947)"},{"link_name":"Mona's Isle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Mona%27s_Isle_(1950)"},{"link_name":"Fenella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Fenella_(1951)"},{"link_name":"Manxman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSS_Manxman_(1955)"},{"link_name":"Manx Maid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSS_Manx_Maid_(1962)"},{"link_name":"Peveril","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Peveril_(1963)"},{"link_name":"Ramsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Ramsey"},{"link_name":"Ben-my-Chree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Ben-my-Chree_(1965)"},{"link_name":"Mona's Isle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Free_Enterprise_(1966)"},{"link_name":"Tynwald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Tynwald_(1967)"},{"link_name":"King Orry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Moby_Love"},{"link_name":"Mona's Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Mona%27s_Queen_(1971)"},{"link_name":"Peveril","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Conister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Conister"},{"link_name":"Manx Viking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Manx_Viking"},{"link_name":"Stena Sailer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MV_Stena_Sailer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lady of Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS_Lady_of_Mann"},{"link_name":"European Mariner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS_European_Mariner"},{"link_name":"Belard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Muirneag"},{"link_name":"Merchant Brilliant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS_Iosif_K"},{"link_name":"Stena Caledonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS_Port_Link"},{"link_name":"River Lune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MV_Hansaland&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"East Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MV_East_Express&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Phocine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS_Phocine"},{"link_name":"Hoburgen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MV_Hoburgen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hoverspeed Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSC_Sea_Runner"},{"link_name":"Emeraude France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSC_Sea_Speed_Jet"},{"link_name":"Snaefell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSC_Caldera_Vista"},{"link_name":"SeaCat Danmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HSC_Golden_Blaze&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"SeaCat Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSC_Cyclades_Express"},{"link_name":"Rapide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSC_Jaume_II"},{"link_name":"Diamant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HSC_Jaume_III&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Viking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSC_Hellenic_Highspeed"},{"link_name":"Helliar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS_Helliar"},{"link_name":"Arrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS_Arrow"},{"link_name":"Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSC_Superexpress"},{"link_name":"SuperSeaCat Three","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSC_Speedrunner_III"}],"text":"^ \"ASD Meteor - IMO 7105029\". Shipspotting. Retrieved 10 October 2020.\n\n^ \"ASD Meteor - IMO 7105029\". Shipspotting. Retrieved 4 August 2013.\n\n^ a b \"M/S Holmia\" (in Swedish). Fakta om Fartyg. Retrieved 4 August 2013.\n\n^ a b \"The Gathering Crisis\". Mersey Ships. Archived from the original on 10 September 2013. Retrieved 4 August 2013.\n\n^ \"Information and analysis bulletin on ship demolition # 15\" (PDF). Robin des Bois. Retrieved 6 August 2013.\n\n^ \"Peveril (7105029)\". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 14 June 2020.vteIsle of Man Steam Packet Company shipsCurrent fleet\nBen-my-Chree (1998)\nManannan (1998)\nManxman (2023)\nFormer vessels (1830-99)\nMona's Isle (1830)\nMona (1832)\nQueen of the Isle (1834)\nKing Orry (1842)\nBen-my-Chree (1845)\nTynwald (1846)\nMona's Queen (1852)\nDouglas (1858)\nEllan Vannin1 (1860)\nSnaefell (1863)\nDouglas (1864)\nTynwald (1866)\nKing Orry (1871)\nBen-my-Chree (1875)\nSnaefell (1876)\nMona (1878)\nFenella (1881)\nMona's Isle (1882)\nPeveril (1884)\nMona's Queen (1885)\nPrince of Wales (1887)\nQueen Victoria (1887)\nDouglas (1889)\nMona (1889)\nTynwald (1891)\nTyrconnel (1892)\nPeel Castle (1894)\nThe Ramsey (1895)\nEmpress Queen (1897)\nRushen Castle (1898)\nFormer vessels (1900-98)\nMenevia (1902)\nManxman (1904)\nRamsey Town (1904)\nMona's Isle (1905)\nViking (1905)\nSnaefell (1906)\nMona (1907)\nVictoria (1907)\nBen-my-Chree (1908)\nCushag (1908)\nManx Maid (1910)\nSnaefell (1910)\nKing Orry (1913)\nConister (1921)\nBen-my-Chree (1927)\nPeveril (1929)\nLady of Mann (1930)\nMona's Queen (1934)\nFenella (1936)\nTynwald (1937)\nKing Orry (1946)\nMona's Queen (1946)\nSnaefell (1948)\nTynwald (1947)\nMona's Isle (1950)\nFenella (1951)\nManxman (1955)\nManx Maid (1962)\nPeveril (1963)\nRamsey (1964)\nBen-my-Chree (1965)\nMona's Isle (1966)\nTynwald (1967)\nKing Orry (1972)\nMona's Queen (1972)\nPeveril (1971)\nConister (1974)\nManx Viking (1974)\nStena Sailer2 (1974)\nLady of Mann (1976)\nEuropean Mariner2 (1978)\nBelard (1979)\nMerchant Brilliant2 (1979)\nStena Caledonia2 (1981)\nRiver Lune2 (1983)\nEast Express2 (1984)\nPhocine2 (1985)\nHoburgen2 (1986)\nHoverspeed Great Britain (1990)\nEmeraude France2 (1990)\nSnaefell (1991)\nSeaCat Danmark (1992)\nSeaCat Scotland (1992)\nRapide (1995)\nDiamant2 (1996)\nViking (1997)\nHelliar2 (1997)\nArrow2 (1998)\nExpress2 (1998)\nSuperSeaCat Three (1998)\n1 = New as Mona's Isle, 2 = Chartered","title":"Footnotes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"ASD Meteor - IMO 7105029\". Shipspotting. Retrieved 10 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.shipspotting.com/gallery/photo.php?lid=351038","url_text":"\"ASD Meteor - IMO 7105029\""}]},{"reference":"\"ASD Meteor - IMO 7105029\". Shipspotting. Retrieved 4 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.shipspotting.com/gallery/photo.php?lid=351038","url_text":"\"ASD Meteor - IMO 7105029\""}]},{"reference":"\"M/S Holmia\" (in Swedish). Fakta om Fartyg. Retrieved 4 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.faktaomfartyg.se/holmia_1971.htm","url_text":"\"M/S Holmia\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Gathering Crisis\". Mersey Ships. Archived from the original on 10 September 2013. Retrieved 4 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130910191127/http://www.merseyships.org/this_sorry_mess_2._the_gathering_crisis.html","url_text":"\"The Gathering Crisis\""},{"url":"http://www.merseyships.org/this_sorry_mess_2._the_gathering_crisis.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Information and analysis bulletin on ship demolition # 15\" (PDF). Robin des Bois. Retrieved 6 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.robindesbois.org/english/shipbreaking15.pdf","url_text":"\"Information and analysis bulletin on ship demolition # 15\""}]},{"reference":"\"Peveril (7105029)\". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 14 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.miramarshipindex.nz/ship/7105029","url_text":"\"Peveril (7105029)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Miramar","url_text":"Miramar Ship Index"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.marinetraffic.com/ais/details/ships/imo:7105029","external_links_name":"7105029"},{"Link":"http://www.shipspotting.com/gallery/photo.php?lid=351038","external_links_name":"\"ASD Meteor - IMO 7105029\""},{"Link":"http://www.shipspotting.com/gallery/photo.php?lid=351038","external_links_name":"\"ASD Meteor - IMO 7105029\""},{"Link":"http://www.faktaomfartyg.se/holmia_1971.htm","external_links_name":"\"M/S Holmia\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130910191127/http://www.merseyships.org/this_sorry_mess_2._the_gathering_crisis.html","external_links_name":"\"The Gathering Crisis\""},{"Link":"http://www.merseyships.org/this_sorry_mess_2._the_gathering_crisis.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.robindesbois.org/english/shipbreaking15.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Information and analysis bulletin on ship demolition # 15\""},{"Link":"https://www.miramarshipindex.nz/ship/7105029","external_links_name":"\"Peveril (7105029)\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC_5502 | NGC 5502 | ["1 Observation history","2 Notes","3 References"] | Coordinates: 14h 09m 33.9s, +60° 24′ 34.3″Galaxy within the constellation Ursa Major
NGC 5502SDSS image of NGC 5502Observation data (J2000 epoch)ConstellationUrsa MajorRight ascension14h 09m 33.9sDeclination+60° 24′ 34.3″Redshift0.02940Heliocentric radial velocity8684 km/sGalactocentric velocity8949 km/sDistance400 ± 28 Mly(122.6 ± 8.6 Mpc)Apparent magnitude (V)15.9Absolute magnitude (V)-19.5CharacteristicsTypeSa DApparent size (V)0.63' x 0.29'Other designationsMCG +10-20-077, PGC 50508
NGC 5502 (also known as NGC 5503) is a spiral galaxy in the constellation of Ursa Major, registered in New General Catalogue (NGC).
Observation history
NGC 5502 was discovered by Edward Swift (father) on 9 May 1885 and later double listed by Lewis Swift (son) two days later on 11 May 1885 as NGC 5503. They gave descriptions "between two stars, one a wide double" and "forms with two stars a right triangle" respectively. In the New General Catalogue, John Louis Emil Dreyer described the galaxy as "most extremely faint, very small, round, very difficult, 2 stars near". The apparent difference in positions (2 arcmin) could have caused the confusions between NGC 5502 and NGC 5503.
Notes
^ Calculated from Galactocentric GSR Distance modulus
References
^ a b c d e f "NGC 5502". SIMBAD. Archived from the original on 29 November 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
^ a b c d e f "Results for object NGC 5502". NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
^ a b c d e Seligman, Courtney. "NGC 5502 (= PGC 50508 = NGC 5503)". Seligman website. Retrieved 5 December 2022.
^ a b "NGC 5502". Deep Sky Observer's Companion – the online database. Archived from the original on 11 March 2016. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
vteAstronomical catalogsNGC
NGC 5497
NGC 5498
NGC 5499
NGC 5500
NGC 5501
NGC 5502
NGC 5503
NGC 5504
NGC 5505
NGC 5506
NGC 5507
PGC
PGC 50504
PGC 50505
PGC 50506
PGC 50507
PGC 50508
PGC 50509
PGC 50510
PGC 50511
PGC 50512
vteNew General Catalogue 5500 to 5999
5500
5501
5502
5503
5504
5505
5506
5507
5508
5509
5510
5511
5512
5513
5514
5515
5516
5517
5518
5519
5520
5521
5522
5523
5524
5525
5526
5527
5528
5529
5530
5531
5532
5533
5534
5535
5536
5537
5538
5539
5540
5541
5542
5543
5544
5545
5546
5547
5548
5549
5550
5551
5552
5553
5554
5555
5556
5557
5558
5559
5560
5561
5562
5563
5564
5565
5566
5567
5568
5569
5570
5571
5572
5573
5574
5575
5576
5577
5578
5579
5580
5581
5582
5583
5584
5585
5586
5587
5588
5589
5590
5591
5592
5593
5594
5595
5596
5597
5598
5599
5600
5601
5602
5603
5604
5605
5606
5607
5608
5609
5610
5611
5612
5613
5614
5615
5616
5617
5618
5619
5620
5621
5622
5623
5624
5625
5626
5627
5628
5629
5630
5631
5632
5633
5634
5635
5636
5637
5638
5639
5640
5641
5642
5643
5644
5645
5646
5647
5648
5649
5650
5651
5652
5653
5654
5655
5656
5657
5658
5659
5660
5661
5662
5663
5664
5665
5666
5667
5668
5669
5670
5671
5672
5673
5674
5675
5676
5677
5678
5679
5680
5681
5682
5683
5684
5685
5686
5687
5688
5689
5690
5691
5692
5693
5694
5695
5696
5697
5698
5699
5700
5701
5702
5703
5704
5705
5706
5707
5708
5709
5710
5711
5712
5713
5714
5715
5716
5717
5718
5719
5720
5721
5722
5723
5724
5725
5726
5727
5728
5729
5730
5731
5732
5733
5734
5735
5736
5737
5738
5739
5740
5741
5742
5743
5744
5745
5746
5747
5748
5749
5750
5751
5752
5753
5754
5755
5756
5757
5758
5759
5760
5761
5762
5763
5764
5765
5766
5767
5768
5769
5770
5771
5772
5773
5774
5775
5776
5777
5778
5779
5780
5781
5782
5783
5784
5785
5786
5787
5788
5789
5790
5791
5792
5793
5794
5795
5796
5797
5798
5799
5800
5801
5802
5803
5804
5805
5806
5807
5808
5809
5810
5811
5812
5813
5814
5815
5816
5817
5818
5819
5820
5821
5822
5823
5824
5825
5826
5827
5828
5829
5830
5831
5832
5833
5834
5835
5836
5837
5838
5839
5840
5841
5842
5843
5844
5845
5846
5847
5848
5849
5850
5851
5852
5853
5854
5855
5856
5857
5858
5859
5860
5861
5862
5863
5864
5865
5866
5867
5868
5869
5870
5871
5872
5873
5874
5875
5876
5877
5878
5879
5880
5881
5882
5883
5884
5885
5886
5887
5888
5889
5890
5891
5892
5893
5894
5895
5896
5897
5898
5899
5900
5901
5902
5903
5904
5905
5906
5907
5908
5909
5910
5911
5912
5913
5914
5915
5916
5917
5918
5919
5920
5921
5922
5923
5924
5925
5926
5927
5928
5929
5930
5931
5932
5933
5934
5935
5936
5937
5938
5939
5940
5941
5942
5943
5944
5945
5946
5947
5948
5949
5950
5951
5952
5953
5954
5955
5956
5957
5958
5959
5960
5961
5962
5963
5964
5965
5966
5967
5968
5969
5970
5971
5972
5973
5974
5975
5976
5977
5978
5979
5980
5981
5982
5983
5984
5985
5986
5987
5988
5989
5990
5991
5992
5993
5994
5995
5996
5997
5998
5999
Astronomical catalog
List of NGC objects
vteConstellation of Ursa MajorStarsBayer
α (Dubhe)
β (Merak)
γ (Phecda)
δ (Megrez)
ε (Alioth)
ζ (Mizar)
η (Alkaid)
θ
ι (Talitha)
κ (Alkaphrah)
λ (Tania Borealis)
μ (Tania Australis)
ν (Alula Borealis)
ξ (Alula Australis)
ο (Muscida)
π1
π2
ρ
σ1
σ2
τ
υ
φ
χ (Taiyangshou)
ψ
ω
Flamsteed
2 (A)
5 (b)
6
15 (f)
16 (c)
17
18 (e)
19
20
21
22
23 (h)
24 (d)
26
27
28
31
32
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
46
47 (Chalawan)
49
51
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
65
66
67
68
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
78
80 (Alcor)
81
82
83
84
86
55 Cam
56 Cam
57 Cam
1 CVn
14 LMi
15 LMi
25 LMi
47 LMi
37 Lyn
39 Lyn
41 Lyn (Intercrus)
Variable
R
T
U
W
Z
RV
ST
SU
SW
SX
TU
TX
TY
UX
UY
VV
VX
VY
XY
ZZ
AA
AB
AE
AN
AR
AW
BC
BE
BM
BZ
CG
CH
CO
CQ
CY
DH
DI
DM
DV
DW
EE
EG
EI
EK
EN
EP
ER
ET
EU
EV
EZ
IY
KS
HR
3922
4067
4098
4132
4867
5148
HD
68988 (Násti)
74389
80606
80607
84406
98618
99706
118203 (Liesma)
233731
Other
ADS 7251
Feige 55
G 196-3
Gliese 338
Gliese 412
Gliese 414
GJ 3512
Groombridge 1618
Groombridge 1830
HAT-P-3 (Dombay)
HAT-P-13
HAT-P-21 (Mazaalai)
HIP 57050
HIP 57274
KELT-24
Lalande 21185
M82 X-1
M82 X-2
Qatar-8
Sidus Ludoviciana
UGC 5497
US 708
Winnecke 4
WISE 1405+5534
XTE J1118+480
Exoplanets
47 Ursae Majoris b (Taphao Thong)
c (Taphao Kaew)
d
ο Ursae Majoris b
41 Lyncis b (Arkas)
Gliese 414 Ab
c
HAT-P-3b (Teberda)
HD 80606 b
HD 89744 b
KELT-24b
Nebulae
Owl Nebula
GalaxiesMessier
81 (Bode's Galaxy)
82 (Cigar Galaxy)
101 (Pinwheel Galaxy)
108
109
NGC
2603
2606
2681
2685
2688
2768
2787
2800
2814
2841
2857
2950
2959
2976
2985
2998
3005
3006
3008
3009
3073
3077
3079
3184
3191
3198
3259
3310
3319
3353
3359
3435
3445
3448
3516
3539
3545B
3550
3552
3553
3554
3358
3561
3583
3610
3613
3619
3631
3642
3656
3665
3669
3675
3690
3718
3726
3729
3738
3741
3786
3794
3877
3893
3898
3921
3928
3938
3941
3945
3949
3953
3972
3982
3985
3994
3995
3998
4013
4026
4036
4041
4051
4088
4096
4100
4102
4144
4157
4194
4500
4605
5001
5164
5201
5204
5256
5278
5279
5308
5322
5422
5473
5474
5477
5502
5585
Other
2MASX J09175344+5143379
3C 219
3C 244.1
3C 268.3
CEERS-2112
Haro 2
Holmberg IX
I Zwicky 18
IC 923
IC 2574
IRAS F11119+3257
LEDA 2073461
Markarian 231
Markarian 273
Markarian 421
Mayall's Object
SDSS J1148+5251
UGC 4879
UGC 5101
UGC 6945
UGC 8335
UGC 8508
Ursa Major III
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coordinates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_coordinate_system"},{"link_name":"14h 09m 33.9s, +60° 24′ 34.3″","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.wikisky.org/?ra=14.159416666667&de=60.409527777778&zoom=6&show_grid=1&show_constellation_lines=1&show_constellation_boundaries=1&show_const_names=1&show_galaxies=1&img_source=IMG_all"},{"link_name":"spiral galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiral_galaxy"},{"link_name":"Ursa Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursa_Major"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seligman-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOCdb-5"},{"link_name":"New General Catalogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_General_Catalogue"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SIMBAD-1"}],"text":"Coordinates: 14h 09m 33.9s, +60° 24′ 34.3″Galaxy within the constellation Ursa MajorNGC 5502 (also known as NGC 5503) is a spiral galaxy in the constellation of Ursa Major,[3][4] registered in New General Catalogue (NGC).[1]","title":"NGC 5502"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seligman-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOCdb-5"},{"link_name":"John Louis Emil Dreyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Louis_Emil_Dreyer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seligman-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seligman-4"}],"text":"NGC 5502 was discovered by Edward Swift (father) on 9 May 1885 and later double listed by Lewis Swift (son) two days later on 11 May 1885 as NGC 5503.[3] They gave descriptions \"between two stars, one a wide double\" and \"forms with two stars a right triangle\" respectively.[4] In the New General Catalogue, John Louis Emil Dreyer described the galaxy as \"most extremely faint, very small, round, very difficult, 2 stars near\".[3] The apparent difference in positions (2 arcmin) could have caused the confusions between NGC 5502 and NGC 5503.[3]","title":"Observation history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NASA/IPAC-2"}],"text":"^ Calculated from Galactocentric GSR Distance modulus[2]","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"NGC 5502\". SIMBAD. Archived from the original on 29 November 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221129160821/http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=NGC%205502","url_text":"\"NGC 5502\""},{"url":"http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=NGC%205502","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Results for object NGC 5502\". NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database. Retrieved 4 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/objsearch?objname=NGC+5502&extend=no&hconst=73&omegam=0.27&omegav=0.73&corr_z=1&out_csys=Equatorial&out_equinox=J2000.0&obj_sort=RA+or+Longitude&of=pre_text&zv_breaker=30000.0&list_limit=5&img_stamp=YES#ObjNo1","url_text":"\"Results for object NGC 5502\""}]},{"reference":"Seligman, Courtney. \"NGC 5502 (= PGC 50508 = NGC 5503)\". Seligman website. Retrieved 5 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://cseligman.com/text/atlas/ngc55.htm","url_text":"\"NGC 5502 (= PGC 50508 = NGC 5503)\""}]},{"reference":"\"NGC 5502\". Deep Sky Observer's Companion – the online database. Archived from the original on 11 March 2016. Retrieved 6 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160311093007/https://www.docdb.net/show_object.php?id=ngc_5502","url_text":"\"NGC 5502\""},{"url":"https://www.docdb.net/show_object.php?id=ngc_5502","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.wikisky.org/?ra=14.159416666667&de=60.409527777778&zoom=6&show_grid=1&show_constellation_lines=1&show_constellation_boundaries=1&show_const_names=1&show_galaxies=1&img_source=IMG_all","external_links_name":"14h 09m 33.9s, +60° 24′ 34.3″"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221129160821/http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=NGC%205502","external_links_name":"\"NGC 5502\""},{"Link":"http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=NGC%205502","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/objsearch?objname=NGC+5502&extend=no&hconst=73&omegam=0.27&omegav=0.73&corr_z=1&out_csys=Equatorial&out_equinox=J2000.0&obj_sort=RA+or+Longitude&of=pre_text&zv_breaker=30000.0&list_limit=5&img_stamp=YES#ObjNo1","external_links_name":"\"Results for object NGC 5502\""},{"Link":"https://cseligman.com/text/atlas/ngc55.htm","external_links_name":"\"NGC 5502 (= PGC 50508 = NGC 5503)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160311093007/https://www.docdb.net/show_object.php?id=ngc_5502","external_links_name":"\"NGC 5502\""},{"Link":"https://www.docdb.net/show_object.php?id=ngc_5502","external_links_name":"the original"}] |
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