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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laird_LC-B300	Laird LC-B	["1 Design and development","2 Operational history","3 Variants","4 Specifications (LC-B300)","5 References"]	Laird LC-B in 1927 Role Two passenger civil transportType of aircraft National origin United States Manufacturer E. M. Laird Airplane Company First flight 1925 Number built about 35 The Laird LC-B was a three seat, single-engined biplane, built for private owners in the U.S. in the late 1920s and offering a variety of engines. About 35 had been built before production ceased in the mid-1930s. Two have been restored to flight. Design and development Laird LC-1B300 after conversion to a sprayer in 1952. Extensive modifications were made to the rudder, fin, and cockpits, and a Lycoming R-680 had been installed in place of the Wright. Many Laird aircraft were designated as LC (Laird Commercial). This was followed by an airframe code, B in this case, and an engine code. In the case of the LC-B the latter was the engine power; later types had a single letter code such as W for Wasp. All LC-B variants were unequal span single bay biplanes which seated three in two open cockpits. Though some sources suggest the wing dimensions varied between models, detailed contemporary reports of current models in 1927 and 1931 show no difference in spans, and lengths that depend only slightly on engine type. The LB-Bs had wings of rectangular plan out to rounded tips, built around twin spruce box spars, plywood and spruce ribs and fabric-covered. They were single bay biplanes, their wings braced together with only slight stagger by a pair of parallel interplane struts on each side. Outward-leaning, N-form cabane struts joined the fuselage to the upper wing centre section. Ailerons were fitted to both upper and lower wings and externally interconnected. There were long, near-rectangular cut-outs in the upper wings to improve the field of view from the pilot's cockpit. The principal difference between the LC-B subtypes was the engine fitted. The earliest models were mostly fitted with 200–220 hp (150–160 kW) Wright J-4/5 Whirlwinds, though Curtiss radial engines could also be used. By 1930, most had either the Wright J-5 300 hp (220 kW) or the Wright J-6. Behind the engine the fuselage had a dural tube structure and was fabric-covered. The two passengers sat side-by-side under the upper wing in an easily accessed open cockpit. Tail surfaces were also fabric-covered and, with the exception of the wooden-framed tailplane, had steel structures. All the rear surfaces were full and rounded, apart from the tailplane's straight leading edge. The rudder was balanced. The LC-Bs had fixed, split axle, conventional landing gear. The main legs, with rubber cord shock absorbers, and drag struts were mounted on the lower fuselage longerons. Wheel brakes were fitted on 1930s variants at least. The axles joined on a short frame just below the fuselage underside. A long tailskid extended from the extreme fuselage. Operational history The year of the first flight of the LC-B is variously given as 1924 or 1925. 11 of the 1925 LC-B series were built, one setting a record for the number of inside loops flown continuously (1,073). The pilot was Charles "Speed" Holman. Two LC-Rs with 220 hp (160 kW) J-5 Whirlwind engines were built in 1928. They were single seat racers, one competing in the 1930 Nationals. Less than ten further aircraft were built in the 1930-1 batch and a further 11 of the wider LC-1Bs in 1935 ended LC-B production at a total of less than 34. Others have it as 36. Most of these were registered in the U.S. but four LB-200s went to Canada. After World War II one LC-1B300, N10402, was operated as a crop sprayer. Carefully restored, it still flies, owned by the Western Antique Aeroplane & Automobile Museum. In 2011 an airworthy LC-B200, NC6906, was in the Howie Collection in Decatur, Illinois. CF-APY, a B200, was flying until at least 2008 but has been on display since 2014 or earlier at the Reynolds Alberta Museum. Variants Data from Aerofiles:Laird LC-B 1925. 200–450 hp (150–340 kW) Wright Whirlwind or lower power Curtiss engines. Dimensions as LC-B. 11 built. LC-R 1928. 220 hp (160 kW) Wright J-5 Whirlwind engine. 2 built. LC-1B285 1930. Wright J-6 Whirlwind engine. LC-1B285 1930. Wright J-6 Whirlwind engine. LC-B300 1930. 300 hp (220 kW) Wright J-6 Whirlwind engine. LC-1B300 1930. De-luxe B300, with NACA cowling. LC-B200 1931. 220 hp (160 kW) Wright J-5 Whirlwind engine. LC-1B200 1931. De-luxe B200, with NACA cowling. LC-1B 1935. Wider fuselage than other LC-Bs. 11 built. Specifications (LC-B300) Data from Aero Digest (April 1931)General characteristics Crew: one Capacity: two passengers Length: 23 ft 9 in (7.24 m) Upper wingspan: 34 ft (10 m) Lower wingspan: 30 ft (9.1 m) Height: 9 ft 3 in (2.82 m) Wing area: 295 sq ft (27.4 m2) Empty weight: 1,930 lb (875 kg) Gross weight: 3,020 lb (1,370 kg) Fuel capacity: 76 US gal (63 imp gal; 290 L) Powerplant: 1 × Wright J-6 Whirlwind radial, 300 hp (220 kW) Propellers: 2-bladed Hamilton-Standard Performance Maximum speed: 150 mph (240 km/h, 130 kn) Cruise speed: 120 mph (190 km/h, 100 kn) Landing speed: 45 mph (72 km/h; 39 kn) Range: 550 mi (890 km, 480 nmi) Rate of climb: 1,600 ft/min (8.1 m/s) References ^ a b c d e f g h "Aerofiles: Laird". Retrieved 23 July 2020. ^ a b c d e "Laird Commercial Airplanes". Aero Digest: 686–8. December 1927. ^ a b c d "Laird Whirlwind". Aero Digest. 18 (4): 108. April 1931. ^ a b Simpson, Rod (2001). Airlife's World Aircraft. Shrewsbury: Airlife Publishing Ltd. pp. 318–9. ISBN 1-84037-115-3. ^ "Register-Canada:CF-A". Retrieved 14 September 2020. ^ Ogden, Bob (2011). Aviation Museums and Collections of North America (2 ed.). Tonbridge, Kent: Air-Britain (Historians). ISBN 978-0-851-30-427-4. ^ Bernie Leighton (26 July 2008). "Jetphotos". Retrieved 14 September 2020. ^ "Flickr". 12 September 2014. Retrieved 14 September 2020. vteE. M. Laird Airplane CompanyAircraft Laird LC-AA Commercial Laird LC-B Laird LC-R Laird LC-R200 Speedwing Laird LC-R300 Speedwing Laird LC-RW300 Speedwing Laird LC-RW450 Speedwing Laird LCW-300 Speedwing Laird LC-DC Speedwing Junior Laird LC-DE Speedwing Junior Laird LC-EW Laird Solution Laird Super Solution Laird B-3 Laird B-4 Laird C-6 Special Laird Baby Biplane Laird Derby Racer Laird-Turner Meteor LTR-14 Laird 1912 Monoplane Laird Limousine Laird S Sportplane Laird Standardwing Laird Swallow Laird Twin People Emil Matthew Laird	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Laird LC-B"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Laird_LC-1B-300_sprayer_(4695370700).jpg"},{"link_name":"single bay biplanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biplane"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AeroF-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AeroD1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AeroD2-3"},{"link_name":"spruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spruce"},{"link_name":"box spars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spar_(aeronautics)"},{"link_name":"plywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plywood"},{"link_name":"ribs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rib_(aeronautics)"},{"link_name":"fabric-covered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_fabric_covering"},{"link_name":"single bay biplanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biplane#Characteristics"},{"link_name":"stagger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagger_(aeronautics)"},{"link_name":"interplane struts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interplane_strut"},{"link_name":"cabane struts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabane_strut"},{"link_name":"Ailerons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ailerons"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AeroD1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AeroD2-3"},{"link_name":"Wright J-4/5 Whirlwinds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_Whirlwind"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AeroF-1"},{"link_name":"radial engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_engine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AeroD1-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AeroF-1"},{"link_name":"dural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dural"},{"link_name":"tailplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailplane"},{"link_name":"leading edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading_edge"},{"link_name":"balanced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanced_rudder"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AeroD1-2"},{"link_name":"landing gear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_gear"},{"link_name":"longerons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longerons"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AeroD1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AeroD2-3"}],"text":"Laird LC-1B300 after conversion to a sprayer in 1952. Extensive modifications were made to the rudder, fin, and cockpits, and a Lycoming R-680 had been installed in place of the Wright.Many Laird aircraft were designated as LC (Laird Commercial). This was followed by an airframe code, B in this case, and an engine code. In the case of the LC-B the latter was the engine power; later types had a single letter code such as W for Wasp.All LC-B variants were unequal span single bay biplanes which seated three in two open cockpits. Though some sources suggest the wing dimensions varied between models,[1] detailed contemporary reports of current models in 1927[2] and 1931[3] show no difference in spans, and lengths that depend only slightly on engine type.The LB-Bs had wings of rectangular plan out to rounded tips, built around twin spruce box spars, plywood and spruce ribs and fabric-covered. They were single bay biplanes, their wings braced together with only slight stagger by a pair of parallel interplane struts on each side. Outward-leaning, N-form cabane struts joined the fuselage to the upper wing centre section. Ailerons were fitted to both upper and lower wings and externally interconnected. There were long, near-rectangular cut-outs in the upper wings to improve the field of view from the pilot's cockpit.[2][3]The principal difference between the LC-B subtypes was the engine fitted. The earliest models were mostly fitted with 200–220 hp (150–160 kW) Wright J-4/5 Whirlwinds,[1] though Curtiss radial engines could also be used.[2] By 1930, most had either the Wright J-5 300 hp (220 kW) or the Wright J-6.[1] Behind the engine the fuselage had a dural tube structure and was fabric-covered. The two passengers sat side-by-side under the upper wing in an easily accessed open cockpit. Tail surfaces were also fabric-covered and, with the exception of the wooden-framed tailplane, had steel structures. All the rear surfaces were full and rounded, apart from the tailplane's straight leading edge. The rudder was balanced.[2]The LC-Bs had fixed, split axle, conventional landing gear. The main legs, with rubber cord shock absorbers, and drag struts were mounted on the lower fuselage longerons. Wheel brakes were fitted on 1930s variants at least. The axles joined on a short frame just below the fuselage underside. A long tailskid extended from the extreme fuselage.[2][3]","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AWA-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AeroF-1"},{"link_name":"inside loops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inside_loop"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AeroF-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AeroF-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AeroF-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AWA-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CanReg-5"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Western Antique Aeroplane & Automobile Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Antique_Aeroplane_%26_Automobile_Museum"},{"link_name":"Howie Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Howie_Collection&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Decatur, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decatur,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ogden-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APY1-7"},{"link_name":"Reynolds Alberta Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynolds_Alberta_Museum"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APY2-8"}],"text":"The year of the first flight of the LC-B is variously given as 1924[4] or 1925.[1] 11 of the 1925 LC-B series were built, one setting a record for the number of inside loops flown continuously (1,073). The pilot was Charles \"Speed\" Holman.[1]Two LC-Rs with 220 hp (160 kW) J-5 Whirlwind engines were built in 1928. They were single seat racers, one competing in the 1930 Nationals.[1]Less than ten further aircraft were built in the 1930-1 batch and a further 11 of the wider LC-1Bs in 1935 ended LC-B production at a total of less than 34.[1] Others have it as 36.[4] Most of these were registered in the U.S. but four LB-200s went to Canada.[5]After World War II one LC-1B300, N10402, was operated as a crop sprayer. Carefully restored, it still flies, owned by the Western Antique Aeroplane & Automobile Museum. In 2011 an airworthy LC-B200, NC6906, was in the Howie Collection in Decatur, Illinois.[6] CF-APY, a B200, was flying until at least 2008[7] but has been on display since 2014 or earlier at the Reynolds Alberta Museum.[8]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AeroF-1"},{"link_name":"Wright Whirlwind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_Whirlwind"},{"link_name":"Curtiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtiss"}],"text":"Data from Aerofiles:Laird[1]LC-B\n1925. 200–450 hp (150–340 kW) Wright Whirlwind or lower power Curtiss engines. Dimensions as LC-B. 11 built.\nLC-R\n1928. 220 hp (160 kW) Wright J-5 Whirlwind engine. 2 built.\nLC-1B285\n1930. Wright J-6 Whirlwind engine.\nLC-1B285\n1930. Wright J-6 Whirlwind engine.\nLC-B300\n1930. 300 hp (220 kW) Wright J-6 Whirlwind engine.\nLC-1B300\n1930. De-luxe B300, with NACA cowling.\nLC-B200\n1931. 220 hp (160 kW) Wright J-5 Whirlwind engine.\nLC-1B200\n1931. De-luxe B200, with NACA cowling.\nLC-1B\n1935. Wider fuselage than other LC-Bs. 11 built.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Laird_LC-B_GA.jpg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AeroD2-3"},{"link_name":"Wright J-6 Whirlwind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_J-6_Whirlwind"},{"link_name":"radial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_engine"},{"link_name":"Hamilton-Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton-Standard"}],"text":"Data from Aero Digest (April 1931)[3]General characteristicsCrew: one\nCapacity: two passengers\nLength: 23 ft 9 in (7.24 m)\nUpper wingspan: 34 ft (10 m)\nLower wingspan: 30 ft (9.1 m)\nHeight: 9 ft 3 in (2.82 m)\nWing area: 295 sq ft (27.4 m2)\nEmpty weight: 1,930 lb (875 kg)\nGross weight: 3,020 lb (1,370 kg)\nFuel capacity: 76 US gal (63 imp gal; 290 L)\nPowerplant: 1 × Wright J-6 Whirlwind radial, 300 hp (220 kW)\nPropellers: 2-bladed Hamilton-StandardPerformanceMaximum speed: 150 mph (240 km/h, 130 kn)\nCruise speed: 120 mph (190 km/h, 100 kn) \nLanding speed: 45 mph (72 km/h; 39 kn)\nRange: 550 mi (890 km, 480 nmi)\nRate of climb: 1,600 ft/min (8.1 m/s)","title":"Specifications (LC-B300)"}]	[{"image_text":"Laird LC-1B300 after conversion to a sprayer in 1952. Extensive modifications were made to the rudder, fin, and cockpits, and a Lycoming R-680 had been installed in place of the Wright.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Laird_LC-1B-300_sprayer_%284695370700%29.jpg/220px-Laird_LC-1B-300_sprayer_%284695370700%29.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Laird_LC-B_GA.jpg/220px-Laird_LC-B_GA.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Aerofiles: Laird\". Retrieved 23 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aerofiles.com/_laird.html","url_text":"\"Aerofiles: Laird\""}]},{"reference":"\"Laird Commercial Airplanes\". Aero Digest: 686–8. December 1927.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/aerodigest1119unse/page/686/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Laird Commercial Airplanes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Laird Whirlwind\". Aero Digest. 18 (4): 108. April 1931.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/aerodigest1819unse/page/n605/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Laird Whirlwind\""}]},{"reference":"Simpson, Rod (2001). Airlife's World Aircraft. Shrewsbury: Airlife Publishing Ltd. pp. 318–9. ISBN 1-84037-115-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84037-115-3","url_text":"1-84037-115-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Register-Canada:CF-A\". Retrieved 14 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.afleetingpeace.org/index.php/aeroplanes/15-aeroplanes/97-register-canada-cf-a","url_text":"\"Register-Canada:CF-A\""}]},{"reference":"Ogden, Bob (2011). Aviation Museums and Collections of North America (2 ed.). Tonbridge, Kent: Air-Britain (Historians). ISBN 978-0-851-30-427-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-851-30-427-4","url_text":"978-0-851-30-427-4"}]},{"reference":"Bernie Leighton (26 July 2008). \"Jetphotos\". Retrieved 14 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jetphotos.com/photo/6314937","url_text":"\"Jetphotos\""}]},{"reference":"\"Flickr\". 12 September 2014. Retrieved 14 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/pslg05896/24822398476/","url_text":"\"Flickr\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.aerofiles.com/_laird.html","external_links_name":"\"Aerofiles: Laird\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/aerodigest1119unse/page/686/mode/2up","external_links_name":"\"Laird Commercial Airplanes\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/aerodigest1819unse/page/n605/mode/1up","external_links_name":"\"Laird Whirlwind\""},{"Link":"http://www.afleetingpeace.org/index.php/aeroplanes/15-aeroplanes/97-register-canada-cf-a","external_links_name":"\"Register-Canada:CF-A\""},{"Link":"https://www.jetphotos.com/photo/6314937","external_links_name":"\"Jetphotos\""},{"Link":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/pslg05896/24822398476/","external_links_name":"\"Flickr\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Loates	Glen Loates	["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Painting","2.2 Excursions and film","2.3 Coins","3 Exhibitions","4 Publications","5 Documentaries","6 Personal life","7 References"]	Glen LoatesPersonal detailsBorn(1945-05-19)May 19, 1945Toronto, Ontario, CanadaSpouseSara LoatesChildren2ProfessionArtist Martin Glen Loates (born 1945) is a Canadian artist who paints wildlife and landscapes in a naturalistic style. Loates has designed a number of coins for the Royal Canadian Mint. In 1982, the former Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau arranged for Loates to meet with US President Ronald Reagan in the Oval Office to present his painting, The Bald Eagle to the American people on behalf of Canada. Loates' paintings have been gifted to Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and Pierre Elliot Trudeau. In the 1984 book A Brush With Life, Glen Loates explained his love for his nature saying, "I've taken more from nature than I can ever give in return. I owe so much, having painted all these beautiful things. If I can assist in preserving natural areas by lending my name to conservation projects or by using my art to draw attention to environmental issues, I feel I'm repaying an enormous debt of gratitude." His work has been featured in several publications, including GEO, Time, and Reader's Digest. Early life Loates became interested in art at a young age by exploring the woods around the family house in Newtonbrook, Ontario, and was introduced to watercolours by Frederick Henry Brigden, founder of the Canadian Watercolourist Society. Bridgen encouraged Loates to focus on drawing wildlife, but Loates also continued to draw comics for his own enjoyment. At age 11, Loates drew the iconic yellow daffodil that has represented the Canadian Cancer Society for over 40 years. Career Painting Artist's statement - Royal Ontario Museum Loates had a big break in 1964 when the Federation of Ontario Naturalists asked him to paint its Christmas card. One of the recipients of the card was the editor of The Canadian magazine. He arranged for a colour spread of Loates' paintings which was so successful, a second was soon scheduled. By the time he was 20 years old, Loates had garnered hordes of fans and was preparing for his first exhibition at the Royal Ontario Museum. In the 1960s and 1970s, Loates had become known for his wildlife art with numerous art shows and publications and has presented a painting to President Ronald Reagan to be placed in the Oval Office in 1982. Prince Philip and Pierre Elliott Trudeau, also held Loates work in their private collections. Loates has been the subject of several documentaries, one of which was Color it Living. Limited edition copies of Loates' first book, its 24-carat gold-edged pages bound in Brazilian steerhide, now command more than $6,000. Excursions and film Loates became involved with National Geographic and The Explorers Club's Beebe Project, named for William Beebe which took him in a different direction with his art. Loates made three deep dives in a mini-submersible with this scientific team to illustrate the deep ocean colours and creatures off the coast of Bermuda. He went on to make another deep dive with Dr. Frederick Aldrich of the Memorial University of Newfoundland to search off the Grand Banks of Newfoundland for the elusive giant squid. National Geographic's documentary "One Half Mile Down" documented the Beebe Project and showed Loates working with "shark lady", Dr. Eugenie Clark, Dr. Joe MacInnis, Teddy Tucker, Emory Kristof, and Peter Benchley. In June 1988, Loates was given a conservationist award from the Ontario Natural Resources Minister Vincent Kerrio for his contributions as the conservation ambassador MNR's Wingham district. Coins Loates has designed many coins for the Royal Canadian Mint, often but not always featuring wildlife. Coins include both 1 kg solid silver/1 kg solid gold Kermode bear coins (2017), the first coin to feature diamond glitter (2017), a colorized beaver silver coin (2017), a pure gold 1 kg couger coin (2015), and coins in the $20 for $20 series. Glen's first coins were set of 4 platinum 1991 Snowy Owls for the $30, $75, $150 and $300. Loates designed the reverse of the 2015 "In Flanders Field" themed circulation $2 coin which celebrated the 100th anniversary of the writing the poem which resulted in poppies becoming a symbol of Remembrance Day in Canada. 5 million Loates-designed $2 coins were minted for circulation. Exhibitions Loates has been exhibited at the following: October to November 1965 - solo exhibition at Royal Ontario Museum, Glen Loates Watercolours October 1976 - selected works at Eaton's Art Gallery February 1982 - solo exhibition at Kortright Centre for Conservation, Kleinburg February to May 1985 - solo exhibition at Royal Ontario Museum, Glen Loates: A Brush with Life August 1985 - Durham Show, Viletta China Canada Limited November to Dec 1985 - Beckett Gallery, Hamilton, Ontario October 1986 - Glen Loates at The Gallery, Peterborough, Ontario October 1987 - Art for the Birds, A Royal Ontario Museum Auction November 1987 - solo exhibition at Galerie Westmount, Montreal, Quebec December 1987 to February 1988 - The Art of Survival - la Survivance et l'art (Group Exhibition), Royal Ontario Museum, Canada October 1998 - solo exhibition at Rocky Mountain Art Galleries Ltd, Ontario Canada His work has also been exhibited in various galleries and museums which include: Alexander Koenig Museum Institute of Zoological Research The Centre Culturel Paris British Museum The McMichael Canadian Collection Palette Art Gallery Cottage Craft Gifts and Fine Arts Ltd. Whetung Art Gallery The Village Square Art Gallery Publications Books published about art by Loates include: The Art of Glen Loates by Paul Duval, 1977 Birds of North America by Dr. Ross James, 1979. Animals of Canada by Anonymous and Illustrated by Glen Loates in 1970 Glen Loates: A Brush With Life by Glen Warner in 1984 From the Wild: Portfolios of North America's Finest Wildlife Artists (Claudio D'Angelo, Glen Loates, George McLean, Bob Kuhn, John Schoenherr, Terry Shortt) edited by Christopher Hume in 1986 Documentaries 1968 - Colour It Living, filmed and directed by Don Gray for CBC-TV, part of an Audubon television series 1971 - A Brush With Life, written and directed by John Lackie for CBC's The Nature of Things 1979 - Paint It Wild, written and directed by John Lackie for CBC. Screened at the Royal Ontario Museum 1988 - One Half Mile Down, National Geographic, produced by Emory Kristof, on the underwater research carried out as The Beebe Project. Loates was the first artist to descend 1 3/ 4 miles in a submersible, to see and paint deep-sea life. Personal life Loates lives with his wife Sara in Vaughan, Ontario. He has 2 sons, Michael and Christopher. References ^ "Official Site of Master Artist Glen Loates (A Presidential Meeting)". www.glenloates.com. Archived from the original on August 28, 2019. Retrieved August 28, 2019. ^ a b "Glen Loates". lakesuperiorartgallery.com. Archived from the original on September 27, 2017. Retrieved September 26, 2017. ^ a b Warner, Glen. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1984. Print. ^ Warner, Glen. "The Conservation of Glen Loates". Financial Post Magazine. August 1, 1983: page 13. ^ "Canadian Coins \| Circulation, Collecting Coins & Coin Sets". Royal Canadian Mint. Retrieved September 28, 2017. ^ Hume, Christopher (February 9, 1985). "Loates: An Artist of compulsion". The Toronto Star. ^ "About the Artist". Glenloates.com. Archived from the original on October 9, 2015. Retrieved August 29, 2017. ^ "Reagan Gets a gift from Canada". Toronto Star. December 24, 1982. ^ McConachie, Robert. "HORIZONS-Living Glen Loates: Master of wildlife painters". UPI. Archived from the original on September 4, 2019. Retrieved September 4, 2019. ^ Frank, Matthew Gavin (July 7, 2014). Preparing the Ghost: An Essay Concerning the Giant Squid and Its First Photographer. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780871402899. Archived from the original on September 9, 2018. Retrieved March 1, 2017 – via Google Books. ^ Ritchie Craig. "Brushes, Palette and Submarine". Canadian Wildlife. Vol. 8 No. 4, Pg. 35. ^ "Fine Silver One-Kilogram Coin – In the Eyes of the Spirit Bear – Mintage: 500 (2016)". Mint.ca. Archived from the original on September 29, 2017. Retrieved September 28, 2017. ^ "1 oz. Pure Silver Coloured Coin - Glistening North: The Polar Bear - Mintage: 7,500 (2017)". Mint.ca. Archived from the original on September 29, 2017. Retrieved September 28, 2017. ^ "1/2 oz. Pure Silver Coloured Coin - Iconic Canada: The Beaver (2017)". Mint.ca. Archived from the original on September 1, 2017. Retrieved August 30, 2017. ^ "Pure Gold One-Kilogram CoinIn the Eyes of the CougarMintage: 10 (2015)". Mint.ca. Archived from the original on October 1, 2017. Retrieved August 30, 2017. ^ ^ "Royal Canadian Mint Commemorates Remembrance With Two New Circulation Coins". Royal Canadian Mint. Archived from the original on September 27, 2017. Retrieved August 30, 2017. ^ a b "Glen Loates". www.galerie-q.com. Retrieved September 15, 2019. ^ a b "CZ Visual Arts Society - Sponsor's Biography". czvisualartssociety.vcn.bc.ca. Retrieved September 15, 2019. ^ "Glen Loates". www.galerie-q.com. Retrieved September 15, 2019. ^ Duval, Paul The Art of Glen Loates. Scarborough: Cerebrus, 1977. Print. ^ James, Ross D. Glen Loates: Birds of North America. Scarborough: Cerebrus, 1979. Print. ^ Anonymous Animals of Canada.Private Printing, 1970. Print. ^ a b "Official Site of Master Artist Glen Loates (Media)". www.glenloates.com. Archived from the original on August 28, 2019. Retrieved September 15, 2019. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Australia Netherlands Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Mint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mint"},{"link_name":"Pierre Elliott Trudeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Elliott_Trudeau"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"Oval Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oval_Office"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"GEO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GEO_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Reader's Digest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reader%27s_Digest"}],"text":"Martin Glen Loates (born 1945) is a Canadian artist who paints wildlife and landscapes in a naturalistic style. Loates has designed a number of coins for the Royal Canadian Mint. In 1982, the former Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau arranged for Loates to meet with US President Ronald Reagan in the Oval Office to present his painting, The Bald Eagle to the American people on behalf of Canada.[1] Loates' paintings have been gifted to Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and Pierre Elliot Trudeau.[2]In the 1984 book A Brush With Life, Glen Loates explained his love for his nature saying, \"I've taken more from nature than I can ever give in return. I owe so much, having painted all these beautiful things. If I can assist in preserving natural areas by lending my name to conservation projects or by using my art to draw attention to environmental issues, I feel I'm repaying an enormous debt of gratitude.\"[3]His work has been featured in several publications, including GEO, Time, and Reader's Digest.","title":"Glen Loates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Newtonbrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtonbrook"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"daffodil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daffodil"},{"link_name":"Canadian Cancer Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Cancer_Society"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Loates became interested in art at a young age by exploring the woods around the family house in Newtonbrook, Ontario, and was introduced to watercolours by Frederick Henry Brigden, founder of the Canadian Watercolourist Society. Bridgen encouraged Loates to focus on drawing wildlife, but Loates also continued to draw comics for his own enjoyment.[4]At age 11, Loates drew the iconic yellow daffodil that has represented the Canadian Cancer Society for over 40 years.[5]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Glen_Loates_-_Artist_Statement_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum.jpg"},{"link_name":"Royal Ontario Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Ontario_Museum"},{"link_name":"Federation of Ontario Naturalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Ontario_Naturalists"},{"link_name":"Royal Ontario Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Ontario_Museum"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"Oval Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oval_Office"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Pierre Elliott Trudeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Elliott_Trudeau"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Painting","text":"Artist's statement - Royal Ontario MuseumLoates had a big break in 1964 when the Federation of Ontario Naturalists asked him to paint its Christmas card. One of the recipients of the card was the editor of The Canadian magazine. He arranged for a colour spread of Loates' paintings which was so successful, a second was soon scheduled. By the time he was 20 years old, Loates had garnered hordes of fans and was preparing for his first exhibition at the Royal Ontario Museum.[6]In the 1960s and 1970s, Loates had become known for his wildlife art with numerous art shows and publications[7] and has presented a painting to President Ronald Reagan to be placed in the Oval Office in 1982.[8] Prince Philip and Pierre Elliott Trudeau, also held Loates work in their private collections.[2]Loates has been the subject of several documentaries, one of which was Color it Living. Limited edition copies of Loates' first book, its 24-carat gold-edged pages bound in Brazilian steerhide, now command more than $6,000.[9]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Geographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_Society"},{"link_name":"The Explorers Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Explorers_Club"},{"link_name":"William Beebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Beebe"},{"link_name":"Bermuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda"},{"link_name":"Frederick Aldrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Aldrich"},{"link_name":"Memorial University of Newfoundland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_University_of_Newfoundland"},{"link_name":"Grand Banks of Newfoundland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Banks_of_Newfoundland"},{"link_name":"giant squid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_squid"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Eugenie Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenie_Clark"},{"link_name":"Joe MacInnis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_B._MacInnis"},{"link_name":"Emory Kristof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emory_Kristof"},{"link_name":"Peter Benchley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Benchley"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Vincent Kerrio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Kerrio"}],"sub_title":"Excursions and film","text":"Loates became involved with National Geographic and The Explorers Club's Beebe Project, named for William Beebe which took him in a different direction with his art. Loates made three deep dives in a mini-submersible with this scientific team to illustrate the deep ocean colours and creatures off the coast of Bermuda. He went on to make another deep dive with Dr. Frederick Aldrich of the Memorial University of Newfoundland to search off the Grand Banks of Newfoundland for the elusive giant squid.[10] National Geographic's documentary \"One Half Mile Down\" documented the Beebe Project and showed Loates working with \"shark lady\", Dr. Eugenie Clark, Dr. Joe MacInnis, Teddy Tucker, Emory Kristof, and Peter Benchley.[11]In June 1988, Loates was given a conservationist award from the Ontario Natural Resources Minister Vincent Kerrio for his contributions as the conservation ambassador MNR's Wingham district.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Mint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mint"},{"link_name":"Kermode bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kermode_bear"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"In Flanders Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Flanders_Field"},{"link_name":"Remembrance Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remembrance_Day"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Coins","text":"Loates has designed many coins for the Royal Canadian Mint, often but not always featuring wildlife. Coins include both 1 kg solid silver/1 kg solid gold Kermode bear coins (2017),[12] the first coin to feature diamond glitter (2017),[13] a colorized beaver silver coin (2017),[14] a pure gold 1 kg couger coin (2015),[15] and coins in the $20 for $20 series.[16] Glen's first coins were set of 4 platinum 1991 Snowy Owls for the $30, $75, $150 and $300.Loates designed the reverse of the 2015 \"In Flanders Field\" themed circulation $2 coin which celebrated the 100th anniversary of the writing the poem which resulted in poppies becoming a symbol of Remembrance Day in Canada. 5 million Loates-designed $2 coins were minted for circulation.[17]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-19"},{"link_name":"British Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-18"}],"text":"Loates has been exhibited at the following:October to November 1965 - solo exhibition at Royal Ontario Museum, Glen Loates Watercolours\nOctober 1976 - selected works at Eaton's Art Gallery\nFebruary 1982 - solo exhibition at Kortright Centre for Conservation, Kleinburg\nFebruary to May 1985 - solo exhibition at Royal Ontario Museum, Glen Loates: A Brush with Life\nAugust 1985 - Durham Show, Viletta China Canada Limited\nNovember to Dec 1985 - Beckett Gallery, Hamilton, Ontario\nOctober 1986 - Glen Loates at The Gallery, Peterborough, Ontario\nOctober 1987 - Art for the Birds, A Royal Ontario Museum Auction\nNovember 1987 - solo exhibition at Galerie Westmount, Montreal, Quebec\nDecember 1987 to February 1988 - The Art of Survival - la Survivance et l'art (Group Exhibition), Royal Ontario Museum, Canada\nOctober 1998 - solo exhibition at Rocky Mountain Art Galleries Ltd, Ontario CanadaHis work has also been exhibited in various galleries and museums which include:Alexander Koenig Museum[18]\nInstitute of Zoological Research[19]\nThe Centre Culturel Paris[19]\nBritish Museum[20]\nThe McMichael Canadian Collection[18]\nPalette Art Gallery\nCottage Craft Gifts and Fine Arts Ltd.\nWhetung Art Gallery\nThe Village Square Art Gallery","title":"Exhibitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"Books published about art by Loates include:The Art of Glen Loates by Paul Duval, 1977[21]\nBirds of North America by Dr. Ross James, 1979.[22]\nAnimals of Canada by Anonymous and Illustrated by Glen Loates in 1970[23]\nGlen Loates: A Brush With Life by Glen Warner in 1984[3]\nFrom the Wild: Portfolios of North America's Finest Wildlife Artists (Claudio D'Angelo, Glen Loates, George McLean, Bob Kuhn, John Schoenherr, Terry Shortt) edited by Christopher Hume in 1986","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-24"}],"text":"1968 - Colour It Living, filmed and directed by Don Gray for CBC-TV, part of an Audubon television series[24]\n1971 - A Brush With Life, written and directed by John Lackie for CBC's The Nature of Things[24]\n1979 - Paint It Wild, written and directed by John Lackie for CBC. Screened at the Royal Ontario Museum\n1988 - One Half Mile Down, National Geographic, produced by Emory Kristof, on the underwater research carried out as The Beebe Project. Loates was the first artist to descend 1 3/ 4 miles in a submersible, to see and paint deep-sea life.","title":"Documentaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vaughan, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaughan"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Loates lives with his wife Sara in Vaughan, Ontario. He has 2 sons, Michael and Christopher.[citation needed]","title":"Personal life"}]	[{"image_text":"Artist's statement - Royal Ontario Museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Glen_Loates_-_Artist_Statement_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum.jpg/220px-Glen_Loates_-_Artist_Statement_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Official Site of Master Artist Glen Loates (A Presidential Meeting)\". www.glenloates.com. Archived from the original on August 28, 2019. Retrieved August 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.glenloates.com/about/a-presidential-meeting","url_text":"\"Official Site of Master Artist Glen Loates (A Presidential Meeting)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190828124238/https://www.glenloates.com/about/a-presidential-meeting","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Glen Loates\". lakesuperiorartgallery.com. Archived from the original on September 27, 2017. Retrieved September 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://lakesuperiorartgallery.com/GalleryServices/HunnakkoCollection/GlenLoates.aspx","url_text":"\"Glen Loates\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170927053003/http://lakesuperiorartgallery.com/GalleryServices/HunnakkoCollection/GlenLoates.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian Coins \| Circulation, Collecting Coins & Coin Sets\". Royal Canadian Mint. Retrieved September 28, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mint.ca/store/artist/glen-loates-28800036?cat=Meet+percent+20percent+percent+2020The+percent+20percent+percent+2020Artist&nId=4600002&parentnId=&nodeGroup=","url_text":"\"Canadian Coins \| Circulation, Collecting Coins & Coin Sets\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mint","url_text":"Royal Canadian Mint"}]},{"reference":"Hume, Christopher (February 9, 1985). \"Loates: An Artist of compulsion\". The Toronto Star.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"About the Artist\". Glenloates.com. Archived from the original on October 9, 2015. Retrieved August 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151009083753/http://glenloates.com/The_Art_of_Glen_Loates/About_the_Artist.html","url_text":"\"About the Artist\""},{"url":"https://www.glenloates.com/The_Art_of_Glen_Loates/About_the_Artist.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McConachie, Robert. \"HORIZONS-Living Glen Loates: Master of wildlife painters\". UPI. Archived from the original on September 4, 2019. Retrieved September 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.upi.com/Archives/1984/10/08/HORIZONS-Living-Glen-Loates-Master-of-wildlife-painters/5084466056000/","url_text":"\"HORIZONS-Living Glen Loates: Master of wildlife painters\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190904111049/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1984/10/08/HORIZONS-Living-Glen-Loates-Master-of-wildlife-painters/5084466056000/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Frank, Matthew Gavin (July 7, 2014). Preparing the Ghost: An Essay Concerning the Giant Squid and Its First Photographer. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780871402899. Archived from the original on September 9, 2018. Retrieved March 1, 2017 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pLFbAwAAQBAJ&q=glen+loates+squid&pg=PT73","url_text":"Preparing the Ghost: An Essay Concerning the Giant Squid and Its First Photographer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780871402899","url_text":"9780871402899"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180909222023/https://books.google.ca/books?id=pLFbAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT73&lpg=PT73&dq=glen+loates+squid&source=bl&ots=iU4w5cac32&sig=HhuRfwN5Ps-uXvya4bSH5P9mvhg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi8-teUvbbSAhXH7YMKHZFHASQQ6AEIPjAK#v=onepage&q=glen+loates+squid&f=false","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Fine Silver One-Kilogram Coin – In the Eyes of the Spirit Bear – Mintage: 500 (2016)\". Mint.ca. Archived from the original on September 29, 2017. Retrieved September 28, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mint.ca/store/coins/strong80-soldstrong-pure-silver-one-kilogram-coin-%E2%80%93-in-the-eyes-of-the-spirit-bear-%E2%80%93-mintage-500-2016-prod2601058","url_text":"\"Fine Silver One-Kilogram Coin – In the Eyes of the Spirit Bear – Mintage: 500 (2016)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170929000916/http://www.mint.ca/store/coins/strong80-soldstrong-pure-silver-one-kilogram-coin-%E2%80%93-in-the-eyes-of-the-spirit-bear-%E2%80%93-mintage-500-2016-prod2601058","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"1 oz. Pure Silver Coloured Coin - Glistening North: The Polar Bear - Mintage: 7,500 (2017)\". Mint.ca. Archived from the original on September 29, 2017. Retrieved September 28, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mint.ca/store/coins/strong76-soldstrong--1-oz.-pure-silver-coloured-coin-%E2%80%93-glistening-north-the-polar-bear-%E2%80%93-mintage-7500-2017-prod2800289","url_text":"\"1 oz. Pure Silver Coloured Coin - Glistening North: The Polar Bear - Mintage: 7,500 (2017)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170929043920/http://www.mint.ca/store/coins/strong76-soldstrong--1-oz.-pure-silver-coloured-coin-%E2%80%93-glistening-north-the-polar-bear-%E2%80%93-mintage-7500-2017-prod2800289","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"1/2 oz. Pure Silver Coloured Coin - Iconic Canada: The Beaver (2017)\". Mint.ca. Archived from the original on September 1, 2017. Retrieved August 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mint.ca/store/coins/12-oz.-pure-silver-coloured-coin---iconic-canada-the-beaver-2017-prod2970011","url_text":"\"1/2 oz. Pure Silver Coloured Coin - Iconic Canada: The Beaver (2017)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170901061133/http://www.mint.ca/store/coins/12-oz.-pure-silver-coloured-coin---iconic-canada-the-beaver-2017-prod2970011","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Pure Gold One-Kilogram CoinIn the Eyes of the CougarMintage: 10 (2015)\". Mint.ca. Archived from the original on October 1, 2017. Retrieved August 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mint.ca/store/coins/pure-gold-one-kilogram-coinbrin-the-eyes-of-the-cougarbrmintage-10-2015-prod2290022","url_text":"\"Pure Gold One-Kilogram CoinIn the Eyes of the CougarMintage: 10 (2015)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171001031058/http://www.mint.ca/store/coins/pure-gold-one-kilogram-coinbrin-the-eyes-of-the-cougarbrmintage-10-2015-prod2290022","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Royal Canadian Mint Commemorates Remembrance With Two New Circulation Coins\". Royal Canadian Mint. Archived from the original on September 27, 2017. Retrieved August 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mint.ca/store/news/royal-canadian-mint-commemorates-remembrance-with-two-new-circulation-coins-26000039?cat=News+releases&nId=700002&nodeGroup=About+the+Mint#.WaZZoUETHv4","url_text":"\"Royal Canadian Mint Commemorates Remembrance With Two New Circulation Coins\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170927155941/http://www.mint.ca/store/news/royal-canadian-mint-commemorates-remembrance-with-two-new-circulation-coins-26000039?cat=News+releases&nId=700002&nodeGroup=About+the+Mint#.WaZZoUETHv4","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Glen Loates\". www.galerie-q.com. Retrieved September 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.galerie-q.com/canadian-masters/glen-loates.html","url_text":"\"Glen Loates\""}]},{"reference":"\"CZ Visual Arts Society - Sponsor's Biography\". czvisualartssociety.vcn.bc.ca. Retrieved September 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://czvisualartssociety.vcn.bc.ca/loates","url_text":"\"CZ Visual Arts Society - Sponsor's Biography\""}]},{"reference":"\"Glen Loates\". www.galerie-q.com. Retrieved September 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.galerie-q.com/canadian-masters/glen-loates.html","url_text":"\"Glen Loates\""}]},{"reference":"\"Official Site of Master Artist Glen Loates (Media)\". www.glenloates.com. Archived from the original on August 28, 2019. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humourist	Humorist	["1 Distinction from a comedian","2 Notable humorists","3 Comedians who become humorists","4 Twain as the iconic American humorist","5 References","6 External links"]	Intellectual who uses humor in writing or public speaking For the racehorse, see Humorist (horse). Not to be confused with Humorism. Samuel Clemens, American humorist who wrote under the pen name Mark Twain. A humorist is an intellectual who uses humor, or wit, in writing or public speaking. A raconteur is one who tells anecdotes in a skillful and amusing way. Henri Bergson writes that a humorist's work grows from viewing the morals of society. The term comedian is generally applied to one who is performing to an audience for laughter. Distinction from a comedian Humor is the quality which makes experiences provoke laughter or amusement, while comedy is a performing art. The nineteenth-century German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer lamented the misuse of humor (a German loanword from English) to mean any type of comedy. A humorist is adept at seeing the humor in a situation or aspect of life and relating it, usually through a story; the comedian generally concentrates on jokes designed to invoke instantaneous laughter. The humorist is primarily a writer of books, newspaper or magazine articles or columns, stage or screen plays, and may occasionally appear before an audience to deliver a lecture or narrate a written work. The comedian always performs for an audience, either in live performance, audio recording, radio, television, or film. Phil Austin, of the comedy group the Firesign Theatre, expressed his thoughts about the difference in 1993 liner notes to the Fighting Clowns album: To me, there is a great difference between a humorist and a clown, and I had hoped that life for the Firesign Theatre would have led more toward the world of Mark Twain than the world of Beepo. The humorist is a happy soul; he comments from the sidelines of life, safe behind the keyboard or pen; not forced to mold his thinking to the direct response of an audience, he has indirection on his side. He has time to think. Beepo, on the other hand, takes his chances directly facing—or mooning—the audience; a buffoon, a patsy, a performer, he is out in the open and his audience, unlike a humorist's, becomes necessarily half-friend and half-enemy. Notable humorists Further information: List of humorists Comedians who become humorists Sometimes a comedian will adopt a writing career and gain notability as a humorist. Some examples are: Will Rogers (1879–1935) was a vaudeville comedian who started doing humorous political and social commentary, and became a famous newspaper columnist and radio personality during the Great Depression. He is an exception to the education rule, as he only completed a tenth grade education. Cal Stewart (1856–1919) was a vaudeville comedian who created the character Uncle Josh Weathersby and toured circuses and medicine shows. He befriended Twain and Rogers, and in 1898 became the first comedian to make sound recordings, on Edison Records. Garry Moore (1915–1993), known as a television comedian who hosted several variety and game shows, after his 1977 retirement became a regular humor columnist for the newspaper The Island Packet of Northeast Harbor, Maine, with a column titled "Mumble, Mumble". He later released a book of his columns under the same name in the early 1980s. Victor Borge (1909–2000) was a Danish-American comedian known for bringing humor to classical music. He wrote three books, My Favorite Intermissions and My Favorite Comedies in Music (both with Robert Sherman), and the autobiography Smilet er den korteste afstand ("The Smile is the Shortest Distance") with Niels-Jørgen Kaiser. Peter Ustinov (1921–2004) was an English comic actor who wrote several humorous plays and film scripts. Woody Allen (born 1935), known as a comedian and filmmaker, early in his career worked as a staff writer for humorist Herb Shriner. He also wrote short stories and cartoon captions for magazines such as The New Yorker. Steve Martin (born 1945), comedian and actor, wrote Cruel Shoes, a book of humorous essays and short stories, in 1977 (published 1979). He wrote his first humorous play Picasso at the Lapin Agile in 1993, and wrote various pieces in The New Yorker magazine in the 1990s. He later wrote more humorous plays and two novellas. Hugh Laurie (born 1959) is an English comic actor who worked for many years in partnership with Stephen Fry. He is a fan of the English humorist P. G. Wodehouse, and has written a Wodehouse-style novel. Twain as the iconic American humorist This section may lend undue weight to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies. Please help to create a more balanced presentation. Discuss and resolve this issue before removing this message. (March 2023) Mark Twain (pen name of Samuel Langhorn Clemens, 1835–1910) was widely considered the "greatest humorist" the U.S. ever produced, as noted in his New York Times obituary. It's a distinction that garnered wide agreement, as William Faulkner called him "the father of American literature". The United States national cultural center, the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, has chosen to award a Mark Twain Prize for American Humor annually since 1998 to individuals who have "had an impact on American society in ways similar to the distinguished 19th century novelist and essayist best known as Mark Twain". References ^ Bergson, Henri (1900). "The Comic Element in Situations and the Comic Element in Words". Laughter: an Essay on the Meaning of the Comic. Translated by Brereton, Cloudesley; Rothwell, Fred. The Macmillan Company (published 1912). Archived from the original on 2022-04-08. Retrieved 2021-01-17. A humorist is a moralist disguised as a scientist, something like an anatomist who practises dissection with the sole object of filling us with disgust; so that humour, in the restricted sense in which we are here regarding the word, is really a transposition from the moral to the scientific. ^ Study.com. "Humorist vs Comedian: What is the Difference?". Study.com. Archived from the original on December 9, 2017. Retrieved December 8, 2017. ^ Austin, Phil (1993). Fighting Clowns (liner notes). Archived from the original on December 26, 2017. Retrieved February 9, 2018. ^ "Adventure Marked Life of Humorist". The New York Times. August 17, 1935. Archived from the original on October 15, 2009. Retrieved July 20, 2007. ^ Borge, Victor; Sherman, Robert (August 1971). My favorite intermissions. Doubleday. Retrieved 3 October 2010. ^ Borge, Victor; Sherman, Robert (1980). Victor Borge's My favorite comedies in music. Dorset Press. ISBN 978-0-88029-807-0. Archived from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 3 October 2010. ^ Borge, Victor; Kaiser, Niels-Jørgen (2001). Smilet er den korteste afstand -: erindringer (in Danish). Gyldendal. ISBN 978-87-00-75182-8. Archived from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 3 October 2010. ^ "Woody Allen: Rabbit Running". Time. July 3, 1972. Archived from the original on February 20, 2007. Retrieved June 8, 2007. ^ Host: James Lipton (31 July 2006). "Hugh Laurie". Inside the Actors Studio. Season 12. Episode 18. Bravo. Archived from the original on 10 February 2017. Retrieved 21 July 2018. ^ "MARK TWAIN IS DEAD AT 74; End Comes Peacefully at His New England Home After a Long Illness". The New York Times. 1910-04-22. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2023-08-28. Retrieved 2023-08-28. ^ Jelliffe, Robert A. (1956). Faulkner at Nagano. Tokyo: Kenkyusha, Ltd. ^ "The Kennedy Center Mark Twain Prize for Humor". Kennedy-center.org. 2017. Archived from the original on 2014-06-27. Retrieved 2014-06-25. External links Henry, Patrick (April 15, 2013). "Don't Call Me a Comedian". Retrieved December 7, 2017. vteComedyTopics Comedian Comedic device Comedy festival Comedy troupe Comic timing Farce Humorist Humour Impersonator Impressionist Irony Joke Prank call Punch line Satire Visual gag Wit Word play FilmCountry American British French Italian Genre Action Fantasy Horror Mockumentary Parody Remarriage Romance Science fiction Screwball Sex Italian Mexican Silent Slapstick Stoner Thriller TheatreCountryEurope Ancient Greek comedy Comédie-Française Comédie-Italienne Corral de comedias Theatre of ancient Rome Asia China Xiangsheng Hong Kong Mo lei tau Indonesia Lenong Ludruk Japan Kyōgen Manzai Owarai Rakugo Sarugaku Genre Boulevard theatre Comedy-drama Comedy of humours Comedy of manners Comedy of menace Commedia dell'arte Double act Improvisational Macchietta One-person show Pantomime Harlequinade Restoration comedy Sentimental comedy Comédie larmoyante Shadow play Shakespearean comedy Sketch comedy Spex Stand-up comedy Street theatre Theatre of the Absurd Tragicomedy Vaudeville Musicand dance Ballad opera Cabaret Café-chantant Café-théâtre Comédie-ballet Comedy club Light music Music hall Musical theatre Opéra bouffe Opéra bouffon Opera buffa Opéra comique Operetta Revue Media Music Album Rock Hip hop Parody Musical comedians Novel Radio Television Mockumentary Roast Sitcom Animated sitcom Black sitcom Teen sitcom Subgenres Alternative Black Blue Character Christian Clown Cringe Deadpan (dry humor) Documentary High / low Horror Insult Observational Physical Prop Self-referential Shock Sick Slapstick Topics Surreal Ventriloquism Zombie Category Portal Authority control databases National Germany Israel United States Other NARA	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Humorist (horse)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humorist_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Humorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humorism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mark_Twain_by_AF_Bradley.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mark Twain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Twain"},{"link_name":"intellectual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual"},{"link_name":"humor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humor"},{"link_name":"wit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wit"},{"link_name":"writing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing"},{"link_name":"public speaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_speaking"},{"link_name":"anecdotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anecdote"},{"link_name":"Henri Bergson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Bergson"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"comedian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedian"}],"text":"For the racehorse, see Humorist (horse).Not to be confused with Humorism.Samuel Clemens, American humorist who wrote under the pen name Mark Twain.A humorist is an intellectual who uses humor, or wit, in writing or public speaking. A raconteur is one who tells anecdotes in a skillful and amusing way.Henri Bergson writes that a humorist's work grows from viewing the morals of society.[1]The term comedian is generally applied to one who is performing to an audience for laughter.","title":"Humorist"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Humor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humor"},{"link_name":"comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_(drama)"},{"link_name":"performing art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performing_art"},{"link_name":"Arthur Schopenhauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer"},{"link_name":"loanword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loanword"},{"link_name":"comedian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedian"},{"link_name":"columns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columnist"},{"link_name":"stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_(theatre)"},{"link_name":"screen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screenplay"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SC-2"},{"link_name":"Phil Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Austin"},{"link_name":"the Firesign Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Firesign_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Fighting Clowns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighting_Clowns"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Humor is the quality which makes experiences provoke laughter or amusement, while comedy is a performing art. 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The comedian always performs for an audience, either in live performance, audio recording, radio, television, or film.[2]Phil Austin, of the comedy group the Firesign Theatre, expressed his thoughts about the difference in 1993 liner notes to the Fighting Clowns album:[3]To me, there is a great difference between a humorist and a clown, and I had hoped that life for the Firesign Theatre would have led more toward the world of Mark Twain than the world of Beepo. The humorist is a happy soul; he comments from the sidelines of life, safe behind the keyboard or pen; not forced to mold his thinking to the direct response of an audience, he has indirection on his side. He has time to think. Beepo, on the other hand, takes his chances directly facing—or mooning—the audience; a buffoon, a patsy, a performer, he is out in the open and his audience, unlike a humorist's, becomes necessarily half-friend and half-enemy.","title":"Distinction from a comedian"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of humorists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_humorists"}],"text":"Further information: List of humorists","title":"Notable humorists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Will Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Rogers"},{"link_name":"vaudeville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaudeville"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"tenth grade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_grade#United_States"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytobit-4"},{"link_name":"Cal Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cal_Stewart"},{"link_name":"circuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circus"},{"link_name":"medicine shows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine_show"},{"link_name":"sound recordings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_recordings"},{"link_name":"Edison Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edison_Records"},{"link_name":"Garry Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry_Moore"},{"link_name":"variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_show"},{"link_name":"game shows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_show"},{"link_name":"The Island Packet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Island_Packet"},{"link_name":"Northeast Harbor, Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Harbor,_Maine"},{"link_name":"Victor Borge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Borge"},{"link_name":"classical music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_music"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BorgeSherman1971-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BorgeSherman1980-6"},{"link_name":"Robert Sherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sherman_(music_critic)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BorgeKaiser2001-7"},{"link_name":"Peter Ustinov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Ustinov"},{"link_name":"Woody Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woody_Allen"},{"link_name":"Herb Shriner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_Shriner"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timemag-8"},{"link_name":"The New Yorker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker"},{"link_name":"Steve Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Martin"},{"link_name":"Cruel Shoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruel_Shoes"},{"link_name":"Picasso at the Lapin Agile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picasso_at_the_Lapin_Agile"},{"link_name":"Hugh Laurie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Laurie"},{"link_name":"Stephen Fry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Fry"},{"link_name":"P. G. Wodehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._G._Wodehouse"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-actors-9"}],"text":"Sometimes a comedian will adopt a writing career and gain notability as a humorist. Some examples are:Will Rogers (1879–1935) was a vaudeville comedian who started doing humorous political and social commentary, and became a famous newspaper columnist and radio personality during the Great Depression. He is an exception to the education rule, as he only completed a tenth grade education.[4]Cal Stewart (1856–1919) was a vaudeville comedian who created the character Uncle Josh Weathersby and toured circuses and medicine shows. He befriended Twain and Rogers, and in 1898 became the first comedian to make sound recordings, on Edison Records.Garry Moore (1915–1993), known as a television comedian who hosted several variety and game shows, after his 1977 retirement became a regular humor columnist for the newspaper The Island Packet of Northeast Harbor, Maine, with a column titled \"Mumble, Mumble\". He later released a book of his columns under the same name in the early 1980s.Victor Borge (1909–2000) was a Danish-American comedian known for bringing humor to classical music. He wrote three books, My Favorite Intermissions[5] and My Favorite Comedies in Music[6] (both with Robert Sherman), and the autobiography Smilet er den korteste afstand (\"The Smile is the Shortest Distance\") with Niels-Jørgen Kaiser.[7]Peter Ustinov (1921–2004) was an English comic actor who wrote several humorous plays and film scripts.Woody Allen (born 1935), known as a comedian and filmmaker, early in his career worked as a staff writer for humorist Herb Shriner.[8] He also wrote short stories and cartoon captions for magazines such as The New Yorker.Steve Martin (born 1945), comedian and actor, wrote Cruel Shoes, a book of humorous essays and short stories, in 1977 (published 1979). He wrote his first humorous play Picasso at the Lapin Agile in 1993, and wrote various pieces in The New Yorker magazine in the 1990s. He later wrote more humorous plays and two novellas.Hugh Laurie (born 1959) is an English comic actor who worked for many years in partnership with Stephen Fry. He is a fan of the English humorist P. G. Wodehouse, and has written a Wodehouse-style novel.[9]","title":"Comedians who become humorists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mark Twain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Twain"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obituary_New_York_Times-10"},{"link_name":"William Faulkner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Faulkner"},{"link_name":"American literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_literature"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-faulkner-11"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts"},{"link_name":"Mark Twain Prize for American Humor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Twain_Prize_for_American_Humor"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kennedy-center1-12"}],"text":"Mark Twain (pen name of Samuel Langhorn Clemens, 1835–1910) was widely considered the \"greatest humorist\" the U.S. ever produced, as noted in his New York Times obituary.[10] It's a distinction that garnered wide agreement, as William Faulkner called him \"the father of American literature\".[11]The United States national cultural center, the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, has chosen to award a Mark Twain Prize for American Humor annually since 1998 to individuals who have \"had an impact on American society in ways similar to the distinguished 19th century novelist and essayist best known as Mark Twain\".[12]","title":"Twain as the iconic American humorist"}]	[{"image_text":"Samuel Clemens, American humorist who wrote under the pen name Mark Twain.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Mark_Twain_by_AF_Bradley.jpg/170px-Mark_Twain_by_AF_Bradley.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Bergson, Henri (1900). \"The Comic Element in Situations and the Comic Element in Words\". Laughter: an Essay on the Meaning of the Comic. Translated by Brereton, Cloudesley; Rothwell, Fred. The Macmillan Company (published 1912). Archived from the original on 2022-04-08. Retrieved 2021-01-17. A humorist is a moralist disguised as a scientist, something like an anatomist who practises dissection with the sole object of filling us with disgust; so that humour, in the restricted sense in which we are here regarding the word, is really a transposition from the moral to the scientific.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Bergson","url_text":"Bergson"},{"url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/4352/4352-h/4352-h.htm","url_text":"Laughter: an Essay on the Meaning of the Comic"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220408170314/https://www.gutenberg.org/files/4352/4352-h/4352-h.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Study.com. \"Humorist vs Comedian: What is the Difference?\". Study.com. Archived from the original on December 9, 2017. Retrieved December 8, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://study.com/articles/humorist_vs_comedian_what_is_the_difference.html","url_text":"\"Humorist vs Comedian: What is the Difference?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171209044534/https://study.com/articles/humorist_vs_comedian_what_is_the_difference.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Austin, Phil (1993). Fighting Clowns (liner notes). Archived from the original on December 26, 2017. Retrieved February 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Austin","url_text":"Austin, Phil"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171226220607/http://firesigntheatre.com/media/media.php?item=fc-ln","url_text":"Fighting Clowns"},{"url":"http://www.firesigntheatre.com/media/media.php?item=fc-ln","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Adventure Marked Life of Humorist\". The New York Times. August 17, 1935. Archived from the original on October 15, 2009. Retrieved July 20, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/1104.html","url_text":"\"Adventure Marked Life of Humorist\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091015051028/http://nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/1104.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Borge, Victor; Sherman, Robert (August 1971). My favorite intermissions. Doubleday. Retrieved 3 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/myfavoriteinterm00borg","url_text":"My favorite intermissions"}]},{"reference":"Borge, Victor; Sherman, Robert (1980). Victor Borge's My favorite comedies in music. Dorset Press. ISBN 978-0-88029-807-0. Archived from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 3 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=R7rBAAAACAAJ","url_text":"Victor Borge's My favorite comedies in music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88029-807-0","url_text":"978-0-88029-807-0"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231016110250/https://books.google.com/books?id=R7rBAAAACAAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Borge, Victor; Kaiser, Niels-Jørgen (2001). Smilet er den korteste afstand -: erindringer (in Danish). Gyldendal. ISBN 978-87-00-75182-8. Archived from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 3 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RYlWAAAACAAJ","url_text":"Smilet er den korteste afstand -: erindringer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-00-75182-8","url_text":"978-87-00-75182-8"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231016110248/https://books.google.com/books?id=RYlWAAAACAAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Woody Allen: Rabbit Running\". Time. July 3, 1972. Archived from the original on February 20, 2007. Retrieved June 8, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070220114009/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C877848-2%2C00.html","url_text":"\"Woody Allen: Rabbit Running\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time"},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,877848-2,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Host: James Lipton (31 July 2006). \"Hugh Laurie\". Inside the Actors Studio. Season 12. Episode 18. Bravo. Archived from the original on 10 February 2017. Retrieved 21 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1013111/","url_text":"\"Hugh Laurie\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inside_the_Actors_Studio","url_text":"Inside the Actors Studio"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170210070142/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1013111/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"MARK TWAIN IS DEAD AT 74; End Comes Peacefully at His New England Home After a Long Illness\". The New York Times. 1910-04-22. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2023-08-28. Retrieved 2023-08-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1910/04/22/archives/mark-twain-is-dead-at-74-end-comes-peacefully-at-his-new-england.html","url_text":"\"MARK TWAIN IS DEAD AT 74; End Comes Peacefully at His New England Home After a Long Illness\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230828215541/https://www.nytimes.com/1910/04/22/archives/mark-twain-is-dead-at-74-end-comes-peacefully-at-his-new-england.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jelliffe, Robert A. (1956). Faulkner at Nagano. Tokyo: Kenkyusha, Ltd.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Kennedy Center Mark Twain Prize for Humor\". Kennedy-center.org. 2017. Archived from the original on 2014-06-27. Retrieved 2014-06-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kennedy-center.org/programs/specialevents/marktwain/","url_text":"\"The Kennedy Center Mark Twain Prize for Humor\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140627025220/http://www.kennedy-center.org/programs/specialevents/marktwain/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Henry, Patrick (April 15, 2013). \"Don't Call Me a Comedian\". Retrieved December 7, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.patrickhenryspeaker.com/2013/04/15/dont-call-me-a-comedian/","url_text":"\"Don't Call Me a Comedian\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/4352/4352-h/4352-h.htm","external_links_name":"Laughter: an Essay on the Meaning of the Comic"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220408170314/https://www.gutenberg.org/files/4352/4352-h/4352-h.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://study.com/articles/humorist_vs_comedian_what_is_the_difference.html","external_links_name":"\"Humorist vs Comedian: What is the Difference?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171209044534/https://study.com/articles/humorist_vs_comedian_what_is_the_difference.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171226220607/http://firesigntheatre.com/media/media.php?item=fc-ln","external_links_name":"Fighting Clowns"},{"Link":"http://www.firesigntheatre.com/media/media.php?item=fc-ln","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/1104.html","external_links_name":"\"Adventure Marked Life of Humorist\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091015051028/http://nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/1104.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/myfavoriteinterm00borg","external_links_name":"My favorite intermissions"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=R7rBAAAACAAJ","external_links_name":"Victor Borge's My favorite comedies in music"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231016110250/https://books.google.com/books?id=R7rBAAAACAAJ","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RYlWAAAACAAJ","external_links_name":"Smilet er den korteste afstand -: erindringer"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231016110248/https://books.google.com/books?id=RYlWAAAACAAJ","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070220114009/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C877848-2%2C00.html","external_links_name":"\"Woody Allen: Rabbit Running\""},{"Link":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,877848-2,00.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1013111/","external_links_name":"\"Hugh Laurie\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170210070142/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1013111/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1910/04/22/archives/mark-twain-is-dead-at-74-end-comes-peacefully-at-his-new-england.html","external_links_name":"\"MARK TWAIN IS DEAD AT 74; End Comes Peacefully at His New England Home After a Long Illness\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230828215541/https://www.nytimes.com/1910/04/22/archives/mark-twain-is-dead-at-74-end-comes-peacefully-at-his-new-england.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.kennedy-center.org/programs/specialevents/marktwain/","external_links_name":"\"The Kennedy Center Mark Twain Prize for Humor\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140627025220/http://www.kennedy-center.org/programs/specialevents/marktwain/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.patrickhenryspeaker.com/2013/04/15/dont-call-me-a-comedian/","external_links_name":"\"Don't Call Me a Comedian\""},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4160798-3","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007531201505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85062949","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10640596","external_links_name":"NARA"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_North_Dakota_Supreme_Court	List of justices of the North Dakota Supreme Court	["1 North Dakota Supreme Court justices"]	This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "List of justices of the North Dakota Supreme Court" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The following is a list of the North Dakota Supreme Court justices, split into their respective courts. North Dakota Supreme Court justices See also: List of North Dakota Supreme Court chief justices Court Justice 1 2 3 4 5 1st(1889–1898) Guy C. H. Corliss Joseph Bartholomew Alfred Wallin 2nd(1898–1900) Newton C. Young Joseph Bartholomew Alfred Wallin 3rd(1901–1902) Newton C. Young David Morgan Alfred Wallin 4th(1903–1904) Newton C. Young David Morgan John M. Cochrane 5th(1904–1906) Newton C. Young David Morgan Edward Engerud 6th(1906) John Knauf David Morgan Edward Engerud 7th(1907) Charles Joseph Fisk David Morgan Edward Engerud 8th(1907–1909) Charles Joseph Fisk David Morgan Burleigh F. Spalding 9th(1909–1910) Charles Joseph Fisk David Morgan Burleigh F. Spalding Sidney E. Ellsworth John Carmody 10th(1911) Charles Joseph Fisk David Morgan Burleigh F. Spalding Evan B. Goss Edward T. Burke 11th(1911–1914) Charles Joseph Fisk Andrew A. Bruce Burleigh F. Spalding Evan B. Goss Edward T. Burke 12th(1915–1916) Charles Joseph Fisk Andrew A. Bruce Adolph M. Christianson Evan B. Goss Edward T. Burke 13th(1917–1918) Charles Joseph Fisk Andrew A. Bruce Adolph M. Christianson Richard Grace James Robinson 14th(1918–1922) Luther E. Birdzell Harrison A. Bronson Adolph M. Christianson Richard Grace James Robinson 15th(1923–1924) Luther E. Birdzell Harrison A. Bronson Adolph M. Christianson William Nuessle Sveinbjorn Johnson 16th(1925–1926) Luther E. Birdzell John Burke Adolph M. Christianson William Nuessle Sveinbjorn Johnson 17th(1926–1933) Luther E. Birdzell John Burke Adolph M. Christianson William Nuessle Alexander Burr 18th(1933–1934) George Moellring John Burke Adolph M. Christianson William Nuessle Alexander Burr 19th(1935–1937) James Morris John Burke Adolph M. Christianson William Nuessle Alexander Burr 20th(1937–1938) James Morris Peter O. Sathre Adolph M. Christianson William Nuessle Alexander Burr 21st(1939–1949) James Morris Thomas J. Burke Adolph M. Christianson William Nuessle Alexander Burr 22nd(1949–1950) James Morris Thomas J. Burke Adolph M. Christianson William Nuessle Gudmunder Grimson 23rd(1951–1954) James Morris Thomas J. Burke Adolph M. Christianson Gudmunder Grimson Peter O. Sathre 24th(1954–1958) James Morris Thomas J. Burke Nels Johnson Gudmunder Grimson Peter O. Sathre 25th(1959–1962) James Morris Thomas J. Burke Alvin C. Strutz Obert C. Teigen Peter O. Sathre 26th(1963–1964) James Morris Thomas J. Burke Alvin C. Strutz Obert C. Teigen Ralph J. Erickstad 27th(1965–1966) Harvey B. Knudson Thomas J. Burke Alvin C. Strutz Obert C. Teigen Ralph J. Erickstad 28th(1966) Harvey B. Knudson William S. Murray Alvin C. Strutz Obert C. Teigen Ralph J. Erickstad 29th(1967–1973) Harvey B. Knudson William Paulson Alvin C. Strutz Obert C. Teigen Ralph J. Erickstad 30th(1973–1974) Harvey B. Knudson William Paulson Robert Vogel Obert C. Teigen Ralph J. Erickstad 31st(1974–1975) Harvey B. Knudson William Paulson Robert Vogel J. Philip Johnson Ralph J. Erickstad 32nd(1975–1978) Vernon R. Pederson William Paulson Robert Vogel Paul M. Sand Ralph J. Erickstad 33rd(1978–1983) Vernon R. Pederson William Paulson Gerald W. VandeWalle Paul M. Sand Ralph J. Erickstad 34th(1983–1984) Vernon R. Pederson H. F. Gierke III Gerald W. VandeWalle Paul M. Sand Ralph J. Erickstad 35th(1985–1991) Beryl J. Levine H. F. Gierke III Gerald W. VandeWalle Herbert L. Meschke Ralph J. Erickstad 36th(1992) Beryl J. Levine J. Philip Johnson Gerald W. VandeWalle Herbert L. Meschke Ralph J. Erickstad 37th(1993–1996) Beryl J. Levine Dale V. Sandstrom Gerald W. VandeWalle Herbert L. Meschke William A. Neumann 38th(1996–1998) Mary Muehlen Maring Dale V. Sandstrom Gerald W. VandeWalle Herbert L. Meschke William A. Neumann 39th(1998–2005) Mary Muehlen Maring Dale V. Sandstrom Gerald W. VandeWalle Carol Ronning Kapsner William A. Neumann 40th(2005–2013) Mary Muehlen Maring Dale V. Sandstrom Gerald W. VandeWalle Carol Ronning Kapsner Daniel J. Crothers 41st(2014–2016) Lisa K. Fair McEvers Dale V. Sandstrom Gerald W. VandeWalle Carol Ronning Kapsner Daniel J. Crothers 42nd(2016–2017) Lisa K. Fair McEvers Jerod E. Tufte Gerald W. VandeWalle Carol Ronning Kapsner Daniel J. Crothers 43rd(2017–2023) Lisa K. Fair McEvers Jerod E. Tufte Gerald W. VandeWalle Jon J. Jensen Daniel J. Crothers 44th(2023–present) Lisa K. Fair McEvers Jerod E. Tufte Douglas Bahr Jon J. Jensen Daniel J. Crothers vteLists of justices of high courts of the United States Supreme Court of the United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York (Chief Judges) (Assoc. Judges) North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma (Civil) Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas (Civil) Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Dakota Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota_Supreme_Court"}],"text":"The following is a list of the North Dakota Supreme Court justices, split into their respective courts.","title":"List of justices of the North Dakota Supreme Court"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of North Dakota Supreme Court chief justices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_North_Dakota_Supreme_Court_chief_justices"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Lists_of_US_justices"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Lists_of_US_justices"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lists_of_US_justices"},{"link_name":"high courts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_supreme_court"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Alabama_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Alaska_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Arizona_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Arkansas_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_California"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Colorado_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Connecticut_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Delaware_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Florida_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Idaho_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Illinois#Justices"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Indiana_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Iowa_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Kansas_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Kentucky_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Louisiana_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Maine_Supreme_Judicial_Court"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_judges_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Massachusetts_Supreme_Judicial_Court"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Michigan_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Minnesota_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_judges_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Montana_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Nebraska_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Nevada"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_New_Hampshire_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_New_Mexico_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"New York (Chief Judges)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chief_judges_of_the_New_York_Court_of_Appeals"},{"link_name":"(Assoc. Judges)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_associate_judges_of_the_New_York_Court_of_Appeals"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_North_Carolina_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Ohio_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma (Civil)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Oklahoma_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Oregon_judges#Oregon_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Rhode_Island_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_South_Carolina_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_South_Dakota_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Tennessee_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Texas (Civil)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Texas_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Utah_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Vermont_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Washington_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Appeals_of_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Wisconsin_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Wyoming_Supreme_Court"}],"text":"See also: List of North Dakota Supreme Court chief justicesvteLists of justices of high courts of the United States\nSupreme Court of the United States\nAlabama\nAlaska\nArizona\nArkansas\nCalifornia\nColorado\nConnecticut\nDelaware\nFlorida\nGeorgia\nHawaii\nIdaho\nIllinois\nIndiana\nIowa\nKansas\nKentucky\nLouisiana\nMaine\nMaryland\nMassachusetts\nMichigan\nMinnesota\nMississippi\nMissouri\nMontana\nNebraska\nNevada\nNew Hampshire\nNew Jersey\nNew Mexico\nNew York (Chief Judges) (Assoc. Judges)\nNorth Carolina\nNorth Dakota\nOhio\nOklahoma (Civil)\nOregon\nPennsylvania\nPuerto Rico\nRhode Island\nSouth Carolina\nSouth Dakota\nTennessee\nTexas (Civil)\nUtah\nVermont\nVirginia\nWashington\nWest Virginia\nWisconsin\nWyoming","title":"North Dakota Supreme Court justices"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22List+of+justices+of+the+North+Dakota+Supreme+Court%22","external_links_name":"\"List of justices of the North Dakota Supreme Court\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22List+of+justices+of+the+North+Dakota+Supreme+Court%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22List+of+justices+of+the+North+Dakota+Supreme+Court%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22List+of+justices+of+the+North+Dakota+Supreme+Court%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22List+of+justices+of+the+North+Dakota+Supreme+Court%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22List+of+justices+of+the+North+Dakota+Supreme+Court%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandals	Sandal	["1 Name","2 History","3 Construction","4 Variants","5 Gallery","6 See also","7 References","7.1 Citations","7.2 Bibliography","8 External links"]	Type of footwear with an open upper "Sandals" redirects here. For the Caribbean luxury resorts operator, see Sandals Resorts. For the holy relic at Prüm Abbey, see Sandals of Jesus Christ. For other uses, see Sandal (disambiguation). man wearing sandals Modern fashion sandals Sandals are an open type of shoe, consisting of a sole held to the wearer's foot by straps going over the instep and around the ankle. Sandals can also have a heel. While the distinction between sandals and other types of footwear can sometimes be blurry (as in the case of huaraches—the woven leather footwear seen in Mexico, and peep-toe pumps), the common understanding is that a sandal leaves all or most of the foot exposed. People may choose to wear sandals for several reasons, among them comfort in warm weather, economy (sandals tend to require less material than shoes and are usually easier to construct), and as a fashion choice. Usually, people wear sandals in warmer climates or during warmer parts of the year in order to keep their feet cool and dry. The risk of developing athlete's foot is lower than with enclosed shoes, and the wearing of sandals may be part of the treatment regimen for such an infection. Name The English word sandal derives under influence from Middle French sandale from the Latin sandalium and is first attested in Middle English in the form sandalies. The Latin term derived from Greek sandálion (σανδάλιον), the diminutive of sándalon (σάνδαλον), of uncertain origin. In Greek, the names referred to particular styles of women's sandals rather than being the general word for the category of footwear. Similarly, in Latin, the name was also used for slippers, the more common term for Roman sandals being solea, whence English sole. The English words sand and sandalwood are both false cognates. History Esparto sandals from the 6th or 5th millennium BC found in Spain. Pair of ancient leather sandals from Egypt. Girl wearing sandals held to the feet by both thong and straps. Although some other kinds of footwear like carbatina are as simple to make, sandals are the oldest known footwear at present. Pairs of sagebrush sandals discovered in 1938 at Fort Rock Cave in Oregon, USA, were later dated to 10,500 to 9,300 years ago. The ancient Egyptians wore sandals made of palm leaves, papyrus, and—at least in grave goods—gold. Egyptian statues and reliefs show sandals both on the feet and carried by sandal-bearers. According to Herodotus, papyrus footwear was part of the required dress of the Egyptian priests. The sandals of Mesopotamia ("Biblical sandals") were typically made of rawhide and straw (dried grasses). The wealthy sometimes used gems or gold or silver beads on the thongs. Straw shoes, sometimes in the form of sandals and sometimes carbatinae, were ubiquitous Chinese footwear in antiquity. In Ancient Greece, sandalia proper were a kind of sandal principally worn by women. The sole was made of wood, cork, or leather and the upper chiefly consisted of a strap between the big toe and second toe and another around the ankle. The sandal of Homer was the pédila (πέδιλα). By the Classical Period, the general term for sandals was hypódēma (ὑπόδημα). Most forms included a strap across the toes (ζυγὸς, zygòs), another strap between the big and second toe, and a third across the instep (lingula); this last was frequently made with metal shaped like a heart or leaf. The rhaḯdia (ῥαΐδια) extended the straps of the sandal up the calf. Some Greek sandals—like the women's tyrrēniká (τυρρηνικά)—employed wooden soles. The effeminate baxea (πάξεια, páxeia) was usually made of willow leaves, twigs, or fibers and was associated with comic actors and philosophers. The tragedians wore the cothurnus (κόθορνος, kóthornos), sandal-like boots that rose above the midcalf and typically incorporated platform soles that led to others wearing them to appear taller. By the Hellenistic Period, some sandals show evidence of extreme ornamentation. One found from the settlements in Greek Crimea was a platform design with 12 separate layers in its sole and gold decoration. Because of the general discomfort of the typical upper-class calceus, it was standard in ancient Rome to switch to sandals (solea or crepida) or slippers at home and it was considered an oddity of Augustus that he seldom did so. However, wearing comfortable shoes in public was considered effeminate and discussion of the habit was used as an insult by politicians and writers. Scipio the Elder, Verres, Antony, Germanicus, and Caligula were all pointedly reproached for doing so and the stigma did not die off until at least the reign of Hadrian. Because shoes were removed when reclining on couches to dine, it was normal to wear slippers or sandals to meals even at other houses. Because of the stigma, however, when a litter carried by slaves could not be used between the two houses, it was considered proper to walk to the other house in calcei while carrying the shoes to be removed under the arm. The guest would change in the entryway and then have slaves remove the second pair of shoes in the dining room. In his autobiography Edward Carpenter told how sandals came to be made in England: While in India Harold Cox went in 85 or 86 for a tour in Cashmere, and from Cashmere he sent me a pair of Indian sandals. I had asked him, before he went out, to send some likely pattern of sandals, as I felt anxious to try some myself. I soon found the joy of wearing them. And after a little time I set about making them. I got two or three lessons from W. Lill, a bootmaker friend in Sheffield, and soon succeeded in making a good many pairs for myself and various friends. Since then the trade has grown into quite a substantial one. G. Adams took it up at Millthorpe in 1889; making, I suppose, about a hundred or more pairs a year; and since his death it has been carried on at the Garden City, Letchworth. Construction This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Anatomy of a sandal A sandal may have a sole made from rubber, leather, wood, tatami or rope. It may be held to the foot by a narrow thong that generally passes between the first and second toe, or by a strap or lace, variously called a latchet, sabot strap or sandal, that passes over the arch of the foot or around the ankle. A sandal may or may not have a heel (either low or high) or heel strap. Variants Barefoot sandals, footwear with the appearance of sandals but lacking a sole. Caligae, a heavy-soled classical Roman military shoe or sandal for marching, worn by all ranks up to and including centurion Carbatina, open footwear worn in ancient Greece, Italy and the Middle East Clog can be formed as a heavy sandal, having a thick, typically wooden sole. Crochet sandals Fisherman sandal is a type of T-bar sandal originally for men and boys. The toes are enclosed by a number of leather bands interwoven with the central length-wise strap that lies along the instep. An adjustable cross strap or bar is fastened with a buckle. The heel may be fully enclosed or secured by a single strap joined to the cross strap. The style appears to have originated in France. Flip-flops (called thongs in Australia) are typically cheap and suitable for beach, pool, or locker room wear Clip-on sandals or clip-toe sandals, similar to flip-flops Geta, a classical Japanese form of elevated thong, traditionally of cryptomeria wood; the crosspiece is referred to as a ha, which translates to tooth Grecian sandal, sandals from Greece and Salento (Italy), a (generally flat or low) sole attached to the foot by interlaced straps crossing the toes and instep, and fastening around the ankle. A similar style is sometimes called gladiator sandal High-heeled sandal, a type of sandal with an elevated heel. They allow the wearer to have an open shoe while being less casual or more formal, depending on the style of the sandal. Hiking and trekking sandals are designed for hiking or trekking in hot and tropical climates, usually using robust rubber outsole, suitable for any terrain, and softer EVA or Super EVA foam insole. These sandals are usually shaped to support the arched contour of the foot. The straps are usually made of polyester or nylon webbing for quick drying after exposure to water and to minimize perspiration. Also suitable for many other adventure sports and activities where quick drying and reduced perspiration is required, including rafting, traveling, paragliding, skydiving. Ho Chi Minh sandals is one name for a homemade or cottage industry footwear, the soles cut from an old automobile tire and the straps cut from an inner tube. Made and worn in many countries, they became wider known in the US as worn by the rural people of Indochina during the Vietnam War, leading to the name. Huarache, a Mexican sandal, with sole made of a tire tread, or huarache (running shoe), a flat sandal used by minimalist runners. Jelly sandals or jelly shoes were originally a version of the classic fisherman sandal made in PVC plastic. They were invented in 1946 by Frenchman Jean Dauphant in response to a post-war leather shortage. Later designs featured translucent soft plastic in bright colours; hence the later name of jelly sandals or jellies. Recently, a whole range of styles have been produced in this material, mainly for women and girls, but the classic unisex design remains popular. Jesuslatschen Jipsin, a traditional Korean sandal made of straw Ojota, an extremely durable Peruvian sandal made of recycled tires that is traditionally worn in the Andes by Quechua people. Paduka are the ancient (the time of the Ramayana) Indian toe-knob sandals. They are not really worn on a daily basis now except by monks or for ceremonial purposes. Patten, a type of oversized clog often with a wooden sole or metal device to elevate the foot and increase the wearer's height or aid in walking in mud Roman sandal, a sandal held to the foot by a vamp composed of a series of equally spaced, buckled straps Saltwater sandals, a flat sandal developed in the 1940s as a way of coping with wartime leather shortages, primarily worn by children Soft foam sandals, invented in 1973, are made from closed-cell soft foam and uses surgical tubing for the straps. They are sold primarily along the Texas Gulf Coast in beach side gift shops. T-bar sandals, primarily for children, with an enclosed heel and toe. It is fastened by a cross-wise strap or bar secured by a buckle, or more recently by Velcro. A length-wise strap extends from the vamp and joins the cross-strap over the arch of the foot to form a T shape. A common variant has two cross-straps. The toe is often pierced with a pattern of holes or slots. The sole is low-heeled and usually of crepe rubber, stitched-down to the upper. First seen in Europe and America in the early 20th century, by the 1950s they were very common for boys and girls up to their teens, but are now mainly worn by much younger children. This style or similar styles are also called "Mary Jane" shoes. Waraji, Japanese straw sandals common in the Edo period Wörishofer, a ladies' sandal with a cork wedge heel Zōri, a flat and thonged Japanese sandal, usually made of straw, cloth, leather, or rubber Gallery Yoga sandals have thongs that pass between all of the toes. Grecian sandals. Hiking/Sport sandals. High-heeled sandals. Mexican sandals Charlton Heston and Jack Hawkins's caliga sandal-boots from the American film Ben-Hur Vietnamese sandal Low heel sandals Sandals with a toe thong Fashion sandals Japanese Zori Flip-flops Hiking Sandals See also Fashion portal Birkenstock Crocs Keens Mules Slipper Socks and sandals References Citations ^ a b "sandal, n.¹", Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2023. ^ John Wycliffe, Bible, Mark, 6:9. ^ Robbins, William G. (2005). Oregon: This Storied Land. Oregon Historical Society Press. ISBN 978-0875952864. ^ Wilkinson (1847), p. 336. ^ Herodotus, History, Book 2, §37. ^ a b Peck (1898). ^ Homer, Iliad, Book 24, l. 340, and Odyssey, Book 8, l. 368. ^ a b c d e f g h i Anderson (1870). ^ Yates & al. (1870). ^ Serv. in Virg. Ed. II. cc. ^ Edward Carpenter (1899) My Days and Dream, chapter 7 via Edwardcarpenter.net ^ "Crochet Sandals". Archived from the original on 2014-07-24. Retrieved 2014-06-25. ^ "Sandal and Footwear Technology - SOURCE Hydration & Sandals". Retrieved 23 November 2016. ^ Huaraches: Mexican sandals Archived 2016-10-07 at the Wayback Machine from Huaraches.com ^ DDR Museum: Sandals in GDR so called Jesuslatschen ^ "Have you ever heard about peruvian sandals Yankees?". Sylwia Travel Peru. 2014-10-29. Retrieved 2019-08-29. ^ "Traditional Andean Clothing". Threads of Peru. Retrieved 2019-08-29. ^ Cómo se hacen los Yanquis u ojotas en Perú (viral), retrieved 2019-08-29 ^ Museum, Bata Shoe. "All About Shoes". Archived from the original on 29 December 2009. Retrieved 23 November 2016. ^ "closed-toe sandals". Retrieved 23 November 2016. Bibliography Anderson, W.C.F. (1870), "Solea", A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: John Murray. Peck, Harry Thurston (1898), "Sandalium", Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers. Wilkinson (1847), Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians, vol. II, London: John Murray. Yates, James; et al. (1870), "Baxeae or Baxae", A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: John Murray. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sandals. Look up sandal in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. vteFootwear Abandoned footwear Shoe Shoemaking Shoe size Dress shoes Blucher Brogues Brothel creepers Derby Monks Oxfords Spectator shoes (Co-respondent shoes) Winklepickers Wholecuts Slip-on shoes Court shoes Prince Albert slippers Loafers Venetian-style shoes Women's Ballet flats High-heeled footwear Mary Janes Mojari Mules Peep-toe shoes Saddle shoes Slingbacks Other shoes Driving moccasins Flip-flops Galoshes Platform shoes Sandals Self-tying shoes Slides Slippers (Uwabaki) Tiger-head shoes Veldskoens Zōri Wooden footwear Bakya British clogs Cantabrian albarcas Clogs Geta Klompen Namaksin Okobo Padukas Pattens Sabot Träskor BootsMilitary Ammunition boots Bunny boots Combat boots Jackboots Jump boots Jungle boots Tanker boots Trench boots Munson Last Work Australian work boots Cowboy boots Engineer boots Hip boots Jika-tabi Rigger boots Steel-toe boots Waders Fashion boots Chelsea boots (Beatle boots) Chukka boots Go-go boots 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Hessians Lotus shoes Pampooties Pigaches Poulaines Socci Turnshoes Shoe construction Bespoke shoes Blake construction Goodyear welt Shoe buckle Shoelaces Toe box High heels Clear heels Kitten heels Spool heels Stiletto heels Wedges Hosiery Anklets Bobby socks Dress socks Footwraps Knee highs Pantyhose Sock Stocking Tights Toe socks Tabi List of shoe styles vteClothing History Industry Technology Terminology Timeline Headwear Beret Cap Baseball Flat Knit Hat Boater Bowler Fedora Homburg Top Helmet Hood Kerchief Mask Turban Veil Neckwear Bands Choker Clerical collar Lavallière Neckerchief Neck gaiter Necktie Ascot Bolo Bow Kipper School Stock Scarf Tippet Tops Blouse Cache-cœur Crop top Halterneck Tube top Cycling Kurta Mantle Shirt Dress Henley Polo Sleeveless T Sweater Cardigan Guernsey Hoodie Jersey Polo neck Shrug Sweater vest Twinset Waistcoat Trousers Bell-bottoms Bondage Capri Cargo Chaps Formal Go-to-hell High water Lowrise Jeans Jodhpurs Overalls Palazzo Parachute Pedal pushers Phat Shorts Bermuda Cycling Dolphin Gym Hotpants Running Slim-fit Sweatpants Windpants Yoga pants Suits anduniforms Ceremonial dress Academic Court Diplomatic Folk Jodhpuri Jumpsuit Military Full Mess Service Sailor Combat Pantsuit Religious Cassock Clerical Vestment School Prison Workwear Boilersuit Cleanroom Hazmat Space Scrubs Dressesand gownsFormal, semi-formal, informal Backless Bouffant gown Coatdress Cocktail Little black Evening Ball gown Debutante Plain Prairie Princess line Strapless Wedding Wrap Casual House Jumper Romper suit Sheath Shirtdress Slip Sundress Skirts A-line Ballerina Denim Men's Miniskirt Pencil Prairie Rah-rah Sarong Skort Tutu Wrap Underwear and lingerieTop Bra Camisole Undershirt Bottom Diaper Training pants Leggings Panties Plastic pants Slip Thong Underpants Boxer briefs Boxer shorts Briefs Full Bodysuit, adult Bodysuit, infant Long underwear See-through Teddy CoatsandouterwearOvercoats Car Chesterfield Covert Duffel Duster Greatcoat British Warm Guards Coat Greca Over-frock Riding Shadbelly Trench Ulster Cloak Opera Paletot Pea Polo Raincoat Mackintosh Suit coats Frock coat Bekishe Rekel Mess jacket Suit jacket Blazer Smoking Sports Teba Tailcoat Dress Morning Other Apron Pinafore Blouson Cagoule Cape Ferraiolo Inverness Mantle, Monastic Mantle, Royal Mozzetta Pellegrina Coatee Cut-off Gilet Jacket Down Flight Goggle Harrington Leather Mackinaw Norfolk Safari Jerkin Lab coat Parka Poncho Robe Bathrobe Dressing gown Shawl Ski suit Sleeved blanket Windbreaker Nightwear Babydoll Babygrow Blanket sleeper Negligee Nightgown Nightshirt Pajamas Swimwear Bikini Burkini Boardshorts Dry suit Monokini One-piece Rash guard Sling Square leg suit Swim briefs Swim diaper Trunks Wetsuit Footwear Boot Court shoe Dress boot Dress shoe Flip-flops Sandal Shoe Slipper Sneaker Legwear Sock Hold-ups Garter Pantyhose Stocking Tights Accessories Belt Boutonnière Coin purse Cufflink Cummerbund Gaiters Glasses Gloves Headband Handbag Jewellery Livery Muff Pocket protector Pocket watch Sash Spats Sunglasses Suspenders Umbrella Wallet Watch Dress codesWestern Formal Morning dress White tie Semi-formal Black lounge suit Black tie Informal Casual Related Clothing fetish Clothing swap Costume creature suit Halloween costume Cross-dressing Environmental impact Fashion Haute couture Made-to-measure Ready-to-wear Fur clothing types Fursuit Global trade of secondhand clothing Laws List of individual dresses Reconstructed clothing Right to clothing Vintage clothing Clothing portal Authority control databases: National Germany Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sandals Resorts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandals_Resorts"},{"link_name":"Sandals of Jesus Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandals_of_Jesus_Christ"},{"link_name":"Sandal (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandal_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Man_in_sandals.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nikko_black_sandal.jpg"},{"link_name":"sole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sole_(shoe)"},{"link_name":"foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot"},{"link_name":"instep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instep"},{"link_name":"ankle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankle"},{"link_name":"huaraches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huarache_(shoe)"},{"link_name":"fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion"},{"link_name":"athlete's foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athlete%27s_foot"},{"link_name":"shoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoe"},{"link_name":"treatment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapy"}],"text":"\"Sandals\" redirects here. For the Caribbean luxury resorts operator, see Sandals Resorts. For the holy relic at Prüm Abbey, see Sandals of Jesus Christ. For other uses, see Sandal (disambiguation).man wearing sandalsModern fashion sandalsSandals are an open type of shoe, consisting of a sole held to the wearer's foot by straps going over the instep and around the ankle. Sandals can also have a heel. While the distinction between sandals and other types of footwear can sometimes be blurry (as in the case of huaraches—the woven leather footwear seen in Mexico, and peep-toe pumps), the common understanding is that a sandal leaves all or most of the foot exposed. People may choose to wear sandals for several reasons, among them comfort in warm weather, economy (sandals tend to require less material than shoes and are usually easier to construct), and as a fashion choice. Usually, people wear sandals in warmer climates or during warmer parts of the year in order to keep their feet cool and dry. The risk of developing athlete's foot is lower than with enclosed shoes, and the wearing of sandals may be part of the treatment regimen for such an infection.","title":"Sandal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"sandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sandal"},{"link_name":"Middle French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_French"},{"link_name":"sandale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sandale"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"sandalium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sandalium"},{"link_name":"Middle English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_English"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oed-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language"},{"link_name":"σανδάλιον","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BD"},{"link_name":"diminutive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminutive_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"σάνδαλον","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%83%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BD"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oed-1"},{"link_name":"slippers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slippers"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"solea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/solea"},{"link_name":"sole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sole_(shoe)"},{"link_name":"sand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand"},{"link_name":"sandalwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandalwood"},{"link_name":"false cognates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_cognate"}],"text":"The English word sandal derives under influence from Middle French sandale from the Latin sandalium and is first attested in Middle English in the form sandalies.[1][2] The Latin term derived from Greek sandálion (σανδάλιον), the diminutive of sándalon (σάνδαλον), of uncertain origin.[1] In Greek, the names referred to particular styles of women's sandals rather than being the general word for the category of footwear. Similarly, in Latin, the name was also used for slippers, the more common term for Roman sandals being solea, whence English sole. The English words sand and sandalwood are both false cognates.","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sandalias_de_esparto_(29139609730).jpg"},{"link_name":"Esparto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esparto"},{"link_name":"6th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_millennium_BC"},{"link_name":"5th millennium BC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_millennium_BC"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Egyptian_sandals,_vegetable_fiber_-_Bata_Shoe_Museum_-_DSC00009.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fancy_sandals.png"},{"link_name":"footwear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footwear"},{"link_name":"carbatina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbatina"},{"link_name":"oldest known footwear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_footwear"},{"link_name":"sagebrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisia_tridentata"},{"link_name":"Fort Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Rock"},{"link_name":"Cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Rock_Cave"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon"},{"link_name":"USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA"},{"link_name":"dated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating"},{"link_name":"years ago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Before_Present"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-robbins-3"},{"link_name":"ancient Egyptians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptians"},{"link_name":"palm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_tree"},{"link_name":"papyrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyrus"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson1847336-4"},{"link_name":"grave goods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grave_goods"},{"link_name":"sandal-bearers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandal-bearer"},{"link_name":"Herodotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus"},{"link_name":"Egyptian priests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Mesopotamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia"},{"link_name":"Biblical sandals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_sandals"},{"link_name":"rawhide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawhide_(material)"},{"link_name":"straw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straw_(agricultural_product)"},{"link_name":"Chinese footwear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanfu_footwear"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeck1898-6"},{"link_name":"sole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sole_(shoe)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeck1898-6"},{"link_name":"Homer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1870-8"},{"link_name":"Classical Period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Greece"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1870-8"},{"link_name":"instep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instep"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1870-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1870-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1870-8"},{"link_name":"baxea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baxea"},{"link_name":"πάξεια","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%BE%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1"},{"link_name":"willow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willow"},{"link_name":"comic actors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_comedy"},{"link_name":"philosophers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_philosophy"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYates_&_al.1870-9"},{"link_name":"tragedians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_tragedy"},{"link_name":"cothurnus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cothurnus"},{"link_name":"κόθορνος","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%B8%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82"},{"link_name":"boots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boot"},{"link_name":"platform soles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_shoe"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Hellenistic Period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_Period"},{"link_name":"Greek Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Crimea"},{"link_name":"platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_shoe"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1870-8"},{"link_name":"upper-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_in_ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"calceus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calceus"},{"link_name":"ancient Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"solea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/solea"},{"link_name":"crepida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/crepida"},{"link_name":"slippers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccus"},{"link_name":"Augustus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1870-8"},{"link_name":"Scipio the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scipio_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Verres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verres"},{"link_name":"Antony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Antony"},{"link_name":"Germanicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanicus"},{"link_name":"Caligula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caligula"},{"link_name":"Hadrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1870-8"},{"link_name":"litter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litter_(vehicle)"},{"link_name":"slaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"calcei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcei"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1870-8"},{"link_name":"Edward Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Carpenter"},{"link_name":"Harold Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Cox"},{"link_name":"Cashmere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir"},{"link_name":"Sheffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield"},{"link_name":"Millthorpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millthorpe,_Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"Letchworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letchworth"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Esparto sandals from the 6th or 5th millennium BC found in Spain.Pair of ancient leather sandals from Egypt.Girl wearing sandals held to the feet by both thong and straps.Although some other kinds of footwear like carbatina are as simple to make, sandals are the oldest known footwear at present. Pairs of sagebrush sandals discovered in 1938 at Fort Rock Cave in Oregon, USA, were later dated to 10,500 to 9,300 years ago.[3]The ancient Egyptians wore sandals made of palm leaves, papyrus,[4] and—at least in grave goods—gold. Egyptian statues and reliefs show sandals both on the feet and carried by sandal-bearers. According to Herodotus, papyrus footwear was part of the required dress of the Egyptian priests.[5] The sandals of Mesopotamia (\"Biblical sandals\") were typically made of rawhide and straw (dried grasses). The wealthy sometimes used gems or gold or silver beads on the thongs.Straw shoes, sometimes in the form of sandals and sometimes carbatinae, were ubiquitous Chinese footwear in antiquity.In Ancient Greece, sandalia proper were a kind of sandal principally worn by women.[6] The sole was made of wood, cork, or leather and the upper chiefly consisted of a strap between the big toe and second toe and another around the ankle.[6] The sandal of Homer was the pédila (πέδιλα).[7][8] By the Classical Period, the general term for sandals was hypódēma (ὑπόδημα).[8] Most forms included a strap across the toes (ζυγὸς, zygòs), another strap between the big and second toe, and a third across the instep (lingula); this last was frequently made with metal shaped like a heart or leaf.[8] The rhaḯdia (ῥαΐδια) extended the straps of the sandal up the calf.[8] Some Greek sandals—like the women's tyrrēniká (τυρρηνικά)—employed wooden soles.[8] The effeminate baxea (πάξεια, páxeia) was usually made of willow leaves, twigs, or fibers and was associated with comic actors and philosophers.[9] The tragedians wore the cothurnus (κόθορνος, kóthornos), sandal-like boots that rose above the midcalf and typically incorporated platform soles that led to others wearing them to appear taller.[10] By the Hellenistic Period, some sandals show evidence of extreme ornamentation. One found from the settlements in Greek Crimea was a platform design with 12 separate layers in its sole and gold decoration.[8]Because of the general discomfort of the typical upper-class calceus, it was standard in ancient Rome to switch to sandals (solea or crepida) or slippers at home and it was considered an oddity of Augustus that he seldom did so. However, wearing comfortable shoes in public was considered effeminate and discussion of the habit was used as an insult by politicians and writers.[8] Scipio the Elder, Verres, Antony, Germanicus, and Caligula were all pointedly reproached for doing so and the stigma did not die off until at least the reign of Hadrian.[8] Because shoes were removed when reclining on couches to dine, it was normal to wear slippers or sandals to meals even at other houses. Because of the stigma, however, when a litter carried by slaves could not be used between the two houses, it was considered proper to walk to the other house in calcei while carrying the shoes to be removed under the arm. The guest would change in the entryway and then have slaves remove the second pair of shoes in the dining room.[8]In his autobiography Edward Carpenter told how sandals came to be made in England:While in India Harold Cox went in [18]85 or [18]86 for a tour in Cashmere, and from Cashmere he sent me a pair of Indian sandals. I had asked him, before he went out, to send some likely pattern of sandals, as I felt anxious to try some myself. I soon found the joy of wearing them. And after a little time I set about making them. I got two or three lessons from W. Lill, a bootmaker friend in Sheffield, and soon succeeded in making a good many pairs for myself and various friends. Since then the trade has grown into quite a substantial one. G. Adams took it up at Millthorpe in 1889; making, I suppose, about a hundred or more pairs a year; and since his death it has been carried on at the Garden City, Letchworth.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anatomy_of_Sandals.svg"},{"link_name":"sole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sole_(shoe)"},{"link_name":"rubber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubber"},{"link_name":"leather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leather"},{"link_name":"wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood"},{"link_name":"tatami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatami"},{"link_name":"rope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rope"},{"link_name":"heel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heel_(shoe)"},{"link_name":"high","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-heeled_footwear"}],"text":"Anatomy of a sandalA sandal may have a sole made from rubber, leather, wood, tatami or rope. It may be held to the foot by a narrow thong that generally passes between the first and second toe, or by a strap or lace, variously called a latchet, sabot strap or sandal, that passes over the arch of the foot or around the ankle. A sandal may or may not have a heel (either low or high) or heel strap.","title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barefoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barefoot"},{"link_name":"Caligae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caligae"},{"link_name":"centurion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centurion"},{"link_name":"Carbatina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbatina"},{"link_name":"Clog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clog_(shoe)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Fisherman sandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fisherman_sandal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Flip-flops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flip-flops"},{"link_name":"Clip-on sandals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clip-on_sandals&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"clip-toe sandals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clip-toe_sandals&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Geta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geta_(footwear)"},{"link_name":"cryptomeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptomeria"},{"link_name":"Grecian sandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grecian_sandal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Salento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salento"},{"link_name":"gladiator sandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladiator_sandal"},{"link_name":"High-heeled sandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-heeled_footwear"},{"link_name":"Hiking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiking"},{"link_name":"trekking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trekking"},{"link_name":"EVA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylene-vinyl_acetate"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Ho Chi Minh sandals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_sandal"},{"link_name":"cottage industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottage_industry"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"Huarache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huarache_(shoe)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"huarache (running shoe)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huarache_(running_shoe)"},{"link_name":"jelly shoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelly_shoes"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Jipsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jipsin"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea"},{"link_name":"Ojota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ojota&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"recycled tires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tire_recycling"},{"link_name":"Andes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andes"},{"link_name":"Quechua people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua_people"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Paduka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paduka"},{"link_name":"Ramayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Patten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patten_(shoe)"},{"link_name":"Roman sandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_sandal_(disambiguation)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"vamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoe#Shoe_construction"},{"link_name":"Saltwater sandals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltwater_sandals"},{"link_name":"T-bar sandals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-bar_sandal"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Waraji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waraji"},{"link_name":"Edo period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_period"},{"link_name":"Wörishofer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%B6rishofer"},{"link_name":"Zōri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C5%8Dri"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"}],"text":"Barefoot sandals, footwear with the appearance of sandals but lacking a sole.\nCaligae, a heavy-soled classical Roman military shoe or sandal for marching, worn by all ranks up to and including centurion\nCarbatina, open footwear worn in ancient Greece, Italy and the Middle East\nClog can be formed as a heavy sandal, having a thick, typically wooden sole.\nCrochet sandals[12]\nFisherman sandal is a type of T-bar sandal originally for men and boys. The toes are enclosed by a number of leather bands interwoven with the central length-wise strap that lies along the instep. An adjustable cross strap or bar is fastened with a buckle. The heel may be fully enclosed or secured by a single strap joined to the cross strap. The style appears to have originated in France.\nFlip-flops (called thongs in Australia) are typically cheap and suitable for beach, pool, or locker room wear\nClip-on sandals or clip-toe sandals, similar to flip-flops\nGeta, a classical Japanese form of elevated thong, traditionally of cryptomeria wood; the crosspiece is referred to as a ha, which translates to tooth\nGrecian sandal, sandals from Greece and Salento (Italy), a (generally flat or low) sole attached to the foot by interlaced straps crossing the toes and instep, and fastening around the ankle. A similar style is sometimes called gladiator sandal\nHigh-heeled sandal, a type of sandal with an elevated heel. They allow the wearer to have an open shoe while being less casual or more formal, depending on the style of the sandal.\nHiking and trekking sandals are designed for hiking or trekking in hot and tropical climates, usually using robust rubber outsole, suitable for any terrain, and softer EVA or Super EVA foam insole. These sandals are usually shaped to support the arched contour of the foot. The straps are usually made of polyester or nylon webbing for quick drying after exposure to water and to minimize perspiration.[13] Also suitable for many other adventure sports and activities where quick drying and reduced perspiration is required, including rafting, traveling, paragliding, skydiving.\nHo Chi Minh sandals is one name for a homemade or cottage industry footwear, the soles cut from an old automobile tire and the straps cut from an inner tube. Made and worn in many countries, they became wider known in the US as worn by the rural people of Indochina during the Vietnam War, leading to the name.\nHuarache, a Mexican sandal,[14] with sole made of a tire tread, or huarache (running shoe), a flat sandal used by minimalist runners.\nJelly sandals or jelly shoes were originally a version of the classic fisherman sandal made in PVC plastic. They were invented in 1946 by Frenchman Jean Dauphant in response to a post-war leather shortage. Later designs featured translucent soft plastic in bright colours; hence the later name of jelly sandals or jellies. Recently, a whole range of styles have been produced in this material, mainly for women and girls, but the classic unisex design remains popular.\nJesuslatschen[15]\nJipsin, a traditional Korean sandal made of straw\nOjota, an extremely durable Peruvian sandal made of recycled tires that is traditionally worn in the Andes by Quechua people.[16][17][18]\nPaduka are the ancient (the time of the Ramayana) Indian toe-knob sandals. They are not really worn on a daily basis now except by monks or for ceremonial purposes.[19]\nPatten, a type of oversized clog often with a wooden sole or metal device to elevate the foot and increase the wearer's height or aid in walking in mud\nRoman sandal, a sandal held to the foot by a vamp composed of a series of equally spaced, buckled straps\nSaltwater sandals, a flat sandal developed in the 1940s as a way of coping with wartime leather shortages, primarily worn by children\nSoft foam sandals, invented in 1973, are made from closed-cell soft foam and uses surgical tubing for the straps. They are sold primarily along the Texas Gulf Coast in beach side gift shops.\nT-bar sandals, primarily for children, with an enclosed heel and toe. It is fastened by a cross-wise strap or bar secured by a buckle, or more recently by Velcro. A length-wise strap extends from the vamp and joins the cross-strap over the arch of the foot to form a T shape. A common variant has two cross-straps. The toe is often pierced with a pattern of holes or slots. The sole is low-heeled and usually of crepe rubber, stitched-down to the upper. First seen in Europe and America in the early 20th century, by the 1950s they were very common for boys and girls up to their teens, but are now mainly worn by much younger children.[20] This style or similar styles are also called \"Mary Jane\" shoes.\nWaraji, Japanese straw sandals common in the Edo period\nWörishofer, a ladies' sandal with a cork wedge heel\nZōri, a flat and thonged Japanese sandal, usually made of straw, cloth, leather, or rubber","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yoga_sandals.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grecian_sandals.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Teva_Terra_Fi_5_Sandals.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MulticolorSandalette.jpg"},{"link_name":"High-heeled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-heeled_footwear"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HuarachesZaachila.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Debbie_Reynolds_Auction_-_Charlton_Heston_and_Jack_Hawkins_high_sandal_boots_from_%22Ben-Hur%22_(1959)_(5851596277)_(2).jpg"},{"link_name":"Charlton Heston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlton_Heston"},{"link_name":"Jack Hawkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Hawkins"},{"link_name":"caliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliga"},{"link_name":"American film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_film"},{"link_name":"Ben-Hur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben-Hur_(movie)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tire_Sandals.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sandaletter_--_2019.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sandals_(5).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Navy_blue_fashion_sandals.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Some_Japanese_traditional_zori_and_setta_in_the_Japanese_Shoe_Shop.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taiwanese_Blue_and_White_Flip_flops_from_Lung_Mei_Beach.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_simple_sandals_in_the_office.jpg"}],"text":"Yoga sandals have thongs that pass between all of the toes.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGrecian sandals.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHiking/Sport sandals.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHigh-heeled sandals.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMexican sandals\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCharlton Heston and Jack Hawkins's caliga sandal-boots from the American film Ben-Hur\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVietnamese sandal\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLow heel sandals\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSandals with a toe thong\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFashion sandals\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJapanese Zori\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFlip-flops\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHiking Sandals","title":"Gallery"}]	[{"image_text":"man wearing sandals","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Man_in_sandals.jpg/220px-Man_in_sandals.jpg"},{"image_text":"Modern fashion sandals","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nikko_black_sandal.jpg/220px-Nikko_black_sandal.jpg"},{"image_text":"Esparto sandals from the 6th or 5th millennium BC found in Spain.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Sandalias_de_esparto_%2829139609730%29.jpg/220px-Sandalias_de_esparto_%2829139609730%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pair of ancient leather sandals from Egypt.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Egyptian_sandals%2C_vegetable_fiber_-_Bata_Shoe_Museum_-_DSC00009.JPG/170px-Egyptian_sandals%2C_vegetable_fiber_-_Bata_Shoe_Museum_-_DSC00009.JPG"},{"image_text":"Girl wearing sandals held to the feet by both thong and straps.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Fancy_sandals.png/170px-Fancy_sandals.png"},{"image_text":"Anatomy of a sandal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Anatomy_of_Sandals.svg/250px-Anatomy_of_Sandals.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Fashion portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Fashion"},{"title":"Birkenstock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkenstock"},{"title":"Crocs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocs"},{"title":"Keens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keen_(shoe_company)"},{"title":"Mules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mule_(footwear)"},{"title":"Slipper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slipper"},{"title":"Socks and sandals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socks_and_sandals"}]	[{"reference":"\"sandal, n.¹\", Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/170526","url_text":"\"sandal, n.¹\""},{"url":"http://www.oed.com/","url_text":"Oxford English Dictionary"}]},{"reference":"Robbins, William G. (2005). Oregon: This Storied Land. Oregon Historical Society Press. ISBN 978-0875952864.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0875952864","url_text":"978-0875952864"}]},{"reference":"\"Crochet Sandals\". Archived from the original on 2014-07-24. Retrieved 2014-06-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140724014505/http://freecrochetpattern.weebly.com/crochet-patterns-sandals.html","url_text":"\"Crochet Sandals\""},{"url":"http://freecrochetpattern.weebly.com/crochet-patterns-sandals.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sandal and Footwear Technology - SOURCE Hydration & Sandals\". Retrieved 23 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://sourceoutdoor.com/hiking-gear/14-sandal-technology","url_text":"\"Sandal and Footwear Technology - SOURCE Hydration & Sandals\""}]},{"reference":"\"Have you ever heard about peruvian sandals Yankees?\". Sylwia Travel Peru. 2014-10-29. Retrieved 2019-08-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://sylwiatravel.com/have-you-ever-heard-about-peruvian-sandals-yankees/","url_text":"\"Have you ever heard about peruvian sandals Yankees?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Traditional Andean Clothing\". Threads of Peru. Retrieved 2019-08-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://threadsofperu.com/pages/traditional-andean-clothng","url_text":"\"Traditional Andean Clothing\""}]},{"reference":"Cómo se hacen los Yanquis u ojotas en Perú (viral), retrieved 2019-08-29","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rqn2R8apQUA","url_text":"Cómo se hacen los Yanquis u ojotas en Perú (viral)"}]},{"reference":"Museum, Bata Shoe. \"All About Shoes\". Archived from the original on 29 December 2009. Retrieved 23 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091229190953/http://www.allaboutshoes.ca/en/paduka/the_paduka/index.php","url_text":"\"All About Shoes\""},{"url":"http://www.allaboutshoes.ca/en/paduka/the_paduka/index.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"closed-toe sandals\". Retrieved 23 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://histclo.com/style/foot/sandal/sandal-ct.html","url_text":"\"closed-toe sandals\""}]},{"reference":"Anderson, W.C.F. (1870), \"Solea\", A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: John Murray","urls":[{"url":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0063%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DS%3Aentry+group%3D3%3Aentry%3Dsolea-cn","url_text":"\"Solea\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Murray_(publishing_house)","url_text":"John Murray"}]},{"reference":"Peck, Harry Thurston (1898), \"Sandalium\", Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers","urls":[{"url":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0062%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DS%3Aentry+group%3D3%3Aentry%3Dsandalium-harpers","url_text":"\"Sandalium\""}]},{"reference":"Wilkinson (1847), Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians, vol. II, London: John Murray","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/mannerscustomsof02wilk_1/page/n5/mode/2up","url_text":"Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Murray_(publishing_house)","url_text":"John Murray"}]},{"reference":"Yates, James; et al. (1870), \"Baxeae or Baxae\", A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: John Murray","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Yates_(minister)","url_text":"Yates, James"},{"url":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0063%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DB%3Aentry+group%3D1%3Aentry%3Dbaxeae-cn","url_text":"\"Baxeae or Baxae\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Murray_(publishing_house)","url_text":"John Murray"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/170526","external_links_name":"\"sandal, n.¹\""},{"Link":"http://www.oed.com/","external_links_name":"Oxford English Dictionary"},{"Link":"http://www.edwardcarpenter.net/ecdd7.htm","external_links_name":"My Days and Dream, chapter 7"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140724014505/http://freecrochetpattern.weebly.com/crochet-patterns-sandals.html","external_links_name":"\"Crochet Sandals\""},{"Link":"http://freecrochetpattern.weebly.com/crochet-patterns-sandals.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://sourceoutdoor.com/hiking-gear/14-sandal-technology","external_links_name":"\"Sandal and Footwear Technology - SOURCE Hydration & Sandals\""},{"Link":"http://www.huaraches.com/information/a-brief-history-and-guide-about-huaraches-mexican-sandals","external_links_name":"Huaraches: Mexican sandals"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161007144711/http://www.huaraches.com/information/a-brief-history-and-guide-about-huaraches-mexican-sandals/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ddr-museum.de/de/museum/objektdatenbank/?inventarno=1004163","external_links_name":"DDR Museum: Sandals in GDR so called Jesuslatschen"},{"Link":"https://sylwiatravel.com/have-you-ever-heard-about-peruvian-sandals-yankees/","external_links_name":"\"Have you ever heard about peruvian sandals Yankees?\""},{"Link":"https://threadsofperu.com/pages/traditional-andean-clothng","external_links_name":"\"Traditional Andean Clothing\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rqn2R8apQUA","external_links_name":"Cómo se hacen los Yanquis u ojotas en Perú (viral)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091229190953/http://www.allaboutshoes.ca/en/paduka/the_paduka/index.php","external_links_name":"\"All About Shoes\""},{"Link":"http://www.allaboutshoes.ca/en/paduka/the_paduka/index.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://histclo.com/style/foot/sandal/sandal-ct.html","external_links_name":"\"closed-toe sandals\""},{"Link":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0063%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DS%3Aentry+group%3D3%3Aentry%3Dsolea-cn","external_links_name":"\"Solea\""},{"Link":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0062%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DS%3Aentry+group%3D3%3Aentry%3Dsandalium-harpers","external_links_name":"\"Sandalium\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/mannerscustomsof02wilk_1/page/n5/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians"},{"Link":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0063%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DB%3Aentry+group%3D1%3Aentry%3Dbaxeae-cn","external_links_name":"\"Baxeae or Baxae\""},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4448104-4","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007555970905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85117211","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeBakey_High_School_for_Health_Professions	DeBakey High School for Health Professions	["1 History","2 Campus","3 Admissions","4 Academics","5 Academic performance and funding","6 Health science","7 Sports","8 Orchestra","9 School uniforms","10 Student body","11 Transportation","12 Traditions","13 Feeder patterns","14 Life after high school","15 See also","16 References","17 External links"]	Coordinates: 29°42′19″N 95°24′30″W / 29.705184°N 95.408327°W / 29.705184; -95.408327Public magnet high school in Houston, Texas, United States For the school in Qatar, see DeBakey High School for Health Professions at Qatar. DeBakey High School for Health ProfessionsLocation2545 Pressler Street, Houston, TexasCoordinates29°42′19″N 95°24′30″W / 29.705184°N 95.408327°W / 29.705184; -95.408327InformationTypePublic School (US)School districtHouston Independent School DistrictPrincipalJesse HerreraStaff55.94 (FTE)Grades9–12Enrollment890 (2017-18)Student to teacher ratio15.91MascotViperTexas Education Agency RatingExemplary (2010–2011)MagnetMedical ProfessionsWebsitehoustonisd.org/debakeyhs Michael E. DeBakey High School for Health Professions is a medical secondary school located in the Medical Center area of Houston, Texas, United States. It is a part of the Houston Independent School District. It has been named the number one public high school in Houston by the Houston Chronicle, the Houston Press, and Children at Risk and number 26 in best high schools in the United States by US News in 2013. DeBakey High School, which serves grades 9 through 12, is a part of the Houston Independent School District and is west of the Texas Medical Center. It is the only Houston magnet high school for health professions. The school was named after Michael E. DeBakey, a famous heart surgeon. DeBakey does not automatically take in students from the surrounding neighborhood; the surrounding neighborhood is zoned to Lamar High School. Nearly 1200 students take entrance exams for 200 to 300 spots each year. DeBakey was a 2018 recipient of the U.S. Department of Education's Blue Ribbon School of Excellence award. History Former campus With an initial student body of 45, the High School for Health Professions opened in 1972 as part of a partnership between the Houston Independent School District and the Baylor College of Medicine. The curriculum was shaped in its early years as DeBakey was the world's first high school to specialize in medical professions. Perry Weston was the first principal. In the 1984–1985 school year, DeBakey had the lowest percentage of failing grades in the Houston Independent School District. In the fall semester, 7% of grades were failing, while in the spring semester, 6% of grades were failing. The school was renamed after Michael E. DeBakey in 1996. The school was a National Blue Ribbon School award winner in 1997–98 and 2003. In 1998 the U.S. Department of Education named DeBakey as one of ten "New American High Schools". Plans for the school to be relocated within the Texas Medical Center were made but soon canceled because the Houston Independent School District decided to renovate instead. Renovations started August 2006 and ended in 2008. In 2006 the Houston Independent School District board considered moving the Kay On-Going Education Center, a special school for pregnant girls, to an unused area within DeBakey High School. DeBakey had around 30 unused classrooms, and district administrators argued that the Texas Medical Center location would be of use to pregnant students. Jennifer Radcliffe of the Houston Chronicle said that the proposed plan yielded a "mixed" reaction in DeBakey parents and students. Some signed a petition asking the district not to merge Kay On-Going into DeBakey. The district did not go forward with the plan. Instead it moved into Kay On-Going into the Carter Career Center in the Fifth Ward. The Supreme Education Council of Qatar opened a branch version of DeBakey, DeBakey High School for Health Professions at Qatar, in its country, with Charlesetta Deason, formerly principal of the Houston school, as the head of the Qatar school. Deason began her term as the Houston DeBakey principal in 1989. In 2012, four DeBakey juniors qualified for the Intel International Science and Engineering Fair, two of them placed second in their respective categories detailing chitosan nanoparticles. On December 15, 2014, groundbreaking for a new DeBakey campus occurred. This campus opened in 2017. The former DeBakey campus on Shenandoah hosted students from Braeburn Elementary School after Hurricane Harvey occurred in 2017. Campus The campus, with five stories and 198,000 square feet (18,400 m2) of space, is located on the ex-Hornberger Conference Center site, in the western side of the Texas Medical Center, near Holcombe Boulevard (which turns into Bellaire Boulevard). The campus's land was donated to the school district. It has a price tag of $65 million, and the planned capacity is about 900–1,000 students. In addition to science laboratories, the facility includes mock hospital rooms and patient care, dentistry, and rehabilitation laboratories. The current campus opened in June 2017. Admissions The school uses the Otis-Lennon School Abilities Test to screen applicants. As of 2008 it is the only Houston public high school to use this test, and as of that year its annual applicant count is 1,200. DeBakey also appraises each student's conduct at his/her previous school. Academics DeBakey offers pre-advanced placement classes in foreign languages, mathematics, science, social sciences, and English in 9th and 10th grade, as well as 19 Advanced Placement classes: AP English Literature, AP English Language, AP Spanish Language, AP World History, AP US History, AP Computer Science, AP Calculus AB, AP Calculus BC, AP Macroeconomics, AP US Government and Politics, AP Physics 1, AP Physics 2, AP Statistics, AP Chemistry, AP Biology, AP Environmental Science, AP Psychology, AP Human Geography, and AP Studio Art, which includes 2-D Design and Drawing. The school requires students to fulfill these class requirements to graduate as DeBakey scholars: 5 years of mathematics (culminating in AP Calculus) 5 years of science (culminating in an AP-level course) 4 years of health sciences 4 years of social studies 3 years of a foreign language (same language for all 3 years) 1 year of a computer course, Business Information Management or AP Computer Science 1 year of fine arts or theater 1 year of physical education 1 semester of communication applications 1 semester of SAT preparation William G. Ouchi, author of Making Schools Work: A Revolutionary Plan to Get Your Children the Education They Need, wrote that the large number of course requirements make it so that "virtually all of the courses are required, and every class is full." Its required coursework, as of 2008, includes four years each of health sciences, English, mathematics, science, and social studies. DeBakey has been widely recognized for its performance in academics, particularly in math and science. The students score an average of a 3.7/5 on their AP examinations, which is higher than the typical average of 3.03. In 2011, DeBakey was ranked as the number 11 best school for math and science by the USNews Rankings, and it has been recognized each year for black student performance on the AP Calculus AB examination by the College Board. Academic performance and funding Typically students score higher than average schools on the SAT and the ACT, scoring an average composite 1829 and 27.1 respectively, and perform exceptionally well on state tests. Almost all students attending DeBakey graduate from high school. As of 2011 DeBakey's per-pupil spending was $8,807 per student, $1,450 over the Greater Houston average, $7,355. In 2000 $8 million in university scholarship funds, with a per-student average of $47,059, was distributed to 170 students in the DeBakey class of 2000. As of 2008 98% of its students of each class matriculate to colleges and universities. Typically the University of Houston and Baylor College of Medicine give scholarships covering all tuition expenses to about ten students per class. About 4% of the graduates of DeBakey in the 1975–1988 period attended medical school while the national percentage is 0.6%. According to the 2014 accountability rating by the Texas Education Agency, Debakey high school met the standard, and had academic achievements in Reading/English Language Arts, Mathematics, Science, and Social Studies. DeBakey was also in the top 25 percent in closing performance gaps. Health science Each year, students are required to complete a Health Science Technology (HST) class, which serve as the principle magnet program for the school. The course selection includes: 9th grade- A full year course on Medical terminology and how to act morally. 10th grade- A full year course on anatomy. 11th grade- 2 month programs rotating around dentistry, clinical rotations, and medical laboratory, through which students gain hands-on experience with activities such as performing reflex tests, making mouth molds through plaster, and performing urine and blood specimen exams. This class is 2 periods long. 12th grade- 2 month program rotating around biomedical-engineering and world health, physiology, and preceptorship. The preceptorship program revolves around 3 sets of 6 day shadowing opportunities around the Texas Medical Center, with programs such as research at Rice University, neurology at the Veteran's Affair Hospital, nutritional research at the Children's Hospital, and a look into the Houston Veterinarian Society. This class is 2 periods long. Students ultimately interact and are able to learn first-hand from physicians, surgeons and other professionals who work at various institutions of the Texas Medical Center. They frequently witness live surgery there and attend seminars, making the learning experience unlike courses offered at other public schools in Houston. Sports Although DeBakey does not have its own sports teams, the school has some athletic clubs such as Basketball Club or Volleyball Club, which compete with other local high schools. For example, the basketball club at DeBakey High School often competes against HAIS. Despite the lack of sports, many students thrive by practicing outside of school. Lynnsey Nguyen, a student who graduated from DeBakey in 2015, was recruited for the University of St. Thomas volleyball team. Orchestra The DeBakey orchestra is composed of musicians from 9th through 12th grades selected after a rigorous audition process. The orchestra includes strings, woodwinds, brass, percussion and piano. The class is offered as part of the school's fine arts curricula, providing the students with the opportunity to earn fine arts and/or elective credits. As part of its partnership with Houston's Orchestra On Call Archived 2017-07-26 at the Wayback Machine, the DeBakey Orchestra presents concerts for patients, families and caregivers throughout the Texas Medical Center and other health care institutions, offering its students a purposeful way of sharing their musical talent with the community as well as providing them with an enriching outlet for artistic and emotional expression. Participation in these performances qualifies for community service hours. The DeBakey orchestra is led by the music director, Carlos Guillermo Jung. School uniforms Students in the school are required to wear school uniforms. In 2010, the school announced that its new uniform code will require students to buy shirts from the parent teacher organization. The shirts must have a DeBakey logo. This led to protests from students and parents who were unwilling to spend additional money on school-mandated clothes; DeBakey's student body as of that year was 55% free lunch or reduced lunch. Student body As of 2013–2014 school year, the school was made up of 59% female and 41% male students. Of these, 19% were African American, 42% were Asian, 27% were Hispanic, <1% were Native American, and 10% were White. 100% of DeBakey students passed the Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills. In addition, 45% of the students were on free or reduced lunch. In 2008 Ouchi characterized the student body as "diverse". Deason stated in 1999 that the student body, smaller than that of comprehensive high schools, "creates a family atmosphere"; that year there were 730 students. The school offers more than twenty-five clubs. Clubs include the newly added European Club, Writing Club, Health Occupation Students of America, BSU (Black Student Union), VISA (Vietnamese International Student Association), OLA (Organization for Latin Americans), DeBakey Music Club, the Filipino American club (Fil-Am), honor societies including chapters of the BETA club, the National Honor Society, Chess Club, and the Spanish National Honor Society. Transportation Houston ISD provides bus transportation to students who live more than two miles from DeBakey or students with major transportation obstacles. Many students choose to ride the bus, as many live more than eight to twenty miles away from the campus. The average time to reach the school by a school bus is one hour even for students who live relatively close to the school because some buses must make multiple stops; other students choose to carpool or drive themselves to school. METRO routes that serve DeBakey High School include 60 (South MacGregor/Hardy) and 68 (Brays Bayou Crosstown). Traditions DeBakey's official mascot is the viper, and some important school days that it celebrates include: Scientific Symposium – A list of seminars being held at the school in which experienced professionals, mostly physicians and researchers, from the Houston area give information about their work. International Festival – A celebration emphasizing the cultures of the school, in which students dress up in their native culture and give cultural performances to the entire school. Talent Show – A talent show that the entire school attends. Field Day – A full day event in March that has fun activities for students, food, competitions among classes in many sports, and ultimately a class spirit performance. At the end of the festivities, one of the four classes will be the champions, based on how many events (mostly competitive sports) they win. Fall Festival- School-wide event in which the grade levels compete with each other for the highest number of points throughout different activities. Students choose representatives to participate in the events. These points carry over to Field Day, when a class is crowned the winner. Feeder patterns DeBakey has no feeder patterns since it is a magnet school, so no students are zoned to it. DeBakey accepts children from many Houston ISD middle schools. Some students who are enrolled in private schools in the 8th grade choose to go to DeBakey for high school. Life after high school This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Most DeBakey students matriculate to University of Houston or University of Texas at Austin after graduation. A unique program specifically for DeBakey graduates known as the UH-Baylor program allows around 10 DeBakey students to be guaranteed admission to the Baylor College of Medicine after four years of classes at the University of Houston. A considerable amount attend private Texas schools such as Trinity University, Baylor University, University of St. Thomas, and Houston Baptist University, as well as out of state colleges such as University of California at Berkeley, Howard University, University of Michigan, Tulane University, and Case Western University. See also Texas portalMedicine portalSchools portal Baylor College of Medicine Academy at Ryan References ^ a b c "DEBAKEY H S FOR HEALTH PROF". National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved March 25, 2020. ^ Falkenberg, Lisa. (commentary) "Let's thank DeBakey for school, too." Houston Chronicle. Tuesday July 15, 2008. Retrieved on November 20, 2011. ^ "Lamar High School Attendance Zone." Houston Independent School District. Retrieved on July 1, 2017. ^ a b c "DeBakey principal taking school's premise abroad." Houston Chronicle. May 28, 2008. ^ a b c d Roberts, Marnie. "Rigor and Vigor: Three Schools Reap Results." Techniques: Connecting Education and Careers, 1999, Vol.74(6), p. 20–23. Cited: p. 22. ^ Hunt, Dianna. "Fewer failing grades since start of no-pass rule". Houston Chronicle. Saturday June 29, 1985. Section 1, Page 22. Retrieved on December 8, 2011. ^ Blue Ribbon Schools Program, Schools Recognized 1982–1983 Through 1999–2002 (PDF) Archived March 26, 2009, at the Wayback Machine ^ Microsoft Word – list-2003.doc ^ Radcliffe, Jennifer. "HISD offers plan to save school for pregnant teens." Houston Chronicle. Tuesday May 9, 2006. Retrieved on December 8, 2011. ^ a b c Radcliffe, Jennifer. "Communities & Neighborhoods / School won't relocate to DeBakey High / HISD will move the program for pregnant teens elsewhere after controversy ensues". Houston Chronicle. Saturday, June 24, 2006. B2. Retrieved on December 8, 2011. ^ a b Roberts, Marnie. "Rigor and Vigor: Three Schools Reap Results." Techniques: Connecting Education and Careers, 1999, Vol.74(6), p. 20–23. Cited: p. 21. ^ "HISD breaks ground on four new campuses, celebrates first project to ‘go vertical’." Houston Independent School District. December 18, 2014. Retrieved on December 21, 2014. ^ a b c "DeBakey HS breaks ground for new school in Texas Medical Center." Houston Independent School District. December 16, 2014. Retrieved on December 21, 2014. ^ a b c Harden, John D. (2017-06-01). "Houston opens $67 million DeBakey High School for medical careers". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 2017-07-01. ^ "Seven HISD schools back in session this week as Harvey recovery continues". Newsfix, KIAH (CW 39). 2017-09-25. Braebun Elementary School 3100 Shenandoah St, Houston Tx 77021 (former Debakey High School) ^ a b "Construction at new DeBakey HS quickly moving along." Houston Independent School District. May 6, 2016. Retrieved on February 5, 2017. ^ a b "Building Programs DeBakey High School." Houston Independent School District. Retrieved on February 5, 2017. ^ a b c d Ouchi, William G. Making Schools Work: A Revolutionary Plan to Get Your Children the Education They Need. Simon & Schuster, June 24, 2008. ISBN 1439108102, 9781439108109. p. 45. ^ Mellon, Ericka. "Big spending may not spell school success in Houston." Houston Chronicle. Monday April 18, 2011. Retrieved on December 30, 2011. ^ Ouchi, William G. Making Schools Work: A Revolutionary Plan to Get Your Children the Education They Need. Simon & Schuster, June 24, 2008. ISBN 1439108102, 9781439108109. p. 46. ^ Ouchi, William G. Making Schools Work: A Revolutionary Plan to Get Your Children the Education They Need. Simon & Schuster, June 24, 2008. ISBN 1439108102, 9781439108109. p. 45-46. ^ "2014 Texas Academic Performance Report". Archived from the original on 2015-11-10. Retrieved 2015-11-03. ^ "Standard Dress Code Archived 2008-05-20 at the Wayback Machine." DeBakey High School for Health Professions. Retrieved on January 17, 2009. ^ Downing, Margaret. "DeBakey PTA Takes Over Uniform Sales; Students Cry Excuse Me But Foul! Archived 2010-07-15 at the Wayback Machine" Houston Press. Monday July 12, 2010. Retrieved on July 23, 2010. ^ "Clubs Archived 2008-05-09 at the Wayback Machine." DeBakey High School for Health Professions. ^ "About Us Archived August 7, 2003, at the Wayback Machine." St. Mark's Episcopal School. ^ "Presbyterian School Class of 2004 Archived January 18, 2006, at the Wayback Machine." Presbyterian School. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to DeBakey High School for Health Professions. DeBakey High School for Health Professions DeBakey High School for Health Professions (hs.houstonisd.org/DeBakeyhs/) at the Wayback Machine (archive index) DeBakey High School for Health Professions (riceinfo.rice.edu/armadillo/Schools/HSHP/) at the Wayback Machine (archive index) DeBakey High School For Health Professions 2016 vteHouston Independent School District (campuses)K–12 schools T. H. Rogers (alternative, magnet) 6–12 schools Jane Long Academy (middle school zoned, high school not zoned) Leland (alt.) Sharpstown Int'l (alt.) Y.W.C.P.A. (alt.) High schools Austin Bellaire Chávez Furr Heights (ex-Reagan) Sam Houston Kashmere Lamar Madison Milby North Forest Northside (ex-Davis) Scarborough Sharpstown Sterling Waltrip Washington Westbury Westside Wheatley Wisdom (ex-Lee) Worthing Yates Alternative andmagnethigh schools Carnegie Vanguard Challenge Early College DeBakey East Early College Eastwood Academy Energy Institute H.A.I.S. H.S.E.P. H.S.P.V.A. Jones Futures Academy Barbara Jordan H.S.L.J. Liberty (Newcomer) Mount Carmel Acad. North Houston Early College South Early College K–8 schools Baker (formerly Woodrow Wilson) Gregory-Lincoln Wharton Mandarin Immersion (magnet only) The Rice School (magnet only) Middle schools Key Lanier Pershing BCM Academy at Ryan (magnet) Las Américas Newcomer School (alternative) Others Elementary schools Cage Cornelius Harvard Kashmere Gardens Lantrip Poe River Oaks Travis Walnut Bend Arabic Immersion (magnet only) Others Former alt. K-12/6–12 schools C.L.C. Kay On-Going Leader's Acad. Pro-Vision Academy (no longer affiliated with HISD, still in operation) V Prep Former high schools San Jacinto Carter Career Center (alternative) DeVry Advantage Academy (alternative) Gulf Coast Trades Center (no longer affiliated with HISD, still in operation) Middle College (magnet) Former middle and K-8 schools Edgar M. Gregory K-8 Ryan MS The Lawson Academy (no longer affiliated with HISD, still in operation) Athletics Delmar Fieldhouse Delmar Stadium Literature Brown, Not White Make Haste Slowly Superintendents Edison E. Oberholtzer Billy Reagan Joan Raymond Frank Petruzielo Yvonne Gonzalez (interim) Rod Paige Abelardo Saavedra Terry Grier Richard A. Carranza Mike Miles vteTexas Medical CenterClinical institutionsAdult Baylor St. Luke's Medical Center Ben Taub Hospital Memorial Hermann–Texas Medical Center Houston Methodist Hospital Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center John Sealy Hospital Pediatric Texas Children's Hospital Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital UTMB Health Children’s Hospital Shriners Hospitals for Children (Houston, Galveston) Psychiatric The Menninger Clinic Harris County Psychiatric Center Specialized University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center The Texas Heart Institute TIRR Memorial Hermann METRORail stations Dryden/TMC Memorial Hermann Hospital / Houston Zoo Texas Medical Center Transit Center Education Baylor College of Medicine Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston University of Texas Medical Branch Houston Independent School District DeBakey High School for Health Professions Other landmarks The Texas Medical Center Library Shamrock Hotel (demolished) This list is incomplete. vteHigh schools in the City of HoustonHouston Independent School DistrictZoned schools Austin Chávez Furr Heights (ex-Reagan) Sam Houston Kashmere Lamar Madison Milby Northside (ex-J. Davis) North Forest Scarborough Sharpstown Sterling Waltrip Washington Westbury Westside Margaret Long Wisdom (ex-Lee) Wheatley Worthing Yates Magnet/alternative schools Carnegie Vanguard Challenge Early College DeBakey East Early College Eastwood Academy Energy Institute H.A.I.S. H.S.E.P. H.S.P.V.A. Jones Futures Academy H.S.L.J. Leland Liberty (Newcomer) Mount Carmel Acad. North Houston Early College T.H. Rogers Sharpstown Int'l South Early College Y.W.C.P.A. Barbara Jordan Career Center Public schools not in Houston ISDAldine ISD Aldine Carver Eisenhower Victory Early College (magnet) Alief ISD Elsik Hastings Kerr (magnet) Early College (magnet) Clear Creek ISD Clear Lake Fort Bend ISD Willowridge Humble ISD Kingwood Kingwood Park Pasadena ISD Dobie Spring Branch ISD Northbrook Spring Woods Stratford WAIS (magnet) State charter Harmony Public Schools (multiple campuses) Houston Heights KIPP Texas (multiple campuses) Pro-Vision George I. Sanchez (two campuses) YES Prep (multiple campuses) Northline Yzaguirre School Closed Benji's Special Educational Academy IndependentSecular private Awty Briarwood Kinkaid Monarch Post Oak River Oaks Academy School of the Woods St. John's Tenney The Village School Closed Alexander-Smith Academy Houston Sudbury Memorial Hall Religious Al-Hadi School Beren Academy Cristo Rey Jesuit Emery/Weiner Family Christian Academy Grace Christian Academy Houston Christian HS Iman Academy Incarnate Word Academy Lutheran North Lutheran South Memorial Private Northland Christian Saint Agnes Second Baptist St. Francis Episcopal St. Pius X St. Thomas St. Thomas' Episcopal Strake Jesuit Westbury Christian High school closed St. Stephen's Episcopal This list is incomplete.This list only includes schools in the Houston city limits. Multiple schools with "Houston, Texas" addresses are not in the city limits. vteHealth and medical high schools in the United StatesCalifornia Dozier-Libbey Medical High School (Antioch) Francisco Bravo Medical Magnet High School (Los Angeles) King/Drew Magnet High School of Medicine and Science (Los Angeles) Arthur A. Benjamin Health Professions High School (Sacramento) Illinois Richard T. Crane Medical Prep High School (Chicago) Missouri Collegiate School of Medicine and Bioscience New York High School for Medical Professions (New York City) High School for Health Professions and Human Services (New York City) Queens Gateway to Health Sciences Secondary School (New York City) Texas School of Health Professions (Dallas) Silva Health Magnet (El Paso) Harlingen School of Health Professions DeBakey High School (Houston) Cantu Health Science Magnet (Laredo) South Texas High School for Health Professions (Mercedes) Northside Health Careers High School (San Antonio) South Texas Academy for Medical Professions (San Benito) Authority control databases: Geographic NCES	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DeBakey High School for Health Professions at Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeBakey_High_School_for_Health_Professions_at_Qatar"},{"link_name":"secondary school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_school"},{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Houston Independent School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Independent_School_District"},{"link_name":"Houston Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"Houston Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Press"},{"link_name":"Children at Risk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_at_Risk"},{"link_name":"US News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_News"},{"link_name":"Houston Independent School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Independent_School_District"},{"link_name":"Texas Medical Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Medical_Center"},{"link_name":"magnet high school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnet_school"},{"link_name":"Michael E. DeBakey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_E._DeBakey"},{"link_name":"Lamar High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamar_High_School_(Houston)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Public magnet high school in Houston, Texas, United StatesFor the school in Qatar, see DeBakey High School for Health Professions at Qatar.Michael E. DeBakey High School for Health Professions is a medical secondary school located in the Medical Center area of Houston, Texas, United States.[2] It is a part of the Houston Independent School District.It has been named the number one public high school in Houston by the Houston Chronicle, the Houston Press, and Children at Risk and number 26 in best high schools in the United States by US News in 2013. DeBakey High School, which serves grades 9 through 12, is a part of the Houston Independent School District and is west of the Texas Medical Center. It is the only Houston magnet high school for health professions. The school was named after Michael E. DeBakey, a famous heart surgeon. DeBakey does not automatically take in students from the surrounding neighborhood; the surrounding neighborhood is zoned to Lamar High School.[3] Nearly 1200 students take entrance exams for 200 to 300 spots each year.DeBakey was a 2018 recipient of the U.S. Department of Education's Blue Ribbon School of Excellence award.","title":"DeBakey High School for Health Professions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DeBakeyHighSchoolHouston.JPG"},{"link_name":"Baylor College of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baylor_College_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeBakeyQatar-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RobertsMarniep22-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeBakeyQatar-4"},{"link_name":"National Blue Ribbon School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Blue_Ribbon_School"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-8"},{"link_name":"U.S. Department of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Education"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RobertsMarniep22-5"},{"link_name":"Texas Medical Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Medical_Center"},{"link_name":"Houston Independent School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Independent_School_District"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.houstonisd.org/HISDPortal/departments/ContentPage/0,3099,45555309_53732651_64873191,00.html"},{"link_name":"permanent dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"Kay On-Going Education Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay_On-Going_Education_Center"},{"link_name":"DeBakey High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeBakey_High_School"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Houston Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nomerge-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nomerge-10"},{"link_name":"Carter Career Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carter_Career_Center"},{"link_name":"Fifth Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Ward,_Houston"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nomerge-10"},{"link_name":"Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar"},{"link_name":"DeBakey High School for Health Professions at Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeBakey_High_School_for_Health_Professions_at_Qatar"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeBakeyQatar-4"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RobertsMarniep21-11"},{"link_name":"Intel International Science and Engineering Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_International_Science_and_Engineering_Fair"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Breaksground-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hardenopens-14"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Harvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Harvey"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Former campusWith an initial student body of 45, the High School for Health Professions opened in 1972 as part of a partnership between the Houston Independent School District and the Baylor College of Medicine.[4] The curriculum was shaped in its early years as DeBakey was the world's first high school to specialize in medical professions.[5] Perry Weston was the first principal.In the 1984–1985 school year, DeBakey had the lowest percentage of failing grades in the Houston Independent School District. In the fall semester, 7% of grades were failing, while in the spring semester, 6% of grades were failing.[6]The school was renamed after Michael E. DeBakey in 1996.[4]The school was a National Blue Ribbon School award winner in 1997–98[7] and 2003.[8] In 1998 the U.S. Department of Education named DeBakey as one of ten \"New American High Schools\".[5]Plans for the school to be relocated within the Texas Medical Center were made but soon canceled because the Houston Independent School District decided to renovate instead. Renovations started August 2006 and ended in 2008.[1][permanent dead link]In 2006 the Houston Independent School District board considered moving the Kay On-Going Education Center, a special school for pregnant girls, to an unused area within DeBakey High School. DeBakey had around 30 unused classrooms, and district administrators argued that the Texas Medical Center location would be of use to pregnant students.[9] Jennifer Radcliffe of the Houston Chronicle said that the proposed plan yielded a \"mixed\" reaction in DeBakey parents and students.[10] Some signed a petition asking the district not to merge Kay On-Going into DeBakey.[10] The district did not go forward with the plan. Instead it moved into Kay On-Going into the Carter Career Center in the Fifth Ward.[10]The Supreme Education Council of Qatar opened a branch version of DeBakey, DeBakey High School for Health Professions at Qatar, in its country, with Charlesetta Deason, formerly principal of the Houston school, as the head of the Qatar school.[4] Deason began her term as the Houston DeBakey principal in 1989.[11]In 2012, four DeBakey juniors qualified for the Intel International Science and Engineering Fair, two of them placed second in their respective categories detailing chitosan nanoparticles.On December 15, 2014,[12] groundbreaking for a new DeBakey campus occurred.[13] This campus opened in 2017.[14]The former DeBakey campus on Shenandoah hosted students from Braeburn Elementary School after Hurricane Harvey occurred in 2017.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Location-16"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Breaksground-13"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HISDprogpage-17"},{"link_name":"Bellaire Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellaire_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hardenopens-14"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HISDprogpage-17"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Breaksground-13"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Location-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hardenopens-14"}],"text":"The campus, with five stories and 198,000 square feet (18,400 m2) of space,[16] is located on the ex-Hornberger Conference Center site,[13] in the western side of the Texas Medical Center,[17] near Holcombe Boulevard (which turns into Bellaire Boulevard).[14] The campus's land was donated to the school district.[17]It has a price tag of $65 million,[13] and the planned capacity is about 900–1,000 students.[16] In addition to science laboratories, the facility includes mock hospital rooms and patient care, dentistry, and rehabilitation laboratories. The current campus opened in June 2017.[14]","title":"Campus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Otis-Lennon School Abilities Test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otis-Lennon_School_Abilities_Test&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ouchip45-18"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RobertsMarniep22-5"}],"text":"The school uses the Otis-Lennon School Abilities Test to screen applicants. As of 2008 it is the only Houston public high school to use this test, and as of that year its annual applicant count is 1,200.[18] DeBakey also appraises each student's conduct at his/her previous school.[5]","title":"Admissions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Advanced Placement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Placement"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ouchip45-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ouchip45-18"},{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"College Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Board"}],"text":"DeBakey offers pre-advanced placement classes in foreign languages, mathematics, science, social sciences, and English in 9th and 10th grade, as well as 19 Advanced Placement classes: AP English Literature, AP English Language, AP Spanish Language, AP World History, AP US History, AP Computer Science, AP Calculus AB, AP Calculus BC, AP Macroeconomics, AP US Government and Politics, AP Physics 1, AP Physics 2, AP Statistics, AP Chemistry, AP Biology, AP Environmental Science, AP Psychology, AP Human Geography, and AP Studio Art, which includes 2-D Design and Drawing.The school requires students to fulfill these class requirements to graduate as DeBakey scholars:5 years of mathematics (culminating in AP Calculus)\n5 years of science (culminating in an AP-level course)\n4 years of health sciences\n4 years of social studies\n3 years of a foreign language (same language for all 3 years)\n1 year of a computer course, Business Information Management or AP Computer Science\n1 year of fine arts or theater\n1 year of physical education\n1 semester of communication applications\n1 semester of SAT preparationWilliam G. Ouchi, author of Making Schools Work: A Revolutionary Plan to Get Your Children the Education They Need, wrote that the large number of course requirements make it so that \"virtually all of the courses are required, and every class is full.\"[18] Its required coursework, as of 2008, includes four years each of health sciences, English, mathematics, science, and social studies.[18]DeBakey has been widely recognized for its performance in academics,[who?] particularly in math and science. The students score an average of a 3.7/5 on their AP examinations, which is higher than the typical average of 3.03. In 2011, DeBakey was ranked as the number 11 best school for math and science by the USNews Rankings, and it has been recognized each year for black student performance on the AP Calculus AB examination by the College Board.","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAT"},{"link_name":"ACT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)"},{"link_name":"Greater Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Houston"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ouchip46-20"},{"link_name":"University of Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Houston"},{"link_name":"Baylor College of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baylor_College_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ouchip4546-21"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RobertsMarniep22-5"},{"link_name":"Texas Education Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Education_Agency"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Typically students score higher than average schools on the SAT and the ACT, scoring an average composite 1829 and 27.1 respectively, and perform exceptionally well on state tests. Almost all students attending DeBakey graduate from high school. As of 2011 DeBakey's per-pupil spending was $8,807 per student, $1,450 over the Greater Houston average, $7,355.[19]In 2000 $8 million in university scholarship funds, with a per-student average of $47,059, was distributed to 170 students in the DeBakey class of 2000.[20]As of 2008 98% of its students of each class matriculate to colleges and universities. Typically the University of Houston and Baylor College of Medicine give scholarships covering all tuition expenses to about ten students per class.[21] About 4% of the graduates of DeBakey in the 1975–1988 period attended medical school while the national percentage is 0.6%.[5]According to the 2014 accountability rating by the Texas Education Agency,[22] Debakey high school met the standard, and had academic achievements in Reading/English Language Arts, Mathematics, Science, and Social Studies. DeBakey was also in the top 25 percent in closing performance gaps.","title":"Academic performance and funding"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20091104220755/http://hs.houstonisd.org/DebakeyHS/Curriculum.html"}],"text":"Each year, students are required to complete a Health Science Technology (HST) class, which serve as the principle magnet program for the school. The course selection includes:9th grade- A full year course on Medical terminology and how to act morally.\n10th grade- A full year course on anatomy.\n11th grade- 2 month programs rotating around dentistry, clinical rotations, and medical laboratory, through which students gain hands-on experience with activities such as performing reflex tests, making mouth molds through plaster, and performing urine and blood specimen exams. This class is 2 periods long.\n12th grade- 2 month program rotating around biomedical-engineering and world health, physiology, and preceptorship. The preceptorship program revolves around 3 sets of 6 day shadowing opportunities around the Texas Medical Center, with programs such as research at Rice University, neurology at the Veteran's Affair Hospital, nutritional research at the Children's Hospital, and a look into the Houston Veterinarian Society. This class is 2 periods long.Students ultimately interact and are able to learn first-hand from physicians, surgeons and other professionals who work at various institutions of the Texas Medical Center. They frequently witness live surgery there and attend seminars, making the learning experience unlike courses offered at other public schools in Houston.[2]","title":"Health science"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Although DeBakey does not have its own sports teams, the school has some athletic clubs such as Basketball Club or Volleyball Club, which compete with other local high schools. For example, the basketball club at DeBakey High School often competes against HAIS. Despite the lack of sports, many students thrive by practicing outside of school. Lynnsey Nguyen, a student who graduated from DeBakey in 2015, was recruited for the University of St. Thomas volleyball team.","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DeBakey orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.houstonisd.org/Page/117349"},{"link_name":"Houston's Orchestra On Call","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.orchestraoncall.org/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170726143843/https://www.orchestraoncall.org/"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Texas Medical Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.tmc.edu/"}],"text":"The DeBakey orchestra is composed of musicians from 9th through 12th grades selected after a rigorous audition process. The orchestra includes strings, woodwinds, brass, percussion and piano. The class is offered as part of the school's fine arts curricula, providing the students with the opportunity to earn fine arts and/or elective credits. As part of its partnership with Houston's Orchestra On Call Archived 2017-07-26 at the Wayback Machine, the DeBakey Orchestra presents concerts for patients, families and caregivers throughout the Texas Medical Center and other health care institutions, offering its students a purposeful way of sharing their musical talent with the community as well as providing them with an enriching outlet for artistic and emotional expression. Participation in these performances qualifies for community service hours. The DeBakey orchestra is led by the music director, Carlos Guillermo Jung.","title":"Orchestra"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"school uniforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_uniforms"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"Students in the school are required to wear school uniforms.[23] In 2010, the school announced that its new uniform code will require students to buy shirts from the parent teacher organization. The shirts must have a DeBakey logo. This led to protests from students and parents who were unwilling to spend additional money on school-mandated clothes; DeBakey's student body as of that year was 55% free lunch or reduced lunch.[24]","title":"School uniforms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_people"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_people"},{"link_name":"Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Assessment_of_Knowledge_and_Skills"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070930220933/http://dept.houstonisd.org/profiles/DeBakey_HS.pdf"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ouchip45-18"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RobertsMarniep21-11"},{"link_name":"Health Occupation Students of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_Occupation_Students_of_America"},{"link_name":"Spanish National Honor Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_National_Honor_Society"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"As of 2013–2014 school year, the school was made up of 59% female and 41% male students. Of these, 19% were African American, 42% were Asian, 27% were Hispanic, <1% were Native American, and 10% were White. 100% of DeBakey students passed the Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills. In addition, 45% of the students were on free or reduced lunch. [3]In 2008 Ouchi characterized the student body as \"diverse\".[18] Deason stated in 1999 that the student body, smaller than that of comprehensive high schools, \"creates a family atmosphere\"; that year there were 730 students.[11]The school offers more than twenty-five clubs. Clubs include the newly added European Club, Writing Club, Health Occupation Students of America, BSU (Black Student Union), VISA (Vietnamese International Student Association), OLA (Organization for Latin Americans), DeBakey Music Club, the Filipino American club (Fil-Am), honor societies including chapters of the BETA club, the National Honor Society, Chess Club, and the Spanish National Honor Society.[25]","title":"Student body"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"school bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_bus"},{"link_name":"carpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpool"},{"link_name":"METRO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Transit_Authority_of_Harris_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Houston ISD provides bus transportation to students who live more than two miles from DeBakey or students with major transportation obstacles. Many students choose to ride the bus, as many live more than eight to twenty miles away from the campus. The average time to reach the school by a school bus is one hour even for students who live relatively close to the school because some buses must make multiple stops; other students choose to carpool or drive themselves to school.METRO routes that serve DeBakey High School include 60 (South MacGregor/Hardy) and 68 (Brays Bayou Crosstown).","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"DeBakey's official mascot is the viper, and some important school days that it celebrates include:Scientific Symposium – A list of seminars being held at the school in which experienced professionals, mostly physicians and researchers, from the Houston area give information about their work.\nInternational Festival – A celebration emphasizing the cultures of the school, in which students dress up in their native culture and give cultural performances to the entire school.\nTalent Show – A talent show that the entire school attends.\nField Day – A full day event in March that has fun activities for students, food, competitions among classes in many sports, and ultimately a class spirit performance. At the end of the festivities, one of the four classes will be the champions, based on how many events (mostly competitive sports) they win.\nFall Festival- School-wide event in which the grade levels compete with each other for the highest number of points throughout different activities. Students choose representatives to participate in the events. These points carry over to Field Day, when a class is crowned the winner.","title":"Traditions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"DeBakey has no feeder patterns since it is a magnet school, so no students are zoned to it. DeBakey accepts children from many Houston ISD middle schools.Some students who are enrolled in private schools in the 8th grade choose to go to DeBakey for high school.[26][27]","title":"Feeder patterns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Houston"},{"link_name":"University of Texas at Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin"},{"link_name":"Baylor College of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baylor_College_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"Trinity University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_University_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"Baylor University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baylor_University"},{"link_name":"University of St. Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_St._Thomas_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"Houston Baptist University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Baptist_University"},{"link_name":"University of California at Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_at_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"Howard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_University"},{"link_name":"University of Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Tulane University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulane_University"},{"link_name":"Case Western University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_Western_University"}],"text":"Most DeBakey students matriculate to University of Houston or University of Texas at Austin after graduation. A unique program specifically for DeBakey graduates known as the UH-Baylor program allows around 10 DeBakey students to be guaranteed admission to the Baylor College of Medicine after four years of classes at the University of Houston. A considerable amount attend private Texas schools such as Trinity University, Baylor University, University of St. Thomas, and Houston Baptist University, as well as out of state colleges such as University of California at Berkeley, Howard University, University of Michigan, Tulane University, and Case Western University.","title":"Life after high school"}]	[{"image_text":"Former campus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/DeBakeyHighSchoolHouston.JPG/220px-DeBakeyHighSchoolHouston.JPG"}]	[{"title":"Texas portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Texas"},{"title":"Medicine portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Medicine"},{"title":"Schools portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Schools"},{"title":"Baylor College of Medicine Academy at Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baylor_College_of_Medicine_Academy_at_Ryan"}]	[{"reference":"\"DEBAKEY H S FOR HEALTH PROF\". National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved March 25, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&DistrictID=4823640&SchoolPageNum=4&ID=482364002483","url_text":"\"DEBAKEY H S FOR HEALTH PROF\""}]},{"reference":"Harden, John D. (2017-06-01). \"Houston opens $67 million DeBakey High School for medical careers\". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 2017-07-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.houstonchronicle.com/houston/article/Houston-s-new-67-million-DeBakey-High-School-11188761.php","url_text":"\"Houston opens $67 million DeBakey High School for medical careers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Chronicle","url_text":"Houston Chronicle"}]},{"reference":"\"Seven HISD schools back in session this week as Harvey recovery continues\". Newsfix, KIAH (CW 39). 2017-09-25. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highways_in_Hiding	Highways in Hiding	["1 Plot","2 Reception","3 References","4 Sources","5 External links"]	1956 novel by George O. Smith Highways in Hiding Dust-jacket from the first editionAuthorGeorge O. SmithCover artistEd EmshwillerLanguageEnglishGenreScience fictionPublisherGnome PressPublication date1956Publication placeUnited StatesMedia typePrint (Hardback)Pages223OCLC1808176 Highways in Hiding is a science fiction novel by American writer George O. Smith. It was published in 1956 by Gnome Press in an edition of 4,000 copies. The novel was originally serialized in the magazine Imagination in 1955. An abridged version was published by Avon Books in 1957 under the title Space Plague. Plot The novel concerns ESP and a disease that turns men into supermen. It contains multiple plotlines concerning the interactions of people that can sense things (espers) and people that can read thoughts (telepaths). This is set against the plot of a secret society that is harboring people that are infected with a spaceborne illness called Mekstrom's Disease. The disease is the point on which the plot turns. People get infected and it slowly turns them into a sort of rock. The hardening begins at one of the extremities such as a finger or toe and slowly begins to creep up the infected limb. Eventually all the extremities are hardening and the disease makes its way to the body proper. At this point, the body is hardened until the vitals fail and the patient dies. The plot turns on a secret society that has found a cure for the infected. To hide themselves from the public at large they have devised a hidden highway program that leads the infected to "Mekstrom safehouses" of sorts. Reception J. Francis McComas found Highways in Hiding to be "a tasty enough dish for those on a diet of pure melodrama," concluding that "Our hero's adventures go on a bit too long, but over all, his exploits are entertaining." Galaxy reviewer Floyd C. Gale praised the novel for its "suspense crackling, hard-boiled dialogue." References ^ "Spacemen's Realm," New York Times, November 18, 1956 ^ "Galaxy's 5 Star Shelf", Galaxy Science Fiction, February 1957, p.52 Sources Chalker, Jack L.; Mark Owings (1998). The Science-Fantasy Publishers: A Bibliographic History, 1923-1998. Westminster, MD and Baltimore: Mirage Press, Ltd. pp. 304–305. Tuck, Donald H. (1978). The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy. Chicago: Advent. pp. 399–400. ISBN 0-911682-22-8. External links Highways in Hiding title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database Highways in Hiding public domain audiobook at LibriVox This article about a 1950s science fiction novel is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See guidelines for writing about novels. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"George O. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_O._Smith"},{"link_name":"1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_in_literature"},{"link_name":"Gnome Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnome_Press"},{"link_name":"Imagination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagination_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Avon Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avon_Books"}],"text":"Highways in Hiding is a science fiction novel by American writer George O. Smith. It was published in 1956 by Gnome Press in an edition of 4,000 copies. The novel was originally serialized in the magazine Imagination in 1955. An abridged version was published by Avon Books in 1957 under the title Space Plague.","title":"Highways in Hiding"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ESP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrasensory_perception"}],"text":"The novel concerns ESP and a disease that turns men into supermen. It contains multiple plotlines concerning the interactions of people that can sense things (espers) and people that can read thoughts (telepaths). This is set against the plot of a secret society that is harboring people that are infected with a spaceborne illness called Mekstrom's Disease. The disease is the point on which the plot turns. People get infected and it slowly turns them into a sort of rock. The hardening begins at one of the extremities such as a finger or toe and slowly begins to creep up the infected limb. Eventually all the extremities are hardening and the disease makes its way to the body proper. At this point, the body is hardened until the vitals fail and the patient dies. The plot turns on a secret society that has found a cure for the infected. To hide themselves from the public at large they have devised a hidden highway program that leads the infected to \"Mekstrom safehouses\" of sorts.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"J. Francis McComas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Francis_McComas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_Science_Fiction"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"J. Francis McComas found Highways in Hiding to be \"a tasty enough dish for those on a diet of pure melodrama,\" concluding that \"Our hero's adventures go on a bit too long, but over all, his exploits are entertaining.\"[1] Galaxy reviewer Floyd C. Gale praised the novel for its \"suspense [and] crackling, hard-boiled dialogue.\"[2]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chalker, Jack L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_L._Chalker"},{"link_name":"Tuck, Donald H.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_H._Tuck"},{"link_name":"Advent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advent_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-911682-22-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-911682-22-8"}],"text":"Chalker, Jack L.; Mark Owings (1998). The Science-Fantasy Publishers: A Bibliographic History, 1923-1998. Westminster, MD and Baltimore: Mirage Press, Ltd. pp. 304–305.\nTuck, Donald H. (1978). The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy. Chicago: Advent. pp. 399–400. ISBN 0-911682-22-8.","title":"Sources"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Chalker, Jack L.; Mark Owings (1998). The Science-Fantasy Publishers: A Bibliographic History, 1923-1998. Westminster, MD and Baltimore: Mirage Press, Ltd. pp. 304–305.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_L._Chalker","url_text":"Chalker, Jack L."}]},{"reference":"Tuck, Donald H. (1978). The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy. Chicago: Advent. pp. 399–400. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Sonenshein	Nathan Sonenshein	["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Death","5 References","6 External links"]	Coordinates: 37°56′45.59″N 122°06′07.26″W / 37.9459972°N 122.1020167°W / 37.9459972; -122.1020167American admiral Nathan SonensheinBorn(1915-08-02)August 2, 1915Lodi, New Jersey, U.S.DiedApril 13, 2001(2001-04-13) (aged 85)San Rafael, California, U.S.BuriedOakmont Cemetery, Lafayette, CaliforniaAllegiance United StatesService/branch United States NavyRankRear Admiral Nathan Sonenshein (August 2, 1915 – April 13, 2001) was a rear admiral in the United States Navy. Early life and education A native of Lodi, New Jersey, Sonenshein began his four-decade naval career by attending and receiving a commission from the United States Naval Academy. Career In 1970, Sonenshein was head of the Navy's Bureau of Ships, just before it became the Naval Ship Systems Command. After the Navy awarded the DX program to Litton-Ingalls shipyard, he told leaders of Bath Iron Works that he foresaw no future naval work going to the Maine shipyard. This spurred Bath to make a series of improvements that helped it win the right to design and build the first Oliver Hazard Perry frigates and Arleigh Burke destroyers. Sonenshein retired from the Navy in 1974, and took up residence in Fairfax, Virginia. He moved to Moraga, California, less than a decade later and became assistant to the president of Global Marine Development, Inc. in Newport Beach, California. In 1982, he received the American Society of Naval Engineers' Harold E. Saunders Award, which honors "an individual whose reputation in naval engineering spans a long career of notable achievement and influence." In 1983, he was a member of the Marine Board of the Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems of the National Research Council. During his tenure, the board produced a report, "Criteria for the Depths of Dredged Navigational Channels". On July 1, 1984, he was appointed by President Ronald Reagan to a two-year term as one of eight members of the National Advisory Committee on Oceans and Atmosphere. The Reagan Administration's choices for the panel membership drew criticism from environmentalists, who noted that it included no atmospheric scientists. One of the committee's more controversial reports during his tenure suggested that U.S. shipyards be allowed to go out of business rather than be propped up by government subsidy. The report, released July 16, 1985, concluded that the country's shipyard capacity is "considerably greater" than would be required in a major conventional war. Using classified Pentagon studies, the report concluded that shipyards could expand production by 3½ to six times, providing all the new ships that would be needed. "Look at England in the Falklands", Sonenshein told the Washington Post. "In less than two months, they were able to modify and convert some 50 of their merchant ships that were then used for naval operations...Sure, it's always better to have more shipyards and more merchant ships to give you a margin of safety. But the hard question is, are you going to pay for it? I wouldn't pay for any more than we now have." Personal life He was an uncle of political science professor Raphael Sonenshein and a brother of Israel L. Sonenshein, who was general counsel of the Federal Security Agency in Washington in the late 1940s and early 1950s and helped draft federal laws on Social Security and child support. Death Sonenshein died at a Kaiser Permanente facility in San Rafael, California, aged 85. He was buried at Oakmont Cemetery in Lafayette, California. References ^ Peniston, Bradley (2013). No higher honor : saving the USS Samuel B. Roberts in the Persian Gulf. Annapolis, Md.: U.S. Naval Institute. ISBN 978-1-59114-676-6. OCLC 816165773. ^ "Shipbuilders on the Skids", By Michael Isikoff and Howard Kurtz, Washington Post, 17 July 1985; pg. A1, 2. ^ "Mail-Jewish Volume 9 Number 80". Archived from the original on 2005-04-19. Retrieved 2005-05-06. ^ "Israel Sonenshein, Counsel for FSA," The Washington Post and Times-Herald, Dec 9, 1970. External links Genealogical info on extended family 1982 Harold E. Saunders Award: RADM Nathan Sonenshein, USN (Ret.) - American Society of Naval Engineers 37°56′45.59″N 122°06′07.26″W / 37.9459972°N 122.1020167°W / 37.9459972; -122.1020167	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rear admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rear_admiral"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"}],"text":"American admiralNathan Sonenshein (August 2, 1915 – April 13, 2001) was a rear admiral in the United States Navy.","title":"Nathan Sonenshein"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lodi, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodi,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"United States Naval Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy"}],"text":"A native of Lodi, New Jersey, Sonenshein began his four-decade naval career by attending and receiving a commission from the United States Naval Academy.","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bureau of Ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Ships"},{"link_name":"Naval Ship Systems Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAVSEA"},{"link_name":"DX program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spruance-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Litton-Ingalls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingalls_Shipbuilding"},{"link_name":"Bath Iron Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath_Iron_Works"},{"link_name":"Oliver Hazard Perry frigates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Hazard_Perry-class_frigate"},{"link_name":"Arleigh Burke destroyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arleigh_Burke-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Fairfax, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfax,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Moraga, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moraga,_California"},{"link_name":"Newport Beach, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_Beach,_California"},{"link_name":"American Society of Naval Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Naval_Engineers"},{"link_name":"Harold E. Saunders Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_E._Saunders"},{"link_name":"National Research Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Research_Council"},{"link_name":"report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nap.edu/execsumm/POD033.html"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"National Advisory Committee on Oceans and Atmosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOAA"},{"link_name":"shipyards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipyard"},{"link_name":"government subsidy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_subsidy"},{"link_name":"Pentagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pentagon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"In 1970, Sonenshein was head of the Navy's Bureau of Ships, just before it became the Naval Ship Systems Command. After the Navy awarded the DX program to Litton-Ingalls shipyard, he told leaders of Bath Iron Works that he foresaw no future naval work going to the Maine shipyard. This spurred Bath to make a series of improvements that helped it win the right to design and build the first Oliver Hazard Perry frigates and Arleigh Burke destroyers.[1]Sonenshein retired from the Navy in 1974, and took up residence in Fairfax, Virginia. He moved to Moraga, California, less than a decade later and became assistant to the president of Global Marine Development, Inc. in Newport Beach, California. In 1982, he received the American Society of Naval Engineers' Harold E. Saunders Award, which honors \"an individual whose reputation in naval engineering spans a long career of notable achievement and influence.\" In 1983, he was a member of the Marine Board of the Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems of the National Research Council. During his tenure, the board produced a report, \"Criteria for the Depths of Dredged Navigational Channels\".On July 1, 1984, he was appointed by President Ronald Reagan to a two-year term as one of eight members of the National Advisory Committee on Oceans and Atmosphere. The Reagan Administration's choices for the panel membership drew criticism from environmentalists, who noted that it included no atmospheric scientists.One of the committee's more controversial reports during his tenure suggested that U.S. shipyards be allowed to go out of business rather than be propped up by government subsidy. The report, released July 16, 1985, concluded that the country's shipyard capacity is \"considerably greater\" than would be required in a major conventional war. Using classified Pentagon studies, the report concluded that shipyards could expand production by 3½ to six times, providing all the new ships that would be needed. \"Look at England in the Falklands\", Sonenshein told the Washington Post. \"In less than two months, they were able to modify and convert some 50 of their merchant ships that were then used for naval operations...Sure, it's always better to have more shipyards and more merchant ships to give you a margin of safety. But the hard question is, are you going to pay for it? I wouldn't pay for any more than we now have.\"[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Israel L. Sonenshein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Israel_L._Sonenshein&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Federal Security Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Security_Agency"},{"link_name":"Social Security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"child support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_support"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"He was an uncle of political science professor Raphael Sonenshein[3] and a brother of Israel L. Sonenshein, who was general counsel of the Federal Security Agency in Washington in the late 1940s and early 1950s and helped draft federal laws on Social Security and child support.[4]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kaiser Permanente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiser_Permanente"},{"link_name":"San Rafael, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Rafael,_California"},{"link_name":"Lafayette, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafayette,_California"}],"text":"Sonenshein died at a Kaiser Permanente facility in San Rafael, California, aged 85. He was buried at Oakmont Cemetery in Lafayette, California.","title":"Death"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Peniston, Bradley (2013). No higher honor : saving the USS Samuel B. Roberts in the Persian Gulf. Annapolis, Md.: U.S. Naval Institute. ISBN 978-1-59114-676-6. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Human_Equation	The Human Equation	["1 Concept and storyline","2 The Theater Equation","3 Track listing","4 Personnel","5 Charts","6 References"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "The Human Equation" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 2004 studio album by AyreonThe Human EquationStudio album by AyreonReleased25 May 2004RecordedOctober 2003–March 2004GenreProgressive metalLength102:14LabelInside Out MusicProducerArjen LucassenAyreon chronology Universal Migrator Part 2: Flight of the Migrator(2000) The Human Equation(2004) 01011001(2008) Arjen Anthony Lucassen chronology Live on Earth(2003) The Human Equation(2004) Embrace the Storm(2005) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingLaut.dePlattentests.de 8/10Rock Hard9/10 The Human Equation is the sixth album from the progressive rock project Ayreon by Dutch musician Arjen Anthony Lucassen, released on 25 May 2004 via Inside Out Music. As with other Ayreon albums, it features guest appearances from several musicians previously unrelated to the project, including James LaBrie of Dream Theater, Mikael Åkerfeldt of Opeth, Eric Clayton of Saviour Machine, and Devin Townsend, performing music arranged and written by Lucassen. As with nearly every Ayreon album, it is a concept album with each character being portrayed by one singer. However unlike previous albums, The Human Equation is not a sci-fi story but takes place almost entirely in the mind of a character called Me (played by LaBrie) who is in a coma after a car crash, with each song consisting of one day spent in coma. While his Wife (Marcela Bovio) and Best Friend (Lucassen) are at his side in the real world, Me, trapped in his own mind, encounters representations of his own feelings and recalls his life from his childhood to his crash. The album was released in three different editions: a regular edition with two CDs, a Special Edition with two CDs and a DVD, and a Limited Deluxe Edition with two CDs, a DVD and a 36-page booklet. The album peaked at #7 at Dutch Albums Chart and at #50 at Germany Albums Top 50. The album was also released on vinyl in December 2012. The Human Equation is one of the few Ayreon albums in which Lucassen did not write all the lyrics (the others are Into the Electric Castle and The Theory of Everything): Townsend wrote all lyrics for his character Rage, while Heather Findlay of Mostly Autumn and Devon Graves of Deadsoul Tribe also wrote some of the lyrics for their characters, Love and Agony. The albums marks the first collaboration between Lucassen and Bovio, selected by Lucassen via an internet female singing contest to play Wife. The following year, Bovio and Lucassen created together progressive/symphonic metal band Stream of Passion. Concept and storyline The album explores the idea of psychological rebirth, and follows the story of a man who, after falling into a coma following a car crash, is confronted with his past, his emotions, and his current situation as he lays trapped inside his own mind. The circumstances surrounding the crash are mysterious, as the man ("Me", portrayed by James LaBrie) ploughed into a tree on a deserted road in broad daylight. Following this, he slips into a twenty-day coma, with each day represented by a single song. Each song follows a slightly different format, though there are major common themes, such as the presence of Me's manifest emotions in his dream world including Fear (Mikael Åkerfeldt), Reason (Eric Clayton), and Pride (Magnus Ekwall); the presence of Me's Wife (Marcela Bovio) and Best Friend (Arjen Anthony Lucassen) at his bedside; and the past events that Me is forced to reflect on. The plot builds from Me’s early broken state to his eventual rebirth as a new and better man. His own dark past, in which he suffered beneath an abusive Father (Mike Baker), was driven to become merciless by school bullies, and eventually betrayed his closest friend for his own benefit; is intertwined with the plot surrounding Wife and Best Friend, eventually revealing the cause of the crash: Me had witnessed the two sharing an intimate moment, and had swerved his car into a tree in his despair. The three eventually come clean and forgive each other, leading Me to conquer his negative emotions and escape his nightmarish prison. The story terminates with a sci-fi twist in contrast to the psychodrama of the album, but reminiscent of earlier Ayreon releases. The final song cuts suddenly to silence as it crescendoes to a climax, and a computerised voice announces the shut-down of the Dream Sequencer. The voice of Forever of the Stars then speaks the final words of the album ("Emotions...I remember..."), tying its events into the overall Ayreon plot that began with The Final Experiment. The Theater Equation Main article: The Theater Equation The Theater Equation is a video release of a live performance of The Human Equation in 2015. Track listing All lyrics are written by Arjen Anthony Lucassen except where noted; all music is composed by LucassenCD 1No.TitleVocals (in order of appearance)Length1."Day One: Vigil"Arjen Anthony Lucassen, Marcela Bovio1:332."Day Two: Isolation"James LaBrie, Mikael Åkerfeldt, Eric Clayton, Irene Jansen, Magnus Ekwall, Heather Findlay8:423."Day Three: Pain" (Lucassen/Devin Townsend)Devon Graves, LaBrie, Devin Townsend, Findlay4:584."Day Four: Mystery"Lucassen, Bovio, Jansen, LaBrie, Ekwall, Findlay, Graves5:375."Day Five: Voices"Ekwall, LaBrie, Clayton, Findlay, Åkerfeldt7:096."Day Six: Childhood"Graves, LaBrie, Åkerfeldt5:057."Day Seven: Hope"Lucassen, LaBrie2:478."Day Eight: School" (Lucassen/Townsend)Åkerfeldt, LaBrie, Townsend, Graves, Ekwall, Clayton, Jansen4:229."Day Nine: Playground" (Adaptation of Edvard Grieg's "Morning Mood")instrumental2:1510."Day Ten: Memories"Lucassen, Bovio, Ekwall, Findlay, Jansen, Clayton3:5711."Day Eleven: Love"LaBrie, Findlay, Jansen, Ekwall, Graves, Åkerfeldt, Bovio4:18Total length:50:20 CD 2No.TitleVocalsLength12."Day Twelve: Trauma"Clayton, Åkerfeldt, Graves, Jansen, Ekwall9:5413."Day Thirteen: Sign" (Lucassen/Heather Findlay)Findlay, Bovio, LaBrie, Lucassen4:4714."Day Fourteen: Pride"LaBrie, Ekwall, Clayton4:4215."Day Fifteen: Betrayal"Åkerfeldt, Graves, Clayton, Jansen, LaBrie5:2416."Day Sixteen: Loser" (Lucassen/Townsend)Mike Baker, Townsend4:4617."Day Seventeen: Accident?" (Lucassen/Devon Graves)Clayton, Bovio, Graves, Jansen5:4218."Day Eighteen: Realization"Clayton, LaBrie, Jansen, Ekwall, Findlay, Graves, Åkerfeldt, Lucassen, Bovio4:3119."Day Nineteen: Disclosure"Lucassen, Bovio, Findlay, Jansen, LaBrie4:4220."Day Twenty: Confrontation"Lucassen, LaBrie, Bovio, Findlay, Graves, Jansen, Clayton, Ekwall, Åkerfeldt, Peter Daltrey7:03Total length:51:41 Disc 2 has ten four-second and one nine-second hidden tracks which introduce "Day Twelve: Trauma". DVD (Special and Deluxe editions)No.TitleLength1."Inside" (behind the scenes)45:272."Concept" (the concept of The Human Equation)3:053."Drums" (Ed Warby's drums)3:324."Video" (videoclip of "Day Eleven: Love")3:495."Teaser" (teaser trailer)1:28Total length:57:25 Personnel Vocalists James LaBrie (Dream Theater) as Me Mikael Åkerfeldt (Opeth, Bloodbath) as Fear Eric Clayton (Saviour Machine) as Reason Heather Findlay (ex-Mostly Autumn) as Love Irene Jansen as Passion Magnus Ekwall (The Quill) as Pride Devon Graves (Deadsoul Tribe, Psychotic Waltz) as Agony Arjen Anthony Lucassen as Best Friend Marcela Bovio (Elfonía) as Wife Mike Baker (Shadow Gallery) as Father Devin Townsend (Strapping Young Lad) as Rage Peter Daltrey (ex-Kaleidoscope) as Voice (uncredited cameo) Production Arjen Anthony Lucassen - production, mixing, recording Musicians Arjen Anthony Lucassen – all electric and acoustic guitars, bass guitars, mandolin, lap steel guitar, keyboards, synthesizers, Hammond Ed Warby (Gorefest, Hail of Bullets) – all drums and percussion Robert Baba – all violins Marieke van den Broek – all cellos John McManus (Celtus, Mama's Boys) – low flute on Days 13, 16 and 18 and whistle on Day 18 Jeroen Goossens – flute on Days 3, 5, 9, 14 and 18, alto flute on Day 2, bass flute on Days 5 and 14, panpipes on Day 6, descant and treble recorders on Day 13, didgeridoo on Day 16, bassoon on Day 18 Joost van den Broek (After Forever) – synthesizer solo on Day 2, spinet on Day 13 Martin Orford (IQ, Jadis) – synthesizer solo on Day 15 Ken Hensley (Uriah Heep) – Hammond solo on Day 16 Oliver Wakeman – synthesizer solo on Day 17 Charts Chart (2004) Peakposition Dutch Albums (Album Top 100) 7 French Albums (SNEP) 160 German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) 50 References ^ "The 100 Greatest Prog Songs Of All Time". Prog Magazine. March 26, 2018. Retrieved July 11, 2019. ^ ""The Human Equation" von Ayreon – laut.de – Album". ^ "Ayreon - The human equation • Plattentests.de-Rezension". ^ "Rock Hard - AYREON - The Human Equation". ^ a b "Dutchcharts.nl – Ayreon – The Human Equation" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved November 15, 2015. ^ a b "Offiziellecharts.de – Ayreon – The Human Equation" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved August 14, 2019. ^ "Ayreon vinyl editions : ArjenLucassen.com". www.arjenlucassen.com. Archived from the original on 2012-11-28. ^ "Lescharts.com – Ayreon – The Human Equation". Hung Medien. Retrieved November 15, 2015. vteArjen LucassenSoloStudio albums Pools of Sorrow, Waves of Joy Lost in the New Real Cover albums Strange Hobby AmbeonStudio albums Fate of a Dreamer Singles "Cold Metal" AyreonStudio albums The Final Experiment Actual Fantasy Into the Electric Castle Universal Migrator Part 1: The Dream Sequencer Universal Migrator Part 2: Flight of the Migrator The Human Equation 01011001 The Theory of Everything The Source Transitus Live albums The Theater Equation Ayreon Universe – The Best of Ayreon Live Electric Castle Live and Other Tales 01011001 – Live Beneath the Waves Extended plays Elected Compilation albums Ayreonauts Only Timeline Singles "Sail Away to Avalon" "The Stranger from Within" "Temple of the Cat" "Day Eleven: Love" "Loser" "Come Back to Me" Related articles List of Ayreon guest musicians The Gentle StormStudio albums The Diary Extended plays The Gentle Storm Exclusive Tour CD Guilt MachineStudio albums On This Perfect Day Plan NineStudio albums The Long-Lost Songs Star OneStudio albums Space Metal Victims of the Modern Age Revel in Time Live albums Live on Earth Stream of PassionStudio albums Embrace the Storm Live albums Live in the Real World Singles "Out in the Real World" Supersonic RevolutionStudio albums Golden Age of Music Related articles Discography Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"progressive rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_rock"},{"link_name":"Ayreon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayreon"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_people"},{"link_name":"Arjen Anthony Lucassen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjen_Anthony_Lucassen"},{"link_name":"Inside Out Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inside_Out_Music"},{"link_name":"James LaBrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_LaBrie"},{"link_name":"Dream Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_Theater"},{"link_name":"Mikael Åkerfeldt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikael_%C3%85kerfeldt"},{"link_name":"Opeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opeth"},{"link_name":"Eric Clayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Clayton"},{"link_name":"Saviour Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saviour_Machine"},{"link_name":"Devin Townsend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devin_Townsend"},{"link_name":"concept album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_album"},{"link_name":"sci-fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"coma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coma"},{"link_name":"Marcela Bovio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcela_Bovio"},{"link_name":"Dutch Albums Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MegaCharts"},{"link_name":"Germany Albums Top 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_Charts"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dutch_chart-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-german_chart-6"},{"link_name":"vinyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramophone_record"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Into the Electric Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Electric_Castle"},{"link_name":"The Theory of Everything","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Theory_of_Everything_(Ayreon_album)"},{"link_name":"Mostly Autumn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostly_Autumn"},{"link_name":"Deadsoul Tribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadsoul_Tribe"},{"link_name":"symphonic metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphonic_metal"},{"link_name":"Stream of Passion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_of_Passion"}],"text":"2004 studio album by AyreonThe Human Equation is the sixth album from the progressive rock project Ayreon by Dutch musician Arjen Anthony Lucassen, released on 25 May 2004 via Inside Out Music. As with other Ayreon albums, it features guest appearances from several musicians previously unrelated to the project, including James LaBrie of Dream Theater, Mikael Åkerfeldt of Opeth, Eric Clayton of Saviour Machine, and Devin Townsend, performing music arranged and written by Lucassen.As with nearly every Ayreon album, it is a concept album with each character being portrayed by one singer. However unlike previous albums, The Human Equation is not a sci-fi story but takes place almost entirely in the mind of a character called Me (played by LaBrie) who is in a coma after a car crash, with each song consisting of one day spent in coma. While his Wife (Marcela Bovio) and Best Friend (Lucassen) are at his side in the real world, Me, trapped in his own mind, encounters representations of his own feelings and recalls his life from his childhood to his crash.The album was released in three different editions: a regular edition with two CDs, a Special Edition with two CDs and a DVD, and a Limited Deluxe Edition with two CDs, a DVD and a 36-page booklet. The album peaked at #7 at Dutch Albums Chart and at #50 at Germany Albums Top 50.[5][6] The album was also released on vinyl in December 2012.[7]The Human Equation is one of the few Ayreon albums in which Lucassen did not write all the lyrics (the others are Into the Electric Castle and The Theory of Everything): Townsend wrote all lyrics for his character Rage, while Heather Findlay of Mostly Autumn and Devon Graves of Deadsoul Tribe also wrote some of the lyrics for their characters, Love and Agony. The albums marks the first collaboration between Lucassen and Bovio, selected by Lucassen via an internet female singing contest to play Wife. The following year, Bovio and Lucassen created together progressive/symphonic metal band Stream of Passion.","title":"The Human Equation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"coma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coma"},{"link_name":"car crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_collision"},{"link_name":"emotions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotion"},{"link_name":"James LaBrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_LaBrie"},{"link_name":"dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream"},{"link_name":"Fear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear"},{"link_name":"Mikael Åkerfeldt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikael_%C3%85kerfeldt"},{"link_name":"Reason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reason"},{"link_name":"Eric Clayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Clayton"},{"link_name":"Marcela Bovio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcela_Bovio"},{"link_name":"Arjen Anthony Lucassen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjen_Anthony_Lucassen"},{"link_name":"abusive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_abuse"},{"link_name":"Mike Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Baker_(singer)"},{"link_name":"bullies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullying"},{"link_name":"sci-fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"psychodrama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychodrama"},{"link_name":"Dream Sequencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Migrator_Part_1:_The_Dream_Sequencer"},{"link_name":"Forever of the Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Electric_Castle"},{"link_name":"The Final Experiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Final_Experiment"}],"text":"The album explores the idea of psychological rebirth, and follows the story of a man who, after falling into a coma following a car crash, is confronted with his past, his emotions, and his current situation as he lays trapped inside his own mind. The circumstances surrounding the crash are mysterious, as the man (\"Me\", portrayed by James LaBrie) ploughed into a tree on a deserted road in broad daylight. Following this, he slips into a twenty-day coma, with each day represented by a single song. Each song follows a slightly different format, though there are major common themes, such as the presence of Me's manifest emotions in his dream world including Fear (Mikael Åkerfeldt), Reason (Eric Clayton), and Pride (Magnus Ekwall); the presence of Me's Wife (Marcela Bovio) and Best Friend (Arjen Anthony Lucassen) at his bedside; and the past events that Me is forced to reflect on.The plot builds from Me’s early broken state to his eventual rebirth as a new and better man. His own dark past, in which he suffered beneath an abusive Father (Mike Baker), was driven to become merciless by school bullies, and eventually betrayed his closest friend for his own benefit; is intertwined with the plot surrounding Wife and Best Friend, eventually revealing the cause of the crash: Me had witnessed the two sharing an intimate moment, and had swerved his car into a tree in his despair. The three eventually come clean and forgive each other, leading Me to conquer his negative emotions and escape his nightmarish prison.The story terminates with a sci-fi twist in contrast to the psychodrama of the album, but reminiscent of earlier Ayreon releases. The final song cuts suddenly to silence as it crescendoes to a climax, and a computerised voice announces the shut-down of the Dream Sequencer. The voice of Forever of the Stars then speaks the final words of the album (\"Emotions...I remember...\"), tying its events into the overall Ayreon plot that began with The Final Experiment.","title":"Concept and storyline"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Theater Equation is a video release of a live performance of The Human Equation in 2015.","title":"The Theater Equation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arjen Anthony Lucassen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjen_Anthony_Lucassen"},{"link_name":"Arjen Anthony Lucassen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjen_Anthony_Lucassen"},{"link_name":"Marcela Bovio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcela_Bovio"},{"link_name":"James LaBrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_LaBrie"},{"link_name":"Mikael Åkerfeldt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikael_%C3%85kerfeldt"},{"link_name":"Eric Clayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Clayton"},{"link_name":"Irene Jansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_Jansen"},{"link_name":"Devin Townsend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devin_Townsend"},{"link_name":"Devin Townsend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devin_Townsend"},{"link_name":"Day Seven: Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Come_Back_to_Me_(Ayreon_song)"},{"link_name":"Edvard Grieg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_Grieg"},{"link_name":"Morning Mood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morning_Mood"},{"link_name":"Day Eleven: Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_Eleven:_Love"},{"link_name":"Day Sixteen: Loser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loser_(Ayreon_song)"},{"link_name":"Mike Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Baker_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Peter Daltrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Daltrey"},{"link_name":"Ed Warby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Warby"},{"link_name":"Day Eleven: Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_Eleven:_Love"}],"text":"All lyrics are written by Arjen Anthony Lucassen except where noted; all music is composed by LucassenCD 1No.TitleVocals (in order of appearance)Length1.\"Day One: Vigil\"Arjen Anthony Lucassen, Marcela Bovio1:332.\"Day Two: Isolation\"James LaBrie, Mikael Åkerfeldt, Eric Clayton, Irene Jansen, Magnus Ekwall, Heather Findlay8:423.\"Day Three: Pain\" (Lucassen/Devin Townsend)Devon Graves, LaBrie, Devin Townsend, Findlay4:584.\"Day Four: Mystery\"Lucassen, Bovio, Jansen, LaBrie, Ekwall, Findlay, Graves5:375.\"Day Five: Voices\"Ekwall, LaBrie, Clayton, Findlay, Åkerfeldt7:096.\"Day Six: Childhood\"Graves, LaBrie, Åkerfeldt5:057.\"Day Seven: Hope\"Lucassen, LaBrie2:478.\"Day Eight: School\" (Lucassen/Townsend)Åkerfeldt, LaBrie, Townsend, Graves, Ekwall, Clayton, Jansen4:229.\"Day Nine: Playground\" (Adaptation of Edvard Grieg's \"Morning Mood\")instrumental2:1510.\"Day Ten: Memories\"Lucassen, Bovio, Ekwall, Findlay, Jansen, Clayton3:5711.\"Day Eleven: Love\"LaBrie, Findlay, Jansen, Ekwall, Graves, Åkerfeldt, Bovio4:18Total length:50:20CD 2No.TitleVocalsLength12.\"Day Twelve: Trauma\"Clayton, Åkerfeldt, Graves, Jansen, Ekwall9:5413.\"Day Thirteen: Sign\" (Lucassen/Heather Findlay)Findlay, Bovio, LaBrie, Lucassen4:4714.\"Day Fourteen: Pride\"LaBrie, Ekwall, Clayton4:4215.\"Day Fifteen: Betrayal\"Åkerfeldt, Graves, Clayton, Jansen, LaBrie5:2416.\"Day Sixteen: Loser\" (Lucassen/Townsend)Mike Baker, Townsend4:4617.\"Day Seventeen: Accident?\" (Lucassen/Devon Graves)Clayton, Bovio, Graves, Jansen5:4218.\"Day Eighteen: Realization\"Clayton, LaBrie, Jansen, Ekwall, Findlay, Graves, Åkerfeldt, Lucassen, Bovio4:3119.\"Day Nineteen: Disclosure\"Lucassen, Bovio, Findlay, Jansen, LaBrie4:4220.\"Day Twenty: Confrontation\"Lucassen, LaBrie, Bovio, Findlay, Graves, Jansen, Clayton, Ekwall, Åkerfeldt, Peter Daltrey7:03Total length:51:41Disc 2 has ten four-second and one nine-second hidden tracks which introduce \"Day Twelve: Trauma\".DVD (Special and Deluxe editions)No.TitleLength1.\"Inside\" (behind the scenes)45:272.\"Concept\" (the concept of The Human Equation)3:053.\"Drums\" (Ed Warby's drums)3:324.\"Video\" (videoclip of \"Day Eleven: Love\")3:495.\"Teaser\" (teaser trailer)1:28Total length:57:25","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James LaBrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_LaBrie"},{"link_name":"Dream Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_Theater"},{"link_name":"Mikael Åkerfeldt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikael_%C3%85kerfeldt"},{"link_name":"Opeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opeth"},{"link_name":"Bloodbath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodbath"},{"link_name":"Eric Clayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Clayton"},{"link_name":"Saviour Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saviour_Machine"},{"link_name":"Mostly Autumn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostly_Autumn"},{"link_name":"Irene Jansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_Jansen"},{"link_name":"The Quill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Quill_(band)"},{"link_name":"Deadsoul Tribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadsoul_Tribe"},{"link_name":"Psychotic Waltz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychotic_Waltz"},{"link_name":"Arjen Anthony Lucassen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjen_Anthony_Lucassen"},{"link_name":"Marcela Bovio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcela_Bovio"},{"link_name":"Elfonía","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfon%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Mike Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Baker_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Shadow Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_Gallery"},{"link_name":"Devin Townsend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devin_Townsend"},{"link_name":"Strapping Young Lad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strapping_Young_Lad"},{"link_name":"Peter Daltrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Daltrey"},{"link_name":"Kaleidoscope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaleidoscope_(UK_band)"},{"link_name":"cameo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameo_appearance"},{"link_name":"production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer"},{"link_name":"mixing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mixing_(recorded_music)"},{"link_name":"recording","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction"},{"link_name":"guitars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"bass guitars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_guitar"},{"link_name":"mandolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandolin"},{"link_name":"lap steel guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lap_steel_guitar"},{"link_name":"keyboards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_instrument"},{"link_name":"synthesizers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesizer"},{"link_name":"Hammond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammond_organ"},{"link_name":"Ed Warby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Warby"},{"link_name":"Gorefest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorefest"},{"link_name":"Hail of Bullets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hail_of_Bullets"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_kit"},{"link_name":"percussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrument"},{"link_name":"violins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin"},{"link_name":"cellos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cello"},{"link_name":"flute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute"},{"link_name":"whistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistle"},{"link_name":"flute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute"},{"link_name":"alto flute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alto_flute"},{"link_name":"bass flute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_flute"},{"link_name":"panpipes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_flute"},{"link_name":"descant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano_recorder"},{"link_name":"treble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alto_recorder"},{"link_name":"recorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorder_(musical_instrument)"},{"link_name":"didgeridoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didgeridoo"},{"link_name":"bassoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassoon"},{"link_name":"After Forever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Forever"},{"link_name":"spinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinet"},{"link_name":"Martin Orford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Orford"},{"link_name":"IQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IQ_(band)"},{"link_name":"Jadis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadis_(band)"},{"link_name":"Ken Hensley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Hensley"},{"link_name":"Uriah Heep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uriah_Heep_(band)"},{"link_name":"Hammond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammond_organ"},{"link_name":"Oliver Wakeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Wakeman"}],"text":"Vocalists\nJames LaBrie (Dream Theater) as Me\nMikael Åkerfeldt (Opeth, Bloodbath) as Fear\nEric Clayton (Saviour Machine) as Reason\nHeather Findlay (ex-Mostly Autumn) as Love\nIrene Jansen as Passion\nMagnus Ekwall (The Quill) as Pride\nDevon Graves (Deadsoul Tribe, Psychotic Waltz) as Agony\nArjen Anthony Lucassen as Best Friend\nMarcela Bovio (Elfonía) as Wife\nMike Baker (Shadow Gallery) as Father\nDevin Townsend (Strapping Young Lad) as Rage\nPeter Daltrey (ex-Kaleidoscope) as Voice (uncredited cameo)\nProduction\nArjen Anthony Lucassen - production, mixing, recording\n\n\n\n\nMusicians\nArjen Anthony Lucassen – all electric and acoustic guitars, bass guitars, mandolin, lap steel guitar, keyboards, synthesizers, Hammond\nEd Warby (Gorefest, Hail of Bullets) – all drums and percussion\nRobert Baba – all violins\nMarieke van den Broek – all cellos\nJohn McManus (Celtus, Mama's Boys) – low flute on Days 13, 16 and 18 and whistle on Day 18\nJeroen Goossens – flute on Days 3, 5, 9, 14 and 18, alto flute on Day 2, bass flute on Days 5 and 14, panpipes on Day 6, descant and treble recorders on Day 13, didgeridoo on Day 16, bassoon on Day 18\nJoost van den Broek (After Forever) – synthesizer solo on Day 2, spinet on Day 13\nMartin Orford (IQ, Jadis) – synthesizer solo on Day 15\nKen Hensley (Uriah Heep) – Hammond solo on Day 16\nOliver Wakeman – synthesizer solo on Day 17","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"The 100 Greatest Prog Songs Of All Time\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swift_(character)	Swift (character)	["1 Fictional character biography","2 World's End","3 As the new Doctor","4 Possible origin","5 Powers And Abilities","6 References","7 External links"]	For other uses, see Swift (disambiguation). Comics character SwiftPublication informationPublisherWildstorm (DC Comics)First appearanceStormwatch #28 (September 1995)Created byJeff MariotteRon LimIn-story informationAlter egoShen Li-MinTeam affiliationsThe AuthorityStormwatchAbilitiesWings for flightTalons Swift (Shen Li-Min) is a superhero in the Wildstorm universe published by DC Comics. Swift first appeared in Stormwatch #28 and was created by Jeff Mariotte and Ron Lim. She is currently a member of The Authority. Fictional character biography When a comet passed by Earth, it activated a genetic quirk in some people that would manifest into superpowers either naturally or through special Seedlings called Activators. Swift was one such Seedling. Swift was brought into Stormwatch as a rookie, with her powers only partially activated. Weatherman Henry Bendix later reconfigured the Stormwatch teams, assigning her to Stormwatch Black, Stormwatch's black ops team, alongside Jenny Sparks (with whom she had a brief romance) and Jack Hawksmoor. It was then that Christine Trelane offered to fully activate Swift's powers, bringing out their full potential, and she accepted. After Stormwatch disbanded, Swift joined former teammates in The Authority. Formerly a pacifist, she has put aside those beliefs to fight for a better world regardless of the cost. She has fought all over the world, from Moscow to Mexico to Gamora Island. During the Transfer of Power storyline, Swift was replaced by Rush from Canada after being taken out of a fight by radioactive feces. Swift was brainwashed into becoming the obedient trophy wife of a television mogul who had been part of the conspiracy to replace her and her team. She was insulted at every opportunity, from having her cooking ignored to the implications she could not remember large words. Eventually she overheard the "off-button" code of the monster Three-Willied Seth and proceeded to free herself. She literally took the heads of the television mogul and his software billionaire co-conspirator. She also saved her friend Angela Spica, the Engineer, and killed the man who had been abusing Angela. Originally drawn flat-chested, as a plot point in the series she rapidly "developed" a more pronounced, archetypal superheroine bust size. According to Li-Min herself, this was due to her paying for very expensive breast implants, in fact she was quite boastful about them. One could surmise, due to the deconstructive, vaguely satirical nature of The Authority series, this was a joke directed at the oversized breasts usually common amongst female superheroes (including fellow Wildstorm characters Caitlin Fairchild and Zealot). World's End The 2008 Number of the Beast Wildstorm miniseries described the devastation of Earth and set the scene for a new Authority ongoing series, World's End, by Dan Abnett and Andy Lanning. In this series, Swift acts for the devastated Authority as a messenger and transmitter, using her powers and a code of colored balloons as a communications channel while the Authority attempt to help survivors. She finds herself followed at all times by a flock of birds confused by the new, harsher, environment. Later, Swift works closely with their rivals, Stormwatch, as the pure need to help innocent civilians has made their grudges irrelevant. As the new Doctor She was one of the few heroes, along with the Authority, to leave Earth on the Carrier after its sudden departure for an unknown destination in the universe. Eventually, their destination was a lure for the shift-ship to have its passengers being taken as biological resources by the malevolent alien race known as the Karibna. Prior to the Carrier's capture, Swift was knocked into coma after combating a mind-controlled Aegean and was kept at the medical ward. Unlike the other human passengers who were captured by the Karibna, Swift's comatose body remained hidden due from an unknown power that is keeping her invisible. When the Authority defeated the Karibna and returned to Earth, which was at the time about to destroy itself through the insane Century Baby Gaia Rothstein, it was revealed that Swift was chosen as Earth's new Doctor as she possesses a connection to the planet's ecosystem. Her timely coming to Earth allowed her to enter Gaia's mind and tell her that she's forgiven for all that she's done and that she needs time to heal. Jeroen Thornedike then takes Gaia to the newly restored Garden of Ancestral Memory. Possible origin Jenny Sparks once encountered a large egg, guarded by Tibetan monks for generations, prophesied to hatch a winged woman at the end of the millennium and usher in a golden age of love and peace. The egg's incubation was not uneventful—it had to be rescued from Nazi agents by Jenny Sparks in 1943. The mini-series this was shown in was said to show Jenny Sparks' first meeting with the members of the Authority, indicating that the egg contains Swift. However the fetus is unnamed or given any real interaction with Sparks, and this origin seems to conflict with what was previously known about Swift's life and powers. Powers And Abilities When her powers were only partially activated, Swift had a line of feathers that ran along the underside of her arms. This allowed for only limited flight. After being fully activated by Christine Trelane, she has the ability to grow wings from her back at will as well as claws and talons on her hands and feet. Consequently, she is called the "fastest winged mammal on the planet". She has flown fast enough to catch super-speedsters. Enhanced strength and durability are shown, including an incident where Swift flew straight through a person, causing them to explode in all directions. She has some birdlike enhanced senses; apart from superior hearing and eyesight, she is able to feel or "read" the air to locate moving things. She can also retract her claws and talons and shed her wings, which eventually decompose into liquid, although she no longer does this since joining the Authority. She has also demonstrated excellent cooking and singing skills. Swift is the navigator for The Carrier, the sentient spaceship that is headquarters for the Authority. As the new Doctor, she can alter reality as she imagines it. References ^ Stormwatch PHD #019 (2009) ^ The Authority (vol. 4) #29 External links International Hero profile vteThe AuthorityCreators Warren Ellis Bryan Hitch MembersFounding members Apollo The Engineer Jack Hawksmoor Jenny Sparks Midnighter Swift Extended members Enchantress Lightray Manchester Black OMAC Steel Superman Enemies Cybernary Mongul Storylines List of The Authority story arcs World's End Coup d'etat Warworld Saga Related articles WildC.A.T.s/Aliens The Authority Role-Playing Game Stormwatch The Monarchy Midnighter and Apollo The Elite	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swift (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swift_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"superhero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superhero"},{"link_name":"Wildstorm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildstorm"},{"link_name":"DC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics"},{"link_name":"Stormwatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormwatch_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Jeff Mariotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Mariotte"},{"link_name":"Ron Lim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Lim"},{"link_name":"The Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Authority_(comics)"}],"text":"For other uses, see Swift (disambiguation).Comics characterSwift (Shen Li-Min) is a superhero in the Wildstorm universe published by DC Comics. Swift first appeared in Stormwatch #28 and was created by Jeff Mariotte and Ron Lim. She is currently a member of The Authority.","title":"Swift (character)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stormwatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormwatch_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Henry Bendix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Bendix&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"black ops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_ops"},{"link_name":"Jenny Sparks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Sparks"},{"link_name":"Jack Hawksmoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Hawksmoor_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Christine Trelane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synergy_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Transfer of Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Authority_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Three-Willied Seth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Three-Willied_Seth&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineer_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Caitlin Fairchild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caitlin_Fairchild"},{"link_name":"Zealot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zealot_(Wildstorm)"}],"text":"When a comet passed by Earth, it activated a genetic quirk in some people that would manifest into superpowers either naturally or through special Seedlings called Activators. Swift was one such Seedling. Swift was brought into Stormwatch as a rookie, with her powers only partially activated. Weatherman Henry Bendix later reconfigured the Stormwatch teams, assigning her to Stormwatch Black, Stormwatch's black ops team, alongside Jenny Sparks (with whom she had a brief romance) and Jack Hawksmoor. It was then that Christine Trelane offered to fully activate Swift's powers, bringing out their full potential, and she accepted.After Stormwatch disbanded, Swift joined former teammates in The Authority. Formerly a pacifist, she has put aside those beliefs to fight for a better world regardless of the cost. She has fought all over the world, from Moscow to Mexico to Gamora Island. During the Transfer of Power storyline, Swift was replaced by Rush from Canada after being taken out of a fight by radioactive feces. Swift was brainwashed into becoming the obedient trophy wife of a television mogul who had been part of the conspiracy to replace her and her team. She was insulted at every opportunity, from having her cooking ignored to the implications she could not remember large words. Eventually she overheard the \"off-button\" code of the monster Three-Willied Seth and proceeded to free herself. She literally took the heads of the television mogul and his software billionaire co-conspirator. She also saved her friend Angela Spica, the Engineer, and killed the man who had been abusing Angela.Originally drawn flat-chested, as a plot point in the series she rapidly \"developed\" a more pronounced, archetypal superheroine bust size. According to Li-Min herself, this was due to her paying for very expensive breast implants, in fact she was quite boastful about them. One could surmise, due to the deconstructive, vaguely satirical nature of The Authority series, this was a joke directed at the oversized breasts usually common amongst female superheroes (including fellow Wildstorm characters Caitlin Fairchild and Zealot).","title":"Fictional character biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The 2008 Number of the Beast Wildstorm miniseries described the devastation of Earth and set the scene for a new Authority ongoing series, World's End, by Dan Abnett and Andy Lanning. In this series, Swift acts for the devastated Authority as a messenger and transmitter, using her powers and a code of colored balloons as a communications channel while the Authority attempt to help survivors. She finds herself followed at all times by a flock of birds confused by the new, harsher, environment. Later, Swift works closely with their rivals, Stormwatch, as the pure need to help innocent civilians has made their grudges irrelevant. [1]","title":"World's End"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"She was one of the few heroes, along with the Authority, to leave Earth on the Carrier after its sudden departure for an unknown destination in the universe. Eventually, their destination was a lure for the shift-ship to have its passengers being taken as biological resources by the malevolent alien race known as the Karibna. Prior to the Carrier's capture, Swift was knocked into coma after combating a mind-controlled Aegean and was kept at the medical ward. Unlike the other human passengers who were captured by the Karibna, Swift's comatose body remained hidden due from an unknown power that is keeping her invisible. When the Authority defeated the Karibna and returned to Earth, which was at the time about to destroy itself through the insane Century Baby Gaia Rothstein, it was revealed that Swift was chosen as Earth's new Doctor as she possesses a connection to the planet's ecosystem. Her timely coming to Earth allowed her to enter Gaia's mind and tell her that she's forgiven for all that she's done and that she needs time to heal. Jeroen Thornedike then takes Gaia to the newly restored Garden of Ancestral Memory.[2]","title":"As the new Doctor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism"},{"link_name":"Jenny Sparks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Sparks"}],"text":"Jenny Sparks once encountered a large egg, guarded by Tibetan monks for generations, prophesied to hatch a winged woman at the end of the millennium and usher in a golden age of love and peace. The egg's incubation was not uneventful—it had to be rescued from Nazi agents by Jenny Sparks in 1943. The mini-series this was shown in was said to show Jenny Sparks' first meeting with the members of the Authority, indicating that the egg contains Swift. However the fetus is unnamed or given any real interaction with Sparks, and this origin seems to conflict with what was previously known about Swift's life and powers.","title":"Possible origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"talons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/talon"},{"link_name":"The Carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Carrier"}],"text":"When her powers were only partially activated, Swift had a line of feathers that ran along the underside of her arms. This allowed for only limited flight. After being fully activated by Christine Trelane, she has the ability to grow wings from her back at will as well as claws and talons on her hands and feet. Consequently, she is called the \"fastest winged mammal on the planet\". She has flown fast enough to catch super-speedsters. Enhanced strength and durability are shown, including an incident where Swift flew straight through a person, causing them to explode in all directions. She has some birdlike enhanced senses; apart from superior hearing and eyesight, she is able to feel or \"read\" the air to locate moving things. She can also retract her claws and talons and shed her wings, which eventually decompose into liquid, although she no longer does this since joining the Authority. She has also demonstrated excellent cooking and singing skills. Swift is the navigator for The Carrier, the sentient spaceship that is headquarters for the Authority.As the new Doctor, she can alter reality as she imagines it.","title":"Powers And Abilities"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.internationalhero.co.uk/s/swift.htm","external_links_name":"International Hero profile"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wilson_Carmichael	James Wilson Carmichael	["1 Life","2 References","3 Sources","4 External links"]	English marine painter This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (September 2020) Portrait of John Wilson Carmichael by Thomas Ellerby, 1839 (South Shields Museum & Art Gallery). James John Wilson Carmichael (9 June 1800 – 1868), also known as John Carmichael was a British marine painter. Life Carmichael was born at the Ouseburn, in Newcastle upon Tyne, Northumberland, on 9 June 1800, the son of William Carmichael, a ship's carpenter. He went to sea at an early age, and spent three years on board a vessel sailing between ports in Spain and Portugal. On his return, he was apprenticed to a shipbuilding firm. After completing his apprenticeship, he devoted all his spare time to art, and eventually gave up the carpentry business, setting himself up as a drawing-master and miniature painter. His first historical painting to attract public notice was the Fight Between the Shannon and Chesapeake, which sold for 13 guineas (£13.65). He then painted The Bombardment of Algiers for Trinity House, Newcastle, for which he received 40 guineas; it is still at Trinity House, along with The Heroic Exploits of Admiral Lord Collingwood in HMS "Excellent" at the Battle of Cape St. Vincent, painted in collaboration with George Balmer. Another important early commission was for a View of Newcastle for which the city corporation paid him 100 guineas. During the redevelopment of the centre of Newcastle, Carmichael worked with the architect John Dobson to produce some joint works, including paintings with designs for the Central Station and the Grainger Market. He also collaborated with John Blackmore to produce an illustrated book: Views on the Newcastle and Carlisle Railway in 1836. His name first appears as an exhibitor in 1838, when he contributed an oil painting, Shipping in the Bay of Naples, to the Society of British Artists. He showed both oil paintings and watercolours at the Royal Academy, his contributions including The Conqueror towing the Africa off the Shoals of Trafalgar (1841) and The Arrival of the Royal Squadron (1843). He lived in Newcastle until about 1845, when he moved to London, where he was already known as a skilful marine painter. In 1855, during the Crimean War he was sent to the Baltic to make drawings for The Illustrated London News. His painting of the bombardment of Sveaborg, which he witnessed during this assignment, was exhibited at the Royal Academy and is now in the collection of the National Maritime Museum. He later moved to Scarborough, where he died in 1868. He published The Art of Marine Painting in Water-Colours in 1859, and The Art of Marine Painting in Oil-Colours in 1864. His daughter Annie married William Luson Thomas son of a shipbroker and a successful artist who, exasperated by the treatment of artists by the Illustrated London News, founded in 1869 The Graphic newspaper which had immense influence within the art world. Cullercoats from the South, 1845, private collection HMS Erebus and Terror in the Antarctic, 1847, now at the National Maritime Museum The Irwin Lighthouse, Storm Raging, 1851, private collection The Bombardment of Sveaborg, 9 August 1855, 1855, now at the National Maritime Museum Off the Dutch Coast, 1858, now at the Willow Gallery, London References ^ "Fine art featuring storm tossed Tynemouth to be restored to its former glory - the Journal". Archived from the original on 23 March 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2016. ^ a b Mackenzie, Eneas (1827). A Descriptive and Historical Account of the Town and County of Newcastle. Newcastle upon Tyne: Mackenzie and Dent. p. 581. ^ "Historic Buildings". Trinity House. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2014. ^ "James Wilson Carmichael (1800 - 1868)". Co-Curate. Retrieved 20 March 2020. ^ Carmichael, J.W. (1836). Views on the Newcastle and Carlisle Railway – via Archive.org. ^ a b c Bryan 1886 ^ Lambert, Andrew (2011). The Crimean War: British Grand Strategy Against Russia, 1853-56. London: Ashgate Publishing. pp. 24 5. ISBN 9781409410126. ^ "The Bombardment of Sveaborg, 9 August 1855". Royal Museums Greenwich. Retrieved 31 January 2014. ^ "James Wilson Carmichael". Spartacus-educational.com. Retrieved 26 October 2021. Sources This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Bryan, Michael (1886). "Carmichael, James Wilson". In Graves, Robert Edmund (ed.). Bryan's Dictionary of Painters and Engravers (A–K). Vol. I (3rd ed.). London: George Bell & Sons. p. 234. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to John Carmichael. 130 artworks by or after James Wilson Carmichael at the Art UK site Works by or about James Wilson Carmichael at Internet Archive Biography from the National Maritime Museum Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Belgium United States Artists Scientific illustrators RKD Artists ULAN Other SNAC	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carmichael_000.jpg"},{"link_name":"Thomas Ellerby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Ellerby"},{"link_name":"marine painter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_art"}],"text":"Portrait of John Wilson Carmichael by Thomas Ellerby, 1839 (South Shields Museum & Art Gallery).James John Wilson Carmichael (9 June 1800 – 1868), also known as John Carmichael was a British marine painter.","title":"James Wilson Carmichael"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ouseburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouseburn"},{"link_name":"Newcastle upon Tyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne"},{"link_name":"Northumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumberland"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"miniature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_miniature"},{"link_name":"guineas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea_(British_coin)"},{"link_name":"Trinity House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle-upon-Tyne_Trinity_House"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mac-2"},{"link_name":"George Balmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Balmer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mac-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Society of British Artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_British_Artists"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bryan-6"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bryan-6"},{"link_name":"Crimean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_War"},{"link_name":"Baltic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea"},{"link_name":"The Illustrated London News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Illustrated_London_News"},{"link_name":"bombardment of Sveaborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Sveaborg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Scarborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarborough,_North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bryan-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"William Luson Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Luson_Thomas"},{"link_name":"The Graphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Graphic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cullercoats_from_the_South_by_John_Wilson_Carmichael.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cullercoats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cullercoats"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HMS_Erebus_and_Terror_in_the_Antarctic_by_John_Wilson_Carmichael.jpg"},{"link_name":"Erebus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)"},{"link_name":"Terror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)"},{"link_name":"National Maritime Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Maritime_Museum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Irwin_Lighthouse,_Storm_Raging_by_John_Wilson_Carmichael.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Bombardment_of_Sveaborg,_9_August_1855_by_John_Wilson_Carmichael.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Off_the_Dutch_Coast_by_John_Wilson_Carmichael.jpg"}],"text":"Carmichael was born at the Ouseburn, in Newcastle upon Tyne, Northumberland, on 9 June 1800, the son of William Carmichael, a ship's carpenter. He went to sea at an early age, and spent three years on board a vessel sailing between ports in Spain and Portugal. On his return, he was apprenticed to a shipbuilding firm.[1] After completing his apprenticeship, he devoted all his spare time to art, and eventually gave up the carpentry business, setting himself up as a drawing-master and miniature painter. His first historical painting to attract public notice was the Fight Between the Shannon and Chesapeake, which sold for 13 guineas (£13.65). He then painted The Bombardment of Algiers for Trinity House, Newcastle, for which he received 40 guineas;[2] it is still at Trinity House, along with The Heroic Exploits of Admiral Lord Collingwood in HMS \"Excellent\" at the Battle of Cape St. Vincent, painted in collaboration with George Balmer.[3] Another important early commission was for a View of Newcastle for which the city corporation paid him 100 guineas.[2] During the redevelopment of the centre of Newcastle, Carmichael worked with the architect John Dobson to produce some joint works, including paintings with designs for the Central Station and the Grainger Market.[4] He also collaborated with John Blackmore to produce an illustrated book: Views on the Newcastle and Carlisle Railway in 1836.[5]His name first appears as an exhibitor in 1838, when he contributed an oil painting, Shipping in the Bay of Naples, to the Society of British Artists. He showed both oil paintings and watercolours at the Royal Academy, his contributions including The Conqueror towing the Africa off the Shoals of Trafalgar (1841) and The Arrival of the Royal Squadron (1843).[6]He lived in Newcastle until about 1845, when he moved to London, where he was already known as a skilful marine painter.[6] In 1855, during the Crimean War he was sent to the Baltic to make drawings for The Illustrated London News. His painting of the bombardment of Sveaborg, which he witnessed during this assignment, was exhibited at the Royal Academy and is now in the collection of the National Maritime Museum.[7][8]He later moved to Scarborough, where he died in 1868.[6]He published The Art of Marine Painting in Water-Colours in 1859, and The Art of Marine Painting in Oil-Colours in 1864.[9]His daughter Annie married William Luson Thomas son of a shipbroker and a successful artist who, exasperated by the treatment of artists by the Illustrated London News, founded in 1869 The Graphic newspaper which had immense influence within the art world.Cullercoats from the South, 1845, private collection\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHMS Erebus and Terror in the Antarctic, 1847, now at the National Maritime Museum\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Irwin Lighthouse, Storm Raging, 1851, private collection\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Bombardment of Sveaborg, 9 August 1855, 1855, now at the National Maritime Museum\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOff the Dutch Coast, 1858, now at the Willow Gallery, London","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Bryan, Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bryan_(art_historian)"},{"link_name":"\"Carmichael, James Wilson\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/cu31924092716962#page/n249/mode/1up"}],"text":"This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Bryan, Michael (1886). \"Carmichael, James Wilson\". In Graves, Robert Edmund (ed.). Bryan's Dictionary of Painters and Engravers (A–K). Vol. I (3rd ed.). London: George Bell & Sons. p. 234.","title":"Sources"}]	[{"image_text":"Portrait of John Wilson Carmichael by Thomas Ellerby, 1839 (South Shields Museum & Art Gallery).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Carmichael_000.jpg/200px-Carmichael_000.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Fine art featuring storm tossed Tynemouth to be restored to its former glory - the Journal\". Archived from the original on 23 March 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160323090240/http://www.thejournal.co.uk/north-east-analysis/analysis-news/fine-art-featuring-storm-tossed-7943251","url_text":"\"Fine art featuring storm tossed Tynemouth to be restored to its former glory - the Journal\""},{"url":"http://www.thejournal.co.uk/north-east-analysis/analysis-news/fine-art-featuring-storm-tossed-7943251","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mackenzie, Eneas (1827). A Descriptive and Historical Account of the Town and County of Newcastle. Newcastle upon Tyne: Mackenzie and Dent. p. 581.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/adescriptiveand00mackgoog","url_text":"A Descriptive and Historical Account of the Town and County of Newcastle"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/adescriptiveand00mackgoog/page/n623","url_text":"581"}]},{"reference":"\"Historic Buildings\". Trinity House. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140219234640/http://www.trinityhousenewcastle.org.uk/historic_buildings.asp","url_text":"\"Historic Buildings\""},{"url":"http://www.trinityhousenewcastle.org.uk/historic_buildings.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"James Wilson Carmichael (1800 - 1868)\". Co-Curate. Retrieved 20 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://co-curate.ncl.ac.uk/james-wilson-carmichael/","url_text":"\"James Wilson Carmichael (1800 - 1868)\""}]},{"reference":"Carmichael, J.W. (1836). Views on the Newcastle and Carlisle Railway – via Archive.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/gri_33125009349545/page/n8/mode/2up","url_text":"Views on the Newcastle and Carlisle Railway"}]},{"reference":"Lambert, Andrew (2011). The Crimean War: British Grand Strategy Against Russia, 1853-56. London: Ashgate Publishing. pp. 24 5. ISBN 9781409410126.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Th7oB4PiqFQC&pg=PA24","url_text":"The Crimean War: British Grand Strategy Against Russia, 1853-56"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781409410126","url_text":"9781409410126"}]},{"reference":"\"The Bombardment of Sveaborg, 9 August 1855\". Royal Museums Greenwich. Retrieved 31 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/12128.html","url_text":"\"The Bombardment of Sveaborg, 9 August 1855\""}]},{"reference":"\"James Wilson Carmichael\". Spartacus-educational.com. Retrieved 26 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://spartacus-educational.com/Jcarmichael.htm","url_text":"\"James Wilson Carmichael\""}]},{"reference":"Bryan, Michael (1886). \"Carmichael, James Wilson\". In Graves, Robert Edmund (ed.). Bryan's Dictionary of Painters and Engravers (A–K). Vol. I (3rd ed.). London: George Bell & Sons. p. 234.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bryan_(art_historian)","url_text":"Bryan, Michael"},{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092716962#page/n249/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Carmichael, James Wilson\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160323090240/http://www.thejournal.co.uk/north-east-analysis/analysis-news/fine-art-featuring-storm-tossed-7943251","external_links_name":"\"Fine art featuring storm tossed Tynemouth to be restored to its former glory - the Journal\""},{"Link":"http://www.thejournal.co.uk/north-east-analysis/analysis-news/fine-art-featuring-storm-tossed-7943251","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/adescriptiveand00mackgoog","external_links_name":"A Descriptive and Historical Account of the Town and County of Newcastle"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/adescriptiveand00mackgoog/page/n623","external_links_name":"581"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140219234640/http://www.trinityhousenewcastle.org.uk/historic_buildings.asp","external_links_name":"\"Historic Buildings\""},{"Link":"http://www.trinityhousenewcastle.org.uk/historic_buildings.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://co-curate.ncl.ac.uk/james-wilson-carmichael/","external_links_name":"\"James Wilson Carmichael (1800 - 1868)\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/gri_33125009349545/page/n8/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Views on the Newcastle and Carlisle Railway"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Th7oB4PiqFQC&pg=PA24","external_links_name":"The Crimean War: British Grand Strategy Against Russia, 1853-56"},{"Link":"http://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/12128.html","external_links_name":"\"The Bombardment of Sveaborg, 9 August 1855\""},{"Link":"https://spartacus-educational.com/Jcarmichael.htm","external_links_name":"\"James Wilson Carmichael\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092716962#page/n249/mode/1up","external_links_name":"\"Carmichael, James Wilson\""},{"Link":"https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/search/actor:carmichael-john-wilson-17991868","external_links_name":"130 artworks by or after James Wilson Carmichael"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Carmichael%2C%20James%20Wilson%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Carmichael%2C%20James%20W%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Carmichael%2C%20J%2E%20W%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22James%20Wilson%20Carmichael%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22James%20W%2E%20Carmichael%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22J%2E%20W%2E%20Carmichael%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22James%20Wilson%20Carmichael%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22James%20W%2E%20Carmichael%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22J%2E%20W%2E%20Carmichael%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22J%2E%20Wilson%20Carmichael%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Carmichael%2C%20James%20Wilson%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Carmichael%2C%20James%20W%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Carmichael%2C%20J%2E%20W%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Carmichael%2C%20J%2E%20Wilson%22%20OR%20title%3A%22James%20Wilson%20Carmichael%22%20OR%20title%3A%22James%20W%2E%20Carmichael%22%20OR%20title%3A%22J%2E%20W%2E%20Carmichael%22%20OR%20description%3A%22James%20Wilson%20Carmichael%22%20OR%20description%3A%22James%20W%2E%20Carmichael%22%20OR%20description%3A%22J%2E%20W%2E%20Carmichael%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Carmichael%2C%20James%20Wilson%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Carmichael%2C%20James%20W%2E%22%29%20OR%20%28%221800-1868%22%20AND%20Carmichael%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29","external_links_name":"Works by or about James Wilson Carmichael"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120630051716/http://collections.rmg.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Biography"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1802043/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000006661580X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/32269984","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpDQxp7mkCxcGxJm9Qcyd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb149711901","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb149711901","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/119514869","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14150919","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n87813327","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://www.uni-stuttgart.de/hi/gnt/dsi2/index.php?table_name=dsi&function=details&where_field=id&where_value=10989","external_links_name":"Scientific illustrators"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/15445","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500019808","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w61552sw","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otter_Creek_Wilderness	Otter Creek Wilderness	["1 History","1.1 2009 addition","2 Ecology","3 Activities","4 References","5 Further reading"]	Coordinates: 39°01′58″N 79°39′13″W / 39.03278°N 79.65361°W / 39.03278; -79.65361Otter Creek WildernessIUCN category Ib (wilderness area)Otter Creek Trail (shown near Condon Run trailhead) runs the length of the Wilderness.Location of Otter Creek Wilderness in West VirginiaLocationWest Virginia, United StatesCoordinates39°01′58″N 79°39′13″W / 39.03278°N 79.65361°W / 39.03278; -79.65361Area20,698 acres (83.76 km2)Established1975OperatorMonongahela National ForestWebsiteOtter Creek Wilderness The Otter Creek Wilderness is a U.S. Wilderness area located in the Cheat-Potomac Ranger District of Monongahela National Forest in West Virginia, USA. The Wilderness sits in a bowl-shaped valley formed by Otter Creek, between McGowan Mountain and Shavers Mountain in Tucker and Randolph Counties. It is crossed by 42 miles (68 km) of hiking trails. Otter Creek Trail is the longest, at 11 miles (18 km). History By 1914, almost all of the virgin forest in the Otter Creek watershed had been timbered, mostly by the Otter Creek Boom and Lumber Company, but also by the owners of several small farms and homesteads. In 1917 key land purchases were made by the U.S. Forest Service as part of the formation of the national forest system. The Otter Creek area was managed as a multiple use forest, including some second growth logging, until the passage of the Eastern Wilderness Act in 1975. The last private in-holding was acquired the same year. 2009 addition The Omnibus Public Lands Management Act of 2009 added 698 acres (282 ha) to the original 20,000 acres (8,100 ha) of the Otter Creek Wilderness. This addition is situated on the northern and eastern flanks of McGowan Mountain leading down to Dry Fork. It provides much of the scenic view for this popular river which contains excellent whitewater paddling and trout fishing. Lichen covered boulder in Otter Creek Wilderness. (The species is Umbilicaria mammulata.) Ecology This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2013) The Shavers Mountain Spruce-Hemlock Stand, a 68-acre (280,000 m2) red spruce-hemlock stand of old growth forest, is partly within the Otter Creek Wilderness. Activities Otter Creek Wilderness, located in West Virginia, offers a plethora of activities for outdoor enthusiasts. Here are some activities you can enjoy there: Hiking: Explore the numerous trails that wind through the wilderness, offering varying degrees of difficulty and stunning scenery. Popular trails include the Otter Creek Trail, which follows the creek for several miles, and the Red Creek Trail, which leads to high mountain ridges and expansive views. Backpacking: With over 40 miles of trails, Otter Creek Wilderness is a backpacker's paradise. Spend a night or more under the stars, camping along the trails and immersing yourself in the tranquility of the wilderness. Fishing: Otter Creek and its tributaries offer excellent trout fishing opportunities. Spend a day casting your line into the clear mountain streams and enjoy the peaceful surroundings. Wildlife Viewing: Keep an eye out for the diverse wildlife that calls Otter Creek Wilderness home. Deer, black bear, wild turkey, and numerous bird species can often be spotted throughout the area. Photography: Capture the beauty of the wilderness with your camera as you hike along scenic trails, cross crystal-clear streams, and take in breathtaking vistas. Birdwatching: Bring your binoculars and bird guidebook to spot a variety of bird species, including warblers, thrushes, woodpeckers, and more. Nature Study: Take a leisurely stroll through the forest and observe the diverse plant life, from towering hardwood trees to delicate wildflowers. Picnicking: Pack a lunch and enjoy a picnic at one of the designated picnic areas or find a scenic spot along the trails to stop and have a meal surrounded by nature. Geocaching: Join the treasure hunt by searching for hidden geocaches scattered throughout the wilderness. It's a fun way to explore the area while adding an element of adventure to your hike. Stargazing: On clear nights, take advantage of the lack of light pollution and gaze up at the star-filled sky. The remote location of Otter Creek Wilderness makes it an ideal spot for stargazing. References ^ "Otter Creek Wilderness". Protected Planet. IUCN. Retrieved 30 April 2018. ^ a b c "Otter Creek Wilderness". Monongahela National Forest. Retrieved April 13, 2010. ^ a b Otter Creek Wilderness page, GORP web site, accessed April 15, 2008 ^ Otter Creek page, Wilderness.net web site, accessed April 18, 2007 ^ Wilderness Description page, West Virginia Highlands Conservancy web site, accessed April 18, 2008 ^ "Omnibus Public Lands Management Act of 2009". Library of Congress. Retrieved 2009-05-14. ^ "Visit Wilderness". wilderness.net. Retrieved 2024-05-06. Further reading Otter Creek Wilderness at American Byways vteMonongahela National ForestNational Recreation Areas Spruce Knob–Seneca Rocks National Recreation Area Wilderness areas Big Draft Wilderness Cranberry Wilderness Dolly Sods Wilderness Laurel Fork North Wilderness Laurel Fork South Wilderness Otter Creek Wilderness Roaring Plains West Wilderness Spice Run Wilderness Mountains and summits Allegheny Front Allegheny Mountain Back Allegheny Mountain Backbone Mountain Barton Knob Burner Mountain Bickle Knob Champe Rocks Cheat Mountain Gaudineer Knob Mount Porte Crayon North Fork Mountain River Knobs Seneca Rocks Shavers Mountain Spruce Knob Spruce Mountain Rivers and creeks Big Run Black Fork Blackwater River Cheat River Cranberry River Dry Fork Elk River Gauley River Glady Fork Greenbrier River Laurel Fork Seneca Creek South Branch Potomac River Shavers Fork Tygart Valley River Williams River Canyons and valleys Blackwater Canyon Canaan Valley Germany Valley Smoke Hole Canyon Lakes and bogs Lake Sherwood Spruce Knob Lake Summit Lake Cranberry Glades Observation towers Bickle Knob Olson Tower Other features Bear Rocks Preserve Camp Allegheny Cheat Summit Fort Fernow Experimental Forest Gaudineer Scenic Area Highland Scenic Highway Middle Mountain Cabins Mill Point Federal Prison Sinks of Gandy US Forest Service vteProtected areas of West VirginiaFederalNational Parks New River Gorge National Historical Parks Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Harpers Ferry National Forests George Washington and Jefferson Monongahela National Recreation Areas Gauley River (NPS) Spruce Knob–Seneca Rocks (USFS) National Wildlife Refuges Canaan Valley Ohio River Islands National Trails System Appalachian National Scenic Trail National Preserves New River Gorge Wilderness Areas Big Draft Wilderness Cranberry Wilderness Dolly Sods Wilderness Laurel Fork North Wilderness Laurel Fork South Wilderness Mountain Lake Wilderness Otter Creek Wilderness Roaring Plains Wilderness Spice Run Wilderness National Rivers Bluestone NSR StateState parks Audra Babcock Beartown Beech Fork Berkeley Springs Blackwater Falls Blennerhassett Island Bluestone Cacapon Resort Camp Creek Canaan Valley Resort Carnifex Ferry Battlefield Cass Scenic Railroad Cathedral Cedar Creek Chief Logan Droop Mountain Battlefield Fairfax Stone Greenbrier River Trail Hawks Nest Holly River Little Beaver Lost River Moncove Lake North Bend Rail Trail North Bend Pinnacle Rock Pipestem Resort Prickett's Fort Stonewall Jackson Lake Tomlinson Run Tu-Endie-Wei Twin Falls Resort Tygart Lake Valley Falls Watoga Watters Smith Memorial Former state parks Booker T. Washington Grandview Grave Creek Mound James Rumsey Monument Mingo Oak Mont Chateau Morgan Morgan Monument State forests Cabwaylingo Calvin Price Camp Creek Coopers Rock Greenbrier Kanawha Kumbrabow Seneca Wildlifemanagementareas Allegheny Amherst-Plymouth Anawalt Lake Bear Rocks Lake Becky Creek Beech Fork Lake Berwind Lake Beury Mountain Big Ditch Big Ugly Bluestone Burches Run Burnsville Lake Castleman Run Lake Cecil H. Underwood Center Branch Cheat Canyon Chief Cornstalk Conaway Run Lake Cross Creek Dents Run Dunkard Fork East Lynn Lake Edwards Run Elk Creek Elk River Fairfox Pond-Rehe Fort Mill Ridge Fox Forest Frozen Camp Green Bottom Handley Hilbert Hillcrest Horse Creek Hughes River Huttonsville State Farm The Jug Lantz Farm and Nature Preserve Laurel Lake Lewis Wetzel Little Indian Creek McClintic Meadow River Mill Creek Moncove Lake Morris Creek Nathaniel Mountain Panther Pedlar Pleasant Creek Plum Orchard Lake Pruntytown State Farm R.D. Bailey Lake Ritchie Mines Sand Hill Shannondale Springs Short Mountain Slatyfork Sleepy Creek Smoke Camp Snake Hill South Branch Stonecoal Lake Stonewall Jackson Lake Stumptown Summersville Lake Tate Lohr Teter Creek Lake Thorn Creek Tug Fork Turkey Run Upper Deckers Creek Upper Mud River Valley Bend Wetlands Wallback Widmeyer Woodrum Lake Other WVDNR sites West Virginia State Wildlife Center LocalMunicipal parks Cameron City Pool Camp Mad Anthony Wayne Fries Park James Rumsey Monument Magic Island Marland Heights Park Memorial Park Oglebay Park Ritter Park Staunton Park Wheeling Park Non-governmentalNatureConservancypreserves Bear Rocks Brush Creek Cranesville Swamp Greenland Gap Hungry Beech Ice Mountain Mount Porte Crayon Murphy Panther Knob Pike Knob Slaty Mountain Upper Shavers Fork Yankauer West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection West Virginia Division of Forestry West Virginia Division of Natural Resources Authority control databases VIAF	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Wilderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Wilderness"},{"link_name":"Monongahela National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monongahela_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USFS-2"},{"link_name":"Shavers Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shavers_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Tucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucker_County,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Randolph Counties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randolph_County,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GORP-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Otter Creek Wilderness is a U.S. Wilderness area located in the Cheat-Potomac Ranger District of Monongahela National Forest in West Virginia, USA.[2] The Wilderness sits in a bowl-shaped valley formed by Otter Creek, between McGowan Mountain and Shavers Mountain in Tucker and Randolph Counties.[3] It is crossed by 42 miles (68 km) of hiking trails. Otter Creek Trail is the longest, at 11 miles (18 km).[4]","title":"Otter Creek Wilderness"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USFS-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"By 1914, almost all of the virgin forest in the Otter Creek watershed had been timbered, mostly by the Otter Creek Boom and Lumber Company, but also by the owners of several small farms and homesteads.[2] In 1917 key land purchases were made by the U.S. Forest Service as part of the formation of the national forest system. The Otter Creek area was managed as a multiple use forest, including some second growth logging, until the passage of the Eastern Wilderness Act in 1975.[5] The last private in-holding was acquired the same year.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Omnibus Public Lands Management Act of 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnibus_Public_Lands_Management_Act_of_2009"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OPLMA-6"},{"link_name":"McGowan Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McGowan_Mountain&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dry Fork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_Fork_(Cheat_River)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Umbilicaria_mammulata_rt.jpg"},{"link_name":"Umbilicaria mammulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbilicaria_mammulata"}],"sub_title":"2009 addition","text":"The Omnibus Public Lands Management Act of 2009 added 698 acres (282 ha) to the original 20,000 acres (8,100 ha) of the Otter Creek Wilderness.[6] This addition is situated on the northern and eastern flanks of McGowan Mountain leading down to Dry Fork. It provides much of the scenic view for this popular river which contains excellent whitewater paddling and trout fishing.Lichen covered boulder in Otter Creek Wilderness. (The species is Umbilicaria mammulata.)","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shavers Mountain Spruce-Hemlock Stand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shavers_Mountain_Spruce-Hemlock_Stand&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"red spruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_spruce"},{"link_name":"hemlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuga_canadensis"},{"link_name":"old growth forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_growth_forest"}],"text":"The Shavers Mountain Spruce-Hemlock Stand, a 68-acre (280,000 m2) red spruce-hemlock stand of old growth forest, is partly within the Otter Creek Wilderness.","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Otter Creek Wilderness, located in West Virginia, offers a plethora of activities for outdoor enthusiasts. Here are some activities you can enjoy there:[7]Hiking: Explore the numerous trails that wind through the wilderness, offering varying degrees of difficulty and stunning scenery. Popular trails include the Otter Creek Trail, which follows the creek for several miles, and the Red Creek Trail, which leads to high mountain ridges and expansive views.\nBackpacking: With over 40 miles of trails, Otter Creek Wilderness is a backpacker's paradise. Spend a night or more under the stars, camping along the trails and immersing yourself in the tranquility of the wilderness.\nFishing: Otter Creek and its tributaries offer excellent trout fishing opportunities. Spend a day casting your line into the clear mountain streams and enjoy the peaceful surroundings.\nWildlife Viewing: Keep an eye out for the diverse wildlife that calls Otter Creek Wilderness home. Deer, black bear, wild turkey, and numerous bird species can often be spotted throughout the area.\nPhotography: Capture the beauty of the wilderness with your camera as you hike along scenic trails, cross crystal-clear streams, and take in breathtaking vistas.\nBirdwatching: Bring your binoculars and bird guidebook to spot a variety of bird species, including warblers, thrushes, woodpeckers, and more.\nNature Study: Take a leisurely stroll through the forest and observe the diverse plant life, from towering hardwood trees to delicate wildflowers.\nPicnicking: Pack a lunch and enjoy a picnic at one of the designated picnic areas or find a scenic spot along the trails to stop and have a meal surrounded by nature.\nGeocaching: Join the treasure hunt by searching for hidden geocaches scattered throughout the wilderness. It's a fun way to explore the area while adding an element of adventure to your hike.\nStargazing: On clear nights, take advantage of the lack of light pollution and gaze up at the star-filled sky. The remote location of Otter Creek Wilderness makes it an ideal spot for stargazing.","title":"Activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Otter Creek Wilderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.americanbyways.com/index.php?catid=459"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Monongahela_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Monongahela_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monongahela_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Monongahela National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monongahela_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Spruce Knob–Seneca Rocks National Recreation Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spruce_Knob%E2%80%93Seneca_Rocks_National_Recreation_Area"},{"link_name":"Big Draft Wilderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Draft_Wilderness"},{"link_name":"Cranberry 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Crayon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Porte_Crayon_Preserve"},{"link_name":"Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Murphy_Preserve&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Panther Knob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Fork_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Pike Knob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Fork_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Slaty Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slaty_Mountain_Preserve&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Upper Shavers Fork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upper_Shavers_Fork_Preserve&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yankauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yankauer_Preserve&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia_Department_of_Environmental_Protection"},{"link_name":"West Virginia Division of Forestry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia_Division_of_Forestry"},{"link_name":"West Virginia Division of Natural Resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia_Division_of_Natural_Resources"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7109380#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/1669155566429613380006"}],"text":"Otter Creek Wilderness at American BywaysvteMonongahela National ForestNational Recreation Areas\nSpruce Knob–Seneca Rocks National Recreation Area\nWilderness areas\nBig Draft Wilderness\nCranberry Wilderness\nDolly Sods Wilderness\nLaurel Fork North Wilderness\nLaurel Fork South Wilderness\nOtter Creek Wilderness\nRoaring Plains West Wilderness\nSpice Run Wilderness\nMountains and summits\nAllegheny Front\nAllegheny Mountain\nBack Allegheny Mountain\nBackbone Mountain\nBarton Knob\nBurner Mountain\nBickle Knob\nChampe Rocks\nCheat Mountain\nGaudineer Knob\nMount Porte Crayon\nNorth Fork Mountain\nRiver Knobs\nSeneca Rocks\nShavers Mountain\nSpruce Knob\nSpruce Mountain\nRivers and creeks\nBig Run\nBlack Fork\nBlackwater River\nCheat River\nCranberry River\nDry Fork\nElk River\nGauley River\nGlady Fork\nGreenbrier River\nLaurel Fork\nSeneca Creek\nSouth Branch Potomac River\nShavers Fork\nTygart Valley River\nWilliams River\nCanyons and valleys\nBlackwater Canyon\nCanaan Valley\nGermany Valley\nSmoke Hole Canyon\nLakes and bogs\nLake Sherwood\nSpruce Knob Lake\nSummit Lake\nCranberry Glades\nObservation towers\nBickle Knob\nOlson Tower\nOther features\nBear Rocks Preserve\nCamp Allegheny\nCheat Summit Fort\nFernow Experimental Forest\nGaudineer Scenic Area\nHighland Scenic Highway\nMiddle Mountain Cabins\nMill Point Federal Prison\nSinks of Gandy\nUS Forest ServicevteProtected areas of West VirginiaFederalNational Parks\nNew River Gorge\nNational Historical Parks\nChesapeake and Ohio Canal\nHarpers Ferry\nNational Forests\nGeorge Washington and Jefferson\nMonongahela\nNational Recreation Areas\nGauley River (NPS)\nSpruce Knob–Seneca Rocks (USFS)\nNational Wildlife Refuges\nCanaan Valley\nOhio River Islands\nNational Trails System\nAppalachian National Scenic Trail\nNational Preserves\nNew River Gorge\nWilderness Areas\nBig Draft Wilderness\nCranberry Wilderness\nDolly Sods Wilderness\nLaurel Fork North Wilderness\nLaurel Fork South Wilderness\nMountain Lake Wilderness\nOtter Creek Wilderness\nRoaring Plains Wilderness\nSpice Run Wilderness\nNational Rivers\nBluestone NSR\nStateState parks\nAudra\nBabcock\nBeartown\nBeech Fork\nBerkeley Springs\nBlackwater Falls\nBlennerhassett Island\nBluestone\nCacapon Resort\nCamp Creek\nCanaan Valley Resort\nCarnifex Ferry Battlefield\nCass Scenic Railroad\nCathedral\nCedar Creek\nChief Logan\nDroop Mountain Battlefield\nFairfax Stone\nGreenbrier River Trail\nHawks Nest\nHolly River\nLittle Beaver\nLost River\nMoncove Lake\nNorth Bend Rail Trail\nNorth Bend\nPinnacle Rock\nPipestem Resort\nPrickett's Fort\nStonewall Jackson Lake\nTomlinson Run\nTu-Endie-Wei\nTwin Falls Resort\nTygart Lake\nValley Falls\nWatoga\nWatters Smith Memorial\nFormer state parks\nBooker T. Washington\nGrandview\nGrave Creek Mound\nJames Rumsey Monument\nMingo Oak\nMont Chateau\nMorgan Morgan Monument\nState forests\nCabwaylingo\nCalvin Price\nCamp Creek\nCoopers Rock\nGreenbrier\nKanawha\nKumbrabow\nSeneca\nWildlifemanagementareas\nAllegheny\nAmherst-Plymouth\nAnawalt Lake\nBear Rocks Lake\nBecky Creek\nBeech Fork Lake\nBerwind Lake\nBeury Mountain\nBig Ditch\nBig Ugly\nBluestone\nBurches Run\nBurnsville Lake\nCastleman Run Lake\nCecil H. Underwood\nCenter Branch\nCheat Canyon\nChief Cornstalk\nConaway Run Lake\nCross Creek\nDents Run\nDunkard Fork\nEast Lynn Lake\nEdwards Run\nElk Creek\nElk River\nFairfox Pond-Rehe\nFort Mill Ridge\nFox Forest\nFrozen Camp\nGreen Bottom\nHandley\nHilbert\nHillcrest\nHorse Creek\nHughes River\nHuttonsville State Farm\nThe Jug\nLantz Farm and Nature Preserve\nLaurel Lake\nLewis Wetzel\nLittle Indian Creek\nMcClintic\nMeadow River\nMill Creek\nMoncove Lake\nMorris Creek\nNathaniel Mountain\nPanther\nPedlar\nPleasant Creek\nPlum Orchard Lake\nPruntytown State Farm\nR.D. Bailey Lake\nRitchie Mines\nSand Hill\nShannondale Springs\nShort Mountain\nSlatyfork\nSleepy Creek\nSmoke Camp\nSnake Hill\nSouth Branch\nStonecoal Lake\nStonewall Jackson Lake\nStumptown\nSummersville Lake\nTate Lohr\nTeter Creek Lake\nThorn Creek\nTug Fork\nTurkey Run\nUpper Deckers Creek\nUpper Mud River\nValley Bend Wetlands\nWallback\nWidmeyer\nWoodrum Lake\nOther WVDNR sites\nWest Virginia State Wildlife Center\nLocalMunicipal parks\nCameron City Pool\nCamp Mad Anthony Wayne\nFries Park\nJames Rumsey Monument\nMagic Island\nMarland Heights Park\nMemorial Park\nOglebay Park\nRitter Park\nStaunton Park\nWheeling Park\nNon-governmentalNatureConservancypreserves\nBear Rocks\nBrush Creek\nCranesville Swamp\nGreenland Gap\nHungry Beech\nIce Mountain\nMount Porte Crayon\nMurphy\nPanther Knob\nPike Knob\nSlaty Mountain\nUpper Shavers Fork\nYankauer\n\nWest Virginia Department of Environmental Protection\nWest Virginia Division of Forestry\nWest Virginia Division of Natural ResourcesAuthority control databases \nVIAF","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Lichen covered boulder in Otter Creek Wilderness. (The species is Umbilicaria mammulata.)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Umbilicaria_mammulata_rt.jpg/220px-Umbilicaria_mammulata_rt.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Otter Creek Wilderness\". Protected Planet. IUCN. Retrieved 30 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.protectedplanet.net/otter-creek-wilderness","url_text":"\"Otter Creek Wilderness\""}]},{"reference":"\"Otter Creek Wilderness\". Monongahela National Forest. Retrieved April 13, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://fs.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsinternet/!ut/p/c5/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3gjAwhwtDDw9_AI8zPyhQoYAOUjMeXDfODy-HWHg-zDrx8kb4ADOBro-3nk56bqF-RGGGSZOCoCAPi8eX8!/dl3/d3/L2dJQSEvUUt3QS9ZQnZ3LzZfME80MEkxVkFCOTBFMktTNUJIMjAwMDAwMDA!/?navtype=BROWSEBYSUBJECT&recid=12369&actid=&navid=110000000000000&pnavid=&ss=110921&position=&ttype=recarea&pname=Monongahela%20National%20Forest%20-%20Otter%20Creek%20Wilderness","url_text":"\"Otter Creek Wilderness\""}]},{"reference":"\"Omnibus Public Lands Management Act of 2009\". Library of Congress. Retrieved 2009-05-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.uscongress/legislation.111hr146","url_text":"\"Omnibus Public Lands Management Act of 2009\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress","url_text":"Library of Congress"}]},{"reference":"\"Visit Wilderness\". wilderness.net. Retrieved 2024-05-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://wilderness.net/visit-wilderness/default.php","url_text":"\"Visit Wilderness\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Otter_Creek_Wilderness&params=39_01_58_N_79_39_13_W_type:landmark_dim:9km","external_links_name":"39°01′58″N 79°39′13″W / 39.03278°N 79.65361°W / 39.03278; -79.65361"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Otter_Creek_Wilderness&params=39_01_58_N_79_39_13_W_type:landmark_dim:9km","external_links_name":"39°01′58″N 79°39′13″W / 39.03278°N 79.65361°W / 39.03278; -79.65361"},{"Link":"https://www.fs.usda.gov/recarea/mnf/recreation/hiking/recarea/?recid=12369&actid=51","external_links_name":"Otter Creek Wilderness"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otter_Creek_Wilderness&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://www.protectedplanet.net/otter-creek-wilderness","external_links_name":"\"Otter Creek Wilderness\""},{"Link":"https://fs.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsinternet/!ut/p/c5/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3gjAwhwtDDw9_AI8zPyhQoYAOUjMeXDfODy-HWHg-zDrx8kb4ADOBro-3nk56bqF-RGGGSZOCoCAPi8eX8!/dl3/d3/L2dJQSEvUUt3QS9ZQnZ3LzZfME80MEkxVkFCOTBFMktTNUJIMjAwMDAwMDA!/?navtype=BROWSEBYSUBJECT&recid=12369&actid=&navid=110000000000000&pnavid=&ss=110921&position=&ttype=recarea&pname=Monongahela%20National%20Forest%20-%20Otter%20Creek%20Wilderness","external_links_name":"\"Otter Creek Wilderness\""},{"Link":"http://www.gorp.com/parks-guide/travel-ta-monongahela-national-forest-west-virginia-sidwcmdev_069346.html","external_links_name":"Otter Creek Wilderness page, GORP web site, accessed April 15, 2008"},{"Link":"http://www.wilderness.net/index.cfm?fuse=NWPS&sec=wildView&wname=Otter%20Creek","external_links_name":"Otter Creek page, Wilderness.net web site, accessed April 18, 2007"},{"Link":"http://www.wvhighlands.org/WildernessCelebration/monwildernessareas.htm","external_links_name":"Wilderness Description page, West Virginia Highlands Conservancy web site, accessed April 18, 2008"},{"Link":"http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.uscongress/legislation.111hr146","external_links_name":"\"Omnibus Public Lands Management Act of 2009\""},{"Link":"https://wilderness.net/visit-wilderness/default.php","external_links_name":"\"Visit Wilderness\""},{"Link":"http://www.americanbyways.com/index.php?catid=459","external_links_name":"Otter Creek Wilderness"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/1669155566429613380006","external_links_name":"VIAF"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumule	Seedling	["1 Photomorphogenesis and etiolation","2 Seedling growth and maturation","2.1 Pests and diseases","3 Transplanting","4 Images","5 See also","6 References","7 Bibliography"]	Young plant developing out from a seed For other uses, see Seedling (disambiguation). "Plumule" redirects here. For the animal structure, see Down feather. Monocot (left) and dicot (right) Seedling of a Scots pine Grass seedlings (150-minute time lapse) A seedling is a young sporophyte developing out of a plant embryo from a seed. Seedling development starts with germination of the seed. A typical young seedling consists of three main parts: the radicle (embryonic root), the hypocotyl (embryonic shoot), and the cotyledons (seed leaves). The two classes of flowering plants (angiosperms) are distinguished by their numbers of seed leaves: monocotyledons (monocots) have one blade-shaped cotyledon, whereas dicotyledons (dicots) possess two round cotyledons. Gymnosperms are more varied. For example, pine seedlings have up to eight cotyledons. The seedlings of some flowering plants have no cotyledons at all. These are said to be acotyledons. The plumule is the part of a seed embryo that develops into the shoot bearing the first true leaves of a plant. In most seeds, for example the sunflower, the plumule is a small conical structure without any leaf structure. Growth of the plumule does not occur until the cotyledons have grown above ground. This is epigeal germination. However, in seeds such as the broad bean, a leaf structure is visible on the plumule in the seed. These seeds develop by the plumule growing up through the soil with the cotyledons remaining below the surface. This is known as hypogeal germination. Photomorphogenesis and etiolation Main articles: Photomorphogenesis and Etiolation Dicot seedlings grown in the light develop short hypocotyls and open cotyledons exposing the epicotyl. This is also referred to as photomorphogenesis. In contrast, seedlings grown in the dark develop long hypocotyls and their cotyledons remain closed around the epicotyl in an apical hook. This is referred to as skotomorphogenesis or etiolation. Etiolated seedlings are yellowish in color as chlorophyll synthesis and chloroplast development depend on light. They will open their cotyledons and turn green when treated with light. In a natural situation, seedling development starts with skotomorphogenesis while the seedling is growing through the soil and attempting to reach the light as fast as possible. During this phase, the cotyledons are tightly closed and form the apical hook to protect the shoot apical meristem from damage while pushing through the soil. In many plants, the seed coat still covers the cotyledons for extra protection. Upon breaking the surface and reaching the light, the seedling's developmental program is switched to photomorphogenesis. The cotyledons open upon contact with light (splitting the seed coat open, if still present) and become green, forming the first photosynthetic organs of the young plant. Until this stage, the seedling lives off the energy reserves stored in the seed. The opening of the cotyledons exposes the shoot apical meristem and the plumule consisting of the first true leaves of the young plant. The seedlings sense light through the light receptors phytochrome (red and far-red light) and cryptochrome (blue light). Mutations in these photo receptors and their signal transduction components lead to seedling development that is at odds with light conditions, for example seedlings that show photomorphogenesis when grown in the dark.. Seedling growth and maturation Seedling of Nandina domestica (a dicot) showing two green cotyledon leaves, and the first "true" leaf with its distinct leaflets and red-green color. Once the seedling starts to photosynthesize, it is no longer dependent on the seed's energy reserves. The apical meristems start growing and give rise to the root and shoot. The first "true" leaves expand and can often be distinguished from the round cotyledons through their species-dependent distinct shapes. While the plant is growing and developing additional leaves, the cotyledons eventually senesce and fall off. Seedling growth is also affected by mechanical stimulation, such as by wind or other forms of physical contact, through a process called thigmomorphogenesis. Temperature and light intensity interact as they affect seedling growth; at low light levels about 40 lumens/m2 a day/night temperature regime of 28 °C/13 °C is effective (Brix 1972). A photoperiod shorter than 14 hours causes growth to stop, whereas a photoperiod extended with low light intensities to 16 h or more brings about continuous (free) growth. Little is gained by using more than 16 h of low light intensity once seedlings are in the free growth mode. Long photoperiods using high light intensities from 10,000 to 20,000 lumens/m2 increase dry matter production, and increasing the photoperiod from 15 to 24 hours may double dry matter growth (Pollard and Logan 1976, Carlson 1979). The effects of carbon dioxide enrichment and nitrogen supply on the growth of white spruce and trembling aspen were investigated by Brown and Higginbotham (1986). Seedlings were grown in controlled environments with ambient or enriched atmospheric CO2 (350 or 750 f1/L, respectively) and with nutrient solutions with high, medium, and low N content (15.5, 1.55, and 0.16 mM). Seedlings were harvested, weighed, and measured at intervals of less than 100 days. N supply strongly affected biomass accumulation, height, and leaf area of both species. In white spruce only, the root weight ratio (RWR) was significantly increased with the low-nitrogen regime. CO2 enrichment for 100 days significantly increased the leaf and total biomass of white spruce seedlings in the high-N regime, RWR of seedlings in the medium-N regime, and root biomass of seedlings in the low-N regime. First-year seedlings typically have high mortality rates, drought being the principal cause, with roots having been unable to develop enough to maintain contact with soil sufficiently moist to prevent the development of lethal seedling water stress. Somewhat paradoxically, however, Eis (1967a) observed that on both mineral and litter seedbeds, seedling mortality was greater in moist habitats (alluvium and Aralia–Dryopteris) than in dry habitats (Cornus–Moss). He commented that in dry habitats after the first growing season surviving seedlings appeared to have a much better chance of continued survival than those in moist or wet habitats, in which frost heave and competition from lesser vegetation became major factors in later years. The annual mortality documented by Eis (1967a) is instructive. Pests and diseases Seedlings are particularly vulnerable to attack by pests and diseases and can consequently experience high mortality rates. Diseases which are especially damaging to seedlings include damping off. Pests which are especially damaging to seedlings include cutworms, pillbugs, slugs and snails. Transplanting Seedlings are generally transplanted, when the first pair of true leaves appear. This is often known as pricking out in the UK. A shade may be provided if the area is arid or hot. A commercially available vitamin hormone concentrate may be used to avoid transplant shock which may contain thiamine hydrochloride, 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid and indole butyric acid. Images A few-days-old Scots pine seedling, the seed still protecting the cotyledons Seedling Seedling of Quercus robur sprouting from its acorn Dicotyledon plantlet showing roots Seedling of Bombax species Buckwheat seedling with first true leaf See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Seedlings. Plant propagation Potting soil References ^ "What are true leaves on vegetable seedlings". Growfully. 2022-02-08. Retrieved 2022-04-22. ^ Brix, H. 1972. Growth response of Sitka spruce and white spruce seedlings to temperature and light intensity. Can. Dep. Environ., Can. For. Serv., Pacific For. Res. Centre, Victoria BC, Inf. Rep. BC-X-74. 17 p. ^ Pollard, D.F.W.; Logan, K.T. 1976. Prescription for the aerial environment for a plastic greenhouse nursery. p.181–191 in Proc. 12th Lake States For. Tree Improv. Conf. 1975. USDA, For. Serv., North Central For. Exp. Sta., St. Paul MN, Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-26. ^ Carlson, L.W. 1979. Guidelines for rearing containerized conifer seedlings in the prairie provinces. Can. Dep. Environ., Can. For. Serv., Edmonton AB, Inf. Rep. NOR-X-214. 62 p. (Cited in Nienstaedt and Zasada 1990). ^ Brown, K.; Higginbotham, K.O. 1986. Effects of carbon dioxide enrichment and nitrogen supply on growth of boreal tree seedlings. Tree Physiol. 2(1/3):223–232. ^ a b Eis, S. 1967a. Establishment and early development of white spruce in the interior of British Columbia. For. Chron. 43:174–177. ^ Buczacki, S. and Harris, K., Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, HarperCollins, 1998, p115 ISBN 0-00-220063-5 ^ Buczacki, S. and Harris, K., Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, HarperCollins, 1998, p116 ISBN 0-00-220063-5 ^ "Garden". organicgardening.com. Retrieved 6 April 2018. ^ "How to prick out seedlings, with Monty Don". BBC Gardeners World Magazine. 20 May 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2021. ^ "Pricking Out, Potting on and Transplanting: Step by Step". GrowVeg. 2020. Retrieved 17 October 2023. Bibliography P.H. Raven, R.F. Evert, S.E. Eichhorn (2005): Biology of Plants, 7th Edition, W.H. Freeman and Company Publishers, New York, ISBN 0-7167-1007-2 Authority control databases National Israel United States Czech Republic Other NARA	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seedling (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seedling_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Down feather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_feather"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monocot_vs_dicot_crop_Pengo.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scots_pine_seedling_in_natural_environment_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Scots pine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_pine"},{"link_name":"Grass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grass"},{"link_name":"sporophyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporophyte"},{"link_name":"embryo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryo"},{"link_name":"seed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed"},{"link_name":"germination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germination"},{"link_name":"radicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radicle"},{"link_name":"hypocotyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypocotyl"},{"link_name":"shoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoot_(botany)"},{"link_name":"cotyledons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotyledon"},{"link_name":"flowering plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant"},{"link_name":"monocotyledons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocotyledon"},{"link_name":"dicotyledons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicotyledon"},{"link_name":"Gymnosperms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnosperm"},{"link_name":"pine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine"},{"link_name":"acotyledons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acotyledon"},{"link_name":"true leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_leaves"},{"link_name":"sunflower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunflower"},{"link_name":"epigeal germination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigeal_germination"},{"link_name":"broad bean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_bean"},{"link_name":"hypogeal germination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypogeal_germination"}],"text":"For other uses, see Seedling (disambiguation).\"Plumule\" redirects here. For the animal structure, see Down feather.Monocot (left) and dicot (right)Seedling of a Scots pineGrass seedlings (150-minute time lapse)A seedling is a young sporophyte developing out of a plant embryo from a seed. Seedling development starts with germination of the seed. A typical young seedling consists of three main parts: the radicle (embryonic root), the hypocotyl (embryonic shoot), and the cotyledons (seed leaves). The two classes of flowering plants (angiosperms) are distinguished by their numbers of seed leaves: monocotyledons (monocots) have one blade-shaped cotyledon, whereas dicotyledons (dicots) possess two round cotyledons. Gymnosperms are more varied. For example, pine seedlings have up to eight cotyledons. The seedlings of some flowering plants have no cotyledons at all. These are said to be acotyledons.The plumule is the part of a seed embryo that develops into the shoot bearing the first true leaves of a plant. In most seeds, for example the sunflower, the plumule is a small conical structure without any leaf structure. Growth of the plumule does not occur until the cotyledons have grown above ground. This is epigeal germination. However, in seeds such as the broad bean, a leaf structure is visible on the plumule in the seed. These seeds develop by the plumule growing up through the soil with the cotyledons remaining below the surface. This is known as hypogeal germination.","title":"Seedling"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"epicotyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicotyl"},{"link_name":"photomorphogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photomorphogenesis"},{"link_name":"hypocotyls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypocotyl"},{"link_name":"etiolation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiolation"},{"link_name":"chlorophyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophyll"},{"link_name":"chloroplast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast"},{"link_name":"apical meristem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apical_meristem"},{"link_name":"phytochrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytochrome"},{"link_name":"cryptochrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptochrome"},{"link_name":"Mutations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation"},{"link_name":"signal transduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_transduction"}],"text":"Dicot seedlings grown in the light develop short hypocotyls and open cotyledons exposing the epicotyl. This is also referred to as photomorphogenesis. In contrast, seedlings grown in the dark develop long hypocotyls and their cotyledons remain closed around the epicotyl in an apical hook. This is referred to as skotomorphogenesis or etiolation. Etiolated seedlings are yellowish in color as chlorophyll synthesis and chloroplast development depend on light. They will open their cotyledons and turn green when treated with light.In a natural situation, seedling development starts with skotomorphogenesis while the seedling is growing through the soil and attempting to reach the light as fast as possible. During this phase, the cotyledons are tightly closed and form the apical hook to protect the shoot apical meristem from damage while pushing through the soil. In many plants, the seed coat still covers the cotyledons for extra protection.Upon breaking the surface and reaching the light, the seedling's developmental program is switched to photomorphogenesis. The cotyledons open upon contact with light (splitting the seed coat open, if still present) and become green, forming the first photosynthetic organs of the young plant. Until this stage, the seedling lives off the energy reserves stored in the seed. The opening of the cotyledons exposes the shoot apical meristem and the plumule consisting of the first true leaves of the young plant.The seedlings sense light through the light receptors phytochrome (red and far-red light) and cryptochrome (blue light). Mutations in these photo receptors and their signal transduction components lead to seedling development that is at odds with light conditions, for example seedlings that show photomorphogenesis when grown in the dark..","title":"Photomorphogenesis and etiolation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nandina_domestica-Clapiers-4050~2015_03_29.JPG"},{"link_name":"Nandina domestica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandina_domestica"},{"link_name":"cotyledon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotyledon"},{"link_name":"leaflets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaflet_(botany)"},{"link_name":"photosynthesize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis"},{"link_name":"root","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root"},{"link_name":"shoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoot_(botany)"},{"link_name":"leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"senesce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senescence"},{"link_name":"thigmomorphogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thigmomorphogenesis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brix-2"},{"link_name":"photoperiod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoperiodism"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-poll-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-carl-4"},{"link_name":"trembling aspen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populus_tremuloides"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brown-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eis1-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eis1-6"}],"text":"Seedling of Nandina domestica (a dicot) showing two green cotyledon leaves, and the first \"true\" leaf with its distinct leaflets and red-green color.Once the seedling starts to photosynthesize, it is no longer dependent on the seed's energy reserves. The apical meristems start growing and give rise to the root and shoot. The first \"true\" leaves expand and can often be distinguished from the round cotyledons through their species-dependent distinct shapes.[1] While the plant is growing and developing additional leaves, the cotyledons eventually senesce and fall off. Seedling growth is also affected by mechanical stimulation, such as by wind or other forms of physical contact, through a process called thigmomorphogenesis.Temperature and light intensity interact as they affect seedling growth; at low light levels about 40 lumens/m2 a day/night temperature regime of 28 °C/13 °C is effective (Brix 1972).[2] A photoperiod shorter than 14 hours causes growth to stop, whereas a photoperiod extended with low light intensities to 16 h or more brings about continuous (free) growth. Little is gained by using more than 16 h of low light intensity once seedlings are in the free growth mode. Long photoperiods using high light intensities from 10,000 to 20,000 lumens/m2 increase dry matter production, and increasing the photoperiod from 15 to 24 hours may double dry matter growth (Pollard and Logan 1976, Carlson 1979).[3][4]The effects of carbon dioxide enrichment and nitrogen supply on the growth of white spruce and trembling aspen were investigated by Brown and Higginbotham (1986).[5] Seedlings were grown in controlled environments with ambient or enriched atmospheric CO2 (350 or 750 f1/L, respectively) and with nutrient solutions with high, medium, and low N content (15.5, 1.55, and 0.16 mM). Seedlings were harvested, weighed, and measured at intervals of less than 100 days. N supply strongly affected biomass accumulation, height, and leaf area of both species. In white spruce only, the root weight ratio (RWR) was significantly increased with the low-nitrogen regime. CO2 enrichment for 100 days significantly increased the leaf and total biomass of white spruce seedlings in the high-N regime, RWR of seedlings in the medium-N regime, and root biomass of seedlings in the low-N regime.First-year seedlings typically have high mortality rates, drought being the principal cause, with roots having been unable to develop enough to maintain contact with soil sufficiently moist to prevent the development of lethal seedling water stress. Somewhat paradoxically, however, Eis (1967a)[6] observed that on both mineral and litter seedbeds, seedling mortality was greater in moist habitats (alluvium and Aralia–Dryopteris) than in dry habitats (Cornus–Moss). He commented that in dry habitats after the first growing season surviving seedlings appeared to have a much better chance of continued survival than those in moist or wet habitats, in which frost heave and competition from lesser vegetation became major factors in later years. The annual mortality documented by Eis (1967a)[6] is instructive.","title":"Seedling growth and maturation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"damping off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damping_off"},{"link_name":"cutworms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutworm"},{"link_name":"pillbugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillbugs"},{"link_name":"slugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slugs"},{"link_name":"snails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snails"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Pests and diseases","text":"Seedlings are particularly vulnerable to attack by pests and diseases[7] and can consequently experience high mortality rates. Diseases which are especially damaging to seedlings include damping off. Pests which are especially damaging to seedlings include cutworms, pillbugs, slugs and snails.[8]","title":"Seedling growth and maturation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"thiamine hydrochloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiamine_hydrochloride"},{"link_name":"1-Naphthaleneacetic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-Naphthaleneacetic_acid"}],"text":"Seedlings are generally transplanted,[9] when the first pair of true leaves appear. This is often known as pricking out in the UK.[10][11] A shade may be provided if the area is arid or hot. A commercially available vitamin hormone concentrate may be used to avoid transplant shock which may contain thiamine hydrochloride, 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid and indole butyric acid.","title":"Transplanting"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scots_pine_seedling_in_natural_environment.jpg"},{"link_name":"Scots pine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_pine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seedling-477.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quercus_robur_-_sprouting_acorn.jpg"},{"link_name":"Quercus robur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus_robur"},{"link_name":"sprouting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprouting"},{"link_name":"acorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acorn"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dicotyledon_plant-let_showing_roots.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seedling_of_Bombax_species.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bombax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombax"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2-week-old_buckwheat_seedling.jpg"},{"link_name":"Buckwheat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckwheat"}],"text":"A few-days-old Scots pine seedling, the seed still protecting the cotyledons\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSeedling\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSeedling of Quercus robur sprouting from its acorn\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDicotyledon plantlet showing roots\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSeedling of Bombax species\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBuckwheat seedling with first true leaf","title":"Images"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7167-1007-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7167-1007-2"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1385709#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007529477705171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85119536"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph125477&CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"NARA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalog.archives.gov/id/10644576"}],"text":"P.H. Raven, R.F. Evert, S.E. Eichhorn (2005): Biology of Plants, 7th Edition, W.H. Freeman and Company Publishers, New York, ISBN 0-7167-1007-2Authority control databases National\nIsrael\nUnited States\nCzech Republic\nOther\nNARA","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"Monocot (left) and dicot (right)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Monocot_vs_dicot_crop_Pengo.jpg/220px-Monocot_vs_dicot_crop_Pengo.jpg"},{"image_text":"Seedling of a Scots pine","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Scots_pine_seedling_in_natural_environment_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Scots_pine_seedling_in_natural_environment_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Grass seedlings (150-minute time lapse)"},{"image_text":"Seedling of Nandina domestica (a dicot) showing two green cotyledon leaves, and the first \"true\" leaf with its distinct leaflets and red-green color.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Nandina_domestica-Clapiers-4050~2015_03_29.JPG/220px-Nandina_domestica-Clapiers-4050~2015_03_29.JPG"}]	[{"title":"Seedlings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Seedlings"},{"title":"Plant propagation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_propagation"},{"title":"Potting soil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potting_soil"}]	[{"reference":"\"What are true leaves on vegetable seedlings\". Growfully. 2022-02-08. Retrieved 2022-04-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://growfully.com/true-leaves/","url_text":"\"What are true leaves on vegetable seedlings\""}]},{"reference":"\"Garden\". organicgardening.com. Retrieved 6 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.organicgardening.com/learn-and-grow/transplanting","url_text":"\"Garden\""}]},{"reference":"\"How to prick out seedlings, with Monty Don\". BBC Gardeners World Magazine. 20 May 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gardenersworld.com/how-to/grow-plants/how-to-transplant-seedlings/","url_text":"\"How to prick out seedlings, with Monty Don\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pricking Out, Potting on and Transplanting: Step by Step\". GrowVeg. 2020. Retrieved 17 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.growveg.co.uk/guides/pricking-out-potting-on-and-transplanting-step-by-step/","url_text":"\"Pricking Out, Potting on and Transplanting: Step by Step\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://growfully.com/true-leaves/","external_links_name":"\"What are true leaves on vegetable seedlings\""},{"Link":"http://www.organicgardening.com/learn-and-grow/transplanting","external_links_name":"\"Garden\""},{"Link":"https://www.gardenersworld.com/how-to/grow-plants/how-to-transplant-seedlings/","external_links_name":"\"How to prick out seedlings, with Monty Don\""},{"Link":"https://www.growveg.co.uk/guides/pricking-out-potting-on-and-transplanting-step-by-step/","external_links_name":"\"Pricking Out, Potting on and Transplanting: Step by Step\""},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007529477705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85119536","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph125477&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10644576","external_links_name":"NARA"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Golden_Horse_Awards	8th Golden Horse Awards	["1 Winners and nominees","2 References"]	Taiwanese film awards ceremony 8th Golden Horse AwardsDateOctober 30, 1970SiteZhongshan Hall, Taipei, TaiwanOrganized byTaipei Golden Horse Film Festival Executive CommitteeHighlightsBest Feature FilmHome, Sweet HomeBest DirectorChang Tseng-chaiFrom the HighwayBest ActorKo Hsiang-tingThe Evergreen MountainsBest ActressGua Ah-lehHome, Sweet HomeMost awardsFamily Love (4) ← 7th Golden Horse Awards 9th → The 8th Golden Horse Awards (Chinese: 第8屆金馬獎) took place on October 30, 1970 at Zhongshan Hall in Taipei, Taiwan. Winners and nominees Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface. Best Feature Film Home, Sweet Home Family Love (runner-up) From the Highway (runner-up) The Evergreen Mountains (runner-up) Love Without End (runner-up) Best Documentary He Shan Bing Shou Artificial Vertebral Body (runner-up) Confucius (runner-up) Nian San Jie Shi Jie Shao Nian Bang Qiu Sai (runner-up) Best News Film World Youth Baseball Championship Aftermath of Elsie and Flossie (runner-up) 24th Sports Meet (runner-up) Nigerian President Visit (runner-up) Vietnam War (runner-up) Forced Landing of China Airlines Plane (runner-up) Best Director Chang Tseng-chai — From the Highway Best Leading Actor Ko Hsiang-ting — The Evergreen Mountains Best Leading Actress Gua Ah-leh — Home, Sweet Home Best Supporting Actor Yi Ming — Family Love Best Supporting Actress Hsia Tai-feng — Family Love Best Child Star Yu Chien-sheng — Bu Gan Gen Ni Jiang Best Screenplay Lu Chih-tzu — Family Love Best Cinematography - Color Lai Cheng-ying — Stardust Best Film Editing Wang Chin-chen — Home Sweet Home Best Art Direction Kao San-lan — Xing Yun Cao Best Music Chow Lan-ping — From the Highway Best Sound Recording Hung Jui-ting — Stardust Best Cinematography for Documentary Chi Ho-hsi — Confucius Best Planning for Documentary Lau Fong-gong— Wo Ai Guo Qi Special Award - Outstanding Performance Jenny Hu — Love Without End Special Award of National Spirit Secret Agent Chung King No.1 Wo Ai Guo Qi References ^ "台北金馬影展 Taipei Golden Horse Film Festival". www.goldenhorse.org.tw. vteGolden Horse AwardsYear 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Categories Best Narrative Feature Best Documentary Feature Best Animated Feature Best Live Action Short Film Best Documentary Short Film Best Animated Short Film Best Director Best Leading Actor Best Leading Actress Best Supporting Actor Best Supporting Actress Best New Director Best New Performer Best Original Screenplay Best Adapted Screenplay Best Cinematography Best Visual Effects Best Art Direction Best Makeup & Costume Design Best Action Choreography Best Original Film Score Best Original Film Song Best Film Editing Best Sound Effects Outstanding Taiwanese Filmmaker of the Year Lifetime Achievement Award Awards given by independent groups Audience Choice Award FIPRESCI Prize NETPAC Award Observation Missions for Asian Cinema Award This film award–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"Zhongshan Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhongshan_Hall"},{"link_name":"Taipei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The 8th Golden Horse Awards (Chinese: 第8屆金馬獎) took place on October 30, 1970 at Zhongshan Hall in Taipei, Taiwan.[1]","title":"8th Golden Horse Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface.","title":"Winners and nominees"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"台北金馬影展 Taipei Golden Horse Film Festival\". www.goldenhorse.org.tw.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.goldenhorse.org.tw/awards/nw/?serach_type=award&sc=8&search_regist_year=1970&ins=6","url_text":"\"台北金馬影展 Taipei Golden Horse Film Festival\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.goldenhorse.org.tw/awards/nw/?serach_type=award&sc=8&search_regist_year=1970&ins=6","external_links_name":"\"台北金馬影展 Taipei Golden Horse Film Festival\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=8th_Golden_Horse_Awards&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_McCoy	Glenn McCoy	["1 Life","2 Work","3 Awards received","4 References","5 External links"]	American cartoonist This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Glenn McCoy" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Glenn McCoyBorn1965 (age 58–59)United StatesOccupationCartoonist Glenn McCoy (born 1965) is a conservative American cartoonist, whose work includes the comic strip The Duplex and the daily panel he does with his brother Gary entitled The Flying McCoys. McCoy previously produced editorial cartoons until May 2018, when he refocused his career on animations after being discharged from his job of 22 years at the Belleville News-Democrat. All three cartoon features are syndicated by Andrews McMeel Syndication. Life Glenn McCoy was born in 1965 and began drawing at the age of 4 under the supervision of his older brother and grandfather. His interest in cartoons and daily strips caused him to work as a cartoonist in newspapers published in his grade school, high school and college. He graduated from Southern Illinois University with a bachelor's degree in fine arts and graphic design. After graduation, McCoy started as an art director/editorial cartoonist for the Belleville News-Democrat in his hometown of Belleville, Illinois. He also began working for Playboy as a gag cartoonist in 1992. One year later he created his best-known comic strip—The Duplex. Work In 1993, Glenn McCoy began his comic strip The Duplex, syndicated by Universal Press Syndicate. Glenn McCoy illustrated the Legend of Spud Murphy by Eoin Colfer which was published in 2004. In 2005, Glenn and his brother Gary launched The Flying McCoys—a single panel comic that's syndicated through Universal Press (featured in The Los Angeles Times, Chicago Sun Times, Washington Post and about 150 other clients). The brothers switch writing and art duties on a daily basis. McCoy has also become known for his editorial cartoons published through the Belleville News-Democrat. In 2008, Mother Jones commented that one of his cartoons portraying Barack Obama's opposition to the Born-Alive Infants Protection Act was "in extremely poor taste". In 2017, Chelsea Clinton publicly rebuked one of McCoy's political cartoons, Trying to Trash Betsy DeVos, which drew heavily from The Problem We All Live With by Norman Rockwell. He published his final editorial cartoon on May 21, 2018 after he was laid off from the Belleville News-Democrat. McCoy worked as a storyboard artist for Despicable Me, The Lorax, Despicable Me 2, The Secret Life of Pets, Minions and Despicable Me 3. and also wrote Tall Tails, a comic about Mickey Mouse and Goofy, for the Disney Adventures magazine. Awards received National Cartoonist Society awarded the following awards to Glenn McCoy: Editorial Cartoon Award for 1997 (he has been nominated again in 2007). Gag Cartoon Award for 1996, 2002, 2003, 2005 and 2009 (nominated for the Gag Cartoon Award in 1997 and 1999). Greeting Card Award for 2002, 2003, 2004, 2011 and 2014. Newspaper Comic Strip for 2004 and 2011, for his work on The Duplex. Newspaper Panel for 2010, for his work of Flying McCoys References ^ "Farewell to BND editorial cartoonist Glenn McCoy—Belleville News-Democrat". Archived from the original on 2019-11-08. Retrieved 2018-05-23. ^ "Laugh Lines". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2010-11-18. Retrieved 2012-03-08. ^ Jonathan Stein (2008-08-20). "Dear Lord, Glenn McCoy. That Is One Nasty Cartoon". Mother Jones. Archived from the original on 2010-11-18. Retrieved 2012-03-08. ^ Murphy, Brian (14 February 2017). "Chelsea Clinton echoes social outrage over cartoon comparing DeVos to Ruby Bridges". Kansas City Star. The McClatchy Company. Archived from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 15 February 2017. ^ "Farewell, Glenn McCoy. Editorial cartoons rarely saw a sharper pencil". Belleville News-Democrat. 21 May 2018. Archived from the original on 8 November 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2018. ^ Roger Schlueter (2015-06-03). "Glenn McCoy puts minions to work on his Duplex". Belleville News-Democrat (newspaper). Archived from the original on 2015-08-01. Retrieved 2015-08-05. External links Official website Glenn McCoy – Editorial Cartoons The Duplex Cartoons Archived 2007-06-17 at the Wayback Machine The Flying McCoys Cartoons Archived 2007-06-02 at the Wayback Machine Glenn McCoy's biography at the NCS site Archived 2007-03-10 at the Wayback Machine Page on Glenn McCoy by his publisher – Universal Press Syndicate vteAndrews McMeel Universal Andrews McMeel Andrews McMeel Syndication Universal Press Syndicate Uclick Atlantic Syndication Comic strips(current) Adam@home Argyle Sweater Baldo Biographic Breaking Cat News C'est la Vie Close to Home Compu-toon Cornered Crankshaft Doonesbury The Duplex The 5th Wave Fluff FoxTrot Fred Basset The Fusco Brothers Garfield Gaturro Ginger Meggs In the Bleachers Judge Dredd La Cucaracha Liō The Lockhorns Loose Parts Mike du Jour Mutt and Jeff (reruns) Nancy New Adventures of Queen Victoria Non Sequitur Off the Mark Overboard Peanuts (reruns) Pearls Before Swine Phoebe and Her Unicorn Pibgorn Pickles Pooch Café Real Life Adventures Red and Rover Stone Soup Tank McNamara Thatababy Tiny Sepuku Tom the Dancing Bug Wallace the Brave Ziggy Comic strips(historical) The Boondocks Brainwaves Calvin and Hobbes Cathy Citizen Dog Cleats Condorito Cul de Sac Dilbert Downstown Encyclopedia Brown The Far Side For Better or For Worse Geech Ink Pen James Bond Kelly & Duke Kudzu Lucky Cow Maintaining Mullets PreTeena Ronaldinho Gaucho W. T. Duck Van Von Hunter Where I'm Coming From You Can with Beakman and Jax Editorialcartoons Lalo Alcaraz Tony Auth Bad Reporter Stuart Carlson Mike Lester Glenn McCoy Pat Oliphant Ted Rall Ben Sargent Tom Toles Kerry Waghorn Lifestyle Ask the Headhunter Dear Abby Focus on the Family On Ethics News of the Weird Scott Burns Other Earthweek Hidato The Independent Magic Eye The Mini Page The Motley Fool Timothy Parker Religion News Service Wonderword Zweihänder Grim & Perilous RPG vteInkpot Award (2010s)2010 Peter Bagge Brian Michael Bendis Berkeley Breathed Kurt Busiek Dave Dorman Moto Hagio Charlaine Harris Stuart Immonen Phil Jimenez Jenette Kahn Keith Knight Milo Manara Andy Manzi Larry Marder Tom Palmer Drew Struzan James Sturm Carol Tyler Anna-Marie Villegas Al Wiesner 2011 Anina Bennett Jordi Bernet Joyce Brabner Chester Brown Seymour Chwast Alan Davis Dick DeBartolo Dawn Devine Tony DeZuniga Eric Drooker Joyce Farmer Tsuneo Gōda Paul Guinan John Higgins Jamal Igle Peter Kuper Richard A. Lupoff Pat Lupoff Steve Sansweet Bill Schelly Steven Spielberg Frank Stack Jeff Walker 2012 Charlie Adlard Bill Amend Alison Bechdel Tim Bradstreet Mike Carey Peter Coogan Geof Darrow Randy Duncan Ben Edlund Gary Gianni Larry Hama Peter F. Hamilton Mario Hernandez Klaus Janson Joe Jusko Robert Kirkman Erik Larsen Rob Liefeld Andy Mangels Rudy Nebres Whilce Portacio James Robinson Lou Scheimer Arnold Schwarzenegger Jim Silke Marc Silvestri Michael E. Uslan Trevor Von Eeden Mark Waid Thomas Yeates 2013 Jon Bogdanove Alan Campbell Gerry Conway Denys Cowan Michael Davis Gene Deitch José Delbo Derek T. Dingle Paul Dini Ellen Forney Gary Frank Tony Isabella Dan Jurgens Sam Kieth Jack Larson Elliot S! Maggin Leonard Maltin Jeff Mariotte Val Mayerik Dean Mullaney Martin Pasko Fred Perry Ruth Sanderson Romeo Tanghal Bruce Timm 2014 Ray Billingsley June Brigman Mark Brooks Amanda Conner Brian Crane Chuck Dixon Jane Espenson Bill Finger Drew Friedman Michael T. Gilbert Brian Haberlin Willie Ito Kelley Jones Katherine Morrison Julie Newmar Graham Nolan Michelle Nolan Jimmy Palmiotti Benoît Peeters John Picacio Mimi Pond Joe Quesada Sam Raimi Don Rosa Brian Stelfreeze Burt Ward 2015 Jerry Beck Greg Capullo Mike Catron Carlos Ezquerra Andrew Farago Dave Garcia Tom Grummett Jackson Guice Chip Kidd Steve Lieber Laura Martin Dave McCaig Bill Mumy Kevin Nowlan Joe Phillips Hilary B. Price Humberto Ramos Jimmie Robinson Luis Royo Jen Sorensen Richard Starkings Kazuki Takahashi Jill Thompson Jhonen Vasquez Craig Yoe 2016 Jason Aaron Derf Backderf Michael Barrier Luc Besson Peggy Burns Peter David Jim Davis Tom Devlin Ben Dunn Matt Fraction William Gibson Kieron Gillen Mike Judge Hidenori Kusaka Ed McGuinness Jamie McKelvie Tsutomu Nihei Christopher Priest Phil Roman Alex Sinclair John Trimble Satoshi Yamamoto 2017 Andrew Aydin Alan Burnett Joyce Chin Kevin Feige Robin Hobb John Lewis Jeph Loeb Jonathan Maberry Glenn McCoy Keith Pollard Nate Powell Brian Selznick R. Sikoryak Alex Simmons Gail Simone R. L. Stine Ron Wilson 2018 Yoshitaka Amano Marc Bernardin Cory Doctorow Brian Fies Richard Friend Alex Grecian Deborah Harkness Elizabeth Hand Larry Houston David W. Mack Nichelle Nichols Liniers Brian Pulido Randy Reynaldo Eric Reynolds Kevin Smith Peter Tomasi Shannon Wheeler Rafael Albuquerque 2019 Wendy All Leigh Bardugo Jon B. Cooke Mary Fleener Gene Ha Jonathan Hickman Arvell Jones Charlie Kochman Craig Miller Paco Roca Scott Snyder Billy Tucci Chris Ware Maryelizabeth Yturralde Complete list 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway United States Korea	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cartoonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoonist"},{"link_name":"The Duplex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Duplex"},{"link_name":"editorial cartoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editorial_cartoons"},{"link_name":"Belleville News-Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belleville_News-Democrat"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"syndicated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Print_syndication"},{"link_name":"Andrews McMeel Syndication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrews_McMeel_Syndication"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Glenn McCoy (born 1965) is a conservative American cartoonist, whose work includes the comic strip The Duplex and the daily panel he does with his brother Gary entitled The Flying McCoys. McCoy previously produced editorial cartoons until May 2018, when he refocused his career on animations after being discharged from his job of 22 years at the Belleville News-Democrat.[1] All three cartoon features are syndicated by Andrews McMeel Syndication.[2]","title":"Glenn McCoy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Southern Illinois University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Illinois_University"},{"link_name":"bachelor's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s_Degree"},{"link_name":"Belleville News-Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belleville_News-Democrat"},{"link_name":"Belleville, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belleville,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Playboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playboy_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"The Duplex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Duplex"}],"text":"Glenn McCoy was born in 1965 and began drawing at the age of 4 under the supervision of his older brother and grandfather. His interest in cartoons and daily strips caused him to work as a cartoonist in newspapers published in his grade school, high school and college. He graduated from Southern Illinois University with a bachelor's degree in fine arts and graphic design.After graduation, McCoy started as an art director/editorial cartoonist for the Belleville News-Democrat in his hometown of Belleville, Illinois. He also began working for Playboy as a gag cartoonist in 1992. One year later he created his best-known comic strip—The Duplex.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Duplex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Duplex"},{"link_name":"Universal Press Syndicate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Press_Syndicate"},{"link_name":"Legend of Spud Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legend_of_Spud_Murphy"},{"link_name":"Eoin Colfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eoin_Colfer"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"Chicago Sun Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sun_Times"},{"link_name":"Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"Belleville News-Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belleville_News-Democrat"},{"link_name":"Mother Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Jones_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"Born-Alive Infants Protection Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born-Alive_Infants_Protection_Act"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Chelsea Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Clinton"},{"link_name":"Trying to Trash Betsy DeVos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trying_to_Trash_Betsy_DeVos"},{"link_name":"The Problem We All Live With","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Problem_We_All_Live_With"},{"link_name":"Norman Rockwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Rockwell"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Murphy-4"},{"link_name":"Belleville News-Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belleville_News-Democrat"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"storyboard artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storyboard_artist"},{"link_name":"Despicable Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despicable_Me_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Lorax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lorax_(film)"},{"link_name":"Despicable Me 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despicable_Me_2"},{"link_name":"The Secret Life of Pets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secret_Life_of_Pets"},{"link_name":"Minions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minions_(film)"},{"link_name":"Despicable Me 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despicable_Me_3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Mickey Mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Mouse"},{"link_name":"Goofy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goofy"},{"link_name":"Disney Adventures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Adventures"}],"text":"In 1993, Glenn McCoy began his comic strip The Duplex, syndicated by Universal Press Syndicate.Glenn McCoy illustrated the Legend of Spud Murphy by Eoin Colfer which was published in 2004.In 2005, Glenn and his brother Gary launched The Flying McCoys—a single panel comic that's syndicated through Universal Press (featured in The Los Angeles Times, Chicago Sun Times, Washington Post and about 150 other clients). The brothers switch writing and art duties on a daily basis.McCoy has also become known for his editorial cartoons published through the Belleville News-Democrat. In 2008, Mother Jones commented that one of his cartoons portraying Barack Obama's opposition to the Born-Alive Infants Protection Act was \"in extremely poor taste\".[3] In 2017, Chelsea Clinton publicly rebuked one of McCoy's political cartoons, Trying to Trash Betsy DeVos, which drew heavily from The Problem We All Live With by Norman Rockwell.[4] He published his final editorial cartoon on May 21, 2018 after he was laid off from the Belleville News-Democrat.[5]McCoy worked as a storyboard artist for Despicable Me, The Lorax, Despicable Me 2, The Secret Life of Pets, Minions and Despicable Me 3.[6] and also wrote Tall Tails, a comic about Mickey Mouse and Goofy, for the Disney Adventures magazine.","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Cartoonist Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Cartoonist_Society"},{"link_name":"The Duplex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Duplex"}],"text":"National Cartoonist Society awarded the following awards to Glenn McCoy:\nEditorial Cartoon Award for 1997 (he has been nominated again in 2007).\nGag Cartoon Award for 1996, 2002, 2003, 2005 and 2009 (nominated for the Gag Cartoon Award in 1997 and 1999).\nGreeting Card Award for 2002, 2003, 2004, 2011 and 2014.\nNewspaper Comic Strip for 2004 and 2011, for his work on The Duplex.\nNewspaper Panel for 2010, for his work of Flying McCoys","title":"Awards received"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Farewell to BND editorial cartoonist Glenn McCoy—Belleville News-Democrat\". Archived from the original on 2019-11-08. Retrieved 2018-05-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bnd.com/opinion/editorials/article211257414.html","url_text":"\"Farewell to BND editorial cartoonist Glenn McCoy—Belleville News-Democrat\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191108191253/https://www.bnd.com/opinion/editorials/article211257414.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Laugh Lines\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2010-11-18. Retrieved 2012-03-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://motherjones.com/mojo/2008/08/dear-lord-glenn-mccoy-one-nasty-cartoon","url_text":"\"Laugh Lines\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101118191210/http://motherjones.com/mojo/2008/08/dear-lord-glenn-mccoy-one-nasty-cartoon","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jonathan Stein (2008-08-20). \"Dear Lord, Glenn McCoy. That Is One Nasty Cartoon\". Mother Jones. Archived from the original on 2010-11-18. Retrieved 2012-03-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://motherjones.com/mojo/2008/08/dear-lord-glenn-mccoy-one-nasty-cartoon","url_text":"\"Dear Lord, Glenn McCoy. That Is One Nasty Cartoon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Jones_(magazine)","url_text":"Mother Jones"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101118191210/http://motherjones.com/mojo/2008/08/dear-lord-glenn-mccoy-one-nasty-cartoon","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Murphy, Brian (14 February 2017). \"Chelsea Clinton echoes social outrage over cartoon comparing DeVos to Ruby Bridges\". Kansas City Star. The McClatchy Company. Archived from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 15 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kansascity.com/news/nation-world/national/article132752054.html","url_text":"\"Chelsea Clinton echoes social outrage over cartoon comparing DeVos to Ruby Bridges\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170215210853/http://www.kansascity.com/news/nation-world/national/article132752054.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Farewell, Glenn McCoy. Editorial cartoons rarely saw a sharper pencil\". Belleville News-Democrat. 21 May 2018. Archived from the original on 8 November 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bnd.com/opinion/editorials/article211257414.html","url_text":"\"Farewell, Glenn McCoy. Editorial cartoons rarely saw a sharper pencil\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191108191253/https://www.bnd.com/opinion/editorials/article211257414.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Roger Schlueter (2015-06-03). \"Glenn McCoy puts minions to work on his Duplex\". Belleville News-Democrat (newspaper). Archived from the original on 2015-08-01. Retrieved 2015-08-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bnd.com/living/liv-columns-blogs/answer-man/article23067555.html","url_text":"\"Glenn McCoy puts minions to work on his Duplex\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belleville_News-Democrat","url_text":"Belleville News-Democrat (newspaper)"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150801051338/http://www.bnd.com/living/liv-columns-blogs/answer-man/article23067555.html","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Glenn+McCoy%22","external_links_name":"\"Glenn McCoy\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Glenn+McCoy%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Glenn+McCoy%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Glenn+McCoy%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Glenn+McCoy%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Glenn+McCoy%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.bnd.com/opinion/editorials/article211257414.html","external_links_name":"\"Farewell to BND editorial cartoonist Glenn McCoy—Belleville News-Democrat\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191108191253/https://www.bnd.com/opinion/editorials/article211257414.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://motherjones.com/mojo/2008/08/dear-lord-glenn-mccoy-one-nasty-cartoon","external_links_name":"\"Laugh Lines\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101118191210/http://motherjones.com/mojo/2008/08/dear-lord-glenn-mccoy-one-nasty-cartoon","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://motherjones.com/mojo/2008/08/dear-lord-glenn-mccoy-one-nasty-cartoon","external_links_name":"\"Dear Lord, Glenn McCoy. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royd_Anderson	Royd Anderson	["1 Career","2 Awards and honors","3 Personal life","4 Filmography","5 References","6 External links"]	Cuban-American filmmaker and historian (born 1972) Royd AndersonRoyd Anderson speaking at the George Prince Ferry Memorial Ceremony, October 17, 2009Born (1972-07-22) July 22, 1972 (age 51)New Orleans, LouisianaOccupationFilmmaker Royd Anderson (born July 22, 1972, New Orleans, Louisiana) is a Cuban-American filmmaker and historian based in New Orleans, Louisiana. He specializes in documentary films pertaining to tragic Louisiana events often overlooked by historians. Career In 2006, Anderson wrote and directed the documentary The Luling Ferry Disaster for his Master's thesis project in Communication at the University of Louisiana at Lafayette. The film recounts the story of the MV George Prince ferry disaster, the worst ferryboat accident in U.S. history with 77 fatalities. The documentary was released on the 30th anniversary of the disaster on October 20, 2006. The success of the film generated a movement, initiated by Anderson, to build a monument in St. Charles Parish for the victims and survivors. The Luling/Destrehan Ferry Disaster Memorial Committee, led by St. Charles Parish Councilman Larry Cochran, was established on January 28, 2009, consisting of family members and friends of the deceased, St. Charles Parish Council members, and concerned citizens, along with Anderson. Through the work of the bureau, a memorial was finally erected. It was unveiled in a solemn ceremony on October 17, 2009, at the East Bank Bridge Park in Destrehan, Louisiana. St. Charles Parish Councilman and architect Paul J. Hogan designed the monument. In 2007, Anderson wrote and directed the documentary The Continental Grain Elevator Explosion. The film documents the deadliest grain dust explosion of the modern era, occurring on December 22, 1977, at the Continental Grain plant in Westwego, Louisiana. 36 lives were lost. Pan Am Flight 759 is Anderson's third documentary, released in 2012. The film examines the worst plane crash in Louisiana history, occurring on July 9, 1982, in the city of Kenner. At 76 minutes, it is his longest film to date. An edited-for-TV version of the documentary (58 mins.) was aired on Cox 4 in three Louisiana regions: New Orleans, Baton Rouge, and Acadiana. Anderson's 4th film, The Upstairs Lounge Fire, documents the 1973 UpStairs Lounge arson attack in New Orleans. The documentary was released on June 24, 2013, to commemorate the 40th anniversary of the fire. His 2019 documentary, Mother's Day Bus Crash on 610, investigates the worst vehicular accident in Louisiana history, occurring on May 9, 1999, on Interstate 610 in New Orleans. 22 perished. On November 22, 2021, Anderson released his first book, New Orleans Disasters: Firsthand Accounts of Crescent City Tragedy, published by The History Press. It explores seven tragedies and their fallout through gripping firsthand interviews, planting readers amid the chaos. The book peaked at number four in Amazon's 'New Releases in Disaster Relief' category in December 2021. In 2022, Anderson wrote and directed his sixth documentary, The Rault Center Fire. The film documents the New Orleans high-rise disaster that occurred on November 29, 1972. Six lives were lost. Awards and honors Anderson's films The Luling Ferry Disaster and The Continental Grain Elevator Explosion were honored at the Pelican d'Or Short Film Festival at Nunez Community College, winning the Best Documentary category in 2007 and 2008. He was awarded Delgado Community College's Circles of Excellence Outstanding Alumni Award in 2011. At the 2013 Lake Charles Film Festival, Pan Am Flight 759 won the Best Documentary category. The UpStairs Lounge Fire was selected the best Documentary Short of the Boomtown Film & Music Festival in Beaumont, Texas in 2016. Anderson was invited to Princeton University as a guest speaker to screen and discuss The UpStairs Lounge Fire in 2014. He was also an invited guest speaker at Tulane University, Loyola University New Orleans, and the FBI New Orleans Division. His documentaries have been accepted into The Historic New Orleans Collection, one of Louisiana's prestigious archives. Personal life On television, Anderson has been a featured guest on the LMN (TV channel)'s show Ghost Inside My Child, the Louisiana Public Broadcasting network show Louisiana: The State We're In, the WYES-TV news program Informed Sources, WGNO ABC 26's Good Morning New Orleans, and Netflix's show Animal House. He is an alumnus of Loyola University New Orleans, the University of Louisiana at Lafayette, and Delgado Community College. In addition to being a filmmaker, Anderson is also a former high school teacher. Filmography 2006 The Luling Ferry Disaster 2007 The Continental Grain Elevator Explosion 2012 Pan Am Flight 759 2013 The Upstairs Lounge Fire 2019 Mother's Day Bus Crash on 610 2022 The Rault Center Fire References ^ Ann Taylor (October 23, 2006). "Worst ferry disaster in U.S. history". St. Charles Herald Guide. ^ "Student Project Goes into State Archives". University of Louisiana at Lafayette. September 29, 2006. ^ Matt Scallan (January 25, 2011). "Bell of doomed Destrehan-Luling ferry on display". The Times-Picayune. ^ Matt Scallan (October 13, 2009). "Memorial to tell story of 1976 ferry disaster that killed 77". The Times-Picayune. ^ Matt Scallan (October 15, 2009). "St. Charles Parish to dedicate monument to ferry disaster". The Times-Picayune. ^ Jonathan Menard (January 9, 2008). "HHS teacher makes documentary about explosion that killed 36". St. Charles Herald Guide. ^ a b "Former HHS teacher makes movie about Kenner tragedy". St. Charles Herald Guide. June 29, 2012. ^ Mary Sparacello (July 9, 2012). "Pan Am Flight 759 crash remembered in memorial, documentary 30 years later". The Times-Picayune. ^ Erin Nicole (June 24, 2013). "Mass killing at New Orleans gay lounge remembered 40 years later". ABC-WGNO. ^ "Acadiana Pride Festival, "a celebration of culture"". Berry, Brheanna. KLFY-CBS. March 29, 2015. ^ Diane Anderson-Minshall (November 15, 2013). Remembering the Worst Mass Killing of LGBT People in U.S. History. The Advocate. ^ Eric Paulsen (May 10, 2019). "Documentary chronicles deadly I-610 Mother's Day bus crash 20 years ago". CBS-WWL. ^ Mike Scott (May 10, 2019). "Film remembers horrific 1999 Mother's Day bus crash, 20 years later". The Times-Picayune. ^ Royd Anderson (November 22, 2021). "New Orleans Disasters: Firsthand Accounts of Crescent City Tragedy". Amazon. ^ Brooke Robichaux (May 20, 2022). "'New Orleans Disasters' book signing comes to St. John Parish libraries". L'Observateur. ^ Mike Scott (November 25, 2022). "Deadly Rault Center fire's 50th anniversary is remembered in a new documentary". The Times-Picayune. ^ Errol Laborde (December 1, 2022). "Episode 112: High-Rise Disasters! Remembering Two New Orleans Tragedies". Louisiana Insider. ^ "Royd Anderson Productions". Loyola University Alumni Association. Retrieved June 25, 2017. ^ Jonathan Menard (January 10, 2008). "HHS teacher makes documentary about explosion that killed 36". St. Charles Herald Guide. External links "St. Charles Herald Guide" Former HHS teacher featured in reincarnation documentary on Lifetime Loyola University New Orleans "The Maroon" Documentarian alumnus presents his film "Times-Picayune" Pan Am jet crash in Kenner is remembered in new documentary New Orleans "Times-Picayune" Remembering Flight 759's victims: Editorial "St. Charles Herald Guide" Ex-bandmates team up to find missing ferry bell "Princeton University Program In Gender And Sexuality Studies" Documentary Screening: The UpStairs Lounge Fire with a Talk Back with Film Director, Royd Anderson New Orleans "Times-Picayune" UpStairs Lounge fire provokes powerful memories 40 years later New Orleans "Times-Picayune" New documentary recalls 1973 UpStairs Lounge fire "St. Charles Herald Guide" Former HHS teacher sheds light on tragic French Quarter arson Delgado Community College Alumni Newsletter "Circles of Excellence Honorees" Orlando mass shooting is a haunting reminder of Upstairs Lounge arson (June 6, 2016) Arson At The UpStairs Lounge (July 28, 2016) "WWL-TV" 'I woke up every night fighting the river: Luling Ferry survivor tells his story "WWL-TV" 40 years ago today: Luling ferry disaster claimed 78 lives "St. Charles Herald Guide" 40 years later, disaster aftermath tough for survivors, victim families "WWL-TV" 40 years ago today: Continental Grain elevator explosion "The New Orleans Advocate" Continental Grain elevator explosion film to screen Friday, on 40th anniversary "Gambit" Documentary screens on 40th anniversary of Westwego disaster "L'Observateur" Documentary looks at Mother's Day bus crash 20 years later "St. Charles Herald Guide" Through his films, former Hahnville High teacher connects past to present "WWNO - New Orleans NPR affiliate" Sorting Out The Truth "Your Film Professor" Royd Anderson: Seeing the Human Spirit in Tragedy The Scoot Show With Scoot: Scoot brings on Royd Anderson to talk about his documentary about the Rault Center fire. (January 19, 2023)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Cuban-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_American"},{"link_name":"filmmaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmmaker"},{"link_name":"historian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historian"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"documentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary"},{"link_name":"films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Films"}],"text":"Royd Anderson (born July 22, 1972, New Orleans, Louisiana) is a Cuban-American filmmaker and historian based in New Orleans, Louisiana. He specializes in documentary films pertaining to tragic Louisiana events often overlooked by historians.","title":"Royd Anderson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Louisiana at Lafayette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Louisiana_at_Lafayette"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"MV George Prince ferry disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_George_Prince_ferry_disaster"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"St. Charles Parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Charles_Parish"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Councilman Larry Cochran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Councilman_Larry_Cochran&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Destrehan, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destrehan,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Paul J. Hogan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_J._Hogan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"wrote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrote"},{"link_name":"grain dust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain_dust"},{"link_name":"Westwego, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westwego,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"worst plane crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_759"},{"link_name":"Kenner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenner,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-former-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Cox 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cox_4"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Baton Rouge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Rouge"},{"link_name":"Acadiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acadiana"},{"link_name":"UpStairs Lounge arson attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UpStairs_Lounge_arson_attack"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Advocate-11"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"In 2006, Anderson wrote and directed the documentary The Luling Ferry Disaster for his Master's thesis project in Communication at the University of Louisiana at Lafayette.[1] The film recounts the story of the MV George Prince ferry disaster, the worst ferryboat accident in U.S. history with 77 fatalities.[2] The documentary was released on the 30th anniversary of the disaster on October 20, 2006. The success of the film generated a movement, initiated by Anderson, to build a monument in St. Charles Parish for the victims and survivors.[3][4] The Luling/Destrehan Ferry Disaster Memorial Committee, led by St. Charles Parish Councilman Larry Cochran, was established on January 28, 2009, consisting of family members and friends of the deceased, St. Charles Parish Council members, and concerned citizens, along with Anderson. Through the work of the bureau, a memorial was finally erected. It was unveiled in a solemn ceremony on October 17, 2009, at the East Bank Bridge Park in Destrehan, Louisiana. St. Charles Parish Councilman and architect Paul J. Hogan designed the monument.[5]In 2007, Anderson wrote and directed the documentary The Continental Grain Elevator Explosion. The film documents the deadliest grain dust explosion of the modern era, occurring on December 22, 1977, at the Continental Grain plant in Westwego, Louisiana. 36 lives were lost.[6]Pan Am Flight 759 is Anderson's third documentary, released in 2012. The film examines the worst plane crash in Louisiana history, occurring on July 9, 1982, in the city of Kenner.[7][8] At 76 minutes, it is his longest film to date. An edited-for-TV version of the documentary (58 mins.) was aired on Cox 4 in three Louisiana regions: New Orleans, Baton Rouge, and Acadiana.Anderson's 4th film, The Upstairs Lounge Fire, documents the 1973 UpStairs Lounge arson attack in New Orleans. The documentary was released on June 24, 2013, to commemorate the 40th anniversary of the fire.[9][10][11]His 2019 documentary, Mother's Day Bus Crash on 610, investigates the worst vehicular accident in Louisiana history, occurring on May 9, 1999, on Interstate 610 in New Orleans.[12] 22 perished.[13]On November 22, 2021, Anderson released his first book, New Orleans Disasters: Firsthand Accounts of Crescent City Tragedy, published by The History Press. It explores seven tragedies and their fallout through gripping firsthand interviews, planting readers amid the chaos.[14] The book peaked at number four in Amazon's 'New Releases in Disaster Relief' category in December 2021.[15]In 2022, Anderson wrote and directed his sixth documentary, The Rault Center Fire. The film documents the New Orleans high-rise disaster that occurred on November 29, 1972.[16] Six lives were lost.[17]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nunez Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunez_Community_College"},{"link_name":"Delgado Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delgado_Community_College"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"Tulane University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulane_University"},{"link_name":"Loyola University New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyola_University_New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"The Historic New Orleans Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Historic_New_Orleans_Collection"}],"text":"Anderson's films The Luling Ferry Disaster and The Continental Grain Elevator Explosion were honored at the Pelican d'Or Short Film Festival at Nunez Community College, winning the Best Documentary category in 2007 and 2008. He was awarded Delgado Community College's Circles of Excellence Outstanding Alumni Award in 2011. At the 2013 Lake Charles Film Festival, Pan Am Flight 759 won the Best Documentary category. The UpStairs Lounge Fire was selected the best Documentary Short of the Boomtown Film & Music Festival in Beaumont, Texas in 2016.Anderson was invited to Princeton University as a guest speaker to screen and discuss The UpStairs Lounge Fire in 2014. He was also an invited guest speaker at Tulane University, Loyola University New Orleans, and the FBI New Orleans Division. His documentaries have been accepted into The Historic New Orleans Collection, one of Louisiana's prestigious archives.","title":"Awards and honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LMN (TV channel)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LMN_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Louisiana Public Broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Public_Broadcasting"},{"link_name":"WYES-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WYES-TV"},{"link_name":"WGNO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGNO"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"Loyola University New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyola_University_New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"University of Louisiana at Lafayette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Louisiana_at_Lafayette"},{"link_name":"Delgado Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delgado_Community_College"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-st-19"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-former-7"}],"text":"On television, Anderson has been a featured guest on the LMN (TV channel)'s show Ghost Inside My Child, the Louisiana Public Broadcasting network show Louisiana: The State We're In, the WYES-TV news program Informed Sources, WGNO ABC 26's Good Morning New Orleans, and Netflix's show Animal House. He is an alumnus of Loyola University New Orleans,[18] the University of Louisiana at Lafayette, and Delgado Community College. In addition to being a filmmaker, Anderson is also a former high school teacher.[19][7]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"2006 The Luling Ferry Disaster\n2007 The Continental Grain Elevator Explosion\n2012 Pan Am Flight 759\n2013 The Upstairs Lounge Fire\n2019 Mother's Day Bus Crash on 610\n2022 The Rault Center Fire","title":"Filmography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Ann Taylor (October 23, 2006). \"Worst ferry disaster in U.S. history\". St. Charles Herald Guide.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.heraldguide.com/news/worst-ferry-disaster-in-u-s-history/","url_text":"\"Worst ferry disaster in U.S. history\""}]},{"reference":"\"Student Project Goes into State Archives\". University of Louisiana at Lafayette. September 29, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://louisiana.edu/news-events/news/20060929/student-project-goes-state-archives","url_text":"\"Student Project Goes into State Archives\""}]},{"reference":"Matt Scallan (January 25, 2011). \"Bell of doomed Destrehan-Luling ferry on display\". The Times-Picayune.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nola.com/news/politics/article_53a5e036-bbfc-50b3-8192-6441c46c4648.html","url_text":"\"Bell of doomed Destrehan-Luling ferry on display\""}]},{"reference":"Matt Scallan (October 13, 2009). \"Memorial to tell story of 1976 ferry disaster that killed 77\". The Times-Picayune.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nola.com/news/article_026cfb12-0d34-554f-af0b-3be4d65bc141.html","url_text":"\"Memorial to tell story of 1976 ferry disaster that killed 77\""}]},{"reference":"Matt Scallan (October 15, 2009). \"St. Charles Parish to dedicate monument to ferry disaster\". The Times-Picayune.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nola.com/news/politics/article_0634fb9e-9199-5ce1-ba7e-2c0416784bdb.html","url_text":"\"St. Charles Parish to dedicate monument to ferry disaster\""}]},{"reference":"Jonathan Menard (January 9, 2008). \"HHS teacher makes documentary about explosion that killed 36\". St. Charles Herald Guide.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.heraldguide.com/news/hhs-teacher-makes-documentary-about-explosion-that-killed-36/","url_text":"\"HHS teacher makes documentary about explosion that killed 36\""}]},{"reference":"\"Former HHS teacher makes movie about Kenner tragedy\". St. Charles Herald Guide. June 29, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.heraldguide.com/news/former-hhs-teacher-makes-movie-about-kenner-tragedy/","url_text":"\"Former HHS teacher makes movie about Kenner tragedy\""}]},{"reference":"Mary Sparacello (July 9, 2012). \"Pan Am Flight 759 crash remembered in memorial, documentary 30 years later\". The Times-Picayune.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nola.com/news/traffic/article_c56a416a-30f9-58f2-8e18-b48114bbdde6.html","url_text":"\"Pan Am Flight 759 crash remembered in memorial, documentary 30 years later\""}]},{"reference":"Erin Nicole (June 24, 2013). \"Mass killing at New Orleans gay lounge remembered 40 years later\". ABC-WGNO.","urls":[{"url":"http://wgno.com/2013/06/24/40-years-after-the-upstairs-lounge-fire-in-the-french-quarter-director-royd-anderson-completes-a-documentary-that-explores-the-tragedy-that-killed-32-people-in-a-gay-bar/","url_text":"\"Mass killing at New Orleans gay lounge remembered 40 years later\""}]},{"reference":"\"Acadiana Pride Festival, \"a celebration of culture\"\". Berry, Brheanna. KLFY-CBS. March 29, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.klfy.com/local/acadiana-pride-festival-a-celebration-of-culture/","url_text":"\"Acadiana Pride Festival, \"a celebration of culture\"\""}]},{"reference":"Diane Anderson-Minshall (November 15, 2013). Remembering the Worst Mass Killing of LGBT People in U.S. History. The Advocate.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.advocate.com/crime/2013/11/15/remembering-worst-mass-killing-lgbt-people-us-history?pg=full","url_text":"Remembering the Worst Mass Killing of LGBT People in U.S. History"}]},{"reference":"Eric Paulsen (May 10, 2019). \"Documentary chronicles deadly I-610 Mother's Day bus crash 20 years ago\". CBS-WWL.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wwltv.com/video/news/local/documentary-chronicles-deadly-i-610-mothers-day-bus-crash-20-years-ago/289-318fc777-913b-4396-9378-e8814b8cef66","url_text":"\"Documentary chronicles deadly I-610 Mother's Day bus crash 20 years ago\""}]},{"reference":"Mike Scott (May 10, 2019). \"Film remembers horrific 1999 Mother's Day bus crash, 20 years later\". The Times-Picayune.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nola.com/entertainment/2019/05/film-remembers-horrific-1999-mothers-day-bus-crash-20-years-later.html","url_text":"\"Film remembers horrific 1999 Mother's Day bus crash, 20 years later\""}]},{"reference":"Royd Anderson (November 22, 2021). \"New Orleans Disasters: Firsthand Accounts of Crescent City Tragedy\". Amazon.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/New-Orleans-Disasters-Firsthand-Accounts/dp/154025044X","url_text":"\"New Orleans Disasters: Firsthand Accounts of Crescent City Tragedy\""}]},{"reference":"Brooke Robichaux (May 20, 2022). \"'New Orleans Disasters' book signing comes to St. John Parish libraries\". L'Observateur.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lobservateur.com/2022/05/20/new-orleans-disasters-book-signing-comes-to-st-john-parish-libraries/?fbclid=IwAR3Vc9qYZgeLMbD2GwEtnRjHVGivV3rQBc2DFXv9QS28rr0UT9jK1nGRzFA","url_text":"\"'New Orleans Disasters' book signing comes to St. John Parish libraries\""}]},{"reference":"Mike Scott (November 25, 2022). \"Deadly Rault Center fire's 50th anniversary is remembered in a new documentary\". The Times-Picayune.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nola.com/entertainment_life/movies_tv/deadly-rault-center-fires-50th-anniversary-is-a-documentary/article_9930bb0c-69ca-11ed-9ae2-f347dad9de87.html","url_text":"\"Deadly Rault Center fire's 50th anniversary is remembered in a new documentary\""}]},{"reference":"Errol Laborde (December 1, 2022). \"Episode 112: High-Rise Disasters! Remembering Two New Orleans Tragedies\". Louisiana Insider.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.louisianalife.com/episode-112-high-rise-disasters-remembering-two-new-orleans-tragedies","url_text":"\"Episode 112: High-Rise Disasters! Remembering Two New Orleans Tragedies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Royd Anderson Productions\". Loyola University Alumni Association. Retrieved June 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loyno.edu/events/jan-31-2022_virtual-discussion-author-filmmaker-royd-anderson","url_text":"\"Royd Anderson Productions\""}]},{"reference":"Jonathan Menard (January 10, 2008). \"HHS teacher makes documentary about explosion that killed 36\". St. Charles Herald Guide.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.heraldguide.com/news/hhs-teacher-makes-documentary-about-explosion-that-killed-36/","url_text":"\"HHS teacher makes documentary about explosion that killed 36\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.heraldguide.com/news/worst-ferry-disaster-in-u-s-history/","external_links_name":"\"Worst ferry disaster in U.S. history\""},{"Link":"https://louisiana.edu/news-events/news/20060929/student-project-goes-state-archives","external_links_name":"\"Student Project Goes into State Archives\""},{"Link":"https://www.nola.com/news/politics/article_53a5e036-bbfc-50b3-8192-6441c46c4648.html","external_links_name":"\"Bell of doomed Destrehan-Luling ferry on display\""},{"Link":"https://www.nola.com/news/article_026cfb12-0d34-554f-af0b-3be4d65bc141.html","external_links_name":"\"Memorial to tell story of 1976 ferry disaster that killed 77\""},{"Link":"https://www.nola.com/news/politics/article_0634fb9e-9199-5ce1-ba7e-2c0416784bdb.html","external_links_name":"\"St. Charles Parish to dedicate monument to ferry disaster\""},{"Link":"https://www.heraldguide.com/news/hhs-teacher-makes-documentary-about-explosion-that-killed-36/","external_links_name":"\"HHS teacher makes documentary about explosion that killed 36\""},{"Link":"https://www.heraldguide.com/news/former-hhs-teacher-makes-movie-about-kenner-tragedy/","external_links_name":"\"Former HHS teacher makes movie about Kenner tragedy\""},{"Link":"https://www.nola.com/news/traffic/article_c56a416a-30f9-58f2-8e18-b48114bbdde6.html","external_links_name":"\"Pan Am Flight 759 crash remembered in memorial, documentary 30 years later\""},{"Link":"http://wgno.com/2013/06/24/40-years-after-the-upstairs-lounge-fire-in-the-french-quarter-director-royd-anderson-completes-a-documentary-that-explores-the-tragedy-that-killed-32-people-in-a-gay-bar/","external_links_name":"\"Mass killing at New Orleans gay lounge remembered 40 years later\""},{"Link":"https://www.klfy.com/local/acadiana-pride-festival-a-celebration-of-culture/","external_links_name":"\"Acadiana Pride Festival, \"a celebration of culture\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.advocate.com/crime/2013/11/15/remembering-worst-mass-killing-lgbt-people-us-history?pg=full","external_links_name":"Remembering the Worst Mass Killing of LGBT People in U.S. History"},{"Link":"https://www.wwltv.com/video/news/local/documentary-chronicles-deadly-i-610-mothers-day-bus-crash-20-years-ago/289-318fc777-913b-4396-9378-e8814b8cef66","external_links_name":"\"Documentary chronicles deadly I-610 Mother's Day bus crash 20 years ago\""},{"Link":"https://www.nola.com/entertainment/2019/05/film-remembers-horrific-1999-mothers-day-bus-crash-20-years-later.html","external_links_name":"\"Film remembers horrific 1999 Mother's Day bus crash, 20 years later\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/New-Orleans-Disasters-Firsthand-Accounts/dp/154025044X","external_links_name":"\"New Orleans Disasters: Firsthand Accounts of Crescent City Tragedy\""},{"Link":"https://www.lobservateur.com/2022/05/20/new-orleans-disasters-book-signing-comes-to-st-john-parish-libraries/?fbclid=IwAR3Vc9qYZgeLMbD2GwEtnRjHVGivV3rQBc2DFXv9QS28rr0UT9jK1nGRzFA","external_links_name":"\"'New Orleans Disasters' book signing comes to St. John Parish libraries\""},{"Link":"https://www.nola.com/entertainment_life/movies_tv/deadly-rault-center-fires-50th-anniversary-is-a-documentary/article_9930bb0c-69ca-11ed-9ae2-f347dad9de87.html","external_links_name":"\"Deadly Rault Center fire's 50th anniversary is remembered in a new documentary\""},{"Link":"https://www.louisianalife.com/episode-112-high-rise-disasters-remembering-two-new-orleans-tragedies","external_links_name":"\"Episode 112: High-Rise Disasters! Remembering Two New Orleans Tragedies\""},{"Link":"https://www.loyno.edu/events/jan-31-2022_virtual-discussion-author-filmmaker-royd-anderson","external_links_name":"\"Royd Anderson Productions\""},{"Link":"https://www.heraldguide.com/news/hhs-teacher-makes-documentary-about-explosion-that-killed-36/","external_links_name":"\"HHS teacher makes documentary about explosion that killed 36\""},{"Link":"https://www.heraldguide.com/news/former-hhs-teacher-featured-in-reincarnation-documentary-on-lifetime/","external_links_name":"\"St. Charles Herald Guide\" Former HHS teacher featured in reincarnation documentary on Lifetime"},{"Link":"https://loyolamaroon.com/105330/life-times/documentarian-alumnus-presents-his-film/","external_links_name":"Loyola University New Orleans \"The Maroon\" Documentarian alumnus presents his film"},{"Link":"https://www.nola.com/news/traffic/article_76b271e0-fba5-5c54-ac1a-4b7c4934887e.html","external_links_name":"\"Times-Picayune\" Pan Am jet crash in Kenner is remembered in new documentary"},{"Link":"https://www.nola.com/opinions/article_27d2cbe4-01de-506a-b04f-aa0f426c2f3a.html","external_links_name":"New Orleans \"Times-Picayune\" Remembering Flight 759's victims: Editorial"},{"Link":"https://www.heraldguide.com/news/ex-bandmates-team-up-to-find-missing-ferry-bell/","external_links_name":"\"St. Charles Herald Guide\" Ex-bandmates team up to find missing ferry bell"},{"Link":"http://gss.princeton.edu/events/documentary-screening-upstairs-lounge-fire-talk-back-film-director-royd-anderson","external_links_name":"\"Princeton University Program In Gender And Sexuality Studies\" Documentary Screening: The UpStairs Lounge Fire with a Talk Back with Film Director, Royd Anderson"},{"Link":"https://www.nola.com/news/traffic/article_6fdbbf33-84eb-5136-aeaf-3d51e75cd8a8.html","external_links_name":"New Orleans \"Times-Picayune\" UpStairs Lounge fire provokes powerful memories 40 years later"},{"Link":"https://www.nola.com/entertainment_life/movies_tv/article_c292c332-0a4f-5e91-8c7c-ffada224d75f.html","external_links_name":"New Orleans \"Times-Picayune\" New documentary recalls 1973 UpStairs Lounge fire"},{"Link":"https://www.heraldguide.com/news/former-hhs-teacher-sheds-light-on-tragic-french-quarter-arson/","external_links_name":"\"St. Charles Herald Guide\" Former HHS teacher sheds light on tragic French Quarter arson"},{"Link":"http://archive.constantcontact.com/fs025/1103599940604/archive/1108582287721.html","external_links_name":"Delgado Community College Alumni Newsletter \"Circles of Excellence Honorees\""},{"Link":"https://www.fox8live.com/story/32243667/orlando-mass-shooting-is-a-haunting-reminder-of-upstairs-lounge-arson/","external_links_name":"Orlando mass shooting is a haunting reminder of Upstairs Lounge arson"},{"Link":"http://wwno.org/post/arson-upstairs-lounge/","external_links_name":"Arson At The UpStairs Lounge"},{"Link":"http://www.wwltv.com/news/local/i-woke-up-every-night-fighting-the-river-luling-ferry-survivor-tells-his-story/339395065","external_links_name":"\"WWL-TV\" 'I woke up every night fighting the river: Luling Ferry survivor tells his story"},{"Link":"http://www.wwltv.com/news/local/st-charles/40-years-ago-today-luling-ferry-disaster-claimed-77-lives/338679567","external_links_name":"\"WWL-TV\" 40 years ago today: Luling ferry disaster claimed 78 lives"},{"Link":"https://www.heraldguide.com/news/40-years-later-disaster-aftermath-tough-for-survivors-victim-families/","external_links_name":"\"St. Charles Herald Guide\" 40 years later, disaster aftermath tough for survivors, victim families"},{"Link":"http://www.wwltv.com/news/local/40-years-ago-today-continental-grain-elevator-explosion/501695152","external_links_name":"\"WWL-TV\" 40 years ago today: Continental Grain elevator explosion"},{"Link":"https://www.nola.com/entertainment_life/movies_tv/article_2e889524-bc3f-5559-9ff6-53ba117a719a.html/","external_links_name":"\"The New Orleans Advocate\" Continental Grain elevator explosion film to screen Friday, on 40th anniversary"},{"Link":"http://www.nola411.com/2017/12/documentary-screens-on-40th-anniversary.html?m=0/","external_links_name":"\"Gambit\" Documentary screens on 40th anniversary of Westwego disaster"},{"Link":"https://www.lobservateur.com/2019/05/11/documentary-looks-at-mothers-day-bus-crash-20-years-later/","external_links_name":"\"L'Observateur\" Documentary looks at Mother's Day bus crash 20 years later"},{"Link":"https://www.heraldguide.com/news/through-his-films-former-hahnville-high-teacher-connects-past-to-present//","external_links_name":"\"St. Charles Herald Guide\" Through his films, former Hahnville High teacher connects past to present"},{"Link":"https://omny.fm/shows/its-new-orleans-out-to-lunch/sorting-out-the-truth","external_links_name":"\"WWNO - New Orleans NPR affiliate\" Sorting Out The Truth"},{"Link":"https://www.yourfilmprofessor.com/up-and-coming-filmmakers-royd-anderson/","external_links_name":"\"Your Film Professor\" Royd Anderson: Seeing the Human Spirit in Tragedy"},{"Link":"https://www.audacy.com/podcasts/the-scoot-show-with-scoot-20315/scoot-reflects-on-yesterdays-city-council-hearings-1550020880?fbclid=IwAR2mKIXJYRenh6HlC6-9N1WYVPLAlMcxKDtvLdLaWE-AJYRzffFHgEybfiE/","external_links_name":"The Scoot Show With Scoot: Scoot brings on Royd Anderson to talk about his documentary about the Rault Center fire."}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eamonn_Healy	Eamonn Healy	["1 See also","2 Selected publications","3 External links"]	Eamonn Francis Healy (born 25 September 1958) is an Irish-American professor of chemistry, organic chemistry, and biochemistry at St. Edward's University in Austin, Texas, where his research focuses on the design of structure-activity probes to elucidate enzymatic activity. Targets include HIV-1 integrase, the c-Kit and src-abl proteins, and the metalloproteinases associated with CXCL16 shedding. He was born in Newcastle West, County Limerick, Ireland. He received a doctorate in chemistry in 1984 from the University of Texas at Austin where he was a student of Dr. Michael J. S. Dewar. As a member of the Dewar research group he co-authored Austin Model 1, or AM1, a semi-empirical method for the quantum calculation of molecular electronic structure in computational chemistry. He appears in Richard Linklater's 2001 film Waking Life explaining "telescopic" and technological evolution. Dr. Healy is married to Shelley Bueche. See also Semi-empirical quantum chemistry methods Selected publications E.F. Healy "In Defense of a Heuristic Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics", J. Chem. Educ. 2010, 87, 559–563. doi:10.1021/ed8001545 Eamonn F. Healy, Skylar Johnson, Charles Hauser, and Peter King "Tyrosine kinase inhibition: Ligand binding and conformational change in c-Kit and c-Abl." FEBS Lett. 2009, 583, 2899-2906 doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2009.07.051 Eamonn F. Healy, Jonathan Sanders, Peter J. King and W. Edward Robinson, Jr "A Docking Study of L-Chicoric Acid with HIV-1 Integrase" J Mol. Graph. Model. 2009, 27, 14. doi:10.1016/j.jmgm.2008.09.011 E. F. Healy, C. G. Wall, M.A. Fox, "Peptide Conformational Analysis using the TRIPOS Force Field", Intl. J. Quant. Chem., 1992, 44, 543. doi:10.1002/qua.560440412 R.A. Caldwell, H. Misawa, M.J.S. Dewar, E.F. Healy,"An Unusually Large Secondary Deuterium Isotope Effect", J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 109, 6869. doi:10.1021/ja00256a061 M.J.S. Dewar, E. G. Zoebisch, E.F. Healy, J. J. P. Stewart,"AM1: A New General Purpose Quantum Mechanical Molecular Model", J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 107, 3902. doi:10.1021/ja00299a024 M.J.S. Dewar, E.F. Healy, J. J. P. Stewart,"Location of Transition States in Reaction mechanisms", J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 2 1984, 80, 227. doi:10.1039/F29848000227 M.J.S. Dewar, E.F. Healy, "Why Life Exists", Organometallics 1982, 1, 1705. doi:10.1021/om00072a029 External links Webpage at stedwards.edu Authority control databases International VIAF National United States Academics Google Scholar This biographical article about an American chemist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Newcastle West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_West"},{"link_name":"County Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Limerick"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"University of Texas at Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin"},{"link_name":"Michael J. S. Dewar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_J._S._Dewar"},{"link_name":"Austin Model 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Model_1"},{"link_name":"semi-empirical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-empirical"},{"link_name":"computational chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_chemistry"},{"link_name":"Richard Linklater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Linklater"},{"link_name":"Waking Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waking_Life"},{"link_name":"technological evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_evolution"},{"link_name":"Shelley Bueche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shelley_Bueche&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"He was born in Newcastle West, County Limerick, Ireland. He received a doctorate in chemistry in 1984 from the University of Texas at Austin where he was a student of Dr. Michael J. S. Dewar. As a member of the Dewar research group he co-authored Austin Model 1, or AM1, a semi-empirical method for the quantum calculation of molecular electronic structure in computational chemistry. He appears in Richard Linklater's 2001 film Waking Life explaining \"telescopic\" and technological evolution. Dr. Healy is married to Shelley Bueche.[citation needed]","title":"Eamonn Healy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"J. Chem. Educ.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Chem._Educ."},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1021/ed8001545","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1021%2Fed8001545"},{"link_name":"FEBS Lett.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FEBS_Lett."},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.febslet.2009.07.051","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.febslet.2009.07.051"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.jmgm.2008.09.011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jmgm.2008.09.011"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1002/qua.560440412","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2Fqua.560440412"},{"link_name":"J. Am. Chem. Soc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Am._Chem._Soc."},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1021/ja00256a061","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1021%2Fja00256a061"},{"link_name":"J. Am. Chem. Soc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Am._Chem._Soc."},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1021/ja00299a024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1021%2Fja00299a024"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1039/F29848000227","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1039%2FF29848000227"},{"link_name":"Organometallics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organometallics"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1021/om00072a029","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1021%2Fom00072a029"}],"text":"E.F. Healy \"In Defense of a Heuristic Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics\", J. Chem. Educ. 2010, 87, 559–563. doi:10.1021/ed8001545\nEamonn F. Healy, Skylar Johnson, Charles Hauser, and Peter King \"Tyrosine kinase inhibition: Ligand binding and conformational change in c-Kit and c-Abl.\" FEBS Lett. 2009, 583, 2899-2906 doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2009.07.051\nEamonn F. Healy, Jonathan Sanders, Peter J. King and W. Edward Robinson, Jr \"A Docking Study of L-Chicoric Acid with HIV-1 Integrase\" J Mol. Graph. Model. 2009, 27, 14. doi:10.1016/j.jmgm.2008.09.011\nE. F. Healy, C. G. Wall, M.A. Fox, \"Peptide Conformational Analysis using the TRIPOS Force Field\", Intl. J. Quant. Chem., 1992, 44, 543. doi:10.1002/qua.560440412\nR.A. Caldwell, H. Misawa, M.J.S. Dewar, E.F. Healy,\"An Unusually Large Secondary Deuterium Isotope Effect\", J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 109, 6869. doi:10.1021/ja00256a061\nM.J.S. Dewar, E. G. Zoebisch, E.F. Healy, J. J. P. Stewart,\"AM1: A New General Purpose Quantum Mechanical Molecular Model\", J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 107, 3902. doi:10.1021/ja00299a024\nM.J.S. Dewar, E.F. Healy, J. J. P. Stewart,\"Location of Transition States in Reaction mechanisms\", J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 2 1984, 80, 227. doi:10.1039/F29848000227\nM.J.S. Dewar, E.F. Healy, \"Why Life Exists\", Organometallics 1982, 1, 1705. doi:10.1021/om00072a029","title":"Selected publications"}]	[]	[{"title":"Semi-empirical quantum chemistry methods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-empirical_quantum_chemistry_method"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed8001545","external_links_name":"10.1021/ed8001545"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.febslet.2009.07.051","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.febslet.2009.07.051"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jmgm.2008.09.011","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.jmgm.2008.09.011"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fqua.560440412","external_links_name":"10.1002/qua.560440412"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja00256a061","external_links_name":"10.1021/ja00256a061"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja00299a024","external_links_name":"10.1021/ja00299a024"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1039%2FF29848000227","external_links_name":"10.1039/F29848000227"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fom00072a029","external_links_name":"10.1021/om00072a029"},{"Link":"http://healy.create.stedwards.edu/","external_links_name":"Webpage at stedwards.edu"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/71357709","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n87132431","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=a9dDl7oAAAAJ","external_links_name":"Google Scholar"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eamonn_Healy&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabaran	Shabaran	["1 References","2 Sources"]	Coordinates: 41°17′44″N 48°52′53″E / 41.29556°N 48.88139°E / 41.29556; 48.88139ShabaranRuins of ShabaranLocation of Shabaran in AzerbaijanRegionShirvanCoordinates41°17′44″N 48°52′53″E / 41.29556°N 48.88139°E / 41.29556; 48.88139TypeSettlementSite notesConditionRuined Shabaran (also spelled Shaburan and Shaberan; Persian: شاوران), was a town and district in the historical region of Shirvan, in what is now the eastern part of Azerbaijan. Shabaran was founded by the Sasanian king Shapur II (r. 309–379). The 10th-century Persian geography Hudud al-'Alam refers to it as Shav.ran, whilst The Georgian Chronicles calls it Shaburan, which points to a possible relation to Shavur (Shapur?), an Iranian name that is attested in the Caucasus. Shabaran was the earliest capital of the Shirvan kingdom. It was often contested between the Shirvanshahs, the Hashimids of Darband, and the rulers of Arran. According to the 10th-century Arab geographer al-Maqdisi, the majority of Shabaran's population was Christian. In 983, the Shirvanshah Muhammad IV (r. 981–991) had a wall constructed around Shabaran. The sudden emergence of Iranian names among the descendants of Shirvanshah Yazid ibn Ahmad (r. 991–1027) is significant in relation to the fact that he and his daughter Shamkuya were buried in Shabaran. This development most likely resulted from Yazid ibn Ahmad's union with a princess of an ancient local dynasty. In 1167, Akhsitan I of Shirvan asked the King of Georgia George III to help him to defend from Kipchak, Khazar, Alan and Rus' assaulters. George III marched against them and conquered Shabaran, which in Georgian sources is referred to as "Shaburani". George III proceeded to give this town to Shirvanshah, who was his subject. In 1538 Shirvanshah rule was abolished by the Safavid shahs (kings) of Iran, who turned Shirvan into a province, which Shabaran was part of. The German explorer Engelbert Kaempfer (died 1716) mentions Shabaran as one of the villages in Iran that had coffeehouses. Shabaran was completely destroyed in 1723. References ^ Minorsky 1937, p. 404. ^ a b Gould 2016, p. 26. ^ a b Minorsky 1958, p. 77. ^ Le Strange 1905, pp. 179–180. ^ Minorsky 1958, p. 29. ^ Minorsky 1958, p. 78. ^ The Georgian Chronicles (PDF). Georgian National Academy of Science. 2012. pp. 234–235. ^ Bosworth 2011. ^ Floor 2008, pp. 127–128. ^ Matthee 2005, p. 164. ^ Floor 2008, p. 278. Sources Bosworth, C. E. (2011). "Šervānšāhs". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Floor, Willem M. (2008). Titles and Emoluments in Safavid Iran: A Third Manual of Safavid Administration, by Mirza Naqi Nasiri. Mage Publishers. ISBN 978-1933823232. Gould, Rebecca Ruth (2016). "Wearing the Belt of Oppression: Khāqāni's Christian Qasida and the Prison Poetry of Medieval Shirvān". Journal of Persianate Studies. 9 (1): 19–44. doi:10.1163/18747167-12341296. Le Strange, Guy (1905). The Lands of the Eastern Caliphate: Mesopotamia, Persia, and Central Asia, from the Moslem Conquest to the Time of Timur. New York: Barnes & Noble, Inc. OCLC 1044046. Lornejad, Siavash; Doostzadeh, Ali (2012). Arakelova, Victoria; Asatrian, Garnik (eds.). On the modern politicization of the Persian poet Nezami Ganjavi (PDF). Caucasian Centre for Iranian Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-09-14. Retrieved 2023-01-16. Matthee, Rudolph P. (2005). The pursuit of pleasure: drugs and stimulants in Iranian history, 1500-1900. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691144443. Minorsky, Vladimir (1937). Ḥudūd al-ʿĀlam, The Regions of the World: A Persian Geography. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0906094037. Minorsky, Vladimir (1958). A History of Sharvān and Darband in the 10th-11th Centuries. Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons, Ltd.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Shirvan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirvan"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinorsky1937404-1"},{"link_name":"Sasanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Shapur II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shapur_II"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould201626-2"},{"link_name":"Hudud al-'Alam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudud_al-%27Alam"},{"link_name":"The Georgian Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Georgian_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinorsky195877-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould201626-2"},{"link_name":"Shirvanshahs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirvanshahs"},{"link_name":"Hashimids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashimids_(Darband)"},{"link_name":"Darband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbent"},{"link_name":"Arran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arran_(Caucasus)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinorsky195877-3"},{"link_name":"al-Maqdisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Maqdisi"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Strange1905179%E2%80%93180-4"},{"link_name":"Muhammad IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_IV_of_Shirvan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinorsky195829-5"},{"link_name":"Yazid ibn Ahmad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazid_ibn_Ahmad"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinorsky195878-6"},{"link_name":"Akhsitan I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhsitan_I"},{"link_name":"Shirvan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirvanshahs"},{"link_name":"King of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"George III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_III_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Kipchak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipchaks"},{"link_name":"Khazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khazars"},{"link_name":"Alan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alans"},{"link_name":"Rus'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus%27_people"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Safavid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"shahs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_Iran"},{"link_name":"province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_Shirvan"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth2011-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor2008127%E2%80%93128-9"},{"link_name":"Engelbert Kaempfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelbert_Kaempfer"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthee2005164-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor2008278-11"}],"text":"Shabaran (also spelled Shaburan and Shaberan; Persian: شاوران), was a town and district in the historical region of Shirvan, in what is now the eastern part of Azerbaijan.[1]Shabaran was founded by the Sasanian king Shapur II (r. 309–379).[2] The 10th-century Persian geography Hudud al-'Alam refers to it as Shav.ran, whilst The Georgian Chronicles calls it Shaburan, which points to a possible relation to Shavur (Shapur?), an Iranian name that is attested in the Caucasus.[3] Shabaran was the earliest capital of the Shirvan kingdom.[2]It was often contested between the Shirvanshahs, the Hashimids of Darband, and the rulers of Arran.[3] According to the 10th-century Arab geographer al-Maqdisi, the majority of Shabaran's population was Christian.[4] In 983, the Shirvanshah Muhammad IV (r. 981–991) had a wall constructed around Shabaran.[5] The sudden emergence of Iranian names among the descendants of Shirvanshah Yazid ibn Ahmad (r. 991–1027) is significant in relation to the fact that he and his daughter Shamkuya were buried in Shabaran. This development most likely resulted from Yazid ibn Ahmad's union with a princess of an ancient local dynasty.[6]In 1167, Akhsitan I of Shirvan asked the King of Georgia George III to help him to defend from Kipchak, Khazar, Alan and Rus' assaulters. George III marched against them and conquered Shabaran, which in Georgian sources is referred to as \"Shaburani\". George III proceeded to give this town to Shirvanshah, who was his subject.[7]In 1538 Shirvanshah rule was abolished by the Safavid shahs (kings) of Iran, who turned Shirvan into a province,[8] which Shabaran was part of.[9] The German explorer Engelbert Kaempfer (died 1716) mentions Shabaran as one of the villages in Iran that had coffeehouses.[10]Shabaran was completely destroyed in 1723.[11]","title":"Shabaran"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Šervānšāhs\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.iranicaonline.org/articles/servansahs"},{"link_name":"Floor, Willem M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_Floor"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1933823232","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1933823232"},{"link_name":"Gould, Rebecca Ruth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Gould"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1163/18747167-12341296","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1163%2F18747167-12341296"},{"link_name":"Le Strange, Guy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Le_Strange"},{"link_name":"The Lands of the Eastern Caliphate: Mesopotamia, Persia, and Central Asia, from the Moslem Conquest to the Time of Timur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/landsoftheeaster028596mbp"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1044046","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1044046"},{"link_name":"On the modern politicization of the Persian poet Nezami Ganjavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20220914063448/https://persianpoetry.arizona.edu/sites/persianpoetry.sites.arizona.edu/files/POLITICIZATION%20OF%20NEZAMI_0.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//persianpoetry.arizona.edu/sites/persianpoetry.sites.arizona.edu/files/POLITICIZATION%20OF%20NEZAMI_0.pdf"},{"link_name":"Matthee, Rudolph P.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudi_Matthee"},{"link_name":"The pursuit of pleasure: drugs and stimulants in Iranian history, 1500-1900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=YOUXEAAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0691144443","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691144443"},{"link_name":"Minorsky, Vladimir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Minorsky"},{"link_name":"Ḥudūd al-ʿĀlam, The Regions of the World: A Persian Geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281514"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0906094037","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0906094037"}],"text":"Bosworth, C. E. (2011). \"Šervānšāhs\". Encyclopaedia Iranica.\nFloor, Willem M. (2008). Titles and Emoluments in Safavid Iran: A Third Manual of Safavid Administration, by Mirza Naqi Nasiri. Mage Publishers. ISBN 978-1933823232.\nGould, Rebecca Ruth (2016). \"Wearing the Belt of Oppression: Khāqāni's Christian Qasida and the Prison Poetry of Medieval Shirvān\". Journal of Persianate Studies. 9 (1): 19–44. doi:10.1163/18747167-12341296.\nLe Strange, Guy (1905). The Lands of the Eastern Caliphate: Mesopotamia, Persia, and Central Asia, from the Moslem Conquest to the Time of Timur. New York: Barnes & Noble, Inc. OCLC 1044046.\nLornejad, Siavash; Doostzadeh, Ali (2012). Arakelova, Victoria; Asatrian, Garnik (eds.). On the modern politicization of the Persian poet Nezami Ganjavi (PDF). Caucasian Centre for Iranian Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-09-14. Retrieved 2023-01-16.\nMatthee, Rudolph P. (2005). The pursuit of pleasure: drugs and stimulants in Iranian history, 1500-1900. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691144443.\nMinorsky, Vladimir (1937). Ḥudūd al-ʿĀlam, The Regions of the World: A Persian Geography. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0906094037.\nMinorsky, Vladimir (1958). A History of Sharvān and Darband in the 10th-11th Centuries. Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons, Ltd.","title":"Sources"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"The Georgian Chronicles (PDF). Georgian National Academy of Science. 2012. pp. 234–235.","urls":[{"url":"http://science.org.ge/old/books/Kartlis%20cxovreba/Kartlis%20Cxovreba%202012%20Eng.pdf","url_text":"The Georgian Chronicles"}]},{"reference":"Bosworth, C. E. (2011). \"Šervānšāhs\". Encyclopaedia Iranica.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/servansahs","url_text":"\"Šervānšāhs\""}]},{"reference":"Floor, Willem M. (2008). Titles and Emoluments in Safavid Iran: A Third Manual of Safavid Administration, by Mirza Naqi Nasiri. Mage Publishers. 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OCLC 1044046.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Le_Strange","url_text":"Le Strange, Guy"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/landsoftheeaster028596mbp","url_text":"The Lands of the Eastern Caliphate: Mesopotamia, Persia, and Central Asia, from the Moslem Conquest to the Time of Timur"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1044046","url_text":"1044046"}]},{"reference":"Lornejad, Siavash; Doostzadeh, Ali (2012). Arakelova, Victoria; Asatrian, Garnik (eds.). On the modern politicization of the Persian poet Nezami Ganjavi (PDF). Caucasian Centre for Iranian Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-09-14. Retrieved 2023-01-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220914063448/https://persianpoetry.arizona.edu/sites/persianpoetry.sites.arizona.edu/files/POLITICIZATION%20OF%20NEZAMI_0.pdf","url_text":"On the modern politicization of the Persian poet Nezami Ganjavi"},{"url":"https://persianpoetry.arizona.edu/sites/persianpoetry.sites.arizona.edu/files/POLITICIZATION%20OF%20NEZAMI_0.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Matthee, Rudolph P. (2005). The pursuit of pleasure: drugs and stimulants in Iranian history, 1500-1900. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691144443.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudi_Matthee","url_text":"Matthee, Rudolph P."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YOUXEAAAQBAJ","url_text":"The pursuit of pleasure: drugs and stimulants in Iranian history, 1500-1900"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691144443","url_text":"978-0691144443"}]},{"reference":"Minorsky, Vladimir (1937). Ḥudūd al-ʿĀlam, The Regions of the World: A Persian Geography. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0906094037.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Minorsky","url_text":"Minorsky, Vladimir"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281514","url_text":"Ḥudūd al-ʿĀlam, The Regions of the World: A Persian Geography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0906094037","url_text":"978-0906094037"}]},{"reference":"Minorsky, Vladimir (1958). A History of Sharvān and Darband in the 10th-11th Centuries. Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons, Ltd.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Shabaran&params=41_17_44_N_48_52_53_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"41°17′44″N 48°52′53″E / 41.29556°N 48.88139°E / 41.29556; 48.88139"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Shabaran&params=41_17_44_N_48_52_53_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"41°17′44″N 48°52′53″E / 41.29556°N 48.88139°E / 41.29556; 48.88139"},{"Link":"http://science.org.ge/old/books/Kartlis%20cxovreba/Kartlis%20Cxovreba%202012%20Eng.pdf","external_links_name":"The Georgian Chronicles"},{"Link":"https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/servansahs","external_links_name":"\"Šervānšāhs\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F18747167-12341296","external_links_name":"10.1163/18747167-12341296"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/landsoftheeaster028596mbp","external_links_name":"The Lands of the Eastern Caliphate: Mesopotamia, Persia, and Central Asia, from the Moslem Conquest to the Time of Timur"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1044046","external_links_name":"1044046"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220914063448/https://persianpoetry.arizona.edu/sites/persianpoetry.sites.arizona.edu/files/POLITICIZATION%20OF%20NEZAMI_0.pdf","external_links_name":"On the modern politicization of the Persian poet Nezami Ganjavi"},{"Link":"https://persianpoetry.arizona.edu/sites/persianpoetry.sites.arizona.edu/files/POLITICIZATION%20OF%20NEZAMI_0.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YOUXEAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The pursuit of pleasure: drugs and stimulants in Iranian history, 1500-1900"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281514","external_links_name":"Ḥudūd al-ʿĀlam, The Regions of the World: A Persian Geography"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomoko_Ishimura	Tomoko Ishimura	["1 Notable filmography","2 External links"]	Japanese voice actress (born 1972) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Tomoko Ishimura" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Tomoko Ishimura (石村知子, Ishimura Tomoko, born February 24, 1972 in Zama, Kanagawa, Japan) is a Japanese voice actress who works for 81 Produce. She was formerly credited as Mifuyu Hiiragi (柊美冬, Hiiragi Mifuyu) and Kyoko Tsuruno (鶴野恭子, Tsuruno Kyōko). Notable filmography Dante in Romeo's Blue Skies (1995) Rumiya in Magical Girl Pretty Sammy (1995) Princess Fatora in El Hazard (1995) Kenta in Brave Command Dagwon: The Boy With The Crystal Eyes (1996) Martina Xoana Mel Navratilova in Slayers Next (1996) Ryousuke Shiroyama, Kensuke Watanabe in You're Under Arrest (TV series) (1996) Mimi in Buttobi CPU (1997) Chisa Shinohara in Fancy Lala (1998) Millienium Feria Nocturne in Lost Universe (1998) Larry (young) in Silent Möbius (1998) Sister Akane in St. Luminous Mission High School (1998) Saeno Hiiragi in Seraphim Call (1999) Kyoko-chan in Hamtaro (2000) Eris Williamette in Gear Fighter Dendoh (2000) Unknown date Raichi in Mirmo! Sho Aizawa in Figure 17 Tokuzo Sugiura in Chibi Maruko-chan Dizzy in Bob the Builder Kinako Monaka in Magical Nyan Nyan Taruto Chisao Ohyama in Rockman.EXE series Megumi Shinohara in Future GPX Cyber Formula SAGA Emperor Rudolf Gerhard Zeppelin III in Zoids: Chaotic Century Roan in Grandia II Tsubasa in Matantei Loki Ragnarok (episoden: 3 und 13) Kytes in Final Fantasy XII: Revenant Wings External links Tomoko Ishimura at Anime News Network's encyclopedia Tomoko Ishimura at IMDb Tomoko Ishimura (listed as Kyoko Tsuruno) at Ryu's Seiyuu Infos Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz This biographical article about a Japanese voice actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zama, Kanagawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zama,_Kanagawa"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"voice actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiy%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"81 Produce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/81_Produce"}],"text":"Tomoko Ishimura (石村知子, Ishimura Tomoko, born February 24, 1972 in Zama, Kanagawa, Japan) is a Japanese voice actress who works for 81 Produce. She was formerly credited as Mifuyu Hiiragi (柊美冬, Hiiragi Mifuyu) and Kyoko Tsuruno (鶴野恭子, Tsuruno Kyōko).","title":"Tomoko Ishimura"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Romeo's Blue Skies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo%27s_Blue_Skies"},{"link_name":"Rumiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumiya_(Pretty_Sammy)"},{"link_name":"Magical Girl Pretty Sammy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magical_Girl_Pretty_Sammy"},{"link_name":"Princess Fatora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characters_in_El-Hazard#Fatora"},{"link_name":"El Hazard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Hazard"},{"link_name":"Brave Command Dagwon: The Boy With The Crystal Eyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brave_Command_Dagwon"},{"link_name":"Slayers Next","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slayers_Next"},{"link_name":"You're Under Arrest (TV series)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%27re_Under_Arrest_(manga)"},{"link_name":"Buttobi CPU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buttobi_CPU"},{"link_name":"Fancy Lala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fancy_Lala"},{"link_name":"Lost Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Universe"},{"link_name":"Silent Möbius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_M%C3%B6bius"},{"link_name":"St. Luminous Mission High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Luminous_Mission_High_School"},{"link_name":"Seraphim Call","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seraphim_Call"},{"link_name":"Hamtaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamtaro"},{"link_name":"Gear Fighter Dendoh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear_Fighter_Dendoh"},{"link_name":"Mirmo!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirmo!"},{"link_name":"Figure 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_17"},{"link_name":"Chibi Maruko-chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chibi_Maruko-chan"},{"link_name":"Bob the Builder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_the_Builder"},{"link_name":"Magical Nyan Nyan Taruto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magical_Nyan_Nyan_Taruto"},{"link_name":"Rockman.EXE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MegaMan_NT_Warrior"},{"link_name":"Future GPX Cyber Formula SAGA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_GPX_Cyber_Formula"},{"link_name":"Zoids: Chaotic Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoids:_Chaotic_Century"},{"link_name":"Grandia II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandia_II"},{"link_name":"Matantei Loki Ragnarok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythical_Sleuth_Loki"},{"link_name":"Final Fantasy XII: Revenant Wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Fantasy_XII:_Revenant_Wings"}],"text":"Dante in Romeo's Blue Skies (1995)\nRumiya in Magical Girl Pretty Sammy (1995)\nPrincess Fatora in El Hazard (1995)\nKenta in Brave Command Dagwon: The Boy With The Crystal Eyes (1996)\nMartina Xoana Mel Navratilova in Slayers Next (1996)\nRyousuke Shiroyama, Kensuke Watanabe in You're Under Arrest (TV series) (1996)\nMimi in Buttobi CPU (1997)\nChisa Shinohara in Fancy Lala (1998)\nMillienium Feria Nocturne in Lost Universe (1998)\nLarry (young) in Silent Möbius (1998)\nSister Akane in St. Luminous Mission High School (1998)\nSaeno Hiiragi in Seraphim Call (1999)\nKyoko-chan in Hamtaro (2000)\nEris Williamette in Gear Fighter Dendoh (2000)Unknown dateRaichi in Mirmo!\nSho Aizawa in Figure 17\nTokuzo Sugiura in Chibi Maruko-chan\nDizzy in Bob the Builder\nKinako Monaka in Magical Nyan Nyan Taruto\nChisao Ohyama in Rockman.EXE series\nMegumi Shinohara in Future GPX Cyber Formula SAGA\nEmperor Rudolf Gerhard Zeppelin III in Zoids: Chaotic Century\nRoan in Grandia II\nTsubasa in Matantei Loki Ragnarok (episoden: 3 und 13)\nKytes in Final Fantasy XII: Revenant Wings","title":"Notable filmography"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Tomoko+Ishimura%22","external_links_name":"\"Tomoko Ishimura\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Tomoko+Ishimura%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Tomoko+Ishimura%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Tomoko+Ishimura%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Tomoko+Ishimura%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Tomoko+Ishimura%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/people.php?id=1071","external_links_name":"Tomoko Ishimura"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0386193/","external_links_name":"Tomoko Ishimura"},{"Link":"http://www.seiyuu.info/extendedlisting.php?seiyuu=Kyoko+Tsuruno","external_links_name":"Tomoko Ishimura"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/7ce84421-fe2a-4035-90b2-037867a87554","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tomoko_Ishimura&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesna_Goldsworthy	Vesna Goldsworthy	["1 Biography","1.1 Serbia","1.2 England","2 Awards and honors","3 Bibliography","4 BBC appearances","5 Other audio selections","6 References","7 External links"]	Serbian writer and poet Goldsworthy in 2012 Vesna Goldsworthy FRSL (née Bjelogrlic, Serbian: Bjelogrlić, pronounced: Byelogerlitch), is a Serbian writer and poet. She is from Belgrade and obtained her BA in Comparative Literature and Literary Theory from the University of Belgrade in 1985. She has lived in England since 1986. Goldsworthy became a Professor of Creative Writing at the University of Exeter in 2017. She previously worked at Kingston University where she was Director of the Centre for Suburban Studies. Goldsworthy is a Professor Emeritus of the School of Literature, Drama, and Creative Writing at the University of East Anglia. Her books include Inventing Ruritania (1998), the memoir Chernobyl Strawberries (2005), and a collection of poems The Angel of Salonika (2011). Her first novel, Gorsky, which updated the story of The Great Gatsby, was published in 2015. Her second novel, Monsieur Ka, which is a development of the story of Anna Karenina, was published in 2018. Goldsworthy published her third novel Iron Curtain: a love story in 2022. Biography Serbia Goldsworthy wrote poetry since her youth. The poems were published in literary magazines and anthologies throughout the nineteen seventies and nineteen eighties winning a number of prizes in the former Yugoslavia. In 1984 she read a sonnet at a soccer stadium in front of 30,000 people.: 99–106, 47–48 During the summer of 1984 she attended the Karl Marx Institute of the University of Sofia in order to research Byzantine prayers for her college dissertation and to study Bulgarian.: 136–138 England In 1986 Goldsworthy moved to England. After working for two publishing houses, she spent ten years broadcasting and producing for the BBC World Service in her native Serbian, and in English on BBC Radio 3 and BBC Radio 4.: 167–182 She received an M.A. in Modern English Literature in 1992 and a Ph.D. in 1996, both from the University of London. Goldsworthy then became a faculy member at the University of East Anglia where she continues as Professor Emeritus in the School of Literature, Drama, and Creative Writing. In 2009 Goldsworthy joined the International Dublin Literary Award panel of judges. In 2017 she joined the faculty of the University of Exeter as a Professor of Creative Writing. Goldsworthy is a member of the Folio-Academy. Her books have been translated into over twenty languages. Goldsworthy read her memoir Chernobyl Strawberries on the BBC. It was listed in the Radio Choice list of The Guardian. J. M. Coetzee commenting on the Angel of Salonika, wrote that her writing was "European in sensibility, elegiac in tone, these poems mark the arrival of a welcome new voice in English poetry."Gorsky, her first novel, remained on the London Times Best Seller list for five months.Gorsky was also listed as a NY Times Editors Choice. The novel Iron Curtain was listed among the Financial Times best summer books of 2022, the New Yorker: Best books We've Read This Year (2023), and The Christian Science Monitor Ten Best Books of February 2023. Awards and honors Crashaw Prize in 2011. Fellow Royal Society of Literature Elected 2021. Momo Kapor Prize in 2022 Bibliography Inventing Ruritania: The Imperialism of the Imagination, Yale University Press, 1998, ISBN 978-0300073126 Chernobyl Strawberries, Atlantic Books, 2005, ISBN 978-1843544142 Hussein, Aamer (2006). Goldsworthy, Vesna (ed.). Writing Worlds 1, The Norwich Exchanges. Norwich Norfolk: Pen & Ink Press. ISBN 978-1902913261. The Angel of Salonika, Salt Publishing, 2011, ISBN 978-1844718788 Gorsky, The Overlook Press, 2015, ISBN 978-1468312232 Monsieur Ka, Chatto and Windus, 2018, ISBN 978-1784741181 Iron curtain: a love story, Chatto and Windus, 2022, ISBN 978-1473596139 BBC appearances Goldsworthy formerly worked for the BBC Serbian Service as a journalist. In 2010, she presented a BBC Radio 4 programme on finding one's voice in a foreign land. In 2017 she was a guest on BBC Radio 3's Private Passions. Other audio selections Goldsworthy, Vesna (8 February 2019). "Vesna Goldsworthy on re-imagining The Great Gatsby and Anna". CBC Books. Retrieved 13 September 2023. Goldsworthy, Vesna (4 May 2022). "My Mission Is To Dismantle Prejudices". Cord Magazine. Retrieved 13 September 2023. Goldsworthy, Vesna (14 May 2023). "Serbian British writer Vesna Goldsworthy on reimagining Anna Karenina". Owltail. Retrieved 13 September 2023. Goldsworthy, Vesna (Winter 2023). "AN INTERVIEW WITH VESNA GOLDSWORTHY - IRON CURTAIN OF DESTINY OR THE DREAM OF FREEDOM". SAN Serbian American Magazine. Retrieved 13 September 2023. References ^ a b c d Goldsworthy, Vesna (2015). Chernobyl Strawberries. London, UK: Wilmington Square Books. ISBN 9781908524478. ^ "Vesna Goldsvorti" (Press release). Belgrade: Geopoetika. 5 March 2021. Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2023. ^ "Professor Vesna Goldsworthy". University of Exeter. Retrieved 26 August 2023. ^ "Pioneering research centre opens net curtains on suburban studies". Kingston University. Retrieved 11 January 2019. ^ Goldsworthy, Vesna. "University of East Anglia". University of East Anglia. Retrieved 11 September 2023. ^ Lacey. "Review: Chernobyl Strawberries by Vesna Goldsworthy \| Books". The Guardian. 8 April 2005. Retrieved 4 November 2017. ^ Rees, J. "A writer's life: Vesna Goldsworthy". Telegraph. Retrieved 4 November 2017. ^ Goldsworthy, Vesna (22 March 2016). "Vesna Goldsworthy: 'I started from Gatsby as a Greek dramatist starts from Antigone'". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 21 May 2023. ^ Feigel, Lara (6 April 2018). "Monsieur Ka by Vesna Goldsworthy review – a deft continuation of Anna Karenina". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 July 2018. ^ Goldsworthy, Vesna (2022). Iron Curtain: a love story. London: Chatto & Windus. ISBN 978-1473596139. ^ "Vesna Goldsvorty". Prosefest. Belgrade: Prosefest. 2014. Retrieved 20 September 2023. ^ Mallon, Thomas (6 March 2023). "Writers Bloc". New Yorker. New York: Condè Nast. ProQuest 2783905123. Retrieved 3 September 2023. ^ a b c University of Exeter. "Vesna Goldsworthy". Staff Profile. University of Exeter. Retrieved 5 September 2023. ^ University of East Anglia (2018). "Vesna Goldsworthy". Staff Profile. University of East Anglia. Retrieved 5 September 2023. ^ "Author Nominated For Novel". Statesman Journal. Salem, Or.: Gannett Media Corp: PT 7. 24 December 2007. ISSN 0739-5507. Retrieved 15 September 2023. ^ "The Folio Academy". Rathbones Folio Prize. Retrieved 15 September 2023. ^ Goldsworthy, Vesna (8 February 2019). Wachtel, Eleanor (ed.). "Vesna Goldsworthy on re-imagining The Great Gatsby and Anna Karenina". Canadian Broadcsting Company. Retrieved 17 September 2023. Quote From Eleanor Wachtel ^ "Radio Choice". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 September 2023. ^ "The Angel of Salonika" (Press release). London: Salt Publishing. 11 November 2015. Retrieved 20 September 2023. ^ "best sellers". The London Times. 15 September 2015. Retrieved 17 September 2023. ^ "best sellers". The London Times. 2 May 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023. ^ "Editors' Choice". NY Times Book Review (December 27, 2015): BR22. 27 December 2015. ProQuest 1754871995. Retrieved 17 September 2023. ^ Studemann, Frederick (25 June 2022). "Best Summer Books of 2022; Critics' Picks". Financial Times (June 25, 2022). Retrieved 18 September 2023. ^ "Iron Curtain". New Yorker. 2023 (March 8, 2023). 8 March 2023. Retrieved 18 September 2023. ^ "The Ten Best Books of February". The Christian Science Monitor (February 27, 2023). 27 February 2023. ProQuest 2780191324. Retrieved 18 September 2023. ^ "#CrashawPrize The shortlist in profile: Vesna Goldsworthy « blog.saltpublishing.com". Archived from the original on 6 December 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2011. ^ "Vesna Goldsworthy". Royal Society of Literature. Retrieved 9 September 2023. ^ Karović, Boban (6 June 2022). "NEW IRON CURTAIN FALLING ON THE WORLD!". Kurir. Retrieved 9 September 2023. ^ "BBC Radio 3 - Private Passions, Vesna Goldsworthy". BBC. Retrieved 21 May 2023. External links Professor Vesna Goldsworthy at the University of Exeter Portals: Serbia Biography United Kingdom Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel Belgium United States Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Portugal Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VesnaGoldsworthy_creditMartinFigura_crop.jpg"},{"link_name":"FRSL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FRSL"},{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names"},{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_language"},{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbs"},{"link_name":"poet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goldsworthy2015-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"University of Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Belgrade"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"University of Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Exeter_profile-3"},{"link_name":"Kingston University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_University"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-suburban_studies-4"},{"link_name":"University of East Anglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_East_Anglia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ruritania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruritania"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lacey-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph-7"},{"link_name":"The Great Gatsby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Gatsby"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Anna Karenina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Karenina"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Goldsworthy in 2012Vesna Goldsworthy FRSL (née Bjelogrlic, Serbian: Bjelogrlić, pronounced: Byelogerlitch), is a Serbian writer and poet.[1][2] She is from Belgrade and obtained her BA in Comparative Literature and Literary Theory from the University of Belgrade in 1985. She has lived in England since 1986.\nGoldsworthy became a Professor of Creative Writing at the University of Exeter in 2017.[3] She previously worked at Kingston University where she was Director of the Centre for Suburban Studies.[4] Goldsworthy is a Professor Emeritus of the School of Literature, Drama, and Creative Writing at the University of East Anglia.[5]Her books include Inventing Ruritania (1998), the memoir Chernobyl Strawberries (2005),[6] and a collection of poems The Angel of Salonika (2011).[7] Her first novel, Gorsky, which updated the story of The Great Gatsby, was published in 2015.[8] Her second novel, Monsieur Ka, which is a development of the story of Anna Karenina, was published in 2018.[9]\nGoldsworthy published her third novel Iron Curtain: a love story in 2022.[10]","title":"Vesna Goldsworthy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prosefest-11"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goldsworthy2015-1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mallon-12"},{"link_name":"University of Sofia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sofia"},{"link_name":"Byzantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goldsworthy2015-1"}],"sub_title":"Serbia","text":"Goldsworthy wrote poetry since her youth. The poems were published in literary magazines and anthologies throughout the nineteen seventies and nineteen eighties winning a number of prizes in the former Yugoslavia.[11] In 1984 she read a sonnet at a soccer stadium in front of 30,000 people.[1]: 99–106, 47–48 \n[12]\nDuring the summer of 1984 she attended the Karl Marx Institute of the University of Sofia in order to research Byzantine prayers for her college dissertation and to study Bulgarian.[1]: 136–138","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goldsworthy2015-1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Exeter-13"},{"link_name":"University of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_London"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Exeter-13"},{"link_name":"University of East Anglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_East_Anglia"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UEA-14"},{"link_name":"International Dublin Literary Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Dublin_Literary_Award"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"University of Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Exeter-13"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"J. M. Coetzee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._M._Coetzee"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"England","text":"In 1986 Goldsworthy moved to England. After working for two publishing houses, she spent ten years broadcasting and producing for the BBC World Service in her native Serbian, and in English on BBC Radio 3 and BBC Radio 4.[1]: 167–182 [13] She received an M.A. in Modern English Literature in 1992 and a Ph.D. in 1996, both from the University of London.[13] Goldsworthy then became a faculy member at the University of East Anglia where she continues as Professor Emeritus in the School of Literature, Drama, and Creative Writing.[14]\nIn 2009 Goldsworthy joined the International Dublin Literary Award panel of judges.[15]\nIn 2017 she joined the faculty of the University of Exeter as a Professor of Creative Writing.[13]\nGoldsworthy is a member of the Folio-Academy.[16]Her books have been translated into over twenty languages.[17] Goldsworthy read her memoir Chernobyl Strawberries on the BBC. It was listed in the Radio Choice list of The Guardian.[18] J. M. Coetzee commenting on the Angel of Salonika, wrote that her writing was \"European in sensibility, elegiac in tone, these poems mark the arrival of a welcome new voice in English poetry.\"[19]Gorsky, her first novel, remained on the London Times Best Seller list for five months.[20][21]Gorsky was also listed as a NY Times Editors Choice.[22] The novel Iron Curtain was listed among the Financial Times best summer books of 2022, the New Yorker: Best books We've Read This Year (2023), and The Christian Science Monitor Ten Best Books of February 2023.[23][24][25]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crashaw Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crashaw_Prize"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Fellow Royal Society of Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_Royal_Society_of_Literature"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Momo Kapor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momo_Kapor"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"Crashaw Prize in 2011.[26]\nFellow Royal Society of Literature Elected 2021.[27]\nMomo Kapor Prize in 2022[28]","title":"Awards and honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0300073126","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300073126"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1843544142","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1843544142"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1902913261","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1902913261"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1844718788","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1844718788"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1468312232","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1468312232"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1784741181","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1784741181"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1473596139","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1473596139"}],"text":"Inventing Ruritania: The Imperialism of the Imagination, Yale University Press, 1998, ISBN 978-0300073126\nChernobyl Strawberries, Atlantic Books, 2005, ISBN 978-1843544142\nHussein, Aamer (2006). Goldsworthy, Vesna (ed.). Writing Worlds 1, The Norwich Exchanges. Norwich Norfolk[England]: Pen & Ink Press. ISBN 978-1902913261.\nThe Angel of Salonika, Salt Publishing, 2011, ISBN 978-1844718788\nGorsky, The Overlook Press, 2015, ISBN 978-1468312232\nMonsieur Ka, Chatto and Windus, 2018, ISBN 978-1784741181\nIron curtain: a love story, Chatto and Windus, 2022, ISBN 978-1473596139","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBC Radio 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_4"},{"link_name":"Private Passions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Passions"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"Goldsworthy formerly worked for the BBC Serbian Service as a journalist.\nIn 2010, she presented a BBC Radio 4 programme on finding one's voice in a foreign land.\nIn 2017 she was a guest on BBC Radio 3's Private Passions.[29]","title":"BBC appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Vesna Goldsworthy on re-imagining The Great Gatsby and Anna\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cbc.ca/radio/writersandcompany/vesna-goldsworthy-Karenina-on-re-imagining-the-great-gatsby-and-anna-karenina-1.5012004"},{"link_name":"\"My Mission Is To Dismantle Prejudices\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cordmagazine.com/culture/interviews-culture/vesna-goldsworthy-author-my-mission-is-to-dismantle-prejudices/"},{"link_name":"\"Serbian British writer Vesna Goldsworthy on reimagining Anna Karenina\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.owltail.com/people/7Iw9t-vesna-goldsworthy/appearances"},{"link_name":"\"AN INTERVIEW WITH VESNA GOLDSWORTHY - IRON CURTAIN OF DESTINY OR THE DREAM OF FREEDOM\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.sanmagazine.ca/article/%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%98%D1%83-%D1%81%D0%B0-%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8-%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0-%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8-%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%BE-%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8"}],"text":"Goldsworthy, Vesna (8 February 2019). \"Vesna Goldsworthy on re-imagining The Great Gatsby and Anna\". CBC Books. Retrieved 13 September 2023.\nGoldsworthy, Vesna (4 May 2022). \"My Mission Is To Dismantle Prejudices\". Cord Magazine. Retrieved 13 September 2023.\nGoldsworthy, Vesna (14 May 2023). \"Serbian British writer Vesna Goldsworthy on reimagining Anna Karenina\". Owltail. Retrieved 13 September 2023.\nGoldsworthy, Vesna (Winter 2023). \"AN INTERVIEW WITH VESNA GOLDSWORTHY - IRON CURTAIN OF DESTINY OR THE DREAM OF FREEDOM\". SAN Serbian American Magazine. Retrieved 13 September 2023.","title":"Other audio selections"}]	[{"image_text":"Goldsworthy in 2012","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/VesnaGoldsworthy_creditMartinFigura_crop.jpg/220px-VesnaGoldsworthy_creditMartinFigura_crop.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Hussein, Aamer (2006). Goldsworthy, Vesna (ed.). Writing Worlds 1, The Norwich Exchanges. Norwich Norfolk[England]: Pen & Ink Press. ISBN 978-1902913261.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1902913261","url_text":"978-1902913261"}]},{"reference":"Goldsworthy, Vesna (8 February 2019). \"Vesna Goldsworthy on re-imagining The Great Gatsby and Anna\". CBC Books. Retrieved 13 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/radio/writersandcompany/vesna-goldsworthy-Karenina-on-re-imagining-the-great-gatsby-and-anna-karenina-1.5012004","url_text":"\"Vesna Goldsworthy on re-imagining The Great Gatsby and Anna\""}]},{"reference":"Goldsworthy, Vesna (4 May 2022). \"My Mission Is To Dismantle Prejudices\". Cord Magazine. Retrieved 13 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://cordmagazine.com/culture/interviews-culture/vesna-goldsworthy-author-my-mission-is-to-dismantle-prejudices/","url_text":"\"My Mission Is To Dismantle Prejudices\""}]},{"reference":"Goldsworthy, Vesna (14 May 2023). \"Serbian British writer Vesna Goldsworthy on reimagining Anna Karenina\". Owltail. Retrieved 13 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.owltail.com/people/7Iw9t-vesna-goldsworthy/appearances","url_text":"\"Serbian British writer Vesna Goldsworthy on reimagining Anna Karenina\""}]},{"reference":"Goldsworthy, Vesna (Winter 2023). \"AN INTERVIEW WITH VESNA GOLDSWORTHY - IRON CURTAIN OF DESTINY OR THE DREAM OF FREEDOM\". SAN Serbian American Magazine. Retrieved 13 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sanmagazine.ca/article/%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%98%D1%83-%D1%81%D0%B0-%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8-%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0-%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8-%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%BE-%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8","url_text":"\"AN INTERVIEW WITH VESNA GOLDSWORTHY - IRON CURTAIN OF DESTINY OR THE DREAM OF FREEDOM\""}]},{"reference":"Goldsworthy, Vesna (2015). Chernobyl Strawberries. London, UK: Wilmington Square Books. ISBN 9781908524478.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781908524478","url_text":"9781908524478"}]},{"reference":"\"Vesna Goldsvorti\" (Press release). Belgrade: Geopoetika. 5 March 2021. Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210305165205/https://www.geopoetika.com/author.php?id=641","url_text":"\"Vesna Goldsvorti\""},{"url":"https://www.geopoetika.com/author.php?id=641","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Professor Vesna Goldsworthy\". University of Exeter. Retrieved 26 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://english.exeter.ac.uk/staff/goldsworthy/","url_text":"\"Professor Vesna Goldsworthy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Exeter","url_text":"University of Exeter"}]},{"reference":"\"Pioneering research centre opens net curtains on suburban studies\". Kingston University. Retrieved 11 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kingston.ac.uk/news/archive/2004/april/26-pioneering-research-centre-opens-net-curtains-on-suburban-studies/","url_text":"\"Pioneering research centre opens net curtains on suburban studies\""}]},{"reference":"Goldsworthy, Vesna. \"University of East Anglia\". University of East Anglia. Retrieved 11 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://research-portal.uea.ac.uk/en/persons/vesna-goldsworthy?_ga=2.65799214.1287827734.1694463420-1026014736.1694463418","url_text":"\"University of East Anglia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Review: Chernobyl Strawberries by Vesna Goldsworthy \| Books\". The Guardian. 8 April 2005. Retrieved 4 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2005/apr/09/biography.highereducation","url_text":"\"Review: Chernobyl Strawberries by Vesna Goldsworthy \| Books\""}]},{"reference":"Rees, J. \"A writer's life: Vesna Goldsworthy\". Telegraph. Retrieved 4 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3639367/A-writers-life-Vesna-Goldsworthy.html","url_text":"\"A writer's life: Vesna Goldsworthy\""}]},{"reference":"Goldsworthy, Vesna (22 March 2016). \"Vesna Goldsworthy: 'I started from Gatsby as a Greek dramatist starts from Antigone'\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 21 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/mar/22/vesna-goldsworthy-paperback-writer-novel-gorsky-great-gatsby","url_text":"\"Vesna Goldsworthy: 'I started from Gatsby as a Greek dramatist starts from Antigone'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"Feigel, Lara (6 April 2018). \"Monsieur Ka by Vesna Goldsworthy review – a deft continuation of Anna Karenina\". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/apr/06/monsieur-ka-by-vesna-goldsworthy-review","url_text":"\"Monsieur Ka by Vesna Goldsworthy review – a deft continuation of Anna Karenina\""}]},{"reference":"Goldsworthy, Vesna (2022). Iron Curtain: a love story. London: Chatto & Windus. ISBN 978-1473596139.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1473596139","url_text":"978-1473596139"}]},{"reference":"\"Vesna Goldsvorty\". Prosefest. Belgrade: Prosefest. 2014. Retrieved 20 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://prosefest.rs/2015/vesna-goldsvorti/","url_text":"\"Vesna Goldsvorty\""}]},{"reference":"Mallon, Thomas (6 March 2023). \"Writers Bloc\". New Yorker. New York: Condè Nast. ProQuest 2783905123. Retrieved 3 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proquest.com/magazines","url_text":"\"Writers Bloc\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/2783905123","url_text":"2783905123"}]},{"reference":"University of Exeter. \"Vesna Goldsworthy\". Staff Profile. University of Exeter. Retrieved 5 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://english.exeter.ac.uk/staff/goldsworthy/","url_text":"\"Vesna Goldsworthy\""}]},{"reference":"University of East Anglia (2018). \"Vesna Goldsworthy\". Staff Profile. University of East Anglia. Retrieved 5 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://research-portal.uea.ac.uk/en/persons/vesna-goldsworthy","url_text":"\"Vesna Goldsworthy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Author Nominated For Novel\". Statesman Journal. Salem, Or.: Gannett Media Corp: PT 7. 24 December 2007. ISSN 0739-5507. Retrieved 15 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proquest.com/","url_text":"\"Author Nominated For Novel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0739-5507","url_text":"0739-5507"}]},{"reference":"\"The Folio Academy\". Rathbones Folio Prize. Retrieved 15 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rathbonesfolioprize.com/the-academy-2/","url_text":"\"The Folio Academy\""}]},{"reference":"Goldsworthy, Vesna (8 February 2019). Wachtel, Eleanor (ed.). \"Vesna Goldsworthy on re-imagining The Great Gatsby and Anna Karenina\". Canadian Broadcsting Company. Retrieved 17 September 2023. Quote From Eleanor Wachtel","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/radio/writersandcompany/vesna-goldsworthy-on-re-imagining-the-great-gatsby-and-anna-karenina-1.5012004","url_text":"\"Vesna Goldsworthy on re-imagining The Great Gatsby and Anna Karenina\""}]},{"reference":"\"Radio Choice\". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A131865330/STND?u=nysl_oweb&sid=bookmark-STND&xid=da584cbb","url_text":"\"Radio Choice\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Angel of Salonika\" (Press release). London: Salt Publishing. 11 November 2015. Retrieved 20 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.saltpublishing.com/products/the-angel-of-salonika-9781844718788","url_text":"\"The Angel of Salonika\""}]},{"reference":"\"best sellers\". The London Times. 15 September 2015. Retrieved 17 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A429098656/STND?u=nysl_oweb&sid=bookmark-STND&xid=c6b220bd","url_text":"\"best sellers\""}]},{"reference":"\"best sellers\". The London Times. 2 May 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A411033609/STND?u=nysl_oweb&sid=bookmark-STND&xid=beb6671a","url_text":"\"best sellers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Editors' Choice\". NY Times Book Review (December 27, 2015): BR22. 27 December 2015. ProQuest 1754871995. Retrieved 17 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://proquest.com/magazines","url_text":"\"Editors' Choice\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1754871995","url_text":"1754871995"}]},{"reference":"Studemann, Frederick (25 June 2022). \"Best Summer Books of 2022; Critics' Picks\". Financial Times (June 25, 2022). Retrieved 18 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/content/b82aee21-566c-49d4-b1f4-bee777bc2f60","url_text":"\"Best Summer Books of 2022; Critics' Picks\""}]},{"reference":"\"Iron Curtain\". New Yorker. 2023 (March 8, 2023). 8 March 2023. Retrieved 18 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newyorker.com/best-books-2023","url_text":"\"Iron Curtain\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Ten Best Books of February\". The Christian Science Monitor (February 27, 2023). 27 February 2023. ProQuest 2780191324. Retrieved 18 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proquest.com/newpapers","url_text":"\"The Ten Best Books of February\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/2780191324","url_text":"2780191324"}]},{"reference":"\"#CrashawPrize The shortlist in profile: Vesna Goldsworthy « blog.saltpublishing.com\". Archived from the original on 6 December 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111206021543/http://blog.saltpublishing.com/2011/02/08/crashawprize-the-shortlist-in-profile-vesna-goldsworthy/","url_text":"\"#CrashawPrize The shortlist in profile: Vesna Goldsworthy « blog.saltpublishing.com\""},{"url":"http://blog.saltpublishing.com/2011/02/08/crashawprize-the-shortlist-in-profile-vesna-goldsworthy/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Vesna Goldsworthy\". Royal Society of Literature. Retrieved 9 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://rsliterature.org/fellows/vesna-goldsworthy/","url_text":"\"Vesna Goldsworthy\""}]},{"reference":"Karović, Boban (6 June 2022). \"NEW IRON CURTAIN FALLING ON THE WORLD!\". Kurir. Retrieved 9 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kurir.rs/news/3948141/new-iron-curtain-falling-on-the-world-vesna-goldsworthy-for-kurir-i-dont-envy-serbian-politicians","url_text":"\"NEW IRON CURTAIN FALLING ON THE WORLD!\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Radio 3 - Private Passions, Vesna Goldsworthy\". BBC. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binge_watching	Binge-watching	["1 Statistics","2 History","3 Cultural impact","3.1 In popular culture","4 Attentiveness","5 Mood-regulation","6 Effects on sleep","7 Personality traits","8 Risks","9 Effects on advertising","10 See also","11 References"]	Practice of watching television for a long time span For the overlapping concept of marathon viewing, see marathon (media). Netflix loaded on a TV in a Manhattan apartment Binge-watching (also called binge-viewing) is the practice of watching entertainment or informational content for a prolonged time span, usually a single television show. Statistics Binge-watching overlaps with marathon viewing which places more emphasis on stamina and less on self-indulgence. In a survey conducted by Netflix in February 2014, 73% of people define binge-watching as "watching between 2–6 episodes of the same TV show in one sitting". Some researchers have argued that binge-watching should be defined based on the context and the actual content of TV show. Others suggested that what is normally called binge-watching in fact refers to more than one type of TV viewing experience. They proposed that the notion of binge-watching should be expanded to include both the prolonged sit (watching 3 or more episodes in a row, in one sitting) and the accelerated consumption of an entire season (or seasons) of a show, one episode at a time, over several days. Binge-watching as an observed cultural phenomenon has become popular with the rise of video streaming services in the 2006–2007 time frame, such as Netflix, Amazon Prime Video, and Hulu through which the viewer can watch television shows and movies on-demand. For example, 61% of the Netflix survey participants said they binge-watch regularly. Recent research based on video-on-demand data from major US video streaming providers shows that over 64% of the customers binged-watched once during a year. History Further information: Marathon (media) § History The first uses of "binge" in reference to television appeared in Variety under the byline of TV industry reporter George Rosen, in 1948, according to archival research by media scholar Emil Steiner. The term "TV binge" first appeared in a U.S. newspaper on July 27, 1952, in the Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Sports editor Ed Danforth used the term to describe a Bob Hope–Bing Crosby telethon to raise money for the U.S. Olympic team. While the term "TV marathon" was used frequently in the 1950s, "TV binge" rarely appeared in English language periodicals from 1952-1986 and was most commonly used as a side effect of technological improvements in broadcast television around multi-game sporting events such as the NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament, the Olympics, and the World Cup. An October 1970 Vogue trendspotting feature described how people were talking about "the television binge of sports with more networks finding live action healthier than canned plots." The first printed usage of the term "binge viewing" appeared in a December, 1986 Philadelphia Inquirer last-minute Christmas list by TV Critic Andy Wickstrom who suggested Scotch tape to mend worn VCR tape if "you're a confirmed weekday time-shifter, saving up the soap operas for weekend binge viewing." This first use of "binge viewing" as a gerund predated "binge-watching" uses by nearly a decade. The first known usage of binge-watching as an active verb is credited to GregSerl, an X-Files Usenet newsgroup commenter. On December 20, 1998, he posted a mock questionnaire that asked X-Files fans "Do you ever binge watch (marathon)? Despite that usage, Steiner argues that "binge viewing" is a far closer synonym to binge-watching than marathon. Japanese manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump developed a successful formula of publishing individual manga chapters and then compiling them into separate standalone tankōbon volumes that could be "binged" all at once. This Jump formula produced major Japanese pop culture hits such as Dragon Ball (1984 debut), One Piece (1997 debut) and Naruto (1999 debut). According to Matt Alt of The New Yorker, "Jump presaged the way the world consumes streaming entertainment today." The practice of binge-watching was previously called marathon-watching. Early examples of this practice include marathon viewing sessions of imported Japanese anime shows on VHS tapes in anime fandom communities during the late 1970s to 1980s, and Nickelodeon's Nick at Nite which broadcast multiple episodes from Donna Reed and Route 66 in July 1985. The usage of the word "binge-watching" was popularized with the advent of on-demand viewing and online streaming. In 2013, the word burst into mainstream use to describe the Netflix practice of releasing seasons of its original programs simultaneously, as opposed to the industry standard model of releasing episodes on a weekly basis. In November 2015, the Collins English Dictionary chose the word "binge-watch" as the word of the year. At the beginning of the 2020 pandemic, there was a noticeable surge of Netflix binge watching. Lockdown made it so that those stuck at home turned towards spending their time catching up and re-watching television series. In a comparison study, Bridget Rubenking observed that traditional appointment viewing had decreased from 2015 to 2020. Rubenking noted that all three types of viewing, binge watching, serial viewing, and appointment viewing, were at an all-time high during the start of the pandemic. These circumstances contributed to a rise in the number of individuals who adopted these habits. Cultural impact Actor Kevin Spacey used the 2013 MacTaggart Lecture to implore television executives to give audiences "what they want when they want it. If they want to binge, then we should let them binge". He claimed that high-quality stories will retain audience's attention for hours on end, and may reduce piracy, although millions still download content illegally. Binge-watching "complex, quality TV" such as The Wire and Breaking Bad has been likened to reading more than one chapter of a novel in one sitting, and is viewed by some as a "smart, contemplative way" of watching TV. A recent study found that while binge-watching, people feel "transported" into the world of the show, which increases their viewing enjoyment, makes them binge-watch more frequently and for longer. ITV Director of Television Peter Fincham warned that binge-watching erodes the "social value" of television as there are fewer opportunities to anticipate future episodes and discuss them with friends. Nevertheless, research has shown that heavy binge-watching does not necessarily mean less social engagement. One study found quite the opposite, reporting that heavy binge-watchers spent more time in interactions with friends and family on a daily basis than non-binge-watchers. Heavy binge-watchers are used by others as sources of opinion about what shows to watch and they often engage in conversations about TV shows both offline and online. Research conducted at the University of Texas at Austin found binge watching television is correlated with depression, loneliness, self-regulation deficiency, and obesity. "Even though some people argue that binge-watching is a harmless addiction, findings from our study suggest that binge-watching should no longer be viewed this way," the authors conclude. Cases of people being treated for "binge watching addiction" have already been reported. Research published by media scholar, Dr. Anne Sweet, Ph.D., underlines that binge-watching is a form of compulsive consumption, similar to binge-eating, or binge-drinking, and that due to its addictive aspects, it could even represent a form of TV addiction. These findings were problematized by Pittman and Steiner (2019), who found that "the degree to which an individual pays attention to a show may either increase or decrease subsequent regret, depending on the motivation for binge-watching." Research conducted by media scholar Dr. Emil Steiner, Ph.D., at Rowan University isolated five motivations for binge-watching (catching up, relaxation, sense of completion, cultural inclusion, and improved viewing experience). The author concludes that while compulsiveness is possible, most binge-viewers have an ambivalent relationship with the nascent techno-cultural behavior. Furthermore, he argues that the negotiation of control in binge-watching is changing our understanding of television culture. Research conducted by Technicolor lab in 2016 found that a binge-watching session does increase the probability of another binge-watching session in the near future. In the meantime, the majority of people will not immediately have another binge-watching session. This indicates that binge-watching is not a consistent behavior for real-world video-on-demand consumers. Viewing an entire season of a show within 24 hours of its release has become common. According to a 2018 survey of adult TV watchers, 29% reported having done so. Among those aged 18–29, the number increases to 51%. Conversely, some streaming service original shows may be negatively affected if viewers do not binge watch-them. Many viewers of the Netflix original series The Sandman watched episodes more slowly, but Netflix measures viewer engagement only over the first 28 days after release. This led to uncertainty over whether the series would be renewed for a second season, though it eventually was renewed. In popular culture In July 2013, Entertainment Weekly's website listed the top five television series suited for the new entertainment-consumption phenomenon of binge-watching, which has emerged as viewers have chosen to watch whole seasons of TV series, or even whole series, at a sitting It has also been subjected to parody as the website CollegeHumor released a 2014 comedic PSA titled "The Dangers of Binge-Watching". In March 2020, memes surrounding binge watching while stuck in lockdown circulated the internet. The collective experience of living in a pandemic led to a number of people online to indulge in sharing memes. Attentiveness A 2019 study by Dr. Matthew Pittman of the University of Tennessee and Dr. Emil Steiner of Rowan University examined how attentiveness affected viewer experience and post-binge regret. "The survey (N = 800) determined that the degree to which an individual pays attention to a show may either increase or decrease subsequent regret, depending on the motivation for binge-watching." But simply watching shows that demand more attention is not enough to moderate post-binge regret. Their subsequent research (Pittman and Steiner, 2021) found that viewers who planned their binge-watching ahead of time were more likely to choose shows that aligned with their motives for watching — relaxing comedies, riveting dramas, nostalgic favorites. Such planning improved "viewer engagement, resulting in improved emotional outcomes." Within the television industry, speculation emerged in the early 2020s that binge watching a new series could make a series less memorable in the long term compared to shows released on a more traditional schedule; various streaming providers, led by Disney+, have had success releasing some of their original series on a weekly schedule, in contrast to the Netflix model which is most aggressive among the streaming providers in releasing episodes all at once. Showrunners have increasingly requested that their programs not be released in bulk as a creative decision. Mareike Jenner makes note of streaming services like Netflix using algorithms to recommend relevant content to viewers. Algorithms allow streaming services to personalize the user's experience by suggesting similar series to the one they just watched. Binge watching can be attributed to "the bored body problem," which Tina Kendall explains as the phenomenon of individuals feeling the need to feel engaged. Individuals who feel as if they have limited freedom or choice see binge watching as an activity to participate in. Kendall emphasizes that lockdown has heightened the need to get back into a rhythm as quarantine has left people feeling uncertain about how they should organize their day. Mood-regulation Binge watching can be related to Zillmann's Mood Management Theory, which may account binge-watching as an emotional regulation process. In line with the mood management theory, media content selection could be driven by the purpose of mood regulation. Most people attempt to regulate their moods and shift it to a more positive one through television shows. However, such an effect proves to be dependent on individual self-control. Ego-depleted individuals (i.e., individuals presenting lower available cognitive resources to exert self-control) demonstrate tendencies to negatively evaluate entertainment use as a procrastination form, which may elicit feelings of guilt and negatively impact stress recovery and well-being. Therein, the results of mood-regulation through content binging is dictated through individual self-control. Effects on sleep A 2017 study linked binge-watching to a poorer sleep quality, increased insomnia and fatigue. In fact, binge-watching could lead to an increased cognitive alertness, therefore impacting sleep. The results showed that 98 percent of binge-watchers were more likely to have poor sleep quality, were more alert before sleep and reported more fatigue. Authors also emphasize that findings have been inconsistent in sleep research regarding the negative associations between sleep and television viewing, and that it should be distinguished from binge-watching. Consuming television content at 'binge' levels has been found to create a negative effect on sleep cycles as a whole. Binge-watching may create feelings of regret, which may extending into the early hours of the morning, impacting on sleep and the day ahead. Additionally, individuals displaying binge-watching tendencies are more likely to suffer from insomnia, poorer sleep quality and sleep deprivation. Personality traits A study from 2019 found that there were four profiles that binge-watchers fit into. The first is avid binge-watchers, who have high motivation for watching TV, but also have a strong sense of urgency and emotional reactions. The second is recreational binge-watchers, who have the least motivation and do not spend as much time watching TV. The third profile is, unregulated binge-watchers, who have the highest motivation to watch TV, which is driven by their coping mechanisms. Studies show they also "display the highest impulsivity among the binge-watchers of all types.The last profile is, regulated binge-watchers, who also are motivated by emotional enrichment, they don't react as emotionally, and aren't impulsive people. An other study from 2020 outlines the type of people who are most likely to partake in binge-watching. " are more neurotic, less agreeable, less conscientious, and less open to new experience." They also found that people who binge-watch often are more likely feel sad, anxious, stress and have low self-esteem. The study also finds that people who binge-watch often use "avoidance and emotional coping, instead of task-oriented coping." Risks Studies have shown that prolonged binge-watching can lead to addictive characteristics. The type of instant gratification that it produces can be similar to that of gambling or computer/social media addiction. People who binge-watch regularly usually use it as an escape from reality and to take away from loneliness or boredom. Another study found correlations between binge-watching and procrastinating. Both of these come with warning signs such as, "loss of self-control, urgency, regret, neglect of duties, negative social and health consequences, lying, or even symptoms of withdrawal such as anxiety, nervousness, rage, and concentration difficulties." To the distributor, releasing a full season of episodes en masse to encourage binge-watching raises the risk of a phenomenon where a casual viewer will subscribe to the service, binge-watch the show they want to see, then cancel their subscription. In an effort to retain subscribers longer-term, Netflix in 2024 began splitting the seasons of its marquee original series in half, while rival streaming services had long been moving toward a model more closely resembling the traditional television model of one new episode a week. Effects on advertising This article may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The talk page may contain suggestions. (February 2024) A 2016 study found that, overall, viewers who tend to binge-watch are less responsive to advertising than viewers who do not. The effectiveness of advertising declines the longer a viewing session goes on. Researchers attribute this phenomenon to the disruption caused by ads. Binge-watchers want to remain immersed in what they are watching. They do not want to be forced back into the real world. In 2019, Hulu introduced a new ad format for binge-watchers. A brand runs ads during the first and second episodes of a binge-watching session that include jokes and references to binge-watching. Before the third episode, the brand rewards binge-watchers by running an ad that features a special promotion or announcing they will be able to watch the next episode without commercial interruptions. Lee Rainie of the Pew Research Center stated that: "Although watching television shows or movies on cable is becoming less and less common in our generation, several studies have come out discussing the effects that fast food advertising has especially on the younger audience. When binge watching we come across several different advertisements, and we underestimate the impact and significant effect they have on us." A study on the "Receptivity to television fast-food restaurant marketing and obesity among U.S youth" studied the extent to which fast food advertisements have played a role in the rates of obesity in the United States, where the results found that there was a significant correlation between increased viewing time and receptivity to fast food marketing. The study states that $1.8 billion have been put towards food and beverage marketing directed specifically towards children and adolescents; demonstrating that big corporations know there are certain marketing tactics that have been known to work on younger audiences. There is, of course, a significant ethical concern when it comes to the tailoring of fast food marketing towards children and adolescents as it comprises their health, as many studies have shown. It is extremely important to recognize the receptivity that we have towards what we watch, as this allows us to be more aware of how what we are watching affects us. In learning to do this, young audiences can be more conscious of where their wants or cravings are stemming from, and how to possibly limit them if they are compromising their health and lifestyle. See also Wikiquote has quotations related to Binge-watching. Snack culture Golden Age of Television (2000s–present) Hate-watching References ^ a b West, Kelly (December 13, 2013). "Unsurprising: Netflix Survey Indicates People Like To Binge-Watch TV". Cinema Blend. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved February 12, 2014. ^ a b c Trouleau, William; Ashkan, Azin; Ding, Weicong; Eriksson, Brian (2016). Just One More: Modeling Binge Watching Behavior. KDD '16. New York, NY, USA: ACM. pp. 1215–1224. doi:10.1145/2939672.2939792. ISBN 978-1-4503-4232-2. S2CID 207239073. {{cite book}}: \|work= ignored (help) ^ Anghelcev, George; Sar, Sela; Martin, Justin; Moultrie, Jas L (2021). "Binge-Watching Serial Video Content: Exploring the Subjective Phenomenology of the Binge-Watching Experience". Mass Communication and Society. 24 (1): 130–154. doi:10.1080/15205436.2020.1811346. ^ Poniewozik, James (July 10, 2012). "Go Ahead, Binge-Watch That TV Show". Time. Archived from the original on October 31, 2013. Retrieved September 7, 2013. ^ Jurgensen, John (July 13, 2012). "Binge Viewing: TV's Lost Weekends". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on November 20, 2016. Retrieved February 26, 2017. Using streaming and DVRs, TV viewers are increasingly gobbling up entire seasons of shows in marathon sessions ^ a b Steiner, Emil (2023). Binge TV: The Rise and Impact of the Viewing Revolution. McFarland. ISBN 978-1-4766-8407-9. Archived from the original on March 9, 2023. Retrieved March 9, 2023. ^ Vogue (October 15, 1970). "People Are Talking About..." Vogue. Archived from the original on March 9, 2023. Retrieved March 9, 2023. ^ "Some HTGSC thoughts". Archived from the original on March 9, 2023. Retrieved March 9, 2023. ^ Alt, Matt (June 18, 2021). ""Demon Slayer": The Viral Blockbuster from Japan". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on June 19, 2021. Retrieved June 20, 2021. ^ McKevitt, Andrew C. (August 31, 2017). Consuming Japan: Popular Culture and the Globalizing of 1980s America. UNC Press Books. pp. 194–5. ISBN 978-1-4696-3448-7. Archived from the original on April 20, 2023. Retrieved September 19, 2020. ^ Plunkett, Luke (November 22, 2016). "Early Anime Fans Were Tough Pioneers". Kotaku. Archived from the original on September 22, 2020. Retrieved September 19, 2020. ^ Slevinski, Christy. "CLASSIC MOVE: NICK AT NITE MARKS A DECADE". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved May 1, 2018. ^ "Oxford Dictionaries Word of the Year 2013". OxfordWords blog. Oxford Dictionaries. November 19, 2013. Archived from the original on November 20, 2013. Retrieved December 15, 2013. ^ "Binge-watch is Collins' dictionary's Word of the Year". BBC News. November 5, 2015. Archived from the original on March 9, 2018. Retrieved November 11, 2015. ^ Horeck, Tanya (September 1, 2021). ""Netflix and Heal"". Film Quarterly. 75 (1): 35–40. doi:10.1525/fq.2021.75.1.35. ISSN 0015-1386. S2CID 239698912. Archived from the original on February 24, 2022. Retrieved March 19, 2022. ^ a b Rubenking, Bridget; Bracken, Cheryl Campanella (December 2021). "Binge watching and serial viewing: Comparing new media viewing habits in 2015 and 2020". Addictive Behaviors Reports. 14: 100356. doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2021.100356. PMC 8173264. PMID 34124334. ^ BBC News (August 22, 2013). "Kevin Spacey: TV audiences 'want to binge'". BBC. Archived from the original on January 3, 2018. Retrieved April 21, 2015. ^ Barton, Kristin M. (March 2, 2015). A State of Arrested Development: Critical Essays on the Innovative Television Comed. McFarland. p. 228. ISBN 978-0-7864-7991-7. ^ Anghelcev, George; Sar, Sela; Martin, Justin; Moultrie, Jas (2021). "Binge-Watching Serial Video Content: Exploring the Subjective Phenomenology of the Binge-Watching Experience". Mass Communication and Society. 24 (1): 130–154. doi:10.1080/15205436.2020.1811346. ^ Plunkett, John; Sweney, Mark (August 26, 2013). "Kevin Spacey's MacTaggart lecture prompts defence of traditional TV". The Guardian. Guardian Media Ltd. Archived from the original on December 21, 2016. Retrieved April 21, 2015. ^ Anghelcev, George; Sar, Sela; Martin, Justin; Moultrie, Jas L (2020). "Is Heavy Binge-watching a Socially Driven Behaviour? Exploring Differences Between Heavy, Regular and Non-binge-watchers". Journal of Digital Media & Policy. 13 (2): 201–221. doi:10.1386/jdmp_00035_1. S2CID 229629499. ^ Sung, Yoon Hi; Kang, Eun. "A Bad Habit for Your Health? An Exploration of Psychological Factors for Binge-Watching Behavior". American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). Archived from the original on August 11, 2015. Retrieved August 23, 2015. ^ Gardner, Bill (January 6, 2020). "Three people treated for 'binge watching' addiction to TV in first cases of their kind in Britain". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on January 25, 2020. Retrieved January 25, 2020. ^ Sweet, Anne (2017). "Dependence in / on TV series II (Séries et dépendance: Dépendance aux séries II)". InMedia. 6. Archived from the original on March 29, 2019. Retrieved April 14, 2019. ^ a b Pittman and Steiner (2019). "Transportation or Narrative Completion? Attentiveness during Binge-Watching Moderates Regret". Social Sciences. 8 (3): 99. doi:10.3390/socsci8030099. ^ Steiner, Emil. "Binge-Watching Motivates Change". Convergence. doi:10.1177/1354856517750365. S2CID 148575983. ^ Baker, Brandon. "Infrequently Asked Questions: Why do we binge-watch?". Philly Voice. Archived from the original on July 28, 2016. Retrieved July 26, 2016. ^ "Most Young Adults Have an Appetite for Binge-Watching Shows". Morning Consult. November 6, 2018. Archived from the original on February 29, 2020. Retrieved February 29, 2020. ^ Wasserman, Ben (September 22, 2022). "Sandman Audience's 'Complicated' Viewing Habits Have Slowed Netflix's Renewal Decision". CBR. Archived from the original on January 7, 2023. Retrieved January 7, 2023. ^ Rose-Lyon, Haley (November 2, 2022). "Netflix Finally Renews The Sandman for Season 2". CBR. Archived from the original on January 7, 2023. Retrieved January 7, 2023. ^ Jenner, Mareike (2021). Binge-Watching and Contemporary Television Research. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1-4744-6200-6. OCLC 1295276155. ^ "The Dangers of Binge-Watching, A Funny Short That Relates Binge-Watching TV Shows to Binge-Drinking Alcohol - Laughing Squid". May 15, 2014. Archived from the original on January 27, 2022. Retrieved January 27, 2022. ^ a b c Kendall, Tina (September 1, 2021). "From Binge-Watching to Binge-Scrolling". Film Quarterly. 75 (1): 41–46. doi:10.1525/fq.2021.75.1.41. ISSN 0015-1386. S2CID 239718413. Archived from the original on February 26, 2022. Retrieved March 19, 2022. ^ Pittman and Steiner (2021). "Distinguishing feast-watching from cringe-watching: Planned, social, and attentive binge-watching predicts increased well-being and decreased regret". Convergence. 27 (5): 1507–1524. doi:10.1177/1354856521999183. S2CID 233621173. Archived from the original on May 4, 2021. Retrieved March 22, 2021. ^ Pierce-Grove, Ri (May 2, 2020). "Binge-watching can soothe the coronavirus quarantine blues, and no need for guilt". USA Today. Archived from the original on May 8, 2020. Retrieved May 2, 2020. ^ Press, Joy (May 14, 2021). "One Episode at a Time, Please: Is a Binge Backlash Brewing?". Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on May 16, 2021. Retrieved May 17, 2021. ^ Jenner, Mareike (2018). Netflix and the Re-invention of Television. Springer International Publishing. pp. 127–133. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-94316-9. ISBN 978-3-319-94315-2. Archived from the original on April 20, 2023. Retrieved March 19, 2022. ^ Wark, McKenzie (February 1, 2007). Gamer Theory. Harvard University Press. p. 171. doi:10.4159/9780674044838-008. ISBN 9780674044838. Archived from the original on April 20, 2023. Retrieved March 19, 2022. ^ Sigre-Leirós, Vera; Billieux, Joël; Mohr, Christine; Maurage, Pierre; King, Daniel L.; Schimmenti, Adriano; Flayelle, Maèva (February 24, 2022). "Binge-watching in times of COVID-19: A longitudinal examination of changes in affect and TV series consumption patterns during lockdown" (PDF). Psychology of Popular Media. 12 (2): 173–185. doi:10.1037/ppm0000390. ISSN 2689-6575. S2CID 247112921. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 9, 2022. Retrieved April 9, 2022. ^ a b c Exelmans L, Van den Bulck J. (2017). "Binge viewing, sleep, and the role of pre-sleep arousal". J Clin Sleep Med. 13 (8): 1001–1008. doi:10.5664/jcsm.6704. ISSN 1550-9397. PMC 5529125. PMID 28728618. ^ "Binge-watching television associated with poor sleep in young adults". American Academy of Sleep Medicine. August 14, 2017. Archived from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved June 20, 2020. ^ Starosta, Jolanta A.; Izydorczyk, Bernadetta (June 2020). "Understanding the Phenomenon of Binge-Watching—A Systematic Review". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 17 (12): 4469. doi:10.3390/ijerph17124469. ISSN 1661-7827. PMC 7344932. PMID 32580289. ^ Flayelle, Maèva (2019). "Overcoming the unitary exploration of binge-watching: A cluster analytical approach". Journal of Behavioral Addictions. 8 (3): 586–602. doi:10.1556/2006.8.2019.53. PMC 7044630. PMID 31537085. Archived from the original on April 20, 2023. Retrieved April 14, 2023. ^ a b c d Starosta, Jolanta A.; Izydorczyk, Bernadetta (January 2020). "Understanding the Phenomenon of Binge-Watching—A Systematic Review". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 17 (12): 4469. doi:10.3390/ijerph17124469. ISSN 1660-4601. PMC 7344932. PMID 32580289. ^ Romano, Aja (June 3, 2024). "Why does TV feel so underwhelming yet so overwhelming?". Vox. Retrieved June 15, 2024. ^ Press, Joy (May 14, 2021). 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"Receptivity to Television Fast-Food Restaurant Marketing and Obesity Among U.S. Youth". American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 45 (5): 560–568. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2013.06.011. ISSN 0749-3797. PMC 3934414. PMID 24139768. vteDigital media use and mental healthProposed or recogniseddiagnostic categories Computer addiction Internet addiction disorder Internet sex addiction Online problem gambling Problematic smartphone use Nomophobia Problematic social media use Television addiction Video game addiction Disciplines involved Digital anthropology Digital sociology Ergonomics Cognitive ergonomics Computer-mediated communication Cyberpsychology Engineering psychology Human–computer interaction Media naturalness theory Neuroergonomics Neuroscience Psychiatry Evolutionary Psychology Clinical Cognitive Evolutionary Social Associatedpsychiatric conditions Anxiety disorder Generalized anxiety disorder Obsessive–compulsive disorder Social anxiety disorder Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Autism Bipolar disorder Depression Eating disorder Anorexia nervosa Body image disturbance Insomnia Narcissistic personality disorder Related topics Behavioral addiction Behavioral modernity Body image Criticism of Facebook 2021 Facebook company files leak Cyberbullying Cyberpathology Digital detox Digital zombie Evolution of cognition Evolutionary mismatch Fear of missing out Mobile phones and driving safety Promotion of anorexia Psychological effects of Internet use Screen time Binge-watching Social aspects of television Television consumption Smartphones and pedestrian safety Social media and suicide Spaving Suicide and the Internet Technophilia Technophobia Technostress Texting while driving vteMedia and human factors Cognitive psychology Externality Evolutionary psychology Behavioral modernity Cognition Mismatch Media psychology Media studies Social psychology Media practices Betteridge's law of headlines Gatekeeping "If it bleeds, it leads" Infotainment Human-interest story Junk food news Least objectionable program Soft media Media bias Media manipulation Pink-slime journalism Propaganda Public relations Missing white woman syndrome News values Sensationalism Hot take Spiking Tabloid television Yellow journalism Attention Attention economy Attention inequality Attention management Attention span Chumbox Clickbait Cognitive miser Low information voter Digital zombie Phubbing Doomscrolling Human multitasking Media multitasking Mobile phones and driving safety Smartphones and pedestrian safety Texting while driving Influence-for-hire Infodemic Information explosion Information overload Information pollution Information–action ratio One weird trick Rage farming Screen time Binge-watching Television consumption Sticky content Cognitive bias/Conformity Availability cascade Availability heuristic Bandwagon effect Confirmation bias Crowd psychology Mobbing Moral panic Mean world syndrome Negativity bias Peer pressure Social-desirability bias Social influence bias Spiral of silence Digital divide/Political polarization Algorithmic radicalization Youth Echo chamber Fake news website Post-truth politics United States Filter bubble Knowledge divide Knowledge gap hypothesis Political polarization in the United States Social media use in politics United States 2016 U.S. presidential election 2020 U.S. presidential election Related topics Computer rage Criticism of Facebook 2021 Facebook company files leak Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal Criticism of Netflix Cultural impact of TikTok Digital media use and mental health Effects of violence in mass media Fascination with death Griefer Mass shooting contagion Psychological effects of Internet use Sealioning Social aspects of television Social bot Social impact of YouTube Technophilia Neophile Technophobia Violence and video games Authority control databases International FAST National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"marathon (media)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathon_(media)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Netflix_Streaming_(40845736773).jpg"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_set"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_in_New_York_City"},{"link_name":"apartment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartment"}],"text":"For the overlapping concept of marathon viewing, see marathon (media).Netflix loaded on a TV in a Manhattan apartmentBinge-watching (also called binge-viewing) is the practice of watching entertainment or informational content for a prolonged time span, usually a single television show.","title":"Binge-watching"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"marathon viewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathon_(media)"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-west-binge-watching-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Amazon Prime Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Video"},{"link_name":"Hulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulu"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Time_2012-07-10-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-west-binge-watching-1"},{"link_name":"video-on-demand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video-on-demand"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"Binge-watching overlaps with marathon viewing which places more emphasis on stamina and less on self-indulgence. In a survey conducted by Netflix in February 2014, 73% of people define binge-watching as \"watching between 2–6 episodes of the same TV show in one sitting\".[1] Some researchers have argued that binge-watching should be defined based on the context and the actual content of TV show.[2] Others suggested that what is normally called binge-watching in fact refers to more than one type of TV viewing experience. They proposed that the notion of binge-watching should be expanded to include both the prolonged sit (watching 3 or more episodes in a row, in one sitting) and the accelerated consumption of an entire season (or seasons) of a show, one episode at a time, over several days.[3]Binge-watching as an observed cultural phenomenon has become popular with the rise of video streaming services in the 2006–2007 time frame, such as Netflix, Amazon Prime Video, and Hulu through which the viewer can watch television shows and movies on-demand.[4][5] For example, 61% of the Netflix survey participants said they binge-watch regularly.[1] Recent research based on video-on-demand data from major US video streaming providers shows that over 64% of the customers binged-watched once during a year.[2]","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marathon (media) § History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathon_(media)#History"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarland-6"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Journal-Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlanta_Journal-Constitution"},{"link_name":"Bob Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Hope"},{"link_name":"Bing Crosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing_Crosby"},{"link_name":"telethon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telethon"},{"link_name":"U.S. Olympic team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament"},{"link_name":"the Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_cup"},{"link_name":"Vogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Inquirer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer"},{"link_name":"X-Files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X-Files"},{"link_name":"Usenet newsgroup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarland-6"},{"link_name":"manga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga"},{"link_name":"Weekly Shōnen Jump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weekly_Sh%C5%8Dnen_Jump"},{"link_name":"tankōbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank%C5%8Dbon"},{"link_name":"Japanese pop culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_pop_culture"},{"link_name":"Dragon Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball"},{"link_name":"One Piece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Piece"},{"link_name":"Naruto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naruto"},{"link_name":"The New Yorker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathon_(media)"},{"link_name":"anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"VHS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS"},{"link_name":"anime fandom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_fandom"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McKevitt-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kotaku-11"},{"link_name":"Nick at Nite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_at_Nite"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"simultaneously","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultaneous_release"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Collins English Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-16"}],"text":"Further information: Marathon (media) § HistoryThe first uses of \"binge\" in reference to television appeared in Variety under the byline of TV industry reporter George Rosen, in 1948, according to archival research by media scholar Emil Steiner.[6] The term \"TV binge\" first appeared in a U.S. newspaper on July 27, 1952, in the Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Sports editor Ed Danforth used the term to describe a Bob Hope–Bing Crosby telethon to raise money for the U.S. Olympic team. While the term \"TV marathon\" was used frequently in the 1950s, \"TV binge\" rarely appeared in English language periodicals from 1952-1986 and was most commonly used as a side effect of technological improvements in broadcast television around multi-game sporting events such as the NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament, the Olympics, and the World Cup. An October 1970 Vogue trendspotting feature described how people were talking about \"the television binge of sports with more networks finding live action healthier than canned plots.\"[7] The first printed usage of the term \"binge viewing\" appeared in a December, 1986 Philadelphia Inquirer last-minute Christmas list by TV Critic Andy Wickstrom who suggested Scotch tape to mend worn VCR tape if \"you're a confirmed weekday time-shifter, saving up the soap operas for weekend binge viewing.\" This first use of \"binge viewing\" as a gerund predated \"binge-watching\" uses by nearly a decade. The first known usage of binge-watching as an active verb is credited to GregSerl, an X-Files Usenet newsgroup commenter. On December 20, 1998, he posted a mock questionnaire that asked X-Files fans \"Do you ever binge watch (marathon)?[8] Despite that usage, Steiner argues that \"binge viewing\" is a far closer synonym to binge-watching than marathon.[6]Japanese manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump developed a successful formula of publishing individual manga chapters and then compiling them into separate standalone tankōbon volumes that could be \"binged\" all at once. This Jump formula produced major Japanese pop culture hits such as Dragon Ball (1984 debut), One Piece (1997 debut) and Naruto (1999 debut). According to Matt Alt of The New Yorker, \"Jump presaged the way the world consumes streaming entertainment today.\"[9]The practice of binge-watching was previously called marathon-watching. Early examples of this practice include marathon viewing sessions of imported Japanese anime shows on VHS tapes in anime fandom \ncommunities during the late 1970s to 1980s,[10][11] and Nickelodeon's Nick at Nite which broadcast multiple episodes from Donna Reed and Route 66 in July 1985.[12]The usage of the word \"binge-watching\" was popularized with the advent of on-demand viewing and online streaming. In 2013, the word burst into mainstream use to describe the Netflix practice of releasing seasons of its original programs simultaneously, as opposed to the industry standard model of releasing episodes on a weekly basis.[13]In November 2015, the Collins English Dictionary chose the word \"binge-watch\" as the word of the year.[14]At the beginning of the 2020 pandemic, there was a noticeable surge of Netflix binge watching.[15] Lockdown made it so that those stuck at home turned towards spending their time catching up and re-watching television series.In a comparison study, Bridget Rubenking observed that traditional appointment viewing had decreased from 2015 to 2020.[16] Rubenking noted that all three types of viewing, binge watching, serial viewing, and appointment viewing, were at an all-time high during the start of the pandemic.[16] These circumstances contributed to a rise in the number of individuals who adopted these habits.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kevin Spacey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Spacey"},{"link_name":"MacTaggart Lecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacTaggart_Lecture"},{"link_name":"piracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_infringement"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"The Wire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wire"},{"link_name":"Breaking Bad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaking_Bad"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"University of Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"binge-eating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binge-eating"},{"link_name":"binge-drinking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binge-drinking"},{"link_name":"TV addiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_addiction"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pittman-25"},{"link_name":"Rowan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowan_University"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Netflix original series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Netflix_original_programming"},{"link_name":"The Sandman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sandman_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"Actor Kevin Spacey used the 2013 MacTaggart Lecture to implore television executives to give audiences \"what they want when they want it. If they want to binge, then we should let them binge\". He claimed that high-quality stories will retain audience's attention for hours on end, and may reduce piracy,[17] although millions still download content illegally. Binge-watching \"complex, quality TV\" such as The Wire and Breaking Bad has been likened to reading more than one chapter of a novel in one sitting, and is viewed by some as a \"smart, contemplative way\" of watching TV.[18] A recent study found that while binge-watching, people feel \"transported\" into the world of the show, which increases their viewing enjoyment, makes them binge-watch more frequently and for longer.[19]ITV Director of Television Peter Fincham warned that binge-watching erodes the \"social value\" of television as there are fewer opportunities to anticipate future episodes and discuss them with friends.[20] Nevertheless, research has shown that heavy binge-watching does not necessarily mean less social engagement. One study found quite the opposite, reporting that heavy binge-watchers spent more time in interactions with friends and family on a daily basis than non-binge-watchers. Heavy binge-watchers are used by others as sources of opinion about what shows to watch and they often engage in conversations about TV shows both offline and online.[21]Research conducted at the University of Texas at Austin found binge watching television is correlated with depression, loneliness, self-regulation deficiency, and obesity. \"Even though some people argue that binge-watching is a harmless addiction, findings from our study suggest that binge-watching should no longer be viewed this way,\" the authors conclude.[22] Cases of people being treated for \"binge watching addiction\" have already been reported.[23]Research published by media scholar, Dr. Anne Sweet, Ph.D., underlines that binge-watching is a form of compulsive consumption, similar to binge-eating, or binge-drinking, and that due to its addictive aspects, it could even represent a form of TV addiction.[24] These findings were problematized by Pittman and Steiner (2019), who found that \"the degree to which an individual pays attention to a show may either increase or decrease subsequent regret, depending on the motivation for binge-watching.\"[25]Research conducted by media scholar Dr. Emil Steiner, Ph.D., at Rowan University isolated five motivations for binge-watching (catching up, relaxation, sense of completion, cultural inclusion, and improved viewing experience). The author concludes that while compulsiveness is possible, most binge-viewers have an ambivalent relationship with the nascent techno-cultural behavior.[26] Furthermore, he argues that the negotiation of control in binge-watching is changing our understanding of television culture.[27]Research conducted by Technicolor lab in 2016 found that a binge-watching session does increase the probability of another binge-watching session in the near future. In the meantime, the majority of people will not immediately have another binge-watching session. This indicates that binge-watching is not a consistent behavior for real-world video-on-demand consumers.[2]Viewing an entire season of a show within 24 hours of its release has become common. According to a 2018 survey of adult TV watchers, 29% reported having done so. Among those aged 18–29, the number increases to 51%.[28]Conversely, some streaming service original shows may be negatively affected if viewers do not binge watch-them. Many viewers of the Netflix original series The Sandman watched episodes more slowly, but Netflix measures viewer engagement only over the first 28 days after release. This led to uncertainty over whether the series would be renewed for a second season, though it eventually was renewed.[29][30]","title":"Cultural impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"CollegeHumor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CollegeHumor"},{"link_name":"PSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_service_announcement"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"memes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meme"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-33"}],"sub_title":"In popular culture","text":"In July 2013, Entertainment Weekly's website listed the top five television series suited for the new entertainment-consumption phenomenon of binge-watching, which has emerged as viewers have chosen to watch whole seasons of TV series, or even whole series, at a sitting [31]It has also been subjected to parody as the website CollegeHumor released a 2014 comedic PSA titled \"The Dangers of Binge-Watching\".[32]In March 2020, memes surrounding binge watching while stuck in lockdown circulated the internet.[33] The collective experience of living in a pandemic led to a number of people online to indulge in sharing memes.","title":"Cultural impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pittman-25"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Disney+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney%2B"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"Showrunners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showrunner"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1atatimeplease-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-33"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-33"}],"text":"A 2019 study by Dr. Matthew Pittman of the University of Tennessee and Dr. Emil Steiner of Rowan University examined how attentiveness affected viewer experience and post-binge regret. \"The survey (N = 800) determined that the degree to which an individual pays attention to a show may either increase or decrease subsequent regret, depending on the motivation for binge-watching.\"[25] But simply watching shows that demand more attention is not enough to moderate post-binge regret. Their subsequent research (Pittman and Steiner, 2021) found that viewers who planned their binge-watching ahead of time were more likely to choose shows that aligned with their motives for watching — relaxing comedies, riveting dramas, nostalgic favorites.[34] Such planning improved \"viewer engagement, resulting in improved emotional outcomes.\"[35]Within the television industry, speculation emerged in the early 2020s that binge watching a new series could make a series less memorable in the long term compared to shows released on a more traditional schedule; various streaming providers, led by Disney+, have had success releasing some of their original series on a weekly schedule, in contrast to the Netflix model which is most aggressive among the streaming providers in releasing episodes all at once. Showrunners have increasingly requested that their programs not be released in bulk as a creative decision.[36]Mareike Jenner makes note of streaming services like Netflix using algorithms to recommend relevant content to viewers.[37] Algorithms allow streaming services to personalize the user's experience by suggesting similar series to the one they just watched.Binge watching can be attributed to \"the bored body problem,\" which Tina Kendall explains as the phenomenon of individuals feeling the need to feel engaged.[33][38] Individuals who feel as if they have limited freedom or choice see binge watching as an activity to participate in. Kendall emphasizes that lockdown has heightened the need to get back into a rhythm as quarantine has left people feeling uncertain about how they should organize their day.[33]","title":"Attentiveness"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mood Management Theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mood_management_theory"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"Binge watching can be related to Zillmann's Mood Management Theory, which may account binge-watching as an emotional regulation process. In line with the mood management theory, media content selection could be driven by the purpose of mood regulation. Most people attempt to regulate their moods and shift it to a more positive one through television shows. However, such an effect proves to be dependent on individual self-control. Ego-depleted individuals (i.e., individuals presenting lower available cognitive resources to exert self-control) demonstrate tendencies to negatively evaluate entertainment use as a procrastination form, which may elicit feelings of guilt and negatively impact stress recovery and well-being.[39] Therein, the results of mood-regulation through content binging is dictated through individual self-control.","title":"Mood-regulation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JClinSleep-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JClinSleep-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JClinSleep-40"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"A 2017 study linked binge-watching to a poorer sleep quality, increased insomnia and fatigue.[40][41] In fact, binge-watching could lead to an increased cognitive alertness, therefore impacting sleep.[40] The results showed that 98 percent of binge-watchers were more likely to have poor sleep quality, were more alert before sleep and reported more fatigue. Authors also emphasize that findings have been inconsistent in sleep research regarding the negative associations between sleep and television viewing, and that it should be distinguished from binge-watching.[40]Consuming television content at 'binge' levels has been found to create a negative effect on sleep cycles as a whole. Binge-watching may create feelings of regret, which may extending into the early hours of the morning, impacting on sleep and the day ahead. Additionally, individuals displaying binge-watching tendencies are more likely to suffer from insomnia, poorer sleep quality and sleep deprivation.[42]","title":"Effects on sleep"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:04-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:04-44"}],"text":"A study from 2019 found that there were four profiles that binge-watchers fit into.[43] The first is avid binge-watchers, who have high motivation for watching TV, but also have a strong sense of urgency and emotional reactions. The second is recreational binge-watchers, who have the least motivation and do not spend as much time watching TV. The third profile is, unregulated binge-watchers, who have the highest motivation to watch TV, which is driven by their coping mechanisms. Studies show they also \"display the highest impulsivity among the binge-watchers of all types.The last profile is, regulated binge-watchers, who also are motivated by emotional enrichment, they don't react as emotionally, and aren't impulsive people.An other study from 2020 outlines the type of people who are most likely to partake in binge-watching. \"[They] are more neurotic, less agreeable, less conscientious, and less open to new experience.\"[44] They also found that people who binge-watch often are more likely feel sad, anxious, stress and have low self-esteem. The study also finds that people who binge-watch often use \"avoidance and emotional coping, instead of task-oriented coping.\"[44]","title":"Personality traits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:04-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:04-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1atatimeplease2-46"}],"text":"Studies have shown that prolonged binge-watching can lead to addictive characteristics. The type of instant gratification that it produces can be similar to that of gambling or computer/social media addiction. People who binge-watch regularly usually use it as an escape from reality and to take away from loneliness or boredom.[44] Another study found correlations between binge-watching and procrastinating. Both of these come with warning signs such as, \"loss of self-control, urgency, regret, neglect of duties, negative social and health consequences, lying, or even symptoms of withdrawal such as anxiety, nervousness, rage, and concentration difficulties.\"[44]To the distributor, releasing a full season of episodes en masse to encourage binge-watching raises the risk of a phenomenon where a casual viewer will subscribe to the service, binge-watch the show they want to see, then cancel their subscription. In an effort to retain subscribers longer-term, Netflix in 2024 began splitting the seasons of its marquee original series in half,[45] while rival streaming services had long been moving toward a model more closely resembling the traditional television model of one new episode a week.[46]","title":"Risks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Hulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulu"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Pew Research Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"receptivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptivity"}],"text":"A 2016 study found that, overall, viewers who tend to binge-watch are less responsive to advertising than viewers who do not. The effectiveness of advertising declines the longer a viewing session goes on.[47] Researchers attribute this phenomenon to the disruption caused by ads. Binge-watchers want to remain immersed in what they are watching. They do not want to be forced back into the real world.[48]In 2019, Hulu introduced a new ad format for binge-watchers. A brand runs ads during the first and second episodes of a binge-watching session that include jokes and references to binge-watching. Before the third episode, the brand rewards binge-watchers by running an ad that features a special promotion or announcing they will be able to watch the next episode without commercial interruptions.[49]Lee Rainie of the Pew Research Center stated that:\"Although watching television shows or movies on cable is becoming less and less common in our generation,[50] several studies have come out discussing the effects that fast food advertising has especially on the younger audience. When binge watching we come across several different advertisements, and we underestimate the impact and significant effect they have on us.\"A study on the \"Receptivity to television fast-food restaurant marketing and obesity among U.S youth\"[51] studied the extent to which fast food advertisements have played a role in the rates of obesity in the United States, where the results found that there was a significant correlation between increased viewing time and receptivity to fast food marketing. The study states that $1.8 billion have been put towards food and beverage marketing directed specifically towards children and adolescents; demonstrating that big corporations know there are certain marketing tactics that have been known to work on younger audiences. There is, of course, a significant ethical concern when it comes to the tailoring of fast food marketing towards children and adolescents as it comprises their health, as many studies have shown. It is extremely important to recognize the receptivity that we have towards what we watch, as this allows us to be more aware of how what we are watching affects us. In learning to do this, young audiences can be more conscious of where their wants or cravings are stemming from, and how to possibly limit them if they are compromising their health and lifestyle.","title":"Effects on advertising"}]	[{"image_text":"Netflix loaded on a TV in a Manhattan apartment","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Netflix_Streaming_%2840845736773%29.jpg/220px-Netflix_Streaming_%2840845736773%29.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Binge-watching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Binge-watching"},{"title":"Snack culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snack_culture"},{"title":"Golden Age of Television (2000s–present)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Television_(2000s%E2%80%93present)"},{"title":"Hate-watching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate-watching"}]	[{"reference":"West, Kelly (December 13, 2013). \"Unsurprising: Netflix Survey Indicates People Like To Binge-Watch TV\". Cinema Blend. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved February 12, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cinemablend.com/television/Unsurprising-Netflix-Survey-Indicates-People-Like-Binge-Watch-TV-61045.html","url_text":"\"Unsurprising: Netflix Survey Indicates People Like To Binge-Watch TV\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140222055930/http://www.cinemablend.com/television/Unsurprising-Netflix-Survey-Indicates-People-Like-Binge-Watch-TV-61045.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Trouleau, William; Ashkan, Azin; Ding, Weicong; Eriksson, Brian (2016). Just One More: Modeling Binge Watching Behavior. KDD '16. New York, NY, USA: ACM. pp. 1215–1224. doi:10.1145/2939672.2939792. ISBN 978-1-4503-4232-2. S2CID 207239073.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1145%2F2939672.2939792","url_text":"10.1145/2939672.2939792"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4503-4232-2","url_text":"978-1-4503-4232-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:207239073","url_text":"207239073"}]},{"reference":"Anghelcev, George; Sar, Sela; Martin, Justin; Moultrie, Jas L (2021). \"Binge-Watching Serial Video Content: Exploring the Subjective Phenomenology of the Binge-Watching Experience\". Mass Communication and Society. 24 (1): 130–154. doi:10.1080/15205436.2020.1811346.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343894973","url_text":"\"Binge-Watching Serial Video Content: Exploring the Subjective Phenomenology of the Binge-Watching Experience\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15205436.2020.1811346","url_text":"10.1080/15205436.2020.1811346"}]},{"reference":"Poniewozik, James (July 10, 2012). \"Go Ahead, Binge-Watch That TV Show\". Time. Archived from the original on October 31, 2013. Retrieved September 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://entertainment.time.com/2012/07/10/go-ahead-binge-watch-that-tv-show/","url_text":"\"Go Ahead, Binge-Watch That TV Show\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131031191537/http://entertainment.time.com/2012/07/10/go-ahead-binge-watch-that-tv-show/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jurgensen, John (July 13, 2012). \"Binge Viewing: TV's Lost Weekends\". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on November 20, 2016. Retrieved February 26, 2017. Using streaming and DVRs, TV viewers are increasingly gobbling up entire seasons of shows in marathon sessions","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303740704577521300806686174","url_text":"\"Binge Viewing: TV's Lost Weekends\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161120173440/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303740704577521300806686174","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Steiner, Emil (2023). Binge TV: The Rise and Impact of the Viewing Revolution. McFarland. ISBN 978-1-4766-8407-9. Archived from the original on March 9, 2023. Retrieved March 9, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://mcfarlandbooks.com/product/binge-tv/","url_text":"Binge TV: The Rise and Impact of the Viewing Revolution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-8407-9","url_text":"978-1-4766-8407-9"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230309204420/https://mcfarlandbooks.com/product/binge-tv/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Vogue (October 15, 1970). \"People Are Talking About...\" Vogue. Archived from the original on March 9, 2023. Retrieved March 9, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.vogue.com/article/1970/10/15/jeremy-clyde-and-paul-jones","url_text":"\"People Are Talking About...\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)","url_text":"Vogue"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230309204421/https://archive.vogue.com/article/1970/10/15/jeremy-clyde-and-paul-jones","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Some HTGSC thoughts\". Archived from the original on March 9, 2023. Retrieved March 9, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://groups.google.com/g/alt.tv.x-files.analysis/c/st0q1e2jarQ/m/QHksrhRqk2QJ","url_text":"\"Some HTGSC thoughts\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230309204420/https://groups.google.com/g/alt.tv.x-files.analysis/c/st0q1e2jarQ/m/QHksrhRqk2QJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Alt, Matt (June 18, 2021). \"\"Demon Slayer\": The Viral Blockbuster from Japan\". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on June 19, 2021. Retrieved June 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/demon-slayer-the-viral-blockbuster-from-japan","url_text":"\"\"Demon Slayer\": The Viral Blockbuster from Japan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker","url_text":"The New Yorker"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210619223831/https://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/demon-slayer-the-viral-blockbuster-from-japan","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McKevitt, Andrew C. (August 31, 2017). Consuming Japan: Popular Culture and the Globalizing of 1980s America. UNC Press Books. pp. 194–5. ISBN 978-1-4696-3448-7. Archived from the original on April 20, 2023. 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Retrieved September 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://cosplay.kotaku.com/early-anime-fans-were-tough-pioneers-1789281217","url_text":"\"Early Anime Fans Were Tough Pioneers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotaku","url_text":"Kotaku"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200922151721/https://cosplay.kotaku.com/early-anime-fans-were-tough-pioneers-1789281217","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Slevinski, Christy. \"CLASSIC MOVE: NICK AT NITE MARKS A DECADE\". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved May 1, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/entertainment/classic-move-nick-nite-marks-decade-article-1.682035","url_text":"\"CLASSIC MOVE: NICK AT NITE MARKS A DECADE\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210309213718/https://www.nydailynews.com/archives/entertainment/classic-move-nick-nite-marks-decade-article-1.682035","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Oxford Dictionaries Word of the Year 2013\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puuppola	Puuppola	["1 Geography","2 Etymology","3 History","4 Services","4.1 School","4.2 Commercial","5 Hydroelectric plant","6 Notable people","7 References","7.1 Notes"]	Coordinates: 62°20′21″N 25°41′00″E / 62.3391323°N 25.6833561°E / 62.3391323; 25.6833561District of Jyväskylä in Central Finland, FinlandPuuppolaDistrict of JyväskyläView from the road PuuppolankoskentiePuuppolaLocation in Central FinlandCoordinates: 62°20′21″N 25°41′00″E / 62.3391323°N 25.6833561°E / 62.3391323; 25.6833561Country FinlandRegionCentral FinlandSub-regionJyväskylä sub-regionCityJyväskyläWardPalokka-PuuppolaPopulation (2021-12-31) • Total2,000Time zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST) Puuppola (historically also Korttajärvi) is a district of Jyväskylä and a village in Central Finland. Before 2009, it was a part of Jyväskylän maalaiskunta. The national road 4 passes by Puuppola. The distance to central Jyväskylä is roughly 11 km. Geography The center of Puuppola is located near the lakes Korttajärvi and Lehesjärvi. The district (kaupunginosa, for local development) does not contain the statistical area of "Puuppola itäinen", which is a part of Matinmäki instead. However, parts of statistical Vertaala and Saarenmaa are included in the Puuppola district. The register village also included Kuikka and Hiekkapohja, and bordered Tikka-Mannila in the north, Palokka in the east and south, and Vesanka and Nyrölä in the west. Etymology The name Puuppola refers to a surname Puuppo or Puupponen, though the meaning of the root word is unknown. Puuppola is also the name of the oldest farm in the village. The name Korttajärvi, which has been used as the register village's name, comes from the name of the nearby lake. The word kortta has not been attested from the dialects of Central Finland, therefore the kortta- element is likely a corruption of korte ("horsetail"). History An administrative map of old Rautalampi (from Rautalammin vanhan hallintopitäjän historia), showing the Puuppola farm, marked as an external territory of Saarioinen (here spelled Saario). Puuppola or Korttajärvi has its origins in the 16th century. The area was originally held as hunting grounds by the men of Saarioinen, which is where the first settler of the area, Pietari Puuppo(nen) from the Sillantaka farm, came from. He was mentioned as Per Pwpo in 1529. By the 1550s, more settlers had arrived in the lands around the lakes Korttajärvi and Alvajärvi. These settlers had come from the heartlands of Tavastia and from "Päijänne", most likely referring to Päijänteenpohja (Keljo). As a village, Korttajärvi was first mentioned in 1572. The document also mentions a nearby village called Jyväspohja, which disappeared from written records after 1573. The name Jyväspohja is connected to the name of Jyväskylä; it is possible that its first settler came from Jyväskylä proper. In 1583, Pietari Puupponen and his sons raided the village of Palokka to the south of Puuppola and forged a document stating ownership of pastures which belonged to the villages of Palokka and Jyväskylä. Eventually king John III of Sweden forced Pietari to renounce his land claims. Puuppola was originally a part of either the Jämsä parish or the Laukaa chapel community of the Rautalampi parish. Laukaa became an independent parish in 1628 and Puuppola had been permanently transferred to it by 1646. The Jyväskylä chapel community was established around 1693, and Puuppola became one of its villages. The Jyväskylä parish was separated from Laukaa in 1856. The municipality of Jyväskylän maalaiskunta was established in 1868 out of the parts of the Jyväskylä parish that were not part of the town. In the mid-1980s, there were approximately 1,400 people living in Puuppola. As Puuppola was connected well to the rest of Jyväskylä, new people started moving in soon and by the early 1990s, the population had increased to 1,600. As deindustrialization had affected nearby Tikkakoski around the same time, the municipality made new development plans for the area. As there was not enough free land in Tikkakoski, a plan was made to develop Puuppola or Lehesvuori into an urban area for 10,000 inhabitants. This was opposed by the village association of Puuppola, who believed that an urbanization plan similar to the one made for Kuokkala earlier was partially enforced by the town of Jyväskylä onto the rural municipality. The plan was never approved due to heavy opposition; in a poll from the 90s, 85 % of respondents were also against the smaller plan for an urban area for 5,000 inhabitants. A new zoning plan was made in 2005, which would have expanded Palokka towards Lintukangas and closer to Puuppola by constructing 210 houses, intended for 800 new residents. Puuppola became a district of the town of Jyväskylä in 2009 after the dissolution of Jyväskylän maalaiskunta. Services School Puuppola school Puuppola has a school for grades 1-6 (ala-aste) with some 300 pupils. A school was first established here in 1890. Commercial There are no stores in Puuppola, as the last one, Puuppolan Rita, was closed in 2018. In the 1970s, there were three other stores: a branch of Osuuskauppa Keskimaa and one of Osuuskauppa Mäki-Matti, as well as the privately owned T:mi Manninen. Hydroelectric plant There is a small (0,4 MW) hydroelectric plant in the lower Autiojoki river between the lakes Korttajärvi and Luonetjärvi. The river is one of Jyväskylä's longest rivers and has a drainage area of over 100 km2. It was built in 1964 to produce energy for the village and was acquired by Koskienergia Oy in the early 21st century. Since 2018, there have been plans to demolish it in order to restore the river into its natural state, especially to allow brown trout to reproduce in the area. The town of Jyväskylä purchased the plant in 2022. Notable people Tommi Mäkinen Eino Oksanen References ^ "Tilastokeskus - Jyväskylän väestö pienalueittain". app.powerbi.com (in Finnish). Retrieved April 14, 2023. ^ a b c Wilmi, Jorma (2011). Jyväskylän maalaiskunnan historia 1945-2008 (in Finnish). Saarijärvi: Jyväskylän kaupunki. p. 41-43. ISBN 978-952-5847-11-6. ^ a b c "Jyväskylän karttapalvelu". kartta.jkl.fi (in Finnish). Retrieved April 16, 2023. ^ a b "Karttapaikka - Maanmittauslaitos". asiointi.maanmittauslaitos.fi (in Finnish). Retrieved April 14, 2023. ^ Jyväskylän maalaiskunnan historia, page 22. ^ a b "SuomalainenPaikannimikirja_e-kirja_kuvallinen.pdf" (PDF). kaino.kotus.fi (in Finnish). p. 356. Retrieved April 18, 2022. ^ a b Jyväskylän maalaiskunnan kirja, page 538. ^ a b Lamberg, Marko. "Joki, koski ja kylä - Jyväskylän uudisasutusalueen paikannimistö varhaismodernin tilanhahmottamisen ilmentäjänä". lahde.journal.fi (in Finnish). p. 16. Retrieved July 15, 2023. ^ "Kansallisarkisto: Suomen asutuksen yleisluettelo -arkisto. Rautalammin-Laukaan-Viitasaaren-Saarijärven asutuksen yleisluettelo. 635 Rautalampi. Rautalampi, Laukaa, Viitasaari, Saarijärvi. Tiedosto 29". astia.narc.fi (in Finnish). Retrieved July 15, 2023. ^ Jalkanen, Kaarlo Jonathan (1900). Rautalammin vanhan hallintopitäjän historia (in Finnish) (2010 ed.). Jyväskylä: SKS. p. 128. ISBN 978-952-222-221-3. ^ Lappalainen, Jussi T. (1977). Jyväskylän maalaiskunnan kirja (in Finnish). Jyväskylä: Jyväskylän maalaiskunta ja maaseurakunta. p. 46. ISBN 951-99104-3-3. ^ Jyväskylän maalaiskunnan historia, page 52. ^ "Suomen Sukututkimusseura - Jyväskylän maaseurakunta". hiski.genealogia.fi (in Finnish). Retrieved April 13, 2023. ^ Suomalainen paikannimikirja, page 115. ^ "Päätös kunnanosien nimistä ja numeroista sekä eräiden leikkipuistojen nimistä". jkl.fi (in Finnish). Archived from the original on August 19, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2023. ^ "Koulun esittely - Puuppolan koulu". peda.net (in Finnish). Retrieved April 18, 2023. ^ Jyväskylän maalaiskunnan historia, page 376. ^ "Ritaa tulee ikävä - PaikallisUutiset - Toivakan, Uuraisten ja lähiseutujen paikallislehti". paikallisuutiset.fi (in Finnish). Retrieved April 18, 2023. ^ Jyväskylän maalaiskunnan historia, page 169. ^ a b "Vaelluskaloille tärkeän Autiojoen kunnostamishanke etenee". jyvaskyla.fi (in Finnish). Retrieved April 18, 2023. ^ "Autiojoen kunnostus ja Puuppolan vesivoimalaitoksen lakkauttaminen - esiselvitys" (PDF). jkl.fi (in Finnish). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 3, 2021. Retrieved April 18, 2023. Notes ^ Statistical Puuppola (divided into a western and eastern part) is not the same area as the district. The exact boundaries of Puuppola may vary in everyday use. vteDistricts of JyväskyläKantakaupunki Keskusta Harju Puistola Lutakko Mattilanpelto Mäki-Matti Kukkumäki Nisula (incl. Viitaniemi) Taulumäki Tourula Mannila Kypärämäki-Kortepohja Kypärämäki Savela Kortepohja Lohikoski-Seppälänkangas Lohikoski Seppälänkangas Tyyppälä Ankeriasjärvi Huhtasuo Kangasvuori (incl. Pupuhuhta) Huhtasuo (incl. Kangaslampi) Kuokkala Ristonmaa Kuokkala Kuokkalanpelto Ristikivi Nenäinniemi Hämeenlahti Keltinmäki-Myllyjärvi Keltinmäki Taka-Keljo Hanhiperä Valkeamäki Keljo Keljo Keljonkangas Sääksvuori Etelä-Keljo Halssila Halssila Säynätsalo Säynätsalo Lehtisaari Muuratsalo Kinkovuori Tikkakoski-Nyrölä Nyrölä Kuikka Tikkamannila Tikkakoski Kuukanpää Palokka-Puuppola Palokka Mannisenmäki Rippalanmäki Haukkamäki Kirri Heikkilä Pappilanvuori Hiekkapohja Matinmäki Jylhänperä Puuppola Saarenmaa Vertaala Vaajakoski-Jyskä Sulunperä Jyskä Väinölä Haapaniemi Vaajakoski Kaunisharju Tölskä Kanavuori Hupeli Laajaranta Oravasaari Pohjola Pitkäjärvi Leppälahti Mehtovuori Kuohu-Vesanka Ruoke Vesanka Kuohu Varsalanperä Korpilahti Kirkonmäki Ikolanmäki Iloniemi Kemppaisenmäki Kotamäki Tähtiniemi Korpiaho-Heinosniemi Tikkala Hirvimäki-Puolakka Vespuoli	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jmh41-3"},{"link_name":"Jyväskylä","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4"},{"link_name":"Central Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Finland"},{"link_name":"Jyväskylän maalaiskunta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4n_maalaiskunta"},{"link_name":"national road 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_national_road_4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jklkartta-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mml-5"}],"text":"District of Jyväskylä in Central Finland, FinlandPuuppola (historically also Korttajärvi[2]) is a district of Jyväskylä and a village in Central Finland. Before 2009, it was a part of Jyväskylän maalaiskunta. The national road 4 passes by Puuppola.[3] The distance to central Jyväskylä is roughly 11 km.[4]","title":"Puuppola"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mml-5"},{"link_name":"Matinmäki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matinm%C3%A4ki&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vertaala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vertaala&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Saarenmaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarenmaa"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jklkartta-4"},{"link_name":"Kuikka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kuikka&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hiekkapohja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hiekkapohja&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tikka-Mannila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikka-Mannila"},{"link_name":"Palokka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palokka"},{"link_name":"Vesanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesanka"},{"link_name":"Nyrölä","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyr%C3%B6l%C3%A4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jklkartta-4"}],"text":"The center of Puuppola is located near the lakes Korttajärvi and Lehesjärvi.[4]The district (kaupunginosa, for local development) does not contain the statistical area of \"Puuppola itäinen\", which is a part of Matinmäki instead. However, parts of statistical Vertaala and Saarenmaa are included in the Puuppola district.[3] The register village also included Kuikka and Hiekkapohja, and bordered Tikka-Mannila in the north, Palokka in the east and south, and Vesanka and Nyrölä in the west.[5][3]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spnk-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jmk538-8"}],"text":"The name Puuppola refers to a surname Puuppo or Puupponen, though the meaning of the root word is unknown. Puuppola is also the name of the oldest farm in the village.[6]The name Korttajärvi, which has been used as the register village's name, comes from the name of the nearby lake. The word kortta has not been attested from the dialects of Central Finland, therefore the kortta- element is likely a corruption of korte (\"horsetail\").[7]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rautalammin_vanhan_hallintopit%C3%A4j%C3%A4n_kartta.jpg"},{"link_name":"Saarioinen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4%C3%A4ksm%C3%A4ki#Saarioispuoli"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spnk-7"},{"link_name":"Tavastia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavastia_(historical_province)"},{"link_name":"Keljo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keljo"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jupvti-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jmk538-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jupvti-9"},{"link_name":"Palokka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palokka"},{"link_name":"John III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_III_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Jämsä","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4ms%C3%A4"},{"link_name":"Laukaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laukaa"},{"link_name":"Rautalampi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rautalampi"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JMK-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Jyväskylän maalaiskunta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4n_maalaiskunta"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Tikkakoski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikkakoski"},{"link_name":"Kuokkala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuokkala,_Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jmh41-3"},{"link_name":"Palokka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palokka"},{"link_name":"Lintukangas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lintukangas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jmh41-3"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"An administrative map of old Rautalampi (from Rautalammin vanhan hallintopitäjän historia), showing the Puuppola farm, marked as an external territory of Saarioinen (here spelled Saario).Puuppola or Korttajärvi has its origins in the 16th century. The area was originally held as hunting grounds by the men of Saarioinen, which is where the first settler of the area, Pietari Puuppo(nen) from the Sillantaka farm, came from. He was mentioned as Per Pwpo in 1529.[6] By the 1550s, more settlers had arrived in the lands around the lakes Korttajärvi and Alvajärvi. These settlers had come from the heartlands of Tavastia and from \"Päijänne\", most likely referring to Päijänteenpohja (Keljo).[8] As a village, Korttajärvi was first mentioned in 1572.[7] The document[9] also mentions a nearby village called Jyväspohja, which disappeared from written records after 1573. The name Jyväspohja is connected to the name of Jyväskylä; it is possible that its first settler came from Jyväskylä proper.[8]In 1583, Pietari Puupponen and his sons raided the village of Palokka to the south of Puuppola and forged a document stating ownership of pastures which belonged to the villages of Palokka and Jyväskylä. Eventually king John III of Sweden forced Pietari to renounce his land claims.[10]Puuppola was originally a part of either the Jämsä parish or the Laukaa chapel community of the Rautalampi parish. Laukaa became an independent parish in 1628 and Puuppola had been permanently transferred to it by 1646.[11] The Jyväskylä chapel community was established around 1693, and Puuppola became one of its villages. The Jyväskylä parish was separated from Laukaa in 1856.[12][13] The municipality of Jyväskylän maalaiskunta was established in 1868 out of the parts of the Jyväskylä parish that were not part of the town.[14]In the mid-1980s, there were approximately 1,400 people living in Puuppola. As Puuppola was connected well to the rest of Jyväskylä, new people started moving in soon and by the early 1990s, the population had increased to 1,600. As deindustrialization had affected nearby Tikkakoski around the same time, the municipality made new development plans for the area. As there was not enough free land in Tikkakoski, a plan was made to develop Puuppola or Lehesvuori into an urban area for 10,000 inhabitants. This was opposed by the village association of Puuppola, who believed that an urbanization plan similar to the one made for Kuokkala earlier was partially enforced by the town of Jyväskylä onto the rural municipality. The plan was never approved due to heavy opposition; in a poll from the 90s, 85 % of respondents were also against the smaller plan for an urban area for 5,000 inhabitants.[2]A new zoning plan was made in 2005, which would have expanded Palokka towards Lintukangas and closer to Puuppola by constructing 210 houses, intended for 800 new residents.[2]Puuppola became a district of the town of Jyväskylä in 2009 after the dissolution of Jyväskylän maalaiskunta.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Services"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Puuppolan_koulu_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"School","text":"Puuppola schoolPuuppola has a school for grades 1-6 (ala-aste) with some 300 pupils.[16] A school was first established here in 1890.[17]","title":"Services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Commercial","text":"There are no stores in Puuppola, as the last one, Puuppolan Rita, was closed in 2018.[18] In the 1970s, there were three other stores: a branch of Osuuskauppa Keskimaa and one of Osuuskauppa Mäki-Matti, as well as the privately owned T:mi Manninen.[19]","title":"Services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autio2022-21"},{"link_name":"brown trout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_trout"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autio2022-21"}],"text":"There is a small (0,4 MW) hydroelectric plant in the lower Autiojoki river between the lakes Korttajärvi and Luonetjärvi. The river is one of Jyväskylä's longest rivers and has a drainage area of over 100 km2.[20] It was built in 1964 to produce energy for the village and was acquired by Koskienergia Oy in the early 21st century. Since 2018, there have been plans to demolish it in order to restore the river into its natural state, especially to allow brown trout to reproduce in the area.[21] The town of Jyväskylä purchased the plant in 2022.[20]","title":"Hydroelectric plant"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tommi Mäkinen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommi_M%C3%A4kinen"},{"link_name":"Eino Oksanen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eino_Oksanen"}],"text":"Tommi Mäkinen\nEino Oksanen","title":"Notable people"}]	[{"image_text":"An administrative map of old Rautalampi (from Rautalammin vanhan hallintopitäjän historia), showing the Puuppola farm, marked as an external territory of Saarioinen (here spelled Saario).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Rautalammin_vanhan_hallintopit%C3%A4j%C3%A4n_kartta.jpg/163px-Rautalammin_vanhan_hallintopit%C3%A4j%C3%A4n_kartta.jpg"},{"image_text":"Puuppola school","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Puuppolan_koulu_01.jpg/220px-Puuppolan_koulu_01.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Tilastokeskus - Jyväskylän väestö pienalueittain\". app.powerbi.com (in Finnish). Retrieved April 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://app.powerbi.com/view?r=eyJrIjoiOTIwMzQ5YzItNzk0MC00NjUwLTlkMTAtYTFlOTY3Njk3ODJkIiwidCI6ImZjMzRkMDVjLWEyZjItNGFjMi04OWM1LWI0NGYzYTlmNDUxYyIsImMiOjh9","url_text":"\"Tilastokeskus - Jyväskylän väestö pienalueittain\""}]},{"reference":"Wilmi, Jorma (2011). Jyväskylän maalaiskunnan historia 1945-2008 (in Finnish). Saarijärvi: Jyväskylän kaupunki. p. 41-43. ISBN 978-952-5847-11-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952-5847-11-6","url_text":"978-952-5847-11-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Jyväskylän karttapalvelu\". kartta.jkl.fi (in Finnish). Retrieved April 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://kartta.jkl.fi/ims#","url_text":"\"Jyväskylän karttapalvelu\""}]},{"reference":"\"Karttapaikka - Maanmittauslaitos\". asiointi.maanmittauslaitos.fi (in Finnish). Retrieved April 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://asiointi.maanmittauslaitos.fi/karttapaikka/","url_text":"\"Karttapaikka - Maanmittauslaitos\""}]},{"reference":"\"SuomalainenPaikannimikirja_e-kirja_kuvallinen.pdf\" (PDF). kaino.kotus.fi (in Finnish). p. 356. Retrieved April 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://kaino.kotus.fi/www/verkkojulkaisut/julk63/SuomalainenPaikannimikirja_e-kirja_kuvallinen.pdf","url_text":"\"SuomalainenPaikannimikirja_e-kirja_kuvallinen.pdf\""}]},{"reference":"Lamberg, Marko. \"Joki, koski ja kylä - Jyväskylän uudisasutusalueen paikannimistö varhaismodernin tilanhahmottamisen ilmentäjänä\". lahde.journal.fi (in Finnish). p. 16. Retrieved July 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://lahde.journal.fi/article/view/101412","url_text":"\"Joki, koski ja kylä - Jyväskylän uudisasutusalueen paikannimistö varhaismodernin tilanhahmottamisen ilmentäjänä\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kansallisarkisto: Suomen asutuksen yleisluettelo -arkisto. Rautalammin-Laukaan-Viitasaaren-Saarijärven asutuksen yleisluettelo. 635 Rautalampi. Rautalampi, Laukaa, Viitasaari, Saarijärvi. Tiedosto 29\". astia.narc.fi (in Finnish). Retrieved July 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://astia.narc.fi/uusiastia/viewer/?fileId=5737555721&aineistoId=3617699425","url_text":"\"Kansallisarkisto: Suomen asutuksen yleisluettelo -arkisto. Rautalammin-Laukaan-Viitasaaren-Saarijärven asutuksen yleisluettelo. 635 Rautalampi. Rautalampi, Laukaa, Viitasaari, Saarijärvi. Tiedosto 29\""}]},{"reference":"Jalkanen, Kaarlo Jonathan (1900). Rautalammin vanhan hallintopitäjän historia (in Finnish) (2010 ed.). Jyväskylä: SKS. p. 128. ISBN 978-952-222-221-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952-222-221-3","url_text":"978-952-222-221-3"}]},{"reference":"Lappalainen, Jussi T. (1977). Jyväskylän maalaiskunnan kirja (in Finnish). Jyväskylä: Jyväskylän maalaiskunta ja maaseurakunta. p. 46. ISBN 951-99104-3-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-99104-3-3","url_text":"951-99104-3-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Suomen Sukututkimusseura - Jyväskylän maaseurakunta\". hiski.genealogia.fi (in Finnish). Retrieved April 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://hiski.genealogia.fi/seurakunnat/srk?CMD=SRK&ID=146&TYPE=HTML&LANG=FI","url_text":"\"Suomen Sukututkimusseura - Jyväskylän maaseurakunta\""}]},{"reference":"\"Päätös kunnanosien nimistä ja numeroista sekä eräiden leikkipuistojen nimistä\". jkl.fi (in Finnish). Archived from the original on August 19, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110819003729/http://jkl.fi/kaavoitus/kaupunginosat","url_text":"\"Päätös kunnanosien nimistä ja numeroista sekä eräiden leikkipuistojen nimistä\""},{"url":"http://jkl.fi/kaavoitus/kaupunginosat","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Koulun esittely - Puuppolan koulu\". peda.net (in Finnish). Retrieved April 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://peda.net/jyvaskyla/puuppolankoulu/hyva-tietaa","url_text":"\"Koulun esittely - Puuppolan koulu\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ritaa tulee ikävä - PaikallisUutiset - Toivakan, Uuraisten ja lähiseutujen paikallislehti\". paikallisuutiset.fi (in Finnish). Retrieved April 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.paikallisuutiset.fi/ritaa-tulee-ikava/","url_text":"\"Ritaa tulee ikävä - PaikallisUutiset - Toivakan, Uuraisten ja lähiseutujen paikallislehti\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vaelluskaloille tärkeän Autiojoen kunnostamishanke etenee\". jyvaskyla.fi (in Finnish). Retrieved April 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jyvaskyla.fi/uutinen/2022-10-24_vaelluskaloille-tarkean-autiojoen-kunnostamishanke-etenee","url_text":"\"Vaelluskaloille tärkeän Autiojoen kunnostamishanke etenee\""}]},{"reference":"\"Autiojoen kunnostus ja Puuppolan vesivoimalaitoksen lakkauttaminen - esiselvitys\" (PDF). jkl.fi (in Finnish). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 3, 2021. Retrieved April 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210803105742/http://www2.jkl.fi/kaavakartat/yleissuunnittelu/autiojoen_ennallistamisen_esiselvitys.pdf","url_text":"\"Autiojoen kunnostus ja Puuppolan vesivoimalaitoksen lakkauttaminen - esiselvitys\""},{"url":"http://www2.jkl.fi/kaavakartat/yleissuunnittelu/autiojoen_ennallistamisen_esiselvitys.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Puuppola&params=62.3391323_N_25.6833561_E_region:FI_type:city","external_links_name":"62°20′21″N 25°41′00″E / 62.3391323°N 25.6833561°E / 62.3391323; 25.6833561"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Puuppola&params=62.3391323_N_25.6833561_E_region:FI_type:city","external_links_name":"62°20′21″N 25°41′00″E / 62.3391323°N 25.6833561°E / 62.3391323; 25.6833561"},{"Link":"https://app.powerbi.com/view?r=eyJrIjoiOTIwMzQ5YzItNzk0MC00NjUwLTlkMTAtYTFlOTY3Njk3ODJkIiwidCI6ImZjMzRkMDVjLWEyZjItNGFjMi04OWM1LWI0NGYzYTlmNDUxYyIsImMiOjh9","external_links_name":"\"Tilastokeskus - Jyväskylän väestö pienalueittain\""},{"Link":"https://kartta.jkl.fi/ims#","external_links_name":"\"Jyväskylän karttapalvelu\""},{"Link":"https://asiointi.maanmittauslaitos.fi/karttapaikka/","external_links_name":"\"Karttapaikka - Maanmittauslaitos\""},{"Link":"https://kaino.kotus.fi/www/verkkojulkaisut/julk63/SuomalainenPaikannimikirja_e-kirja_kuvallinen.pdf","external_links_name":"\"SuomalainenPaikannimikirja_e-kirja_kuvallinen.pdf\""},{"Link":"https://lahde.journal.fi/article/view/101412","external_links_name":"\"Joki, koski ja kylä - Jyväskylän uudisasutusalueen paikannimistö varhaismodernin tilanhahmottamisen ilmentäjänä\""},{"Link":"https://astia.narc.fi/uusiastia/viewer/?fileId=5737555721&aineistoId=3617699425","external_links_name":"\"Kansallisarkisto: Suomen asutuksen yleisluettelo -arkisto. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Custody_(movie)	In Custody (film)	["1 Plot synopsis","2 Cast","3 Awards","4 Musicians and vocalists","5 References","6 External links"]	1993 filmIn Custody / MuhafizDirected byIsmail MerchantWritten byAnita DesaiShahrukh HusainBased onIn Custodyby Anita DesaiProduced byWahid ChowhanPaul Bradley (executive)Donald Rosenfeld (executive)Starring Shashi Kapoor Shabana Azmi Om Puri Sushma Seth Neena Gupta Tinnu Anand Prayag Raj Ajay Sahni Maza Bi CinematographyLarry PizerEdited byRoberto SilviMusic byZakir HussainUstad Sultan KhanDistributed bySony Pictures ClassicsRelease dates October 1993 (1993-10) (Tokyo Film Festival) 8 June 1994 (1994-06-08) (France) Running time126 minutesLanguagesHindiUrduBudget$1 millionBox office$92,000 (US) In Custody/Muhafiz is a 1993 film by Merchant Ivory Productions. It was directed by Ismail Merchant, with screenplay by Anita Desai and Shahrukh Husain. It is based upon Desai's 1984 Booker Prize nominated novel In Custody. Plot synopsis This article needs an improved plot summary. Please help improve the plot summary. (June 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Deven's (Om Puri) position as a professor of Hindi at a local college is only a means to an end. His first love is the Urdu language and in particular Urdu poetry. Deven's multiple (and often stymied) attempts to interview the great Urdu poet, Nur (Shashi Kapoor), act as a metaphor for the clash between modernization and tradition. Cast Shashi Kapoor... Nur Shahjenabadi Shabana Azmi... Imtiaz Begum Om Puri... Deven Sharma Parikshat Sahni... Siddiqui Amjad Khan... Musician Sushma Seth... Safiya Begum Neena Gupta... Sarla Sharma (Deven's Wife) Tinnu Anand... Murad Awards 1993: Tokyo Film Festival in Kyoto (Official Selection) nomination 1994: National Film Award Special Jury Award: Shashi Kapoor Best Art Direction: Suresh Sawant Musicians and vocalists Sultan Khan - sarangi Sunil Das - sitar Ulhas Bapat - santoor Ronu Majumdar - flute Fazal Qureshi - tabla Taufiq Qureshi - percussion Pyush Kanojia - keyboard Zakir Hussain - tabla Sadiq Qureshi - daf Vocalists Suresh Wadkar, Kavita Krishnamurthy, Hariharan, Shankar Mahadevan The film also features poetry by Faiz Ahmad Faiz. References ^ a b c d e f "In Custody (1993 film)". American Film Institute website. AFI Catalog. Retrieved 23 October 2020. ^ a b "Merchant Ivory Productions Budget vs US Gross 1986-96". Screen International. 13 September 1996. p. 19. ^ a b c d e Caryn James (15 April 1994). "Review/Film; Ismail Merchant Directs First Feature (In Custody - 1993 film)". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 October 2020. ^ In Custody (1993 film) on Complete Index To World Film (CITWF) website Retrieved 23 October 2020 ^ Madhu Jain (31 December 1993). "Ismail Merchant captures the crumbling world of a poet". India Today. External links In Custody at Merchant Ivory Productions Film review - New York Times Archives Obituary of Ismail Merchant which provides background and context for the story In Custody / Muhafiz at IMDb vteIndian submission for Academy Award for Best International Feature Film1957–1980 Mother India (1957) Madhumati (1958) The World of Apu (1959) Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam (1962) Mahanagar (1963) Guide (1965) Amrapali (1966) Aakhri Khat (1967) Majhli Didi (1968) Deiva Magan (1969) Reshma Aur Shera (1971) Uphaar (1972) Saudagar (1973) Garm Hava (1974) Manthan (1977) The Chess Players (1978) Payal Ki Jhankaar (1980) 1981–2000 Saaransh (1984) Saagar (1985) Swathi Muthyam (1986) Nayakan (1987) Salaam Bombay! (1988) Parinda (1989) Anjali (1990) Henna (1991) Thevar Magan (1992) Rudaali (1993) In Custody (1994) Kuruthipunal (1995) Indian (1996) Guru (1997) Jeans (1998) Earth (1999) Hey Ram (2000) 2001–2020 Lagaan (2001) Devdas (2002) Shwaas (2004) Paheli (2005) Rang De Basanti (2006) Eklavya: The Royal Guard (2007) Taare Zameen Par (2008) Harishchandrachi Factory (2009) Peepli Live (2010) Adaminte Makan Abu (2011) Barfi! (2012) The Good Road (2013) Liar's Dice (2014) Court (2015) Visaranai (2016) Newton (2017) Village Rockstars (2018) Gully Boy (2019) Jallikattu (2020) 2021–present Pebbles (2021) Last Film Show (2022) 2018 (2023) vteMerchant Ivory Productions Ismail Merchant James Ivory The Householder (1963) Shakespeare Wallah (1965) The Guru (1969) The Night of Counting the Years (1969) Bombay Talkie (1970) Savages (1972) The Wild Party (1975) Autobiography of a Princess (1975) Roseland (1977) Hullabaloo Over Georgie and Bonnie's Pictures (1978) The Five Forty-Eight (1978) The Europeans (1979) Jane Austen in Manhattan (1980) Quartet (1981) The Courtesans of Bombay (1983) Heat and Dust (1983) The Bostonians (1984) A Room with a View (1985) Maurice (1987) The Deceivers (1988) The Perfect Murder (1988) Slaves of New York (1989) Mr. & Mrs. Bridge (1990) The Ballad of the Sad Cafe (1991) Howards End (1992) The Remains of the Day (1993) In Custody (1994) Feast of July (1995) Jefferson in Paris (1995) The Proprietor (1996) Surviving Picasso (1996) Side Streets (1998) A Soldier's Daughter Never Cries (1998) Cotton Mary (1999) The Golden Bowl (2000) The Mystic Masseur (2001) Le Divorce (2003) Heights (2005) The White Countess (2005) Before the Rains (2008) The City of Your Final Destination (2009)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Merchant Ivory Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant_Ivory_Productions"},{"link_name":"Ismail Merchant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_Merchant"},{"link_name":"Anita Desai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anita_Desai"},{"link_name":"Shahrukh Husain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahrukh_Husain"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFI-1"},{"link_name":"Booker Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booker_Prize"},{"link_name":"In Custody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Custody_(novel)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"1993 filmIn Custody/Muhafiz is a 1993 film by Merchant Ivory Productions. It was directed by Ismail Merchant, with screenplay by Anita Desai and Shahrukh Husain.[1] It is based upon Desai's 1984 Booker Prize nominated novel In Custody.[3][4]","title":"In Custody (film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Om Puri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om_Puri"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"Urdu language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_language"},{"link_name":"Shashi Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shashi_Kapoor"}],"text":"Deven's (Om Puri) position as a professor of Hindi at a local college is only a means to an end. His first love is the Urdu language and in particular Urdu poetry. Deven's multiple (and often stymied) attempts to interview the great Urdu poet, Nur (Shashi Kapoor), act as a metaphor for the clash between modernization and tradition.","title":"Plot synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shashi Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shashi_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFI-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-3"},{"link_name":"Shabana Azmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabana_Azmi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFI-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-3"},{"link_name":"Om Puri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om_Puri"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-3"},{"link_name":"Parikshat Sahni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parikshat_Sahni"},{"link_name":"Amjad Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amjad_Khan_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Sushma Seth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sushma_Seth"},{"link_name":"Neena Gupta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neena_Gupta"},{"link_name":"Tinnu Anand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinnu_Anand"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-3"}],"text":"Shashi Kapoor... Nur Shahjenabadi[1][3]\nShabana Azmi... Imtiaz Begum[1][3]\nOm Puri... Deven Sharma[3]\nParikshat Sahni... Siddiqui\nAmjad Khan... Musician\nSushma Seth... Safiya Begum\nNeena Gupta... Sarla Sharma (Deven's Wife)\nTinnu Anand... Murad[3]","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tokyo Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"National Film Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Award_(India)"},{"link_name":"Special Jury Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Award_%E2%80%93_Special_Jury_Award_(Feature_Film)"},{"link_name":"Shashi Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shashi_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"Best Art Direction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Art_Direction"}],"text":"1993: Tokyo Film Festival in Kyoto (Official Selection) nomination\n1994: National Film Award\nSpecial Jury Award: Shashi Kapoor\nBest Art Direction: Suresh Sawant","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sultan Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Khan_(musician)"},{"link_name":"sarangi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarangi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFI-1"},{"link_name":"Sunil Das","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunil_Das"},{"link_name":"sitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitar"},{"link_name":"Ulhas Bapat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulhas_Bapat"},{"link_name":"santoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santoor"},{"link_name":"Ronu Majumdar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronu_Majumdar"},{"link_name":"flute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute"},{"link_name":"Fazal Qureshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fazal_Qureshi"},{"link_name":"tabla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabla"},{"link_name":"Taufiq Qureshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taufiq_Qureshi"},{"link_name":"percussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion"},{"link_name":"keyboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_keyboard"},{"link_name":"Zakir Hussain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakir_Hussain_(musician)"},{"link_name":"tabla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabla"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFI-1"},{"link_name":"daf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daf"},{"link_name":"Suresh Wadkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suresh_Wadkar"},{"link_name":"Kavita Krishnamurthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavita_Krishnamurthy"},{"link_name":"Hariharan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hariharan_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Shankar Mahadevan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shankar_Mahadevan"},{"link_name":"Faiz Ahmad Faiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faiz_Ahmad_Faiz"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Sultan Khan - sarangi[1]\nSunil Das - sitar\nUlhas Bapat - santoor\nRonu Majumdar - flute\nFazal Qureshi - tabla\nTaufiq Qureshi - percussion\nPyush Kanojia - keyboard\nZakir Hussain - tabla[1]\nSadiq Qureshi - dafVocalistsSuresh Wadkar, Kavita Krishnamurthy, Hariharan, Shankar MahadevanThe film also features poetry by Faiz Ahmad Faiz.[5]","title":"Musicians and vocalists"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"In Custody (1993 film)\". American Film Institute website. AFI Catalog. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/60168","url_text":"\"In Custody (1993 film)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Merchant Ivory Productions Budget vs US Gross 1986-96\". Screen International. 13 September 1996. p. 19.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_International","url_text":"Screen International"}]},{"reference":"Caryn James (15 April 1994). \"Review/Film; Ismail Merchant Directs First Feature (In Custody - 1993 film)\". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/15/movies/review-film-ismail-merchant-directs-first-feature.html","url_text":"\"Review/Film; Ismail Merchant Directs First Feature (In Custody - 1993 film)\""}]},{"reference":"Madhu Jain (31 December 1993). \"Ismail Merchant captures the crumbling world of a poet\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arunta_(tribe)	Arrernte people	["1 Arrernte languages","2 Culture","3 Country","4 Sub-divisions","5 See also","6 Notes","6.1 Explanatory notes","6.2 Citations","7 General and cited sources","8 External links"]	Group of Aboriginal Australian people Arrernte welcoming dance, entrance of the strangers, Alice Springs, Central Australia, 9 May 1901, photograph Artist Albert Namatjira was a Western Arrernte man. The Arrernte (/ˈʌrəndə/) people, sometimes referred to as the Aranda, Arunta or Arrarnta, are a group of Aboriginal Australian peoples who live in the Arrernte lands, at Mparntwe (Alice Springs) and surrounding areas of the Central Australia region of the Northern Territory. Many still speak one of the various Arrernte dialects. Some Arrernte live in other areas far from their homeland, including the major Australian cities and overseas. Arrernte mythology and spirituality focuses on the landscape and The Dreaming. Altjira is the creator being of the Inapertwa that became all living creatures. Tjurunga are objects of religious significance. The Arrernte Council is the representative and administrative body for the Arrernte Lands and is part of the Central Land Council. Tourism is important to the economy of Alice Springs and surrounding communities. Arrernte languages Main article: Arrernte language "Aranda" is a simplified, Australian English approximation of the traditional pronunciation of the name of Arrernte . The ancestors of the Arrernte all spoke one or more of the many Arrernte dialects in the Arrernte group of languages. Today several are completely or nearly extinct, but some (especially Eastern or Central Arrernte) are widely spoken and taught in schools. The Arrernte also had a highly developed sign language. Culture The Hunters of the Central Australian Desert: Arunta Hunter diorama at the Milwaukee Public Museum Arrernte religion and cultural life were documented thoroughly from the late nineteenth century by the Lutheran missionary Carl Strehlow, the seminal Australian anthropologists Walter Baldwin Spencer and Francis Gillen and later by T. G. H. Strehlow. The Arrernte men worked with Strehlow to document their songs and ceremonies between 1932 and 1974. Arrernte oral history discusses the region of Alice Springs (Mparntwe) and its environs being shaped by primordial caterpillar-beings known as Ayepe-arenye (Hyles livornicoides), Ntyarlke (Hippotion celerio), and Utnerrengatye (Coenotes eremophilae) which were ancestral to the Arrernte people. The eastern MacDonnell Ranges was formed by the Ayepe-arenye, while the western portion of the ranges was formed by Ntyarlke. Country The Arrernte's lands, according to Norman Tindale's estimate, encompass some 47,000 square miles (120,000 km2). Of their overall territory he wrote that they were: At Mount Gosse, Mount Zeil, and Mount Heughlin; on the Finke River to Idracowra, Blood Creek, Macumba, Mount Dare, and Andado, and some distance east into the sandhills of the Arunta (Simpson) Desert; northeast to Intea on the lower Hale River, thence north to Ilbala on Plenty River; west to Inilja and Hart Range, Mount Swan, Gillen Creek, Connor Well, and Narwietooma; in Central MacDonnell, James, and Ooraminna Ranges. Sub-divisions The name Arrernte refers to the following distinct groups (or "mobs"): Central Arrernte, from the township of Alice Springs only. Eastern Arrernte, from the Arrernte lands east of Alice Springs. Western Arrarnta, from the Arrernte lands west of Alice Springs, out to Mutitjulu and King's Canyon. See also Arrernte language Veronica Perrule Dobson HMAS Arunta Margaret Kemarre Turner Spirituality & mythology Altjira Inapertwa Tjurunga Notes Explanatory notes ^ Earlier the town was also referred to as Tjoritja, the word for the MacDonnell Ranges, and also frequently as Kapmanta (etymologically, kaputa(head) plus manta (thick), because it struck Arrernte visitor as so many packed corrugated roofs together ('head' as in househead/roof) ('In neuerer Zeit wird Alice Springs häufig Kapmanta genannt:kap ist eine Abkürzing von kaputa = Kopf und manta = dicht.) Kapmanta heißt wörtlich: dichter Kopf. Gemeint sind:dichte Dächer (Dach = des Hauses Kopf) weil hier die Eingeboreren zuerst mit Wellblech gedeckte Dächer gesehen haben'. (Strehlow 1907, p. 42, n.7) ^ The Arrernte way of life is presented through tour guides and storytellers speaking of the life, their artwork, their culture and language in a variety of different ways. Tours are run regularly to Hermannsburg and Wallace Rockhole, both of which are (Western) Arrernte, so as to learn more about the Arrernte way of life, from their artwork to their culture and language. Citations ^ Brooks 1991. ^ Short 2013, p. 196. ^ Ryan, Deane & Cunningham 2008, pp. 286–288. ^ AAA&CC. ^ Turpin 2004. ^ Kendon 1988, pp. 49–50. ^ Gibson 2020. ^ "Local Community & Culture". Alice Springs Town Council. Retrieved 13 August 2021. Arrernte stories describe how the landscape surrounding Alice, including the MacDonnell Ranges, was created by the actions of their ancestors, the caterpillar beings Ayepe-arenye, Ntyarlke and Utnerrengatye. ^ Walsh, Fiona (13 February 2017). "Box BIO11 Caterpillars as big as a mountain: the role of spiritual beliefs about animals and plants". Australia State of the Environment Report. Archived from the original on 6 October 2019. Retrieved 13 August 2021. ^ Sleath, Emma. "Sacred caterpillars plentiful after the rain". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 13 August 2021. ^ a b Tindale 1974, pp. 220–221. General and cited sources "Aboriginal Art Culture and Tourism Australia". Aboriginal Australia Art & Culture Centre. Retrieved 23 March 2013. "AIATSIS map of Indigenous Australia". AIATSIS. Brooks, David (1991). A Town Like Mparntwe: A Guide to the Dreaming Tracks and Sites of Alice Springs. Jukurrpa Books. ISBN 978-1-864-65045-7. Dixon, R. M. W. (2002). Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-47378-1. Gibson, Jason (2020). Ceremony Men: Making Ethnography and the Return of the Strehlow Collection. SUNY Press. ISBN 9781438478548. Kearney, Simon (20 September 2007). "Another language faces sunset in dead centre" (PDF). The Australian, Swarthmore College. Kendon, Adam (1988). Sign Languages of Aboriginal Australia: Cultural, Semiotic and Communicative Perspectives. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-36008-1. Kenny, Anna (2013). The Aranda's Pepa: An introduction to Carl Strehlow's Masterpiece Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien (1907-1920). Australian National University. ISBN 978-1-921-53677-9. JSTOR j.ctt5hgz6k.10. Morton, John (2013). "'Less was hidden among these children': Géza Roheim, Anthropology and the Politics of Aboriginal Childhood". In Eickelkamp, Ute (ed.). Growing Up In Central Australia: New Anthropological Studies of Aboriginal Childhood and Adolescence. Berghahn Books. pp. 15–48. ISBN 978-1-782-38127-3. Ryan, Mark David; Deane, Michael; Cunningham, Stuart (2008). "Australian Indigenous Art: Local Dreamings, Global Consumption". In Anheier, Helmut K.; Isar, Yudhishthir Raj (eds.). Cultures and Globalization: The Cultural Economy. SAGE. pp. 284–291. ISBN 978-1-473-90357-9. Short, John Rennie (2013). Globalization, Modernity and the City. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-67151-7. Strehlow, C. (1907). Leonhardi, Moritz von (ed.). Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien: Part 1 Mythen, Sagen und Märchen des Aranda –Stammes (PDF). Joseph Baer & Co. Strehlow, C. (1908). Leonhardi, Moritz von (ed.). Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien: Part 2. Mythen, Sagen und Märchen des Loritja–Stämmes (PDF). Joseph Baer & Co. Strehlow, C. (1910). Leonhardi, Moritz von (ed.). Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien Part 3 (PDF). Joseph Baer & Co. Strehlow, C. (1913a). Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien Part 4: Abteilung (PDF). Joseph Baer & Co. Strehlow, C. (1913b). Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien.: Part 4. 1 Abteilung: Stammbaum Tafeln (PDF). Joseph Baer & Co. Strehlow, C. (1920). Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien: Part 5 (PDF). Joseph Baer & Co. Tindale, Norman Barnett (1974). "Aranda (NT)". Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names. Australian National University. Turpin, Myfany (August 2004). "Have you ever wondered why Arrernte is spelt the way it is?". Central Land Council. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arrernte people. Arrernte Tribal Group vteAboriginal peoples in the Northern Territory Airiman Alawa Alura Alyawarre Amarak Amijangal Andakerebina Anindilyakwa Anmatyerre Arrernte Awarai Awinmul Beriguruk Bilingara Binbinga Bingongina Bininj Burarra Dagoman Daii Dalabon Dangu Dhuwal Dhuwala Djalakuru Djaŋu Djerait Djerimanga Djinang Djinba Djowei Doolboong Emmiyangal Gaagudju Gaari Gadjerong Gambalang Garrwa/Karawa Giimbiyu Gudanji Gungorogone Gunindiri Gurindji Iwaidja Jaako Jamindjung Jawoyn Jingili Karrangpurru Kaytetye Kukatja Kunapa Kungarakan Kunibidji Kunwinjku Kwarandji Larrakia Madngella Makarrwanhalmirr Mangarayi Mantjintjarra Ngalia Mariamo Maridan Maridjabin Marimanindji Marinunggo Marijedi Mariu Marra Marranunggu Marrithiyal Mati Ke Matuntara Maung Menhdheyangal Mudburra Mulluk-Mulluk Muringura Murngin=Yolgnu Murrinh-Patha Nagara Nanggikorongo Nangiomeri Ngaanyatjarra Ngalakgan Ngalia Ngaliwurru Ngandi Ngardok Ngarinman Ngarnka Ngarti Ngolokwangga Ngormbur Norweilemil Nungali Nunggubuyu Oitbi Perrakee? Pintupi Pitjantjatjara Pongaponga Puneitja Rembarrnga Ritharngu/Diakui Tiwi Tjial Waanyi Wadere Wadjiginy Wagoman Wakaya Walu Wambaya Wandjira Wardaman Warlmanpa Warlpiri Warndarang Warumungu Watta Wilingura Wongkamala Wulwulam Wurango Yangman Yan-nhaŋu/Nango Yanyuwa Yaroinga Yindjilandji Yolngu Yukul Yumu Yunggor By state or territory New South Wales Northern Territory Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Authority control databases: National Germany	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Walter_Baldwin_Spencer_and_Francis_J_Gillen_-_Arrernte_welcoming_dance,_entrance_of_the_strangers,_Alice_Springs,_Central_Australia,_9_May_1901_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Namatjira_govt_house_sydney.jpg"},{"link_name":"Albert Namatjira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Namatjira"},{"link_name":"/ˈʌrəndə/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal Australian peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Australians"},{"link_name":"Arrernte lands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrernte_(area)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks1991-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShort2013196-2"},{"link_name":"Alice Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Springs"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Central Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Australia"},{"link_name":"Northern Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"various Arrernte dialects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Arrernte_language"},{"link_name":"major Australian cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_capital_cities"},{"link_name":"The Dreaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dreaming"},{"link_name":"Altjira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altjira"},{"link_name":"Inapertwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inapertwa"},{"link_name":"Tjurunga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjurunga"},{"link_name":"Arrernte Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arrernte_Council&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Central Land Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Land_Council"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyanDeaneCunningham2008286%E2%80%93288-4"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Arrernte welcoming dance, entrance of the strangers, Alice Springs, Central Australia, 9 May 1901, photographArtist Albert Namatjira was a Western Arrernte man.The Arrernte (/ˈʌrəndə/) people, sometimes referred to as the Aranda, Arunta or Arrarnta, are a group of Aboriginal Australian peoples who live in the Arrernte lands, at Mparntwe[1][2] (Alice Springs)[a] and surrounding areas of the Central Australia region of the Northern Territory. Many still speak one of the various Arrernte dialects. Some Arrernte live in other areas far from their homeland, including the major Australian cities and overseas.Arrernte mythology and spirituality focuses on the landscape and The Dreaming. Altjira is the creator being of the Inapertwa that became all living creatures. Tjurunga are objects of religious significance.The Arrernte Council is the representative and administrative body for the Arrernte Lands and is part of the Central Land Council.Tourism is important to the economy of Alice Springs and surrounding communities.[3][b]","title":"Arrernte people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australian English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_English"},{"link_name":"[ˈarəɳ͡ɖa]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Australian_languages"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurpin2004-7"},{"link_name":"group of languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialect_continuum"},{"link_name":"sign language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrernte_Sign_Language"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendon198849%E2%80%9350-8"}],"text":"\"Aranda\" is a simplified, Australian English approximation of the traditional pronunciation of the name of Arrernte [ˈarəɳ͡ɖa].[5] The ancestors of the Arrernte all spoke one or more of the many Arrernte dialects in the Arrernte group of languages. Today several are completely or nearly extinct, but some (especially Eastern or Central Arrernte) are widely spoken and taught in schools.The Arrernte also had a highly developed sign language.[6]","title":"Arrernte languages"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Milwaukee_Public_Museum_January_2023_43_(Australia--Hunters_of_the_Central_Australian_Desert-_Arunta_Hunter).jpg"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee Public Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Public_Museum"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibson2020-9"},{"link_name":"caterpillar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterpillar"},{"link_name":"Hyles livornicoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyles_livornicoides"},{"link_name":"Hippotion celerio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippotion_celerio"},{"link_name":"Coenotes eremophilae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenotes_eremophilae"},{"link_name":"MacDonnell Ranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacDonnell_Ranges"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The Hunters of the Central Australian Desert: Arunta Hunter diorama at the Milwaukee Public MuseumArrernte religion and cultural life were documented thoroughly from the late nineteenth century by the Lutheran missionary Carl Strehlow, the seminal Australian anthropologists Walter Baldwin Spencer and Francis Gillen and later by T. G. H. Strehlow. The Arrernte men worked with Strehlow to document their songs and ceremonies between 1932 and 1974.[7] Arrernte oral history discusses the region of Alice Springs (Mparntwe) and its environs being shaped by primordial caterpillar-beings known as Ayepe-arenye (Hyles livornicoides), Ntyarlke (Hippotion celerio), and Utnerrengatye (Coenotes eremophilae) which were ancestral to the Arrernte people. The eastern MacDonnell Ranges was formed by the Ayepe-arenye, while the western portion of the ranges was formed by Ntyarlke.[8][9][10]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norman Tindale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Tindale"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETindale1974220%E2%80%93221-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETindale1974220%E2%80%93221-13"}],"text":"The Arrernte's lands, according to Norman Tindale's estimate, encompass some 47,000 square miles (120,000 km2).[11] Of their overall territory he wrote that they were:At Mount Gosse, Mount Zeil, and Mount Heughlin; on the Finke River to Idracowra, Blood Creek, Macumba, Mount Dare, and Andado, and some distance east into the sandhills of the Arunta (Simpson) Desert; northeast to Intea on the lower Hale River, thence north to Ilbala on Plenty River; west to Inilja and Hart Range, Mount Swan, Gillen Creek, Connor Well, and Narwietooma; in Central MacDonnell, James, and Ooraminna Ranges.[11]","title":"Country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Central Arrernte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Arrernte"},{"link_name":"Alice Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Springs"},{"link_name":"Eastern Arrernte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Arrernte"},{"link_name":"Western Arrarnta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Arrarnta"},{"link_name":"Mutitjulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutitjulu,_Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"King's Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_Canyon_(Northern_Territory)"}],"text":"The name Arrernte refers to the following distinct groups (or \"mobs\"):Central Arrernte, from the township of Alice Springs only.\nEastern Arrernte, from the Arrernte lands east of Alice Springs.\nWestern Arrarnta, from the Arrernte lands west of Alice Springs, out to Mutitjulu and King's Canyon.","title":"Sub-divisions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Strehlow 1907","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFStrehlow1907"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"tour guides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_guide"},{"link_name":"storytellers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storytelling"},{"link_name":"Hermannsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermannsburg,_Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"Wallace Rockhole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Rockhole"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAAA&CC-5"}],"sub_title":"Explanatory notes","text":"^ Earlier the town was also referred to as Tjoritja, the word for the MacDonnell Ranges, and also frequently as Kapmanta (etymologically, kaputa(head) plus manta (thick), because it struck Arrernte visitor as so many packed corrugated roofs together ('head' as in househead/roof) ('In neuerer Zeit wird Alice Springs häufig Kapmanta genannt:kap ist eine Abkürzing von kaputa = Kopf und manta = dicht.) Kapmanta heißt wörtlich: dichter Kopf. Gemeint sind:dichte Dächer (Dach = des Hauses Kopf) weil hier die Eingeboreren zuerst mit Wellblech gedeckte Dächer gesehen haben'. (Strehlow 1907, p. 42, n.7)\n\n^ The Arrernte way of life is presented through tour guides and storytellers speaking of the life, their artwork, their culture and language in a variety of different ways. Tours are run regularly to Hermannsburg and Wallace Rockhole, both of which are (Western) Arrernte,[4] so as to learn more about the Arrernte way of life, from their artwork to their culture and language.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooks1991_1-0"},{"link_name":"Brooks 1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBrooks1991"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShort2013196_2-0"},{"link_name":"Short 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFShort2013"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyanDeaneCunningham2008286%E2%80%93288_4-0"},{"link_name":"Ryan, Deane & Cunningham 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRyanDeaneCunningham2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAAA&CC_5-0"},{"link_name":"AAA&CC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAAA&CC"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurpin2004_7-0"},{"link_name":"Turpin 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTurpin2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendon198849%E2%80%9350_8-0"},{"link_name":"Kendon 1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKendon1988"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibson2020_9-0"},{"link_name":"Gibson 2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGibson2020"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Local Community & Culture\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//alicesprings.nt.gov.au/about-alice-springs/living-in-alice-springs/local-community-culture"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Box BIO11 Caterpillars as big as a mountain: the role of spiritual beliefs about animals and plants\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20191006113052/https://soe.environment.gov.au/case-study/biodiversity/box-bio11-caterpillars-big-mountain-role-spiritual-beliefs-about-animals-and"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//soe.environment.gov.au/case-study/biodiversity/box-bio11-caterpillars-big-mountain-role-spiritual-beliefs-about-animals-and"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"Sacred caterpillars plentiful after the rain\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2015/02/05/4174922.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETindale1974220%E2%80%93221_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETindale1974220%E2%80%93221_13-1"},{"link_name":"Tindale 1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTindale1974"}],"sub_title":"Citations","text":"^ Brooks 1991.\n\n^ Short 2013, p. 196.\n\n^ Ryan, Deane & Cunningham 2008, pp. 286–288.\n\n^ AAA&CC.\n\n^ Turpin 2004.\n\n^ Kendon 1988, pp. 49–50.\n\n^ Gibson 2020.\n\n^ \"Local Community & Culture\". Alice Springs Town Council. Retrieved 13 August 2021. Arrernte stories describe how the landscape surrounding Alice, including the MacDonnell Ranges, was created by the actions of their ancestors, the caterpillar beings Ayepe-arenye, Ntyarlke and Utnerrengatye.\n\n^ Walsh, Fiona (13 February 2017). \"Box BIO11 Caterpillars as big as a mountain: the role of spiritual beliefs about animals and plants\". Australia State of the Environment Report. Archived from the original on 6 October 2019. Retrieved 13 August 2021.\n\n^ Sleath, Emma. \"Sacred caterpillars plentiful after the rain\". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 13 August 2021.\n\n^ a b Tindale 1974, pp. 220–221.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Aboriginal Art Culture and Tourism Australia\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//aboriginalart.com.au/culture/arrernte.html"},{"link_name":"\"AIATSIS map of Indigenous Australia\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aiatsis.gov.au/explore/articles/aiatsis-map-indigenous-australia"},{"link_name":"AIATSIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-864-65045-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-864-65045-7"},{"link_name":"Dixon, R. M. W.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_M._W._Dixon"},{"link_name":"Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=MSqIBNJtG0AC&pg=PR39"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-47378-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47378-1"},{"link_name":"Ceremony Men: Making Ethnography and the Return of the Strehlow Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=uL3rDwAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781438478548","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438478548"},{"link_name":"\"Another language faces sunset in dead centre\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.swarthmore.edu/SocSci/dharris2/pdfs/australian-2007-09-20.pdf"},{"link_name":"The Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Australian"},{"link_name":"Swarthmore College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarthmore_College"},{"link_name":"Sign Languages of Aboriginal Australia: Cultural, Semiotic and Communicative Perspectives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=YonNUqqnIRkC&pg=PA49"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-36008-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36008-1"},{"link_name":"Australian National University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_University"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-921-53677-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-921-53677-9"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"j.ctt5hgz6k.10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5hgz6k.10"},{"link_name":"\"'Less was hidden among these children': Géza Roheim, Anthropology and the Politics of Aboriginal Childhood\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=FXRFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15"},{"link_name":"Berghahn Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berghahn_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-782-38127-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-782-38127-3"},{"link_name":"\"Australian Indigenous Art: Local Dreamings, Global Consumption\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=dlt9AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA287"},{"link_name":"SAGE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAGE_Publishing"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-473-90357-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-473-90357-9"},{"link_name":"Short, John Rennie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rennie_Short"},{"link_name":"Globalization, Modernity and the City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=JIyoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA196"},{"link_name":"Routledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-136-67151-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-67151-7"},{"link_name":"Strehlow, C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Strehlow"},{"link_name":"Leonhardi, Moritz von","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moritz_von_Leonhardi"},{"link_name":"Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien: Part 1 Mythen, Sagen und Märchen des Aranda –Stammes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/61643/3/Die%20Aranda_Issue%201.pdf"},{"link_name":"Strehlow, C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Strehlow"},{"link_name":"Leonhardi, Moritz von","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moritz_von_Leonhardi"},{"link_name":"Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien: Part 2. Mythen, Sagen und Märchen des Loritja–Stämmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/61643/4/Die%20Aranda_Issue%202.pdf"},{"link_name":"Strehlow, C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Strehlow"},{"link_name":"Leonhardi, Moritz von","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moritz_von_Leonhardi"},{"link_name":"Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien Part 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/61643/9/Die%20Aranda_Issue%203.pdf"},{"link_name":"Strehlow, C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Strehlow"},{"link_name":"Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien Part 4: Abteilung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/61643/6/Die%20Aranda_Issue%204.pdf"},{"link_name":"Strehlow, C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Strehlow"},{"link_name":"Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien.: Part 4. 1 Abteilung: Stammbaum Tafeln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/61643/8/Die%20Aranda%20und%20Loritja-Stamme%20-%20Inserts.pdf"},{"link_name":"Strehlow, C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Strehlow"},{"link_name":"Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien: Part 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/61643/7/Die%20Aranda_Issue%205.pdf"},{"link_name":"Tindale, Norman Barnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Tindale"},{"link_name":"\"Aranda (NT)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/aranda.htm"},{"link_name":"Australian National University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_University"},{"link_name":"\"Have you ever wondered why Arrernte is spelt the way it is?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.clc.org.au/index.php?/articles/info/have-you-ever-wondered-why-arrernte-is-spelt-the-way-it-is/"},{"link_name":"Central Land Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Land_Council"}],"text":"\"Aboriginal Art Culture and Tourism Australia\". Aboriginal Australia Art & Culture Centre. Retrieved 23 March 2013.\n\"AIATSIS map of Indigenous Australia\". AIATSIS.\nBrooks, David (1991). A Town Like Mparntwe: A Guide to the Dreaming Tracks and Sites of Alice Springs. Jukurrpa Books. ISBN 978-1-864-65045-7.\nDixon, R. M. W. (2002). Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-47378-1.\nGibson, Jason (2020). Ceremony Men: Making Ethnography and the Return of the Strehlow Collection. SUNY Press. ISBN 9781438478548.\nKearney, Simon (20 September 2007). \"Another language faces sunset in dead centre\" (PDF). The Australian, Swarthmore College.\nKendon, Adam (1988). Sign Languages of Aboriginal Australia: Cultural, Semiotic and Communicative Perspectives. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-36008-1.\nKenny, Anna (2013). The Aranda's Pepa: An introduction to Carl Strehlow's Masterpiece Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien (1907-1920). Australian National University. ISBN 978-1-921-53677-9. JSTOR j.ctt5hgz6k.10.\nMorton, John (2013). \"'Less was hidden among these children': Géza Roheim, Anthropology and the Politics of Aboriginal Childhood\". In Eickelkamp, Ute (ed.). Growing Up In Central Australia: New Anthropological Studies of Aboriginal Childhood and Adolescence. Berghahn Books. pp. 15–48. ISBN 978-1-782-38127-3.\nRyan, Mark David; Deane, Michael; Cunningham, Stuart (2008). \"Australian Indigenous Art: Local Dreamings, Global Consumption\". In Anheier, Helmut K.; Isar, Yudhishthir Raj (eds.). Cultures and Globalization: The Cultural Economy. SAGE. pp. 284–291. ISBN 978-1-473-90357-9.\nShort, John Rennie (2013). Globalization, Modernity and the City. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-67151-7.\nStrehlow, C. (1907). Leonhardi, Moritz von (ed.). Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien: Part 1 Mythen, Sagen und Märchen des Aranda –Stammes (PDF). Joseph Baer & Co.\nStrehlow, C. (1908). Leonhardi, Moritz von (ed.). Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien: Part 2. Mythen, Sagen und Märchen des Loritja–Stämmes (PDF). Joseph Baer & Co.\nStrehlow, C. (1910). Leonhardi, Moritz von (ed.). Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien Part 3 (PDF). Joseph Baer & Co.\nStrehlow, C. (1913a). Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien Part 4: Abteilung (PDF). Joseph Baer & Co.\nStrehlow, C. (1913b). Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien.: Part 4. 1 Abteilung: Stammbaum Tafeln (PDF). Joseph Baer & Co.\nStrehlow, C. (1920). Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien: Part 5 (PDF). Joseph Baer & Co.\nTindale, Norman Barnett (1974). \"Aranda (NT)\". Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names. Australian National University.\nTurpin, Myfany (August 2004). \"Have you ever wondered why Arrernte is spelt the way it is?\". Central Land Council.","title":"General and cited sources"}]	[{"image_text":"Arrernte welcoming dance, entrance of the strangers, Alice Springs, Central Australia, 9 May 1901, photograph","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Walter_Baldwin_Spencer_and_Francis_J_Gillen_-_Arrernte_welcoming_dance%2C_entrance_of_the_strangers%2C_Alice_Springs%2C_Central_Australia%2C_9_May_1901_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"Artist Albert Namatjira was a Western Arrernte man.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Namatjira_govt_house_sydney.jpg/220px-Namatjira_govt_house_sydney.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Hunters of the Central Australian Desert: Arunta Hunter diorama at the Milwaukee Public Museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Milwaukee_Public_Museum_January_2023_43_%28Australia--Hunters_of_the_Central_Australian_Desert-_Arunta_Hunter%29.jpg/220px-Milwaukee_Public_Museum_January_2023_43_%28Australia--Hunters_of_the_Central_Australian_Desert-_Arunta_Hunter%29.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Arrernte language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrernte_language"},{"title":"Veronica Perrule Dobson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veronica_Perrule_Dobson"},{"title":"HMAS Arunta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAS_Arunta"},{"title":"Margaret Kemarre Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Kemarre_Turner"},{"title":"Altjira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altjira"},{"title":"Inapertwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inapertwa"},{"title":"Tjurunga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjurunga"}]	[{"reference":"\"Local Community & Culture\". Alice Springs Town Council. Retrieved 13 August 2021. Arrernte stories describe how the landscape surrounding Alice, including the MacDonnell Ranges, was created by the actions of their ancestors, the caterpillar beings Ayepe-arenye, Ntyarlke and Utnerrengatye.","urls":[{"url":"https://alicesprings.nt.gov.au/about-alice-springs/living-in-alice-springs/local-community-culture","url_text":"\"Local Community & Culture\""}]},{"reference":"Walsh, Fiona (13 February 2017). \"Box BIO11 Caterpillars as big as a mountain: the role of spiritual beliefs about animals and plants\". Australia State of the Environment Report. Archived from the original on 6 October 2019. Retrieved 13 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191006113052/https://soe.environment.gov.au/case-study/biodiversity/box-bio11-caterpillars-big-mountain-role-spiritual-beliefs-about-animals-and","url_text":"\"Box BIO11 Caterpillars as big as a mountain: the role of spiritual beliefs about animals and plants\""},{"url":"https://soe.environment.gov.au/case-study/biodiversity/box-bio11-caterpillars-big-mountain-role-spiritual-beliefs-about-animals-and","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sleath, Emma. \"Sacred caterpillars plentiful after the rain\". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 13 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2015/02/05/4174922.htm","url_text":"\"Sacred caterpillars plentiful after the rain\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aboriginal Art Culture and Tourism Australia\". Aboriginal Australia Art & Culture Centre. Retrieved 23 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://aboriginalart.com.au/culture/arrernte.html","url_text":"\"Aboriginal Art Culture and Tourism Australia\""}]},{"reference":"\"AIATSIS map of Indigenous Australia\". AIATSIS.","urls":[{"url":"https://aiatsis.gov.au/explore/articles/aiatsis-map-indigenous-australia","url_text":"\"AIATSIS map of Indigenous Australia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies","url_text":"AIATSIS"}]},{"reference":"Brooks, David (1991). A Town Like Mparntwe: A Guide to the Dreaming Tracks and Sites of Alice Springs. Jukurrpa Books. ISBN 978-1-864-65045-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-864-65045-7","url_text":"978-1-864-65045-7"}]},{"reference":"Dixon, R. M. W. (2002). Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-47378-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_M._W._Dixon","url_text":"Dixon, R. M. W."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MSqIBNJtG0AC&pg=PR39","url_text":"Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47378-1","url_text":"978-0-521-47378-1"}]},{"reference":"Gibson, Jason (2020). Ceremony Men: Making Ethnography and the Return of the Strehlow Collection. SUNY Press. ISBN 9781438478548.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uL3rDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Ceremony Men: Making Ethnography and the Return of the Strehlow Collection"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438478548","url_text":"9781438478548"}]},{"reference":"Kearney, Simon (20 September 2007). \"Another language faces sunset in dead centre\" (PDF). The Australian, Swarthmore College.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.swarthmore.edu/SocSci/dharris2/pdfs/australian-2007-09-20.pdf","url_text":"\"Another language faces sunset in dead centre\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Australian","url_text":"The Australian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarthmore_College","url_text":"Swarthmore College"}]},{"reference":"Kendon, Adam (1988). Sign Languages of Aboriginal Australia: Cultural, Semiotic and Communicative Perspectives. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-36008-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YonNUqqnIRkC&pg=PA49","url_text":"Sign Languages of Aboriginal Australia: Cultural, Semiotic and Communicative Perspectives"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36008-1","url_text":"978-0-521-36008-1"}]},{"reference":"Kenny, Anna (2013). The Aranda's Pepa: An introduction to Carl Strehlow's Masterpiece Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien (1907-1920). Australian National University. ISBN 978-1-921-53677-9. JSTOR j.ctt5hgz6k.10.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_University","url_text":"Australian National University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-921-53677-9","url_text":"978-1-921-53677-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5hgz6k.10","url_text":"j.ctt5hgz6k.10"}]},{"reference":"Morton, John (2013). \"'Less was hidden among these children': Géza Roheim, Anthropology and the Politics of Aboriginal Childhood\". In Eickelkamp, Ute (ed.). Growing Up In Central Australia: New Anthropological Studies of Aboriginal Childhood and Adolescence. Berghahn Books. pp. 15–48. ISBN 978-1-782-38127-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FXRFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15","url_text":"\"'Less was hidden among these children': Géza Roheim, Anthropology and the Politics of Aboriginal Childhood\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berghahn_Books","url_text":"Berghahn Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-782-38127-3","url_text":"978-1-782-38127-3"}]},{"reference":"Ryan, Mark David; Deane, Michael; Cunningham, Stuart (2008). \"Australian Indigenous Art: Local Dreamings, Global Consumption\". In Anheier, Helmut K.; Isar, Yudhishthir Raj (eds.). Cultures and Globalization: The Cultural Economy. SAGE. pp. 284–291. ISBN 978-1-473-90357-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dlt9AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA287","url_text":"\"Australian Indigenous Art: Local Dreamings, Global Consumption\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAGE_Publishing","url_text":"SAGE"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-473-90357-9","url_text":"978-1-473-90357-9"}]},{"reference":"Short, John Rennie (2013). Globalization, Modernity and the City. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-67151-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rennie_Short","url_text":"Short, John Rennie"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JIyoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA196","url_text":"Globalization, Modernity and the City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-67151-7","url_text":"978-1-136-67151-7"}]},{"reference":"Strehlow, C. (1907). Leonhardi, Moritz von (ed.). Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien: Part 1 Mythen, Sagen und Märchen des Aranda –Stammes (PDF). Joseph Baer & Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Strehlow","url_text":"Strehlow, C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moritz_von_Leonhardi","url_text":"Leonhardi, Moritz von"},{"url":"https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/61643/3/Die%20Aranda_Issue%201.pdf","url_text":"Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien: Part 1 Mythen, Sagen und Märchen des Aranda –Stammes"}]},{"reference":"Strehlow, C. (1908). Leonhardi, Moritz von (ed.). Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien: Part 2. Mythen, Sagen und Märchen des Loritja–Stämmes (PDF). Joseph Baer & Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Strehlow","url_text":"Strehlow, C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moritz_von_Leonhardi","url_text":"Leonhardi, Moritz von"},{"url":"https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/61643/4/Die%20Aranda_Issue%202.pdf","url_text":"Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien: Part 2. Mythen, Sagen und Märchen des Loritja–Stämmes"}]},{"reference":"Strehlow, C. (1910). Leonhardi, Moritz von (ed.). Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien Part 3 (PDF). Joseph Baer & Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Strehlow","url_text":"Strehlow, C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moritz_von_Leonhardi","url_text":"Leonhardi, Moritz von"},{"url":"https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/61643/9/Die%20Aranda_Issue%203.pdf","url_text":"Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien Part 3"}]},{"reference":"Strehlow, C. (1913a). Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien Part 4: Abteilung (PDF). Joseph Baer & Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Strehlow","url_text":"Strehlow, C."},{"url":"https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/61643/6/Die%20Aranda_Issue%204.pdf","url_text":"Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien Part 4: Abteilung"}]},{"reference":"Strehlow, C. (1913b). Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien.: Part 4. 1 Abteilung: Stammbaum Tafeln (PDF). Joseph Baer & Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Strehlow","url_text":"Strehlow, C."},{"url":"https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/61643/8/Die%20Aranda%20und%20Loritja-Stamme%20-%20Inserts.pdf","url_text":"Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien.: Part 4. 1 Abteilung: Stammbaum Tafeln"}]},{"reference":"Strehlow, C. (1920). Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien: Part 5 (PDF). Joseph Baer & Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Strehlow","url_text":"Strehlow, C."},{"url":"https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/61643/7/Die%20Aranda_Issue%205.pdf","url_text":"Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien: Part 5"}]},{"reference":"Tindale, Norman Barnett (1974). \"Aranda (NT)\". Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names. Australian National University.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Tindale","url_text":"Tindale, Norman Barnett"},{"url":"http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/aranda.htm","url_text":"\"Aranda (NT)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_University","url_text":"Australian National University"}]},{"reference":"Turpin, Myfany (August 2004). \"Have you ever wondered why Arrernte is spelt the way it is?\". Central Land Council.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.clc.org.au/index.php?/articles/info/have-you-ever-wondered-why-arrernte-is-spelt-the-way-it-is/","url_text":"\"Have you ever wondered why Arrernte is spelt the way it is?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Land_Council","url_text":"Central Land Council"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://alicesprings.nt.gov.au/about-alice-springs/living-in-alice-springs/local-community-culture","external_links_name":"\"Local Community & Culture\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191006113052/https://soe.environment.gov.au/case-study/biodiversity/box-bio11-caterpillars-big-mountain-role-spiritual-beliefs-about-animals-and","external_links_name":"\"Box BIO11 Caterpillars as big as a mountain: the role of spiritual beliefs about animals and plants\""},{"Link":"https://soe.environment.gov.au/case-study/biodiversity/box-bio11-caterpillars-big-mountain-role-spiritual-beliefs-about-animals-and","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2015/02/05/4174922.htm","external_links_name":"\"Sacred caterpillars plentiful after the rain\""},{"Link":"http://aboriginalart.com.au/culture/arrernte.html","external_links_name":"\"Aboriginal Art Culture and Tourism Australia\""},{"Link":"https://aiatsis.gov.au/explore/articles/aiatsis-map-indigenous-australia","external_links_name":"\"AIATSIS map of Indigenous Australia\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MSqIBNJtG0AC&pg=PR39","external_links_name":"Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uL3rDwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Ceremony Men: Making Ethnography and the Return of the Strehlow Collection"},{"Link":"http://www.swarthmore.edu/SocSci/dharris2/pdfs/australian-2007-09-20.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Another language faces sunset in dead centre\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YonNUqqnIRkC&pg=PA49","external_links_name":"Sign Languages of Aboriginal Australia: Cultural, Semiotic and Communicative Perspectives"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5hgz6k.10","external_links_name":"j.ctt5hgz6k.10"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FXRFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15","external_links_name":"\"'Less was hidden among these children': Géza Roheim, Anthropology and the Politics of Aboriginal Childhood\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dlt9AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA287","external_links_name":"\"Australian Indigenous Art: Local Dreamings, Global Consumption\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JIyoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA196","external_links_name":"Globalization, Modernity and the City"},{"Link":"https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/61643/3/Die%20Aranda_Issue%201.pdf","external_links_name":"Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien: Part 1 Mythen, Sagen und Märchen des Aranda –Stammes"},{"Link":"https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/61643/4/Die%20Aranda_Issue%202.pdf","external_links_name":"Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien: Part 2. Mythen, Sagen und Märchen des Loritja–Stämmes"},{"Link":"https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/61643/9/Die%20Aranda_Issue%203.pdf","external_links_name":"Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien Part 3"},{"Link":"https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/61643/6/Die%20Aranda_Issue%204.pdf","external_links_name":"Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien Part 4: Abteilung"},{"Link":"https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/61643/8/Die%20Aranda%20und%20Loritja-Stamme%20-%20Inserts.pdf","external_links_name":"Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien.: Part 4. 1 Abteilung: Stammbaum Tafeln"},{"Link":"https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/61643/7/Die%20Aranda_Issue%205.pdf","external_links_name":"Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien: Part 5"},{"Link":"http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/aranda.htm","external_links_name":"\"Aranda (NT)\""},{"Link":"https://www.clc.org.au/index.php?/articles/info/have-you-ever-wondered-why-arrernte-is-spelt-the-way-it-is/","external_links_name":"\"Have you ever wondered why Arrernte is spelt the way it is?\""},{"Link":"http://aboriginalart.com.au/culture/arrernte.html","external_links_name":"Arrernte Tribal Group"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4002559-7","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulpit_Law	Pulpit Law	["1 References"]	German penal law provisionThe Pulpit Law (German Kanzelparagraph) was a section (§ 130a) to the Strafgesetzbuch (the German Criminal Code) passed by the Reichstag in 1871 during the German Kulturkampf or fight against the Catholic Church. It made it a crime for any cleric in public to make political statements that the government thought would "endanger the public peace." It applied to all of Germany. The law read: Any cleric or other minister of religion shall be punished with imprisonment or incarceration of up to two years if he, while exercising his occupation or having his occupation exercised, makes state affairs the subject of announcements or discussion either in public before a crowd, in a church, or before any number of people in some other place designated for religious gatherings in such a way that it endangers the public peace. The passage of the law was part of an anti-clerical campaign including various other laws. Clerics openly resisting these laws were fined or imprisoned and church property was confiscated. By 1872, clerics were banned from teaching in schools and the Jesuits were ordered out of the country. Historian Anthony Steinhoff reports The casualty totals: As of 1878, only three of eight Prussian dioceses still had bishops, some 1,125 of 4,600 parishes were vacant, and nearly 1,800 priests ended up in jail or in exile....Finally, between 1872 and 1878, numerous Catholic newspapers were confiscated, Catholic associations and assemblies were dissolved, and Catholic civil servants were dismissed merely on the pretence of having Ultramontane sympathies. The section remained in force until 1953 (in West Germany) and 1968 (In East Germany), though it was rarely enforced after 1878 when Chancellor Otto von Bismarck came to terms with the new Pope. However, several preachers - both Catholic and Protestant - were persecuted by the Nazi regime based on the Pulpit Law. Several religious orders like the Jesuits remained banned from the German Empire, confiscated properties were not returned, a de facto discrimination against the Catholic minority continued in Civil Service positions and civil marriage remained mandatory. References ^ see text ^ Anthony J. Steinhoff, "Christianity and the creation of Germany", in Sheridan Gilley and Brian Stanley, eds., Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 8: 1814-1914 (2008) p 295 “Pulpit Law,” 10 December 1871 Documents from the German Kulturkampf	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reichstag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichstag_(German_Empire)"},{"link_name":"Kulturkampf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulturkampf"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"anti-clerical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-clericalism"},{"link_name":"Jesuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuits"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Pulpit Law (German Kanzelparagraph) was a section (§ 130a) to the Strafgesetzbuch (the German Criminal Code) passed by the Reichstag in 1871 during the German Kulturkampf or fight against the Catholic Church. It made it a crime for any cleric in public to make political statements that the government thought would \"endanger the public peace.\" It applied to all of Germany. The law read:[1]Any cleric or other minister of religion shall be punished with imprisonment or incarceration of up to two years if he, while exercising his occupation or having his occupation exercised, makes state affairs the subject of announcements or discussion either in public before a crowd, in a church, or before any number of people in some other place designated for religious gatherings in such a way that it endangers the public peace.The passage of the law was part of an anti-clerical campaign including various other laws. Clerics openly resisting these laws were fined or imprisoned and church property was confiscated. By 1872, clerics were banned from teaching in schools and the Jesuits were ordered out of the country. Historian Anthony Steinhoff reports The casualty totals:As of 1878, only three of eight Prussian dioceses still had bishops, some 1,125 of 4,600 parishes were vacant, and nearly 1,800 priests ended up in jail or in exile....Finally, between 1872 and 1878, numerous Catholic newspapers were confiscated, Catholic associations and assemblies were dissolved, and Catholic civil servants were dismissed merely on the pretence of having Ultramontane sympathies.[2]The section remained in force until 1953 (in West Germany) and 1968 (In East Germany), though it was rarely enforced after 1878 when Chancellor Otto von Bismarck came to terms with the new Pope. However, several preachers - both Catholic and Protestant - were persecuted by the Nazi regime based on the Pulpit Law. Several religious orders like the Jesuits remained banned from the German Empire, confiscated properties were not returned, a de facto discrimination against the Catholic minority continued in Civil Service positions and civil marriage remained mandatory.","title":"Pulpit Law"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=669","external_links_name":"text"},{"Link":"http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~retallac/docs/Doc266PulpitLaw1871.pdf","external_links_name":"“Pulpit Law,” 10 December 1871"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110927115531/https://www.utc.edu/Faculty/Anthony-Steinhoff/105/PS/Kulturkampf.html","external_links_name":"Documents from the German Kulturkampf"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nageia_nagi	Nageia nagi	["1 Description","2 Uses","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Species of plant Nageia nagi Conservation status Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Gymnospermae Division: Pinophyta Class: Pinopsida Order: Araucariales Family: Podocarpaceae Genus: Nageia Species: N. nagi Binomial name Nageia nagi(Thunb.) Kuntze Synonyms Agathis veitchii (Henkel & Hochst.) Seward & Ford Dammara veitchii Henkel & Hochst. Myrica nagi Thunb. Nageia nagi, the Asian bayberry, is plant species in the family Podocarpaceae named by Carl Peter Thunberg. Nageia nagi is native to China, Japan, and Taiwan. It was formerly called Podocarpus nagi. Description Nageia nagi pollen cones Nageia nagi seed cones Nageia nagi is a hardy tree species that can withstand a range of weather conditions, but it prefers moist sites that are well drained and with full sunlight to light shade. Being from the family Podocarpaceae, it is a dioecious tree, that is, the male and female parts of the trees are on separate plants. The pollen cones are catkins and the female cones, which mature in one year, are reduced fleshy bracts that contain a single inverted ovule. It requires wind for pollination; it cannot self-pollinate. The trees range from fifteen to twenty meters in height and are relatively slow growing. The leaves are lanceolate in shape, and are arranged sub opposite on the branches. Leaves range from two to eight inches long and 0.75 to 2.5 inches wide and lack a mid-vein. The new leaves are a light green and as they age they become dark green and glossy. The branches also start out as green but as they age they become reddish brown and peel in small layers. Nageia nagi can be propagated by cuttings or by seed. It is best to plant the seed in a warm greenhouse and sandy soil. For their permanent position, they should be planted in late spring or early summer after the last frost. The species is threatened by habitat loss. Uses Houses, bridges, utensils, handiwork and furniture are constructed from the wood. The seeds yield an oil that is edible and valued in industry. Young leaves are sometimes cooked and eaten. Its bark exhibits strong antibacterial effect. Stems are used in floral arrangements that last in water for up to a year. See also Sacred Nagi Tree of Kumano Hayatama Taisha References ^ Farjon, A. (2013). "Nageia nagi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T46347417A2848484. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T46347417A2848484.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021. ^ a b c "Nageia nagi - Asian Bayberry". Retrieved 23 March 2012. ^ "Podocarpaceae". The gymnosperm database. Retrieved 23 March 2012. ^ "Nageia nagi/Asian Bayberry". OnlinePlantGuide. Retrieved 23 March 2012. ^ a b "Nageia nagi - (Thunb.)Kuntze". Plants For A Future, 1996-2010. Retrieved 23 March 2012. ^ "Flora of China". FOC Vol. 4 Page 80. Retrieved 23 March 2012. ^ Bin Shan, Yi-Zhong Cai, John D. Brooks, Harold Corke (2007). "The in vitro antibacterial activity of dietary spice and medicinal herb extracts". International Journal of Food Microbiology 117 112–119. ^ "Nagi Greenery". Flower Moxie. Retrieved 2021-11-14. Conifer Specialist Group 1998. Nageia nagi. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 10 July 2007. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nageia nagi. Parmar, C. and M.K. Kaushal. 1982. Myrica nagi. p. 49–53. 13 Myrica nagi Thunb. In: Wild Fruits. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi, India. Taxon identifiersNageia nagi Wikidata: Q3274110 Wikispecies: Nageia nagi ARKive: nageia-nagi BioLib: 301616 CoL: 45KFK Conifers.org: Nageia_nagi EoL: 1034966 EPPO: PODNA FNA: 210001313 FoC: 210001313 GBIF: 2687779 GRIN: 25009 iNaturalist: 135904 IPNI: 262544-1 IUCN: 46347417 MoBotPF: 287311 NCBI: 36012 NZOR: 98ac8ea8-5363-439f-b436-199db6910e8b Open Tree of Life: 983645 PfaF: Nageia nagi Plant List: kew-2382061 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:262544-1 Tropicos: 31200091 uBio: 1868214 WFO: wfo-0000380933 Myrica nagi Wikidata: Q17363691 CoL: 6S463 GBIF: 5286210 GRIN: 24845 IPNI: 585570-1 NCBI: 262756 Open Tree of Life: 660989 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:927488-1 Tropicos: 21700005 WFO: wfo-0000447458 Authority control databases: National Japan This conifer-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Podocarpaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podocarpaceae"},{"link_name":"Carl Peter Thunberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Peter_Thunberg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nag1-2"}],"text":"Nageia nagi, the Asian bayberry, is plant species in the family Podocarpaceae named by Carl Peter Thunberg. Nageia nagi is native to China, Japan, and Taiwan.[2] It was formerly called Podocarpus nagi.","title":"Nageia nagi"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nageia_pollen_cones.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Podocarpus_nagi_nagi01.jpg"},{"link_name":"seed cones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conifer_cone"},{"link_name":"dioecious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioecious"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nag1-2"},{"link_name":"catkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catkin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nag2-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nag1-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nag4-5"},{"link_name":"habitat loss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_loss"}],"text":"Nageia nagi pollen conesNageia nagi seed conesNageia nagi is a hardy tree species that can withstand a range of weather conditions, but it prefers moist sites that are well drained and with full sunlight to light shade. Being from the family Podocarpaceae, it is a dioecious tree, that is, the male and female parts of the trees are on separate plants.[2] The pollen cones are catkins and the female cones, which mature in one year, are reduced fleshy bracts that contain a single inverted ovule. It requires wind for pollination; it cannot self-pollinate.[3]The trees range from fifteen to twenty meters in height and are relatively slow growing.[4] The leaves are lanceolate in shape, and are arranged sub opposite on the branches. Leaves range from two to eight inches long and 0.75 to 2.5 inches wide and lack a mid-vein. The new leaves are a light green and as they age they become dark green and glossy. The branches also start out as green but as they age they become reddish brown and peel in small layers.[2]Nageia nagi can be propagated by cuttings or by seed. It is best to plant the seed in a warm greenhouse and sandy soil. For their permanent position, they should be planted in late spring or early summer after the last frost.[5]The species is threatened by habitat loss.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nag3-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nag4-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Houses, bridges, utensils, handiwork and furniture are constructed from the wood. The seeds yield an oil that is edible and valued in industry.[6] Young leaves are sometimes cooked and eaten.[5] Its bark exhibits strong antibacterial effect.[7] Stems are used in floral arrangements that last in water for up to a year.[8]","title":"Uses"}]	[{"image_text":"Nageia nagi pollen cones","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Nageia_pollen_cones.jpg/220px-Nageia_pollen_cones.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nageia nagi seed cones","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Podocarpus_nagi_nagi01.jpg/220px-Podocarpus_nagi_nagi01.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Sacred Nagi Tree of Kumano Hayatama Taisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Nagi_Tree_of_Kumano_Hayatama_Taisha"}]	[{"reference":"Farjon, A. (2013). \"Nageia nagi\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T46347417A2848484. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T46347417A2848484.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/46347417/2848484","url_text":"\"Nageia nagi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T46347417A2848484.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T46347417A2848484.en"}]},{"reference":"\"Nageia nagi - Asian Bayberry\". Retrieved 23 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.plantoftheweek.org/week376.shtml","url_text":"\"Nageia nagi - Asian Bayberry\""}]},{"reference":"\"Podocarpaceae\". The gymnosperm database. Retrieved 23 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.conifers.org/po/Podocarpaceae.php","url_text":"\"Podocarpaceae\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nageia nagi/Asian Bayberry\". OnlinePlantGuide. Retrieved 23 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.onlineplantguide.com/PlantDetails.aspx?Plant_id=1728","url_text":"\"Nageia nagi/Asian Bayberry\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nageia nagi - (Thunb.)Kuntze\". Plants For A Future, 1996-2010. Retrieved 23 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nageia+nagi","url_text":"\"Nageia nagi - (Thunb.)Kuntze\""}]},{"reference":"\"Flora of China\". FOC Vol. 4 Page 80. Retrieved 23 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=210001313","url_text":"\"Flora of China\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nagi Greenery\". Flower Moxie. Retrieved 2021-11-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://flowermoxie.com/products/nagi-greenery","url_text":"\"Nagi Greenery\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/46347417/2848484","external_links_name":"\"Nageia nagi\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T46347417A2848484.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T46347417A2848484.en"},{"Link":"http://www.plantoftheweek.org/week376.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Nageia nagi - Asian Bayberry\""},{"Link":"http://www.conifers.org/po/Podocarpaceae.php","external_links_name":"\"Podocarpaceae\""},{"Link":"http://www.onlineplantguide.com/PlantDetails.aspx?Plant_id=1728","external_links_name":"\"Nageia nagi/Asian Bayberry\""},{"Link":"http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nageia+nagi","external_links_name":"\"Nageia nagi - (Thunb.)Kuntze\""},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=210001313","external_links_name":"\"Flora of China\""},{"Link":"https://flowermoxie.com/products/nagi-greenery","external_links_name":"\"Nagi Greenery\""},{"Link":"http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/34156/all","external_links_name":"Nageia nagi"},{"Link":"http://www.iucnredlist.org/","external_links_name":"2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species."},{"Link":"http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/parmar/13.html","external_links_name":"Parmar, C. and M.K. Kaushal. 1982. Myrica nagi. p. 49–53. 13 Myrica nagi Thunb. In: Wild Fruits."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/nageia-nagi/","external_links_name":"nageia-nagi"},{"Link":"https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id301616","external_links_name":"301616"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/45KFK","external_links_name":"45KFK"},{"Link":"https://conifers.org/po/Nageia_nagi.php","external_links_name":"Nageia_nagi"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/1034966","external_links_name":"1034966"},{"Link":"https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/PODNA","external_links_name":"PODNA"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=210001313","external_links_name":"210001313"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=210001313","external_links_name":"210001313"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2687779","external_links_name":"2687779"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=25009","external_links_name":"25009"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/135904","external_links_name":"135904"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/262544-1","external_links_name":"262544-1"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/46347417","external_links_name":"46347417"},{"Link":"https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=287311","external_links_name":"287311"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=36012","external_links_name":"36012"},{"Link":"https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/98ac8ea8-5363-439f-b436-199db6910e8b","external_links_name":"98ac8ea8-5363-439f-b436-199db6910e8b"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=983645","external_links_name":"983645"},{"Link":"https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nageia+nagi","external_links_name":"Nageia nagi"},{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2382061","external_links_name":"kew-2382061"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A262544-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:262544-1"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/31200091","external_links_name":"31200091"},{"Link":"http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=1868214","external_links_name":"1868214"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000380933","external_links_name":"wfo-0000380933"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6S463","external_links_name":"6S463"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/5286210","external_links_name":"5286210"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=24845","external_links_name":"24845"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/585570-1","external_links_name":"585570-1"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=262756","external_links_name":"262756"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=660989","external_links_name":"660989"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A927488-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:927488-1"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/21700005","external_links_name":"21700005"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000447458","external_links_name":"wfo-0000447458"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001098567","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nageia_nagi&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarbojaya	Sarbojaya	["1 Plot","2 Cast","2.1 Main","2.2 Recurring","3 Reception","4 Adaptations","5 References","6 External links"]	Indian Bengali television series SarbojayaGenreDramaCreated byBlues ProductionsDeveloped byBlues ProductionsWritten byScreenplay & Dialogues Snehasish ChakrabortyStory bySnehasish ChakrabortyDirected byAnup ChakrabortyCreative directorSnehasish ChakrabortyStarringDebasree RoyKushal ChakrabortySanghamitra TalukdarTheme music composerChandrikaOpening theme"Sarbojaya"ComposerSnehasish ChakrabortyCountry of originIndiaOriginal languageBengaliNo. of episodes241ProductionExecutive producersRuna & Sudip (Blues Productions)Paromita & Urbish Bose (Zee Bangla)ProducerSnehasish ChakrabortyCinematographyDebabrata MallickEditorBapon PramanikCamera setupMulti-cameraRunning time22 minutesProduction companyBlues ProductionsOriginal releaseNetworkZee BanglaRelease9 August 2021 (2021-08-09) –14 May 2022 (2022-05-14) Sarbojaya is an 2021 Indian Bengali Language Drama television series which premiered on 9 August 2021 on Bengali general entertainment channel Zee Bangla. The show is produced by Snehasish Chakraborty of Blues Productions and stars Debasree Roy, Kushal Chakraborty and Sanghamitra Talukdar. This show marked the comeback of Debashree Roy in the television industry after 25 years. The show went off air on 14 May 2022 due to low viewership and was replaced by Khelna Bari. Plot Sarbojaya (or Jaya) belongs from a simple middle-class family in North Kolkata. She married Sanjay, a rich businessman with a gold heart. After her marriage she is humiliated by her-in-laws for her middle class attitude but is always supported by her husband and her daughter. Sarbojoya loves dancing, reading Rabindranth Tagore's novels but she is prevented from doing these. Cast Main Debashree Roy as Sarbojaya Chowdhury aka Jaya: Sanjay's wife, Sara's mother and Zishan's mother-in-law Kushal Chakraborty as Sanjay Chowdhury: a successful businessman; Sarbojoya's husband, Sara's father and Zishan's father-in-law Sanghamitra Talukdar as Sara Sen (née Chowdhury): Sarbojaya and Sanjay's daughter, Zishan's wife Pronnoy Chandra as Zishan Sen: a cricketer, Sara's husband Recurring Moumita Gupta as Madhura Chowdhury (née Roy): Goutam's wife, Rajib, Yuvaan and Jinda's mother and Sarbojoya's elder sister-in-law Supriyo Dutta as Goutam Chowdhury: Sanjay's elder brother; Madhura's husband, Rajib, Yuvaan and Jinda's father and Sarbojoya's elder brother-in-law Swagata Mukherjee as Manini Chowdhury: Kushan's wife, Rakha and Pragya's mother and Sarbojoya's younger sister-in-law Rana Mitra as Kushan Chowdhury: Sanjay's younger brother; Manini's husband, Rakha and Pragya's father and Sarbojoya's younger brother-in-law Manoj Ojha as Rajib Chowdhury: Darshana's husband and Madhura's elder son Mahua Halder as Darshana Chowdhury: Rajib's wife and Madhura's daughter-in-law Aditya Chowdhury as Yuvaan Chowdhury: Madhura's younger son and Urvi's lover Shobhana Bhunia as Jinda Chowdhury: Madhura's daughter Roshni Ghosh as Rakha Chowdhury: Manini and Kushan's daughter Payel Tarafdar as Pragya Chowdhury: Manini and Kushan's daughter Debjoy Mallick as Monoshij Roy: Madhura's brother Rupsha Chatterjee as Urvi: Yuvaan's lover. Mayukh Chatterjee as Makhon: Zishan's friend Joy Badlani as Mr.Bindra: the Chowdhury family's neighbour Dipankar De as Bogola: Jaya's Uncle Susmita Chanda as Piu Sen: Sanjay's office colleague and Kushan's lover Debjani Chattopadhyay as Swarnachapa Karmakar: Claims to be Sanjay's wife Mallika Banerjee as Atryee: Zishan's aunt Jagriti Goswami Ghatak as Rathi Judhajit Banerjee as Ajit Poddar Reception The show obtained third spot of the TRP leaderboard after debut on Bengali television from its first week. Adaptations Language Title Original release Network(s) Last aired Notes Odia Sarbajita Anu ସର୍ବଜିତା ଅନୁ 14 March 2022 Zee Sarthak 31 December 2022 Remake References ^ "'রাজনীতির জন্য অভিনয় ছাড়াটা সবচেয়ে বড় ভুল', 'সর্বজয়া' হয়ে ধামাকাদার কামব্যাক দেবশ্রীর". Asianet News (in Bengali). 7 August 2021. ^ Das, Sampita (5 August 2021). "কী যে একটা হয়ে গেল...', আফশোস দেবশ্রীর". Ei Samay (in Bengali). ^ বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়, শুভদীপ (9 August 2021). "বিনি থেকে সর্বজয়া, কুশলের সঙ্গে জুটি বেঁধে পর্দায় দেবশ্রীর কামব্যাক ১০ বছর পর \| TheWall". The Wall (Bengali magazine). ^ a b "Debashree Roy starrer 'Sarbajaya' to premiere next month - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 14 August 2021. ^ a b c d দে, সুচরিতা (4 August 2021). "আবার সে এসেছে ফিরিয়া". Kolkata TV. ^ Bose, Priyanka (12 August 2021). "ফের খলনায়িকা, একের পর এক চরিত্রে বাজিমাত অভিনেত্রী স্বাগতা মুখোপাধ্যায়ের". Hindustan Times Bangla (in Bengali). ^ "Actress Debashree Roy to play the titular role in 'Sarbajaya' - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 14 August 2021. ^ Nivedita, Daw (19 August 2021). "Bengali TV Serial TRP: চমক 'সর্বজয়া'-র, প্রথম হয়েও চিন্তায় 'মিঠাই'". Ei Samay (in Bengali). ^ "ଅନୁଙ୍କ ନୂଆସାଥୀ ସୋମେଶ!". Zee Odisha News (in Odia). 12 March 2022. External links Sarbojaya at ZEE5 vtePrograms currently broadcast on Zee BanglaDrama Icche Putul Kar Kachhe Koi Moner Kotha Jagaddhatri Phulki Neem Phooler Madhu Kon Gopone Mon Bheshechhe Alor Kole Mithi Jhora Mili Mon Dite Chai Reality Ghore Ghore Zee Bangla Didi No. 1 Dadagiri Unlimited Dubbed Shree Krishna Leela	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Bengali Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_Language"},{"link_name":"Drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Zee Bangla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zee_Bangla"},{"link_name":"Blues Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues_Productions"},{"link_name":"Debasree Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debasree_Roy"},{"link_name":"Kushal Chakraborty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushal_Chakraborty"},{"link_name":"Khelna Bari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khelna_Bari"}],"text":"Sarbojaya is an 2021 Indian Bengali Language Drama television series which premiered on 9 August 2021[1] on Bengali general entertainment channel Zee Bangla. The show is produced by Snehasish Chakraborty of Blues Productions and stars Debasree Roy, Kushal Chakraborty and Sanghamitra Talukdar. This show marked the comeback of Debashree Roy in the television industry after 25 years. The show went off air on 14 May 2022 due to low viewership and was replaced by Khelna Bari.","title":"Sarbojaya"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rabindranth Tagore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranth_Tagore"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Sarbojaya (or Jaya) belongs from a simple middle-class family in North Kolkata. She married Sanjay, a rich businessman with a gold heart. After her marriage she is humiliated by her-in-laws for her middle class attitude but is always supported by her husband and her daughter. Sarbojoya loves dancing, reading Rabindranth Tagore's novels but she is prevented from doing these.[2][3]","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Debashree Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debasree_Roy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Kushal Chakraborty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushal_Chakraborty"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"sub_title":"Main","text":"Debashree Roy[4] as Sarbojaya Chowdhury aka Jaya: Sanjay's wife, Sara's mother and Zishan's mother-in-law\nKushal Chakraborty[5] as Sanjay Chowdhury: a successful businessman; Sarbojoya's husband, Sara's father and Zishan's father-in-law\nSanghamitra Talukdar[4] as Sara Sen (née Chowdhury): Sarbojaya and Sanjay's daughter, Zishan's wife\nPronnoy Chandra as Zishan Sen: a cricketer, Sara's husband","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moumita Gupta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moumita_Gupta"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"Supriyo Dutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supriyo_Dutta"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Mayukh Chatterjee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandab_Goenda_(2020_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Dipankar De","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipankar_De"}],"sub_title":"Recurring","text":"Moumita Gupta[5] as Madhura Chowdhury (née Roy): Goutam's wife, Rajib, Yuvaan and Jinda's mother and Sarbojoya's elder sister-in-law\nSupriyo Dutta[5] as Goutam Chowdhury: Sanjay's elder brother; Madhura's husband, Rajib, Yuvaan and Jinda's father and Sarbojoya's elder brother-in-law\nSwagata Mukherjee[6] as Manini Chowdhury: Kushan's wife, Rakha and Pragya's mother and Sarbojoya's younger sister-in-law\nRana Mitra[5] as Kushan Chowdhury: Sanjay's younger brother; Manini's husband, Rakha and Pragya's father and Sarbojoya's younger brother-in-law\nManoj Ojha[7] as Rajib Chowdhury: Darshana's husband and Madhura's elder son\nMahua Halder as Darshana Chowdhury: Rajib's wife and Madhura's daughter-in-law\nAditya Chowdhury as Yuvaan Chowdhury: Madhura's younger son and Urvi's lover\nShobhana Bhunia as Jinda Chowdhury: Madhura's daughter\nRoshni Ghosh as Rakha Chowdhury: Manini and Kushan's daughter\nPayel Tarafdar as Pragya Chowdhury: Manini and Kushan's daughter\nDebjoy Mallick as Monoshij Roy: Madhura's brother\nRupsha Chatterjee as Urvi: Yuvaan's lover.\nMayukh Chatterjee as Makhon: Zishan's friend\nJoy Badlani as Mr.Bindra: the Chowdhury family's neighbour\nDipankar De as Bogola: Jaya's Uncle\nSusmita Chanda as Piu Sen: Sanjay's office colleague and Kushan's lover\nDebjani Chattopadhyay as Swarnachapa Karmakar: Claims to be Sanjay's wife\nMallika Banerjee as Atryee: Zishan's aunt\nJagriti Goswami Ghatak as Rathi\nJudhajit Banerjee as Ajit Poddar","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TRP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_rating_point"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The show obtained third spot of the TRP leaderboard after debut on Bengali television from its first week.[8]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Adaptations"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"'রাজনীতির জন্য অভিনয় ছাড়াটা সবচেয়ে বড় ভুল', 'সর্বজয়া' হয়ে ধামাকাদার কামব্যাক দেবশ্রীর\". Asianet News (in Bengali). 7 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://bangla.asianetnews.com/bengali-cinema/debasree-roy-s-upcoming-zee-bangla-s-bengali-tele-serial-sarbojaya-is-coming-on-9-th-august-brd-qxgthm","url_text":"\"'রাজনীতির জন্য অভিনয় ছাড়াটা সবচেয়ে বড় ভুল', 'সর্বজয়া' হয়ে ধামাকাদার কামব্যাক দেবশ্রীর\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asianet_News","url_text":"Asianet News"}]},{"reference":"Das, Sampita (5 August 2021). \"কী যে একটা হয়ে গেল...', আফশোস দেবশ্রীর\". Ei Samay (in Bengali).","urls":[{"url":"https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv-news/debashree-roy-regret-for-not-full-filling-her-dreams/articleshow/85030729.cms","url_text":"\"কী যে একটা হয়ে গেল...', আফশোস দেবশ্রীর\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ei_Samay","url_text":"Ei Samay"}]},{"reference":"বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়, শুভদীপ (9 August 2021). \"বিনি থেকে সর্বজয়া, কুশলের সঙ্গে জুটি বেঁধে পর্দায় দেবশ্রীর কামব্যাক ১০ বছর পর \| TheWall\". The Wall (Bengali magazine).","urls":[{"url":"https://thewall.in/entertainment/actress-debasree-roy-coming-back-to-serial-after-10-years/","url_text":"\"বিনি থেকে সর্বজয়া, কুশলের সঙ্গে জুটি বেঁধে পর্দায় দেবশ্রীর কামব্যাক ১০ বছর পর \| TheWall\""}]},{"reference":"\"Debashree Roy starrer 'Sarbajaya' to premiere next month - Times of India\". The Times of India. Retrieved 14 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/debashree-roy-starrer-sarbajaya-to-premiere-next-month/articleshow/84749590.cms","url_text":"\"Debashree Roy starrer 'Sarbajaya' to premiere next month - Times of India\""}]},{"reference":"দে, সুচরিতা (4 August 2021). \"আবার সে এসেছে ফিরিয়া\". Kolkata TV.","urls":[{"url":"https://kolkatatv.org/entertainment/debosri-roy-will-comeback-on-television-serial/","url_text":"\"আবার সে এসেছে ফিরিয়া\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata_TV","url_text":"Kolkata TV"}]},{"reference":"Bose, Priyanka (12 August 2021). \"ফের খলনায়িকা, একের পর এক চরিত্রে বাজিমাত অভিনেত্রী স্বাগতা মুখোপাধ্যায়ের\". Hindustan Times Bangla (in Bengali).","urls":[{"url":"https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/actress-swagata-mukherjee-one-more-time-in-negative-character-31628760371952.html","url_text":"\"ফের খলনায়িকা, একের পর এক চরিত্রে বাজিমাত অভিনেত্রী স্বাগতা মুখোপাধ্যায়ের\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan_Times","url_text":"Hindustan Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Actress Debashree Roy to play the titular role in 'Sarbajaya' - Times of India\". The Times of India. Retrieved 14 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/actress-debashree-roy-to-play-the-titular-role-in-sarbajaya/articleshow/82734770.cms","url_text":"\"Actress Debashree Roy to play the titular role in 'Sarbajaya' - Times of India\""}]},{"reference":"Nivedita, Daw (19 August 2021). \"Bengali TV Serial TRP: চমক 'সর্বজয়া'-র, প্রথম হয়েও চিন্তায় 'মিঠাই'\". Ei Samay (in Bengali).","urls":[{"url":"https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv-news/debashree-roy-starrer-sarbojaya-comes-up-to-third-spot-mithai-tops-the-trp-chart-once-again/articleshow/85454101.cms","url_text":"\"Bengali TV Serial TRP: চমক 'সর্বজয়া'-র, প্রথম হয়েও চিন্তায় 'মিঠাই'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ei_Samay","url_text":"Ei Samay"}]},{"reference":"\"ଅନୁଙ୍କ ନୂଆସାଥୀ ସୋମେଶ!\". Zee Odisha News (in Odia). 12 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/zeeodisha/art-culture/zee-sarthak-channel-launch-mega-serial-sarbajita-anu-lead-by-actress-anu-choudhury-ad-actor-somesh-mohanty/1122961","url_text":"\"ଅନୁଙ୍କ ନୂଆସାଥୀ ସୋମେଶ!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zee_Odisha_News","url_text":"Zee Odisha News"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://bangla.asianetnews.com/bengali-cinema/debasree-roy-s-upcoming-zee-bangla-s-bengali-tele-serial-sarbojaya-is-coming-on-9-th-august-brd-qxgthm","external_links_name":"\"'রাজনীতির জন্য অভিনয় ছাড়াটা সবচেয়ে বড় ভুল', 'সর্বজয়া' হয়ে ধামাকাদার কামব্যাক দেবশ্রীর\""},{"Link":"https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv-news/debashree-roy-regret-for-not-full-filling-her-dreams/articleshow/85030729.cms","external_links_name":"\"কী যে একটা হয়ে গেল...', আফশোস দেবশ্রীর\""},{"Link":"https://thewall.in/entertainment/actress-debasree-roy-coming-back-to-serial-after-10-years/","external_links_name":"\"বিনি থেকে সর্বজয়া, কুশলের সঙ্গে জুটি বেঁধে পর্দায় দেবশ্রীর কামব্যাক ১০ বছর পর \| TheWall\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/debashree-roy-starrer-sarbajaya-to-premiere-next-month/articleshow/84749590.cms","external_links_name":"\"Debashree Roy starrer 'Sarbajaya' to premiere next month - Times of India\""},{"Link":"https://kolkatatv.org/entertainment/debosri-roy-will-comeback-on-television-serial/","external_links_name":"\"আবার সে এসেছে ফিরিয়া\""},{"Link":"https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/actress-swagata-mukherjee-one-more-time-in-negative-character-31628760371952.html","external_links_name":"\"ফের খলনায়িকা, একের পর এক চরিত্রে বাজিমাত অভিনেত্রী স্বাগতা মুখোপাধ্যায়ের\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/actress-debashree-roy-to-play-the-titular-role-in-sarbajaya/articleshow/82734770.cms","external_links_name":"\"Actress Debashree Roy to play the titular role in 'Sarbajaya' - Times of India\""},{"Link":"https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv-news/debashree-roy-starrer-sarbojaya-comes-up-to-third-spot-mithai-tops-the-trp-chart-once-again/articleshow/85454101.cms","external_links_name":"\"Bengali TV Serial TRP: চমক 'সর্বজয়া'-র, প্রথম হয়েও চিন্তায় 'মিঠাই'\""},{"Link":"https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/zeeodisha/art-culture/zee-sarthak-channel-launch-mega-serial-sarbajita-anu-lead-by-actress-anu-choudhury-ad-actor-somesh-mohanty/1122961","external_links_name":"\"ଅନୁଙ୍କ ନୂଆସାଥୀ ସୋମେଶ!\""},{"Link":"https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/sarbojaya/0-6-3328","external_links_name":"Sarbojaya"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Foster_(essayist)	John Foster (essayist)	["1 Life","2 Publications","3 Family","4 Notes","5 Further reading","6 External links"]	English Baptist minister and essayist John Foster (1770–1843) was an English Baptist minister and essayist. The son of a weaver, born in Halifax, Yorkshire, and educated for the ministry at the Baptist college in Bristol, Foster served as a minister for a number of years. Becoming a full-time writer, he contributed nearly 200 articles to the Eclectic Review. His works include Essays, in a Series of Letters (1804), and Essay on the Evils of Popular Ignorance (1820), in which he urged the necessity of a national system of education. Life He was the eldest son of John Foster, a small farmer, weaver and Baptist, living at Wadsworth Lane in the parish of Halifax, Yorkshire, born 17 September 1770. From a young age he assisted his parents in spinning and weaving wool. At age 17 he became a member of the Baptist congregation at Hebden Bridge; and soon after was "set apart" as minister by a special religious service, and went to reside at Brearley Hall with John Fawcett, who was directing the studies of some Baptist students. After three years here he entered the Baptist College, Bristol, in September 1791, remaining there till May 1792, and then entering on the regular work of a preacher. Foster first took charge of a small Baptist society at Newcastle-on-Tyne for three months in 1792. In the beginning of 1793 he went to Dublin to minister at a meeting-house in Swift's Alley. He lost his congregation, a recurring feature of his life. He went home, but returned to Dublin in 1795 to take charge of the classical and mathematical school of John Walker, which after eight or nine months he gave up as a failure. He was close to some of the extreme Dublin democrats, exposing him to the danger of imprisonment. In February 1796, Foster returned once more to Wadsworth Lane, and remained there until early in 1797 he became minister of a general Baptist congregation at Chichester. In mid-1799 he moved to the house of an early friend, Joseph Hughes at Battersea, where he spent several months in preaching, and teaching twenty African boys whom Zachary Macaulay was training for mission work. In 1800 he took charge of a small congregation at Downend, near Bristol, and in February 1804 of one at Sheppard's Barton, Frome. In summer 1806, Foster resigned the charge of the Sheppard's Barton congregation, troubled with a thyroid, and concentrated on writing. In May 1808 he married and went to live at Bourton in Gloucestershire. About a year after that his throat so far recovered as to allow him to resume occasional preaching, and towards the end of 1817 he again took charge of the congregation at Downend. In 1821 he gave it up and went to live at Stapleton, Gloucestershire. In 1822 he began to lecture fortnightly in Broadmead Chapel, Bristol; at the end of two years poor health forced him to make the lectures monthly, and in 1825, when Robert Halls began his ministry in Bristol, he dropped them. Foster became involved in a controversy between the Serampore missionaries, Carey, Marshman, and Ward, and the committee of the Baptist Missionary Society, strongly siding with the missionaries. In 1836, his health began to give way, and his lungs became diseased. On 24 September 1843 he took to his room, and on Sunday morning, 15 October, he was found dead in bed. He was buried in the burial-ground attached to the Downend Baptist chapel. Publications Life and Correspondence, edited by Ryland (London, 1846; republished in Bohn's Library, 1852) Foster's Essays were published in 1805. They originated in conversations with Maria Snooke, whom he had first met at Battersea, and who later became his wife, and were addressed to her. An introductory letter, dated "Near Bristol, 30 Aug. 1804", mentions reasons for writing them. The book contained four essays: "On a Man's Writing Memoirs of Himself", "On Decision of Character", "On the Application of the Epithet Romantic", and "On Some of the Causes by which Evangelical Religion has been rendered less acceptable to Persons of Cultivated Taste". In about four months a second edition was called for, and a third was published in 1806. Foster became a regular contributor to the Eclectic Review, his first article, a review of Sir John Carr's Stranger in Ireland, appearing in November 1806. He continued to write for it till 1839, his last piece being published in July of that year. Altogether he contributed 184 articles, a number of which were republished in his Contributions, Biographical, Literary, and Philosophical, to the "Eclectic Review" (2 vols. London, 1844). In 1818, while at Downend, Foster published his Discourse on Missions. Two volumes of his Broadmead Chapel lectures were published. In 1820, he published his essay On the Evils of Popular Ignorance, based on a sermon preached on behalf of the British and Foreign School Society in 1818. It speedily went into a second edition, heavily revised. In 1825 he completed an introductory essay to Philip Doddridge's Rise and Progress of Religion for the series of Select Christian Authors published by William Collins of Glasgow. The period of the missionary controversy brought Introductory Observations to Dr. Marshman's Statement (London, 1828). Family Foster married Maria Snooke in 1808. His only son died, after a lingering illness, in 1826. His wife fell into consumption, and after years of declining health died in 1832. Notes ^ a b c d e f g h i Stephen, Leslie, ed. (1889). "Foster, John (1770-1843)" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 20. London: Smith, Elder & Co. ^ Lee, Sidney, ed. (1899). "Walker, John (1759-1830)" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 59. London: Smith, Elder & Co. Attribution This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Stephen, Leslie, ed. (1889). "Foster, John (1770-1843)". Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 20. London: Smith, Elder & Co. Further reading Peter Bayne, 1890, Men Worthy to Lead; Being Lives of John Howard, William Wilberforce, Thomas Chalmers, Thomas Arnold, Samuel Budgett, John Foster, London: Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. Ltd, Reprinted: Bibliolife, ISBN 1-152-41551-4. External links Works by John Foster at Project Gutenberg Works by or about John Foster at Internet Archive GoogleMap Location of his birthplace in Hebden Bridge. His birthplace in Hebden Bridge, near Halifax, West Yorkshire is a listed building. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany Italy Israel United States Japan Netherlands Vatican People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other SNAC IdRef ^ Historic England. "SE 001273 Hebden Bridge 2/274 Manor House with attached cottage and barn (1230443)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 5 October 2015.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist"},{"link_name":"essayist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essayist"},{"link_name":"weaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaver_(occupation)"},{"link_name":"Halifax, Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifax,_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol,_England"},{"link_name":"Eclectic Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclectic_Review"}],"text":"John Foster (1770–1843) was an English Baptist minister and essayist.The son of a weaver, born in Halifax, Yorkshire, and educated for the ministry at the Baptist college in Bristol, Foster served as a minister for a number of years. Becoming a full-time writer, he contributed nearly 200 articles to the Eclectic Review. His works include Essays, in a Series of Letters (1804), and Essay on the Evils of Popular Ignorance (1820), in which he urged the necessity of a national system of education.","title":"John Foster (essayist)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebden Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebden_Bridge"},{"link_name":"John Fawcett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fawcett_(theologian)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-1"},{"link_name":"Newcastle-on-Tyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle-on-Tyne"},{"link_name":"Swift's Alley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swift%27s_Alley_Free_Church"},{"link_name":"John Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Walker_(vaccinator)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-1"},{"link_name":"general Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Baptist"},{"link_name":"Chichester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichester"},{"link_name":"Joseph Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Hughes_(Baptist)"},{"link_name":"Zachary Macaulay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachary_Macaulay"},{"link_name":"Downend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downend,_South_Gloucestershire"},{"link_name":"Sheppard's Barton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheppard%27s_Barton&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Frome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frome"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-1"},{"link_name":"thyroid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid"},{"link_name":"Stapleton, Gloucestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stapleton,_Gloucestershire"},{"link_name":"Broadmead Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadmead_Baptist_Church"},{"link_name":"Robert Halls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hall_(minister)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-1"},{"link_name":"Serampore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serampore"},{"link_name":"Baptist Missionary Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist_Missionary_Society"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-1"}],"text":"He was the eldest son of John Foster, a small farmer, weaver and Baptist, living at Wadsworth Lane in the parish of Halifax, Yorkshire, born 17 September 1770. From a young age he assisted his parents in spinning and weaving wool. At age 17 he became a member of the Baptist congregation at Hebden Bridge; and soon after was \"set apart\" as minister by a special religious service, and went to reside at Brearley Hall with John Fawcett, who was directing the studies of some Baptist students. After three years here he entered the Baptist College, Bristol, in September 1791, remaining there till May 1792, and then entering on the regular work of a preacher.[1]Foster first took charge of a small Baptist society at Newcastle-on-Tyne for three months in 1792. In the beginning of 1793 he went to Dublin to minister at a meeting-house in Swift's Alley. He lost his congregation, a recurring feature of his life. He went home, but returned to Dublin in 1795 to take charge of the classical and mathematical school of John Walker,[2] which after eight or nine months he gave up as a failure. He was close to some of the extreme Dublin democrats, exposing him to the danger of imprisonment.[1]In February 1796, Foster returned once more to Wadsworth Lane, and remained there until early in 1797 he became minister of a general Baptist congregation at Chichester. In mid-1799 he moved to the house of an early friend, Joseph Hughes at Battersea, where he spent several months in preaching, and teaching twenty African boys whom Zachary Macaulay was training for mission work. In 1800 he took charge of a small congregation at Downend, near Bristol, and in February 1804 of one at Sheppard's Barton, Frome.[1]In summer 1806, Foster resigned the charge of the Sheppard's Barton congregation, troubled with a thyroid, and concentrated on writing. In May 1808 he married and went to live at Bourton in Gloucestershire. About a year after that his throat so far recovered as to allow him to resume occasional preaching, and towards the end of 1817 he again took charge of the congregation at Downend. In 1821 he gave it up and went to live at Stapleton, Gloucestershire. In 1822 he began to lecture fortnightly in Broadmead Chapel, Bristol; at the end of two years poor health forced him to make the lectures monthly, and in 1825, when Robert Halls began his ministry in Bristol, he dropped them.[1]Foster became involved in a controversy between the Serampore missionaries, Carey, Marshman, and Ward, and the committee of the Baptist Missionary Society, strongly siding with the missionaries. In 1836, his health began to give way, and his lungs became diseased. On 24 September 1843 he took to his room, and on Sunday morning, 15 October, he was found dead in bed. He was buried in the burial-ground attached to the Downend Baptist chapel.[1]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bohn's Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_George_Bohn"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-1"},{"link_name":"Sir John Carr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Carr"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-1"},{"link_name":"British and Foreign School Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_and_Foreign_School_Society"},{"link_name":"Philip Doddridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Doddridge"},{"link_name":"William Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Collins_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-1"}],"text":"Life and Correspondence, edited by Ryland (London, 1846; republished in Bohn's Library, 1852)Foster's Essays were published in 1805. They originated in conversations with Maria Snooke, whom he had first met at Battersea, and who later became his wife, and were addressed to her. An introductory letter, dated \"Near Bristol, 30 Aug. 1804\", mentions reasons for writing them. The book contained four essays: \"On a Man's Writing Memoirs of Himself\", \"On Decision of Character\", \"On the Application of the Epithet Romantic\", and \"On Some of the Causes by which Evangelical Religion has been rendered less acceptable to Persons of Cultivated Taste\". In about four months a second edition was called for, and a third was published in 1806.[1]Foster became a regular contributor to the Eclectic Review, his first article, a review of Sir John Carr's Stranger in Ireland, appearing in November 1806. He continued to write for it till 1839, his last piece being published in July of that year. Altogether he contributed 184 articles, a number of which were republished in his Contributions, Biographical, Literary, and Philosophical, to the \"Eclectic Review\" (2 vols. London, 1844).[1]In 1818, while at Downend, Foster published his Discourse on Missions. Two volumes of his Broadmead Chapel lectures were published. In 1820, he published his essay On the Evils of Popular Ignorance, based on a sermon preached on behalf of the British and Foreign School Society in 1818. It speedily went into a second edition, heavily revised. In 1825 he completed an introductory essay to Philip Doddridge's Rise and Progress of Religion for the series of Select Christian Authors published by William Collins of Glasgow. The period of the missionary controversy brought Introductory Observations to Dr. Marshman's Statement (London, 1828).[1]","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"consumption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-1"}],"text":"Foster married Maria Snooke in 1808. His only son died, after a lingering illness, in 1826. His wife fell into consumption, and after years of declining health died in 1832.[1]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DNB_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DNB_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DNB_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DNB_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DNB_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DNB_1-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DNB_1-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DNB_1-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DNB_1-8"},{"link_name":"Stephen, Leslie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Stephen"},{"link_name":"\"Foster, John (1770-1843)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Foster,_John_(1770-1843)"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Lee, Sidney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Lee"},{"link_name":"\"Walker, John (1759-1830)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Walker,_John_(1759-1830)"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Stephen, Leslie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Stephen"},{"link_name":"Foster, John (1770-1843)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Foster,_John_(1770-1843)"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f g h i Stephen, Leslie, ed. (1889). \"Foster, John (1770-1843)\" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 20. London: Smith, Elder & Co. \n\n^ Lee, Sidney, ed. (1899). \"Walker, John (1759-1830)\" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 59. London: Smith, Elder & Co.AttributionThis article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Stephen, Leslie, ed. (1889). \"Foster, John (1770-1843)\". Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 20. London: Smith, Elder & Co.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Bayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Bayne"},{"link_name":"John Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Howard_(prison_reformer)"},{"link_name":"William Wilberforce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wilberforce"},{"link_name":"Thomas Chalmers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Chalmers"},{"link_name":"Thomas Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Arnold"},{"link_name":"Samuel Budgett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Budgett"},{"link_name":"Bibliolife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliolife"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-152-41551-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-152-41551-4"}],"text":"Peter Bayne, 1890, Men Worthy to Lead; Being Lives of John Howard, William Wilberforce, Thomas Chalmers, Thomas Arnold, Samuel Budgett, John Foster, London: Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. Ltd, Reprinted: Bibliolife, ISBN 1-152-41551-4.","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Stephen, Leslie, ed. (1889). \"Foster, John (1770-1843)\" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 20. London: Smith, Elder & Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Stephen","url_text":"Stephen, Leslie"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Foster,_John_(1770-1843)","url_text":"\"Foster, John (1770-1843)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]},{"reference":"Lee, Sidney, ed. (1899). \"Walker, John (1759-1830)\" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 59. London: Smith, Elder & Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Lee","url_text":"Lee, Sidney"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Walker,_John_(1759-1830)","url_text":"\"Walker, John (1759-1830)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"SE 001273 Hebden Bridge 2/274 Manor House with attached cottage and barn (1230443)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 5 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1230443","url_text":"\"SE 001273 Hebden Bridge 2/274 Manor House with attached cottage and barn (1230443)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Foster,_John_(1770-1843)","external_links_name":"\"Foster, John (1770-1843)\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Walker,_John_(1759-1830)","external_links_name":"\"Walker, John (1759-1830)\""},{"Link":"https://www.gutenberg.org/author/Foster,+John","external_links_name":"Works by John Foster"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Foster%2C%20John%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22John%20Foster%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Foster%2C%20John%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22John%20Foster%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Foster%2C%20J%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22John%20Foster%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Foster%2C%20John%22%20OR%20description%3A%22John%20Foster%22%29%20OR%20%28%221770-1843%22%20AND%20Foster%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29","external_links_name":"Works by or about John Foster"},{"Link":"http://maps.google.co.uk/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&q=Hebden+Bridge,+United+Kingdom&sll=53.708865,-2.104447&sspn=0.179636,0.418854&ie=UTF8&cd=1&geocode=Fa4ENAMdjkvh_w&split=0&ll=53.742185,-1.999528&spn=0.000701,0.001636&t=h&z=20","external_links_name":"GoogleMap Location of his birthplace in Hebden Bridge."},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/201702/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000116836732","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/89785577","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpJcKHmrGfgrj46qF7bVC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4947871","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb157202617","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb157202617","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/11752820X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/NAPV102404","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007276845705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85286225","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00851387","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070015546","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/160799","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd11752820X.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1021477","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6611k0f","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/14501648X","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1230443","external_links_name":"\"SE 001273 Hebden Bridge 2/274 Manor House with attached cottage and barn (1230443)\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuichi_Uchida	Uchida Kuichi	["1 Gallery","2 Notes","3 References"]	Japanese photographer (1844-1875) View of Nagasaki Japan, 1872 Portrait of the Emperor Meiji by Uchida, 1873. Albumen silver print In this Japanese name, the surname is Uchida. Uchida Kuichi (内田九一, c. 1844 – February 17, 1875) was a pioneering Japanese photographer from Nagasaki. He was greatly respected as a portrait photographer and was the only photographer granted a sitting to photograph the Emperor Meiji. Uchida was adopted at the age of 13, following his father's death, by the physician Matsumoto Jun (formerly Matsumoto Ryōjun) (1832–1907), who was at that time studying photography with J. L. C. Pompe van Meerdervoort (1829–1908). Uchida studied photography under Ueno Hikoma in their native city of Nagasaki. When he was 16 years old, he purchased his first photographic equipment and by 1863, when he was 19, he was importing and selling photographic equipment. He opened his first photographic studio in 1865 with Morita Raizō in Osaka, the first studio in that city. In 1866 Uchida moved his studio to Bashamichi in Yokohama, then in 1869 moved the studio again, this time to the district of Asakusa in Tokyo. He soon became known as the best portrait photographer in Tokyo. Having achieved this reputation for excellence, Uchida Kuichi was the only photographer granted a sitting by the Emperor Meiji, who was considered a living deity and rarely seen in public. The portrait session took place in 1872 on a commission by the Imperial Household Ministry to photograph the Emperor and Empress Haruko in full court dress and everyday robes. In 1873, Uchida again photographed the Emperor, who this time wore military dress, and a photograph from this sitting became the official imperial portrait. Copies of the official portrait were distributed among foreign heads of state and Japanese regional governmental offices and schools, but their private sale was prohibited. Nevertheless, many copies of the photograph were made and circulated on the market. The emperor was not photographed again until 1888 or 1889. In 1872 Uchida was commissioned to accompany the emperor on a tour through central Japan and Kyūshū, and to take photographs of the people and places during the journey. He was not permitted to photograph the emperor, however. Uchida was very successful commercially and his life was even the subject of a kabuki play written and performed in 1870. He died in 1875 of tuberculosis. Gallery A contemporary ukiyo-e print depicts a beautiful woman looking at a carte de visite with Uchida's stamp. Portrait of Empress Consort Haruko (posthumously known as Empress Dowager Shōken, consort of Emperor Meiji). Albumen silver print by Uchida Kuichi, 1872. Nagasaki, pre-1874 c. 1870s Nagasaki Ebisu Shrine C1870s Nagasaki Dejima Island c. 1870s Nagasaki Nakashima River c. 1870s Nagasaki Inasa Coast Notes ^ Worswick (1979), 136. ^ Bennett, 54. ^ a b Orto and Matsuda, 365. ^ Orto and Matsuda, 365. Bennett states that Uchida opened his studio in Tokyo in 1866 and opened a second studio in Yokohama in 1868. Bennett, 54. ^ Ishii and Iizawa; Orto and Matsuda, 365. ^ Kinoshita, 27-28. ^ Kinoshita gives 1888, p. 28. Bennett gives 1889, p. 144, fig. 128. ^ a b c Orto and Matsuda, 366. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Uchida Kuichi. Anglo-American Name Authority File, s.v. "Matsumoto, Jun", LC Control Number n 80039010. Accessed 11 September 2006. Bennett, Terry. Early Japanese Images (Rutland, Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle Company, 1996), 54-56; p. 144, fig. 128. Ishii, Ayako, and Kotaro Iizawa. "Chronology". In The History of Japanese Photography (New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 2003), 314. Kinoshita, Naoyuki. "The Early Years of Japanese Photography". In The History of Japanese Photography (New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 2003), 27-28. Orto, Luisa, and Takako Matsuda, compilers. "Artist Profiles". In The History of Japanese Photography (New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 2003), 365-366. Tucker, Anne Wilkes, et al. The History of Japanese Photography (New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 2003), p. 54, pl. 29. Worswick, Clark. "The Disappearance of Uchida, Kyuichi and the Discovery of Nineteenth-Century Asian Photography." Image, vol. 36, nos. 1-2 (Spring-Summer 1993), p. 16, fig. 1; p. 30, fig. 10. Worswick, Clark. Japan: Photographs 1854-1905 (New York: Pennwick/Alfred A. Knopf, 1979), p. 41, repr; pp. 136, 148. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Germany Artists KulturNav Musée d'Orsay Photographers' Identities RKD Artists	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kuichi_Uchida_View_of_Nagasaki_Japan_1872_Hand-colored_Vintage_Albumen_Print.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mutsuhito-Emperor-Meiji-1873.png"},{"link_name":"Emperor Meiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Meiji"},{"link_name":"Japanese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_people"},{"link_name":"photographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographer"},{"link_name":"Nagasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagasaki,_Nagasaki"},{"link_name":"Emperor Meiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Meiji"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Matsumoto Jun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsumoto_Jun_(physician)"},{"link_name":"J. L. C. Pompe van Meerdervoort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._L._C._Pompe_van_Meerdervoort"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ueno Hikoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ueno_Hikoma"},{"link_name":"photographic studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_studio"},{"link_name":"Morita Raizō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morita_Raiz%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Osaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orto_and_Matsuda,_365-3"},{"link_name":"Bashamichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bashamichi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yokohama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokohama"},{"link_name":"Asakusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asakusa"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orto_and_Matsuda,_365-3"},{"link_name":"Imperial Household Ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Household_Agency"},{"link_name":"Empress Haruko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Sh%C5%8Dken"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Kyūshū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%ABsh%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orto_and_Matsuda,_366-8"},{"link_name":"kabuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabuki"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orto_and_Matsuda,_366-8"},{"link_name":"tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orto_and_Matsuda,_366-8"}],"text":"View of Nagasaki Japan, 1872Portrait of the Emperor Meiji by Uchida, 1873. Albumen silver printIn this Japanese name, the surname is Uchida.Uchida Kuichi (内田九一, c. 1844 – February 17, 1875) was a pioneering Japanese photographer from Nagasaki. He was greatly respected as a portrait photographer and was the only photographer granted a sitting to photograph the Emperor Meiji.[1]Uchida was adopted at the age of 13, following his father's death, by the physician Matsumoto Jun (formerly Matsumoto Ryōjun) (1832–1907), who was at that time studying photography with J. L. C. Pompe van Meerdervoort (1829–1908).[2]Uchida studied photography under Ueno Hikoma in their native city of Nagasaki. When he was 16 years old, he purchased his first photographic equipment and by 1863, when he was 19, he was importing and selling photographic equipment. He opened his first photographic studio in 1865 with Morita Raizō in Osaka, the first studio in that city.[3]In 1866 Uchida moved his studio to Bashamichi in Yokohama, then in 1869 moved the studio again, this time to the district of Asakusa in Tokyo.[4] He soon became known as the best portrait photographer in Tokyo.[3]Having achieved this reputation for excellence, Uchida Kuichi was the only photographer granted a sitting by the Emperor Meiji, who was considered a living deity and rarely seen in public. The portrait session took place in 1872 on a commission by the Imperial Household Ministry to photograph the Emperor and Empress Haruko in full court dress and everyday robes. In 1873, Uchida again photographed the Emperor, who this time wore military dress, and a photograph from this sitting became the official imperial portrait.[5] Copies of the official portrait were distributed among foreign heads of state and Japanese regional governmental offices and schools, but their private sale was prohibited. Nevertheless, many copies of the photograph were made and circulated on the market.[6] The emperor was not photographed again until 1888 or 1889.[7]In 1872 Uchida was commissioned to accompany the emperor on a tour through central Japan and Kyūshū, and to take photographs of the people and places during the journey. He was not permitted to photograph the emperor, however.[8]Uchida was very successful commercially and his life was even the subject of a kabuki play written and performed in 1870.[8]He died in 1875 of tuberculosis.[8]","title":"Uchida Kuichi"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kunichika-Kogiku-in-Saruwaka-Cho.jpeg"},{"link_name":"ukiyo-e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukiyo-e"},{"link_name":"carte de visite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carte_de_visite"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Empress_Consort_Haruko.jpg"},{"link_name":"Empress Dowager Shōken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Sh%C5%8Dken"},{"link_name":"Emperor Meiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Meiji"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UCHIDA_KUICHI_Nagasaki.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JAPAN_-_C1870%60s_Nagasaki_Ebisu_Shrine_-_UCHIDA_KUICHI.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:C1870%60s_Nagasaki_Dejima_Island.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:C1870%60s_Nagasaki_Nakashima_River_-_UCHIDA_KUICHI.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:C1870%60s_Nagasaki_Inasa_Coast_-_UCHIDA_KUICHI.png"}],"text":"A contemporary ukiyo-e print depicts a beautiful woman looking at a carte de visite with Uchida's stamp.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPortrait of Empress Consort Haruko (posthumously known as Empress Dowager Shōken, consort of Emperor Meiji). Albumen silver print by Uchida Kuichi, 1872.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNagasaki, pre-1874\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tc. 1870s Nagasaki Ebisu Shrine\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tC1870s Nagasaki Dejima Island\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tc. 1870s Nagasaki Nakashima River\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tc. 1870s Nagasaki Inasa Coast","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Orto_and_Matsuda,_365_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Orto_and_Matsuda,_365_3-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Orto_and_Matsuda,_366_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Orto_and_Matsuda,_366_8-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Orto_and_Matsuda,_366_8-2"}],"text":"^ Worswick (1979), 136.\n\n^ Bennett, 54.\n\n^ a b Orto and Matsuda, 365.\n\n^ Orto and Matsuda, 365. Bennett states that Uchida opened his studio in Tokyo in 1866 and opened a second studio in Yokohama in 1868. Bennett, 54.\n\n^ Ishii and Iizawa; Orto and Matsuda, 365.\n\n^ Kinoshita, 27-28.\n\n^ Kinoshita gives 1888, p. 28. Bennett gives 1889, p. 144, fig. 128.\n\n^ a b c Orto and Matsuda, 366.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"View of Nagasaki Japan, 1872","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Kuichi_Uchida_View_of_Nagasaki_Japan_1872_Hand-colored_Vintage_Albumen_Print.jpg/250px-Kuichi_Uchida_View_of_Nagasaki_Japan_1872_Hand-colored_Vintage_Albumen_Print.jpg"},{"image_text":"Portrait of the Emperor Meiji by Uchida, 1873. Albumen silver print","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Mutsuhito-Emperor-Meiji-1873.png/220px-Mutsuhito-Emperor-Meiji-1873.png"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://authorities.loc.gov/webvoy.htm","external_links_name":"Anglo-American Name Authority File, s.v. \"Matsumoto, Jun\", LC Control Number n 80039010"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000019744342","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/65191026","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16640077f","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16640077f","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/133259927","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://kulturnav.org/6f0aee1b-6885-4a3b-84f6-26c83d4fb361","external_links_name":"KulturNav"},{"Link":"https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/ressources/repertoire-artistes-personnalites/105494","external_links_name":"Musée d'Orsay"},{"Link":"https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/340883","external_links_name":"Photographers' Identities"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/392322","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peron%27s_tree_frog	Peron's tree frog	["1 Description and habitat","2 Ecology and behaviour","3 As a pet","4 References","5 External links"]	Species of amphibian "Laughing tree frog" redirects here. For other frogs with a similar common name, see Laughing tree frog (disambiguation). Peron's tree frog Male with partially inflated vocal sac Conservation status Least Concern (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Amphibia Order: Anura Family: Hylidae Genus: Litoria Species: L. peronii Binomial name Litoria peroniiTschudi, 1838 Peron's tree frog range Peron's tree frog (Litoria peronii), also known as the emerald-spotted tree frog, emerald-speckled tree frog, laughing tree frog, and maniacal cackle frog, is species of tree frog in the subfamily Pelodryadinae. It is a common frog found in Australia. Description and habitat Peron's tree frog is one of the most variably coloured frogs in Australia, with the ability to change colour in less than one hour. They don't like to be handled for long periods of time. They also vary in shades of grey and brown, where their lightest is almost white. The frog has mottled yellow and black thighs, armpits, and groin. Occasionally, emerald spots are found on the back, which increase in number with age. A characteristic uncommon in the genus Litoria is pupils which appear cross-shaped. This characteristic is only shared with Tyler's tree frog within the genus Litoria. The male Peron's tree frog is about 44–53 mm, while females are 46–65 mm. These frogs prefer living in places full of climbing material, (stones and sticks), and may remain in water for long periods of time. Ecology and behaviour Peron's tree frog with a leech attached to the front foot The call of Peron's tree frog is a high-pitched cackle, giving it the common names: the "laughing tree frog" and the "maniacal cackle frog". The frog is found in forests, woodlands, shrublands, and open areas, often far from a water source. They inhabit a variety of niches, predominantly arboreal, such as tree hollows, cracks, and beneath flaking bark. The frog is commonly found near civilisation (such as suburban Sydney), using ponds as their breeding-water source. They can often be seen on windows or near lights at night, hunting the insects attracted to these light sources. They can often be found at dusk on houseboat windows and beneath street lamps along the Murray River in South Australia. As a pet In Australia, this animal may be kept in captivity/zoo with the appropriate permit. References Jean-Marc Hero, Peter Robertson, John Clarke. 2004. Leptopelis peronii. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 11 June 2015. Cogger, H. G. (1979). Reptiles & Amphibians of Australia. A. H. & A. W. Reed Pty Ltd. ISBN 0-589-50108-9. Article Road: List of All Frog Breeds: Things You Can Do to Ensure Your Frog Has a Long, Happy and Healthy Life: Peron's Tree Frog Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water, New South Wales: Amphibian Keeper's Licence: Species Lists External links Media related to Litoria peronii at Wikimedia Commons Taxon identifiersLitoria peronii Wikidata: Q2275319 Wikispecies: Litoria peronii ADW: Litoria_peronii AFD: Litoria_peronii AmphibiaWeb: 1292 ASW: Litoria-peronii BioLib: 133455 CoL: 3VMND EoL: 1039028 GBIF: 2427831 iNaturalist: 23645 IRMNG: 10233548 ITIS: 662947 IUCN: 41105 NCBI: 317363 Observation.org: 203719 Open Tree of Life: 7455 uBio: 4802800	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Laughing tree frog (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laughing_tree_frog_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"tree frog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_frog"},{"link_name":"Pelodryadinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelodryadinae"}],"text":"\"Laughing tree frog\" redirects here. For other frogs with a similar common name, see Laughing tree frog (disambiguation).Peron's tree frog (Litoria peronii), also known as the emerald-spotted tree frog, emerald-speckled tree frog, laughing tree frog, and maniacal cackle frog, is species of tree frog in the subfamily Pelodryadinae. It is a common frog found in Australia.","title":"Peron's tree frog"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tyler's tree frog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler%27s_tree_frog"}],"text":"Peron's tree frog is one of the most variably coloured frogs in Australia, with the ability to change colour in less than one hour. They don't like to be handled for long periods of time. They also vary in shades of grey and brown, where their lightest is almost white. The frog has mottled yellow and black thighs, armpits, and groin. Occasionally, emerald spots are found on the back, which increase in number with age. A characteristic uncommon in the genus Litoria is pupils which appear cross-shaped. This characteristic is only shared with Tyler's tree frog within the genus Litoria. The male Peron's tree frog is about 44–53 mm, while females are 46–65 mm.These frogs prefer living in places full of climbing material, (stones and sticks), and may remain in water for long periods of time.","title":"Description and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peron%27s_Tree_Frog-_Litoria_peronii.jpg"}],"text":"Peron's tree frog with a leech attached to the front footThe call of Peron's tree frog is a high-pitched cackle, giving it the common names: the \"laughing tree frog\" and the \"maniacal cackle frog\". The frog is found in forests, woodlands, shrublands, and open areas, often far from a water source. They inhabit a variety of niches, predominantly arboreal, such as tree hollows, cracks, and beneath flaking bark. The frog is commonly found near civilisation (such as suburban Sydney), using ponds as their breeding-water source. They can often be seen on windows or near lights at night, hunting the insects attracted to these light sources. They can often be found at dusk on houseboat windows and beneath street lamps along the Murray River in South Australia.","title":"Ecology and behaviour"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In Australia, this animal may be kept in captivity/zoo with the appropriate permit.","title":"As a pet"}]	[{"image_text":"Peron's tree frog with a leech attached to the front foot","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Peron%27s_Tree_Frog-_Litoria_peronii.jpg/220px-Peron%27s_Tree_Frog-_Litoria_peronii.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Cogger, H. G. (1979). Reptiles & Amphibians of Australia. A. H. & A. W. Reed Pty Ltd. ISBN 0-589-50108-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-589-50108-9","url_text":"0-589-50108-9"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/41105/0","external_links_name":"Leptopelis peronii"},{"Link":"http://www.iucnredlist.org/","external_links_name":"2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species."},{"Link":"http://www.articleroad.com/pets-and-animals/reptiles-and-amphibians/frogs/frog-breeds/peronstreefrog-5.cfm?Find=Free","external_links_name":"Article Road: List of All Frog Breeds: Things You Can Do to Ensure Your Frog Has a Long, Happy and Healthy Life: Peron's Tree Frog"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110320103342/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/nature/frogLicenceInfo.pdf","external_links_name":"Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water, New South Wales: Amphibian Keeper's Licence: Species Lists"},{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Litoria_peronii/","external_links_name":"Litoria_peronii"},{"Link":"https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Litoria_peronii","external_links_name":"Litoria_peronii"},{"Link":"https://amphibiaweb.org/species/1292","external_links_name":"1292"},{"Link":"https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Pelodryadidae/Litoriinae/Litoria/Litoria-peronii","external_links_name":"Litoria-peronii"},{"Link":"https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id133455","external_links_name":"133455"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/3VMND","external_links_name":"3VMND"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/1039028","external_links_name":"1039028"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2427831","external_links_name":"2427831"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/23645","external_links_name":"23645"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10233548","external_links_name":"10233548"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=662947","external_links_name":"662947"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/41105","external_links_name":"41105"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=317363","external_links_name":"317363"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/203719/","external_links_name":"203719"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=7455","external_links_name":"7455"},{"Link":"http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=4802800","external_links_name":"4802800"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Wharf	Lewis Wharf	["1 History","2 Sources"]	Coordinates: 42°21′48″N 71°03′00″W / 42.3633°N 71.0501°W / 42.3633; -71.0501Lewis Wharf appears in the center right of this 1852 map of Boston's North End. Lewis Wharf is a showpiece of waterfront urban renewal in Boston's historic North End. The granite structures on the wharf were built as an early 19th-century shopping mall in the era before railroads when water transport was the most efficient way to move commodities to marketplaces. History An 1853 advertisement of trans-Atlantic passenger service from Lewis Wharf. Boston was the trade center of the colonial Province of Massachusetts Bay. Waterfront property was developed as a shopping center of stores selling goods unloaded from adjoining wharfs. Property was owned by wealthy wharfingers who collected fees from ships loading or unloading cargoes and leased the stores and warehouse space to local merchants who purchased, stored and sold those cargoes. Lewis Wharf was within an area known as Clark's Wharf while owned by provincial councilor William Clark. It was later owned by Thomas Hancock and inherited by his nephew John Hancock in 1764. Thomas Lewis of Lynn, Massachusetts, was a successful merchant during the years following the American Revolution. He reorganized a portion of the property from John Hancock's estate in 1793 as Thomas Lewis and Son with three leased stores. Thomas Lewis had three sons: Thomas, David and John. Thomas assumed control of the wharf when his father died in 1809. John became heir to the property when his brother died in 1824. John and his cousin Samuel G. Lewis established the Lewis Wharf Company in 1834, and upgraded the property with stores which were among the earliest granite masonry buildings in Boston. Lewis Wharf stores represented the apex of New England marketplace architecture in the age of water transport. Merchandise arrived at the wharf in watercraft of all sizes from Middlesex Canal boats to oceangoing schooners. Items advertised for sale included cocao, cod, "Guadeloupe cotton", "Jamaican fish", gin, rice, salt, white sugar, "brown Havana sugar", tar, and turpentine. As railroads extended inland from port cities like Boston, wharves became locations for transfer of freight and new marketplaces were built near population centers. The most efficient freight transfer wharves were those designed for bulk cargoes; so demand for wharf warehouse space declined through the 20th century and practically disappeared as intermodal containerized freight transport became standardized. In 1973, the old granite and timber warehouses were renovated by Carl Koch. The two lowest floors were designated for commercial occupancy while the upper four stories became residential condominiums. Sources ^ Clarke, Ted (2008). Boston Curiosities: A History of Beantown Barons, Molasses Mayhem, Polemic Patriots, and the Fluff in Between. The History Press. ^ a b Goldfeld, Alex R. (2009). The North End: A Brief History of Boston's Oldest Neighborhood. The History Press. pp. 84&85. ^ Southworth, Susan and Michael (2008), AIA Guide to Boston, Third Edition. Guilford, CT: Globe Pequot Press. 42°21′48″N 71°03′00″W / 42.3633°N 71.0501°W / 42.3633; -71.0501	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1852_NorthEnd_Boston_map_bySlatter.png"},{"link_name":"urban renewal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_renewal"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"North End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_End,_Boston"},{"link_name":"granite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite"},{"link_name":"shopping mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping_mall"},{"link_name":"railroads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad"},{"link_name":"water transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_transport"},{"link_name":"marketplaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketplace"}],"text":"Lewis Wharf appears in the center right of this 1852 map of Boston's North End.Lewis Wharf is a showpiece of waterfront urban renewal in Boston's historic North End. The granite structures on the wharf were built as an early 19th-century shopping mall in the era before railroads when water transport was the most efficient way to move commodities to marketplaces.","title":"Lewis Wharf"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1853_Train_and_Co.png"},{"link_name":"Province of Massachusetts Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay"},{"link_name":"wharfingers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wharfinger"},{"link_name":"Thomas Hancock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hancock_(merchant)"},{"link_name":"John Hancock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hancock"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Lynn, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"American Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arg-2"},{"link_name":"Middlesex Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesex_Canal"},{"link_name":"schooners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schooner"},{"link_name":"cocao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoa_solids"},{"link_name":"cod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cod"},{"link_name":"Guadeloupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadeloupe"},{"link_name":"Jamaican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"},{"link_name":"gin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gin"},{"link_name":"rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice"},{"link_name":"salt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt"},{"link_name":"Havana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana"},{"link_name":"turpentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turpentine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arg-2"},{"link_name":"bulk cargoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_cargo"},{"link_name":"intermodal containerized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermodal_container"},{"link_name":"Carl Koch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Koch_(architect)"},{"link_name":"condominiums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condominium"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"An 1853 advertisement of trans-Atlantic passenger service from Lewis Wharf.Boston was the trade center of the colonial Province of Massachusetts Bay. Waterfront property was developed as a shopping center of stores selling goods unloaded from adjoining wharfs. Property was owned by wealthy wharfingers who collected fees from ships loading or unloading cargoes and leased the stores and warehouse space to local merchants who purchased, stored and sold those cargoes. Lewis Wharf was within an area known as Clark's Wharf while owned by provincial councilor William Clark. It was later owned by Thomas Hancock and inherited by his nephew John Hancock in 1764.[1] Thomas Lewis of Lynn, Massachusetts, was a successful merchant during the years following the American Revolution. He reorganized a portion of the property from John Hancock's estate in 1793 as Thomas Lewis and Son with three leased stores. Thomas Lewis had three sons: Thomas, David and John. Thomas assumed control of the wharf when his father died in 1809. John became heir to the property when his brother died in 1824. John and his cousin Samuel G. Lewis established the Lewis Wharf Company in 1834, and upgraded the property with stores which were among the earliest granite masonry buildings in Boston.[2]Lewis Wharf stores represented the apex of New England marketplace architecture in the age of water transport. Merchandise arrived at the wharf in watercraft of all sizes from Middlesex Canal boats to oceangoing schooners. Items advertised for sale included cocao, cod, \"Guadeloupe cotton\", \"Jamaican fish\", gin, rice, salt, white sugar, \"brown Havana sugar\", tar, and turpentine.[2] As railroads extended inland from port cities like Boston, wharves became locations for transfer of freight and new marketplaces were built near population centers. The most efficient freight transfer wharves were those designed for bulk cargoes; so demand for wharf warehouse space declined through the 20th century and practically disappeared as intermodal containerized freight transport became standardized. In 1973, the old granite and timber warehouses were renovated by Carl Koch. The two lowest floors were designated for commercial occupancy while the upper four stories became residential condominiums.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-arg_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-arg_2-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"42°21′48″N 71°03′00″W / 42.3633°N 71.0501°W / 42.3633; -71.0501","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lewis_Wharf&params=42.3633_N_71.0501_W_type:landmark_region:US-MA"}],"text":"^ Clarke, Ted (2008). Boston Curiosities: A History of Beantown Barons, Molasses Mayhem, Polemic Patriots, and the Fluff in Between. The History Press.\n\n^ a b Goldfeld, Alex R. (2009). The North End: A Brief History of Boston's Oldest Neighborhood. The History Press. pp. 84&85.\n\n^ Southworth, Susan and Michael (2008), AIA Guide to Boston, Third Edition. Guilford, CT: Globe Pequot Press.42°21′48″N 71°03′00″W / 42.3633°N 71.0501°W / 42.3633; -71.0501","title":"Sources"}]	[{"image_text":"Lewis Wharf appears in the center right of this 1852 map of Boston's North End.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/1852_NorthEnd_Boston_map_bySlatter.png/220px-1852_NorthEnd_Boston_map_bySlatter.png"},{"image_text":"An 1853 advertisement of trans-Atlantic passenger service from Lewis Wharf.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/1853_Train_and_Co.png/220px-1853_Train_and_Co.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Clarke, Ted (2008). Boston Curiosities: A History of Beantown Barons, Molasses Mayhem, Polemic Patriots, and the Fluff in Between. The History Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Goldfeld, Alex R. (2009). The North End: A Brief History of Boston's Oldest Neighborhood. The History Press. pp. 84&85.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lewis_Wharf&params=42.3633_N_71.0501_W_type:landmark_region:US-MA","external_links_name":"42°21′48″N 71°03′00″W / 42.3633°N 71.0501°W / 42.3633; -71.0501"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lewis_Wharf&params=42.3633_N_71.0501_W_type:landmark_region:US-MA","external_links_name":"42°21′48″N 71°03′00″W / 42.3633°N 71.0501°W / 42.3633; -71.0501"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk_640	CFIQ	["1 History","1.1 Early years","1.2 Top 40 era","1.3 Shift to Talk","1.4 Mojo Radio","1.5 AM640 Toronto Radio","1.6 Global News Radio 640 Toronto","1.7 640 Toronto","2 Defunct programs","2.1 Toronto Maple Leafs hockey","2.2 The Morning Show","2.3 Leafs Lunch","2.4 Tina Trigiani","2.5 Bill Carroll","2.6 The Post Game Show with Andy Frost","2.7 A View from Space","2.8 Tasha Kheiriddin","2.9 The Exchange with Matt Gurney","3 Notable on-air staff and alumni","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Radio station in Richmond Hill–Toronto, Ontario CFIQRichmond Hill, OntarioCanadaBroadcast areaGreater Toronto AreaSouthern OntarioFrequency640 kHz (AM)Branding640 TorontoProgrammingFormatTalkAffiliationsGlobal NewsOwnershipOwnerCorus Entertainment(Corus Premium Television Ltd.)Sister stationsCFNY-FM, CILQ-FM, CING-FM, CIII-DTHistoryFirst air dateJuly 1, 1957(66 years ago) (1957-07-01)Former call signsCJRH (1957–1961)CFGM (1961–1988, 1988–1990)CHOG (1988, 1990–1999)CFYI (1999–2002)CFMJ (2002–2022)Former frequencies1300 kHz (1957–1959)1310 kHz (1959–1978)1320 kHz (1978–1988)Technical informationLicensing authorityCRTCClassBPower50,000 wattsTransmitter coordinates43°10′45″N 79°25′59″W / 43.17917°N 79.43306°W / 43.17917; -79.43306Repeater(s)95.3 CING-FM-HD2LinksWebsitewww.globalnews.ca/radio/640toronto/ CFIQ (640 AM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Richmond Hill, Ontario, and serving Greater Toronto, Southern Ontario and Western New York with a talk format known as "640 Toronto". Owned by Corus Entertainment, CFIQ's studios are located at the Corus Quay Building in Toronto; despite the station's city of licence being a suburban community north of the city, the transmitter is located in the Niagara Region town of Lincoln, 60 kilometres (37 miles) southwest of Toronto. History Early years On July 1, 1957, the station first signed on as CJRH. It was a 500-watt station, broadcasting on 1300 kHz. The last two letters in the call sign referred to its city of licence, Richmond Hill. It moved to 1310 in 1959, and changed its call letters to CFGM in 1961. The station adopted a country format in 1964. A few years later, it became Canada's first 24-hour country station. Don Daynard, who went on to become a longtime personality on CHFI-FM, was a host on CFGM in the 1960s. The station moved to 1320 in 1978, and to 640 kHz on September 16, 1988. Top 40 era Final CHOG logo After 26 years as a country station, CFGM changed its format and call letters at 5 p.m. on June 29, 1990, broadcasting a rock-leaning Top 40/CHR format as AM 640 The Hog, CHOG (which would later shift towards a more mainstream direction in September 1991). In June 1992, the station rebranded as AM 640 The Beat Of Toronto, and adjusted its format to Rhythmic CHR. Several notable radio personalities were associated with the station during this era, including John Gallagher, Tarzan Dan (Freeman), Pat Cochrane, Adrian Bell, Tony Monaco, Deanna Nason, Randy Taylor, Eric Hollo, Kenny 'The Hitman' Caughlin, Roger Kelly and the Toronto radio team of Jesse and Gene. After CFTR changed formats from contemporary hits to all-news in 1993, CHOG AM 640 was the last Top 40 station in the Toronto radio market until CISS-FM adopted the format in February 1999. Talk shows would later come to take up a substantial part of the station's schedule, particularly during midday periods when many of the station's hit music listeners might normally be in school. Shift to Talk Talk 640 logo On October 10, 1995, at 10 p.m., the station changed to a full-time talk format. As Talk 640, the station aired syndicated shows such as Joy Browne, Rhona Raskin, Dr. Laura and Live Audio Wrestling, along with local programming hosted by personalities such as Gene Valaitis, Jane Hawtin, Bill Carroll, Shelley Klinck, Marsha Lederman, Karen Horsman, Michael Coren, Dave Chalk, Spaceman Gary Bell and Roger Kelly. Despite regular adjustments, including acquiring the radio broadcast rights to the Toronto Maple Leafs, the station received low ratings. During this period, the station adopted the call letters CFYI. The weekend programming was a hit with "The Touch of Health" a show that started with just a half hour in 1997 to a two-hour nationally syndicated show airing 2 to 4 p.m. Saturdays. Hosted, produced and managed by Christine McPhee, other weekend shows were the "Pet Show" with Mitch Levitsky, a "Cruise Show", a "Law Show", a "Beauty Show", and the "Small Canada Business Show". Mojo Radio Mojo Radio logo used from 2001-2004 In 2000, the station was acquired by Corus Entertainment. On April 23, 2001, at 6:40 a.m., the station re-launched as Mojo Radio, a hot talk radio format aimed at the male demographic. The station also changed its call letters the same day to CFMJ. The new format featured programs hosted by Humble and Fred, John Derringer, Phil Hendrie, Mike Stafford, Andrew Krystal, Spider Jones, and the syndicated Coast to Coast AM. Later on, John Oakley replaced Scruff Connors who had taken over from Humble and Fred; the latter pair left for hot adult contemporary station CKFM-FM in July 2003. Krystal moved to part-time work at CFRB and CKTB before moving to CJNI-FM in Halifax. Derringer's Mojo show was later discontinued as he concentrated on his marquee morning show on co-owned CILQ-FM. AM640 Toronto Radio In 2004, due to low ratings (MOJO was typically hovering around a 1.4 share), the station moved away from the male-oriented imaging to a more general news and talk format as AM640 Toronto Radio. Oakley and Stafford continued to host the major morning and afternoon drive programs. Former police union head Craig Bromell joined the station as co-host of a new late morning program, The Beat (later rebranded as Bromell! in 2006), and in 2005, Charles Adler's nationally syndicated radio show was added to mid-afternoons. Award-winning journalist Arlene Bynon was added to the ranks in 2006 to host the Saturday afternoon Toronto Weekend program, which expanded to include a Sunday edition as well. AM640 Toronto Radio logo, used from 2004-2010 Near the end of July 2007, the programming line-up was shuffled in response to the departure of Craig Bromell, whose show ran until the end of August 2007. Afternoon host Mike Stafford replaced Bromell. The Bill Watters Show was added to the afternoon lineup. Just as the new show with co-host Jeff Marek expanded, Marek moved on to Sirius Satellite Radio. Greg Brady replaced Marek as Bill's co-host. Brady left AM640 in late June 2010 to host a Noon - 3pm program on The FAN 590. Bill Hayes, formerly of Q107, replaced Greg Brady as Watters' co-host. Hayes was fired in January 2011. Co-hosting duties then fell to his son, Bryan Hayes. Hayes left AM640 on Friday, April 8 to host his own mid-morning program on TSN Radio 1050. AM640's Leafs play-by-play colour analyst Jim Ralph became co-host of The Bill Watters Show, which ran from 4pm – 7pm covering hockey issues and other major sports news as well, up until July 15, 2011. Veteran host and reporter John Downs was let go in early August, 2010. His 7pm - 9pm slot was then hosted by Bryan Hayes, whose program was primarily sports-talk, until April 12, 2011 when Bryan took the mid-day host slot at TSN Radio 1050. Charles Adler's 2pm - 4pm program was moved to the 7pm - 9pm slot at the end of August 2012. Charles Adler hosted a Toronto-based hour from 1pm - 2pm during the summer of 2010. On August 30, 2010, Arlene Bynon took over hosting duties for the 1pm - 2pm hour, with news anchor Tina Trigiani guest-hosting Friday afternoons. On July 18, 2011, The Bill Watters Show was canceled and Arlene Bynon took over the 4-7pm time slot. Tina Trigiani was the host of the 1-2p slot Monday to Friday. On July 2, 2014, Trijiani's hour was taken over by host Jeff McArthur. Jeff McArthur, former morning show host for both CFPL-FM and AM in London, Ontario, joined AM640 in late August 2012 to host weekdays 2pm - 4pm. On July 2, 2014, his show was expanded to add the 1-2pm time slot. On January 7, 2013, Arlene Bynon's afternoon program was replaced by Bill Carroll. Arlene stayed on as cohost for the following three weeks. Her last day was January 29. She now hosts a show on "Canada Talks" Channel 167 on Sirius XM Radio. Bill Carroll hosted the 4-7pm weekday slot in Toronto in addition to his a separate show on Los Angeles talk radio station KFI (which is also at 640 on the AM dial) One of the station's biggest draws was that it was the radio broadcaster of the Toronto Maple Leafs, which it networked into other markets. Its play-by-play announcers were Joe Bowen, Dennis Beyak, Jim Ralph and Dan Dunleavy. Dennis Beyak left in the fall of 2011 to do the play-by-play for the Winnipeg Jets on TSN regional television and on TSN Radio 1290 CFRW. AM640's 7-year contract for the rights to Toronto Maple Leafs radio broadcasts concluded before the start of the 2012-13 NHL season—Leafs broadcasts are now split between CHUM and CJCL. CFMJ's studios were in Suite 1600 at 1 Dundas Street West in Toronto, until Corus moved all of its Toronto-based radio, television and other assets into Corus Quay upon its completion in the summer of 2010. On September 8, 2015, CFMJ began simulcasting on co-owned CING-FM's HD-2 sub-channel. Global News Radio 640 Toronto Global News Radio logo used from 2017-2022 CFMJ, along with several other Corus's news/talk radio stations across Canada were relaunched under the new national Global News Radio brand between November and December 2017. The new moniker matches the Global News brand which is already used for the newscasts on Global Television's owned-and-operated stations, including CFMJ's sister station, CIII-DT, which was acquired by Corus Entertainment as part of its acquisition of the Shaw Communications media unit. The official changeover to Global News Radio 640 Toronto occurred on December 1, 2017, with CFMJ maintaining its talk format and on-air roster. 640 Toronto The "Global News Radio" branding was dropped in January 2022 to avoid confusion between news and talk programming on the station. The station continues to have a shared newsroom with Global News and the newscasts themselves are still identified as Global News. This comes one month after Amanda Cupido was hired as the station's Program Director. On May 1, 2022, the station's call sign was changed to CFIQ. The current weekday talk show lineup included Greg Brady hosting Toronto Today in the morning drive slot followed by Kelly Cutrara, Alan Carter, Jeff McArthur, John Oakley, Alex Pierson and Ben O'Hara-Byrne, with Shane Hewitt in the overnight slot. Effective August 8, 2022, Carter and McArthur discontinued their shows in order to focus on their duties at Global Television. Cutrata moved to early afternoons and Pierson moved from evenings to the 9 am to noon slot, following Greg Brady. In August 2023, Amanda Cupido was replaced as program director by Mike Bendixen, who also became Corus' national director of talk programming. Bendixen had previously been program director at rival talk station CFRB for 12 years ending in 2021. Defunct programs Toronto Maple Leafs hockey From the 1998 until 2012, the station aired radio broadcasts of Toronto Maple Leafs hockey broadcasts. Dennis Beyak was the team's play-by-play commentator when Joe Bowen called games on television, though Bowen continued to call games on radio when the Leafs aired on national TV. Beyak was replaced by Dan Dunleavy in 2011 when he left for TSN to be the Winnipeg Jets play by play commentator. The station no longer airs the Leafs broadcasts since the 2012–13 season. All games have since been split with CJCL and CHUM, owned by Rogers and Bell, respectively. Both media companies co-own the parent company of the team. The Morning Show On November 7, 2016, the station launched a new morning drive show, The Morning Show, pairing National Post columnist and editor Matt Gurney with CBC contributor and lawyer Supriya Dwivedi as co-hosts, replacing the John Oakley Show, which moved to afternoon drive. In February 2018, as part of the station's "revitalization" following its rebranding as Global News Radio, Gurney was moved to the 9 am to noon slot to host The Exchange with Matt Gurney, and Mike Stafford was moved to The Morning Show with Dwivedi remaining as co-host. On November 27, 2020, Dwivedi announced on-air that she was leaving the show and Global, filing a complaint with the Canadian Human Rights Commission alleging that the station had allowed its on-air talent and callers to spread "false narratives" about refugees, Muslims and other groups on air, unchallenged, and refused to enforce journalistic standards on talk radio resulting in her "receiving an increase in racist comments and violent threats". In her resignation letter, she stated “I can no longer be part of an ecosystem that tolerates and in some cases, actively sows division and discord... As a female, racialized journalist, I have been subject to rape threats against me and my 17-month old daughter and absolutely abhorrent statements from members of the public when I attempt to counter and correct the misinformation and false narratives promoted by other hosts and guests on the station.” Mike Stafford remained as the show's host, with rotating guest co-hosts, until June 2021 when he was fired, after 20 years at the station, for using a racial slur in an internal company group chat while commenting that Ontario Premier Doug Ford was likely to slip up and use the slur during his press conference. Stafford had previously been briefly suspended in 2019 after making derogatory comments about South Asians and Muslims on social media. Leafs Lunch Jeff Marek was offered a position with Sirius Satellite Radio and CBC's Hockey Night in Canada to host a new show. On September 7, 2007 Marek announced that he was leaving Leafs Lunch on AM 640 Toronto Radio to pursue a new route in radio broadcasting on the Hockey Night in Canada radio show on Sirius Satellite Radio Channel 122. Brian Duff from the NHL Network was the program's host for a period of time until he was replaced by TSN Hockey Insider Darren Dreger. On July 5, 2010, Leafs Lunch was canceled. Leafs Lunch returned to Talk Radio AM640's Saturday and Sunday lineups, filling the noon - 1pm timeslot until spring of 2011, when it was cancelled. Tina Trigiani Trigiani's show aired weekdays between 1pm and 2pm, this show generally covered lighter news and popular interest topics. Like the Stafford Show, a main topic was introduced and then Tina took input from listeners via e-mail and phone calls. Adding occasional colour to the show was added by Trigiani's call screener, Ryan Bonnar and technical producer Patrick Malkin. AM640 Host Jeff McArthur's show absorbed the hour in the summer of 2014. Bill Carroll Aired weekdays from 4pm - 7pm. Bill Carroll hosted the afternoon drive slot along with commentary from news anchor Sandy Salerno and producer Chris Chreston until early 2016. The opening segment of each show was known as "Carroll on the News" in which Salerno, Chreston and Carroll discussed the day's major news stories. This portion of the show was taped earlier in the day due to a conflict with Carroll's show on KFI 640 in Los Angeles. Carroll resigned from his position in Los Angeles, but soon after left AM640 in early 2016 for 580 CFRA in Ottawa. The Post Game Show with Andy Frost Following each Toronto Maple Leafs game, radio host and Leafs PA announcer, Andy Frost discussed the ups and downs of the night's game. Much of the broadcast involves taking phone calls from the show's audience. This show was cancelled on the station, however Frost remained an evening and weekend host on AM640's sister station Q107. A View from Space For over 15 years, Gary Bell (nicknamed 'The Spaceman') hosted a show, broadcast on Saturday nights, that dealt with current events, numerology and conspiracy theories . The show was cancelled, following its November 11, 2017 broadcast, when parent company Corus fired the late-night host citing complaints of anti-Semitic content. Bell also worked as a producer for various weekday shows during his time at the station and had previously worked as a technician at CKGM and CFTR. He died of cancer in June 2018. Tasha Kheiriddin Weekdays from 12:00pm–2:00pm Tasha Kheiriddin focused on politics and lifestyle. The show was produced by Jackie Lamport. The show featured a Political Panel every Wednesday from 1:20 - 1:40pm. On Fridays during the same time slot a Top 3 panel took place where three women joined the show to talk about three of the top stories of the week. Notable panelists included Maddie Di Muccio, Lisa Kinsella, Anne Lagacé Dowson, and Sophie Nadaeu. The final edition of the program aired March 1, 2019 when it ended its run after three years. The Exchange with Matt Gurney Aired weekdays from 9am - 12pm, The Exchange was a news based talk show with host Matt Gurney. Heather Purdon, Mike Stafford's former producer, produced the show. The show was launched in February 2018 and ended in February 2019. Notable on-air staff and alumni Dennis Beyak, play-by-play commentator for Leafs broadcasts Bill Carroll Andy Frost Jeff Marek See also CKGO, a radio station in Vancouver that also used the Mojo format CKNW, a talk radio station in Vancouver, British Columbia that is also under Corus Entertainment CHML, a talk radio station in Hamilton, Ontario that is also under Corus Entertainment CJOB, a talk radio station in Winnipeg that is also under Corus Entertainment References ^ Broadcasting Yearbook 1958 page A-467 ^ Decision CRTC 87-376 ^ CFGM sliding down the dial to reach millions of new listeners - Toronto Star, September 16, 1988 ^ "Nobody waved goodby to CFGM". Archived from the original on 2016-05-06. ^ "Farewell June". rockradioscrapbook.ca. Retrieved 20 June 2023. ^ Top hits AM 640 turning to talk radio ^ CHOG Flips from Top 40 to Talk ^ Broadcasting & Cable Yearbook 2010 page D-645 ^ On MOJO, it's all guys, all the time - Toronto Star, April 20, 2001 ^ "640 Toronto". ^ "Toronto Mike'd: Amanda Cupido: Toronto Mike'd #1006 on Apple Podcasts". ^ Dialogue, Broadcast (2021-12-02). "The Weekly Briefing". Broadcast Dialogue. Retrieved 2022-06-14. ^ "Canadian Broadcast Sales - Station Changes". www.radiocbs.com. Retrieved 2022-06-14. ^ "640 Toronto". 640 Toronto. Retrieved 2022-06-14. ^ "640 Toronto shuffles lineup as McArthur, Carter focus on TV". 4 August 2022. ^ "Talk radio veteran Mike Bendixen joins Corus Entertainment". 30 August 2023. ^ "GLOBAL NEWS RADIO 640 TORONTO LAUNCHES NEW MORNING DRIVE, MID-MORNING TALK SHOWS". Corus (press release). February 23, 2018. Retrieved June 18, 2021. ^ "Prominent Global News Host Quits Alleging On-Air Climate Increased Racist Threats". Vice. December 1, 2020. Retrieved June 18, 2021. ^ "CANADA: GLOBAL NEWS HOST SUPRIYA DWIVEDI RESIGNS AFTER BEING TARGETED BY RACIST THREATS". THE COALITION FOR WOMEN IN JOURNALISM. December 2, 2020. Retrieved June 18, 2021. ^ Stevenson, Jane (June 11, 2021). "AM640 radio show host gone after using racial slur to mock Doug Ford". Toronto Sun. Retrieved June 18, 2021. ^ Krishnan, Manisha (June 10, 2021). "Global News Radio Host Leaves Company After Making Racist Slur in Work Chat Group". Vice. Retrieved June 18, 2021. ^ "Global News Radio Investigating Mike Stafford For Offensive Tweets". Canadaland. July 24, 2019. Retrieved June 18, 2021. ^ "AM 640 host Mike Stafford and Corus part ways after alleged use of slur". Broadcast Dialogue. June 10, 2021. Retrieved June 18, 2021. ^ "Here's why Leafs Lunch was cancelled \| Truth & Rumours \| William Houston \| on Sports and the Media". Archived from the original on 2010-06-25. Retrieved 2010-07-07. ^ Demara, Bruce (29 November 2017). "Corus fires AM640 late-night host, citing complaints of anti-Semitic content \| The Star". Toronto Star. External links 640 Toronto History of Canadian Broadcasting CFIQ in the REC Canadian station database vteRadio stations in the Greater Toronto Area, OntarioTorontoAM CJCL 590 CFTR 680 CFZM 740 CJBC 860 CFRB 1010 CHUM 1050 CJTM 1280 CHKT 1430 CHIN 1540 CHHA 1610 CHTO 1690 FM CIND-FM 88.1 CIRV-FM 88.9 CIUT-FM 89.5 CJBC-FM 90.3 CJRT-FM 91.1 CHIN-1-FM 91.9 CKIS-FM 92.5 CFXJ-FM 93.5 CBL-FM 94.1 CJKX-FM-2 95.9 CFMZ-FM 96.3 CFZM-1-FM 96.7 CKHC-FM 96.9 CHBM-FM 97.3 CHFI-FM 98.1 CKFG-FM 98.7 CBLA-FM 99.1 CKFM-FM 99.9 CHIN-FM 100.7 CJSA-FM 101.3 CJRK-FM 102.7 CHUM-FM 104.5 CHOQ-FM 105.1 CHRY-FM 105.5 CFPT-FM 106.5 CILQ-FM 107.1 Defunct CFCA 770 CHEV 1610 CJVF-FM 102.7 CIRR-FM 103.9 CKAV-FM 106.5 CKLN-FM 88.1 CKO-FM-2 99.1 CKRG-FM 89.91 Peel Region Brampton CHLO 530 CIRF 1350 CFNY-FM 102.1 Caledon CJFB-FM 105.5 Mississauga CKNT 960 CJMR 1320 CHTO-1 1490 CINA 1650 CKC455/CFRE-FM 91.9 Defunct CFBN 1280 CFGM-FM 102.7 Durham Region Ajax CJKX-FM 95.9 Oshawa CKDO 1580/107.7 CKGE 94.9 Uxbridge CIUX-FM 105.5 York Region Georgina CKOU-FM 93.7 Georgina Island CFGI-FM 92.3 Richmond Hill CFIQ 640 Markham CFMS-FM 105.9 Newmarket CKDX-FM 88.5 CHOP-FM 102.7 Stouffville CIWS-FM 102.9 Vaughan CFU758 90.7 Halton Region Oakville CJYE 1250 Milton CJML-FM 101.3 Dufferin County Orangeville CKMO-FM 101.5 CIDC-FM 103.5 Shelburne CFDC-FM 104.9 Specialty HMWN Radio Maria Sur Sagar Radio Radio Humsafar Digital HD Radio CHLO 530 HD CIND-FM 88.1 HD1 HD2 HD3 CJBC-FM 90.3 HD1 HD2 CKIS-FM 92.5 HD1 HD2 HD3 CKFM-FM 99.9 HD1 HD2 HD3 HD4 CJSA-FM 101.3 HD1 HD2 HD3 HD4 CIDC-FM 103.5 HD1 CFMS-FM 105.9 HD1 HD2 HD3 HD4 Internet radio CHEV Radio Radio Glendon Radio Regent Nearby regions – Canada Hamilton-Niagara Kitchener-Waterloo Midwestern Ontario Peterborough Quinte Simcoe County/Barrie/Orillia U.S. Buffalo See also List of radio stations in Ontario Notes 1. Defunct as a terrestrial radio broadcaster; continuing as an internet-only service vteRadio stations in Hamilton–Niagara, OntarioBy AM frequency CKTB 610 CHAM 820 CHML 900 CKOC 1150 CFAJ 1220 By FM frequency CKLK-FM 88.5 CKYY-FM 89.1 CIXL-FM 91.7 CHTG-FM 92.9 CFMU-FM 93.3 CHKX-FM 94.7 CING-FM 95.3 CHTZ-FM 97.7 CFLZ-FM 101.1 CIOI-FM 101.5 CKLH-FM 102.9 CFBU-FM 103.7 CJED-FM 105.1 CHRE-FM 105.7 CJXY-FM 107.9 Digital HD Radio CHKX-FM 94.7 HD1 HD2 HD3 CING-FM 95.3 HD1 HD2 HD3 Internet radio stations CRNC Wave.FM Defunct CJRN 710 Nearby regions – Canada Kitchener-Waterloo London Midwestern Ontario Toronto U.S. Buffalo See also List of radio stations in Ontario vteCorus EntertainmentBroadcast televisionGlobal (O&O) CFRE-DT CFSK-DT CHAN-DT CHBC-DT CHEX-DT CHEX-DT-2 CHNB-DT CICT-DT CIHF-DT CIII-DT CISA-DT CITV-DT CKMI-DT CKND-DT CKWS-DT Cable television/specialty channelsChildren Boomerang Cartoon Network Disney Channel Disney Junior Disney XD Nickelodeon Treehouse YTV Entertainment ABC Spark Adult Swim CMT Crime & Investigation DejaView Global News: BC 1 History History2 Lifetime MovieTime National Geographic Wild National Geographic Showcase W Network Lifestyle Cooking Channel DTour Food Network HGTV Magnolia Network OWN Slice Corus Média (French) Historia La Chaîne Disney SériesPlus Télétoon (la nuit) Over-the-top streaming Teletoon+ StackTV Terrestrial radio(by call sign)AM CFIQ CFPL CHED CHML CHQR CHQT CJOB CJOY CKGO CKNW FM CFGQ-FM CFHK-FM CFLG-FM CFMI-FM CFMK-FM CFNY-FM CFOX-FM CFPG-FM CFPL-FM CHAY-FM CILQ-FM CIMJ-FM CING-FM CIQB-FM CISN-FM CJDV-FM CJKR-FM CJOT-FM CJSS-FM CJXY-FM CKBT-FM CKCB-FM CKDK-FM CKNG-FM CKQB-FM CKRU-FM CKRY-FM CKWF-FM CKWS-FM Production assets Corus Studios Kids Can Press Nelvana Aircraft Pictures Waterside Studios Former/defunct/historical brands and predecessors Action Alliance Atlantis BBC Canada BBC Kids Canwest CHCA-TV CJNT-TV CoolTV Cosmopolitan TV Country Canada Discovery Kids Dusk E! Edge TV Family Fine Living Fox Sports World Canada FYI Global Reality Channel HBO Canada (Western & North feed) IFC KidsCo Klutz Press Encore Avenue Leonardo World Locomotion Moffat Communications Movie Central Max Trax Nick+ Selkirk Communications Shaw Media Sundance Channel Teletoon at Night Teletoon Retro Télétoon Rétro Video Italia Western International Communications X-Treme Sports Some of the assets listed above are majority-owned, wholly-owned, by Corus Entertainment, or are under license. Refer to full asset list for detailed information.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"radio station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"Richmond Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Hill,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Greater Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Toronto"},{"link_name":"Southern Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Western New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_New_York"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk_radio"},{"link_name":"Corus Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corus_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Corus Quay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corus_Quay"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"Niagara Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Niagara"},{"link_name":"Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln,_Ontario"}],"text":"CFIQ (640 AM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Richmond Hill, Ontario, and serving Greater Toronto, Southern Ontario and Western New York with a talk format known as \"640 Toronto\". Owned by Corus Entertainment, CFIQ's studios are located at the Corus Quay Building in Toronto; despite the station's city of licence being a suburban community north of the city, the transmitter is located in the Niagara Region town of Lincoln, 60 kilometres (37 miles) southwest of Toronto.","title":"CFIQ"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"signed on","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign-on"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"call sign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_sign"},{"link_name":"city of licence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_licence"},{"link_name":"country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"CHFI-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHFI-FM"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Early years","text":"On July 1, 1957, the station first signed on as CJRH.[1] It was a 500-watt station, broadcasting on 1300 kHz. The last two letters in the call sign referred to its city of licence, Richmond Hill. It moved to 1310 in 1959, and changed its call letters to CFGM in 1961. The station adopted a country format in 1964. A few years later, it became Canada's first 24-hour country station. Don Daynard, who went on to become a longtime personality on CHFI-FM, was a host on CFGM in the 1960s.The station moved to 1320 in 1978, and to 640 kHz on September 16, 1988.[2][3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chog.gif"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"Top 40/CHR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_hit_radio"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Rhythmic CHR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythmic_contemporary"},{"link_name":"Jesse and Gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_and_Gene"},{"link_name":"CFTR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFTR_(AM)"},{"link_name":"all-news","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-news_radio"},{"link_name":"radio market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_market"},{"link_name":"CISS-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CKIS-FM"}],"sub_title":"Top 40 era","text":"Final CHOG logoAfter 26 years as a country station, CFGM changed its format and call letters at 5 p.m. on June 29, 1990, broadcasting a rock-leaning Top 40/CHR format as AM 640 The Hog, CHOG (which would later shift towards a more mainstream direction in September 1991).[4][5] In June 1992, the station rebranded as AM 640 The Beat Of Toronto, and adjusted its format to Rhythmic CHR.Several notable radio personalities were associated with the station during this era, including John Gallagher, Tarzan Dan (Freeman), Pat Cochrane, Adrian Bell, Tony Monaco, Deanna Nason, Randy Taylor, Eric Hollo, Kenny 'The Hitman' Caughlin, Roger Kelly and the Toronto radio team of Jesse and Gene. After CFTR changed formats from contemporary hits to all-news in 1993, CHOG AM 640 was the last Top 40 station in the Toronto radio market until CISS-FM adopted the format in February 1999. Talk shows would later come to take up a substantial part of the station's schedule, particularly during midday periods when many of the station's hit music listeners might normally be in school.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Talk640.gif"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk_radio"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"syndicated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_syndication"},{"link_name":"Joy Browne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy_Browne"},{"link_name":"Dr. Laura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Schlessinger"},{"link_name":"Live Audio Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Audio_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"Gene Valaitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Valaitis"},{"link_name":"Jane Hawtin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Hawtin"},{"link_name":"Bill Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Carroll_(broadcaster)"},{"link_name":"Michael Coren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Coren"},{"link_name":"Dave Chalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Chalk_(broadcaster)"},{"link_name":"Toronto Maple Leafs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Maple_Leafs"},{"link_name":"ratings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audience_measurement"}],"sub_title":"Shift to Talk","text":"Talk 640 logoOn October 10, 1995, at 10 p.m., the station changed to a full-time talk format.[6][7] As Talk 640, the station aired syndicated shows such as Joy Browne, Rhona Raskin, Dr. Laura and Live Audio Wrestling, along with local programming hosted by personalities such as Gene Valaitis, Jane Hawtin, Bill Carroll, Shelley Klinck, Marsha Lederman, Karen Horsman, Michael Coren, Dave Chalk, Spaceman Gary Bell and Roger Kelly.Despite regular adjustments, including acquiring the radio broadcast rights to the Toronto Maple Leafs, the station received low ratings. During this period, the station adopted the call letters CFYI. The weekend programming was a hit with \"The Touch of Health\" a show that started with just a half hour in 1997 to a two-hour nationally syndicated show airing 2 to 4 p.m. Saturdays. Hosted, produced and managed by Christine McPhee, other weekend shows were the \"Pet Show\" with Mitch Levitsky, a \"Cruise Show\", a \"Law Show\", a \"Beauty Show\", and the \"Small Canada Business Show\".","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mojo_Radio_Toronto.jpg"},{"link_name":"Corus Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corus_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"hot talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_talk"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Humble and Fred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humble_and_Fred"},{"link_name":"John Derringer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Derringer"},{"link_name":"Phil Hendrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Hendrie"},{"link_name":"Mike Stafford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Stafford"},{"link_name":"Andrew Krystal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Krystal"},{"link_name":"Coast to Coast AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_to_Coast_AM"},{"link_name":"Scruff Connors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scruff_Connors"},{"link_name":"hot adult contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_adult_contemporary"},{"link_name":"CKFM-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CKFM-FM"},{"link_name":"CFRB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFRB"},{"link_name":"CKTB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CKTB"},{"link_name":"CJNI-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJNI-FM"},{"link_name":"Halifax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"CILQ-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CILQ-FM"}],"sub_title":"Mojo Radio","text":"Mojo Radio logo used from 2001-2004In 2000, the station was acquired by Corus Entertainment.[8] On April 23, 2001, at 6:40 a.m., the station re-launched as Mojo Radio, a hot talk radio format aimed at the male demographic.[9] The station also changed its call letters the same day to CFMJ.The new format featured programs hosted by Humble and Fred, John Derringer, Phil Hendrie, Mike Stafford, Andrew Krystal, Spider Jones, and the syndicated Coast to Coast AM. Later on, John Oakley replaced Scruff Connors who had taken over from Humble and Fred; the latter pair left for hot adult contemporary station CKFM-FM in July 2003. Krystal moved to part-time work at CFRB and CKTB before moving to CJNI-FM in Halifax. Derringer's Mojo show was later discontinued as he concentrated on his marquee morning show on co-owned CILQ-FM.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Craig Bromell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Bromell"},{"link_name":"Charles Adler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Adler_(broadcaster)"},{"link_name":"Arlene Bynon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlene_Bynon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AM640_horiz_leafs.png"},{"link_name":"Sirius Satellite Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirius_Satellite_Radio"},{"link_name":"Q107","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CILQ-FM"},{"link_name":"Bryan Hayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Hayes_(radio_host)"},{"link_name":"TSN Radio 1050","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHUM_(AM)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"CFPL-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFPL-FM"},{"link_name":"AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFPL_(AM)"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Bill Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Carroll_(broadcaster)"},{"link_name":"Canada Talks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Talks"},{"link_name":"Sirius XM Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirius_XM_Radio"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"KFI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KFI"},{"link_name":"Toronto Maple Leafs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Maple_Leafs"},{"link_name":"Joe Bowen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Bowen"},{"link_name":"Dennis Beyak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Beyak"},{"link_name":"Jim Ralph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Ralph"},{"link_name":"Dan Dunleavy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Dunleavy"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg Jets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_Jets"},{"link_name":"CFRW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFRW"},{"link_name":"2012-13 NHL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012-13_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"CHUM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHUM_(AM)"},{"link_name":"CJCL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJCL"},{"link_name":"Corus Quay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corus_Quay"},{"link_name":"CING-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CING-FM"},{"link_name":"HD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_Radio"}],"sub_title":"AM640 Toronto Radio","text":"In 2004, due to low ratings (MOJO was typically hovering around a 1.4 share), the station moved away from the male-oriented imaging to a more general news and talk format as AM640 Toronto Radio. Oakley and Stafford continued to host the major morning and afternoon drive programs. Former police union head Craig Bromell joined the station as co-host of a new late morning program, The Beat (later rebranded as Bromell! in 2006), and in 2005, Charles Adler's nationally syndicated radio show was added to mid-afternoons. Award-winning journalist Arlene Bynon was added to the ranks in 2006 to host the Saturday afternoon Toronto Weekend program, which expanded to include a Sunday edition as well.AM640 Toronto Radio logo, used from 2004-2010Near the end of July 2007, the programming line-up was shuffled in response to the departure of Craig Bromell, whose show ran until the end of August 2007. Afternoon host Mike Stafford replaced Bromell. The Bill Watters Show was added to the afternoon lineup. Just as the new show with co-host Jeff Marek expanded, Marek moved on to Sirius Satellite Radio. Greg Brady replaced Marek as Bill's co-host. Brady left AM640 in late June 2010 to host a Noon - 3pm program on The FAN 590. Bill Hayes, formerly of Q107, replaced Greg Brady as Watters' co-host. Hayes was fired in January 2011. Co-hosting duties then fell to his son, Bryan Hayes. Hayes left AM640 on Friday, April 8 to host his own mid-morning program on TSN Radio 1050. AM640's Leafs play-by-play colour analyst Jim Ralph became co-host of The Bill Watters Show, which ran from 4pm – 7pm covering hockey issues and other major sports news as well, up until July 15, 2011.Veteran host and reporter John Downs was let go in early August, 2010. His 7pm - 9pm slot was then hosted by Bryan Hayes, whose program was primarily sports-talk, until April 12, 2011 when Bryan took the mid-day host slot at TSN Radio 1050. Charles Adler's 2pm - 4pm program was moved to the 7pm - 9pm slot at the end of August 2012.Charles Adler hosted a Toronto-based hour from 1pm - 2pm during the summer of 2010. On August 30, 2010, Arlene Bynon took over hosting duties for the 1pm - 2pm hour, with news anchor Tina Trigiani guest-hosting Friday afternoons. On July 18, 2011, The Bill Watters Show was canceled and Arlene Bynon took over the 4-7pm time slot. Tina Trigiani was the host of the 1-2p slot Monday to Friday.[10] On July 2, 2014, Trijiani's hour was taken over by host Jeff McArthur.Jeff McArthur, former morning show host for both CFPL-FM and AM in London, Ontario, joined AM640 in late August 2012 to host weekdays 2pm - 4pm. On July 2, 2014, his show was expanded to add the 1-2pm time slot.On January 7, 2013, Arlene Bynon's afternoon program was replaced by Bill Carroll. Arlene stayed on as cohost for the following three weeks. Her last day was January 29. She now hosts a show on \"Canada Talks\" Channel 167 on Sirius XM Radio. Bill Carroll hosted the 4-7pm weekday slot in Toronto in addition to his a separate show on Los Angeles talk radio station KFI (which is also at 640 on the AM dial)One of the station's biggest draws was that it was the radio broadcaster of the Toronto Maple Leafs, which it networked into other markets. Its play-by-play announcers were Joe Bowen, Dennis Beyak, Jim Ralph and Dan Dunleavy. Dennis Beyak left in the fall of 2011 to do the play-by-play for the Winnipeg Jets on TSN regional television and on TSN Radio 1290 CFRW. AM640's 7-year contract for the rights to Toronto Maple Leafs radio broadcasts concluded before the start of the 2012-13 NHL season—Leafs broadcasts are now split between CHUM and CJCL.CFMJ's studios were in Suite 1600 at 1 Dundas Street West in Toronto, until Corus moved all of its Toronto-based radio, television and other assets into Corus Quay upon its completion in the summer of 2010. On September 8, 2015, CFMJ began simulcasting on co-owned CING-FM's HD-2 sub-channel.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Global_News_Radio_640_Toronto.png"},{"link_name":"Global News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_News"},{"link_name":"Global Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Television_Network"},{"link_name":"CIII-DT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIII-DT"},{"link_name":"Corus Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corus_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Shaw Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaw_Communications"}],"sub_title":"Global News Radio 640 Toronto","text":"Global News Radio logo used from 2017-2022CFMJ, along with several other Corus's news/talk radio stations across Canada were relaunched under the new national Global News Radio brand between November and December 2017. The new moniker matches the Global News brand which is already used for the newscasts on Global Television's owned-and-operated stations, including CFMJ's sister station, CIII-DT, which was acquired by Corus Entertainment as part of its acquisition of the Shaw Communications media unit. The official changeover to Global News Radio 640 Toronto occurred on December 1, 2017, with CFMJ maintaining its talk format and on-air roster.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"morning drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morning_drive"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"CFRB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFRB"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"640 Toronto","text":"The \"Global News Radio\" branding was dropped in January 2022 to avoid confusion between news and talk programming on the station. The station continues to have a shared newsroom with Global News and the newscasts themselves are still identified as Global News.[11] This comes one month after Amanda Cupido was hired as the station's Program Director.[12]On May 1, 2022, the station's call sign was changed to CFIQ.[13] The current weekday talk show lineup included Greg Brady hosting Toronto Today in the morning drive slot followed by Kelly Cutrara, Alan Carter, Jeff McArthur, John Oakley, Alex Pierson and Ben O'Hara-Byrne, with Shane Hewitt in the overnight slot.[14]Effective August 8, 2022, Carter and McArthur discontinued their shows in order to focus on their duties at Global Television. Cutrata moved to early afternoons and Pierson moved from evenings to the 9 am to noon slot, following Greg Brady.[15]In August 2023, Amanda Cupido was replaced as program director by Mike Bendixen, who also became Corus' national director of talk programming. Bendixen had previously been program director at rival talk station CFRB for 12 years ending in 2021.[16]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Defunct programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_Toronto_Maple_Leafs_season"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Toronto_Maple_Leafs_season"},{"link_name":"Toronto Maple Leafs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Maple_Leafs"},{"link_name":"Dennis Beyak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Beyak"},{"link_name":"Joe Bowen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Bowen"},{"link_name":"Dan Dunleavy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Dunleavy"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg Jets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_Jets"},{"link_name":"2012–13 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Toronto_Maple_Leafs_season"},{"link_name":"CJCL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJCL"},{"link_name":"CHUM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHUM_(AM)"}],"sub_title":"Toronto Maple Leafs hockey","text":"From the 1998 until 2012, the station aired radio broadcasts of Toronto Maple Leafs hockey broadcasts. Dennis Beyak was the team's play-by-play commentator when Joe Bowen called games on television, though Bowen continued to call games on radio when the Leafs aired on national TV. Beyak was replaced by Dan Dunleavy in 2011 when he left for TSN to be the Winnipeg Jets play by play commentator.The station no longer airs the Leafs broadcasts since the 2012–13 season. All games have since been split with CJCL and CHUM, owned by Rogers and Bell, respectively. Both media companies co-own the parent company of the team.","title":"Defunct programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"morning drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morning_drive"},{"link_name":"National Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Post"},{"link_name":"Matt Gurney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matt_Gurney&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"CBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Supriya Dwivedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supriya_Dwivedi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Canadian Human Rights Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Human_Rights_Commission"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Doug Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Ford"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"The Morning Show","text":"On November 7, 2016, the station launched a new morning drive show, The Morning Show, pairing National Post columnist and editor Matt Gurney with CBC contributor and lawyer Supriya Dwivedi as co-hosts, replacing the John Oakley Show, which moved to afternoon drive. In February 2018, as part of the station's \"revitalization\" following its rebranding as Global News Radio, Gurney was moved to the 9 am to noon slot to host The Exchange with Matt Gurney, and Mike Stafford was moved to The Morning Show with Dwivedi remaining as co-host.[17]On November 27, 2020, Dwivedi announced on-air that she was leaving the show and Global, filing a complaint with the Canadian Human Rights Commission alleging that the station had allowed its on-air talent and callers to spread \"false narratives\" about refugees, Muslims and other groups on air, unchallenged, and refused to enforce journalistic standards on talk radio resulting in her \"receiving an increase in racist comments and violent threats\". In her resignation letter, she stated “I can no longer be part of an ecosystem that tolerates and in some cases, actively sows division and discord... As a female, racialized journalist, I have been subject to rape threats against me and my 17-month old daughter and absolutely abhorrent statements from members of the public when I attempt to counter and correct the misinformation and false narratives promoted by other hosts and guests on the station.”[18][19]Mike Stafford remained as the show's host, with rotating guest co-hosts, until June 2021 when he was fired, after 20 years at the station, for using a racial slur in an internal company group chat while commenting that Ontario Premier Doug Ford was likely to slip up and use the slur during his press conference.[20][21] Stafford had previously been briefly suspended in 2019 after making derogatory comments about South Asians and Muslims on social media.[22][23]","title":"Defunct programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jeff Marek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Marek"},{"link_name":"Sirius Satellite Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirius_Satellite_Radio"},{"link_name":"Hockey Night in Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockey_Night_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"Leafs Lunch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leafs_Lunch"},{"link_name":"Darren Dreger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Dreger"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Leafs Lunch","text":"Jeff Marek was offered a position with Sirius Satellite Radio and CBC's Hockey Night in Canada to host a new show. On September 7, 2007 Marek announced that he was leaving Leafs Lunch on AM 640 Toronto Radio to pursue a new route in radio broadcasting on the Hockey Night in Canada radio show on Sirius Satellite Radio Channel 122. Brian Duff from the NHL Network was the program's host for a period of time until he was replaced by TSN Hockey Insider Darren Dreger. On July 5, 2010, Leafs Lunch was canceled.[24] Leafs Lunch returned to Talk Radio AM640's Saturday and Sunday lineups, filling the noon - 1pm timeslot until spring of 2011, when it was cancelled.","title":"Defunct programs"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Tina Trigiani","text":"Trigiani's show aired weekdays between 1pm and 2pm, this show generally covered lighter news and popular interest topics. Like the Stafford Show, a main topic was introduced and then Tina took input from listeners via e-mail and phone calls. Adding occasional colour to the show was added by Trigiani's call screener, Ryan Bonnar and technical producer Patrick Malkin. AM640 Host Jeff McArthur's show absorbed the hour in the summer of 2014.","title":"Defunct programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bill Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Carroll_(broadcaster)"},{"link_name":"KFI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KFI"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"CFRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFRA"},{"link_name":"Ottawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa"}],"sub_title":"Bill Carroll","text":"Aired weekdays from 4pm - 7pm. Bill Carroll hosted the afternoon drive slot along with commentary from news anchor Sandy Salerno and producer Chris Chreston until early 2016. The opening segment of each show was known as \"Carroll on the News\" in which Salerno, Chreston and Carroll discussed the day's major news stories. This portion of the show was taped earlier in the day due to a conflict with Carroll's show on KFI 640 in Los Angeles. Carroll resigned from his position in Los Angeles, but soon after left AM640 in early 2016 for 580 CFRA in Ottawa.","title":"Defunct programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andy Frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Frost_(radio_personality)"},{"link_name":"Q107","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CILQ-FM"}],"sub_title":"The Post Game Show with Andy Frost","text":"Following each Toronto Maple Leafs game, radio host and Leafs PA announcer, Andy Frost discussed the ups and downs of the night's game. Much of the broadcast involves taking phone calls from the show's audience. This show was cancelled on the station, however Frost remained an evening and weekend host on AM640's sister station Q107.","title":"Defunct programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"numerology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerology"},{"link_name":"conspiracy theories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"CKGM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CKGM"},{"link_name":"CFTR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFTR"}],"sub_title":"A View from Space","text":"For over 15 years, Gary Bell (nicknamed 'The Spaceman') hosted a show, broadcast on Saturday nights, that dealt with current events, numerology and conspiracy theories . The show was cancelled, following its November 11, 2017 broadcast, when parent company Corus fired the late-night host citing complaints of anti-Semitic content.[25] Bell also worked as a producer for various weekday shows during his time at the station and had previously worked as a technician at CKGM and CFTR. He died of cancer in June 2018.","title":"Defunct programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tasha Kheiriddin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasha_Kheiriddin"},{"link_name":"Anne Lagacé Dowson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Lagac%C3%A9_Dowson"}],"sub_title":"Tasha Kheiriddin","text":"Weekdays from 12:00pm–2:00pm Tasha Kheiriddin focused on politics and lifestyle. The show was produced by Jackie Lamport. The show featured a Political Panel every Wednesday from 1:20 - 1:40pm. On Fridays during the same time slot a Top 3 panel took place where three women joined the show to talk about three of the top stories of the week. Notable panelists included Maddie Di Muccio, Lisa Kinsella, Anne Lagacé Dowson, and Sophie Nadaeu. The final edition of the program aired March 1, 2019 when it ended its run after three years.","title":"Defunct programs"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"The Exchange with Matt Gurney","text":"Aired weekdays from 9am - 12pm, The Exchange was a news based talk show with host Matt Gurney. Heather Purdon, Mike Stafford's former producer, produced the show. The show was launched in February 2018 and ended in February 2019.","title":"Defunct programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dennis Beyak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Beyak"},{"link_name":"Bill Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Carroll_(broadcaster)"},{"link_name":"Andy Frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Frost_(radio_personality)"},{"link_name":"Jeff Marek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Marek"}],"text":"Dennis Beyak, play-by-play commentator for Leafs broadcasts\nBill Carroll\nAndy Frost\nJeff Marek","title":"Notable on-air staff and alumni"}]	[{"image_text":"Final CHOG logo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Chog.gif"},{"image_text":"Talk 640 logo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Talk640.gif"},{"image_text":"Mojo Radio logo used from 2001-2004","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/95/Mojo_Radio_Toronto.jpg"},{"image_text":"AM640 Toronto Radio logo, used from 2004-2010","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/AM640_horiz_leafs.png/170px-AM640_horiz_leafs.png"},{"image_text":"Global News Radio logo used from 2017-2022","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/eb/Global_News_Radio_640_Toronto.png/220px-Global_News_Radio_640_Toronto.png"}]	[{"title":"CKGO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CKGO"},{"title":"CKNW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CKNW"},{"title":"CHML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHML"},{"title":"CJOB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJOB"}]	[{"reference":"\"Nobody waved goodby to CFGM\". 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Retrieved 2022-06-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiocbs.com/stationchanges-all.php","url_text":"\"Canadian Broadcast Sales - Station Changes\""}]},{"reference":"\"640 Toronto\". 640 Toronto. Retrieved 2022-06-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://globalnews.ca/radio/640toronto/schedule/","url_text":"\"640 Toronto\""}]},{"reference":"\"640 Toronto shuffles lineup as McArthur, Carter focus on TV\". 4 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://broadcastdialogue.com/640-toronto-shuffles-lineup-as-mcarthur-carter-focus-on-tv/","url_text":"\"640 Toronto shuffles lineup as McArthur, Carter focus on TV\""}]},{"reference":"\"Talk radio veteran Mike Bendixen joins Corus Entertainment\". 30 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://broadcastdialogue.com/talk-radio-veteran-mike-bendixen-joins-corus-entertainment/","url_text":"\"Talk radio veteran Mike Bendixen joins Corus Entertainment\""}]},{"reference":"\"GLOBAL NEWS RADIO 640 TORONTO LAUNCHES NEW MORNING DRIVE, MID-MORNING TALK SHOWS\". 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Retrieved June 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vice.com/en/article/3aqa5j/global-news-radio-host-mike-stafford-leaves-company-after-making-racist-slur-in-work-chat-group","url_text":"\"Global News Radio Host Leaves Company After Making Racist Slur in Work Chat Group\""}]},{"reference":"\"Global News Radio Investigating Mike Stafford For Offensive Tweets\". Canadaland. July 24, 2019. Retrieved June 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.canadaland.com/global-investigates-mike-stafford-tweets/","url_text":"\"Global News Radio Investigating Mike Stafford For Offensive Tweets\""}]},{"reference":"\"AM 640 host Mike Stafford and Corus part ways after alleged use of slur\". Broadcast Dialogue. June 10, 2021. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Boyd_(British_Army_officer)	Robert Boyd (British Army officer)	["1 Life","2 References","3 External links"]	British Army officer Sir Robert Boydportrait by John Smart, 1784Born1710Died13 May 1794 (aged 84)GibraltarBuried King's BastionAllegiance Kingdom of Great BritainService/branch British ArmyRankLieutenant-generalBattles/warsSeven Years' WarAwardsKnight of the Order of the Bath Lieutenant-General Sir Robert Boyd KB (c. 1710 – 13 May 1794) was a British Army officer. Life Boyd was baptized on 20 April 1710 at Richmond, Surrey and attended the University of Glasgow before entering the army in his father Ninian's profession of civilian storekeeper. In 1756 he served at the Siege of Minorca, and attempted to reach Admiral John Byng's fleet in an open boat with a message from the besieged garrison commander, William Blakeney. Boyd was a witness at the subsequent court-martial at which Byng was tried for the loss of the garrison. He subsequently became commissary general to the Marquess of Granby in Germany (1758 to 1759); he then rose through the officer ranks to be three-times Governor of Gibraltar (1776 to 1777, 1790 and 1790 to 1794). Boyd considered that his and General Sir William Green's work on the King's Bastion in Gibraltar was so important that he asked to be buried there. The site of his burial is not indicated but his body is lost under cement used to strengthen the building still further in the 19th century. A memorial stone was placed within the King's Chapel but the marble stone in the King's Bastion read: Within the walls of this bastion are deposited the mortal remains of the late General Sir Robert Boyd, K.B., governor of this fortress, who died on 13 May 1794, aged 84 years. By him the first stone of the bastion was laid in 1773, and under his supervision it was completed, when, on that occasion, in his address to the troops, he expressed a wish to see it resist the combined efforts of France and Spain, which wish was accomplished on 13 Sept. 1782, when, by the fire of this bastion, the flotilla expressly designed for the capture of this fortress were utterly destroyed. References ^ a b c d Robert Boyd at Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ^ Benady, Tito (1996). The streets of Gibraltar : a short history. Grendon: Gibraltar Books. p. 40. ISBN 0948466375. ^ Stephen, Leslie, ed. (1886). "Boyd, Robert (1710-1794)" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 6. London: Smith, Elder & Co. External links Parliamentary Archives, Papers of General Sir Robert Boyd, Governor of Gibraltar Government offices Preceded byJohn Irwin Governor of Gibraltar 1776–1777 Succeeded byLord Heathfield Preceded byLord Heathfield Governor of Gibraltar 1790–1794 Succeeded byCharles Rainsford vteGovernors of Gibraltar Spanish period (1462–1704) De Salinas Habsburg occupation (1704) Hesse-Darmstadt Nugent Shrimpton Elliott Stanwix Treaty of Utrecht (1713) Portmore Kane Clayton Sabine Hargrave Bland Fowke Tyrawley Home Cornwallis Irwin Boyd Eliott Boyd Rainsford O'Hara Kent and Strathearn Fox Dalrymple Cradock Campbell Don Chatham Don Crown colony (1830) Houston Woodford Wilson Gardiner Fergusson Codrington Airey Williams Napier of Magdala Adye Hardinge Smyth Nicholson Biddulph White Forestier-Walker Hunter Miles Smith-Dorrien Monro Godley Harington Ironside Liddell Gort Mason-Macfarlane Eastwood Anderson MacMillan Redman Keightley Ward Lathbury Begg Grandy Jackson British dependent territory (1981) Williams Terry Reffell Chapple White Luce Durie British Overseas Territory (2002) Richards Fulton Johns Dutton Davis Steel ^ Ben Bathurst Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany People Deutsche Biographie	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lieutenant-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_General_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"KB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"}],"text":"Lieutenant-General Sir Robert Boyd KB (c. 1710 – 13 May 1794) was a British Army officer.","title":"Robert Boyd (British Army officer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richmond, Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_London"},{"link_name":"University of Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Glasgow"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-1"},{"link_name":"Siege of Minorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Minorca"},{"link_name":"John Byng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Byng"},{"link_name":"William Blakeney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Blakeney,_1st_Baron_Blakeney"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-1"},{"link_name":"Marquess of Granby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Manners,_Marquess_of_Granby"},{"link_name":"Governor of Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-1"},{"link_name":"General Sir William Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Green_(general)"},{"link_name":"King's Bastion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Bastion"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Benady-2"},{"link_name":"King's Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Chapel"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Boyd was baptized on 20 April 1710 at Richmond, Surrey and attended the University of Glasgow before entering the army in his father Ninian's profession of civilian storekeeper.[1] In 1756 he served at the Siege of Minorca, and attempted to reach Admiral John Byng's fleet in an open boat with a message from the besieged garrison commander, William Blakeney.[1] Boyd was a witness at the subsequent court-martial at which Byng was tried for the loss of the garrison.[1]He subsequently became commissary general to the Marquess of Granby in Germany (1758 to 1759); he then rose through the officer ranks to be three-times Governor of Gibraltar (1776 to 1777, 1790 and 1790 to 1794).[1] Boyd considered that his and General Sir William Green's work on the King's Bastion in Gibraltar was so important that he asked to be buried there. The site of his burial is not indicated but his body is lost under cement used to strengthen the building still further in the 19th century.[2] A memorial stone was placed within the King's Chapel but the marble stone in the King's Bastion read:Within the walls of this bastion are deposited the mortal remains of the late General Sir Robert Boyd, K.B., governor of this fortress, who died on 13 May 1794, aged 84 years. By him the first stone of the bastion was laid in 1773, and under his supervision it was completed, when, on that occasion, in his address to the troops, he expressed a wish to see it resist the combined efforts of France and Spain, which wish was accomplished on 13 Sept. 1782, when, by the fire of this bastion, the flotilla expressly designed for the capture of this fortress were utterly destroyed.[3]","title":"Life"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Benady, Tito (1996). The streets of Gibraltar : a short history. Grendon: Gibraltar Books. p. 40. 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London: Smith, Elder & Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Stephen","url_text":"Stephen, Leslie"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Boyd,_Robert_(1710-1794)","url_text":"\"Boyd, Robert (1710-1794)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/3113/","external_links_name":"Robert Boyd at Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Boyd,_Robert_(1710-1794)","external_links_name":"\"Boyd, Robert (1710-1794)\""},{"Link":"https://archives.parliament.uk/collections/getrecord/GB61_BOY","external_links_name":"Parliamentary Archives, Papers of General Sir Robert Boyd, Governor of Gibraltar"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000040173951X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/296157823","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrwVchph8kGCBWjBppF8C","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1031445692","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd1031445692.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Central_Railway_(1897%E2%80%931954)	Wisconsin Central Railway (1897–1954)	["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	Defunct American railway (1897–1961) For the modern railroad, see Wisconsin Central Ltd. Wisconsin Central RailwayA map of the Wisconsin Central in 1901OverviewLocaleWisconsin, Minnesota, IllinoisDates of operation1897–1961PredecessorWisconsin Central Railroad (1871–99)SuccessorSoo Line RailroadTechnicalTrack gauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge The Wisconsin Central Railway Company was created in 1897 when the Wisconsin Central Railroad (1871–99) was reorganized from bankruptcy. In 1954, it reverted to the name Wisconsin Central Railroad Company. The railroad was merged into the Soo Line Railroad in 1961. History Sheep are unloaded from the upper level of a Wisconsin Central stock car in Chicago in 1904. After a proposed merger with Northern Pacific Railway fell through in 1908, Wisconsin Central was leased by the Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie Railroad, the "Old" Soo Line, in 1909. Controlling interest in the Soo Line, along with Wisconsin Central, was held by the Canadian Pacific Railway. Wisconsin Central entered receivership in 1932, declared bankruptcy in 1944, and finally re-emerged from administration in 1954 as the Wisconsin Central Railroad. It was entirely merged into the new Soo Line Railroad in 1961, which acquired the Milwaukee Road in 1985 and was absorbed into the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1990. See also Waupaca Railroad Depot References ^ Lennon, J. Establishing Trails on Rights-of-Way. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of the Interior. p. 49. Gjevre, John A. (1990) . Saga of the Soo, West from Shoreham. Moorhead, Minnesota: Gjevre Books. OCLC 23244801. External links Soo Line Historical and Technical Society vteClass I railroads of North AmericaCurrentUnited States AMTK BNSF CN (GTC) CPKC KCS SOO CSX NS UP Canada CN CPKC CP VIA Mexico CPKC KCSM FXE Former1956–present AA ACL AC&Y AGS ASAB AT&N AT&SF AUT A&WP B&AR B&M BN B&O CAR&NW CB&Q C&EI CG CGW C&IM CNJ CNO&TP C&NW C&O CPME CR CRR C&S CS CSPM&O CV C&W C&WC DH DL&W DM&IR D&RGW DSS&A DT&I D&TSL DW&P EJ&E EL ERIE FEC FW&D GA GB&W G&F GM&O GN GS&F GTW IC ICG ITC KO&G L&A L&HR LI L&M L&N L&NE LS&I LV MEC MGA MI MILW/CMStP&P MIS MKT MN&S MON MP M&STL NC&STL NH NKP/ NYC&StL NYS&W NO&NE NP NS N&W NWP NYC NYCN NYO&W PC P&LE P&N PRR PRSL P&WV RDG RF&P RUT QA&P RI/CRIP S&A SAL SBD SCL SD&AE SI SIRT SLSF SLSFTX SN SOO/MStP&SSM SOU SP SP&S SSW TC TFM TM T&NO T&P TP&W VGN WA WAB WC WM WP pre-1956 A AB&A AB&C AC A&D A&STL BA&P BC&A B&G BRI BR&P B&S BSL&W C&A CA&C C&C CCC&STL C&E C&G CH&D C&I CINN CI&S CI&W CL&N CM CM&PS CNE CNNE CNOR CP&STL CPVT CRI&G CR&NW CRP CVRR DGH&M D&IR D&M DM&N DNW&P D&SL EP&SW E&TH F&CC FJ&G FS&W FW&RG GC&SF GH&SA GM&N GR&I G&SI HE&WT H&TC HV ICRY IGN KCM&O KCM&OTX LA&SL LE&W LS&MS MC MD&V M&I M&NA M&O MSC MTR MV NCRY NJ&NY NN NOT&M NYP&N OCAA OE OR&L OSL OWRN PB&W PCC&STL PCO PE P&E PM PRDG P&S P&SF PS&N SA&AP SB&NY SD&A SFP&P S&IE SJ&GI SLB&M SLIM&S SOUMS SSWTX T&BV T&FS T&N T&OC TSTL&W U&D UTAH VAND VS&P WJ&S W&LE WPT WSN WV Y&MV Timeline 1910–1929 1930–1976 1977–present Railroads in italics meet the revenue specifications for Class I status, but are not technically Class I railroads due to being passenger-only railroads with no freight component.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wisconsin Central Ltd.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Central_Ltd."},{"link_name":"Wisconsin Central Railroad (1871–99)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Central_Railroad_(1871%E2%80%931899)"},{"link_name":"Soo Line Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soo_Line_Railroad"}],"text":"For the modern railroad, see Wisconsin Central Ltd.The Wisconsin Central Railway Company was created in 1897 when the Wisconsin Central Railroad (1871–99) was reorganized from bankruptcy. In 1954, it reverted to the name Wisconsin Central Railroad Company. The railroad was merged into the Soo Line Railroad in 1961.","title":"Wisconsin Central Railway (1897–1954)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Unloading_a_stock_car_rev.jpg"},{"link_name":"stock car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_car_(rail)"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Northern Pacific Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Pacific_Railway"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis,_St._Paul_and_Sault_Ste._Marie_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Canadian Pacific Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway"},{"link_name":"Soo Line Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soo_Line_Railroad"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Road"},{"link_name":"Canadian Pacific Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway"}],"text":"Sheep are unloaded from the upper level of a Wisconsin Central stock car in Chicago in 1904.After a proposed merger with Northern Pacific Railway fell through in 1908, Wisconsin Central was leased by the Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie Railroad, the \"Old\" Soo Line, in 1909. Controlling interest in the Soo Line, along with Wisconsin Central, was held by the Canadian Pacific Railway. Wisconsin Central entered receivership in 1932, declared bankruptcy in 1944, and finally re-emerged from administration in 1954 as the Wisconsin Central Railroad. It was entirely merged into the new Soo Line Railroad in 1961, [1] which acquired the Milwaukee Road in 1985 and was absorbed into the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1990.","title":"History"}]	[{"image_text":"Sheep are unloaded from the upper level of a Wisconsin Central stock car in Chicago in 1904.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Unloading_a_stock_car_rev.jpg/220px-Unloading_a_stock_car_rev.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Waupaca Railroad Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waupaca_Railroad_Depot"}]	[{"reference":"Lennon, J. Establishing Trails on Rights-of-Way. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of the Interior. p. 49.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C.","url_text":"Washington, D.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"Gjevre, John A. (1990) [1973]. Saga of the Soo, West from Shoreham. Moorhead, Minnesota: Gjevre Books. OCLC 23244801.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23244801","url_text":"23244801"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23244801","external_links_name":"23244801"},{"Link":"http://www.sooline.org/","external_links_name":"Soo Line Historical and Technical Society"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumping_the_Broom	Jumping the Broom	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Critical reception","4 Awards and nominations","5 Home media","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	For the marital custom, see Jumping the broom. For the 2008 feature film by Patrik-Ian Polk, see Noah's Arc: Jumping the Broom. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Jumping the Broom" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (November 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 2011 American filmJumping the BroomTheatrical release posterDirected bySalim AkilScreenplay by Elizabeth Hunter Arlene Gibbs Story byElizabeth HunterProduced by Tracey E. Edmonds Elizabeth Hunter T. D. Jakes Glendon Palmer Curtis Wallace Starring Angela Bassett Paula Patton Laz Alonso Loretta Devine Mike Epps Meagan Good Tasha Smith Julie Bowen Romeo Miller DeRay Davis Valarie Pettiford CinematographyAnastas N. MichosEdited byTerilyn A. ShropshireMusic byEdward ShearmurProductioncompanies TriStar Pictures Stage 6 Films Our Stories Films Distributed bySony Pictures ReleasingRelease date May 6, 2011 (2011-05-06) Running time112 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$6.6 millionBox office$37.7 million Jumping the Broom is a 2011 American romantic comedy-drama film directed by Salim Akil and produced by Tracey E. Edmonds, Elizabeth Hunter, T. D. Jakes, Glendon Palmer, and Curtis Wallace. The title of the film is derived from the sometimes Black American tradition of bride and groom jumping over a ceremonial broom after being married. As historian Tyler D. Parry notes in Jumping the Broom: The Surprising Multicultural Origins of a Black Wedding Ritual, the film uses the broomstick wedding to explore the intersections of class, race, and culture in the United States, alongside the different conceptions that African Americans hold regarding the custom's relevance for Black matrimony in the 21st century. The film was shot in Blue Rocks, Nova Scotia, Canada, standing in for Martha's Vineyard in Massachusetts, the setting for the film. TriStar Pictures distributed the film in the United States on May 6, 2011. The film received mixed reviews with critics positively noting its cultural themes and well-selected cast, but criticized its tone, characterization, predictability, and screenplay. Plot Sabrina Watson is the only child of the affluent Watson family; her mother Claudine and father Greg Watson live on Martha's Vineyard. The film starts off with Sabrina catching Bobby on the phone with a mistress as he is having an affair. She asks God to help her get out of this situation and promises (again) not to have another one-night stand with anyone and only have sex with her future husband. One day, she accidentally hits Jason Taylor while driving. She gets out to offer help and she overreacts. Jason forgives her and they go out for dinner. Five months of dating later, Sabrina tells Jason about her job offer in China and asks him to still be with her in a long-distance relationship but Jason declines. She walks off sad and soon hears a music group singing, and Jason comes back and asks her to marry him, which she accepts. Sabrina's mother, who is running the wedding, has her doubts but trusts her daughter's judgment. After the couple talk to Reverend James, they decide to stay while a driver picks up Jason's family and friends. Jason's group is his insecure mother Pam, his charming uncle Willie Earl, Pam's best friend Shonda and Jason's cousin Malcolm. Also appearing is Sabrina's aunt Geneva. Their first meeting is awkward as everyone seems to dislike each other and they make small rude remarks. Pam becomes annoyed by Sabrina's acts of kindness and counts three strikes already against her. Sabrina talks to her friends during the cocktail party, one of them being her maid of honor Blythe. While Blythe goes to get more wine, she meets Chef McKenna, and both instantly feel a connection. Shonda also meets Sabrina's cousin, Sebastian, who is instantly drawn to her. Shonda is attracted to him as well but she feels uncomfortable because she thinks he's too young for her. During the dinner at night, Pam gives a rude blessing and has a fight with Claudine but this is stopped by Greg. Claudine also says in French that she thinks Greg is having an affair with his associate Amanda. While outside, Pam listens in on Geneva and Claudine fighting and finds out that Geneva is actually Sabrina's mother and gave Sabrina to Claudine and Greg after she was born. During the bachelor party, Sabrina and Jason have a fight about his mother wanting them to jump the broom. Malcolm complains to Jason and asks why he isn't the best man. Jason tells him that they haven't been best friends in years and Malcolm has only been there to ask for money. When Jason leaves and tries to apologize to Sabrina, Chef McKenna is busy kissing Blythe and not noticing the food which begins to burn which sets off the alarm. Sabrina closes the door on him but they make up through text; however, they have doubts about their wedding. In the morning, everything begins normally. The boys have a friendly game of football, though Pam tries to tell Jason about Claudine and Geneva's secret. Blythe also talks to McKenna about the relationship. McKenna tells her that he thinks she is beautiful and a relationship is still an option. Greg reveals to Claudine that he is not having an affair, but has made some bad investments and lost most of his money. While Pam is getting fitted in her dress, she tries to confront Sabrina about the secret but is interrupted when Jason gets hurt when pushed by Malcolm. Pam tells Sabrina to ask her parents who are her real parents. Claudine and Geneva tell the truth which hurts Sabrina and causes her to drive off and cancel the wedding. Jason confronts his mother and tells her he is a grown man and to stop treating him like a little boy. Jason tells everyone to look for Sabrina and also punches Malcolm for saying “Now no one can be the best man now”. Jason prays to God to help him. Geneva is called by Sabrina who is at the docks on a boat. Geneva tells her the story of Sabrina's father. He was a man in Paris whom she loved and planned to travel the world with but she soon found out he had a wife and child and she returned home alone and pregnant. Jason meets back with Sabrina and the two reconcile. Sabrina goes back home to dress. She gets a broom and a note from Pam saying she is returning home and is sorry. She chases down Pam and asks her to stay. They forgive each other and Pam agrees to stay. Jason and Sabrina have the wedding and also jump the broom. After the wedding, Sebastian kisses Shonda, finally winning her affections, and presumably begins a relationship. Greg and Claudine reconcile and she reveals she has secret funds, and that they are still wealthy. Malcolm and Amy, the wedding planner, start sharing a moment together in which she asks if he wants to dance with her and he accepts. At the end, the whole family happily does the Cupid Shuffle. Cast Paula Patton as Sabrina Watson Laz Alonso as Jason Taylor Angela Bassett as Claudine Watson Loretta Devine as Pam Taylor Valarie Pettiford as Aunt Geneva Mike Epps as Willie Earl Taylor Brian Stokes Mitchell as Greg Watson Meagan Good as Blythe Tasha Smith as Shonda Peterkin DeRay Davis as Malcolm Romeo Miller as Sebastian Pooch Hall as Ricky Gary Dourdan as Chef McKenna Julie Bowen as Amy Vera Cudjoe as Mabel Tenika Davis as Lauren T. D. Jakes as Reverend James El DeBarge as Singer Laura Kohoot as Amanda Critical reception Jumping the Broom received mixed reviews from critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 58%, based on 85 reviews, with an average rating of 6.07/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Its heart is in the right place – and so is its appealing cast – but Jumping the Broom is ultimately too cliched and thinly written to recommend". On Metacritic the film has a score of 56 out of 100 based on 26 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Positive reviews include Kevin Thomas of The Los Angeles Times who said that the film "...is proof that it is still possible for a major studio release to be fun, smart and heart-tugging and devoid of numbskull violence and equally numbing special effects." Roger Ebert of The Chicago Sun-Times said that, "...the cast is large, well chosen and diverting." Negative reviews include Stephanie Merry of The Washington Post who criticized the characters of the mothers saying, "Any light moments are quickly nullified by the oppressive women vying for the title of world’s meanest mom." John Anderson of Variety also commented on the film's "nasty tone". Awards and nominations Black Reel Awards Best Picture, nominated Best Actor (Laz Alonso), nominated Best Supporting Actress (Angela Bassett), nominated Best Ensemble, nominated Best Director (Salim Akil), nominated Best Screenaplay (Elizabeth Hunter & Arlene Gibbs), nominated NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Motion Picture, nominated Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture (Laz Alonso), Won Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture (Paula Patton), nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture (Mike Epps), Won BET Awards Best Movie, nominated Home media It was released on DVD and Blu-ray on August 9, 2011. See also List of black films of the 2010s References ^ "Jumping the Broom". Comingsoon.net. ^ Kaufman, Amy (May 5, 2011). "Movie Projector: 'Thor' to hammer competition at the box office". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 5, 2011. ^ "Jumping the Broom". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 26 December 2021. ^ "Jumping the Broom (2011)". IMDb. Retrieved 26 May 2012. ^ Parry, Tyler (2020). Jumping the Broom: The Surprising Multicultural Origins of a Black Wedding Ritual. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 208–210. ISBN 978-1-4696-6086-8. ^ "Local Feature Film Jumping the Broom Hits Theatres". Novascotia.ca. 11 May 2018. Retrieved 26 December 2021. ^ ""Jumping the Broom" set on Martha's Vineyard : Film : The Martha's Vineyard Times". Archived from the original on 2013-02-16. Retrieved 2013-01-03. ^ "Jumping the Broom (2011)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved October 23, 2020. ^ "Jumping the Broom". Retrieved 28 May 2020 – via www.metacritic.com. ^ Thomas, Kevin (2010-05-06). "Movie review: 'Jumping the Broom'". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2011-11-22. ^ Ebert, Roger (2010-05-04). "Jumping the Broom (PG-13)". rogerebert.com. The Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on 2011-09-02. Retrieved 2011-11-13. ^ Merry, Stephanie (2010-05-06). "Jumping the Broom". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2011-08-21. Retrieved 2011-11-13. ^ Anderson, John (2010-04-28). "Jumping the Broom". Variety. Retrieved 2011-11-13. ^ "The Black Reel Awards". Blackreelawards.wordpress.com. Retrieved 26 December 2021. ^ "2012, 43rd NAACP Image Awards Nominations Announced". Archive.today. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 26 December 2021. External links Official website Jumping the Broom at AllMovie Jumping the Broom at Box Office Mojo Jumping the Broom at IMDb Jumping the Broom at Metacritic Jumping the Broom at Rotten Tomatoes Authority control databases International VIAF National Spain	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jumping the broom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumping_the_broom"},{"link_name":"Noah's Arc: Jumping the Broom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah%27s_Arc:_Jumping_the_Broom"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"romantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_film"},{"link_name":"comedy-drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy-drama_film"},{"link_name":"Salim Akil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salim_Akil"},{"link_name":"Tracey E. Edmonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracey_Edmonds"},{"link_name":"T. D. Jakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._D._Jakes"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Black American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_American"},{"link_name":"jumping over a ceremonial broom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumping_the_broom"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Blue Rocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Rocks,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Martha's Vineyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"TriStar Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TriStar_Pictures"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"}],"text":"For the marital custom, see Jumping the broom. For the 2008 feature film by Patrik-Ian Polk, see Noah's Arc: Jumping the Broom.2011 American filmJumping the Broom is a 2011 American romantic comedy-drama film directed by Salim Akil and produced by Tracey E. Edmonds, Elizabeth Hunter, T. D. Jakes, Glendon Palmer, and Curtis Wallace.[4]The title of the film is derived from the sometimes Black American tradition of bride and groom jumping over a ceremonial broom after being married. As historian Tyler D. Parry notes in Jumping the Broom: The Surprising Multicultural Origins of a Black Wedding Ritual, the film uses the broomstick wedding to explore the intersections of class, race, and culture in the United States, alongside the different conceptions that African Americans hold regarding the custom's relevance for Black matrimony in the 21st century.[5]The film was shot in Blue Rocks, Nova Scotia, Canada, standing in for Martha's Vineyard in Massachusetts, the setting for the film.[6][7] TriStar Pictures distributed the film in the United States on May 6, 2011. The film received mixed reviews with critics positively noting its cultural themes and well-selected cast, but criticized its tone, characterization, predictability, and screenplay.","title":"Jumping the Broom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Martha's Vineyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard"},{"link_name":"God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God"},{"link_name":"one-night stand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-night_stand"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"long-distance relationship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-distance_relationship"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"jump the broom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jump_the_broom"},{"link_name":"Cupid Shuffle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupid_Shuffle"}],"text":"Sabrina Watson is the only child of the affluent Watson family; her mother Claudine and father Greg Watson live on Martha's Vineyard. The film starts off with Sabrina catching Bobby on the phone with a mistress as he is having an affair. She asks God to help her get out of this situation and promises (again) not to have another one-night stand with anyone and only have sex with her future husband. One day, she accidentally hits Jason Taylor while driving. She gets out to offer help and she overreacts. Jason forgives her and they go out for dinner. Five months of dating later, Sabrina tells Jason about her job offer in China and asks him to still be with her in a long-distance relationship but Jason declines. She walks off sad and soon hears a music group singing, and Jason comes back and asks her to marry him, which she accepts.Sabrina's mother, who is running the wedding, has her doubts but trusts her daughter's judgment. After the couple talk to Reverend James, they decide to stay while a driver picks up Jason's family and friends. Jason's group is his insecure mother Pam, his charming uncle Willie Earl, Pam's best friend Shonda and Jason's cousin Malcolm. Also appearing is Sabrina's aunt Geneva. Their first meeting is awkward as everyone seems to dislike each other and they make small rude remarks. Pam becomes annoyed by Sabrina's acts of kindness and counts three strikes already against her. Sabrina talks to her friends during the cocktail party, one of them being her maid of honor Blythe. While Blythe goes to get more wine, she meets Chef McKenna, and both instantly feel a connection. Shonda also meets Sabrina's cousin, Sebastian, who is instantly drawn to her. Shonda is attracted to him as well but she feels uncomfortable because she thinks he's too young for her. During the dinner at night, Pam gives a rude blessing and has a fight with Claudine but this is stopped by Greg. Claudine also says in French that she thinks Greg is having an affair with his associate Amanda. While outside, Pam listens in on Geneva and Claudine fighting and finds out that Geneva is actually Sabrina's mother and gave Sabrina to Claudine and Greg after she was born.During the bachelor party, Sabrina and Jason have a fight about his mother wanting them to jump the broom. Malcolm complains to Jason and asks why he isn't the best man. Jason tells him that they haven't been best friends in years and Malcolm has only been there to ask for money. When Jason leaves and tries to apologize to Sabrina, Chef McKenna is busy kissing Blythe and not noticing the food which begins to burn which sets off the alarm. Sabrina closes the door on him but they make up through text; however, they have doubts about their wedding.In the morning, everything begins normally. The boys have a friendly game of football, though Pam tries to tell Jason about Claudine and Geneva's secret. Blythe also talks to McKenna about the relationship. McKenna tells her that he thinks she is beautiful and a relationship is still an option. Greg reveals to Claudine that he is not having an affair, but has made some bad investments and lost most of his money. While Pam is getting fitted in her dress, she tries to confront Sabrina about the secret but is interrupted when Jason gets hurt when pushed by Malcolm. Pam tells Sabrina to ask her parents who are her real parents. Claudine and Geneva tell the truth which hurts Sabrina and causes her to drive off and cancel the wedding. Jason confronts his mother and tells her he is a grown man and to stop treating him like a little boy. Jason tells everyone to look for Sabrina and also punches Malcolm for saying “Now no one can be the best man now”. Jason prays to God to help him.Geneva is called by Sabrina who is at the docks on a boat. Geneva tells her the story of Sabrina's father. He was a man in Paris whom she loved and planned to travel the world with but she soon found out he had a wife and child and she returned home alone and pregnant. Jason meets back with Sabrina and the two reconcile. Sabrina goes back home to dress. She gets a broom and a note from Pam saying she is returning home and is sorry. She chases down Pam and asks her to stay. They forgive each other and Pam agrees to stay. Jason and Sabrina have the wedding and also jump the broom. After the wedding, Sebastian kisses Shonda, finally winning her affections, and presumably begins a relationship. Greg and Claudine reconcile and she reveals she has secret funds, and that they are still wealthy. Malcolm and Amy, the wedding planner, start sharing a moment together in which she asks if he wants to dance with her and he accepts. At the end, the whole family happily does the Cupid Shuffle.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paula Patton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula_Patton"},{"link_name":"Laz Alonso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laz_Alonso"},{"link_name":"Angela Bassett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Bassett"},{"link_name":"Loretta Devine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loretta_Devine"},{"link_name":"Valarie Pettiford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valarie_Pettiford"},{"link_name":"Mike Epps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Epps"},{"link_name":"Brian Stokes Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Stokes_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"Meagan Good","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meagan_Good"},{"link_name":"Tasha Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasha_Smith"},{"link_name":"DeRay Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeRay_Davis"},{"link_name":"Romeo Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo_Miller"},{"link_name":"Pooch Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pooch_Hall"},{"link_name":"Gary Dourdan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Dourdan"},{"link_name":"Julie Bowen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Bowen"},{"link_name":"Vera Cudjoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera_Cudjoe"},{"link_name":"Tenika Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenika_Davis"},{"link_name":"T. D. Jakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._D._Jakes"},{"link_name":"El DeBarge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_DeBarge"}],"text":"Paula Patton as Sabrina Watson\nLaz Alonso as Jason Taylor\nAngela Bassett as Claudine Watson\nLoretta Devine as Pam Taylor\nValarie Pettiford as Aunt Geneva\nMike Epps as Willie Earl Taylor\nBrian Stokes Mitchell as Greg Watson\nMeagan Good as Blythe\nTasha Smith as Shonda Peterkin\nDeRay Davis as Malcolm\nRomeo Miller as Sebastian\nPooch Hall as Ricky\nGary Dourdan as Chef McKenna\nJulie Bowen as Amy\nVera Cudjoe as Mabel\nTenika Davis as Lauren\nT. D. Jakes as Reverend James\nEl DeBarge as Singer\nLaura Kohoot as Amanda","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Review aggregator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-metacritic-9"},{"link_name":"The Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAT-10"},{"link_name":"Roger Ebert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert"},{"link_name":"The Chicago Sun-Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ebert-11"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-merry-12"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anderson-13"}],"text":"Jumping the Broom received mixed reviews from critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 58%, based on 85 reviews, with an average rating of 6.07/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \"Its heart is in the right place – and so is its appealing cast – but Jumping the Broom is ultimately too cliched and thinly written to recommend\".[8] On Metacritic the film has a score of 56 out of 100 based on 26 reviews, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\".[9]Positive reviews include Kevin Thomas of The Los Angeles Times who said that the film \"...is proof that it is still possible for a major studio release to be fun, smart and heart-tugging and devoid of numbskull violence and equally numbing special effects.\"[10] Roger Ebert of The Chicago Sun-Times said that, \"...the cast is large, well chosen and diverting.\"[11]Negative reviews include Stephanie Merry of The Washington Post who criticized the characters of the mothers saying, \"Any light moments are quickly nullified by the oppressive women vying for the title of world’s meanest mom.\"[12] John Anderson of Variety also commented on the film's \"nasty tone\".[13]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Black Reel Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Reel_Awards"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"NAACP Image Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAACP_Image_Awards"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"BET Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BET_Awards"}],"text":"Black Reel Awards[14]\nBest Picture, nominated\nBest Actor (Laz Alonso), nominated\nBest Supporting Actress (Angela Bassett), nominated\nBest Ensemble, nominated\nBest Director (Salim Akil), nominated\nBest Screenaplay (Elizabeth Hunter & Arlene Gibbs), nominated\nNAACP Image Awards[15]\nOutstanding Motion Picture, nominated\nOutstanding Actor in a Motion Picture (Laz Alonso), Won\nOutstanding Actress in a Motion Picture (Paula Patton), nominated\nOutstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture (Mike Epps), Won\nBET Awards\nBest Movie, nominated","title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"It was released on DVD and Blu-ray on August 9, 2011.","title":"Home media"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of black films of the 2010s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_black_films_of_the_2010s"}]	[{"reference":"\"Jumping the Broom\". Comingsoon.net.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.comingsoon.net/films.php?id=66342","url_text":"\"Jumping the Broom\""}]},{"reference":"Kaufman, Amy (May 5, 2011). \"Movie Projector: 'Thor' to hammer competition at the box office\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 5, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/entertainmentnewsbuzz/2011/05/movie-projector-thor-something-borrowed-jumping-the-broom-beaver.html","url_text":"\"Movie Projector: 'Thor' to hammer competition at the box office\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Jumping the Broom\". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 26 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl2807924225/","url_text":"\"Jumping the Broom\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo","url_text":"Box Office Mojo"}]},{"reference":"\"Jumping the Broom (2011)\". IMDb. Retrieved 26 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1640484/","url_text":"\"Jumping the Broom (2011)\""}]},{"reference":"Parry, Tyler (2020). Jumping the Broom: The Surprising Multicultural Origins of a Black Wedding Ritual. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 208–210. ISBN 978-1-4696-6086-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-6086-8","url_text":"978-1-4696-6086-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Local Feature Film Jumping the Broom Hits Theatres\". Novascotia.ca. 11 May 2018. Retrieved 26 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://novascotia.ca/news/release/?id=20110505004","url_text":"\"Local Feature Film Jumping the Broom Hits Theatres\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Jumping the Broom\" set on Martha's Vineyard : Film : The Martha's Vineyard Times\". Archived from the original on 2013-02-16. Retrieved 2013-01-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130216115726/http://www.mvtimes.com/2011/05/11/film-jumping-broom-set-marthas-vineyard-5557/","url_text":"\"\"Jumping the Broom\" set on Martha's Vineyard : Film : The Martha's Vineyard Times\""},{"url":"http://www.mvtimes.com/2011/05/11/film-jumping-broom-set-marthas-vineyard-5557/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jumping the Broom (2011)\". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved October 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/jumping_the_broom","url_text":"\"Jumping the Broom (2011)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fandango_(company)","url_text":"Fandango"}]},{"reference":"\"Jumping the Broom\". Retrieved 28 May 2020 – via www.metacritic.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/jumping-the-broom","url_text":"\"Jumping the Broom\""}]},{"reference":"Thomas, Kevin (2010-05-06). \"Movie review: 'Jumping the Broom'\". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2011-11-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://articles.latimes.com/2011/may/06/entertainment/la-et-jumping-the-broom-20110506","url_text":"\"Movie review: 'Jumping the Broom'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"The Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Ebert, Roger (2010-05-04). \"Jumping the Broom (PG-13)\". rogerebert.com. The Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on 2011-09-02. Retrieved 2011-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert","url_text":"Ebert, Roger"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110902045310/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20110504%2FREVIEWS%2F110509996","url_text":"\"Jumping the Broom (PG-13)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times","url_text":"The Chicago Sun-Times"},{"url":"http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20110504%2FREVIEWS%2F110509996","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Merry, Stephanie (2010-05-06). \"Jumping the Broom\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2011-08-21. Retrieved 2011-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110821062107/http://www.washingtonpost.com/gog/movies/jumping-the-broom,1165823/critic-review.html#reviewNum1","url_text":"\"Jumping the Broom\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"},{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/gog/movies/jumping-the-broom,1165823/critic-review.html#reviewNum1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Anderson, John (2010-04-28). \"Jumping the Broom\". Variety. Retrieved 2011-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117945112?refcatid=31","url_text":"\"Jumping the Broom\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"\"The Black Reel Awards\". Blackreelawards.wordpress.com. Retrieved 26 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://blackreelawards.wordpress.com/","url_text":"\"The Black Reel Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"2012, 43rd NAACP Image Awards Nominations Announced\". Archive.today. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buxton_F.C.	Buxton F.C.	["1 History","2 Ground","3 Players","3.1 Current squad","3.2 Out on loan","4 Non-playing staff","5 Honours","6 Records","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]	Coordinates: 53°15′24″N 1°54′24″W / 53.25667°N 1.90667°W / 53.25667; -1.90667Association football club in Buxton, England Football clubBuxtonFull nameBuxton Football ClubNickname(s)The BucksFounded1877GroundThe Silverlands, BuxtonCapacity4,000 (490 seated)ChairmanDavid HopkinsManagerJohn McGrathLeagueNational League North2023–24National League North, 14th of 24WebsiteClub website Home colours Away colours Buxton Football Club is a football club based in Buxton, Derbyshire, England. They are currently members of the National League North and play at the Silverlands. History The club was established in autumn 1877 as an offshoot of the local cricket club, playing their first match on 27 October 1877. In 1891 they joined the Combination. They finished bottom of the league in 1895–96 and left at the end of the 1898–99 season, when they switched to the Manchester League. They were runners-up in 1904–05 but spent most of the next seven seasons in lower mid-table, finishing second-from-bottom on three occasions, before the league was disbanded in 1912. Buxton rejoined the Manchester League when it was re-established in 1920, and considered applying to join the new Football League Third Division North when it was formed in 1921, although they did not submit a bid. They were Manchester League runners-up in 1928–29 and 1929–30 and League Cup winners in 1925–26 and 1926–27. After winning the league in 1931–32, they joined the Cheshire County League. After World War II they were runners-up in 1946–47, and in 1951–52 they reached the first round of the FA Cup for the first time. They beat Rawmarsh Welfare 4–1 in the first round and overcame Football League side Aldershot 4–3 at Silverlands in the second, before losing 2–0 at Second Division Doncaster Rovers in the third round. In 1958–59 Buxton reached the first round of the FA Cup again, and after beating Crook Town 4–1 in the first round, they lost 6–1 at Accrington Stanley in the second. Another first-round appearance in 1962–63 resulted in a 3–1 defeat at Barrow in a replay. The season also saw them finish as runners-up in the Cheshire County League, and they went on to win the league title in 1972–73, earning promotion to the Northern Premier League. When the league gained a second division in 1987, Buxton were placed in the Premier Division, where they remained until finishing bottom in 1996–97, resulting in relegation to Division One. After finishing bottom of Division One the following season, they were relegated to the Premier Division of the Northern Counties East League. In 2005–06 Buxton won the Northern Counties East League Premier Division, earning promotion back to Division One of the Northern Premier League. The following season saw them crowned champions again, resulting in promotion to the Northern Premier League's Premier Division. They finished fifth in their first season back in the division, qualifying for the promotion play-offs, in which they beat Witton Albion 6–5 on penalties after a 1–1 draw in the semi-finals, before losing the final 2–0 to Gateshead. In 2021–22 the club defeated York City 1–0 in the first round of the FA Cup before losing 1–0 at home to Morecambe of League One. They finished the league season as champions of the Premier Division of the Northern Premier League and were promoted to the National League North. Buxton reached the second round of the FA Cup again the following season, beating Merthyr Town 2–0 in the first round, before losing 4–0 at Ipswich Town. They also won the Derbyshire Senior Cup, defeating Derby County Academy 2–1 in the final. Ground Buxton originally played at the Park, a ground shared with the cricket club, and later played at Cote Lane, London Road and Green Lane before moving to the Silverlands in 1884. The site was originally a field owned by the club's first captain, Frank Drewry. The opening match was held on 1 November 1884, a Derbyshire Cup match against Bakewell, which Buxton won 2–0. Cover was provided for spectators in 1890 (proposals to build a separate pavilion for working-class supporters were not taken forward), at the same time as dressing rooms were built. A wooden stand was erected on one side of the pitch and replaced by the current main stand in 1965, which later had seats from Maine Road added to it. On the opposite side of the pitch is the Popular Side covered terrace. The end behind one goal has a covered terrace, with the other end empty. The ground currently has a capacity of 4,000, of which 490 is seated and 2,500 covered. The Silverlands is the highest football ground in England, at 310 metres (1,020 ft) above sea level. Players Current squad As of 9 February 2024 Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. No. Pos. Nation Player 2 DF ENG Connor Brown 3 DF SCO Adam Livingstone 4 MF ENG Jak McCourt 5 DF ENG Josh Granite (captain) 6 DF ENG Luke Shiels 7 FW ENG Jake Wright 8 MF ENG Connor Kirby 9 FW ITA Diego De Girolamo 10 MF ENG Tom Elliott 11 MF ENG Sam Osborne 12 DF ENG Sam Minihan 13 GK ENG Aleksandar Petrovic No. Pos. Nation Player 14 MF ENG Dylan Mottley-Henry (on loan from South Shields) 15 DF ENG Jake Hull (on loan from Rotherham United) 16 GK ENG Joe Young (on loan from Wolverhampton Wanderers) 17 MF ENG Eoin McKeown 18 FW SCO Ben Andreucci (on loan from Bolton Wanderers) 19 MF ENG Max Brogan (on loan from Solihull Moors) 20 MF ENG Will Bapaga (dual registered with Mickleover) 21 DF ATG Zaine Francis-Angol 23 MF ENG Curtis Weston 29 MF ENG Joe Ackroyd (on loan from Barnsley) 32 DF ENG Max Hunt Out on loan Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. No. Pos. Nation Player 1 GK ENG Max Dearnley (at Chorley) Non-playing staff Position Name Manager John McGrath Assistant Manager Ricky Ravenhill Physio Lewis Yates First Team Coach Pablo mills Honours NPL Division One trophy, Presidents Cup trophy, NLP Team of the Year 2006–07 and NPL Division One Club of the Month August 2006 Northern Premier League Premier Division champions 2021–22 Division One champions 2006–07 President's Cup winners 1981–82, 2006–07 Northern Counties East League Champions 2005–06 President's Cup winners 2004–05, 2005–06 Cheshire County League Champions 1972–73 League Cup winners 1956–57, 1957–58, 1968–69 Manchester League Champions 1931–32 League Cup winners 1925–26, 1926–27 Derbyshire Senior Cup Winners 1938–39, 1945–46, 1956–57, 1959–60, 1971–72, 1980–81, 1985–86, 1986–87, 2008–09, 2011–12, 2022–23 Records Record attendance: 6,000 vs Barrow, FA Cup first round, 1962–63 Most appearances: David Bainbridge, 642 Most goals: Mark Reed, 251 in 469 games Record transfer fee paid: £5,000 to Hyde United for Gary Walker, 1989 Record transfer fee received: £16,500 from Rotherham United for Ally Pickering, 1989 Best FA Cup performance: Third round, 1951–52 Best FA Trophy performance: Quarter finals, 1970–71, 1971–72 Best FA Vase performance: Fifth round, 2005–06 See also Buxton F.C. players Buxton F.C. managers References ^ Club History Archived 25 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine Buxton F.C. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Buxton at the Football Club History Database ^ a b Manchester League 1893-1912 Non-League Matters ^ a b c "Peak performers" When Saturday Comes, No. 358, December 2016 ^ a b c d Club Honours Buxton F.C. ^ Manchester League 1920-1960 Non-League Matters ^ Cheshire County League 1919-1940 Non-League Matters ^ 2007-08 Northern Premier League Football Club History Database ^ Pilnick, Brent (4 December 2021). "Buxton 0–1 Morecambe". BBC Sport. Retrieved 25 April 2022. ^ Cooper, Louise (25 April 2022). "Video shows fantastic moment Buxton FC lift Northern Premier League trophy and celebrate with fans". Buxton Advertiser. Retrieved 25 April 2022. ^ a b c d Buxton Pyramid Passion ^ a b c d e f Williams, Mike; Williams, Tony (2012). Non-League Club Directory 2013. p. 354. ISBN 978-1-869833-77-0. ^ "SK17 6QH Elevation". Get The Data. 10 November 2022. ^ Ingle, Sean; Stabb, Tom (2 February 2005). "What's the greatest points difference between top and bottom ever?". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 April 2022. ^ "Hull returns to Buxton on season-long loan". www.themillers.co.uk. Retrieved 22 November 2023. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Buxton F.C.. Official website vteNational League2024–25ClubsNationalClubs AFC Fylde Aldershot Town Altrincham Barnet Boston United Braintree Town Dagenham & Redbridge Eastleigh Ebbsfleet United Forest Green Rovers Gateshead FC Halifax Town Hartlepool United Maidenhead United Oldham Athletic Rochdale Solihull Moors Southend United Sutton United Tamworth Wealdstone Woking Yeovil Town York City Grounds The Bolt New Lawn Boston Community Stadium Boundary Park Chigwell Construction Stadium Cressing Road Crown Oil Arena Damson Park Gateshead International Stadium Grosvenor Vale The Hive Huish Park Laithwaite Community Stadium The Lamb Ground Mill Farm Moss Lane Recreation Ground Roots Hall The Shay Silverlake Stadium Stonebridge Road VBS Community Stadium Victoria Park York Community Stadium York Road North Alfreton Town Brackley Town Buxton Chester Chorley Curzon Ashton Darlington Farsley Celtic Hereford Kidderminster Harriers King's Lynn Town Leamington Marine Needham Market Peterborough Sports Oxford City Radcliffe Rushall Olympic Scarborough Athletic Scunthorpe United South Shields Southport Spennymoor Town Warrington Town South Aveley Bath City Boreham Wood Chelmsford City Chesham United Chippenham Town Dorking Wanderers Eastbourne Borough Enfield Town Farnborough Hampton & Richmond Borough Hemel Hempstead Town Hornchurch Maidstone United Salisbury Slough Town St Albans City Tonbridge Angels Torquay United Truro City Welling United Weston-super-Mare Weymouth Worthing Seasons 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 See also: Conference League Cup vteBorough of High PeakMajor settlements Buxton Chapel-en-le-Frith Glossop Hadfield New Mills Whaley Bridge Villages Ashopton Bamford Birch Vale Brough and Shatton Buxworth Castleton Charlesworth Chinley Chisworth Crowden Derwent Dove Holes Edale Furness Vale Gamesley Hague Bar Hayfield Hope Padfield Peak Forest Peak Dale Rowarth Sparrowpit Tintwistle Woodhead WaterwaysCanals Peak Forest Canal Rivers Alport Ashop Dane Derwent Dove Etherow Goyt Kinder Peakshole Water Noe Sett Westend Wye TransportRail Buxton railway station Chapel-en-le-Frith railway station Glossop railway station Hadfield railway station New Mills Central railway station Whaley Bridge railway station Road A6 A57 (Snake Pass) A624 Culture, leisureand tourism Buxton Crescent Buxton Opera House Devonshire Dome High Peak Trail Kinder Scout Pennine Way Peveril Castle Mam Tor Melandra Millennium Walkway, New Mills Speedwell Cavern Solomon's Temple Related articles Education Schools University of Buxton Governance High Peak (constituency) Historic Mass trespass of Kinder Scout Well dressing Woodhead Tunnel Sport Buxton F.C. Chapel Town F.C. Glossop North End A.F.C. New Mills A.F.C. Authority control databases International VIAF National United States 53°15′24″N 1°54′24″W / 53.25667°N 1.90667°W / 53.25667; -1.90667	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Buxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buxton"},{"link_name":"Derbyshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"National League North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_North"}],"text":"Association football club in Buxton, EnglandFootball clubBuxton Football Club is a football club based in Buxton, Derbyshire, England. They are currently members of the National League North and play at the Silverlands.","title":"Buxton F.C."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H-1"},{"link_name":"the Combination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Combination"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCHD-2"},{"link_name":"Manchester League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLM1-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLM1-3"},{"link_name":"Football League Third Division North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Third_Division_North"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WSC-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hon-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLM2-6"},{"link_name":"Cheshire County League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire_County_League"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLM3-7"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"1951–52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951%E2%80%9352_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Rawmarsh Welfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawmarsh_Welfare_F.C."},{"link_name":"Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Aldershot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldershot_F.C."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCHD-2"},{"link_name":"Doncaster Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doncaster_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCHD-2"},{"link_name":"1958–59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958%E2%80%9359_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Crook Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crook_Town_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Accrington Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accrington_Stanley_F.C._(1891)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCHD-2"},{"link_name":"1962–63","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962%E2%80%9363_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Barrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrow_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Northern Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCHD-2"},{"link_name":"1996–97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_Northern_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"following season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997%E2%80%9398_Northern_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Northern Counties East League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Counties_East_Football_League"},{"link_name":"2005–06","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Northern_Counties_East_Football_League"},{"link_name":"following season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Northern_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCHD-2"},{"link_name":"first season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Northern_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Witton Albion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witton_Albion_F.C."},{"link_name":"Gateshead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateshead_F.C."},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"2021–22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Morecambe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morecambe_F.C."},{"link_name":"League One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_League_One"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"league season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Northern_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"National League North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_North"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"following season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Merthyr Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merthyr_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Ipswich Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCHD-2"},{"link_name":"Derbyshire Senior Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbyshire_Senior_Cup"},{"link_name":"Derby County Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_County_F.C._Reserves_and_Academy"}],"text":"The club was established in autumn 1877 as an offshoot of the local cricket club, playing their first match on 27 October 1877.[1] In 1891 they joined the Combination. They finished bottom of the league in 1895–96 and left at the end of the 1898–99 season,[2] when they switched to the Manchester League.[3] They were runners-up in 1904–05 but spent most of the next seven seasons in lower mid-table, finishing second-from-bottom on three occasions, before the league was disbanded in 1912.[3]Buxton rejoined the Manchester League when it was re-established in 1920, and considered applying to join the new Football League Third Division North when it was formed in 1921, although they did not submit a bid.[4] They were Manchester League runners-up in 1928–29 and 1929–30 and League Cup winners in 1925–26 and 1926–27.[5] After winning the league in 1931–32,[6] they joined the Cheshire County League.[7] After World War II they were runners-up in 1946–47, and in 1951–52 they reached the first round of the FA Cup for the first time. They beat Rawmarsh Welfare 4–1 in the first round and overcame Football League side Aldershot 4–3 at Silverlands in the second,[2] before losing 2–0 at Second Division Doncaster Rovers in the third round.[2]In 1958–59 Buxton reached the first round of the FA Cup again, and after beating Crook Town 4–1 in the first round, they lost 6–1 at Accrington Stanley in the second.[2] Another first-round appearance in 1962–63 resulted in a 3–1 defeat at Barrow in a replay. The season also saw them finish as runners-up in the Cheshire County League, and they went on to win the league title in 1972–73, earning promotion to the Northern Premier League.[2] When the league gained a second division in 1987, Buxton were placed in the Premier Division, where they remained until finishing bottom in 1996–97, resulting in relegation to Division One. After finishing bottom of Division One the following season, they were relegated to the Premier Division of the Northern Counties East League.In 2005–06 Buxton won the Northern Counties East League Premier Division, earning promotion back to Division One of the Northern Premier League. The following season saw them crowned champions again, resulting in promotion to the Northern Premier League's Premier Division.[2] They finished fifth in their first season back in the division, qualifying for the promotion play-offs, in which they beat Witton Albion 6–5 on penalties after a 1–1 draw in the semi-finals, before losing the final 2–0 to Gateshead.[8] In 2021–22 the club defeated York City 1–0 in the first round of the FA Cup before losing 1–0 at home to Morecambe of League One.[9] They finished the league season as champions of the Premier Division of the Northern Premier League and were promoted to the National League North.[10]Buxton reached the second round of the FA Cup again the following season, beating Merthyr Town 2–0 in the first round, before losing 4–0 at Ipswich Town.[2] They also won the Derbyshire Senior Cup, defeating Derby County Academy 2–1 in the final.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PP-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PP-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PP-11"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WSC-4"},{"link_name":"Maine Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine_Road"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WSC-4"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PP-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLCD-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elevation-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-14"}],"text":"Buxton originally played at the Park, a ground shared with the cricket club, and later played at Cote Lane, London Road and Green Lane before moving to the Silverlands in 1884.[11] The site was originally a field owned by the club's first captain, Frank Drewry.[11] The opening match was held on 1 November 1884, a Derbyshire Cup match against Bakewell, which Buxton won 2–0.[11]Cover was provided for spectators in 1890 (proposals to build a separate pavilion for working-class supporters were not taken forward),[4] at the same time as dressing rooms were built. A wooden stand was erected on one side of the pitch and replaced by the current main stand in 1965, which later had seats from Maine Road added to it.[4] On the opposite side of the pitch is the Popular Side covered terrace. The end behind one goal has a covered terrace, with the other end empty.[11] The ground currently has a capacity of 4,000, of which 490 is seated and 2,500 covered.[12]The Silverlands is the highest football ground in England, at 310 metres (1,020 ft) above sea level.[13][14]","title":"Ground"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"Current squad","text":"As of 9 February 2024Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"Out on loan","text":"Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Non-playing staff"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trophies07.gif"},{"link_name":"President's Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Premier_League_President%27s_Cup"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hon-5"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLCD-12"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hon-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hon-5"}],"text":"NPL Division One trophy, Presidents Cup trophy, NLP Team of the Year 2006–07 and NPL Division One Club of the Month August 2006Northern Premier League\nPremier Division champions 2021–22\nDivision One champions 2006–07\nPresident's Cup winners 1981–82, 2006–07[5]\nNorthern Counties East League\nChampions 2005–06\nPresident's Cup winners 2004–05, 2005–06[12]\nCheshire County League\nChampions 1972–73\nLeague Cup winners 1956–57, 1957–58, 1968–69[5]\nManchester League\nChampions 1931–32\nLeague Cup winners 1925–26, 1926–27\nDerbyshire Senior Cup\nWinners 1938–39, 1945–46, 1956–57, 1959–60, 1971–72, 1980–81, 1985–86, 1986–87, 2008–09, 2011–12, 2022–23[5]","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrow_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLCD-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLCD-12"},{"link_name":"Hyde United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLCD-12"},{"link_name":"Rotherham United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotherham_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Ally Pickering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ally_Pickering"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLCD-12"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCHD-2"},{"link_name":"FA Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Trophy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCHD-2"},{"link_name":"FA Vase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Vase"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCHD-2"}],"text":"Record attendance: 6,000 vs Barrow, FA Cup first round, 1962–63[12]\nMost appearances: David Bainbridge, 642[12]\nMost goals: Mark Reed, 251 in 469 games\nRecord transfer fee paid: £5,000 to Hyde United for Gary Walker, 1989[12]\nRecord transfer fee received: £16,500 from Rotherham United for Ally Pickering, 1989[12]\nBest FA Cup performance: Third round, 1951–52[2]\nBest FA Trophy performance: Quarter finals, 1970–71, 1971–72[2]\nBest FA Vase performance: Fifth round, 2005–06[2]","title":"Records"}]	[{"image_text":"NPL Division One trophy, Presidents Cup trophy, NLP Team of the Year 2006–07 and NPL Division One Club of the Month August 2006","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f8/Trophies07.gif/230px-Trophies07.gif"}]	[{"title":"Buxton F.C. players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Buxton_F.C._players"},{"title":"Buxton F.C. managers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Buxton_F.C._managers"}]	[{"reference":"Pilnick, Brent (4 December 2021). \"Buxton 0–1 Morecambe\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 25 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/59479743","url_text":"\"Buxton 0–1 Morecambe\""}]},{"reference":"Cooper, Louise (25 April 2022). \"Video shows fantastic moment Buxton FC lift Northern Premier League trophy and celebrate with fans\". Buxton Advertiser. Retrieved 25 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.buxtonadvertiser.co.uk/sport/football/video-shows-fantastic-moment-buxton-fc-lift-northern-premier-league-trophy-and-celebrate-with-fans-3667369","url_text":"\"Video shows fantastic moment Buxton FC lift Northern Premier League trophy and celebrate with fans\""}]},{"reference":"Williams, Mike; Williams, Tony (2012). Non-League Club Directory 2013. p. 354. ISBN 978-1-869833-77-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-869833-77-0","url_text":"978-1-869833-77-0"}]},{"reference":"\"SK17 6QH Elevation\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_in_Burundi	Mining industry of Burundi	["1 References"]	Burundi is a producer of columbium (niobium) and tantalum ore, tin ore, and tungsten ore, and some deposits of gold which are designated for export. Burundi has resources of copper, cobalt, nickel, feldspar, phosphate rock, quartzite, and rare reserves of uranium, and vanadium. The country is also a producer of limestone, peat, sand and gravel for domestic consumption and as building materials. As of 2005, manufacturing accounted for 8% of the country's gross domestic product. National gold production increased to 3,905 kg in 2005 from 3,229 kg in 2004 increasing dramatically from just 415 kg in 2001 because of higher gold prices. Gold reportedly accounted for more than 90% of the value of Burundi’s total mineral production in 2005. Machanga Ltd. of Uganda and more recently the Burundi Mining Corporation were responsible for mining much of the country's primary gold reserves which are concentrated in Muyinga Province in the north-east of the country. Columbium (niobium) and tantalum were mined by Asyst Mines, Comptoirs Miniers de Burundi S.A., Hamza, and Habonimana but the production of columbite-tantalite ore decreased considerably to 23,356 kg in 2004 from 72,441 kg in 2002 because low world market prices saw a slump in the demand for tantalum oxide in 2004. In 2005, production increased to 42,592 kg and has continued to rise again and columbite-tantalite production accounted for 5% of the value of Burundi’s mineral production as of 2005. An Australian company Argosy Minerals Incorporated was proposing to develop mines in the country but has had its Mining Convention and licences suspended by the government due to failure to meet commitments. Small quantities of tungsten and tin but only account for 3% of Burundi's total mineral production according to the Burundi Ministry of Energy and Mines The Office National de la Tourbe a branch of the government is responsible for peat production which is extracted notably in the Akanyara Valley near Buyongwe and in 2005 unmined resources of peat were stated by the Burundian government to total around 36 million metric tons. However Burundi has no resources of coal, natural gas, or petroleum meaning that electricity production in the country was very problematic. Hydroelectric power stations now account for most of the country’s electricity production as they do not have the natural reserves to produce it. References Burundi portal ^ USGS Report 2005 ^ International Monetary Fund report (2006), p. 80 ^ a b c Riragonya, Damien, Director General of Geology and Mines, Burundi Ministry of Energy and Mines, June 26, 2006. ^ International Monetary Fund report, 2006, p. 90 vte Economy of BurundiCurrency: Burundian francCommunications Communications Transportation Industries Agriculture Mining Tourism vteMining in Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limitedrecognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies andother territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla (Spain) Madeira (Portugal) Mayotte / Réunion (France) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Muyinga Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muyinga_Province"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Riragonya,_Damien_2006-3"},{"link_name":"Columbium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbium"},{"link_name":"tantalum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantalum"},{"link_name":"columbite-tantalite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbite-tantalite"},{"link_name":"tantalum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantalum"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Riragonya,_Damien_2006-3"},{"link_name":"tungsten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten"},{"link_name":"tin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin"},{"link_name":"Burundi Ministry of Energy and Mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi_Ministry_of_Energy_and_Mines"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Riragonya,_Damien_2006-3"},{"link_name":"peat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat"},{"link_name":"Buyongwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buyongwe"},{"link_name":"coal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal"},{"link_name":"natural gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas"},{"link_name":"petroleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"National gold production increased to 3,905 kg in 2005 from 3,229 kg in 2004 increasing dramatically from just 415 kg in 2001 because of higher gold prices. Gold reportedly accounted for more than 90% of the value of Burundi’s total mineral production in 2005. Machanga Ltd. of Uganda and more recently the Burundi Mining Corporation were responsible for mining much of the country's primary gold reserves which are concentrated in Muyinga Province in the north-east of the country.[3]Columbium (niobium) and tantalum were mined by Asyst Mines, Comptoirs Miniers de Burundi S.A., Hamza, and Habonimana but the production of columbite-tantalite ore decreased considerably to 23,356 kg in 2004 from 72,441 kg in 2002 because low world market prices saw a slump in the demand for tantalum oxide in 2004. In 2005, production increased to 42,592 kg and has continued to rise again and columbite-tantalite production accounted for 5% of the value of Burundi’s mineral production as of 2005.[3] An Australian company Argosy Minerals Incorporated was proposing to develop mines in the country but has had its Mining Convention and licences suspended by the government due to failure to meet commitments.Small quantities of tungsten and tin but only account for 3% of Burundi's total mineral production according to the Burundi Ministry of Energy and Mines[3] The Office National de la Tourbe a branch of the government is responsible for peat production which is extracted notably in the Akanyara Valley near Buyongwe and in 2005 unmined resources of peat were stated by the Burundian government to total around 36 million metric tons.However Burundi has no resources of coal, natural gas, or petroleum meaning that electricity production in the country was very problematic. Hydroelectric power stations now account for most of the country’s electricity production as they do not have the natural reserves to produce it.[4]","title":"Mining industry of Burundi"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/country/2005/bymyb05.pdf","external_links_name":"USGS Report 2005"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertha_Bracey	Bertha Bracey	["1 Early life and education","2 Quaker relief work","3 Schools","4 Kindertransport","5 Later life","6 Awards and memorials","7 References","7.1 Citations","7.2 Sources","8 Publications"]	Quaker aid worker and teacher Bertha BraceyBorn1893Bournville, Worcestershire, EnglandDied1989 (aged 95)Occupation(s)teacher, youth worker, aid worker Bertha Lilian Bracey (1893–1989) was an English Quaker teacher and aid worker who organised relief and sanctuary for Europeans affected by the turmoil before, during and after the Second World War. These included many Jewish children threatened by the Holocaust and rescued in the operation known as the Kindertransport. In 2010, she was recognised as a British Hero of the Holocaust. Early life and education Her father worked for the Quaker chocolate maker, Cadbury, in their model village of Bournville. Her mother was Annie née Miles. She went to Birmingham University and, after graduating, she worked in personnel and as a teacher for five years. Quaker relief work She joined the Society of Friends – the Quakers – when she was about eighteen. In 1921, she left teaching to work at the Quaker Centre in Vienna where she founded and operated youth clubs. She enjoyed singing with young people and her work in these centres gave her good fluency in the German language and a network of many contacts. The Quaker International Centres had been conceived by Carl Heath in 1916 and eight of them were established across Europe after the First World War. After Vienna, Bracey moved to Germany where the hyperinflation and instability of the Weimar Republic caused great hardship. At the centres in Nuremberg and then Berlin, she organised aid for the population, especially children. The provision of food to the impoverished and starving was known as the Quäkerspeisung – the Quaker feeding – and it so endeared the Quakers to the German people that it enabled them to aid refugees during the Nazi era. In 1929, she became an Administrative Secretary of the Germany and Holland Committee in the Quaker headquarters in London, responsible for the relief operations in Germany and the Netherlands. In 1933, she took charge of the newly-formed German Emergency Committee and this was later renamed as the Friends Committee for Refugees and Aliens. As the work expanded, her staff in Friends House grew from a single assistant to 59 case-workers in 1938 and, with crowds of refugees to process, they overflowed into Drayton House nearby. Schools She helped found the Stoatley Rough School for German refugees in Haslemere in England. This started when Hilde Lion contacted the German Emergency Committee in 1933 with plans to form a school to help German children adjust to British education. Bracey chaired the board of governors from 1938 to 1945 and continued as a governor of the school until 1960. In 1934, she helped establish a school for German Jewish children in the castle of Eerde in the Netherlands. Kindertransport Bracey had recognised the threat to the Jews of Germany in 1933, after Hitler became Chancellor and the Nazi party took control, "Words are not adequate to tell of the anguish of some of my Jewish friends". After the great pogrom of Kristallnacht in 1938, she visited Berlin and was then part of the delegation which met with the British Home Secretary Sir Samuel Hoare to convince him to expedite the acceptance of Jewish children as refugees from Germany. She then led the Quaker team which formed part of the Movement for the Care of Children from Germany. Initially, they were based in Friends House but this was overcrowded and so the Palace Hotel in Bloomsbury Street was bought to become Bloomsbury House – a centre for all the refugee organisations to work together. Bracey became secretary of the Inter-Church Council for German Refugees and led a team of 80 Quaker case-workers on the third floor. During the war, she took on further duties. In 1940, after the fall of France caused concern about the security risk of having German refugees in Britain resulting in internment, she led the Central Department for Interned Refugees which addressed the practical and humanitarian issues arising from this policy. At the end of the war, she was still saving children. For example, in 1945, she arranged for the RAF to fly 300 orphans from Theresienstadt concentration camp to a reception centre by Windermere. Later life In the aftermath of the war, there were many displaced persons so she joined the Allied Control Commission to handle refugees in Germany. Later she was made responsible for women's affairs in the American and British Zones of Occupation. She then retired from this post in 1953, having reached the age of 60. In the 1960s she moved to a flat in Langton Green, near Tunbridge Wells, in the block next door to her sister Emily. Later she moved to East House in Adderbury, near Banbury, where she lived until her death. She remained cheerful, alert and an inspiration to others.'Is there anything I can bring you?' asked a visitor of hers in her nursing home during her last days. Bertha roused herself from a partial slumber to the alertness we remember so well, 'Yes,' she responded, 'bring me glad tidings of great joy.' During her last years, she told the story of how she used to take false papers to the Jews she was helping to escape from Germany in the 30s. Knowing that if she were caught with these she would be arrested and in serious trouble, her strategy was to play up the role of a slightly dotty, middle-aged schoolmistress by approaching every man in uniform and asking "Do I need to show you my papers?". She was quickly hurried on and so her mission was accomplished. Awards and memorials In 1942, she was awarded the Order of the British Empire (OBE) for her services to refugees. In 1999, a rose was dedicated to her at the Beth Shalom Holocaust Centre. In 2010, she was recognised as a British Hero of the Holocaust by Prime Minister Gordon Brown. Naomi Blake, who was herself a survivor of Auschwitz, sculpted a statue dedicated to Bertha Bracey and it is now on display in Friends House. The inscription readsTo honour Bertha Bracey (1893–1989) who gave practical leadership to Quakers in quietly rescuing and re-settling thousands of Nazi victims and lone children between 1933 and 1948 References Citations ^ a b Woodford 2011, p. 1. ^ a b c Oldfield 2001, p. 27. ^ a b Smith 2013, p. 31. ^ Smith 2013, pp. 31–34. ^ a b Smith 2013, p. 34. ^ Burkitt 2011, p. 70. ^ a b c Bramsted 2010. ^ ESP 2012. ^ SRS 2004. ^ Smith 2013, p. 37. ^ Smith 2013, p. 45. ^ Smith 2013, pp. 47–49. ^ a b Grunwald-Spier 2010, p. 27. ^ a b Blake 2010. ^ QW. Sources Blake, Heidi (10 March 2010), "The remarkable stories of Britain's Heroes of the Holocaust", The Daily Telegraph, archived from the original on 1 December 2016 Bramsted, Eric (2010), Bertha Bracey OBE Bryan, Alex (January 1991), "Bertha L. Bracey: Friend of the Oppressed", Friends' Quarterly: 233–241 Burkitt, Nicholas Mark (2011), British Society and the Jews, University of Exeter "Stoatley Rough School", Exploring Surrey's Past, 2012 Grunwald-Spier, Agnes (2010), The Other Schindlers: Why Some People Chose to Save Jews in the Holocaust, The History Press, ISBN 9780752462431 Kurer, Peter (2006), "How Did You Escape from Nazi Europe?" (PDF), Association of Jewish Refugees, 6 (6): 5, archived from the original (PDF) on 7 April 2013, retrieved 30 November 2016 Lampos, Cleo (31 May 2013), The Sound of a Train Whistle "Kindertransport", Quakers in the World Oldfield, Sybil (2001), "Women Humanitarians: A Biographical Dictionary of British Women Active Between 1900 and 1950", Continuum, ISBN 9780826449627 Oldfield, Sybil (2004), ""It Is Usually She": The Role of British Women in the Rescue and Care of the Kindertransport Kinder", Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies, 23 (1): 57–70, doi:10.1353/sho.2005.0032, S2CID 144181408 Schmitt, Hans (1997), Quakers and Nazis: Inner Light in Outer Darkness, University of Missouri Press, ISBN 9780826211347 Seymour, Miranda (2013), Noble Endeavours, Simon and Schuster, ISBN 9781847378262 Smith, Lyn (2013), "Bertha Bracey", Heroes of the Holocaust: Ordinary Britons Who Risked Their Lives to Make a Difference, Random House, ISBN 9780091940683 The Founding of Stoatley Rough School, Stoatley Rough School Historical Trust, 2004, archived from the original on 20 June 2016, retrieved 30 November 2016 Taylor, Jennifer (2009), The Missing Chapter: How the British Quakers Helped to Save the Jews of Germany and Austria from Nazi Persecution, Research Centre for German and Austrian Exile Studies, University of London Williams, Bill (2013), Jews and Other Foreigners: Manchester and the Rescue of the Victims of European Fascism, 1933–40, Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780719089954 Wolfenden, Barbara (2008), Little Holocaust Survivors: And the English School that Saved Them, Greenwood World, ISBN 9781846450532 Woodford, Jane (2011), "Bertha Bracey – helping children to a safe home" (PDF), Journeys in the Spirit (57), Quaker Life, archived from the original (PDF) on 1 December 2016 Publications Bracey, Bertha (1944), "Europe's Displaced Persons and the Problems of Relocation", International Affairs, 20 (2), Royal Institute of International Affairs: 225–243, doi:10.2307/3018099, JSTOR 3018099 Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Czech Republic	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaker"},{"link_name":"Kindertransport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindertransport"},{"link_name":"British Hero of the Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Hero_of_the_Holocaust"}],"text":"Bertha Lilian Bracey (1893–1989) was an English Quaker teacher and aid worker who organised relief and sanctuary for Europeans affected by the turmoil before, during and after the Second World War. These included many Jewish children threatened by the Holocaust and rescued in the operation known as the Kindertransport. In 2010, she was recognised as a British Hero of the Holocaust.","title":"Bertha Bracey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cadbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadbury"},{"link_name":"Bournville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bournville"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodford20111-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldfield200127-2"},{"link_name":"Birmingham University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldfield200127-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201331-3"}],"text":"Her father worked for the Quaker chocolate maker, Cadbury, in their model village of Bournville.[1] Her mother was Annie née Miles.[2] She went to Birmingham University and, after graduating, she worked in personnel and as a teacher for five years.[2][3]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Society of Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Friends"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldfield200127-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201331-3"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"youth clubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_club"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodford20111-1"},{"link_name":"Carl Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Heath"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Weimar Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic"},{"link_name":"Nuremberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Quäkerspeisung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A4kerspeisung"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201331%E2%80%9334-4"},{"link_name":"Quaker headquarters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends_House"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201334-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkitt201170-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBramsted2010-7"}],"text":"She joined the Society of Friends – the Quakers – when she was about eighteen.[2][3] In 1921, she left teaching to work at the Quaker Centre in Vienna where she founded and operated youth clubs. She enjoyed singing with young people and her work in these centres gave her good fluency in the German language and a network of many contacts.[1] The Quaker International Centres had been conceived by Carl Heath in 1916 and eight of them were established across Europe after the First World War. After Vienna, Bracey moved to Germany where the hyperinflation and instability of the Weimar Republic caused great hardship. At the centres in Nuremberg and then Berlin, she organised aid for the population, especially children. The provision of food to the impoverished and starving was known as the Quäkerspeisung – the Quaker feeding – and it so endeared the Quakers to the German people that it enabled them to aid refugees during the Nazi era.[4]In 1929, she became an Administrative Secretary of the Germany and Holland Committee in the Quaker headquarters in London, responsible for the relief operations in Germany and the Netherlands.[5] In 1933, she took charge of the newly-formed German Emergency Committee and this was later renamed as the Friends Committee for Refugees and Aliens.[6] As the work expanded, her staff in Friends House grew from a single assistant to 59 case-workers in 1938 and, with crowds of refugees to process, they overflowed into Drayton House nearby.[7]","title":"Quaker relief work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stoatley Rough School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoatley_Rough_School"},{"link_name":"Haslemere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haslemere"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEESP2012-8"},{"link_name":"Hilde Lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilde_Lion"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESRS2004-9"},{"link_name":"Eerde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eerde,_Ommen"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201337-10"}],"text":"She helped found the Stoatley Rough School for German refugees in Haslemere in England.[8] This started when Hilde Lion contacted the German Emergency Committee in 1933 with plans to form a school to help German children adjust to British education. Bracey chaired the board of governors from 1938 to 1945 and continued as a governor of the school until 1960.[9]In 1934, she helped establish a school for German Jewish children in the castle of Eerde in the Netherlands.[10]","title":"Schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201334-5"},{"link_name":"Kristallnacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristallnacht"},{"link_name":"Sir Samuel Hoare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Hoare,_1st_Viscount_Templewood"},{"link_name":"Bloomsbury Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomsbury_Street"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201345-11"},{"link_name":"fall of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_France"},{"link_name":"internment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internment"},{"link_name":"RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"300 orphans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Windermere_Children"},{"link_name":"Theresienstadt concentration camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresienstadt_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"Windermere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windermere"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201347%E2%80%9349-12"}],"text":"Bracey had recognised the threat to the Jews of Germany in 1933, after Hitler became Chancellor and the Nazi party took control, \"Words are not adequate to tell of the anguish of some of my Jewish friends\".[5] After the great pogrom of Kristallnacht in 1938, she visited Berlin and was then part of the delegation which met with the British Home Secretary Sir Samuel Hoare to convince him to expedite the acceptance of Jewish children as refugees from Germany. She then led the Quaker team which formed part of the Movement for the Care of Children from Germany. Initially, they were based in Friends House but this was overcrowded and so the Palace Hotel in Bloomsbury Street was bought to become Bloomsbury House – a centre for all the refugee organisations to work together. Bracey became secretary of the Inter-Church Council for German Refugees and led a team of 80 Quaker case-workers on the third floor.[11] During the war, she took on further duties. In 1940, after the fall of France caused concern about the security risk of having German refugees in Britain resulting in internment, she led the Central Department for Interned Refugees which addressed the practical and humanitarian issues arising from this policy. At the end of the war, she was still saving children. For example, in 1945, she arranged for the RAF to fly 300 orphans from Theresienstadt concentration camp to a reception centre by Windermere.[12]","title":"Kindertransport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"displaced persons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displaced_person"},{"link_name":"Allied Control Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Control_Commission"},{"link_name":"American and British Zones of Occupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany#American_Zone_of_Occupation"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBramsted2010-7"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrunwald-Spier201027-13"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"In the aftermath of the war, there were many displaced persons so she joined the Allied Control Commission to handle refugees in Germany. Later she was made responsible for women's affairs in the American and British Zones of Occupation. She then retired from this post in 1953, having reached the age of 60.[7]In the 1960s she moved to a flat in Langton Green, near Tunbridge Wells, in the block next door to her sister Emily. Later she moved to East House in Adderbury, near Banbury, where she lived until her death. She remained cheerful, alert and an inspiration to others.[13]'Is there anything I can bring you?' asked a visitor of hers in her nursing home during her last days. Bertha roused herself from a partial slumber to the alertness we remember so well, 'Yes,' she responded, 'bring me glad tidings of great joy.'During her last years, she told the story of how she used to take false papers to the Jews she was helping to escape from Germany in the 30s. Knowing that if she were caught with these she would be arrested and in serious trouble, her strategy was to play up the role of a slightly dotty, middle-aged schoolmistress by approaching every man in uniform and asking \"Do I need to show you my papers?\". She was quickly hurried on and so her mission was accomplished.[citation needed]","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Order of the British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlake2010-14"},{"link_name":"Beth Shalom Holocaust Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beth_Shalom_Holocaust_Centre"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBramsted2010-7"},{"link_name":"British Hero of the Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Hero_of_the_Holocaust"},{"link_name":"Gordon Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Brown"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlake2010-14"},{"link_name":"Naomi Blake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naomi_Blake"},{"link_name":"Friends House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends_House"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQW-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrunwald-Spier201027-13"}],"text":"In 1942, she was awarded the Order of the British Empire (OBE) for her services to refugees.[14] In 1999, a rose was dedicated to her at the Beth Shalom Holocaust Centre.[7] In 2010, she was recognised as a British Hero of the Holocaust by Prime Minister Gordon Brown.[14] Naomi Blake, who was herself a survivor of Auschwitz, sculpted a statue dedicated to Bertha Bracey and it is now on display in Friends House.[15] The inscription reads[13]To honour Bertha Bracey (1893–1989) who gave practical leadership to Quakers in quietly rescuing and re-settling thousands of Nazi victims and lone children between 1933 and 1948","title":"Awards and memorials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/3018099","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F3018099"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3018099","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3018099"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27929609#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/2638150203817403250003"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/1284809307"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mub2017959259&CON_LNG=ENG"}],"text":"Bracey, Bertha (1944), \"Europe's Displaced Persons and the Problems of Relocation\", International Affairs, 20 (2), Royal Institute of International Affairs: 225–243, doi:10.2307/3018099, JSTOR 3018099Authority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nGermany\nCzech Republic","title":"Publications"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Blake, Heidi (10 March 2010), \"The remarkable stories of Britain's Heroes of the Holocaust\", The Daily Telegraph, archived from the original on 1 December 2016","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161201081442/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/britain-at-war/7406043/The-remarkable-stories-of-Britains-Heroes-of-the-Holocaust.html","url_text":"\"The remarkable stories of Britain's Heroes of the Holocaust\""},{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/britain-at-war/7406043/The-remarkable-stories-of-Britains-Heroes-of-the-Holocaust.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bramsted, Eric (2010), Bertha Bracey OBE","urls":[{"url":"http://jackwhite.net/quakers/bracey.html","url_text":"Bertha Bracey OBE"}]},{"reference":"Bryan, Alex (January 1991), \"Bertha L. 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London","urls":[{"url":"http://remember.org/unite/quakers.htm","url_text":"The Missing Chapter: How the British Quakers Helped to Save the Jews of Germany and Austria from Nazi Persecution"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Bill (2013), Jews and Other Foreigners: Manchester and the Rescue of the Victims of European Fascism, 1933–40, Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780719089954","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719089954","url_text":"9780719089954"}]},{"reference":"Wolfenden, Barbara (2008), Little Holocaust Survivors: And the English School that Saved Them, Greenwood World, ISBN 9781846450532","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781846450532","url_text":"9781846450532"}]},{"reference":"Woodford, Jane (2011), \"Bertha Bracey – helping children to a safe home\" (PDF), Journeys in 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrologists	Hydrology	["1 Branches","2 Applications","3 History","4 Themes","4.1 Groundwater","4.2 Infiltration","4.3 Soil moisture","4.4 Surface water flow","4.5 Precipitation and evaporation","4.6 Remote sensing","4.7 Water quality","4.8 Integrating measurement and modelling","4.9 Prediction","4.10 Statistical hydrology","4.11 Modeling","4.12 Transport","5 Organizations","5.1 Intergovernmental organizations","5.2 International research bodies","5.3 National research bodies","5.4 National and international societies","5.5 Basin- and catchment-wide overviews","6 Research journals","7 See also","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"]	Science of the movement, distribution, and quality of water on Earth and other planets For other uses, see Hydrology (disambiguation). Rain over a Scottish catchment. Understanding the cycling of water into, through, and out of catchments is a key element of hydrology. Hydrology (from Ancient Greek ὕδωρ (húdōr) 'water', and -λογία (-logía) 'study of') is the scientific study of the movement, distribution, and management of water on Earth and other planets, including the water cycle, water resources, and drainage basin sustainability. A practitioner of hydrology is called a hydrologist. Hydrologists are scientists studying earth or environmental science, civil or environmental engineering, and physical geography. Using various analytical methods and scientific techniques, they collect and analyze data to help solve water related problems such as environmental preservation, natural disasters, and water management. Hydrology subdivides into surface water hydrology, groundwater hydrology (hydrogeology), and marine hydrology. Domains of hydrology include hydrometeorology, surface hydrology, hydrogeology, drainage-basin management, and water quality. Oceanography and meteorology are not included because water is only one of many important aspects within those fields. Hydrological research can inform environmental engineering, policy, and planning. Branches Chemical hydrology is the study of the chemical characteristics of water. Ecohydrology is the study of interactions between organisms and the hydrologic cycle. Hydrogeology is the study of the presence and movement of groundwater. Hydrogeochemistry is the study of how terrestrial water dissolves minerals weathering and this effect on water chemistry. Hydroinformatics is the adaptation of information technology to hydrology and water resources applications. Hydrometeorology is the study of the transfer of water and energy between land and water body surfaces and the lower atmosphere. Isotope hydrology is the study of the isotopic signatures of water. Surface hydrology is the study of hydrologic processes that operate at or near Earth's surface. Drainage basin management covers water storage, in the form of reservoirs, and floods protection. Water quality includes the chemistry of water in rivers and lakes, both of pollutants and natural solutes. Applications Calculation of rainfall. Calculation of Evapotranspiration Calculating surface runoff and precipitation. Determining the water balance of a region. Determining the agricultural water balance. Designing riparian-zone restoration projects. Mitigating and predicting flood, landslide and Drought risk. Real-time flood forecasting, flood warning, Flood Frequency Analysis Designing irrigation schemes and managing agricultural productivity. Part of the hazard module in catastrophe modeling. Providing drinking water. Designing dams for water supply or hydroelectric power generation. Designing bridges. Designing sewers and urban drainage systems. Analyzing the impacts of antecedent moisture on sanitary sewer systems. Predicting geomorphologic changes, such as erosion or sedimentation. Assessing the impacts of natural and anthropogenic environmental change on water resources. Assessing contaminant transport risk and establishing environmental policy guidelines. Estimating the water resource potential of river basins. Water resources management. History This section includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this section by introducing more precise citations. (April 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Roman aqueduct at Caesarea Maritima, bringing water from the wetter Carmel mountains to the settlement Hydrology has been subject to investigation and engineering for millennia. Ancient Egyptians were one of the first to employ hydrology in their engineering and agriculture, inventing a form of water management known as basin irrigation. Mesopotamian towns were protected from flooding with high earthen walls. Aqueducts were built by the Greeks and Romans, while history shows that the Chinese built irrigation and flood control works. The ancient Sinhalese used hydrology to build complex irrigation works in Sri Lanka, also known for the invention of the Valve Pit which allowed construction of large reservoirs, anicuts and canals which still function. Marcus Vitruvius, in the first century BC, described a philosophical theory of the hydrologic cycle, in which precipitation falling in the mountains infiltrated the Earth's surface and led to streams and springs in the lowlands. With the adoption of a more scientific approach, Leonardo da Vinci and Bernard Palissy independently reached an accurate representation of the hydrologic cycle. It was not until the 17th century that hydrologic variables began to be quantified. Pioneers of the modern science of hydrology include Pierre Perrault, Edme Mariotte and Edmund Halley. By measuring rainfall, runoff, and drainage area, Perrault showed that rainfall was sufficient to account for the flow of the Seine. Mariotte combined velocity and river cross-section measurements to obtain a discharge value, again in the Seine. Halley showed that the evaporation from the Mediterranean Sea was sufficient to account for the outflow of rivers flowing into the sea. Advances in the 18th century included the Bernoulli piezometer and Bernoulli's equation, by Daniel Bernoulli, and the Pitot tube, by Henri Pitot. The 19th century saw development in groundwater hydrology, including Darcy's law, the Dupuit-Thiem well formula, and Hagen-Poiseuille's capillary flow equation. Rational analyses began to replace empiricism in the 20th century, while governmental agencies began their own hydrological research programs. Of particular importance were Leroy Sherman's unit hydrograph, the infiltration theory of Robert E. Horton, and C.V. Theis' aquifer test/equation describing well hydraulics. Since the 1950s, hydrology has been approached with a more theoretical basis than in the past, facilitated by advances in the physical understanding of hydrological processes and by the advent of computers and especially geographic information systems (GIS). (See also GIS and hydrology) Themes Main article: Water cycle The central theme of hydrology is that water circulates throughout the Earth through different pathways and at different rates. The most vivid image of this is in the evaporation of water from the ocean, which forms clouds. These clouds drift over the land and produce rain. The rainwater flows into lakes, rivers, or aquifers. The water in lakes, rivers, and aquifers then either evaporates back to the atmosphere or eventually flows back to the ocean, completing a cycle. Water changes its state of being several times throughout this cycle. The areas of research within hydrology concern the movement of water between its various states, or within a given state, or simply quantifying the amounts in these states in a given region. Parts of hydrology concern developing methods for directly measuring these flows or amounts of water, while others concern modeling these processes either for scientific knowledge or for making a prediction in practical applications. Groundwater Building a map of groundwater contours Ground water is water beneath Earth's surface, often pumped for drinking water. Groundwater hydrology (hydrogeology) considers quantifying groundwater flow and solute transport. Problems in describing the saturated zone include the characterization of aquifers in terms of flow direction, groundwater pressure and, by inference, groundwater depth (see: aquifer test). Measurements here can be made using a piezometer. Aquifers are also described in terms of hydraulic conductivity, storativity and transmissivity. There are a number of geophysical methods for characterizing aquifers. There are also problems in characterizing the vadose zone (unsaturated zone). Infiltration Main article: Infiltration (hydrology) Infiltration is the process by which water enters the soil. Some of the water is absorbed, and the rest percolates down to the water table. The infiltration capacity, the maximum rate at which the soil can absorb water, depends on several factors. The layer that is already saturated provides a resistance that is proportional to its thickness, while that plus the depth of water above the soil provides the driving force (hydraulic head). Dry soil can allow rapid infiltration by capillary action; this force diminishes as the soil becomes wet. Compaction reduces the porosity and the pore sizes. Surface cover increases capacity by retarding runoff, reducing compaction and other processes. Higher temperatures reduce viscosity, increasing infiltration.: 250–275 Soil moisture Main article: Soil moisture Soil moisture can be measured in various ways; by capacitance probe, time domain reflectometer or tensiometer. Other methods include solute sampling and geophysical methods. Surface water flow A flood hydrograph showing stage for the Shawsheen River at Wilmington Hydrology considers quantifying surface water flow and solute transport, although the treatment of flows in large rivers is sometimes considered as a distinct topic of hydraulics or hydrodynamics. Surface water flow can include flow both in recognizable river channels and otherwise. Methods for measuring flow once the water has reached a river include the stream gauge (see: discharge), and tracer techniques. Other topics include chemical transport as part of surface water, sediment transport and erosion. One of the important areas of hydrology is the interchange between rivers and aquifers. Groundwater/surface water interactions in streams and aquifers can be complex and the direction of net water flux (into surface water or into the aquifer) may vary spatially along a stream channel and over time at any particular location, depending on the relationship between stream stage and groundwater levels. Precipitation and evaporation A standard NOAA rain gauge In some considerations, hydrology is thought of as starting at the land-atmosphere boundary and so it is important to have adequate knowledge of both precipitation and evaporation. Precipitation can be measured in various ways: disdrometer for precipitation characteristics at a fine time scale; radar for cloud properties, rain rate estimation, hail and snow detection; rain gauge for routine accurate measurements of rain and snowfall; satellite for rainy area identification, rain rate estimation, land-cover/land-use, and soil moisture, for example. Evaporation is an important part of the water cycle. It is partly affected by humidity, which can be measured by a sling psychrometer. It is also affected by the presence of snow, hail, and ice and can relate to dew, mist and fog. Hydrology considers evaporation of various forms: from water surfaces; as transpiration from plant surfaces in natural and agronomic ecosystems. Direct measurement of evaporation can be obtained using Simon's evaporation pan. Detailed studies of evaporation involve boundary layer considerations as well as momentum, heat flux, and energy budgets. Remote sensing Main article: Remote sensing Estimates of changes in water storage around the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, measured by NASA's GRACE satellites. The satellites measure tiny changes in gravitational acceleration, which can then be processed to reveal movement of water due to changes in its total mass. Remote sensing of hydrologic processes can provide information on locations where in situ sensors may be unavailable or sparse. It also enables observations over large spatial extents. Many of the variables constituting the terrestrial water balance, for example surface water storage, soil moisture, precipitation, evapotranspiration, and snow and ice, are measurable using remote sensing at various spatial-temporal resolutions and accuracies. Sources of remote sensing include land-based sensors, airborne sensors and satellite sensors which can capture microwave, thermal and near-infrared data or use lidar, for example. Water quality Main article: Water quality In hydrology, studies of water quality concern organic and inorganic compounds, and both dissolved and sediment material. In addition, water quality is affected by the interaction of dissolved oxygen with organic material and various chemical transformations that may take place. Measurements of water quality may involve either in-situ methods, in which analyses take place on-site, often automatically, and laboratory-based analyses and may include microbiological analysis. Integrating measurement and modelling Budget analyses Parameter estimation Scaling in time and space Data assimilation Quality control of data – see for example Double mass analysis Prediction Observations of hydrologic processes are used to make predictions of the future behavior of hydrologic systems (water flow, water quality). One of the major current concerns in hydrologic research is "Prediction in Ungauged Basins" (PUB), i.e. in basins where no or only very few data exist. Statistical hydrology The aims of Statistical hydrology is to provide appropriate statistical methods for analyzing and modeling various parts of the hydrological cycle. By analyzing the statistical properties of hydrologic records, such as rainfall or river flow, hydrologists can estimate future hydrologic phenomena. When making assessments of how often relatively rare events will occur, analyses are made in terms of the return period of such events. Other quantities of interest include the average flow in a river, in a year or by season. These estimates are important for engineers and economists so that proper risk analysis can be performed to influence investment decisions in future infrastructure and to determine the yield reliability characteristics of water supply systems. Statistical information is utilized to formulate operating rules for large dams forming part of systems which include agricultural, industrial and residential demands. Modeling Main article: Hydrological modeling Plan view of water flow through a catchment simulated by the SHETRAN hydrological modelling system Hydrological models are simplified, conceptual representations of a part of the hydrologic cycle. They are primarily used for hydrological prediction and for understanding hydrological processes, within the general field of scientific modeling. Two major types of hydrological models can be distinguished: Models based on data. These models are black box systems, using mathematical and statistical concepts to link a certain input (for instance rainfall) to the model output (for instance runoff). Commonly used techniques are regression, transfer functions, and system identification. The simplest of these models may be linear models, but it is common to deploy non-linear components to represent some general aspects of a catchment's response without going deeply into the real physical processes involved. An example of such an aspect is the well-known behavior that a catchment will respond much more quickly and strongly when it is already wet than when it is dry. Models based on process descriptions. These models try to represent the physical processes observed in the real world. Typically, such models contain representations of surface runoff, subsurface flow, evapotranspiration, and channel flow, but they can be far more complicated. Within this category, models can be divided into conceptual and deterministic. Conceptual models link simplified representations of the hydrological processes in an area, whereas deterministic models seek to resolve as much of the physics of a system as possible. These models can be subdivided into single-event models and continuous simulation models. Recent research in hydrological modeling tries to have a more global approach to the understanding of the behavior of hydrologic systems to make better predictions and to face the major challenges in water resources management. Transport Main article: Hydrologic transport model Water movement is a significant means by which other materials, such as soil, gravel, boulders or pollutants, are transported from place to place. Initial input to receiving waters may arise from a point source discharge or a line source or area source, such as surface runoff. Since the 1960s rather complex mathematical models have been developed, facilitated by the availability of high-speed computers. The most common pollutant classes analyzed are nutrients, pesticides, total dissolved solids and sediment. Organizations Intergovernmental organizations International Hydrological Programme (IHP) International research bodies International Water Management Institute (IWMI) UN-IHE Delft Institute for Water Education National research bodies Centre for Ecology and Hydrology – UK Centre for Water Science, Cranfield University, UK eawag – aquatic research, ETH Zürich, Switzerland Institute of Hydrology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Germany United States Geological Survey – Water Resources of the United States NOAA's National Weather Service – Office of Hydrologic Development, US US Army Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering Center, US Hydrologic Research Center, US NOAA Economics and Social Sciences, United States University of Oklahoma Center for Natural Hazards and Disasters Research, US National Hydrology Research Centre, Canada National Institute of Hydrology, India National and international societies American Institute of Hydrology (AIH) Geological Society of America (GSA) – Hydrogeology Division American Geophysical Union (AGU) – Hydrology Section National Ground Water Association (NGWA) American Water Resources Association Consortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Science, Inc. (CUAHSI) International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) Statistics in Hydrology Working Group (subgroup of IAHS) German Hydrological Society (DHG: Deutsche Hydrologische Gesellschaft) Italian Hydrological Society (SII-IHS) – Società Idrologica Italiana Nordic Association for Hydrology British Hydrological Society Russian Geographical Society (Moscow Center) – Hydrology Commission International Association for Environmental Hydrology International Association of Hydrogeologists Society of Hydrologists and Meteorologists – Nepal Basin- and catchment-wide overviews Connected Waters Initiative, University of New South Wales – Investigating and raising awareness of groundwater and water resource issues in Australia Murray Darling Basin Initiative, Department of Environment and Heritage, Australia Research journals International Journal of Hydrology Science and Technology Hydrological Processes, ISSN 1099-1085 (electronic) 0885-6087 (paper), John Wiley & Sons Hydrology Research, ISSN 0029-1277, IWA Publishing (formerly Nordic Hydrology) Journal of Hydroinformatics, ISSN 1464-7141, IWA Publishing Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, ISSN 0733-9496, ASCE Publication Journal of Hydrology Water Research Water Resources Research Hydrological Sciences Journal - Journal of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) ISSN 0262-6667 (Print), ISSN 2150-3435 (Online) Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Journal of Hydrometeorology See also Aqueous solution Climatology Environmental engineering science Geological Engineering Green Kenue – a software tool for hydrologic modellers Hydraulics HydroCAD – hydrology and hydraulics modeling software Hydrography Hydrology (agriculture) International Hydrological Programme Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient Outline of hydrology Potamal Socio-hydrology Soil science Water distribution on Earth WEAP (Water Evaluation And Planning) software to model catchment hydrology from climate and land use data Catchment hydrology Other water-related fields Oceanography is the more general study of water in the oceans and estuaries. Meteorology is the more general study of the atmosphere and of weather, including precipitation as snow and rainfall. Limnology is the study of lakes, rivers and wetlands ecosystems. It covers the biological, chemical, physical, geological, and other attributes of all inland waters (running and standing waters, both fresh and saline, natural or man-made). Water resources are sources of water that are useful or potentially useful. Hydrology studies the availability of those resources, but usually not their uses. References ^ a b c "What is hydrology and what do hydrologists do?". USA.gov. U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 19 September 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2015. ^ Postel, Sandra (1999). "Egypt's Nile Valley Basin Irrigation" (PDF). waterhistory.com. Excerpted from Pillar of Sand: Can the Irrigation Miracle Last?. W.W. Norton. ^ Gregory, Kenneth J.; Lewin, John (2014). The Basics of Geomorphology: Key Concepts. SAGE. ISBN 978-1-4739-0895-6. ^ Biswat, Asit K (1970). "Edmond Halley, F.S.R., Hydrologist Extraordinary". Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London. 25. Royal Society Publishing: 47–57. doi:10.1098/rsnr.1970.0004. ^ Graf, T.; Simmons, C. T. (February 2009). "Variable-density groundwater flow and solute transport in fractured rock: Applicability of the Tang et al. analytical solution". Water Resources Research. 45 (2): W02425. Bibcode:2009WRR....45.2425G. doi:10.1029/2008WR007278. S2CID 133884299. ^ Vereecken, H.; Kemna, A.; Münch, H. M.; Tillmann, A.; Verweerd, A. (2006). "Aquifer Characterization by Geophysical Methods". Encyclopedia of Hydrological Sciences. John Wiley & Sons. doi:10.1002/0470848944.hsa154b. ISBN 0-471-49103-9. ^ Wilson, L. Gray; Everett, Lorne G.; Cullen, Stephen J. (1994). Handbook of Vadose Zone Characterization & Monitoring. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-87371-610-9. ^ Reddy, P. Jaya Rami (2007). A Textbook of Hydrology (Reprint. ed.). New Delhi: Laxmi Publ. ISBN 9788170080992. ^ Robinson, D. A., C. S. Campbell, J. W. Hopmans, B. K. Hornbuckle, S. B. Jones, R. Knight, F. L. Ogden, J. Selker, and O. Wendroth. (2008) "Soil Moisture Measurement for Ecological and Hydrological Watershed-Scale Observatories: A Review." ^ Wood, Paul J.; Hannah, David M.; Sadler, Jonathan P. (28 February 2008). Hydroecology and Ecohydrology: Past, Present and Future. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-01018-1. ^ Tang, Q.; Gao, H.; Lu, H.; Lettenmaier, D. P. (6 October 2009). "Remote sensing: hydrology". Progress in Physical Geography. 33 (4): 490–509. Bibcode:2009PrPG...33..490T. doi:10.1177/0309133309346650. S2CID 140643598. ^ Archibald, J.A.; Buchanan, B.P.; Fuka, D.R.; Georgakakos, C.B.; Lyon, S.W.; Walter, M.T. (July 2014). "A simple, regionally parameterized model for predicting nonpoint source areas in the northeastern US". Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies. 1: 74–91. Bibcode:2014JHyRS...1...74A. doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2014.06.003. ^ Beck, Hylke E.; Pan, Ming; Lin, Peirong; Seibert, Jan; Dijk, Albert I. J. M.; Wood, Eric F. (16 September 2020). "Global Fully Distributed Parameter Regionalization Based on Observed Streamflow From 4,229 Headwater Catchments". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 125 (17). Bibcode:2020JGRD..12531485B. doi:10.1029/2019JD031485. ISSN 2169-897X. ^ Loftis, Jim C. (30 April 2019), "Analysis of Water Quality Random Variables", Statistical Analysis of Hydrologic Variables, Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, pp. 381–405, doi:10.1061/9780784415177.ch10, ISBN 9780784415177, S2CID 182417172, retrieved 19 May 2023 ^ Jajarmizadeh et al. (2012), Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 5(5), p.249-261. ^ "International Hydrological Programme (IHP)". IHP. 6 May 2013. Archived from the original on 2 June 2013. Retrieved 8 June 2013. ^ "International Water Management Institute (IWMI)". IWMI. Archived from the original on 10 March 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2013. ^ "IHE Delft Institute for Water Education". UNIESCO-IHE. Archived from the original on 14 March 2013. ^ "CEH Website". Centre for Ecology & Hydrology. Archived from the original on 7 March 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2013. ^ "Cranfield Water Science Institute". Cranfield University. Archived from the original on 13 February 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2013. ^ "Eawag aquatic research". Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology. 25 January 2012. Archived from the original on 25 June 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2013. ^ "Professur für Hydrologie". University of Freiburg. 23 February 2010. Archived from the original on 2 May 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2013. ^ "Water Resources of the United States". USGS. 4 October 2011. Archived from the original on 8 March 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2013. ^ "Office of Hydrologic Development". National Weather Service. NOAA. 28 October 2011. Archived from the original on 18 September 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2013. ^ "Hydrologic Engineering Center". US Army Corps of Engineers. Archived from the original on 8 March 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2013. ^ "Hydrologic Research Center". Hydrologic Research Center. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2013. ^ "NOAA Economics and Social Sciences". NOAA Office of Program Planning and Integration. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2013. ^ "Center for Natural Hazard and Disasters Research". University of Oklahoma. 17 June 2008. Archived from the original on 24 May 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2013. ^ "National Hydrology Research Centre (Saskatoon, SK)". Environmental Science Centres. Environment Canada. 25 October 2007. Archived from the original on 12 March 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2013. ^ "National Institute of Hydrology (Roorkee), India". NIH Roorkee. Archived from the original on 19 September 2000. Retrieved 1 August 2015. ^ "American Institute of Hydrology". Archived from the original on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2019. ^ "Hydrogeology Division". The Geological Society of America. 10 September 2011. Archived from the original on 5 April 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2013. ^ "Welcome to AGU's Hydrology (H) Section". American Geophysical Union. Archived from the original on 2 May 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2013. ^ "National Ground Water Association". Archived from the original on 9 September 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2013. ^ "American Water Resources Association". 2 January 2012. Archived from the original on 24 March 2018. Retrieved 8 March 2013. ^ "CUAHSI". Archived from the original on 15 March 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2013. ^ "International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS)". Associations. International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics. 1 December 2008. Archived from the original on 20 January 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2013. ^ "International Association of Hydrological Sciences". Archived from the original on 11 May 2010. Retrieved 8 March 2013. ^ "International Commission on Statistical Hydrology". STAHY. Archived from the original on 6 June 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2013. ^ Deutsche Hydrologische Gesellschaft Archived 7 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2 September 2013 ^ Nordic Association for Hydrology Archived 24 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2 September 2013 ^ "The British Hydrological Society". Archived from the original on 2 March 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2013. ^ "{title}" Гидрологическая комиссия (in Russian). Russian Geographical Society. Archived from the original on 26 August 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2013. ^ "Hydroweb". The International Association for Environmental Hydrology. Archived from the original on 17 February 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2013. ^ "International Association of Hydrogeologists". Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 19 June 2014. ^ "Society of Hydrologists and Meteorologists". Society of Hydrologists and Meteorologists. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 12 June 2017. ^ "Connected Waters Initiative (CWI)". University of New South Wales. Archived from the original on 9 April 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2013. ^ "Integrated Water Resource Management in Australia: Case studies – Murray-Darling Basin initiative". Australian Government, Department of the Environment. Australian Government. Archived from the original on 5 February 2014. Retrieved 19 June 2014. ^ Wetzel, R.G. (2001) Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems, 3rd ed. Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-744760-1 Further reading Eslamian, S., 2014, (ed.) Handbook of Engineering Hydrology, Vol. 1: Fundamentals and Applications, Francis and Taylor, CRC Group, 636 Pages, USA. Eslamian, S., 2014, (ed.) Handbook of Engineering Hydrology, Vol. 2: Modeling, Climate Change and Variability, Francis and Taylor, CRC Group, 646 Pages, USA. Eslamian, S, 2014, (ed.) Handbook of Engineering Hydrology, Vol. 3: Environmental Hydrology and Water Management, Francis and Taylor, CRC Group, 606 Pages, USA. Anderson, Malcolm G.; McDonnell, Jeffrey J., eds. (2005). Encyclopedia of hydrological sciences. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. ISBN 0-471-49103-9. Hendriks, Martin R. (2010). Introduction to physical hydrology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-929684-2. Hornberger, George M.; Wiberg, Patricia L.; Raffensperger, Jeffrey P.; D'Odorico, Paolo P. (2014). Elements of physical hydrology (2nd ed.). Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 9781421413730. Maidment, David R., ed. (1993). Handbook of hydrology. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-039732-5. McCuen, Richard H. (2005). Hydrologic analysis and design (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson-Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-142424-6. Viessman, Warren Jr.; Gary L. Lewis (2003). Introduction to hydrology (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Education. ISBN 0-673-99337-X. External links Look up hydrology in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Hydrology.nl – Portal to international hydrology and water resources Decision tree to choose an uncertainty method for hydrological and hydraulic modelling (archived 1 June 2013) Experimental Hydrology Wiki vteWaterOverviews Outline Data Model Properties Water dropletStates Liquid Ice Vapor Steam superheated Forms Deuterium-depleted Semiheavy Heavy Tritiated Doubly labeled water Hydronium On Earth Cycle Distribution Hydrosphere Hydrology Hydrobiology Origin Pollution Resources management policy Supply Extraterrestrial Extraterrestrial liquid water Asteroidal water Planetary oceanography Ocean world Hycean planet List of Candidates Specific Europa Mars Moon Enceladus Physical parameters Stratification Ocean stratification Lake stratification Ocean temperature Portal Category Commons Wiktionary vteEarth science Outline Index Atmospheric science Environmental science Geodesy Geology Geophysics Glaciology Hydrology Meteorology Oceanography Physical geography Soil science Volcanology 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survey Planetary geophysics Seismology Tectonophysics Applications Biogeology Economic geology Engineering geology Environmental geology Planetary geology Geobiology Geologic modelling Forensic geology Forensic geophysics Meteoritics Mining geology Mineral physics Occupations Geologist Petroleum geologist Volcanologist Geology portal Geology Geology Authority control databases National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Japan Czech Republic Other Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine NARA	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hydrology (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrology_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rain_over_Beinn_Eich,_Luss_Hills,_Scotland.jpg"},{"link_name":"catchment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catchment"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language"},{"link_name":"ὕδωρ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BD%95%CE%B4%CF%89%CF%81#Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"-λογία","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1#Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"-logía","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/-logy"},{"link_name":"water cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle"},{"link_name":"water resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_resources"},{"link_name":"drainage basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basin"},{"link_name":"earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_science"},{"link_name":"environmental science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_science"},{"link_name":"civil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineering"},{"link_name":"environmental engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_engineering"},{"link_name":"physical geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_geography"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGS-1"},{"link_name":"environmental preservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentalism"},{"link_name":"natural disasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_disaster"},{"link_name":"water management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_resource_management"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGS-1"},{"link_name":"groundwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater"},{"link_name":"hydrometeorology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrometeorology"},{"link_name":"surface hydrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-water_hydrology"},{"link_name":"hydrogeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogeology"},{"link_name":"drainage-basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basin"},{"link_name":"water quality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_quality"},{"link_name":"Oceanography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanography"},{"link_name":"meteorology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorology"},{"link_name":"policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_policy"},{"link_name":"planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_planning"}],"text":"For other uses, see Hydrology (disambiguation).Rain over a Scottish catchment. Understanding the cycling of water into, through, and out of catchments is a key element of hydrology.Hydrology (from Ancient Greek ὕδωρ (húdōr) 'water', and -λογία (-logía) 'study of') is the scientific study of the movement, distribution, and management of water on Earth and other planets, including the water cycle, water resources, and drainage basin sustainability. A practitioner of hydrology is called a hydrologist. Hydrologists are scientists studying earth or environmental science, civil or environmental engineering, and physical geography.[1] Using various analytical methods and scientific techniques, they collect and analyze data to help solve water related problems such as environmental preservation, natural disasters, and water management.[1]Hydrology subdivides into surface water hydrology, groundwater hydrology (hydrogeology), and marine hydrology. Domains of hydrology include hydrometeorology, surface hydrology, hydrogeology, drainage-basin management, and water quality.Oceanography and meteorology are not included because water is only one of many important aspects within those fields.Hydrological research can inform environmental engineering, policy, and planning.","title":"Hydrology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chemical hydrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_hydrology"},{"link_name":"Ecohydrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecohydrology"},{"link_name":"Hydrogeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogeology"},{"link_name":"groundwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater"},{"link_name":"Hydrogeochemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogeochemistry"},{"link_name":"weathering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weathering"},{"link_name":"Hydroinformatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroinformatics"},{"link_name":"Hydrometeorology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrometeorology"},{"link_name":"Isotope hydrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope_hydrology"},{"link_name":"Surface hydrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-water_hydrology"},{"link_name":"Drainage basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basin"},{"link_name":"Water quality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_quality"}],"text":"Chemical hydrology is the study of the chemical characteristics of water.\nEcohydrology is the study of interactions between organisms and the hydrologic cycle.\nHydrogeology is the study of the presence and movement of groundwater.\nHydrogeochemistry is the study of how terrestrial water dissolves minerals weathering and this effect on water chemistry.\nHydroinformatics is the adaptation of information technology to hydrology and water resources applications.\nHydrometeorology is the study of the transfer of water and energy between land and water body surfaces and the lower atmosphere.\nIsotope hydrology is the study of the isotopic signatures of water.\nSurface hydrology is the study of hydrologic processes that operate at or near Earth's surface.\nDrainage basin management covers water storage, in the form of reservoirs, and floods protection.\nWater quality includes the chemistry of water in rivers and lakes, both of pollutants and natural solutes.","title":"Branches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rainfall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainfall"},{"link_name":"Evapotranspiration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evapotranspiration"},{"link_name":"surface runoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_runoff"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"water balance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_balance"},{"link_name":"agricultural water balance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrology_(agriculture)"},{"link_name":"riparian-zone restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riparian-zone_restoration"},{"link_name":"flood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood"},{"link_name":"landslide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landslide"},{"link_name":"Drought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drought"},{"link_name":"flood forecasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_forecasting"},{"link_name":"flood warning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_warning"},{"link_name":"irrigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation"},{"link_name":"catastrophe modeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catastrophe_modeling"},{"link_name":"drinking water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_water"},{"link_name":"dams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dams"},{"link_name":"water supply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply"},{"link_name":"hydroelectric power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity"},{"link_name":"bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge"},{"link_name":"sewers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitary_sewer"},{"link_name":"antecedent moisture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antecedent_moisture"},{"link_name":"geomorphologic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomorphology"},{"link_name":"erosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erosion"},{"link_name":"sedimentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentation"},{"link_name":"water resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_resources"},{"link_name":"contaminant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution"},{"link_name":"Water resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_resources"}],"text":"Calculation of rainfall.\nCalculation of Evapotranspiration\nCalculating surface runoff and precipitation.\nDetermining the water balance of a region.\nDetermining the agricultural water balance.\nDesigning riparian-zone restoration projects.\nMitigating and predicting flood, landslide and Drought risk.\nReal-time flood forecasting, flood warning, Flood Frequency Analysis\nDesigning irrigation schemes and managing agricultural productivity.\nPart of the hazard module in catastrophe modeling.\nProviding drinking water.\nDesigning dams for water supply or hydroelectric power generation.\nDesigning bridges.\nDesigning sewers and urban drainage systems.\nAnalyzing the impacts of antecedent moisture on sanitary sewer systems.\nPredicting geomorphologic changes, such as erosion or sedimentation.\nAssessing the impacts of natural and anthropogenic environmental change on water resources.\nAssessing contaminant transport risk and establishing environmental policy guidelines.\nEstimating the water resource potential of river basins.\nWater resources management.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caesarea_maritima_BW_3.JPG"},{"link_name":"Caesarea Maritima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima"},{"link_name":"Carmel mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Carmel"},{"link_name":"Ancient Egyptians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Mesopotamian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia"},{"link_name":"Aqueducts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueduct_(watercourse)"},{"link_name":"Greeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Romans"},{"link_name":"history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China"},{"link_name":"Sinhalese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinhalese_people"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Valve Pit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valve_Pit&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"anicuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anicut"},{"link_name":"Marcus Vitruvius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitruvius"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Leonardo da Vinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci"},{"link_name":"Bernard Palissy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Palissy"},{"link_name":"Pierre Perrault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Perrault_(scientist)"},{"link_name":"Edme Mariotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edme_Mariotte"},{"link_name":"Edmund Halley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Halley"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Bernoulli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Bernoulli"},{"link_name":"piezometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezometer"},{"link_name":"Bernoulli's equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli%27s_equation"},{"link_name":"Daniel Bernoulli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Bernoulli"},{"link_name":"Pitot tube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitot_tube"},{"link_name":"Henri Pitot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Pitot"},{"link_name":"Darcy's law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darcy%27s_law"},{"link_name":"Poiseuille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poiseuille"},{"link_name":"unit hydrograph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_hydrograph"},{"link_name":"Robert E. Horton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Horton"},{"link_name":"geographic information systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_information_systems"},{"link_name":"GIS and hydrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIS_and_hydrology"}],"text":"The Roman aqueduct at Caesarea Maritima, bringing water from the wetter Carmel mountains to the settlementHydrology has been subject to investigation and engineering for millennia. Ancient Egyptians were one of the first to employ hydrology in their engineering and agriculture, inventing a form of water management known as basin irrigation.[2] Mesopotamian towns were protected from flooding with high earthen walls. Aqueducts were built by the Greeks and Romans, while history shows that the Chinese built irrigation and flood control works. The ancient Sinhalese used hydrology to build complex irrigation works in Sri Lanka, also known for the invention of the Valve Pit which allowed construction of large reservoirs, anicuts and canals which still function.Marcus Vitruvius, in the first century BC, described a philosophical theory of the hydrologic cycle, in which precipitation falling in the mountains infiltrated the Earth's surface and led to streams and springs in the lowlands.[3] With the adoption of a more scientific approach, Leonardo da Vinci and Bernard Palissy independently reached an accurate representation of the hydrologic cycle. It was not until the 17th century that hydrologic variables began to be quantified.Pioneers of the modern science of hydrology include Pierre Perrault, Edme Mariotte and Edmund Halley. By measuring rainfall, runoff, and drainage area, Perrault showed that rainfall was sufficient to account for the flow of the Seine. Mariotte combined velocity and river cross-section measurements to obtain a discharge value, again in the Seine. Halley showed that the evaporation from the Mediterranean Sea was sufficient to account for the outflow of rivers flowing into the sea.[4]Advances in the 18th century included the Bernoulli piezometer and Bernoulli's equation, by Daniel Bernoulli, and the Pitot tube, by Henri Pitot. The 19th century saw development in groundwater hydrology, including Darcy's law, the Dupuit-Thiem well formula, and Hagen-Poiseuille's capillary flow equation.Rational analyses began to replace empiricism in the 20th century, while governmental agencies began their own hydrological research programs. Of particular importance were Leroy Sherman's unit hydrograph, the infiltration theory of Robert E. Horton, and C.V. Theis' aquifer test/equation describing well hydraulics.Since the 1950s, hydrology has been approached with a more theoretical basis than in the past, facilitated by advances in the physical understanding of hydrological processes and by the advent of computers and especially geographic information systems (GIS). (See also GIS and hydrology)","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"}],"text":"The central theme of hydrology is that water circulates throughout the Earth through different pathways and at different rates. The most vivid image of this is in the evaporation of water from the ocean, which forms clouds. These clouds drift over the land and produce rain. The rainwater flows into lakes, rivers, or aquifers. The water in lakes, rivers, and aquifers then either evaporates back to the atmosphere or eventually flows back to the ocean, completing a cycle. Water changes its state of being several times throughout this cycle.The areas of research within hydrology concern the movement of water between its various states, or within a given state, or simply quantifying the amounts in these states in a given region. Parts of hydrology concern developing methods for directly measuring these flows or amounts of water, while others concern modeling these processes either for scientific knowledge or for making a prediction in practical applications.","title":"Themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Building_a_map_of_groundwater_countours.gif"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGS-1"},{"link_name":"hydrogeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogeology"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"aquifer test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquifer_test"},{"link_name":"piezometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezometer"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vereecken-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilson-7"}],"sub_title":"Groundwater","text":"Building a map of groundwater contoursGround water is water beneath Earth's surface, often pumped for drinking water.[1] Groundwater hydrology (hydrogeology) considers quantifying groundwater flow and solute transport.[5] Problems in describing the saturated zone include the characterization of aquifers in terms of flow direction, groundwater pressure and, by inference, groundwater depth (see: aquifer test). Measurements here can be made using a piezometer. Aquifers are also described in terms of hydraulic conductivity, storativity and transmissivity. There are a number of geophysical methods[6] for characterizing aquifers. There are also problems in characterizing the vadose zone (unsaturated zone).[7]","title":"Themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"percolates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percolation"},{"link_name":"water table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_table"},{"link_name":"hydraulic head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_head"},{"link_name":"capillary action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillary_action"},{"link_name":"Compaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compaction_(geology)"},{"link_name":"viscosity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosity"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reddy-8"}],"sub_title":"Infiltration","text":"Infiltration is the process by which water enters the soil. Some of the water is absorbed, and the rest percolates down to the water table. The infiltration capacity, the maximum rate at which the soil can absorb water, depends on several factors. The layer that is already saturated provides a resistance that is proportional to its thickness, while that plus the depth of water above the soil provides the driving force (hydraulic head). Dry soil can allow rapid infiltration by capillary action; this force diminishes as the soil becomes wet. Compaction reduces the porosity and the pore sizes. Surface cover increases capacity by retarding runoff, reducing compaction and other processes. Higher temperatures reduce viscosity, increasing infiltration.[8]: 250–275","title":"Themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"capacitance probe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitance_probe"},{"link_name":"time domain reflectometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_domain_reflectometer"},{"link_name":"tensiometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensiometer_(soil_science)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Soil moisture","text":"Soil moisture can be measured in various ways; by capacitance probe, time domain reflectometer or tensiometer. Other methods include solute sampling and geophysical methods.[9]","title":"Themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wlmm3_hg.png"},{"link_name":"flood hydrograph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrograph"},{"link_name":"stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_(hydrology)"},{"link_name":"Shawsheen River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawsheen_River"},{"link_name":"stream gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_gauge"},{"link_name":"discharge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discharge_(hydrology)"}],"sub_title":"Surface water flow","text":"A flood hydrograph showing stage for the Shawsheen River at WilmingtonHydrology considers quantifying surface water flow and solute transport, although the treatment of flows in large rivers is sometimes considered as a distinct topic of hydraulics or hydrodynamics. Surface water flow can include flow both in recognizable river channels and otherwise. Methods for measuring flow once the water has reached a river include the stream gauge (see: discharge), and tracer techniques. Other topics include chemical transport as part of surface water, sediment transport and erosion.One of the important areas of hydrology is the interchange between rivers and aquifers. Groundwater/surface water interactions in streams and aquifers can be complex and the direction of net water flux (into surface water or into the aquifer) may vary spatially along a stream channel and over time at any particular location, depending on the relationship between stream stage and groundwater levels.","title":"Themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2013-10-14_12_27_49_National_Weather_Service_Standard_Rain_Gauge.JPG"},{"link_name":"NOAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOAA"},{"link_name":"rain gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain_gauge"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"disdrometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disdrometer"},{"link_name":"radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar"},{"link_name":"rain gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain_gauge"},{"link_name":"satellite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite"},{"link_name":"Evaporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporation"},{"link_name":"sling psychrometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sling_psychrometer"},{"link_name":"evaporation pan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporation_pan"}],"sub_title":"Precipitation and evaporation","text":"A standard NOAA rain gaugeIn some considerations, hydrology is thought of as starting at the land-atmosphere boundary[10] and so it is important to have adequate knowledge of both precipitation and evaporation. Precipitation can be measured in various ways: disdrometer for precipitation characteristics at a fine time scale; radar for cloud properties, rain rate estimation, hail and snow detection; rain gauge for routine accurate measurements of rain and snowfall; satellite for rainy area identification, rain rate estimation, land-cover/land-use, and soil moisture, for example.Evaporation is an important part of the water cycle. It is partly affected by humidity, which can be measured by a sling psychrometer. It is also affected by the presence of snow, hail, and ice and can relate to dew, mist and fog. Hydrology considers evaporation of various forms: from water surfaces; as transpiration\nfrom plant surfaces in natural and agronomic ecosystems. Direct measurement of evaporation can be obtained using Simon's evaporation pan.Detailed studies of evaporation involve boundary layer considerations as well as momentum, heat flux, and energy budgets.","title":"Themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NASA%27s_GRACE_Sees_Major_Water_Losses_in_Middle_East.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tigris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris"},{"link_name":"Euphrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphrates"},{"link_name":"GRACE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRACE_(satellite)"},{"link_name":"surface water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_water"},{"link_name":"soil moisture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_moisture"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"evapotranspiration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evapotranspiration"},{"link_name":"snow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow"},{"link_name":"ice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"satellite sensors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_observation_satellite"},{"link_name":"microwave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_microwave_sensor"},{"link_name":"thermal and near-infrared","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-infrared"},{"link_name":"lidar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidar"}],"sub_title":"Remote sensing","text":"Estimates of changes in water storage around the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, measured by NASA's GRACE satellites. The satellites measure tiny changes in gravitational acceleration, which can then be processed to reveal movement of water due to changes in its total mass.Remote sensing of hydrologic processes can provide information on locations where in situ sensors may be unavailable or sparse. It also enables observations over large spatial extents. Many of the variables constituting the terrestrial water balance, for example surface water storage, soil moisture, precipitation, evapotranspiration, and snow and ice, are measurable using remote sensing at various spatial-temporal resolutions and accuracies.[11] Sources of remote sensing include land-based sensors, airborne sensors and satellite sensors which can capture microwave, thermal and near-infrared data or use lidar, for example.","title":"Themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"microbiological analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriological_water_analysis"}],"sub_title":"Water quality","text":"In hydrology, studies of water quality concern organic and inorganic compounds, and both dissolved and sediment material. In addition, water quality is affected by the interaction of dissolved oxygen with organic material and various chemical transformations that may take place. Measurements of water quality may involve either in-situ methods, in which analyses take place on-site, often automatically, and laboratory-based analyses and may include microbiological analysis.","title":"Themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parameter estimation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parameter_estimation"},{"link_name":"Data assimilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_assimilation"},{"link_name":"Double mass analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_mass_analysis"}],"sub_title":"Integrating measurement and modelling","text":"Budget analyses\nParameter estimation\nScaling in time and space\nData assimilation\nQuality control of data – see for example Double mass analysis","title":"Themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"predictions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictions"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Prediction","text":"Observations of hydrologic processes are used to make predictions of the future behavior of hydrologic systems (water flow, water quality).[12] One of the major current concerns in hydrologic research is \"Prediction in Ungauged Basins\" (PUB), i.e. in basins where no or only very few data exist.[13]","title":"Themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"return period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_period"},{"link_name":"engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineers"},{"link_name":"risk analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_analysis_(business)"},{"link_name":"residential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residential"}],"sub_title":"Statistical hydrology","text":"The aims of Statistical hydrology is to provide appropriate statistical methods for analyzing and modeling various parts of the hydrological cycle.[14] By analyzing the statistical properties of hydrologic records, such as rainfall or river flow, hydrologists can estimate future hydrologic phenomena. When making assessments of how often relatively rare events will occur, analyses are made in terms of the return period of such events. Other quantities of interest include the average flow in a river, in a year or by season.These estimates are important for engineers and economists so that proper risk analysis can be performed to influence investment decisions in future infrastructure and to determine the yield reliability characteristics of water supply systems. Statistical information is utilized to formulate operating rules for large dams forming part of systems which include agricultural, industrial and residential demands.","title":"Themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shetran_plan_view_dunsop.jpg"},{"link_name":"catchment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catchment"},{"link_name":"SHETRAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHETRAN"},{"link_name":"scientific modeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_modeling"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"black box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_box_(systems)"},{"link_name":"runoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_runoff"},{"link_name":"regression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regression_analysis"},{"link_name":"transfer functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_function"},{"link_name":"system identification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_identification"},{"link_name":"surface runoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_runoff"},{"link_name":"subsurface flow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsurface_flow"},{"link_name":"evapotranspiration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evapotranspiration"},{"link_name":"channel flow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_channel_flow"},{"link_name":"behavior of hydrologic systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_modeling_in_hydrology"}],"sub_title":"Modeling","text":"Plan view of water flow through a catchment simulated by the SHETRAN hydrological modelling systemHydrological models are simplified, conceptual representations of a part of the hydrologic cycle. They are primarily used for hydrological prediction and for understanding hydrological processes, within the general field of scientific modeling. Two major types of hydrological models can be distinguished:[15]Models based on data. These models are black box systems, using mathematical and statistical concepts to link a certain input (for instance rainfall) to the model output (for instance runoff). Commonly used techniques are regression, transfer functions, and system identification. The simplest of these models may be linear models, but it is common to deploy non-linear components to represent some general aspects of a catchment's response without going deeply into the real physical processes involved. An example of such an aspect is the well-known behavior that a catchment will respond much more quickly and strongly when it is already wet than when it is dry.\nModels based on process descriptions. These models try to represent the physical processes observed in the real world. Typically, such models contain representations of surface runoff, subsurface flow, evapotranspiration, and channel flow, but they can be far more complicated. Within this category, models can be divided into conceptual and deterministic. Conceptual models link simplified representations of the hydrological processes in an area, whereas deterministic models seek to resolve as much of the physics of a system as possible. These models can be subdivided into single-event models and continuous simulation models.Recent research in hydrological modeling tries to have a more global approach to the understanding of the behavior of hydrologic systems to make better predictions and to face the major challenges in water resources management.","title":"Themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"point source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_source_(pollution)"},{"link_name":"line source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_source"},{"link_name":"area source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_source_(pollution)"},{"link_name":"surface runoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_runoff"},{"link_name":"mathematical models","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_model"},{"link_name":"nutrients","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrient"},{"link_name":"pesticides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide"},{"link_name":"total dissolved solids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_dissolved_solids"},{"link_name":"sediment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sediment"}],"sub_title":"Transport","text":"Water movement is a significant means by which other materials, such as soil, gravel, boulders or pollutants, are transported from place to place. Initial input to receiving waters may arise from a point source discharge or a line source or area source, such as surface runoff. Since the 1960s rather complex mathematical models have been developed, facilitated by the availability of high-speed computers. The most common pollutant classes analyzed are nutrients, pesticides, total dissolved solids and sediment.","title":"Themes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Organizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Hydrological Programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Hydrological_Programme"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Intergovernmental organizations","text":"International Hydrological Programme (IHP)[16]","title":"Organizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Water Management Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Water_Management_Institute"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"International research bodies","text":"International Water Management Institute (IWMI)[17]\nUN-IHE Delft Institute for Water Education[18]","title":"Organizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Centre for Ecology and Hydrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Ecology_and_Hydrology"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Cranfield University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranfield_University"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"United States Geological Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"NOAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration"},{"link_name":"National Weather Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Weather_Service"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"US Army Corps of Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Army_Corps_of_Engineers"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Hydrologic Research Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrologic_Research_Center"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"National Hydrology Research Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hydrology_Research_Centre"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"National Institute of Hydrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Hydrology"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"National research bodies","text":"Centre for Ecology and Hydrology – UK[19]\nCentre for Water Science, Cranfield University, UK[20]\neawag – aquatic research, ETH Zürich, Switzerland[21]\nInstitute of Hydrology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Germany[22]\nUnited States Geological Survey – Water Resources of the United States[23]\nNOAA's National Weather Service – Office of Hydrologic Development, US[24]\nUS Army Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering Center, US[25]\nHydrologic Research Center, US[26]\nNOAA Economics and Social Sciences, United States[27]\nUniversity of Oklahoma Center for Natural Hazards and Disasters Research, US[28]\nNational Hydrology Research Centre, Canada[29]\nNational Institute of Hydrology, India[30]","title":"Organizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Geological Society of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_Society_of_America"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"American Geophysical Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Geophysical_Union"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"National Ground Water Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Ground_Water_Association"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"American Water Resources Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Water_Resources_Association"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"International Association of Hydrological Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Hydrological_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Società Idrologica Italiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sii-ihs.it"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"British Hydrological Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Hydrological_Society"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"International Association of Hydrogeologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Hydrogeologists"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Society of Hydrologists and Meteorologists – Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//soham.org.np/"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"National and international societies","text":"American Institute of Hydrology (AIH)[31]\nGeological Society of America (GSA) – Hydrogeology Division[32]\nAmerican Geophysical Union (AGU) – Hydrology Section[33]\nNational Ground Water Association (NGWA)[34]\nAmerican Water Resources Association[35]\nConsortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Science, Inc. (CUAHSI)[36]\nInternational Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS)[37][38]\nStatistics in Hydrology Working Group (subgroup of IAHS)[39]\nGerman Hydrological Society (DHG: Deutsche Hydrologische Gesellschaft)[40]\nItalian Hydrological Society (SII-IHS) – Società Idrologica Italiana\nNordic Association for Hydrology[41]\nBritish Hydrological Society[42]\nRussian Geographical Society (Moscow Center) – Hydrology Commission[43]\nInternational Association for Environmental Hydrology[44]\nInternational Association of Hydrogeologists[45]\nSociety of Hydrologists and Meteorologists – Nepal [46]","title":"Organizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Murray Darling Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray%E2%80%93Darling_basin"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"Basin- and catchment-wide overviews","text":"Connected Waters Initiative, University of New South Wales[47] – Investigating and raising awareness of groundwater and water resource issues in Australia\nMurray Darling Basin Initiative, Department of Environment and Heritage, Australia[48]","title":"Organizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Journal of Hydrology Science and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.inderscience.com/jhome.php?jcode=ijhst"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1099-1085","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1099-1085"},{"link_name":"John Wiley & Sons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0029-1277","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0029-1277"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1464-7141","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1464-7141"},{"link_name":"Journal of Hydrologic Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Hydrologic_Engineering"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0733-9496","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0733-9496"},{"link_name":"ASCE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Civil_Engineers"},{"link_name":"Journal of Hydrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Hydrology"},{"link_name":"Water Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Research"},{"link_name":"Water Resources Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Resources_Research"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0262-6667","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0262-6667"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2150-3435","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:2150-3435"},{"link_name":"Hydrology and Earth System Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrology_and_Earth_System_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Journal of Hydrometeorology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Hydrometeorology"}],"text":"International Journal of Hydrology Science and Technology\nHydrological Processes, ISSN 1099-1085 (electronic) 0885-6087 (paper), John Wiley & Sons\nHydrology Research, ISSN 0029-1277, IWA Publishing (formerly Nordic Hydrology)\nJournal of Hydroinformatics, ISSN 1464-7141, IWA Publishing\nJournal of Hydrologic Engineering, ISSN 0733-9496, ASCE Publication\nJournal of Hydrology\nWater Research\nWater Resources Research\nHydrological Sciences Journal - Journal of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) ISSN 0262-6667 (Print), ISSN 2150-3435 (Online)\nHydrology and Earth System Sciences\nJournal of Hydrometeorology","title":"Research journals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-471-49103-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-49103-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-929684-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929684-2"},{"link_name":"Wiberg, Patricia L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Wiberg"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781421413730","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781421413730"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-07-039732-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-039732-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-13-142424-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-142424-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-673-99337-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-673-99337-X"}],"text":"Eslamian, S., 2014, (ed.) Handbook of Engineering Hydrology, Vol. 1: Fundamentals and Applications, Francis and Taylor, CRC Group, 636 Pages, USA.\nEslamian, S., 2014, (ed.) Handbook of Engineering Hydrology, Vol. 2: Modeling, Climate Change and Variability, Francis and Taylor, CRC Group, 646 Pages, USA.\nEslamian, S, 2014, (ed.) Handbook of Engineering Hydrology, Vol. 3: Environmental Hydrology and Water Management, Francis and Taylor, CRC Group, 606 Pages, USA.\nAnderson, Malcolm G.; McDonnell, Jeffrey J., eds. (2005). Encyclopedia of hydrological sciences. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. ISBN 0-471-49103-9.\nHendriks, Martin R. (2010). Introduction to physical hydrology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-929684-2.\nHornberger, George M.; Wiberg, Patricia L.; Raffensperger, Jeffrey P.; D'Odorico, Paolo P. (2014). Elements of physical hydrology (2nd ed.). Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 9781421413730.\nMaidment, David R., ed. (1993). Handbook of hydrology. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-039732-5.\nMcCuen, Richard H. (2005). Hydrologic analysis and design (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson-Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-142424-6.\nViessman, Warren Jr.; Gary L. Lewis (2003). Introduction to hydrology (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Education. ISBN 0-673-99337-X.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Rain over a Scottish catchment. Understanding the cycling of water into, through, and out of catchments is a key element of hydrology.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Rain_over_Beinn_Eich%2C_Luss_Hills%2C_Scotland.jpg/400px-Rain_over_Beinn_Eich%2C_Luss_Hills%2C_Scotland.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Roman aqueduct at Caesarea Maritima, bringing water from the wetter Carmel mountains to the settlement","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Caesarea_maritima_BW_3.JPG/300px-Caesarea_maritima_BW_3.JPG"},{"image_text":"Building a map of groundwater contours","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Building_a_map_of_groundwater_countours.gif/250px-Building_a_map_of_groundwater_countours.gif"},{"image_text":"A flood hydrograph showing stage for the Shawsheen River at Wilmington","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Wlmm3_hg.png/250px-Wlmm3_hg.png"},{"image_text":"A standard NOAA rain gauge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/2013-10-14_12_27_49_National_Weather_Service_Standard_Rain_Gauge.JPG/245px-2013-10-14_12_27_49_National_Weather_Service_Standard_Rain_Gauge.JPG"},{"image_text":"Estimates of changes in water storage around the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, measured by NASA's GRACE satellites. The satellites measure tiny changes in gravitational acceleration, which can then be processed to reveal movement of water due to changes in its total mass.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/NASA%27s_GRACE_Sees_Major_Water_Losses_in_Middle_East.jpg/250px-NASA%27s_GRACE_Sees_Major_Water_Losses_in_Middle_East.jpg"},{"image_text":"Plan view of water flow through a catchment simulated by the SHETRAN hydrological modelling system","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Shetran_plan_view_dunsop.jpg/220px-Shetran_plan_view_dunsop.jpg"},{"image_text":"Water droplet","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Water_drop_001.jpg/70px-Water_drop_001.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Aqueous solution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueous_solution"},{"title":"Climatology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climatology"},{"title":"Environmental engineering science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_engineering_science"},{"title":"Geological Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_Engineering"},{"title":"Green Kenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Kenue"},{"title":"Hydraulics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulics"},{"title":"HydroCAD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HydroCAD"},{"title":"Hydrography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrography"},{"title":"Hydrology (agriculture)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrology_(agriculture)"},{"title":"International Hydrological Programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Hydrological_Programme"},{"title":"Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash%E2%80%93Sutcliffe_model_efficiency_coefficient"},{"title":"Outline of hydrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_hydrology"},{"title":"Potamal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potamal"},{"title":"Socio-hydrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socio-hydrology"},{"title":"Soil science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_science"},{"title":"Water distribution on Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_distribution_on_Earth"},{"title":"WEAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WEAP"},{"title":"Catchment hydrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catchment_hydrology"},{"title":"Oceanography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanography"},{"title":"Meteorology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorology"},{"title":"Limnology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limnology"},{"title":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wetzel-49"},{"title":"Water resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_resources"}]	[{"reference":"\"What is hydrology and what do hydrologists do?\". USA.gov. U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 19 September 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150919135804/http://water.usgs.gov/edu/hydrology.html","url_text":"\"What is hydrology and what do hydrologists do?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Geological_Survey","url_text":"U.S. Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/edu/hydrology.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Postel, Sandra (1999). \"Egypt's Nile Valley Basin Irrigation\" (PDF). waterhistory.com. Excerpted from Pillar of Sand: Can the Irrigation Miracle Last?. W.W. Norton.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.waterhistory.org/histories/nile/nile.pdf","url_text":"\"Egypt's Nile Valley Basin Irrigation\""}]},{"reference":"Gregory, Kenneth J.; Lewin, John (2014). The Basics of Geomorphology: Key Concepts. SAGE. ISBN 978-1-4739-0895-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lt3SAwAAQBAJ&q=marcus+vitruvius&pg=PT100","url_text":"The Basics of Geomorphology: Key Concepts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4739-0895-6","url_text":"978-1-4739-0895-6"}]},{"reference":"Biswat, Asit K (1970). \"Edmond Halley, F.S.R., Hydrologist Extraordinary\". Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London. 25. Royal Society Publishing: 47–57. doi:10.1098/rsnr.1970.0004.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsnr.1970.0004","url_text":"\"Edmond Halley, F.S.R., Hydrologist Extraordinary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsnr.1970.0004","url_text":"10.1098/rsnr.1970.0004"}]},{"reference":"Graf, T.; Simmons, C. T. (February 2009). \"Variable-density groundwater flow and solute transport in fractured rock: Applicability of the Tang et al. [1981] analytical solution\". Water Resources Research. 45 (2): W02425. Bibcode:2009WRR....45.2425G. doi:10.1029/2008WR007278. S2CID 133884299.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009WRR....45.2425G","url_text":"2009WRR....45.2425G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2008WR007278","url_text":"10.1029/2008WR007278"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:133884299","url_text":"133884299"}]},{"reference":"Vereecken, H.; Kemna, A.; Münch, H. M.; Tillmann, A.; Verweerd, A. (2006). \"Aquifer Characterization by Geophysical Methods\". Encyclopedia of Hydrological Sciences. John Wiley & Sons. doi:10.1002/0470848944.hsa154b. ISBN 0-471-49103-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F0470848944.hsa154b","url_text":"10.1002/0470848944.hsa154b"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-49103-9","url_text":"0-471-49103-9"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, L. Gray; Everett, Lorne G.; Cullen, Stephen J. (1994). Handbook of Vadose Zone Characterization & Monitoring. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-87371-610-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87371-610-9","url_text":"978-0-87371-610-9"}]},{"reference":"Reddy, P. Jaya Rami (2007). A Textbook of Hydrology (Reprint. ed.). New Delhi: Laxmi Publ. ISBN 9788170080992.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170080992","url_text":"9788170080992"}]},{"reference":"Wood, Paul J.; Hannah, David M.; Sadler, Jonathan P. (28 February 2008). Hydroecology and Ecohydrology: Past, Present and Future. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-01018-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uLiL5xEd680C&pg=PA113","url_text":"Hydroecology and Ecohydrology: Past, Present and Future"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-01018-1","url_text":"978-0-470-01018-1"}]},{"reference":"Tang, Q.; Gao, H.; Lu, H.; Lettenmaier, D. P. (6 October 2009). \"Remote sensing: hydrology\". Progress in Physical Geography. 33 (4): 490–509. Bibcode:2009PrPG...33..490T. doi:10.1177/0309133309346650. S2CID 140643598.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_P._Lettenmaier","url_text":"Lettenmaier, D. P."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PrPG...33..490T","url_text":"2009PrPG...33..490T"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0309133309346650","url_text":"10.1177/0309133309346650"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140643598","url_text":"140643598"}]},{"reference":"Archibald, J.A.; Buchanan, B.P.; Fuka, D.R.; Georgakakos, C.B.; Lyon, S.W.; Walter, M.T. (July 2014). \"A simple, regionally parameterized model for predicting nonpoint source areas in the northeastern US\". Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies. 1: 74–91. Bibcode:2014JHyRS...1...74A. doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2014.06.003.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ejrh.2014.06.003","url_text":"\"A simple, regionally parameterized model for predicting nonpoint source areas in the northeastern US\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JHyRS...1...74A","url_text":"2014JHyRS...1...74A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ejrh.2014.06.003","url_text":"10.1016/j.ejrh.2014.06.003"}]},{"reference":"Beck, Hylke E.; Pan, Ming; Lin, Peirong; Seibert, Jan; Dijk, Albert I. J. M.; Wood, Eric F. (16 September 2020). \"Global Fully Distributed Parameter Regionalization Based on Observed Streamflow From 4,229 Headwater Catchments\". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 125 (17). Bibcode:2020JGRD..12531485B. doi:10.1029/2019JD031485. ISSN 2169-897X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Franklin_Wood","url_text":"Wood, Eric F."},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2019JD031485","url_text":"\"Global Fully Distributed Parameter Regionalization Based on Observed Streamflow From 4,229 Headwater Catchments\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020JGRD..12531485B","url_text":"2020JGRD..12531485B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2019JD031485","url_text":"10.1029/2019JD031485"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2169-897X","url_text":"2169-897X"}]},{"reference":"Loftis, Jim C. (30 April 2019), \"Analysis of Water Quality Random Variables\", Statistical Analysis of Hydrologic Variables, Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, pp. 381–405, doi:10.1061/9780784415177.ch10, ISBN 9780784415177, S2CID 182417172, retrieved 19 May 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784415177.ch10","url_text":"\"Analysis of Water Quality Random Variables\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1061%2F9780784415177.ch10","url_text":"10.1061/9780784415177.ch10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780784415177","url_text":"9780784415177"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:182417172","url_text":"182417172"}]},{"reference":"\"International Hydrological Programme (IHP)\". IHP. 6 May 2013. Archived from the original on 2 June 2013. Retrieved 8 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/water/","url_text":"\"International Hydrological Programme (IHP)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130602123721/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/water/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"International Water Management Institute (IWMI)\". IWMI. Archived from the original on 10 March 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/","url_text":"\"International Water Management Institute (IWMI)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130310130843/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"IHE Delft Institute for Water Education\". UNIESCO-IHE. Archived from the original on 14 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.un-ihe.org/","url_text":"\"IHE Delft Institute for Water Education\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130314065345/http://www.unesco-ihe.org/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"CEH Website\". Centre for Ecology & Hydrology. Archived from the original on 7 March 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ceh.ac.uk/","url_text":"\"CEH Website\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130307132659/http://www.ceh.ac.uk/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Cranfield Water Science Institute\". Cranfield University. Archived from the original on 13 February 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cranfield.ac.uk/sas/water","url_text":"\"Cranfield Water Science Institute\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130213214305/http://www.cranfield.ac.uk/sas/water/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Eawag aquatic research\". Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology. 25 January 2012. Archived from the original on 25 June 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eawag.ch/","url_text":"\"Eawag aquatic research\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150625085618/http://www.eawag.ch/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Professur für Hydrologie\". University of Freiburg. 23 February 2010. Archived from the original on 2 May 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hydro.uni-freiburg.de/strt-en?set_language=en","url_text":"\"Professur für Hydrologie\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130502131420/http://www.hydro.uni-freiburg.de/strt-en?set_language=en","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Water Resources of the United States\". USGS. 4 October 2011. Archived from the original on 8 March 2013. 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Hydrologic Research Center. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hrc-lab.org/","url_text":"\"Hydrologic Research Center\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130510030015/http://www.hrc-lab.org/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NOAA Economics and Social Sciences\". NOAA Office of Program Planning and Integration. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110725192153/http://www.economics.noaa.gov/?goal=weather&file=users%2Fbusiness%2Fwatermgt%2F","url_text":"\"NOAA Economics and Social Sciences\""},{"url":"http://www.economics.noaa.gov/?goal=weather&file=users/business/watermgt/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Center for Natural Hazard and Disasters Research\". University of Oklahoma. 17 June 2008. Archived from the original on 24 May 2013. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997%E2%80%9398_United_States_network_television_schedule	1997–98 United States network television schedule	["1 Sunday","2 Monday","3 Tuesday","4 Wednesday","5 Thursday","6 Friday","7 Saturday","8 By network","8.1 ABC","8.2 CBS","8.3 Fox","8.4 NBC","8.5 UPN","8.6 The WB","9 References"]	Television schedule for the fall of 1997 1997 in American television 1998 in American television List of American television programs currently in production Morning: 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–00 Daytime/afternoon: 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–00 Prime time: 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–00 Late night: 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–00 Overnight: 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–00 The following is the 1997–98 network television schedule for the six major English language commercial broadcast networks in the United States. The schedule covers primetime hours from September 1997 through August 1998. The schedule is followed by a list per network of returning series, new series, and series cancelled after the 1996–97 season. All times are Eastern and Pacific, with certain exceptions, such as Monday Night Football. New series highlighted in bold. Each of the 30 highest-rated shows is listed with its rank and rating as determined by Nielsen Media Research. and Yellow indicates the programs in the top 10 for the season. Cyan indicates the programs in the top 20 for the season. Magenta indicates the programs in the top 30 for the season. Other Legend Light blue indicates local programming. Gray indicates encore programming. Blue-gray indicates news programming. Light green indicates sporting events. Light Purple indicates movies. Red indicates series being burned off and other regularly scheduled programs, including specials. PBS is not included; member stations have local flexibility over most of their schedules and broadcast times for network shows may vary. From February 7 to 22, 1998, all of CBS' primetime programming was preempted in favor of coverage of the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano. For new series debuting during the season, it would ultimately prove to be one of the weakest seasons in American television history, as only ten shows would be picked up for a second season. Of those ten shows, only five (Dharma & Greg, Two Guys and a Girl, Ally McBeal, For Your Love and Dawson's Creek) would last beyond three seasons, and would all end their runs within six seasons. For its tenth and final season, onetime CBS powerhouse Murphy Brown was moved from its lifelong home of Monday nights to Wednesday, where it lost a significant number of viewers. For its last block of episodes in the spring, the show was put back into the familiar timeslot that it had once used to anchor the CBS Monday night lineup. Sunday Network 7:00 PM 7:30 PM 8:00 PM 8:30 PM 9:00 PM 9:30 PM 10:00 PM 10:30 PM ABC The Wonderful World of Disney The ABC Sunday Night Movie CBS 60 Minutes (#8/19.8 million) Touched by an Angel (#5/21.8 million) CBS Sunday Movie (#9/19.4 million) Fox Fall The World's Funniest! The Simpsons (#18/15.3 million) King of the Hill (#15/16.3 million) The X-Files (#11/17.1 million) Local Programming March Damon April King of the Hill (#15/16.3 million) NBC Fall Dateline Sunday Men Behaving Badly Jenny NBC Sunday Night Movie (#22/14.2 million) Winter All Star TV Bloopers / Dateline Sunday Dateline Sunday The WB Fall Nick Freno: Licensed Teacher The Parent 'Hood The Jamie Foxx Show Unhappily Ever After The Tom Show Alright Already Local Programming Follow Up The Tom Show Unhappily Ever After Winter The Tom Show The Parent 'Hood The Jamie Foxx Show Spring The Parent 'Hood Sister, Sister Follow Up You're the One May The Parent 'Hood Kelly Kelly Alright Already Summer Nick Freno: Licensed Teacher The Parent 'Hood Monday Network 8:00 PM 8:30 PM 9:00 PM 9:30 PM 10:00 PM 10:30 PM ABC Fall Timecop Monday Night Football (#6/21.0) Follow Up Various Specials Winter Timecop 20/20 (#27/13.9 million) The Practice Spring Push Follow Up America's Funniest Home Videos CBS Fall Cosby (#28/13.8 million) Everybody Loves Raymond Cybill George and Leo Brooklyn South Winter George and Leo Style & Substance Follow Up The Closer George and Leo Spring Murphy Brown Summer Cybill George and Leo Michael Hayes Follow Up Everybody Loves Raymond Cybill 48 Hours Late July Murphy Brown Fox Fall Melrose Place Ally McBeal Local Programming April Damon Getting Personal Mid-Summer Melrose Place NBC Fall Suddenly Susan Fired Up Caroline in the City The Naked Truth Dateline Monday (#16/15.4) December Jenny Winter Fired Up Spring House Rules Summer Caroline in the City Veronica's Closet UPN Fall In the House Malcolm & Eddie Good News Sparks Local Programming Spring Love Boat: The Next Wave Various Specials Summer Clueless Clueless Mid-Summer In the House Malcolm & Eddie Good News Sparks The WB Fall 7th Heaven Buffy the Vampire Slayer Winter Three Spring Kelly Kelly Alright Already Follow Up 7th Heaven (Repeats) Summer Buffy the Vampire Slayer Tuesday Network 8:00 PM 8:30 PM 9:00 PM 9:30 PM 10:00 PM 10:30 PM ABC Fall Home Improvement (Repeats) Soul Man (#29/13.6 million) Home Improvement (#10/18.4 million) Hiller and Diller (#30/13.5 million) NYPD Blue (#19/15.0 million) Follow Up Soul Man (#29/13.6 million) Over the Top November Grace Under Fire Soul Man (#29/13.6 million) Spin City (Repeats) Winter The Drew Carey Show (Repeats) Home Improvement (Repeats) Spring Home Improvement (Repeats) Something So Right That's Life Follow Up Soul Man (#29/13.6 million) Something So Right Summer Soul Man (#29/13.6 million) Something So Right Two Guys, a Girl and a Pizza Place Mid-Summer Home Improvement Soul Man (#29/13.6 million) Spin City Dharma & Greg Maximum Bob CBS Fall JAG Michael Hayes Dellaventura Winter CBS Tuesday Movie March Public Eye with Bryant Gumbel Four Corners Follow Up 48 Hours Summer CBS Tuesday Movie Fox Fall Fox Tuesday Night Movie Local Programming Summer King of the Hill (Repeats) King of the Hill (Repeats) Guinness World Records Primetime NBC Fall Mad About You NewsRadio Frasier (#14/16.7 million) Just Shoot Me! (#12/17.0 million) Dateline NBC (#17/15.3 million) Spring For Your Love LateLine Follow Up NewsRadio Just Shoot Me! (#12/17.0 million) Summer 3rd Rock from the Sun UPN Fall Clueless Moesha Hitz Head Over Heels Local Programming Follow Up Moesha Clueless Malcolm & Eddie Hitz Winter Clueless Spring In the House Follow Up Good News Summer In the House Mid-Summer Clueless In the House Clueless The WB Winter(began Jan. 20th) Buffy the Vampire Slayer Dawson's Creek Summer Invasion America Invasion America Mid-Summer Dawson's Creek Wednesday Network 8:00 PM 8:30 PM 9:00 PM 9:30 PM 10:00 PM 10:30 PM ABC Fall Spin City Dharma & Greg (#25/13.9 million) The Drew Carey Show (#13/16.7 million) Ellen Primetime Live (#23/14.2 million) Spring Two Guys, a Girl and a Pizza Place Summer Ellen August Whose Line Is It Anyway? CBS Fall The Nanny Murphy Brown Public Eye with Bryant Gumbel Chicago Hope Spring Cybill Michael Hayes Summer The Simple Life Public Eye with Bryant Gumbel Follow Up Style & Substance Fox Fall Beverly Hills, 90210 Party of Five Local Programming Spring Significant Others Follow Up Party of Five Summer Fox Wednesday Night Movie NBC Fall The Tony Danza Show Built to Last 3rd Rock from the Sun Working Law & Order (#24/14.1 million) Follow Up Dateline NBC December 3rd Rock from the Sun (Repeats) The Tony Danza Show Winter Seinfeld (Repeats) Spring NewsRadio Follow Up 3rd Rock from the Sun (Repeats) NewsRadio Summer The Pretender August Dateline NBC Stressed Eric UPN Fall The Sentinel Star Trek: Voyager Local Programming Late Fall Star Trek: Voyager The Sentinel Spring The Sentinel Star Trek: Voyager The WB Fall Sister, Sister Smart Guy The Wayans Bros. The Steve Harvey Show Spring Smart Guy Sister, Sister (Repeats) Summer Smart Guy Mid-Summer The Wayans Bros. The Jamie Foxx Show Thursday Network 8:00 PM 8:30 PM 9:00 PM 9:30 PM 10:00 PM 10:30 PM ABC Fall Nothing Sacred Cracker 20/20 Thursday Winter Prey The ABC Thursday Night Movie Spring Timecop Summer C-16 Prey Various ABC News Specials August Various Specials Various ABC News Specials Nightline in Primetime CBS Promised Land Diagnosis: Murder (#26/13.9 million) 48 Hours Fox Fall Living Single Between Brothers 413 Hope St. Local Programming Winter Between Brothers Ask Harriet New York Undercover March Ask Harriet April World's Wildest Police Videos Various Specials Summer New York Undercover Mid-Summer Fox Files NBC Fall Friends (#4/24.0 million) Union Square (#8/19.9 million) Seinfeld (#1/34.1 million) Veronica's Closet (#3/24.4 million) ER (#2/30.2 million) Spring Just Shoot Me! (#12/17.0 million) Summer Veronica's Closet (#3/24.4 million) Just Shoot Me! (#12/17.0 million) Mid-Summer Suddenly Susan NOTE: On Fox, Rewind was supposed to air 8-8:30, but it was cancelled due to production troubles. Friday Network 8:00 PM 8:30 PM 9:00 PM 9:30 PM 10:00 PM 10:30 PM ABC Fall Sabrina the Teenage Witch Boy Meets World You Wish Teen Angel 20/20 Friday (#20/15.0 million) Winter Sabrina the Teenage Witch (Repeats) Sabrina the Teenage Witch Spring Hiller and Diller Follow Up Boy Meets World (Repeats) Summer Sabrina the Teenage Witch You Wish Boy Meets World Teen Angel CBS Fall Family Matters Meego The Gregory Hines Show Step by Step Nash Bridges Follow Up Various Specials Family Matters Winter Kids Say the Darndest Things The Gregory Hines Show Follow Up Candid Camera The Gregory Hines Show Spring Unsolved Mysteries Summer Family Matters Step by Step Mid-Summer Unsolved Mysteries Fox Fall The Visitor Millennium Local Programming Winter Beyond Belief: Fact or Fiction Summer Getting Personal Getting Personal NBC Fall Players Dateline Friday Homicide: Life on the Street Spring Various Specials Late spring Dateline Friday NBC Friday Night Movie Summer NBC Friday Night Movie Dateline Friday Saturday Network 8:00 p.m. 8:30 p.m. 9:00 p.m. 9:30 p.m. 10:00 p.m. 10:30 p.m. ABC Fall C-16 Total Security The Practice Mid-fall Special programming Winter Nothing Sacred Cracker ABC News Saturday Night Late winter ABC Saturday Night Movie Spring Timecop ABC Saturday Night Movie Summer 20/20 CBS Fall Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman Early Edition Walker, Texas Ranger (21/14.5) Winter The Magnificent Seven Late winter Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman The Magnificent Seven Spring Early Edition Summer Early Edition The Magnificent Seven Fox COPS COPS (R) America's Most Wanted:America Fights Back Local programming NBC Fall The Pretender (R) NBC Saturday Night Movie Mid-fall The Pretender Sleepwalkers Profiler Late fall Special programming The Pretender Winter All Star TV Bloopers Spring NBC Saturday Night Movie Summer All Star TV Bloopers NBC Saturday Night Movie By network ABC Returning series 20/20 ABC Saturday Night Movie The ABC Sunday Night Movie The ABC Thursday Night Movie America's Funniest Home Videos Boy Meets World The Drew Carey Show Ellen Grace Under Fire Home Improvement Monday Night Football NYPD Blue The Practice Primetime Live Sabrina the Teenage Witch Something So Right (moved from NBC) Soul Man Spin City New series ABC News Saturday Night C-16: FBI Cracker Dharma & Greg Hiller and Diller Maximum Bob * Nothing Sacred Over the Top Prey * Push * Teen Angel That's Life * Timecop Total Security Two Guys, a Girl and a Pizza Place * The Wonderful World of Disney You Wish Not returning from 1996–97: The ABC Monday Night Movie Arsenio Clueless (moved to UPN) Coach Common Law Dangerous Minds Family Matters (moved to CBS) Gun Hangin' with Mr. Cooper High Incident Leaving L.A. Life's Work Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman Murder One Relativity Roseanne (revived and returned for 2017–18 for one season) Second Noah Spy Game Step by Step (moved to CBS) Townies Turning Point Vital Signs CBS Returning series 48 Hours 60 Minutes Candid Camera CBS Sunday Movie Chicago Hope Cosby Cybill Diagnosis Murder Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman Early Edition Everybody Loves Raymond Family Matters (moved from ABC) JAG Murphy Brown The Nanny Nash Bridges Promised Land Step by Step (moved from ABC) Touched by an Angel Unsolved Mysteries (moved from NBC) Walker, Texas Ranger New series Brooklyn South The Closer * Dellaventura Four Corners * George and Leo The Gregory Hines Show Kids Say the Darndest Things * The Magnificent Seven * Meego Michael Hayes Public Eye with Bryant Gumbel The Simple Life * Style & Substance * Not returning from 1996–97: Almost Perfect Dave's World EZ Streets Ink Life... and Stuff Mr. & Mrs. Smith Moloney Orleans Pearl Public Morals Temporarily Yours Feds Fox Returning series America's Most Wanted: America Fights Back Beverly Hills, 90210 Beyond Belief: Fact or Fiction Cops Fox Tuesday Night Movie King of the Hill Living Single Melrose Place Millennium New York Undercover Party of Five The Simpsons The X-Files New series 413 Hope St. Ally McBeal Ask Harriet * Between Brothers Damon * Fox Files * Fox Wednesday Night Movie Getting Personal * Rewind Significant Others * The Visitor The World's Funniest! World's Wildest Police Videos * Not returning from 1996–97: Big Deal Lawless Love and Marriage Lush Life Married... with Children Martin Ned and Stacey Pacific Palisades Party Girl Pauly Roar Sliders NBC Returning series 3rd Rock from the Sun Caroline in the City Dateline NBC ER Fired Up Frasier Friends Homicide: Life on the Street Just Shoot Me! Law & Order Mad About You Men Behaving Badly The Naked Truth NBC Sunday Night Movie NewsRadio The Pretender Profiler Seinfeld Suddenly Susan New series Built to Last For Your Love * House Rules * Jenny LateLine * Players Sleepwalkers Stressed Eric * The Tony Danza Show Union Square Veronica's Closet Working Not returning from 1996–97: Boston Common Chicago Sons Crisis Center Dark Skies The Jeff Foxworthy Show The John Larroquette Show Mr. Rhodes Prince Street The Single Guy Something So Right (moved to ABC) Unsolved Mysteries (moved to CBS) Wings UPN Returning series Clueless (moved from ABC) In the House Malcolm & Eddie Moesha The Sentinel Sparks Star Trek: Voyager New series Good News Head Over Heels Hitz Love Boat: The Next Wave * Not returning from 1996–97: The Burning Zone Goode Behavior Homeboys in Outer Space Social Studies The WB Returning series 7th Heaven Buffy the Vampire Slayer The Jamie Foxx Show Nick Freno: Licensed Teacher The Parent 'Hood Sister, Sister Smart Guy The Steve Harvey Show Unhappily Ever After The Wayans Bros. New series Alright Already Dawson's Creek * Invasion America * Kelly Kelly * Three * The Tom Show You're the One * Not returning from 1996–97: Brotherly Love Kirk Life with Roger Savannah Note: The * indicates that the program was introduced in midseason. References ^ Highest-rated series is based on the annual top-rated programs list compiled by Nielsen Media Research and reported in: Brooks, Tim & Marsh, Earle (2007). The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network TV Shows (9th ed.). New York: Ballantine. ISBN 978-0-345-49773-4. ^ "What ranked and what tanked". Entertainment Weekly Published in issue No. 434 May 29, 1998. May 29, 1998. Archived from the original on October 13, 2019. Retrieved April 8, 2020. vteUnited States network television schedules 1946–47 1947–48 1948–49 1949–50 1950–51 1951–52 1952–53 1953–54 1954–55 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"broadcast networks in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_over-the-air_television_networks"},{"link_name":"primetime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime"},{"link_name":"list per network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#By_network"},{"link_name":"1996–97 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_United_States_network_television_schedule"},{"link_name":"Monday Night Football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monday_Night_Football"},{"link_name":"Nielsen Media Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_Media_Research"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BM2-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9798season-2"},{"link_name":"burned off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_off"},{"link_name":"PBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS"},{"link_name":"1998 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Nagano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagano_(city)"},{"link_name":"Dharma & Greg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma_%26_Greg"},{"link_name":"Two Guys and a Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Guys_and_a_Girl"},{"link_name":"Ally McBeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ally_McBeal"},{"link_name":"For Your Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_Your_Love_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Dawson's Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawson%27s_Creek"},{"link_name":"Murphy Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murphy_Brown"}],"text":"The following is the 1997–98 network television schedule for the six major English language commercial broadcast networks in the United States. The schedule covers primetime hours from September 1997 through August 1998. The schedule is followed by a list per network of returning series, new series, and series cancelled after the 1996–97 season. All times are Eastern and Pacific, with certain exceptions, such as Monday Night Football.New series highlighted in bold.Each of the 30 highest-rated shows is listed with its rank and rating as determined by Nielsen Media Research.[1] and [2]Yellow indicates the programs in the top 10 for the season.\n Cyan indicates the programs in the top 20 for the season.\n Magenta indicates the programs in the top 30 for the season.Other LegendLight blue indicates local programming.\n Gray indicates encore programming.\n Blue-gray indicates news programming.\n Light green indicates sporting events.\n Light Purple indicates movies.\n Red indicates series being burned off and other regularly scheduled programs, including specials.PBS is not included; member stations have local flexibility over most of their schedules and broadcast times for network shows may vary.From February 7 to 22, 1998, all of CBS' primetime programming was preempted in favor of coverage of the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano.For new series debuting during the season, it would ultimately prove to be one of the weakest seasons in American television history, as only ten shows would be picked up for a second season. Of those ten shows, only five (Dharma & Greg, Two Guys and a Girl, Ally McBeal, For Your Love and Dawson's Creek) would last beyond three seasons, and would all end their runs within six seasons.For its tenth and final season, onetime CBS powerhouse Murphy Brown was moved from its lifelong home of Monday nights to Wednesday, where it lost a significant number of viewers. For its last block of episodes in the spring, the show was put back into the familiar timeslot that it had once used to anchor the CBS Monday night lineup.","title":"1997–98 United States network television schedule"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sunday"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Monday"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Tuesday"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Wednesday"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"NOTE: On Fox, Rewind was supposed to air 8-8:30, but it was cancelled due to production troubles.","title":"Thursday"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Friday"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Saturday"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"By network"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"20/20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20/20_(American_TV_program)"},{"link_name":"The ABC Sunday Night Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_ABC_Sunday_Night_Movie"},{"link_name":"America's Funniest Home Videos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%27s_Funniest_Home_Videos"},{"link_name":"Boy Meets World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_Meets_World"},{"link_name":"The Drew Carey Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Drew_Carey_Show"},{"link_name":"Ellen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Grace Under Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Under_Fire"},{"link_name":"Home Improvement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Improvement_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Monday Night Football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monday_Night_Football"},{"link_name":"NYPD Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NYPD_Blue"},{"link_name":"The Practice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Practice"},{"link_name":"Primetime Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_(American_TV_program)"},{"link_name":"Sabrina the Teenage Witch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabrina_the_Teenage_Witch_(1996_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Something So Right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Something_So_Right_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"Soul Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_Man_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Spin City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_City"},{"link_name":"C-16: FBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-16:_FBI"},{"link_name":"Cracker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cracker_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Dharma & Greg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma_%26_Greg"},{"link_name":"Hiller and Diller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiller_and_Diller"},{"link_name":"Maximum Bob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_Bob_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Nothing Sacred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothing_Sacred_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Over the Top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over_the_Top_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Prey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prey_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Push","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Teen Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen_Angel_(1997_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"That's Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That%27s_Life_(1998_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Timecop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timecop_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Total Security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_Security_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Two Guys, a Girl and a Pizza Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Guys,_a_Girl_and_a_Pizza_Place"},{"link_name":"The Wonderful World of Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_anthology_series#The_Wonderful_World_of_Disney_(1991%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"You Wish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Wish_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"1996–97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_United_States_network_television_schedule"},{"link_name":"Arsenio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenio_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Clueless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clueless_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"UPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPN"},{"link_name":"Coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Common Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Law_(1996_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Dangerous Minds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangerous_Minds_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Family Matters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Matters"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"Gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Hangin' with Mr. Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangin%27_with_Mr._Cooper"},{"link_name":"High Incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Incident"},{"link_name":"Leaving L.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaving_L.A."},{"link_name":"Life's Work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life%27s_Work"},{"link_name":"Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lois_%26_Clark:_The_New_Adventures_of_Superman"},{"link_name":"Murder One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_One_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Relativity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativity_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Roseanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roseanne"},{"link_name":"2017–18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_United_States_network_television_schedule"},{"link_name":"Second Noah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Noah"},{"link_name":"Spy Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spy_Game_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Step by Step","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step_by_Step_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"Townies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townies"},{"link_name":"Turning Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turning_Point_(TV_program)"}],"sub_title":"ABC","text":"Returning series\n20/20\nABC Saturday Night Movie\nThe ABC Sunday Night Movie\nThe ABC Thursday Night Movie\nAmerica's Funniest Home Videos\nBoy Meets World\nThe Drew Carey Show\nEllen\nGrace Under Fire\nHome Improvement\nMonday Night Football\nNYPD Blue\nThe Practice\nPrimetime Live\nSabrina the Teenage Witch\nSomething So Right (moved from NBC)\nSoul Man\nSpin City\n\n\n\n\nNew series\nABC News Saturday Night\nC-16: FBI\nCracker\nDharma & Greg\nHiller and Diller\nMaximum Bob \nNothing Sacred\nOver the Top\nPrey \nPush \nTeen Angel\nThat's Life \nTimecop\nTotal Security\nTwo Guys, a Girl and a Pizza Place \nThe Wonderful World of Disney\nYou Wish\n\n\n\n\nNot returning from 1996–97:\n\nThe ABC Monday Night Movie\nArsenio\nClueless (moved to UPN)\nCoach\nCommon Law\nDangerous Minds\nFamily Matters (moved to CBS)\nGun\nHangin' with Mr. Cooper\nHigh Incident\nLeaving L.A.\nLife's Work\nLois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman\nMurder One\nRelativity\nRoseanne (revived and returned for 2017–18 for one season)\nSecond Noah\nSpy Game\nStep by Step (moved to CBS)\nTownies\nTurning Point\nVital Signs","title":"By network"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"48 Hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/48_Hours_(TV_program)"},{"link_name":"60 Minutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Minutes"},{"link_name":"Candid Camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candid_Camera"},{"link_name":"CBS Sunday Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Sunday_Movie"},{"link_name":"Chicago Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Hope"},{"link_name":"Cosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosby_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Cybill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybill"},{"link_name":"Diagnosis Murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnosis_Murder"},{"link_name":"Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Quinn,_Medicine_Woman"},{"link_name":"Early Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Edition"},{"link_name":"Everybody Loves Raymond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everybody_Loves_Raymond"},{"link_name":"Family Matters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Matters"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"JAG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAG_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Murphy Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murphy_Brown"},{"link_name":"The Nanny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nanny"},{"link_name":"Nash Bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash_Bridges"},{"link_name":"Promised Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promised_Land_(1996_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Step by Step","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step_by_Step_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Touched by an Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touched_by_an_Angel"},{"link_name":"Unsolved Mysteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsolved_Mysteries"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"Walker, Texas Ranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker,_Texas_Ranger"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_South"},{"link_name":"The Closer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Closer_(1998_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Dellaventura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dellaventura"},{"link_name":"Four Corners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Corners_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"George and Leo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_and_Leo"},{"link_name":"The Gregory Hines Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gregory_Hines_Show"},{"link_name":"Kids Say the Darndest Things","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kids_Say_the_Darndest_Things"},{"link_name":"The Magnificent Seven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magnificent_Seven_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Meego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meego_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Michael Hayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Hayes_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Public Eye with Bryant Gumbel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_Gumbel"},{"link_name":"The Simple Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Simple_Life_(1998_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Style & Substance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_%26_Substance"},{"link_name":"1996–97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_United_States_network_television_schedule"},{"link_name":"Almost Perfect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almost_Perfect"},{"link_name":"Dave's World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave%27s_World"},{"link_name":"EZ Streets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EZ_Streets"},{"link_name":"Ink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ink_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Life... and Stuff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life..._and_Stuff"},{"link_name":"Mr. & Mrs. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._%26_Mrs._Smith_(1996_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Moloney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moloney_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orleans_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Pearl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Public Morals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Morals_(1996_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Temporarily Yours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporarily_Yours"},{"link_name":"Feds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feds_(TV_series)"}],"sub_title":"CBS","text":"Returning series\n48 Hours\n60 Minutes\nCandid Camera\nCBS Sunday Movie\nChicago Hope\nCosby\nCybill\nDiagnosis Murder\nDr. Quinn, Medicine Woman\nEarly Edition\nEverybody Loves Raymond\nFamily Matters (moved from ABC)\nJAG\nMurphy Brown\nThe Nanny\nNash Bridges\nPromised Land\nStep by Step (moved from ABC)\nTouched by an Angel\nUnsolved Mysteries (moved from NBC)\nWalker, Texas Ranger\n\n\n\n\nNew series\nBrooklyn South\nThe Closer \nDellaventura\nFour Corners \nGeorge and Leo\nThe Gregory Hines Show\nKids Say the Darndest Things \nThe Magnificent Seven \nMeego\nMichael Hayes\nPublic Eye with Bryant Gumbel\nThe Simple Life \nStyle & Substance \n\n\n\n\nNot returning from 1996–97:\n\nAlmost Perfect\nDave's World\nEZ Streets\nInk\nLife... and Stuff\nMr. & Mrs. Smith\nMoloney\nOrleans\nPearl\nPublic Morals\nTemporarily Yours\nFeds","title":"By network"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"America's Most Wanted: America Fights Back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%27s_Most_Wanted"},{"link_name":"Beverly Hills, 90210","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Hills,_90210"},{"link_name":"Beyond Belief: Fact or Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_Belief:_Fact_or_Fiction"},{"link_name":"Cops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cops_(TV_program)"},{"link_name":"King of the Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_the_Hill"},{"link_name":"Living Single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_Single"},{"link_name":"Melrose Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melrose_Place"},{"link_name":"Millennium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"New York Undercover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Undercover"},{"link_name":"Party of Five","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_of_Five"},{"link_name":"The Simpsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Simpsons"},{"link_name":"The X-Files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X-Files"},{"link_name":"413 Hope St.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/413_Hope_St."},{"link_name":"Ally McBeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ally_McBeal"},{"link_name":"Ask Harriet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ask_Harriet"},{"link_name":"Between Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Between_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Damon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damon_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Getting Personal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getting_Personal"},{"link_name":"Significant Others","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Significant_Others_(1998_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Visitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Visitor_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The World's Funniest!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World%27s_Funniest!"},{"link_name":"World's Wildest Police Videos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_Wildest_Police_Videos"},{"link_name":"1996–97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_United_States_network_television_schedule"},{"link_name":"Big Deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Deal_(game_show)"},{"link_name":"Lawless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawless_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Love and Marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_and_Marriage_(1996_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Lush Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lush_Life_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Married... with Children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Married..._with_Children"},{"link_name":"Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Ned and Stacey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ned_and_Stacey"},{"link_name":"Pacific Palisades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Palisades_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Party Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_Girl_(1996_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Pauly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauly"},{"link_name":"Roar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roar_(1997_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Sliders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sliders_(TV_series)"}],"sub_title":"Fox","text":"Returning series\nAmerica's Most Wanted: America Fights Back\nBeverly Hills, 90210\nBeyond Belief: Fact or Fiction\nCops\nFox Tuesday Night Movie\nKing of the Hill\nLiving Single\nMelrose Place\nMillennium\nNew York Undercover\nParty of Five\nThe Simpsons\nThe X-Files\n\n\n\n\nNew series\n413 Hope St.\nAlly McBeal\nAsk Harriet \nBetween Brothers\nDamon \nFox Files \nFox Wednesday Night Movie\nGetting Personal \nRewind\nSignificant Others \nThe Visitor\nThe World's Funniest!\nWorld's Wildest Police Videos \n\n\n\n\nNot returning from 1996–97:\n\nBig Deal\nLawless\nLove and Marriage\nLush Life\nMarried... with Children\nMartin\nNed and Stacey\nPacific Palisades\nParty Girl\nPauly\nRoar\nSliders","title":"By network"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"3rd Rock from the Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Rock_from_the_Sun"},{"link_name":"Caroline in the City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_in_the_City"},{"link_name":"Dateline NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dateline_NBC"},{"link_name":"ER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ER_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Fired Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fired_Up_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Frasier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frasier"},{"link_name":"Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends"},{"link_name":"Homicide: Life on the Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homicide:_Life_on_the_Street"},{"link_name":"Just Shoot Me!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Shoot_Me!"},{"link_name":"Law & Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%26_Order"},{"link_name":"Mad About You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_About_You"},{"link_name":"Men Behaving Badly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men_Behaving_Badly_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Naked Truth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Naked_Truth_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"NBC Sunday Night Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_Sunday_Night_Movie"},{"link_name":"NewsRadio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NewsRadio"},{"link_name":"The Pretender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pretender_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Profiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profiler_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Seinfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seinfeld"},{"link_name":"Suddenly Susan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suddenly_Susan"},{"link_name":"Built to Last","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Built_to_Last_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"For Your Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_Your_Love_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"House Rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_Rules_(1998_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Jenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"LateLine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LateLine"},{"link_name":"Players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Players_(1997_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Sleepwalkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleepwalkers_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Stressed Eric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stressed_Eric"},{"link_name":"The Tony Danza Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tony_Danza_Show_(1997_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Union Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Square_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Veronica's Closet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veronica%27s_Closet"},{"link_name":"Working","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"1996–97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_United_States_network_television_schedule"},{"link_name":"Boston Common","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Common_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Chicago Sons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sons"},{"link_name":"Crisis Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_Center"},{"link_name":"Dark Skies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Skies"},{"link_name":"The Jeff Foxworthy Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jeff_Foxworthy_Show"},{"link_name":"The John Larroquette Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_John_Larroquette_Show"},{"link_name":"Mr. Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Rhodes"},{"link_name":"Prince Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Street_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Single Guy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Single_Guy"},{"link_name":"Something So Right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Something_So_Right_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Unsolved Mysteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsolved_Mysteries"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"Wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wings_(1990_TV_series)"}],"sub_title":"NBC","text":"Returning series\n3rd Rock from the Sun\nCaroline in the City\nDateline NBC\nER\nFired Up\nFrasier\nFriends\nHomicide: Life on the Street\nJust Shoot Me!\nLaw & Order\nMad About You\nMen Behaving Badly\nThe Naked Truth\nNBC Sunday Night Movie\nNewsRadio\nThe Pretender\nProfiler\nSeinfeld\nSuddenly Susan\n\n\n\n\nNew series\nBuilt to Last\nFor Your Love \nHouse Rules \nJenny\nLateLine \nPlayers\nSleepwalkers\nStressed Eric \nThe Tony Danza Show\nUnion Square\nVeronica's Closet\nWorking\n\n\n\n\nNot returning from 1996–97:\n\nBoston Common\nChicago Sons\nCrisis Center\nDark Skies\nThe Jeff Foxworthy Show\nThe John Larroquette Show\nMr. Rhodes\nPrince Street\nThe Single Guy\nSomething So Right (moved to ABC)\nUnsolved Mysteries (moved to CBS)\nWings","title":"By network"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clueless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clueless_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"In the House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_House_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Malcolm & Eddie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_%26_Eddie"},{"link_name":"Moesha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moesha"},{"link_name":"The Sentinel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sentinel_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Sparks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparks_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Star Trek: Voyager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_Voyager"},{"link_name":"Good News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_News_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Head Over Heels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_over_Heels_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Hitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitz"},{"link_name":"Love Boat: The Next Wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Boat:_The_Next_Wave"},{"link_name":"1996–97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_United_States_network_television_schedule"},{"link_name":"The Burning Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Burning_Zone"},{"link_name":"Goode Behavior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goode_Behavior_(1996_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Homeboys in Outer Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeboys_in_Outer_Space"},{"link_name":"Social Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Studies_(TV_series)"}],"sub_title":"UPN","text":"Returning series\nClueless (moved from ABC)\nIn the House\nMalcolm & Eddie\nMoesha\nThe Sentinel\nSparks\nStar Trek: Voyager\n\n\n\n\nNew series\nGood News\nHead Over Heels\nHitz\nLove Boat: The Next Wave \n\n\n\n\nNot returning from 1996–97:\n\nThe Burning Zone\nGoode Behavior\nHomeboys in Outer Space\nSocial Studies","title":"By network"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"7th Heaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Heaven_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Buffy the Vampire Slayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer"},{"link_name":"The Jamie Foxx Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jamie_Foxx_Show"},{"link_name":"Nick Freno: Licensed Teacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Freno:_Licensed_Teacher"},{"link_name":"The Parent 'Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Parent_%27Hood"},{"link_name":"Sister, Sister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister,_Sister_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Smart Guy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_Guy"},{"link_name":"The Steve Harvey Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Steve_Harvey_Show"},{"link_name":"Unhappily Ever After","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unhappily_Ever_After"},{"link_name":"The Wayans Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wayans_Bros."},{"link_name":"Alright Already","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alright_Already_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Dawson's Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawson%27s_Creek"},{"link_name":"Invasion America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_America"},{"link_name":"Kelly Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Kelly_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Three","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Tom Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tom_Show"},{"link_name":"You're the One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%27re_the_One_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"1996–97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_United_States_network_television_schedule"},{"link_name":"Brotherly Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brotherly_Love_(1995_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Kirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirk_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Life with Roger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_with_Roger"},{"link_name":"Savannah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah_(TV_series)"}],"sub_title":"The WB","text":"Returning series\n7th Heaven\nBuffy the Vampire Slayer\nThe Jamie Foxx Show\nNick Freno: Licensed Teacher\nThe Parent 'Hood\nSister, Sister\nSmart Guy\nThe Steve Harvey Show\nUnhappily Ever After\nThe Wayans Bros.\n\n\n\n\nNew series\nAlright Already\nDawson's Creek \nInvasion America \nKelly Kelly \nThree \nThe Tom Show\nYou're the One \n\n\n\n\nNot returning from 1996–97:\n\nBrotherly Love\nKirk\nLife with Roger\nSavannahNote: The indicates that the program was introduced in midseason.","title":"By network"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"What ranked and what tanked\". Entertainment Weekly Published in issue No. 434 May 29, 1998. May 29, 1998. Archived from the original on October 13, 2019. Retrieved April 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://ew.com/article/1998/05/29/what-ranked-and-what-tanked/","url_text":"\"What ranked and what tanked\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191013011112/https://ew.com/article/1998/05/29/what-ranked-and-what-tanked/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://ew.com/article/1998/05/29/what-ranked-and-what-tanked/","external_links_name":"\"What ranked and what tanked\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191013011112/https://ew.com/article/1998/05/29/what-ranked-and-what-tanked/","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calama_(Numidia)	Calama (Numidia)	["1 History","1.1 Archeological remains","2 References","2.1 Citations","2.2 Bibliography","3 External links"]	Coordinates: 36°28′2.33″N 7°25′48.19″E / 36.4673139°N 7.4300528°E / 36.4673139; 7.4300528CalamaCalama: Roman theatreShown within AlgeriaLocationAlgeriaRegionGuelma ProvinceCoordinates36°28′02″N 7°25′48″E / 36.467313°N 7.430052°E / 36.467313; 7.430052 Calama was a colonia in the Roman province of Numidia situated where Guelma in Algeria now stands. G. Mokhtar places it just within the Roman province of Africa Proconsularis, to the east of Numidia, but it is generally believed to have been in Numidia, a province created probably in 198–199. History Further information: Maghreb placename etymology Calama was founded by the Phoenicians and called Malaka, similar to their colony Malake (Punic: 𐤌𐤋𐤊𐤀, MLKʾ) at Málaga, Spain. Malaka was situated in the Berber kingdom of Numidia. When this area later came under Roman rule, the city was renamed Calama. Between the late republic and early empire, it was governed by a Punic-inspired twin magistracy of sufetes. Whether Calama is identical with the town of Suthul which the Roman general Aulus Postumius Albinus unsuccessfully tried to take in 110 BC, (cf. Battle of Suthul) is disputed, with some denying and others cautiously affirming. In the 1st century AD, Calama, then part of the Roman province of Numidia, became a major urban centre. It was given the rank of a Roman municipium as early as Hadrian, and of a colonia later. The city was sponsored by Vibia Aurelia Sabina, sister of the Emperor Commodus (late 2nd century). Calama was, with Setifis (Setif) and Hippo Regius (Annaba), one of the granaries of Rome in the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD. Under Septimius Severus, Calama became one of the most prosperous in the Roman empire, with thermae and a huge theatre. Calama became a Christian bishopric, four of whose bishops are named in extant documents: Donatus (not to be confused with Donatus Magnus) was accused in a council held in 305 of having handed over the sacred scriptures during the Decian persecution Megalius gave episcopal ordination to Saint Augustine in 395 and died in 397 Saint Possidius, elected in the year of Megalius's death, took an active part in the joint Conference of Carthage (411) with Donatist bishops Quodvultdeus was one of the Catholic bishops whom Huneric summoned to Carthage in 484 and then exiled. Possidius wrote the first biography of Augustine, in which he lets it be known that he himself was one of the clergy of Augustine's monastery when he was appointed bishop of Calama. When Calama fell into the hands of the Vandal king Genseric in 429, Possidius took refuge with Augustine within the walled city of Hippo Regius. He was present at Augustine's death in 430. No longer a residential bishopric, Calama is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see. The invading Vandals captured and partially destroyed Calama and defeated Count Bonifacius near the city in 431. After the conquest of Numidia by the Byzantine Empire, Solomon (a general of Justinian I) built a fortress there between 539 and 554. Calama's population was fully Christian in the 6th and 7th century. With the spread of Islam, Byzantine rule of Calama ended (some Christians survived until the 9th century) and slowly Calama disappeared around the 11th century (see Guelma). Archeological remains Theatre. It is difficult to reconstruct the plan and general appearance of the Roman theatre. The only other important monument discovered are the public baths. The theatre was built in the first or second year of the 3rd century AD through the generosity of a certain Annia Aelia Restituta, who spent 400,000 sesterces on it. It was restored, indeed virtually rebuilt, from 1902 to 1918, after having served as a quarry. It is on a slope and measures 58.05 m in width. It was built with a rubble core revetted with ashlar. The tiers of seats had virtually all disappeared; they must have numbered 10 in the lower zone and 12 in the second. The orchestra was paved in marble. Behind the stage, which was flanked by two rectangular chambers, a portico with columns formed a facade. Roman thermae of Calama Baths. The public Roman baths were built of rubble and revetted with ashlar and brick. These "thermae" may date as early as the 2nd century AD. Only one large rectangular chamber (22 x 14 m), undoubtedly the tepidarium, can be described; it gave onto other rooms and onto the exterior by 11 passages. These baths were included within the Byzantine fortress, no doubt built on an earlier enclosure and defended by 13 towers. It measured 278 x 219 m. Forum. The existence of a forum is attested by a single inscription. There are also remains of arcades, a small shrine of Neptune, cisterns and, outside the town, a Christian church. In 1953 a hoard of 7,499 coins was discovered; virtually all of them came from the mint at Rome; the most recent dated to the beginning of AD 257. Presumably the hoard was buried because of local disturbances. Most of the ancient objects recovered at Calama and from the region are preserved in the Guelma Museum. Citadel and walls. Among its ruins are also a Byzantine citadel and walls built by the Byzantine patricius Solomon during the Byzantine reoccupation. 36°28′2.33″N 7°25′48.19″E / 36.4673139°N 7.4300528°E / 36.4673139; 7.4300528 Ancient Rome portal References Citations ^ "africa agostiniana". www.cassiciaco.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2018-02-01. ^ a b G. Mokhtar, General History of Africa II: Ancient Civilizations of Africa (UNESCO 1981 ISBN 978-92-3101708-7), pp. 470–471 and Muḥammad Jamāl al-Dīn Mukhtār, G. Mokhtar, abridged edition published by James Currey 1990 ISBN 978-0-85255092-2, pp. 264–265 ^ "J.B. Bury, History of the Later Roman Empire, chapter XVII, §3". Archived from the original on 2014-08-26. Retrieved 2014-08-23. ^ "Columbia University Libraries: A new classical dictionary of Greek and Roman biography mythology and geography". www.columbia.edu. Retrieved 2018-02-01. ^ "Roma Victrix: Mauretania – Numidia – Africa – Cyrenaica et Creta – Aegyptus". Archived from the original on 2014-08-26. Retrieved 2014-08-23. ^ Hoover, Jesse. "Map of Donatist North Africa". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) ^ "Siti archeologici africani: Calama". www.cassiciaco.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2018-02-01. ^ Huss (1985), p. 25. ^ Ilẹvbare, J.A. (June 1974). "The Impact of the Carthaginians and the Romans on the Administrative System of the Maghreb Part I". Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria. 7 (2): 187–197. JSTOR 41857007. ^ Sallust Bellum Iuguthinum, 37 ^ (Bamberg), Huß, Werner. "Suthul". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ a b c d Sophrone Pétridès, "Calama" in Catholic Encyclopedia (New York 1908) ^ The United Service Journal. H. Colburn. 1839. ^ Calama thermae (in French) ^ Pius Bonifacius Gams, Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae, Leipzig 1931, p. 464 ^ Stefano Antonio Morcelli, Africa christiana, Volume I, Brescia 1816, pp. 115–116 ^ H. Jaubert, Anciens évêchés et ruines chrétiennes de la Numidie et de la Sitifienne, in Recueil des Notices et Mémoires de la Société archéologique de Constantine, vol. 46, 1913, pp. 19-24 ^ a b "St. Possidius". Midwest Augustinians. Retrieved 2018-02-01. ^ Calama, Possidius of. "Possidius, Life of St. Augustine (1919) pp.39-145". www.tertullian.org. Retrieved 2018-02-01. ^ Chapter 12 of the Life ^ Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), p. 855 ^ Roman Theatre (in French) ^ "Guelma" in Encyclopædia Britannica Bibliography Huss, Werner (1985), Geschichte der Karthager, Munich: C.H. Beck, ISBN 9783406306549. (in German) Smith Reid, James. The Municipalities of the Roman Empire University of Michigan Press. Chicago, 1913 External links Images of Calama (Guelma) theatre and baths in Manar al-Athar digital heritage photo archive vte Phoenician cities and coloniesAlgeria Camarata Cartennae (Tenes) Hippo Regius Icosium (Algiers) Igilgili (Jijel) Iol (Cherchell) Iomnium (Tigzirt) Cirta (Constantine) Kissi (Djinet) Macomades Malaca Rachgoun Rusazus (Azeffoun) Rusguniae (Tamentfoust) Rusicade (Skikda) Rusippisir (Taksebt) Rusubbicari (Zemmouri El Bahri) Rusuccuru (Dellys) Sarai (Aïn Oulmene) Thagora (Taoura) Tipasa in Mauretania Tipasa in Numidia Timici Cyprus Dhali Kition (Larnaca) Lapathus Marion Greece Callista (Santorini) Paxi Rhodes Delos Israel Achzib Akka (Acre) Dora Michal Jaffa Reshef Shikmona (Haifa) Strato's Tower (Caesarea) Italy Bitan (Chia) Cape Melqart (Cefalù) Drepanum (Trapani) Eryx (Erice) Heraclea Minoa Kapara (Soluntum) Karaly (Cagliari) Lilybaeum Motya Neapolis Nora Olbia Pantelleria Selinunte Sulci (Sant'Antioco) Tharros Ṣiṣ (Palermo) Lebanon Amia Ampi Arqa Athar (Tripoli) 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Hadrumetum (Sousse) Hippo Diarrhytus (Bizerte) Kerkouane Lepcis (Monastir) Maqom Hadesh (Ounga) Meninx (Djerba) Ruspe Ruspina Sicca (El Kef) Tabarka Tayinat (Thyna) Thapsus Thysdrus (El Djem) Utica Other Myriandus Phoenicus Gibraltar Tahpanhes vteRomano-Berber cities in Roman North AfricaSorted by contemporary national bordersMorocco Anfa Cotta Exilissa Iulia Constantia Zilil Iulia Valentia Banasa Iulia Campestris Babba Lixus 2 Mogador Oppidum Novum (Tingitana) Sala 1 Tamuda 1 Thamusida Tingis Volubilis 1 Algeria Aquae Calidae Albulae Altava Auzia Calama Caesarea Cartennas Castellum Dimmidi Castellum Tingitanum Castra Nova Cirta Civitas Popthensis Collo Cohors Breucorum Cuicul 1 Diana Veteranorum Gemellae Gunugus Hippo Regius Icosium 1 Igilgili Iomnium Lamasba Lambaesis Madauros Mascula Mesarfelta Milevum Oppidum Novum (Caesariensis) Parthenia Pomaria Portus Divinus Portus Magnus Quiza Xenitana Rapidum Rusguniae Rusucurru Saldae Setifis Siga Thagaste Thamugadi 1 Theveste Thibilis Thubursicum Tiddis Tingartia Tipasa 1 Tubusuctu Tubunae Unica Colonia Uzinaza Vescera Zaraï Zuccabar Tunisia Althiburos Bulla Regia Capsa Carthago 1 Cillium Dougga 1 Gightis Hadrumetum 1 Hippo Diarrhytus Kelibia Leptis Parva Mactaris Pheradi Majus Pupput Rucuma Ruspae Scillium Sicca Simitthus Sufetula Tacapae Taparura Sufes Thabraca Thanae Thapsus Thuburbo Majus Thuburnica Thysdrus Turris Tamalleni Utica Uthina Vaga Zama Regia Egypt Siwa Qara Farafra Spain Septem Rusadir Kingdomsand provinces Mauretania Mauretania Tingitana Mauretania Caesariensis Numidia Roman Africa Creta et Cyrenaica Roman Egypt Diocese of Africa Zeugitana Byzacena Vandal Kingdom Praetorian prefecture of Africa Exarchate of Africa Related articles North Africa during classical antiquity African Romance Limes Tripolitanus Christianity in the Roman Africa province Early African Church Church of Carthage Roman colonies in Berber Africa 1 UNESCO World Heritage Sites 2 Proposed	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"colonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)"},{"link_name":"Roman province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_province"},{"link_name":"Numidia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numidia"},{"link_name":"Guelma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guelma"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Africa Proconsularis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Proconsularis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GHA-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GHA-2"}],"text":"Calama was a colonia in the Roman province of Numidia situated where Guelma in Algeria now stands.[1]G. Mokhtar places it just within the Roman province of Africa Proconsularis, to the east of Numidia,[2] but it is generally believed to have been in Numidia,[3][4][5][6] a province created probably in 198–199.[2]","title":"Calama (Numidia)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maghreb placename etymology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghreb_placename_etymology"},{"link_name":"Phoenicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicians"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Punic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punic_language"},{"link_name":"Málaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1laga"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h-8"},{"link_name":"Berber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbers"},{"link_name":"Numidia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numidia"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"Punic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punic"},{"link_name":"sufetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufet"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Aulus Postumius Albinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aulus_Postumius_Albinus_(consul_99_BC)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Battle of Suthul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Suthul"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CE-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Roman province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_province"},{"link_name":"municipium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipium"},{"link_name":"Hadrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian"},{"link_name":"colonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CE-12"},{"link_name":"Vibia Aurelia Sabina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibia_Aurelia_Sabina"},{"link_name":"Commodus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodus"},{"link_name":"Setif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setif"},{"link_name":"Hippo Regius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippo_Regius"},{"link_name":"Annaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annaba"},{"link_name":"Septimius Severus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimius_Severus"},{"link_name":"thermae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermae"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"bishopric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopric"},{"link_name":"Donatus Magnus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donatus_Magnus"},{"link_name":"council held in 305","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secundus_of_Tigisis#Meeting_of_305AD"},{"link_name":"handed over","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditor"},{"link_name":"scriptures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"Decian persecution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decian_persecution"},{"link_name":"Saint Augustine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Augustine"},{"link_name":"Saint Possidius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Possidius"},{"link_name":"Conference of Carthage (411)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conference_of_Carthage_(411)"},{"link_name":"Donatist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donatist"},{"link_name":"Quodvultdeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quodvultdeus"},{"link_name":"Huneric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huneric"},{"link_name":"Carthage in 484","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synod_of_Carthage_(484)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morcelli-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Midwest-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Vandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Genseric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genseric"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Midwest-18"},{"link_name":"bishopric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopric"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"titular see","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_see"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Bonifacius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonifacius"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CE-12"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_(magister_militum)"},{"link_name":"Justinian I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian_I"},{"link_name":"Guelma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guelma"}],"text":"Further information: Maghreb placename etymologyCalama was founded by the Phoenicians and called Malaka, similar[7] to their colony Malake (Punic: 𐤌𐤋𐤊𐤀, MLKʾ) at Málaga, Spain.[8] Malaka was situated in the Berber kingdom of Numidia. When this area later came under Roman rule, the city was renamed Calama. Between the late republic and early empire, it was governed by a Punic-inspired twin magistracy of sufetes.[9]Whether Calama is identical with the town of Suthul which the Roman general Aulus Postumius Albinus unsuccessfully tried to take in 110 BC,[10] (cf. Battle of Suthul) is disputed, with some denying[11] and others cautiously affirming.[12][13]In the 1st century AD, Calama, then part of the Roman province of Numidia, became a major urban centre. It was given the rank of a Roman municipium as early as Hadrian, and of a colonia later.[12] The city was sponsored by Vibia Aurelia Sabina, sister of the Emperor Commodus (late 2nd century). Calama was, with Setifis (Setif) and Hippo Regius (Annaba), one of the granaries of Rome in the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD. Under Septimius Severus, Calama became one of the most prosperous in the Roman empire, with thermae and a huge theatre.[14]Calama became a Christian bishopric, four of whose bishops are named in extant documents:Donatus (not to be confused with Donatus Magnus) was accused in a council held in 305 of having handed over the sacred scriptures during the Decian persecution\nMegalius gave episcopal ordination to Saint Augustine in 395 and died in 397\nSaint Possidius, elected in the year of Megalius's death, took an active part in the joint Conference of Carthage (411) with Donatist bishops\nQuodvultdeus was one of the Catholic bishops whom Huneric summoned to Carthage in 484 and then exiled.[15][16][17]Possidius wrote the first biography of Augustine,[18][19] in which he lets it be known that he himself was one of the clergy of Augustine's monastery when he was appointed bishop of Calama.[20] When Calama fell into the hands of the Vandal king Genseric in 429, Possidius took refuge with Augustine within the walled city of Hippo Regius.[18] He was present at Augustine's death in 430.No longer a residential bishopric, Calama is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.[21]The invading Vandals captured and partially destroyed Calama and defeated Count Bonifacius near the city in 431.[12]After the conquest of Numidia by the Byzantine Empire, Solomon (a general of Justinian I) built a fortress there between 539 and 554. Calama's population was fully Christian in the 6th and 7th century.With the spread of Islam, Byzantine rule of Calama ended (some Christians survived until the 9th century) and slowly Calama disappeared around the 11th century (see Guelma).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Roman theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_theatre_(structure)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guelma_-_Thermes_-_Mieusement_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Roman baths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_baths"},{"link_name":"forum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forum_(Roman)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CE-12"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB-23"},{"link_name":"36°28′2.33″N 7°25′48.19″E / 36.4673139°N 7.4300528°E / 36.4673139; 7.4300528","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Calama_(Numidia)&params=36_28_2.33_N_7_25_48.19_E_region:DZ_type:landmark"},{"link_name":"Ancient Rome portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Rome"}],"sub_title":"Archeological remains","text":"Theatre.[22] It is difficult to reconstruct the plan and general appearance of the Roman theatre. The only other important monument discovered are the public baths. The theatre was built in the first or second year of the 3rd century AD through the generosity of a certain Annia Aelia Restituta, who spent 400,000 sesterces on it. It was restored, indeed virtually rebuilt, from 1902 to 1918, after having served as a quarry. It is on a slope and measures 58.05 m in width. It was built with a rubble core revetted with ashlar. The tiers of seats had virtually all disappeared; they must have numbered 10 in the lower zone and 12 in the second. The orchestra was paved in marble. Behind the stage, which was flanked by two rectangular chambers, a portico with columns formed a facade.Roman thermae of CalamaBaths. The public Roman baths were built of rubble and revetted with ashlar and brick. These \"thermae\" may date as early as the 2nd century AD. Only one large rectangular chamber (22 x 14 m), undoubtedly the tepidarium, can be described; it gave onto other rooms and onto the exterior by 11 passages. These baths were included within the Byzantine fortress, no doubt built on an earlier enclosure and defended by 13 towers. It measured 278 x 219 m.\nForum. The existence of a forum is attested by a single inscription. There are also remains of arcades, a small shrine of Neptune, cisterns and, outside the town, a Christian church. In 1953 a hoard of 7,499 coins was discovered; virtually all of them came from the mint at Rome; the most recent dated to the beginning of AD 257.[citation needed] Presumably the hoard was buried because of local disturbances. Most of the ancient objects recovered at Calama and from the region are preserved in the Guelma Museum.\nCitadel and walls. Among its ruins are also a Byzantine citadel and walls built by the Byzantine patricius Solomon during the Byzantine reoccupation.[12][23]36°28′2.33″N 7°25′48.19″E / 36.4673139°N 7.4300528°E / 36.4673139; 7.4300528Ancient Rome portal","title":"History"}]	[{"image_text":"Roman thermae of Calama","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Guelma_-_Thermes_-_Mieusement_01.jpg/220px-Guelma_-_Thermes_-_Mieusement_01.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"africa agostiniana\". www.cassiciaco.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2018-02-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cassiciaco.it/navigazione/africa/tavole_geografiche/mauritania.html","url_text":"\"africa agostiniana\""}]},{"reference":"\"J.B. Bury, History of the Later Roman Empire, chapter XVII, §3\". Archived from the original on 2014-08-26. Retrieved 2014-08-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140826115006/http://cristoraul.com/ENGLISH/MedievalHistory/Bury/Roman_Empire/Theodosius_I_to_Justinian/VOL_2/CHAPTER-XVII.html#","url_text":"\"J.B. Bury, History of the Later Roman Empire, chapter XVII, §3\""},{"url":"http://cristoraul.com/ENGLISH/MedievalHistory/Bury/Roman_Empire/Theodosius_I_to_Justinian/VOL_2/CHAPTER-XVII.html#","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Columbia University Libraries: A new classical dictionary of Greek and Roman biography mythology and geography\". www.columbia.edu. Retrieved 2018-02-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/collections/cul/texts/ldpd_10482899_000/pages/ldpd_10482899_000_00000179.html","url_text":"\"Columbia University Libraries: A new classical dictionary of Greek and Roman biography mythology and geography\""}]},{"reference":"\"Roma Victrix: Mauretania – Numidia – Africa – Cyrenaica et Creta – Aegyptus\". Archived from the original on 2014-08-26. Retrieved 2014-08-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140826162436/http://www.roma-victrix.com/urbesetloca/urbesetloca_mauretania.htm#","url_text":"\"Roma Victrix: Mauretania – Numidia – Africa – Cyrenaica et Creta – Aegyptus\""},{"url":"http://www.roma-victrix.com/urbesetloca/urbesetloca_mauretania.htm#","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hoover, Jesse. \"Map of Donatist North Africa\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/2388954","url_text":"\"Map of Donatist North Africa\""}]},{"reference":"\"Siti archeologici africani: Calama\". www.cassiciaco.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2018-02-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cassiciaco.it/navigazione/africa/siti_archeologici/guelma.html","url_text":"\"Siti archeologici africani: Calama\""}]},{"reference":"Ilẹvbare, J.A. (June 1974). \"The Impact of the Carthaginians and the Romans on the Administrative System of the Maghreb Part I\". Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria. 7 (2): 187–197. JSTOR 41857007.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41857007","url_text":"41857007"}]},{"reference":"(Bamberg), Huß, Werner. \"Suthul\".","urls":[{"url":"http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/suthul-e1126310","url_text":"\"Suthul\""}]},{"reference":"The United Service Journal. H. Colburn. 1839.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=S143AAAAYAAJ&q=Suthul+Calama+-wikipedia&pg=PA35","url_text":"The United Service Journal"}]},{"reference":"\"St. Possidius\". Midwest Augustinians. Retrieved 2018-02-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://midwestaugustinians.org/st-possidius/","url_text":"\"St. Possidius\""}]},{"reference":"Calama, Possidius of. \"Possidius, Life of St. Augustine (1919) pp.39-145\". www.tertullian.org. Retrieved 2018-02-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/possidius_life_of_augustine_02_text.htm","url_text":"\"Possidius, Life of St. Augustine (1919) pp.39-145\""}]},{"reference":"Huss, Werner (1985), Geschichte der Karthager, Munich: C.H. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garra_emarginata	Garra emarginata	["1 References"]	Species of fish Garra emarginata Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Cypriniformes Family: Cyprinidae Subfamily: Labeoninae Genus: Garra Species: G. emarginata Binomial name Garra emarginataKurup & Radhakrishnan, 2011 Garra emarginata is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus Garra endemic to the Periyar River in Kerala, India. References ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2016). "Garra emarginata" in FishBase. April 2016 version. Taxon identifiersGarra emarginata Wikidata: Q13639825 CoL: 3FBJ4 FishBase: 66324 GBIF: 6167098 iNaturalist: 612946 Open Tree of Life: 3626948 WoRMS: 1007783 This Garra article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ray-finned fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray-finned_fish"},{"link_name":"Garra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garra"},{"link_name":"Periyar River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_(river)"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FB-1"}],"text":"Garra emarginata is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus Garra endemic to the Periyar River in Kerala, India.[1]","title":"Garra emarginata"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Garra&speciesname=emarginata","external_links_name":"\"Garra emarginata\""},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/3FBJ4","external_links_name":"3FBJ4"},{"Link":"https://www.fishbase.ca/summary/66324","external_links_name":"66324"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/6167098","external_links_name":"6167098"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/612946","external_links_name":"612946"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=3626948","external_links_name":"3626948"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1007783","external_links_name":"1007783"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Garra_emarginata&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_Records	States Records	["1 Releases","2 See also","3 References"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "States Records" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) States RecordsFounded1952 (1952)FounderLeonard AllenDefunct1957 (1957)StatusInactiveGenreBlues, jazz, doo-wop, gospelCountry of originU.S.LocationChicago States Record Company was a Chicago-based record label. A subsidiary of United Recording, it was in business from May 1952 to December 1957. States focused on rhythm and blues, jazz, and gospel. States was operated by Leonard Allen and Lew Simpkins until Simpkins' death in April 1953; thereafter, Allen was solely responsible for the company. Most sessions for States were done at Universal Recording, with high-fidelity results. The most important blues artist to record for States was Junior Wells, making his debut as a leader; he cut sessions for the company in 1953 and 1954. In the down-home category, Allen also released singles by Robert Nighthawk and Big Walter Horton, as well as pianist Eddie Ware, guitarist L. C. McKinley, and drummer James Bannister. Standup blues singers to record for the label included Edward "The Great Gates" White (accompanied on his outing by Tom Archia and Red Saunders), Cliff Butler, Arbee Stidham, Jack Cooley, and Harold Burrage. States issued juke-box jazz sides by tenor saxophonists Paul Bascomb, Jimmy Coe, and Cozy Eggleston. A few forays into the Detroit scene produced rhythm and blues by Sax Kari, Jimmy Hamilton, T. J. Fowler, and Helen Thompson. States became involved in doo-wop in 1953 when Allen recorded The Hornets. He soon added The Danderliers, the Five Chances, The Strollers and The Palms. The vocal groups were rehearsed by Al Smith, who also led studio bands featuring such performers as guitarist Lefty Bates, tenor saxophonist Red Holloway, and drummer Vernel Fournier. In gospel, The Caravans were a mainstay of the label throughout its existence. Eventually, Allen added the Genesa Smith Singers and the Lucy Smith Singers. Allen did less recording after 1954, and closed both of his labels around the end of 1957. States releases ran consecutively from 101 to 164, for a total of 64 singles on the label. States relied heavily on The Caravans, releasing 14 singles on them and compiling many more unissued tracks. After the company closed, Savoy Records, which had signed the group and was seeking to consolidate its position in gospel music, bought this rich cache of material. States' remaining output was acquired in 1975 by Bob Koester of Delmark Records, and has been included in comprehensive reissue programs. Releases S-101 - "Marie"/"I Like Barbecue" - The Guy Brothers and Orchestra S-102 - "Blues and the Beat"/"Blackout" - Paul Bascomb and His All Star Orchestra S-103 - "Think of His Goodness to You"/"Tell the Angels" - The Caravans S-104 - "Late One Night"/"Let's Drink" - Gilbert Holiday and his Combo S-105 - "Lord Is Riding"/"On the Battlefield" - The Veteran Singers S-106 - "Lonely Monday"/"Cool One-Groove Two" - Tommy Dean and his Gloom Raiders S-107 - "Blues Train"/"You Ain't Gonna Worry Me" - Browley Guy and the Skyscrapers (with Paul Bascomb) S-108 - "Stranger of Galilee"/"Count Your Blessings" - The Caravans S-109 - "Get Away Jordan"/"He'll Be There" - The Caravans S-110 - "Got Cool Too Soon"/"Coquette" - Paul Bascomb and His All-Star Band S-111 - "Raining"/"Foolish" - Tommy Dean and his Gloom Raiders S-112 - "Adam's Rib"/"Benny's Blues" - Cliff Butler and His Blue Boys S-113 - "Big Fifty"/"Rockaway Special" - Jimmy Hamilton, Mighty Man of the Tenor Sax S-114 - "Heartache Blues"/"Stormy Monday" - Grant (Mr. Blues) Jones and Orchestra S-115 - "Daughter (That's Your Red Wagon)"/"Down for Debbie" - Swinging Sax Kari and His Orchestra S-116 - "God Is Good to Me"/"Blessed Assurance" - The Caravans S-117 - "Henry"/"You Let My Love Grow Cold" - Swinging Sax Kari and His Orchestra S-118 - "After Hour Joint"/"Baby I'm Gone" - Jimmy Coe and his Gay Cats of Rhythm S-119 - "Why Should I Worry"/"On My Way Home" - The Caravans S-120 - "How Can I Let You Go"/"Scammon Boogie" - Tommy Dean and his Gloom Raiders S-121 - "Soul and Body"/"Matilda" - Paul Bascomb S-122 - "Cut That Out"/"Eagle Rock" - Junior Wells S-123 - "People Will Talk"/"When You Love" - Cliff Butler and his Doves S-124 - "Mother in Law" / "Rockabye Baby" - Edward Gates White S-125 - "Could But I Ain't"/"Rain on My Window" - Jack Cooley and his Orchestra S-126 - "All by Myself"/"Going Down to Big Mary's" - Helen Thompson and Orchestra S-127 - "Lonesome Baby"/"I Can't Believe" - The Hornets and Orchestra S-128 - "I Know the Lord Will Make a Way"/"What a Friend We Have in Jesus" - The Caravans S-129 - "Raid on the After Hour Joint"/"He's Alright with Me" - Jimmy Coe and his Gay Cats of Rhythm S-130 - "The Stuff I Like"/"Lonely Broken Heart" - Eddie Ware S-131 - "Maggie Campbell"/"The Moon Is Rising" - Robert Nighthawk and his Nighthawks Band S-132 - "Tell Me What's the Matter"/"The Queen" - T. J. Fowler and the Band that Rocks the Blues S-133 - "Big Heavy"/"Cozy's Boogie" - Cozy Eggleston and his Combo S-134 - "Somebody Hoodooed the Hoodoo Man"/"Junior's Wail" - Junior Wells and his Eagle Rockers S-135 - "Companion Blues"/"Weeping Willow Blues" - L. C. McKinley and his Orchestra S-136 - "Since I Met Jesus"/"The Angels Keep Watching" - The Caravans S-137 - "Blessed and Brought Up by the Lord"/"Jesus Is a Rock" - The Caravans S-138 - "My Baby's Gone"/"Troubled Woman" - Helen Thompson S-139 - "'Bout the Break of Day"/"Lawdy! Lawdy!" - Junior Wells S-140 - "Let Us Run"/"Witness" - The Caravans S-141 - "Gold Digger"/"Blues and Trouble" - James Bannister and his Combo S-142 - "Over in the Gloryland"/"Look to the Hills" - The Genesa Smith Singers S-143 - "So All Alone"/"Tomorrow Night" - Junior Wells S-144 - "Feel So Fine"/"You're Gonna Cry" - Harold Burrage and Combo S-145 - "Hard Hearted Woman"/"Back Home to Mama" - Big Walter and his Combo S-146 - "What Kind of Man Is This"/"The Man Jesus" - The Caravans with James Cleveland S-147 - "Chop Chop Boom"/"My Autumn Love" - The Danderliers S-148 - "Jealous Hearted Woman"/"(You're Honey but the) Bees Don't Know" - Cliff Butler and his Blue Boys S-149 - "Old Time Religion"/"The Solid Rock" - The Caravans with James Cleveland S-150 - "Shu-Wop"/"My Loving Partner" - The Danderliers S-151 - "Come unto Me"/"Jesus Lover of My Soul" - (Little) Lucy Smith Singers S-152 - "Little Man"/"May God Be with You" - The Danderliers S-153 - "Somebody Bigger Than You and I"/"Every Time I Feel the Spirit" - (Little) Lucy Smith Singers S-154 - "Tell Him What You Want"/"Wait for Me" - The Caravans S-155 - "Run Jody Run"/"The Jet" - Jimmy Coe and his Gay Cats of Rhythm S-156 - "Gloria"/"Sugar Lips" - Five Chances S-157 - "Darling Patricia"/"Please Come Back" - Artie Wilkins and The Palms S-158 - "On My Knees"/"Hold the Light" - (Little) Lucy Smith Singers S-159 - "None but the Righteous"/"Onward Christian Soldiers" - The Caravans S-160 - "She's Mine"/"My Love" - The Danderliers S-161 - "Crucifixion"/"Come on Jesus" - The Caravans S-162 - "I Just Had to Call His Name"/"He'll Make You Happy" - (Little) Lucy Smith Singers S-163 - "Go Where Baby Lives"/"In Your Dreams" - The Strollers with Lefty Bates Band S-164 - "Look Me Straight in the Eye"/"I Stayed Away Too Long" - Arbee Stidham - Lefty Bates Band See also List of record labels References ^ Pruter, Robert, Campbell, Robert L. and Kelly, Tom "The United and States Labels Part I" Archived 2009-07-31 at the Wayback Machine Accessed August 13, 2009 ^ Pruter, Robert, Campbell, Robert L., and Kelly, Tom. "The United and States Labels Part II" Accessed August 26, 2009	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"record label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_label"},{"link_name":"United Recording","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Recording_Corporation"},{"link_name":"rhythm and blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues"},{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"gospel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_music"},{"link_name":"Leonard Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Allen_(businessman)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lew Simpkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lew_Simpkins&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unitedstates-1"},{"link_name":"Universal Recording","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Recording"},{"link_name":"Junior Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_Wells"},{"link_name":"Robert Nighthawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lee_McCollum"},{"link_name":"Big Walter Horton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Walter_Horton"},{"link_name":"L. C. McKinley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._C._McKinley"},{"link_name":"Edward \"The Great Gates\" White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Gates_White"},{"link_name":"Tom Archia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Archia"},{"link_name":"Red Saunders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Saunders_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Cliff Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff_Butler"},{"link_name":"Arbee Stidham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbee_Stidham"},{"link_name":"Harold Burrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Burrage"},{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"tenor saxophonists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenor_saxophone"},{"link_name":"Paul Bascomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Bascomb"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Coe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Coe"},{"link_name":"Cozy Eggleston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cozy_Eggleston&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit"},{"link_name":"rhythm and blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues"},{"link_name":"Sax Kari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sax_Kari"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"T. J. Fowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._J._Fowler"},{"link_name":"doo-wop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doo-wop"},{"link_name":"The Danderliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Danderliers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Five Chances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Five_Chances&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Strollers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Strollers_(vocal_group)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Palms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Palms_(vocal_group)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Al Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_B._Smith&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lefty Bates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lefty_Bates"},{"link_name":"Red Holloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Holloway"},{"link_name":"Vernel Fournier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernel_Fournier"},{"link_name":"gospel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_music"},{"link_name":"The Caravans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Caravans"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unitedstates2-2"},{"link_name":"The Caravans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Caravans"},{"link_name":"Savoy Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savoy_Records"},{"link_name":"Bob Koester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Koester"},{"link_name":"Delmark Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delmark_Records"}],"text":"States Record Company was a Chicago-based record label. A subsidiary of United Recording, it was in business from May 1952 to December 1957. States focused on rhythm and blues, jazz, and gospel.States was operated by Leonard Allen and Lew Simpkins until Simpkins' death in April 1953; thereafter, Allen was solely responsible for the company.[1]Most sessions for States were done at Universal Recording, with high-fidelity results.The most important blues artist to record for States was Junior Wells, making his debut as a leader; he cut sessions for the company in 1953 and 1954. In the down-home category, Allen also released singles by Robert Nighthawk and Big Walter Horton, as well as pianist Eddie Ware, guitarist L. C. McKinley, and drummer James Bannister. Standup blues singers to record for the label included Edward \"The Great Gates\" White (accompanied on his outing by Tom Archia and Red Saunders), Cliff Butler, Arbee Stidham, Jack Cooley, and Harold Burrage.States issued juke-box jazz sides by tenor saxophonists Paul Bascomb, Jimmy Coe, and Cozy Eggleston. A few forays into the Detroit scene produced rhythm and blues by Sax Kari, Jimmy Hamilton, T. J. Fowler, and Helen Thompson. States became involved in doo-wop in 1953 when Allen recorded The Hornets. He soon added The Danderliers, the Five Chances, The Strollers and The Palms.The vocal groups were rehearsed by Al Smith, who also led studio bands featuring such performers as guitarist Lefty Bates, tenor saxophonist Red Holloway, and drummer Vernel Fournier. In gospel, The Caravans were a mainstay of the label throughout its existence. Eventually, Allen added the Genesa Smith Singers and the Lucy Smith Singers.Allen did less recording after 1954, and closed both of his labels around the end of 1957.[2] States releases ran consecutively from 101 to 164, for a total of 64 singles on the label.States relied heavily on The Caravans, releasing 14 singles on them and compiling many more unissued tracks. After the company closed, Savoy Records, which had signed the group and was seeking to consolidate its position in gospel music, bought this rich cache of material. States' remaining output was acquired in 1975 by Bob Koester of Delmark Records, and has been included in comprehensive reissue programs.","title":"States Records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Bascomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Bascomb"},{"link_name":"The Caravans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Caravans"},{"link_name":"Tommy Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tommy_Dean_(bandleader)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cliff Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff_Butler"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"Grant (Mr. Blues) Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grant_(Mr._Blues)_Jones&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sax Kari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sax_Kari"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Coe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Coe"},{"link_name":"Junior Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_Wells"},{"link_name":"Cliff Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff_Butler"},{"link_name":"Edward Gates White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Gates_White"},{"link_name":"Robert Nighthawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lee_McCollum"},{"link_name":"L. C. McKinley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._C._McKinley"},{"link_name":"Harold Burrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Burrage"},{"link_name":"Big Walter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Walter_Horton"},{"link_name":"James Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cleveland"},{"link_name":"The Danderliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Danderliers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cliff Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff_Butler"},{"link_name":"Five Chances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Five_Chances&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Palms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Palms_(vocal_group)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Onward Christian Soldiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onward,_Christian_Soldiers"},{"link_name":"The Strollers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Strollers_(vocal_group)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lefty Bates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lefty_Bates"},{"link_name":"Arbee Stidham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbee_Stidham"}],"text":"S-101 - \"Marie\"/\"I Like Barbecue\" - The Guy Brothers and Orchestra\nS-102 - \"Blues and the Beat\"/\"Blackout\" - Paul Bascomb and His All Star Orchestra\nS-103 - \"Think of His Goodness to You\"/\"Tell the Angels\" - The Caravans\nS-104 - \"Late One Night\"/\"Let's Drink\" - Gilbert Holiday and his Combo\nS-105 - \"Lord Is Riding\"/\"On the Battlefield\" - The Veteran Singers\nS-106 - \"Lonely Monday\"/\"Cool One-Groove Two\" - Tommy Dean and his Gloom Raiders\nS-107 - \"Blues Train\"/\"You Ain't Gonna Worry Me\" - Browley Guy and the Skyscrapers (with Paul Bascomb)\nS-108 - \"Stranger of Galilee\"/\"Count Your Blessings\" - The Caravans\nS-109 - \"Get Away Jordan\"/\"He'll Be There\" - The Caravans\nS-110 - \"Got Cool Too Soon\"/\"Coquette\" - Paul Bascomb and His All-Star Band\nS-111 - \"Raining\"/\"Foolish\" - Tommy Dean and his Gloom Raiders\nS-112 - \"Adam's Rib\"/\"Benny's Blues\" - Cliff Butler and His Blue Boys\nS-113 - \"Big Fifty\"/\"Rockaway Special\" - Jimmy Hamilton, Mighty Man of the Tenor Sax\nS-114 - \"Heartache Blues\"/\"Stormy Monday\" - Grant (Mr. Blues) Jones and Orchestra\nS-115 - \"Daughter (That's Your Red Wagon)\"/\"Down for Debbie\" - Swinging Sax Kari and His Orchestra\nS-116 - \"God Is Good to Me\"/\"Blessed Assurance\" - The Caravans\nS-117 - \"Henry\"/\"You Let My Love Grow Cold\" - Swinging Sax Kari and His Orchestra\nS-118 - \"After Hour Joint\"/\"Baby I'm Gone\" - Jimmy Coe and his Gay Cats of Rhythm\nS-119 - \"Why Should I Worry\"/\"On My Way Home\" - The Caravans\nS-120 - \"How Can I Let You Go\"/\"Scammon Boogie\" - Tommy Dean and his Gloom Raiders\nS-121 - \"Soul and Body\"/\"Matilda\" - Paul Bascomb\nS-122 - \"Cut That Out\"/\"Eagle Rock\" - Junior Wells\nS-123 - \"People Will Talk\"/\"When You Love\" - Cliff Butler and his Doves\nS-124 - \"Mother in Law\" / \"Rockabye Baby\" - Edward Gates White\nS-125 - \"Could But I Ain't\"/\"Rain on My Window\" - Jack Cooley and his Orchestra\nS-126 - \"All by Myself\"/\"Going Down to Big Mary's\" - Helen Thompson and Orchestra\nS-127 - \"Lonesome Baby\"/\"I Can't Believe\" - The Hornets and Orchestra\nS-128 - \"I Know the Lord Will Make a Way\"/\"What a Friend We Have in Jesus\" - The Caravans\nS-129 - \"Raid on the After Hour Joint\"/\"He's Alright with Me\" - Jimmy Coe and his Gay Cats of Rhythm\nS-130 - \"The Stuff I Like\"/\"Lonely Broken Heart\" - Eddie Ware\nS-131 - \"Maggie Campbell\"/\"The Moon Is Rising\" - Robert Nighthawk and his Nighthawks Band\nS-132 - \"Tell Me What's the Matter\"/\"The Queen\" - T. J. Fowler and the Band that Rocks the Blues\nS-133 - \"Big Heavy\"/\"Cozy's Boogie\" - Cozy Eggleston and his Combo\nS-134 - \"Somebody Hoodooed the Hoodoo Man\"/\"Junior's Wail\" - Junior Wells and his Eagle Rockers\nS-135 - \"Companion Blues\"/\"Weeping Willow Blues\" - L. C. McKinley and his Orchestra\nS-136 - \"Since I Met Jesus\"/\"The Angels Keep Watching\" - The Caravans\nS-137 - \"Blessed and Brought Up by the Lord\"/\"Jesus Is a Rock\" - The Caravans\nS-138 - \"My Baby's Gone\"/\"Troubled Woman\" - Helen Thompson\nS-139 - \"'Bout the Break of Day\"/\"Lawdy! Lawdy!\" - Junior Wells\nS-140 - \"Let Us Run\"/\"Witness\" - The Caravans\nS-141 - \"Gold Digger\"/\"Blues and Trouble\" - James Bannister and his Combo\nS-142 - \"Over in the Gloryland\"/\"Look to the Hills\" - The Genesa Smith Singers\nS-143 - \"So All Alone\"/\"Tomorrow Night\" - Junior Wells\nS-144 - \"Feel So Fine\"/\"You're Gonna Cry\" - Harold Burrage and Combo\nS-145 - \"Hard Hearted Woman\"/\"Back Home to Mama\" - Big Walter and his Combo\nS-146 - \"What Kind of Man Is This\"/\"The Man Jesus\" - The Caravans with James Cleveland\nS-147 - \"Chop Chop Boom\"/\"My Autumn Love\" - The Danderliers\nS-148 - \"Jealous Hearted Woman\"/\"(You're Honey but the) Bees Don't Know\" - Cliff Butler and his Blue Boys\nS-149 - \"Old Time Religion\"/\"The Solid Rock\" - The Caravans with James Cleveland\nS-150 - \"Shu-Wop\"/\"My Loving Partner\" - The Danderliers\nS-151 - \"Come unto Me\"/\"Jesus Lover of My Soul\" - (Little) Lucy Smith Singers\nS-152 - \"Little Man\"/\"May God Be with You\" - The Danderliers\nS-153 - \"Somebody Bigger Than You and I\"/\"Every Time I Feel the Spirit\" - (Little) Lucy Smith Singers\nS-154 - \"Tell Him What You Want\"/\"Wait for Me\" - The Caravans\nS-155 - \"Run Jody Run\"/\"The Jet\" - Jimmy Coe and his Gay Cats of Rhythm\nS-156 - \"Gloria\"/\"Sugar Lips\" - Five Chances\nS-157 - \"Darling Patricia\"/\"Please Come Back\" - Artie Wilkins and The Palms\nS-158 - \"On My Knees\"/\"Hold the Light\" - (Little) Lucy Smith Singers\nS-159 - \"None but the Righteous\"/\"Onward Christian Soldiers\" - The Caravans\nS-160 - \"She's Mine\"/\"My Love\" - The Danderliers\nS-161 - \"Crucifixion\"/\"Come on Jesus\" - The Caravans\nS-162 - \"I Just Had to Call His Name\"/\"He'll Make You Happy\" - (Little) Lucy Smith Singers\nS-163 - \"Go Where Baby Lives\"/\"In Your Dreams\" - The Strollers with Lefty Bates Band\nS-164 - \"Look Me Straight in the Eye\"/\"I Stayed Away Too Long\" - Arbee Stidham - Lefty Bates Band","title":"Releases"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of record labels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_record_labels"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22States+Records%22","external_links_name":"\"States Records\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22States+Records%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22States+Records%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22States+Records%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22States+Records%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22States+Records%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://campber.people.clemson.edu/unitedstates.html","external_links_name":"Pruter, Robert, Campbell, Robert L. and Kelly, Tom \"The United and States Labels Part I\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090731034210/http://hubcap.clemson.edu/~campber/unitedstates.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://campber.people.clemson.edu/unitedstates2.html","external_links_name":"Pruter, Robert, Campbell, Robert L., and Kelly, Tom. \"The United and States Labels Part II\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawaab_Syed_Shamsul_Huda	Syed Shamsul Huda	["1 Education","2 Career","3 Contributions to education","4 Death","5 References"]	Indian politician Syed Shamsul HudaHuda in 1913Born1862 (1862)Brahmanbaria, Bengal Presidency, British IndiaDied14 October 1922(1922-10-14) (aged 59–60)Calcutta, Bengal Presidency, British IndiaParentShah Syed Reazutullah (father) Sir Syed Shamsul Huda KCIE (1862–1922) was a Muslim political leader of the Bengal Executive Council. He became the first British Indian Muslim President of the Legislative council in 1921. Huda was born in Gokarna, palace known as Gokarna Nawab Bari Complex Nasirnager, Brahmanbaria. It was the part of Cumilla. Earlier known as greater Hill Tipperah. His father Syed Riazat Ullah was the editor of The Doorbeen, a Persian weekly journal. Education Gokarna Nawab Bari Complex, Brahmanbaria Syed Shamsul Huda completed primary education at home. His father taught him Arabic, Persian, Urdu, Bengali, and Islamic ideology. For higher education, he went to Hooghly Madrasah at Calcutta. He became a BA from Presidency College in 1884, a BL from Calcutta University in 1886 and a MA in Persian, privately from Presidency College in 1889. Huda was a student in many fields of knowledge. He was one of the most articulate Muslims of his age. He became an iconic British Indian Muslim scholar, writer, lawyer, powerful leader, and profound politician in the twentieth century. Career Syed Shamsul Huda joined the Calcutta Madrasah as a lecturer in 1885. He decided to be a lawyer and started practicing in Calcutta High Court in 1887. That lead him to step into politics. The Indian National Congress was established in 1885 and proposed to all Indian people to join despite religions. They succeeded by collecting full support from great Indian Muslim leaders Syed Ahmad Khan, Nawab Abdul Latif, and Syed Ameer Ali. Later for few days, Congress leaders changed their opinion and started partitioning. Muslim leaders called the next Annual Meeting in 1895. Huda addressed to stop this and advised the ways to make a more united and effective Congress. His address is known as Indian Politics and the Muhammadans. Hence, he became at the top of the political body. Huda opposed the budget for 1905. That was a budget created for the development of colleges, hospitals, and other institutions in Calcutta that was spending East Bengal's revenue. He proposed spending for such institutions in East Bengal for the welfare of East Bengal Muslims. But the elite Hindus highly opposed it. He wrote: ... The best of Colleges, Hospitals, and other institutions were founded in or near about the Capital of India.... neglect of years and cannot be blamed if require large sums to put our house in order. He also mentioned on another occasion: They have benefited for very many years out of the revenues of Eastern Bengal and have paid very little for its progress and advancement ... Tagore Law Lecture - "The Principles of the Law of Crimes in British India" Authority selected Huda as a fellow of Calcutta University in 1902. He delivered the historical Tagore Law Lecture published in a book named The Principles of the Law of Crimes in British India by Butterworth & Co,(India) Ltd. Jeremy Bentham, William Austin, and William Blackstone influenced him. He presided Muhammadan Educational Conference at Rajshahi in 1904, the East Bengal and Assam Legislative Assembly member in 1908, the All India Muslim League President in 1910, and Imperial Legislative Council between 1911 and 1915. He is one of the leaders of public opinion in his Province, and is On the forefront of all movements concerning the Mohammadan community. Executive Council: Thomas Gibson-Carmichael (seated) and (standing left to right) Huda, Frederick William Duke, and P C Lion Chitty Huda was the governor of Bengal's executive council member from 1912 to 1919. Rewarded as the nawab in 1913, KCIE in 1916 and the second judge in Calcutta High Court in 1917 from the East Bengal Muslim justice. Thomas Gibson-Carmichael stated: ...my judgement the Mohamedan community in Bengal could have had no more sympathetic or better advocate than he has been. Huda became the first British Indian Muslim president of the reoriented legislative council of East and West Bengal in 1921. ...he rendered the greatest service within his power to Bengal and to the Reforms - a service which will always be held in honourable remembrance. Surendranath Banerjee stated: ...his demands for the rights and claims of his co-religionists. In fact he was a gentleman in the highest sense of the word. ...He worked round the clock to improve the existential condition of his fellow Muslims during his long and distinguished career as a jurist, leader and politician. Contributions to education Executive Council (1912-1917):Thomas Gibson-Carmichael on the chair and standing from the right Huda, N D Beatson-Bell and P C Lion Chitty Syed Shamsul Huda created accommodations founding Carmichael Hostel in Calcutta for rural university-going Muslim students of Bengal. He sanctioned two-thirds of funds from the government to establish the Elliot Madrasah Hostel in 1898. Estimated Rs. 5,400 contributed by the Nawab Abdul Latif Memorial Committee. He created the post of "assistant director for Muslim education" for each division. Huda sanctioned the large sum of Rs. 900,000 from the Bengal government to purchase land to establish a government college for Muslims in Calcutta. The opening ceremony was postponed until 1926 due to the First World War when Abul Kasem Fazl-ul-Haq became education minister of the united province. Huda founded Gokarna Syed Waliuallah High School naming his same-aged uncle on his paternal property in 1915. It was the first government-aided school in Nasirnagar for Hindu and Muslim students. Major elites Hindus like Ashutosh Mukherjee, Shyamaprasad Mukherjee etc. opposed The University of Dhaka Huda's involvement helped it established in 1921. Lawrence Ronaldshay served as chancellor and designated Huda as a life member of the university. Huda recommended A. F. Rahman as a provost and appointed by Lord Ronaldshay. Huda funded the journals Sudhakar (1889), The Urdu Guide Press, and The Muhammadan Observer (1880). He prevented religious obligation for women's education in Bengal. He supported and encouraged Begum Rokeya for women's education and development and her Bengal Women's Education Project. Death Syed Shamsul Huda lived at 211 Lawyer Circular Road, Calcutta. He died on 14 October 1922 and was buried in Tiljola Municipal graveyard. The Calcutta Weekly Notes wrote of his death: Sir Shamsul Huda has passed away at the time when his countrymen have stood in the greatest need of that happy combination of qualities which make leadership and which he possessed in a pre-eminent degree. References ^ Islam, Sirajul; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir, eds. (2012). "Bangladesh". Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0576-6. OCLC 52727562. OL 30677644M. Retrieved 15 June 2024. ^ "Nasirnagar Upazilla". Bangladesh National Portal. ^ Princely States of India ^ a b Khan, Muhammad Mojlum (2013). The Muslim Heritage of Bengal. Kube Publishing. p. 249. ISBN 978-1-84774-059-5. ^ a b c Khan, Muhammad Mojlum (2013). The Muslim Heritage of Bengal. Kube Publishing Ltd. p. 251. ISBN 978-1-84774-059-5. ^ "Books Received". Harvard Law Review. 33 (8): 1084–1086. June 1920. JSTOR 1327638.; "Books Received". Yale Law Journal. 30 (1): 107–108. November 1920. JSTOR 786705. ^ Elite Conflict in a Plural Society: Twentieth-century Bengal, J. H. Broomfield, University of California press, page 51; Who's who in India, Poona 1923; and Who's Who, 1923 (London, 1923). ^ Islam, Sirajul (2012). "Nawab". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ^ a b c d Khan, Muhammad Mojlum (2013). The Muslim Heritage of Bengal. Kube Publishing Ltd. p. 252. ISBN 978-1-84774-059-5. ^ a b Khan, Muhammad Mojlum (2013). The Muslim Heritage of Bengal. Kube Publishing Ltd. p. 253. ISBN 978-1-84774-059-5. ^ Gupta, Amita (2007). Going to School in South Asia. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-313-33553-2. ^ "Why and who opposed the establishment of Dhaka University?". Daily Phulpur. 2 September 2021. ^ "Egregious allegations of communalism against Rabindranath". New Age. 20 July 2022. ^ "A colossus from Brahmanbaria". The Daily Star. 20 July 2022. ^ Amin, Sonia Nishat (1996). The World of Muslim Women in Colonial Bengal, 1876-1939. Brill. p. 158. ISBN 978-90-04-10642-0.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir"},{"link_name":"KCIE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_Indian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Bengal Executive Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)"},{"link_name":"British Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_India"},{"link_name":"Legislative council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_British_India"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bpedia-1"},{"link_name":"Gokarna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gokarna,_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Nasirnager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasirnagar_Upazila"},{"link_name":"Brahmanbaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanbaria_District"},{"link_name":"Cumilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumilla_District"},{"link_name":"Hill Tipperah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_Tipperah"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Sir Syed Shamsul Huda KCIE (1862–1922) was a Muslim political leader of the Bengal Executive Council. He became the first British Indian Muslim President of the Legislative council in 1921.[1] Huda was born in Gokarna, palace known as Gokarna Nawab Bari Complex Nasirnager, Brahmanbaria. It was the part of Cumilla. Earlier known as greater Hill Tipperah.[2][3] His father Syed Riazat Ullah was the editor of The Doorbeen, a Persian weekly journal.","title":"Syed Shamsul Huda"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gokarna_Nawab_Bari.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hooghly Madrasah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooghly_Madrasah"},{"link_name":"Calcutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta"},{"link_name":"BA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Presidency College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_College,_Kolkata"},{"link_name":"BL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Law"},{"link_name":"Calcutta University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta_University"},{"link_name":"MA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"British Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_India"},{"link_name":"Muslim scholar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_modern-day_Muslim_scholars"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khan2013p249-4"}],"text":"Gokarna Nawab Bari Complex, BrahmanbariaSyed Shamsul Huda completed primary education at home. His father taught him Arabic, Persian, Urdu, Bengali, and Islamic ideology. For higher education, he went to Hooghly Madrasah at Calcutta. He became a BA from Presidency College in 1884, a BL from Calcutta University in 1886 and a MA in Persian, privately from Presidency College in 1889.Huda was a student in many fields of knowledge. He was one of the most articulate Muslims of his age. He became an iconic British Indian Muslim scholar, writer, lawyer, powerful leader, and profound politician in the twentieth century.[4]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Calcutta Madrasah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliah_University"},{"link_name":"Calcutta High Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta_High_Court"},{"link_name":"Indian National Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"Syed Ahmad Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Khan"},{"link_name":"Nawab Abdul Latif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawab_Abdul_Latif"},{"link_name":"Syed Ameer Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed_Ameer_Ali"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khan2013p249-4"},{"link_name":"East Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Bengal"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khan2013p251-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khan2013p251-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LAW_OF_CRIMES.jpg"},{"link_name":"fellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow"},{"link_name":"Calcutta University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta_University"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Bentham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham"},{"link_name":"William Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Austin_(author)"},{"link_name":"William Blackstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Blackstone"},{"link_name":"Muhammadan Educational Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammadan_Educational_Conference"},{"link_name":"Rajshahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajshahi"},{"link_name":"Assam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam"},{"link_name":"All India Muslim League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Muslim_League"},{"link_name":"Imperial Legislative Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Legislative_Council"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khan2013p251-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Bengal_Executive_Council_(1912-1917).jpg"},{"link_name":"Thomas Gibson-Carmichael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gibson-Carmichael,_1st_Baron_Carmichael"},{"link_name":"Frederick William Duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Duke_(colonial_governor)"},{"link_name":"governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Presidency"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"nawab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawab"},{"link_name":"KCIE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Indian_Empire"},{"link_name":"in 1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1916_Birthday_Honours"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Thomas Gibson-Carmichael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gibson-Carmichael,_1st_Baron_Carmichael"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khan2013p252-9"},{"link_name":"legislative council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_British_India"},{"link_name":"East and West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khan2013p252-9"},{"link_name":"Surendranath Banerjee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surendranath_Banerjee"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khan2013p252-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khan2013p253-10"}],"text":"Syed Shamsul Huda joined the Calcutta Madrasah as a lecturer in 1885. He decided to be a lawyer and started practicing in Calcutta High Court in 1887. That lead him to step into politics. The Indian National Congress was established in 1885 and proposed to all Indian people to join despite religions. They succeeded by collecting full support from great Indian Muslim leaders Syed Ahmad Khan, Nawab Abdul Latif, and Syed Ameer Ali. Later for few days, Congress leaders changed their opinion and started partitioning. Muslim leaders called the next Annual Meeting in 1895. Huda addressed to stop this and advised the ways to make a more united and effective Congress. His address is known as Indian Politics and the Muhammadans. Hence, he became at the top of the political body.[4]Huda opposed the budget for 1905. That was a budget created for the development of colleges, hospitals, and other institutions in Calcutta that was spending East Bengal's revenue. He proposed spending for such institutions in East Bengal for the welfare of East Bengal Muslims. But the elite Hindus highly opposed it. He wrote:... The best of Colleges, Hospitals, and other institutions were founded in or near about the Capital of India.... [the] neglect of years and cannot be blamed if [we] require large sums to put our house in order.[5]He also mentioned on another occasion:They [Hindus] have benefited for very many years out of the revenues of Eastern Bengal and have paid very little for its progress and advancement ... [5]Tagore Law Lecture - \"The Principles of the Law of Crimes in British India\"Authority selected Huda as a fellow of Calcutta University in 1902. He delivered the historical Tagore Law Lecture published in a book named The Principles of the Law of Crimes in British India by Butterworth & Co,(India) Ltd.[6] Jeremy Bentham, William Austin, and William Blackstone influenced him. He presided Muhammadan Educational Conference at Rajshahi in 1904, the East Bengal and Assam Legislative Assembly member in 1908, the All India Muslim League President in 1910, and Imperial Legislative Council between 1911 and 1915.He is one of the leaders of public opinion in his Province, and is On the forefront of all movements concerning the Mohammadan community.[5]Executive Council: Thomas Gibson-Carmichael (seated) and (standing left to right) Huda, Frederick William Duke, and P C Lion ChittyHuda was the governor of Bengal's executive council member from 1912 to 1919.[7] Rewarded as the nawab in 1913, KCIE in 1916[8] and the second judge in Calcutta High Court in 1917 from the East Bengal Muslim justice.Thomas Gibson-Carmichael stated:...my judgement the Mohamedan community in Bengal could have had no more sympathetic or better advocate than he has been.[9]Huda became the first British Indian Muslim president of the reoriented legislative council of East and West Bengal in 1921....he rendered the greatest service within his power to Bengal and to the Reforms - a service which will always be held in honourable remembrance. [9]Surendranath Banerjee stated:...his demands for the rights and claims of his co-religionists. In fact he was a gentleman in the highest sense of the word.[9]...He worked round the clock to improve the existential condition of his fellow Muslims during his long and distinguished career as a jurist, leader and politician.[10]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Executive_Council.jpg"},{"link_name":"Thomas Gibson-Carmichael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gibson-Carmichael,_1st_Baron_Carmichael"},{"link_name":"N D Beatson-Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Beatson-Bell"},{"link_name":"Abdul Latif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Latif"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"Abul Kasem Fazl-ul-Haq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sher-e-Bangla"},{"link_name":"Nasirnagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasirnagar_Upazila"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Ashutosh Mukherjee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashutosh_Mukherjee"},{"link_name":"Shyamaprasad Mukherjee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shyamaprasad_Mukherjee"},{"link_name":"The University of Dhaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka_University"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Ronaldshay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_John_Lumley_Dundas,_2nd_Marquess_of_Zetland"},{"link_name":"chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_(education)"},{"link_name":"A. F. Rahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Fazlur_Rahman"},{"link_name":"Lord Ronaldshay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Ronaldshay"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khan2013p252-9"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Begum Rokeya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begum_Rokeya"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Executive Council (1912-1917):Thomas Gibson-Carmichael on the chair and standing from the right Huda, N D Beatson-Bell and P C Lion ChittySyed Shamsul Huda created accommodations founding Carmichael Hostel in Calcutta for rural university-going Muslim students of Bengal. He sanctioned two-thirds of funds from the government to establish the Elliot Madrasah Hostel in 1898. Estimated Rs. 5,400 contributed by the Nawab Abdul Latif Memorial Committee. He created the post of \"assistant director for Muslim education\" for each division.Huda sanctioned the large sum of Rs. 900,000 from the Bengal government to purchase land to establish a government college for Muslims in Calcutta. The opening ceremony was postponed until 1926 due to the First World War when Abul Kasem Fazl-ul-Haq became education minister of the united province.Huda founded Gokarna Syed Waliuallah High School naming his same-aged uncle on his paternal property in 1915. It was the first government-aided school in Nasirnagar for Hindu and Muslim students.[11]Major elites Hindus like Ashutosh Mukherjee, Shyamaprasad Mukherjee etc. opposed The University of Dhaka Huda's involvement helped it established in 1921.[12][13] Lawrence Ronaldshay served as chancellor and designated Huda as a life member of the university. Huda recommended A. F. Rahman as a provost and appointed by Lord Ronaldshay.[9]Huda funded the journals Sudhakar (1889), The Urdu Guide Press, and The Muhammadan Observer (1880).[14] He prevented religious obligation for women's education in Bengal. He supported and encouraged Begum Rokeya for women's education and development and her Bengal Women's Education Project.[15]","title":"Contributions to education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khan2013p253-10"}],"text":"Syed Shamsul Huda lived at 211 Lawyer Circular Road, Calcutta. He died on 14 October 1922 and was buried in Tiljola Municipal graveyard. The Calcutta Weekly Notes wrote of his death:Sir Shamsul Huda has passed away at the time when his countrymen have stood in the greatest need of that happy combination of qualities which make leadership and which he possessed in a pre-eminent degree.[10]","title":"Death"}]	[{"image_text":"Gokarna Nawab Bari Complex, Brahmanbaria","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Gokarna_Nawab_Bari.jpg/220px-Gokarna_Nawab_Bari.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tagore Law Lecture - \"The Principles of the Law of Crimes in British India\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/LAW_OF_CRIMES.jpg/220px-LAW_OF_CRIMES.jpg"},{"image_text":"Executive Council: Thomas Gibson-Carmichael (seated) and (standing left to right) Huda, Frederick William Duke, and P C Lion Chitty","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/The_Bengal_Executive_Council_%281912-1917%29.jpg/220px-The_Bengal_Executive_Council_%281912-1917%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Executive Council (1912-1917):Thomas Gibson-Carmichael on the chair and standing from the right Huda, N D Beatson-Bell and P C Lion Chitty","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Executive_Council.jpg/220px-Executive_Council.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Islam, Sirajul; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir, eds. (2012). \"Bangladesh\". Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0576-6. OCLC 52727562. OL 30677644M. Retrieved 15 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirajul_Islam","url_text":"Islam, Sirajul"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahfuza_Khanam","url_text":"Khanam, Mahfuza"},{"url":"http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bangladesh","url_text":"\"Bangladesh\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglapedia","url_text":"Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh","url_text":"Asiatic Society of Bangladesh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6","url_text":"984-32-0576-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52727562","url_text":"52727562"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)","url_text":"OL"},{"url":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL30677644M","url_text":"30677644M"}]},{"reference":"\"Nasirnagar Upazilla\". Bangladesh National Portal.","urls":[{"url":"http://nasirnagar.brahmanbaria.gov.bd/","url_text":"\"Nasirnagar Upazilla\""}]},{"reference":"Khan, Muhammad Mojlum (2013). The Muslim Heritage of Bengal. Kube Publishing. p. 249. ISBN 978-1-84774-059-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Mojlum_Khan","url_text":"Khan, Muhammad Mojlum"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-2s9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA249","url_text":"The Muslim Heritage of Bengal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84774-059-5","url_text":"978-1-84774-059-5"}]},{"reference":"Khan, Muhammad Mojlum (2013). The Muslim Heritage of Bengal. Kube Publishing Ltd. p. 251. ISBN 978-1-84774-059-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Mojlum_Khan","url_text":"Khan, Muhammad Mojlum"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-2s9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA251+","url_text":"The Muslim Heritage of Bengal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84774-059-5","url_text":"978-1-84774-059-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Books Received\". Harvard Law Review. 33 (8): 1084–1086. June 1920. JSTOR 1327638.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1327638","url_text":"1327638"}]},{"reference":"\"Books Received\". Yale Law Journal. 30 (1): 107–108. November 1920. JSTOR 786705.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/786705","url_text":"786705"}]},{"reference":"Islam, Sirajul (2012). \"Nawab\". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Nawab","url_text":"\"Nawab\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirajul_Islam","url_text":"Islam, Sirajul"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh","url_text":"Asiatic Society of Bangladesh"}]},{"reference":"Khan, Muhammad Mojlum (2013). The Muslim Heritage of Bengal. Kube Publishing Ltd. p. 252. ISBN 978-1-84774-059-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Mojlum_Khan","url_text":"Khan, Muhammad Mojlum"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-2s9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA252+","url_text":"The Muslim Heritage of Bengal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84774-059-5","url_text":"978-1-84774-059-5"}]},{"reference":"Khan, Muhammad Mojlum (2013). The Muslim Heritage of Bengal. Kube Publishing Ltd. p. 253. ISBN 978-1-84774-059-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Mojlum_Khan","url_text":"Khan, Muhammad Mojlum"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-2s9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA253+","url_text":"The Muslim Heritage of Bengal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84774-059-5","url_text":"978-1-84774-059-5"}]},{"reference":"Gupta, Amita (2007). Going to School in South Asia. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-313-33553-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33553-2","url_text":"978-0-313-33553-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Why and who opposed the establishment of Dhaka University?\". Daily Phulpur. 2 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://dailyphulpur.com/blog/why-and-who-opposed-the-establishment-of-dhaka-university/","url_text":"\"Why and who opposed the establishment of Dhaka University?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Egregious allegations of communalism against Rabindranath\". New Age. 20 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newagebd.net/article/108756/egregious-allegations-of-communalism-against-rabindranath#:~:text=The%20author%2C%20MA%20Matin%2C%20implied,Dacca%20(now%20Dhaka)%20University.","url_text":"\"Egregious allegations of communalism against Rabindranath\""}]},{"reference":"\"A colossus from Brahmanbaria\". The Daily Star. 20 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thedailystar.net/in-focus/news/colossus-brahmanbaria-1925529","url_text":"\"A colossus from Brahmanbaria\""}]},{"reference":"Amin, Sonia Nishat (1996). The World of Muslim Women in Colonial Bengal, 1876-1939. Brill. p. 158. ISBN 978-90-04-10642-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10642-0","url_text":"978-90-04-10642-0"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bangladesh","external_links_name":"\"Bangladesh\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52727562","external_links_name":"52727562"},{"Link":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL30677644M","external_links_name":"30677644M"},{"Link":"http://nasirnagar.brahmanbaria.gov.bd/","external_links_name":"\"Nasirnagar Upazilla\""},{"Link":"http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_K-W.html","external_links_name":"Princely States of India"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-2s9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA249","external_links_name":"The Muslim Heritage of Bengal"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-2s9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA251+","external_links_name":"The Muslim Heritage of Bengal"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1327638","external_links_name":"1327638"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/786705","external_links_name":"786705"},{"Link":"http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Nawab","external_links_name":"\"Nawab\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-2s9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA252+","external_links_name":"The Muslim Heritage of Bengal"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-2s9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA253+","external_links_name":"The Muslim Heritage of Bengal"},{"Link":"https://dailyphulpur.com/blog/why-and-who-opposed-the-establishment-of-dhaka-university/","external_links_name":"\"Why and who opposed the establishment of Dhaka University?\""},{"Link":"https://www.newagebd.net/article/108756/egregious-allegations-of-communalism-against-rabindranath#:~:text=The%20author%2C%20MA%20Matin%2C%20implied,Dacca%20(now%20Dhaka)%20University.","external_links_name":"\"Egregious allegations of communalism against Rabindranath\""},{"Link":"https://www.thedailystar.net/in-focus/news/colossus-brahmanbaria-1925529","external_links_name":"\"A colossus from Brahmanbaria\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Muskegon_(PF-24)	USS Muskegon (PF-24)	["1 Construction","2 Service history","2.1 United States, 1944–1946","2.2 French Navy, 1947–1950s","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	For other ships with the same name, see USS Muskegon. USCGC Muskegon (WPF-24) History United States NameMuskegon NamesakeCity of Muskegon, Michigan ReclassifiedPF-24, 15 April 1943 BuilderWalter Butler Shipbuilders Inc., Superior, Wisconsin Laid down11 May 1943 Launched25 July 1943 Sponsored byMrs. David Hopkins Commissioned19 February 1944 Decommissioned15 March 1946 FateTransferred to the Coast Guard, 15 March 1946 History United States NameMuskegon Commissioned15 March 1946 Decommissioned27 August 1946 Stricken23 April 1947 FateSold to the French Navy, 26 March 1947 France NameMermoz Acquired26 March 1947 ReclassifiedF714, c. 1952 FateScrapped in the late 1950s General characteristics Class and typeTacoma-class frigate Displacement 1,430 long tons (1,453 t) light 2,415 long tons (2,454 t) full Length303 ft 11 in (92.63 m) Beam37 ft 11 in (11.56 m) Draft13 ft 8 in (4.17 m) Propulsion 2 × 5,500 shp (4,101 kW) turbines 3 boilers 2 shafts Speed20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph) Complement190 Armament 3 × 3"/50 dual purpose guns (3x1) 4 x 40 mm guns (2×2) 9 × 20 mm guns (9×1) 1 × Hedgehog anti-submarine mortar 8 × Y-gun depth charge projectors 2 × Depth charge tracks USS Muskegon (PF-24), a Tacoma-class frigate, was the first ship of the United States Navy to be named for Muskegon, a city on Michigan's west coast. Construction Muskegon (PF-24) was originally authorized as PG-132. Reclassified PF-24 on 15 April 1943, she was laid down on 11 May 1943, under a Maritime Commission contract by Walter Butler Shipbuilders Inc., in Superior, Wisconsin; launched on 25 July 1943, sponsored by Mrs. David Hopkins; acquired by the Navy and commissioned on 19 February 1944. Service history United States, 1944–1946 After a shakedown cruise to Bermuda, Muskegon proceeded to the Pacific, via New York City and Philadelphia, where she had work done on her engines. Upon reaching Panama, she was ordered back to Boston, Massachusetts, for conversion to a weather ship. Upon completion of conversion, she sailed for NS Argentia, Newfoundland, arriving there on 7 November 1944. She took up station on her first patrol on 20 November. Serving as plane guard and rescue ship as well as relaying weather data, Muskegon on occasion escorted convoys into Boston, joined in anti-submarine operations, and carried ammunition. In May 1945, she took station in mid-Atlantic to combine weather services with duty as radio and light ship for trans-Atlantic flights, a service which she performed until 15 March 1946. Decommissioned on 15 March, she was transferred to the United States Coast Guard on the same day and was recommissioned as USCG Muskegon (WPF-24). Decommissioned by the Coast Guard on 27 August 1946, she was returned to the Navy. French Navy, 1947–1950s She was sold to the French Navy on 26 March 1947, and struck from the U.S. Naval Vessel Register on 23 April 1947. Commissioned in the French Navy on 26 March as Mermoz (F-14) and manned by French sailors, the ship actually belonged to the Ministry of Transport and Public Works and was unarmed. Serving as a weather ship, she continued in this role until scrapped in the late 1950s. See also List of Escorteurs of the French Navy References This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here. External links Photo gallery of USS Muskegon at NavSource Naval History hazegray.org: USS Muskegon vteTacoma-class frigates United States NavyCompleted Tacoma Sausalito Hoquiam Pasco Albuquerque Everett Pocatello Brownsville Grand Forks Casper Pueblo Grand Island Annapolis Bangor Key West Alexandria Huron Gulfport Bayonne Gloucester Shreveport Muskegon Charlottesville Poughkeepsie Newport Emporia Groton Hingham Grand Rapids Woonsocket Dearborn Long Beach Belfast Glendale San Pedro Coronado Ogden Eugene El Paso Van Buren Orange Corpus Christi Hutchinson Bisbee Gallup Rockford Muskogee Carson City Burlington Allentown Machias (PF-53) Sandusky Bath Covington Sheboygan Bridgeport / Abilene Beaufort Charlotte Manitowoc Worcester / Gladwyne Scranton / Moberly Knoxville Chattanooga / Uniontown Reading Peoria Brunswick Davenport Evansville New Bedford Hallowell / Machias (PF-72) Hamond Hargood Hotham Halstead Hannam Harland Harman Harvey Holmes Hornby Hoste Howett Pilford Pasley / St. Helena Patton Pearl Phillimore Popham Peyton Prowse Roanoke / Lorain (PF-93) Sitka / Milledgeville (PF-94) Orlando Racine Greensboro Forsyth Canceled Stamford Macon Vallejo / Lorain (PF-97) Milledgeville (PF-98) Royal NavyColony class Anguilla (ex-Machias (PF-72)) Antigua (ex-Hamond) Ascension (ex-Hargood) Bahamas (ex-Hotham) Barbados (ex-Halstead) Caicos (ex-Hannam) Cayman (ex-Harland) Dominica (ex-Harman) Gold Coast / Labuan (ex-Harvey) Hong Kong / Tobago (ex-Holmes) Montserrat (ex-Hornby) Nyasaland (ex-Hoste) Papua (ex-Howett) Pitcairn (ex-Pilford) St. Helena (ex-Pasley) Sarawak (ex-Patton) Seychelles (ex-Pearl) Sierra Leone / Perim (ex-Phillimore) Somaliland (ex-Popham) Tortola (ex-Peyton) Zanzibar (ex-Prowse) Soviet Navy EK-1 (ex-Charlottesville) EK-2 (ex-Long Beach) EK-3 (ex-Belfast) EK-4 (ex-Machias (PF-53)) EK-5 (ex-San Pedro) EK-6 (ex-Glendale) EK-7 (ex-Sandusky) EK-8 (ex-Coronado) EK-9 (ex-Allentown) EK-10 (ex-Ogden) EK-11 (ex-Tacoma) EK-12 (ex-Pasco) EK-13 (ex-Hoquiam) EK-14 (ex-Albuquerque) EK-15 (ex-Everett) EK-16 (ex-Sausalito) EK-17 (ex-Bisbee) EK-18 (ex-Rockford) EK-19 (ex-Muskogee) EK-20 (ex-Carson City) EK-21 (ex-Burlington) EK-22 (ex-Gallup) EK-25 (ex-Bayonne) EK-26 (ex-Gloucester) EK-27 (ex-Poughkeepsie) EK-28 (ex-Newport) EK-29 (ex-Bath) EK-30 (ex-Evansville) Post-World War II operators United States Coast Guard Brownsville Bangor Muskegon Woonsocket Corpus Christi Covington Sheboygan Beaufort Manitowoc Forsyth Argentine Navy Heroína (ex-Reading) Sarandí (ex-Uniontown) Trinidad / Santísima Trinidad / Comodoro Augusto Lasserre (ex-Caicos) Belgian Navy Lieutenant ter zee Victor Billet (ex-Sheboygan) Colombian National Navy Almirante Padilla (ex-Groton) Capitán Tono (ex-Bisbee) Almirante Brión (ex-Burlington) Cuban Revolutionary Navy José Martí (ex-Eugene) Antonio Maceo (ex-Peoria) Maximo Gomez (ex-Grand Island) Dominican Navy Presidente Troncoso / Gregorio Luperón (ex-Pueblo) Presidente Peynado / Capitán General Pedro Santana (ex-Knoxville) Ecuadorian Navy Guayas (ex-Covington) French Navy La Place (ex-Lorain (PF-93)) Mermoz (ex-Muskegon) Le Brix (F715) (ex-Manitowoc) Le Verrier (ex-Emporia) Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force Kusu / YAC-22 (ex-Ogden) Nara / YTE-8 (ex-Machias (PF-53)) Kashi / YAC-12 (ex-Pasco) Momi / YAC-13 (ex-Poughkeepsie) Sugi (ex-Coronado) Matsu / YAS-36 (ex-Charlottesville) Nire / YAC-19 (ex-Sandusky) Kaya / YAC-23 (ex-San Pedro) Ume / YAC-14 (ex-Allentown) Sakura / YAC-16 (ex-Carson City) Kiri / YAC-20 (ex-Everett) Tsuge (ex-Gloucester) Kaede / YAC-17 (ex-Newport) Buna / YAC-11 (ex-Bayonne) Keyaki / YAC-21 (ex-Evansville) Tochi / YAC-15 (ex-Albuquerque) Shii / YAS-44 (ex-Long Beach) Maki / YTE-9 (ex-Bath) Republic of Korea Navy Duman (ex-Muskogee) Apnok (ex-Rockford) Taedong (ex-Tacoma) Nae Tong (ex-Hoquiam) Imchin (ex-Sausalito) Mexican Navy California (ex-Hutchinson) General José María Morelos / Golfo de Tehuantepec (ex-Bangor) General Vicente Guerrero / Río Usumacinta (ex-Annapolis) Papaloapan (ex-Gladwyne) Netherlands Government Cirrus (ex-Abilene) Cumulus (ex-Forsyth) Peruvian Navy Teniente Gálvez / Gálvez (ex-Woonsocket) Royal Thai Navy Tachin (ex-Glendale) Prasae (ex-Gallup) Preceded by: Asheville class (USN) / River class (RN) Followed by: None List of patrol vessels of the United States Navy List of patrol vessels of the Royal Navy List of Project Hula ships	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS Muskegon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Muskegon"},{"link_name":"Tacoma-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacoma-class_frigate"},{"link_name":"frigate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigate"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Muskegon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskegon"}],"text":"For other ships with the same name, see USS Muskegon.USS Muskegon (PF-24), a Tacoma-class frigate, was the first ship of the United States Navy to be named for Muskegon, a city on Michigan's west coast.","title":"USS Muskegon (PF-24)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maritime Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Commission"},{"link_name":"Walter Butler Shipbuilders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Butler_Shipbuilders"},{"link_name":"Superior, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior,_Wisconsin"}],"text":"Muskegon (PF-24) was originally authorized as PG-132. Reclassified PF-24 on 15 April 1943, she was laid down on 11 May 1943, under a Maritime Commission contract by Walter Butler Shipbuilders Inc., in Superior, Wisconsin; launched on 25 July 1943, sponsored by Mrs. David Hopkins; acquired by the Navy and commissioned on 19 February 1944.","title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bermuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda"},{"link_name":"Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"weather ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_ship"},{"link_name":"NS Argentia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Station_Argentia"},{"link_name":"Newfoundland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland"},{"link_name":"plane guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_guard"},{"link_name":"rescue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rescue"},{"link_name":"convoys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoy"},{"link_name":"anti-submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-submarine"},{"link_name":"ammunition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammunition"},{"link_name":"United States Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard"}],"sub_title":"United States, 1944–1946","text":"After a shakedown cruise to Bermuda, Muskegon proceeded to the Pacific, via New York City and Philadelphia, where she had work done on her engines. Upon reaching Panama, she was ordered back to Boston, Massachusetts, for conversion to a weather ship. Upon completion of conversion, she sailed for NS Argentia, Newfoundland, arriving there on 7 November 1944. She took up station on her first patrol on 20 November.Serving as plane guard and rescue ship as well as relaying weather data, Muskegon on occasion escorted convoys into Boston, joined in anti-submarine operations, and carried ammunition. In May 1945, she took station in mid-Atlantic to combine weather services with duty as radio and light ship for trans-Atlantic flights, a service which she performed until 15 March 1946. Decommissioned on 15 March, she was transferred to the United States Coast Guard on the same day and was recommissioned as USCG Muskegon (WPF-24). Decommissioned by the Coast Guard on 27 August 1946, she was returned to the Navy.","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Navy"},{"link_name":"Naval Vessel Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Vessel_Register"},{"link_name":"French Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Transport and Public Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Transport_(France)"}],"sub_title":"French Navy, 1947–1950s","text":"She was sold to the French Navy on 26 March 1947, and struck from the U.S. Naval Vessel Register on 23 April 1947.Commissioned in the French Navy on 26 March as Mermoz (F-14) and manned by French sailors, the ship actually belonged to the Ministry of Transport and Public Works and was unarmed. Serving as a weather ship, she continued in this role until scrapped in the late 1950s.","title":"Service history"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of Escorteurs of the French Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Escorteurs_of_the_French_Navy"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/m/muskegon-i.html","external_links_name":"here"},{"Link":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/12/08024.htm","external_links_name":"Photo gallery"},{"Link":"http://www.hazegray.org/danfs/patrol/pf24.htm","external_links_name":"hazegray.org: USS Muskegon"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_scallop	Placopecten magellanicus	["1 Description","2 Range and habitat","3 Fishery","4 References","5 External links"]	Species of bivalve Not to be confused with bay scallop. Placopecten magellanicus Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Bivalvia Order: Pectinida Family: Pectinidae Genus: Placopecten Species: P. magellanicus Binomial name Placopecten magellanicus(Gmelin, 1791) Scallop dredge catch Placopecten magellanicus, previously listed as Pecten tenuicostatus and as Pecten grandis and once referred to as the "giant scallop", common names Atlantic deep-sea scallop, deep sea scallop, North Atlantic sea scallop, American sea scallop, Atlantic sea scallop, or sea scallop, is a commercially important pectinid bivalve mollusk native to the northwest Atlantic Ocean. Description Neural mapThe shell has a classic form, with smooth shell and edges, unlike Pecten maximus (common name the "great scallop" or "king scallop") which has flutes and scalloped edges; size is around 80 millimetres (3+1⁄4 in), with individuals up to 170 millimetres (6+3⁄4 in) in diameter. The shell is generally pinkish-red in color, with striped variegation to darker shades appearing in many individuals. The adductor muscle itself is large, often 30–40 millimetres (1+1⁄4–1+1⁄2 in) in diameter. Like all scallops, P. magellanicus has photoreceptive eyes along the edge of the pinkish mantle. Range and habitat Placopecten magellanicus is found on the continental shelf of the northwest Atlantic from the north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence south to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. Sea scallops typically occur at depths ranging from 18–110 m, but may also occur in waters as shallow as 2 m in estuaries and embayments along the Maine coast and in Canada. In southern areas, scallops are primarily found at depths between 45 and 75 m, and are less common in shallower water (25–45 m) due to high temperature. Although sea scallops are not common at depths greater than about 110 m, some populations have been found as deep as 384 m, and deep-water populations at 170–180 m have been reported in the Gulf of Maine. Sea scallops often occur in aggregations called beds. Beds may be sporadic (perhaps lasting for a few years) or essentially permanent (e.g., commercial beds supporting the Georges Bank fishery). The highest concentration of many permanent beds appears to correspond to areas of suitable temperatures, food availability, substrate, and where physical oceanographic features such as fronts and gyres may keep larval stages in the vicinity of the spawning population. Adult sea scallops are generally found on firm sand, gravel, shells, and rock. Other invertebrates associated with scallop beds include sponges, hydroids, anemones, bryozoans, polychaetes, mussels, moon snails, whelks, amphipods, crabs, lobsters, sea stars, sea cucumbers, and tunicates. Fishery According to NOAA, the Atlantic sea scallop fishery is healthy, and is harvested at sustainable levels. The federal fishery is managed by NOAA Fisheries and the New England Fishery Management Council. The U.S. Atlantic sea scallop fishery is the largest wild scallop fishery in the world. In 2008, 53.5 million pounds of sea scallop meats worth $370 million were harvested in the United States, with Massachusetts and New Jersey responsible for the majority. In 2018, 58.2 million pounds of sea scallop meats worth $532.9 million were harvested in the United States with Massachusetts responsible for the majority. Between the 1960s and the mid-1990s, the U.S. federal Atlantic sea scallop fishery declined steadily. In 1994 a new set of management guidelines were implemented including a moratorium on permits, limited days at sea, gear and crew restrictions, and areas closed to fishing. Between 1994 and 2005, the biomass of the U.S. sea scallop population increased by 18-fold on Georges Bank and by 8-fold in the Mid-Atlantic Bight region. The state of Maine has an inshore (within 3 miles) winter (December - April) scallop fishery that is managed by the Maine Department of Marine Resources. Scallops in Maine inshore waters are harvested by mechanical draggers or by SCUBA divers ("dive caught"). In 2009 low harvest numbers caused the Department of Marine Resources to cut the season short and proposed a series of management measures. Entry to the fishery became limited, the season was reduced to 70 days, and the minimum ring size was increased to four inches. Additionally, 13 conservation closures (~20% of coastal Maine waters) were created for the following three fishing seasons. In 2012, the Department of Marine Resources proposed developing a rotational closure system for the fishery, based on a 10-year schedule. This rotational closure system was adopted only in the Zone 2 region of the state fishery. All three zones have different management tools that include limited access areas and in-season targeted closures. Since 2009, both dollar value and landings have gone up for the sea scallop fishery in the state of Maine. The Monterey Bay Aquarium Seafood Watch lists sea scallops as a "Good Alternative," its second best rating. Greenpeace red listed the Atlantic sea scallop, stating that scallop stocks are being overfished and that the fishing methods used are destroying corals and sponges. According to Greenpeace the fishery of scallops kills nearly 1,000 loggerhead sea turtles every year. Since 2015, chain mats and Turtle Deflector Dredges (TDDs) have been added to offshore equipment to reduce sea turtle deaths. This has caused a significant reduction in sea turtles getting caught in harvesting gear. References ^ "Placopecten magellanicus (Gmelin, 1791)". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 20 November 2020. ^ Percy A. Morris (November 2001). A Field Guide to Shells: Atlantic and Gulf Coasts and the West Indies. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 28. ISBN 0-618-16439-1. ^ "Common Names List - Placopecten magellanicus". www.sealifebase.ca. Retrieved 2020-06-02. ^ Barucca M, Olmo E, Schiaparelli S, Canapa A (2004) Molecular phylogeny of the family Pectinidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) ^ Mullen, D.M., and J.R. Moring. 1986. Species profiles: life histories and environmental requi rernents of coastal fishes and invertebrates (North Atlantic) -- sea scallop. U. S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 82(11.67). U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, TR EL- 82-4. 13 pp. ^ a b c NOAA (2004). Sea Scallop, Placopecten magellanicus, Life History and Habitat Characteristics (PDF) (2 ed.). U. S. Department of Commerce. pp. 1–6. Retrieved 11 August 2010. ^ Fisheries, NOAA (2020-05-27). "Atlantic Sea Scallop \| NOAA Fisheries". NOAA. Retrieved 2020-05-28. ^ "The recovery of Atlantic sea scallops". Ocean Action Agenda. Retrieved 2020-05-28. ^ Atlantic sea scallop NOAA FishWatch. Retrieved 11 November 2012. ^ Patrick Whittle (22 July 2019). "Scallop Harvest Climbing As Consumer Demand For The Shellfish Grows". www.mainepublic.org. Associated Press. Retrieved 2020-05-28. ^ Hart, Deborah R.; Rago, Paul J. (2006). "Long-Term Dynamics of U.S. Atlantic Sea Scallop Placopecten magellanicus Populations". North American Journal of Fisheries Management. 26 (2): 490–501. doi:10.1577/M04-116.1. ISSN 1548-8675. ^ "Atlantic Sea Scallops: Maine Department of Marine Resources". www.maine.gov. Retrieved 2020-05-28. ^ "Scallop fishing season cut short". Bangor Daily News. 23 January 2009. Retrieved 2020-05-28. ^ "Scallop panel urges closure of 9 areas". Bangor Daily News. 22 May 2009. Retrieved 2020-05-28. ^ Bayer, Skylar; Cheney, Trisha; Guenther, Carla; Sameoto, J. A. (2016). Proceedings of the US and Canada Scallop Science Summit: St. Andrews, New Brunswick, May 6–8, 2014. Maine Sea Grant Publications. ^ "State proposes rotating closures for scallop fishery". Bangor Daily News. 7 April 2012. Retrieved 2020-05-28. ^ "2019-20 Maine Scallop Season: Maine Department of Marine Resources". www.maine.gov. Retrieved 2020-05-28. ^ "Commercial Fishing Historical Landings Data: Maine Department of Marine Resources". www.maine.gov. Retrieved 2020-05-28. ^ "Scallop Recommendations from the Seafood Watch Program". www.seafoodwatch.org. Archived from the original on 2016-12-31. ^ "Red List Fish". Greenpeace USA. Retrieved 2020-05-29. ^ Fisheries, NOAA (2019-12-30). "Atlantic Sea Scallop Turtle Deflector Dredge and Chain Mat Regulated Areas \| NOAA Fisheries". NOAA. Retrieved 2020-05-28. External links New England Fishery Management Council vteCommercial mollusksMarine gastropods Abalone Periwinkle Whelk Buccinum undatum Bullacta exarata Kelletia kelletii Kelletia lischkei Land and freshwater gastropods Helix pomatia Cornu aspersum Helix aperta Cepaea nemoralis Otala lactea Escargot Free-swimming marine bivalves Scallop Queen scallop Pecten maximus Pecten jacobaeus Argopecten irradians Placopecten magellanicus Infaunal bivalves Clam Atlantic surf clam Soft-shell clam Mercenaria mercenaria Austrovenus stutchburyi Saxidomus nuttalli Arctica islandica Cockle Geoduck Spisula solidissima Paphies ventricosa Paphies australis Tuatua Ruditapes largillierti Grooved carpet shell Sessile bivalves Oyster Mussel Pearl oyster Pinctada maxima Freshwater bivalves Freshwater pearl mussel Cephalopods Octopus Squid Cuttlefish Techniques Heliciculture Gathering by hand Clam digging Dredging Oyster farming Oyster boats Pearl farming Pearl diving Ama divers Trawling List of fishing topics by subject vteEdible mollusksBivalvesClams Atlantic jackknife Atlantic surf Geoduck Grooved carpet shell Hard clam Horse Mactra stultorum Blunt gaper Ocean quahog Pacific razor Venus California butterclam Senilia senilis Smooth clam Soft-shell Triangle shell Tuatua Japanese littleneck Razor clam Pod razor Ensis (razor genus) Paphies Cockles Common Blood Goolwa New Zealand Sydney Giant Atlantic Mussels Blue Mediterranean New Zealand green-lipped California Brown Asian/Philippine green Date Mytilidae (mussel family) Oysters Eastern Olympia Southern mud Colchester native Pacific Portuguese Windowpane Rock Sydney rock Ostra chilena/Bluff Gillardeau oysters Crassostrea ("true oyster" genus) Scallops Atlantic bay Great/king New Zealand Pecten jacobaeus Peruvian calico Yesso Placopecten magellanicus GastropodsAbalone White Red Black Green Pink Blacklip Greenlip Green ormer Pāua (group of three species) South African abalone Chilean Conches Queen Elegant Dog Limpets Black-foot opihi/Hawaiian Turtle/talc Yellow-foot opihi China Common European Rayed Mediterranean Ribbed Mediterranean Rustic Periwinkles Common Banded Littorina sitkana Whelks Channeled Common Kellet's Kelletia lischkei Knobbed Pear whelk Lightning Other snailsSea Mud-flat Korean mud Chorus giganteus Bailer Land Cornu aspersum Helix lucorum Helix pomatia Freshwater Apple Nerites InkfishCuttlefish Spineless Bottletail Octopus Common Atlantic white-spotted Big blue Pacific giant Southern red Mimic Amphioctopus fangsiao Squid New Zealand arrow Japanese flying Humboldt Neon flying Chitons Chiton magnificus Acanthopleura echinata Acanthopleura granulata Related topics Oyster farming Land snail farming Gastropod anatomy Bivalve anatomy Category Taxon identifiersPlacopecten magellanicus Wikidata: Q3016926 ADW: Placopecten BOLD: 24809 CoL: 77NKN GBIF: 2285952 iNaturalist: 371711 IRMNG: 11384074 ITIS: 79718 NatureServe: 2.1133701 NCBI: 6577 NOAA: atlantic-sea-scallop Observation.org: 946699 OBIS: 156972 Paleobiology Database: 82638 SeaLifeBase: 47422 WoRMS: 156972	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bay scallop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_scallop"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scallop_dredge_catch.jpg"},{"link_name":"Scallop dredge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scallop_dredge"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morris20012-2"},{"link_name":"common names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_name"},{"link_name":"scallop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scallop"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"pectinid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectinidae"},{"link_name":"bivalve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bivalve"},{"link_name":"mollusk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusk"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Not to be confused with bay scallop.Scallop dredge catchPlacopecten magellanicus, previously listed as Pecten tenuicostatus and as Pecten grandis[2] and once referred to as the \"giant scallop\", common names Atlantic deep-sea scallop, deep sea scallop, North Atlantic sea scallop, American sea scallop, Atlantic sea scallop, or sea scallop,[3] is a commercially important pectinid bivalve mollusk native to the northwest Atlantic Ocean.[4]","title":"Placopecten magellanicus"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scallop_Neurological_Diagram.svg"},{"link_name":"Pecten maximus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecten_maximus"},{"link_name":"mantle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantle_(mollusc)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Neural mapThe shell has a classic form, with smooth shell and edges, unlike Pecten maximus (common name the \"great scallop\" or \"king scallop\") which has flutes and scalloped edges; size is around 80 millimetres (3+1⁄4 in), with individuals up to 170 millimetres (6+3⁄4 in) in diameter. The shell is generally pinkish-red in color, with striped variegation to darker shades appearing in many individuals. The adductor muscle itself is large, often 30–40 millimetres (1+1⁄4–1+1⁄2 in) in diameter. Like all scallops, P. magellanicus has photoreceptive eyes along the edge of the pinkish mantle.[5]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gulf of St. Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_St._Lawrence"},{"link_name":"Cape Hatteras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Hatteras"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA-6"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Maine"},{"link_name":"Georges Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bank"},{"link_name":"gyres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyre"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA-6"},{"link_name":"sponges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponges"},{"link_name":"hydroids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroids"},{"link_name":"anemones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_anemone"},{"link_name":"bryozoans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryozoans"},{"link_name":"polychaetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychaetes"},{"link_name":"mussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mussels"},{"link_name":"moon snails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_snails"},{"link_name":"whelks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whelk"},{"link_name":"amphipods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphipods"},{"link_name":"crabs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crabs"},{"link_name":"lobsters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobsters"},{"link_name":"sea stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_stars"},{"link_name":"sea cucumbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_cucumbers"},{"link_name":"tunicates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunicates"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA-6"}],"text":"Placopecten magellanicus is found on the continental shelf of the northwest Atlantic from the north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence south to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina.[6]Sea scallops typically occur at depths ranging from 18–110 m, but may also occur in waters as shallow as 2 m in estuaries and embayments along the Maine coast and in Canada. In southern areas, scallops are primarily found at depths between 45 and 75 m, and are less common in shallower water (25–45 m) due to high temperature. Although sea scallops are not common at depths greater than about 110 m, some populations have been found as deep as 384 m, and deep-water populations at 170–180 m have been reported in the Gulf of Maine. Sea scallops often occur in aggregations called beds. Beds may be sporadic (perhaps lasting for a few years) or essentially permanent (e.g., commercial beds supporting the Georges Bank fishery). The highest concentration of many permanent beds appears to correspond to areas of suitable temperatures, food availability, substrate, and where physical oceanographic features such as fronts and gyres may keep larval stages in the vicinity of the spawning population.[6]Adult sea scallops are generally found on firm sand, gravel, shells, and rock. Other invertebrates associated with scallop beds include sponges, hydroids, anemones, bryozoans, polychaetes, mussels, moon snails, whelks, amphipods, crabs, lobsters, sea stars, sea cucumbers, and tunicates.[6]","title":"Range and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NOAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOAA"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Monterey Bay Aquarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey_Bay_Aquarium"},{"link_name":"Seafood Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seafood_Watch"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"According to NOAA, the Atlantic sea scallop fishery is healthy, and is harvested at sustainable levels.[7] The federal fishery is managed by NOAA Fisheries and the New England Fishery Management Council. The U.S. Atlantic sea scallop fishery is the largest wild scallop fishery in the world.[8] In 2008, 53.5 million pounds of sea scallop meats worth $370 million were harvested in the United States, with Massachusetts and New Jersey responsible for the majority.[9] In 2018, 58.2 million pounds of sea scallop meats worth $532.9 million were harvested in the United States with Massachusetts responsible for the majority.[10]Between the 1960s and the mid-1990s, the U.S. federal Atlantic sea scallop fishery declined steadily. In 1994 a new set of management guidelines were implemented including a moratorium on permits, limited days at sea, gear and crew restrictions, and areas closed to fishing. Between 1994 and 2005, the biomass of the U.S. sea scallop population increased by 18-fold on Georges Bank and by 8-fold in the Mid-Atlantic Bight region.[11]The state of Maine has an inshore (within 3 miles) winter (December - April) scallop fishery that is managed by the Maine Department of Marine Resources.[12] Scallops in Maine inshore waters are harvested by mechanical draggers or by SCUBA divers (\"dive caught\"). In 2009 low harvest numbers caused the Department of Marine Resources to cut the season short and proposed a series of management measures.[13][14] Entry to the fishery became limited, the season was reduced to 70 days, and the minimum ring size was increased to four inches. Additionally, 13 conservation closures (~20% of coastal Maine waters) were created for the following three fishing seasons.[15] In 2012, the Department of Marine Resources proposed developing a rotational closure system for the fishery, based on a 10-year schedule.[16] This rotational closure system was adopted only in the Zone 2 region of the state fishery. All three zones have different management tools that include limited access areas and in-season targeted closures.[17] Since 2009, both dollar value and landings have gone up for the sea scallop fishery in the state of Maine.[18]The Monterey Bay Aquarium Seafood Watch lists sea scallops as a \"Good Alternative,\" its second best rating.[19] Greenpeace red listed the Atlantic sea scallop, stating that scallop stocks are being overfished and that the fishing methods used are destroying corals and sponges. According to Greenpeace the fishery of scallops kills nearly 1,000 loggerhead sea turtles every year.[20] Since 2015, chain mats and Turtle Deflector Dredges (TDDs) have been added to offshore equipment to reduce sea turtle deaths.[21] This has caused a significant reduction in sea turtles getting caught in harvesting gear.[citation needed]","title":"Fishery"}]	[{"image_text":"Scallop dredge catch","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Scallop_dredge_catch.jpg/220px-Scallop_dredge_catch.jpg"},{"image_text":"Neural map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Scallop_Neurological_Diagram.svg/350px-Scallop_Neurological_Diagram.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Placopecten magellanicus (Gmelin, 1791)\". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 20 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=79718","url_text":"\"Placopecten magellanicus (Gmelin, 1791)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System","url_text":"Integrated Taxonomic Information System"}]},{"reference":"Percy A. Morris (November 2001). A Field Guide to Shells: Atlantic and Gulf Coasts and the West Indies. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 28. ISBN 0-618-16439-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Jpk_EKysBxwC&pg=PA28","url_text":"A Field Guide to Shells: Atlantic and Gulf Coasts and the West Indies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-16439-1","url_text":"0-618-16439-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Common Names List - Placopecten magellanicus\". www.sealifebase.ca. Retrieved 2020-06-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sealifebase.ca/comnames/CommonNamesList.php?ID=47422&GenusName=Placopecten&SpeciesName=magellanicus&StockCode=1115","url_text":"\"Common Names List - Placopecten magellanicus\""}]},{"reference":"NOAA (2004). Sea Scallop, Placopecten magellanicus, Life History and Habitat Characteristics (PDF) (2 ed.). U. S. Department of Commerce. pp. 1–6. Retrieved 11 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/publications/tm/tm189/tm189.pdf","url_text":"Sea Scallop, Placopecten magellanicus, Life History and Habitat Characteristics"}]},{"reference":"Fisheries, NOAA (2020-05-27). \"Atlantic Sea Scallop \| NOAA Fisheries\". NOAA. Retrieved 2020-05-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/atlantic-sea-scallop","url_text":"\"Atlantic Sea Scallop \| NOAA Fisheries\""}]},{"reference":"\"The recovery of Atlantic sea scallops\". Ocean Action Agenda. Retrieved 2020-05-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://oceanactionagenda.org/story/recovery-atlantic-sea-scallops/","url_text":"\"The recovery of Atlantic sea scallops\""}]},{"reference":"Patrick Whittle (22 July 2019). \"Scallop Harvest Climbing As Consumer Demand For The Shellfish Grows\". www.mainepublic.org. Associated Press. Retrieved 2020-05-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mainepublic.org/post/scallop-harvest-climbing-consumer-demand-shellfish-grows","url_text":"\"Scallop Harvest Climbing As Consumer Demand For The Shellfish Grows\""}]},{"reference":"Hart, Deborah R.; Rago, Paul J. (2006). \"Long-Term Dynamics of U.S. Atlantic Sea Scallop Placopecten magellanicus Populations\". North American Journal of Fisheries Management. 26 (2): 490–501. doi:10.1577/M04-116.1. ISSN 1548-8675.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1577%2FM04-116.1","url_text":"10.1577/M04-116.1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1548-8675","url_text":"1548-8675"}]},{"reference":"\"Atlantic Sea Scallops: Maine Department of Marine Resources\". www.maine.gov. Retrieved 2020-05-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.maine.gov/dmr/science-research/species/scallops/index.html","url_text":"\"Atlantic Sea Scallops: Maine Department of Marine Resources\""}]},{"reference":"\"Scallop fishing season cut short\". Bangor Daily News. 23 January 2009. Retrieved 2020-05-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://bangordailynews.com/2009/01/23/news/scallop-fishing-season-cut-short/","url_text":"\"Scallop fishing season cut short\""}]},{"reference":"\"Scallop panel urges closure of 9 areas\". Bangor Daily News. 22 May 2009. Retrieved 2020-05-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://bangordailynews.com/2009/05/22/news/scallop-panel-urges-closure-of-9-areas/","url_text":"\"Scallop panel urges closure of 9 areas\""}]},{"reference":"Bayer, Skylar; Cheney, Trisha; Guenther, Carla; Sameoto, J. A. (2016). Proceedings of the US and Canada Scallop Science Summit: St. Andrews, New Brunswick, May 6–8, 2014. Maine Sea Grant Publications.","urls":[{"url":"https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/seagrant_pub/120","url_text":"Proceedings of the US and Canada Scallop Science Summit: St. Andrews, New Brunswick, May 6–8, 2014"}]},{"reference":"\"State proposes rotating closures for scallop fishery\". Bangor Daily News. 7 April 2012. Retrieved 2020-05-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://bangordailynews.com/2012/04/07/business/state-proposes-rotating-closures-for-scallop-fishery/","url_text":"\"State proposes rotating closures for scallop fishery\""}]},{"reference":"\"2019-20 Maine Scallop Season: Maine Department of Marine Resources\". www.maine.gov. Retrieved 2020-05-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.maine.gov/dmr/science-research/species/scallops/management/2019-20/index.html","url_text":"\"2019-20 Maine Scallop Season: Maine Department of Marine Resources\""}]},{"reference":"\"Commercial Fishing Historical Landings Data: Maine Department of Marine Resources\". www.maine.gov. Retrieved 2020-05-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.maine.gov/dmr/commercial-fishing/landings/historical-data.html","url_text":"\"Commercial Fishing Historical Landings Data: Maine Department of Marine Resources\""}]},{"reference":"\"Scallop Recommendations from the Seafood Watch Program\". www.seafoodwatch.org. Archived from the original on 2016-12-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161231170507/http://www.seafoodwatch.org/seafood-recommendations/groups/scallop?type=sea&q=Scallop,%20Sea&t=sea%20sc","url_text":"\"Scallop Recommendations from the Seafood Watch Program\""},{"url":"http://www.seafoodwatch.org/seafood-recommendations/groups/scallop?type=sea&q=Scallop,%20Sea&t=sea%20sc","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Red List Fish\". Greenpeace USA. Retrieved 2020-05-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/oceans/sustainable-seafood/red-list-fish/","url_text":"\"Red List Fish\""}]},{"reference":"Fisheries, NOAA (2019-12-30). \"Atlantic Sea Scallop Turtle Deflector Dredge and Chain Mat Regulated Areas \| NOAA Fisheries\". NOAA. Retrieved 2020-05-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/action/atlantic-sea-scallop-turtle-deflector-dredge-and-chain-mat-regulated-areas","url_text":"\"Atlantic Sea Scallop Turtle Deflector Dredge and Chain Mat Regulated Areas \| NOAA Fisheries\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=79718","external_links_name":"\"Placopecten magellanicus (Gmelin, 1791)\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Jpk_EKysBxwC&pg=PA28","external_links_name":"A Field Guide to Shells: Atlantic and Gulf Coasts and the West Indies"},{"Link":"https://www.sealifebase.ca/comnames/CommonNamesList.php?ID=47422&GenusName=Placopecten&SpeciesName=magellanicus&StockCode=1115","external_links_name":"\"Common Names List - Placopecten magellanicus\""},{"Link":"http://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/publications/tm/tm189/tm189.pdf","external_links_name":"Sea Scallop, Placopecten magellanicus, Life History and Habitat 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weather_Underground_(film)	The Weather Underground (film)	["1 Summary","2 Reception","2.1 Critical response","2.2 Accolades","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	2002 American filmThe Weather UndergroundU.S. DVD coverDirected bySam GreenBill SiegelStarringBill AyersBernardine DohrnMark RuddBrian FlanaganNaomi JaffeLaura WhitehornDavid GilbertKathleen Neal CleaverTodd GitlinRelease date 2002 (2002) Running time95 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBox office$564,632 The Weather Underground is a 2002 documentary film based on the rise and fall of the American radical far-left Communist organization Weather Underground. Summary Using archive footage from the time as well as interviews with the Weathermen in the modern day, the film constructs a linear narrative of the organization and serves as a cautionary tale. Reception Critical response The Weather Underground has an approval rating of 91% on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 58 reviews, and an average rating of 7.79/10. The website's critical consensus states, "Fascinating documentary about the militant Weathermen". Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 77 out of 100, based on 23 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Accolades The film, directed by Sam Green and Bill Siegel, won the audience choice award at the Chicago Underground Film Festival and went on to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature in 2004. See also Underground The Company You Keep American Pastoral, the 2016 film adaptation of Philip Roth's novel about American left-wing terrorism References ^ "The Weather Underground" – via MUBI. ^ The Weather Underground Box Office Mojo ^ Ebert, Roger. "The Weather Underground movie review (2003) \| Roger Ebert". ^ "The Weather Underground - Official Trailer". 19 August 2014 – via ROCO films on YouTube. ^ "The Weather Underground" – via Rotten Tomatoes. ^ "The Weather Underground" – via Metacritic. ^ "Documentary Short and Feature Film Oscar® Winners in 2004". 14 March 2014 – via Oscars on YouTube. External links The Weather Underground site for Independent Lens on PBS The Weather Underground at IMDb The Weather Underground on Sam Green's website The Weather Underground Official Site The Weather Underground on Vimeo vteWeather UndergroundBackground Anti-Vietnam War movement Counterculture of the 1960s New Left (New Communist movement· Maoism) Students for a Democratic Society (Revolutionary Youth Movement) 1968 Democratic National Convention (riots) Flint War Council Domestic terrorism in the United States Women's Brigade of Weather Underground Seattle Weather Collective FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives, 1970s Bill Clinton pardon controversy Bill Ayers 2008 presidential election controversy Members Jane Alpert Bill Ayers Kit Bakke Alan Berkman Silas Bissell Kathy Boudin Scott Braley Judith Alice Clark Bernardine Dohrn Dianne Donghi Elizabeth Ann Duke Linda Evans Brian Flanagan Larry Grathwohl (informant) David Gilbert Ted Gold Phoebe Hirsch John Jacobs Naomi Jaffe Jeff Jones Michael Justesen Michael Kazin Sharon Krebs Nancy Kurshan Roger Lippman Howard Machtinger Eric Mann Sam Melville Mark D. Naison Diana Oughton Robin Palmer Eleanor Raskin Jonah Raskin Terry Robbins Susan Rosenberg Robert Roth Mark Rudd Matthew Steen Susan Stern Laura Whitehorn Cathlyn Platt Wilkerson Attacks Days of Rage (Weather High School Jailbreaks) Greenwich Village townhouse explosion Bombing of the National Guard Bombing of the Presidio of San Francisco Bombing of the Bank of America HQ Timothy Leary escape from California Men's Colony Bombing of Marin County Courthouse Bombing at Harvard University Bombing of the United States Capitol Bombings of the Office of California Prisons Bombing of the New York Department of Corrections Bombing of the Pentagon Brink's robbery 1983 United States Senate bombing (Resistance Conspiracy case) Derivatives Prairie Fire Organizing Committee (May 19th Communist Organization) Associates Seattle Liberation Front (Michael Lerner) Media The Weather Underground Katherine Underground The Company You Keep American Pastoral Osawatomie Mother Right Fugitive Days The Anarchist Columbus Free Press See also Protests of 1968 Communist terrorism Yippies Rainbow Coalition John Brown Anti-Klan Committee Michael Klonsky and Communist Party (Marxist–Leninist) Tate–LaBianca murders (Charles Manson) Attica Prison riot Bob Dylan's Subterranean Homesick Blues Black Power movement Jewish left Student activism White privilege theory (Critical race theory) COINTELPRO United States portal Communism portal Category WikiProject	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"documentary film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_film"},{"link_name":"far-left","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far-left_politics"},{"link_name":"Communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism"},{"link_name":"Weather Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_Underground"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Weather Underground is a 2002 documentary film based on the rise and fall of the American radical far-left Communist organization Weather Underground.[3]","title":"The Weather Underground (film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Using archive footage from the time as well as interviews with the Weathermen in the modern day, the film constructs a linear narrative of the organization and serves as a cautionary tale.[4]","title":"Summary"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"review aggregator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"The Weather Underground has an approval rating of 91% on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 58 reviews, and an average rating of 7.79/10. The website's critical consensus states, \"Fascinating documentary about the militant Weathermen\".[5] Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 77 out of 100, based on 23 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".[6]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sam Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Green"},{"link_name":"Bill Siegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Siegel"},{"link_name":"Chicago Underground Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Underground_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Documentary_Feature"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Accolades","text":"The film, directed by Sam Green and Bill Siegel, won the audience choice award at the Chicago Underground Film Festival and went on to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature in 2004.[7]","title":"Reception"}]	[]	[{"title":"Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_(1976_film)"},{"title":"The Company You Keep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Company_You_Keep_(film)"},{"title":"American Pastoral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pastoral_(film)"},{"title":"Philip Roth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Roth"}]	[{"reference":"\"The Weather Underground\" – via MUBI.","urls":[{"url":"https://mubi.com/films/the-weather-underground","url_text":"\"The Weather Underground\""}]},{"reference":"Ebert, Roger. \"The Weather Underground movie review (2003) \| Roger Ebert\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-weather-underground-2003","url_text":"\"The Weather Underground movie review (2003) \| Roger Ebert\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Weather Underground - Official Trailer\". 19 August 2014 – via ROCO films on YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uiAbHmwIwGs","url_text":"\"The Weather Underground - Official Trailer\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Weather Underground\" – via Rotten Tomatoes.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_weather_underground","url_text":"\"The Weather Underground\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Weather Underground\" – via Metacritic.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-weather-underground","url_text":"\"The Weather Underground\""}]},{"reference":"\"Documentary Short and Feature Film Oscar® Winners in 2004\". 14 March 2014 – via Oscars on YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g_Hn4SeunPM","url_text":"\"Documentary Short and Feature Film Oscar® Winners in 2004\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://mubi.com/films/the-weather-underground","external_links_name":"\"The Weather Underground\""},{"Link":"http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=weatherunderground.htm","external_links_name":"The Weather Underground"},{"Link":"https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-weather-underground-2003","external_links_name":"\"The Weather Underground movie review (2003) \| Roger Ebert\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uiAbHmwIwGs","external_links_name":"\"The Weather Underground - Official Trailer\""},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_weather_underground","external_links_name":"\"The Weather Underground\""},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-weather-underground","external_links_name":"\"The Weather Underground\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g_Hn4SeunPM","external_links_name":"\"Documentary Short and Feature Film Oscar® Winners in 2004\""},{"Link":"https://www.pbs.org/independentlens/weatherunderground/","external_links_name":"The Weather Underground"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0343168/","external_links_name":"The Weather Underground"},{"Link":"http://www.samgreen.to/store/#weather","external_links_name":"The Weather Underground"},{"Link":"http://www.theweatherunderground.info/","external_links_name":"The Weather Underground Official Site"},{"Link":"https://vimeo.com/ondemand/theweatherunderground","external_links_name":"The Weather Underground on Vimeo"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Granville	Mary Delany	["1 Early life","2 Married life","3 Later life","4 Career as an artist","5 Legacy","6 Gallery","7 References","8 Bibliography","9 External links"]	English Bluestocking, artist, and letter-writer Mary DelanyPortrait by John Opie, 1782.BornMary Granville(1700-05-14)14 May 1700Coulston, Wiltshire, EnglandDied15 April 1788(1788-04-15) (aged 87)Windsor, Berkshire, EnglandKnown forpaper-cutting, decoupage Mary Delany later Mary Pendarves (née Granville; 14 May 1700 – 15 April 1788) was an English artist, letter-writer, and bluestocking, known for her "paper-mosaicks" and botanic drawing, needlework and her lively correspondence. Early life Mary Delany was born at Coulston, Wiltshire, the daughter of Colonel Bernard Granville by his marriage to Mary Westcombe, loyal Tory supporters of the Stuart Crown. She was a niece of George Granville, 1st Baron Lansdowne, her father's brother. Mary had one older brother, Bernard (1699), known as Bunny; a younger brother Bevil, born between 1702 and 1706; and a sister, Anne (1707) who married John Dewes (D'Ewes). When Mary was young, her parents moved the family to London, and she attended a school taught by a French refugee, Mademoiselle Puelle. Mary came into close contact with the Court when she was sent to live with her aunt, Lady Stanley, who was childless – the intention being that she would eventually become a Maid of Honour. While living with Lady Stanley, Mary became learned in "English, French, history, music, needlework and dancing...". She came into contact with Handel while at the household, listening to music he had composed; for the rest of her life she was a close personal friend and loyal supporter of the composer. Mary's hopes to become a lady in waiting were dashed by Queen Anne's death in 1714, which led to a change in power, and a Hanoverian on the throne, supported by the Whigs. The Granvilles moved to a manor at Buckland in Gloucestershire, where they became isolated from English society. However, Mary was able to continue her education and her pursuit of paper cutting, which had developed at an early age. Near the end of 1717 Mary was invited to stay with her uncle, Lord Lansdowne, in Wiltshire. She was introduced to Alexander Pendarves during this stay, and it soon became clear that her family had an interest in a marriage between the two. Pendarves was Member of Parliament for Launceston and 60 years old, while Mary was 17. In February 1718 she was unhappily married to him, a marriage brought on by her parents' financial dependence on Lord Lansdowne, and Lord Lansdowne's hope to gain political influence. Married life The Pendarveses left for Roscrow Castle near Falmouth in west Cornwall in April; once settled, Mrs Pendarves was able to enjoy the views that Roscrow offered, and was able to spend time riding. Mr Pendarves's gout grew worse as the year progressed, and in the second year of their marriage, Mrs Pendarves was forced to nurse her ailing husband, and pass her time sewing and painting flowers. In 1721, the two took a house in London and there, though Mr Pendarves began to drink excessively, Mrs Pendarves was reunited with many of her old friends. In 1725, Mr Pendarves died suddenly in his sleep. He had not altered his will after his marriage, and so Mrs Pendarves did not inherit what remained of his estate. "Mr. Pendarves, concerned with the bottle that allowed him to forget the loss of part of his fortune, had had no time to consider settling the rest of it on his wife." Despite her lack of resources, widowhood provided new opportunities for Mrs Pendarves. Widows, unlike unmarried women, were able to move freely in society, and for the first time in her life, Mrs Pendarves was able to pursue her own interests without the oversight of any man. Perhaps because of her own unhappy marriage, she was not satisfied with the options available to women in the 18th century. She wrote, Why must women be driven to the necessity of marrying? a state that should always be a matter of choice! and if a young woman has not fortune sufficient to maintain her in the situation she has been bred to, what can she do, but marry?" Mrs Pendarves was a very perceptive woman, "She judged everything and everybody for herself; and, while ridiculing all empty-headed or vain insipidity, whether fashionable or eccentric, was always ready to applaud the unusual, if sincere and worthy. She was eager in the acquisition of knowledge of all kinds to the end of her life..." Because she had no home of her own, after her first husband's death Mrs Pendarves spent time living with various relatives and friends. A wealthy friend, the Duchess of Portland, included Mary in her artistic and scientific "Hive" where she met Joseph Banks, the botanist, and she visited his home to see samples and drawings from his travels with Captain Cook. She bred plants, drew and painted with needlework these exotic flora. To begin with, she lived with her aunt and uncle Stanley, and after her aunt's death, she spent time in Ireland with the family of her friend Mrs Donellan. In Ireland, Mrs Pendarves made the acquaintance of Dr Patrick Delany, an Irish clergyman who was already married to a rich widow, Margaret Tenison. It was not until 1743, two years after the death of his first wife, that on a trip to London Dr Delany proposed to Mrs Pendarves, much to the dismay of her family. They were married in June 1743. The Delanys passed a year in London before moving to Dublin, where Dr Delany had a home. They also rented Mount Panther in County Down and during their first year in the house Patrick was made Dean of Down. Both husband and wife were very interested in botany and gardening: "Their mutual pleasure in their garden at Delville near Dublin in particular, his encouragement of her gardening, painting, shell-work and needlework resulted in a surge of activity in a variety of media in all of which the basic theme was the flower, whether in stocking the Delville garden, painting garden landscapes, decorating interiors with shells, or working embroideries." After twenty-five years of marriage, most of it spent in Ireland, Dr Delany died in Bath, England, on 6 May 1768 at the age of eighty-four, and Mrs Delany, now sixty-eight, found herself again a widow. Later life As a widow, Mary Delany spent even more of her time at Bulstrode, the home of her close friend, Margaret Bentinck, Dowager Duchess of Portland. The two shared an interest in botany, often going out to look for specific specimens. It was during her frequent stays at Bulstrode that Mary became acquainted with two well-known botanists of the time: Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander. This contact with the botanists encouraged Mary's interest in botany and also developed the knowledge on which many of her flower paper-cuttings are based. In 1769, she translated William Hudson's (1762) Flora Anglica into English. Although her translation remained unpublished, Delany's intervention in the text provides a clear glimpse into her botanical knowledge. Mary Delany died on 15 April 1788. There is a memorial to her in St James's Church, Piccadilly. A memorial to Mary Delany in St James's Church, Piccadilly. Career as an artist Mary Delany had always been an artist, but during her marriage to Dr Delany she had the time to hone her skills. She was also a gardener, and did needlework, drawing, and painting; but was best known for her paper-cutting: "For these 'mosaicks' are coloured paper representing not only conspicuous details but also contrasting colours or shades of the same colour so that every effect of light is caught". She struck up a friendship with Letitia Bushe, a watercolourist and miniaturist, with whom she embarked on a number of artistic projects. In 1771, a widow in her early 70s, Mary began on decoupage, a fashion with ladies of the court. Her works were detailed and botanically accurate depictions of plants, using tissue paper and hand colouration. She created 985 of these works, calling them her "Paper Mosaiks ", from the age of 71 to 88, when her eyesight failed her. "With the plant specimen set before her she cut minute particles of coloured paper to represent the petals, stamens, calyx, leaves, veins, stalk and other parts of the plant, and, using lighter and darker paper to form the shading, she stuck them on a black background. By placing one piece of paper upon another she sometimes built up several layers and in a complete picture there might be hundreds of pieces to form one plant. It is thought she first dissected each plant so that she might examine it carefully for accurate portrayal..." Mary became well known, and donors began to send her flowers to cut. Her work can be seen in the Enlightenment Gallery at the British Museum. Upon her death, "The ten volumes of Mrs. Delany's Flora Delanica were inherited by Lady Llanover, the daughter of Georgina Mary Ann Port. Lady Llanover, who died in 1896 at the age of ninety-four, bequeathed these volumes to the British Museum..." When her patroness, the Dowager Duchess, died, King George III and Queen Charlotte gave her a small house at Windsor and a pension of £300 a year. Mrs. Delany had become familiar with Queen Charlotte while living in the house at Windsor, becoming an important part of the inner circle of the court, teaching the young children about plants and sewing skills. The King and Queen were great supporters; she was given a locket of the queen's hair and a portrait of Delany was arranged by the king, then hung in the queen's bedchamber; they said of her paper-cutting, to have "...always desired that any curious or beautiful plants should be transmitted to Mrs. Delany when in blossom." By the 1780s, Mary had also become well acquainted with Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire and Frances Burney (Madame D'Arblay) whom she frequently visited at her London home and at Windsor, and owed to her friendship her court appointment. Mary had known many of the luminaries of her day, had corresponded with Jonathan Swift, Sir Joseph Banks, and Young, and left a detailed picture of polite English society of the 18th century in her six volumes of Autobiography and Letters (ed. Lady Llanover, 1861–1862). Burke calls her "a real fine lady, the model of an accomplished woman of former times". Legacy The Ulster Museum in Belfast holds an embroidered bedcover by Mrs Delany, one of the few complete pieces of embroidery made by her. Other pieces are described in letters, including pieces sewn with violets, auriculas, geraniums , poppies, Madonna lilies. Her own clothes were embroidered richly, including a ballgown probably designed for the birthday of Frederick, Prince of Wales, in 1751 with pinks, lily of the valley, winter jasmine, scent peas, love-in-a-mist, anemones, tulips, bluebells and forget-me-nots in accurate anatomical detail. In 1980, a descendant of Delany's sister Anne, Ruth Hayden, published a book on Delany's work: Mrs. Delany and Her Flower Collages, which was reissued in 2000 as Mrs. Delany: Her Life and Her Flowers (British Museum Press). A biography of Delany by Clarissa Campbell Orr was published in 2019. In the 1980s, Irish fashion designer Sybil Connolly created a range of tableware for Tiffany & Co. inspired by Mrs Delany's floral collages. In 2022 the 'Mortimer Sackler' rose was renamed 'Mary Delany' by David Austin Roses in honor of the artist. The registration name of the rose is 'Ausorts'. Gallery References ^ Kerhervé, A. (2014). William Writes To William. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 5. ISBN 9781443867276. Retrieved 6 June 2023. ...sent to the blue-stocking Mary Delany... ^ Great women artists. Phaidon Press. 2019. p. 117. ISBN 978-0714878775. ^ M. Peacock, 'Mrs Delany begins her life's work' in The Paper Garden (2010) beginning at p. 72; Dewes ( 1940) ^ "Correspondence from Court Dewes – Correspondence from Various Friends – Correspondence – Mary Hamilton Papers". archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk. Retrieved 24 May 2021. ^ Dewes 1940, p. 20. ^ a b c d e f g h i Hayden, 1980. ^ Dewes 1940, p. 22. ^ a b c d e Hunter, Clare (2019). Threads of life : a history of the world through the eye of a needle. London: Sceptre (Hodder & Stoughton). pp. 215–219. ISBN 9781473687912. OCLC 1079199690. ^ Dewes 1940, p. 79. ^ Johnson, R. Brimley. Mrs. Delany (London: Stanley Paul & Co. Ltd. 1925) p. xxiv. ^ Kingsley, Nicholas (14 November 2014). "Annesley of Castlewellan, Mount Panther and Donard Lodge, Earls Annesley". Landed families of Britain and Ireland. Retrieved 24 June 2018. ^ Cotton, Henry (1849). Fasti Ecclesiæ Hibernicæ: The Succession of the Prelates and Members of the Cathedral Bodies in Ireland: Volume 3. Dublin: Hodges and Smith. p. 228. ^ Hayden 1980, p. 12. ^ Paston, George. Mrs. Delany (Mary Granville): a memoir, 1700–1788 (Edinburgh: G. Richards, 1900) p. 191. ^ Cardoso, T. (2023). Mary Delany's British Flora (1769): Female Agency in the Translation of Science. In K. Bennett & R. M. Puga (Eds.), Translation and Transposition in the Early Modern Period (pp. 91-110). Routledge. ^ Hayden 1980, p. 13. ^ Connolly, S. J. (2000). "A Woman's Life in Mid-Eighteenth-Century Ireland: The Case of Letitia Bushe". The Historical Journal. 43 (2): 433–451. doi:10.1017/S0018246X99008912. JSTOR 3021036. S2CID 159493187. ^ Laird 2009. ^ Laird 2009, p. 36. ^ Hayden 1980, pp. 132–133. ^ Hayden 1980, p. 143. ^ Vulliamy 1935, p. 256. ^ Vulliamy 1935, p. 254. ^ Wu, Duncan (2015). 30 Great Myths About The Romantics. Wiley. p. 42. ISBN 9781118843260. Retrieved 7 June 2023. Georgiana, Duchess of Cavendish was acquainted with Mary Delany... ^ "Frances Burney and Mary Delany". The Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead. 2023. Retrieved 8 June 2023. Mary Delany (14 May 1700 – 15 April 1788) is also commemorated on this Plaque. She was an artist, writer, and English Bluestocking. Delany was well liked by King George III and Queen Charlotte, who after the death of Delany's second husband offered her a house and a pension of £300 per year. ^ Bryant, Kathy (15 June 1996). "A Pattern of Success". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 20 January 2022. ^ "An eye for a bloom". The Irish Times. Retrieved 20 January 2022. ^ "'Mortimer Sackler' Rose". helpmefind.com. Retrieved 12 March 2022. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Delany, Mary Granville". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 943. Bibliography Blain, Virginia, et al. (Eds). "Delany, Mary." The Feminist Companion to Literature in English (New Haven and London: Yale UP, 1990) 278–79. Campbell Orr, Clarissa. Mrs Delany: a Life (Yale, 2019). Delany, Mary (Granville) & Lady Llanover (Ed.). The autobiography and correspondence of Mary Granville, Mrs. Delany : with interesting reminiscences of King George the third and Queen Charlotte: Volume 1, Volume 2, Volume 3 (London: R. Bentley, 1861). Delany, Mary. The Autobiography and Correspondence of Mrs. Delany. Publication date 1879 Dewes, Simon. Mrs. Delany (London: Rich & Cowan, Ltd, 1989). Hayden, Ruth. Mrs Delany: her life and her flowers (London: British Museum Pubs. Ltd., 1980). Kerhervé, Alain. (Ed). Mary Delany (1700–1788) and the Court of King George III, vol. 4 of Michael Kassler (ed.), Memoirs of the Court of George III. London, Pickering & Chatto, 2015. ISBN 978-1-8489-34696 Kerhervé, Alain. Une épistolière anglaise du XVIIIe siècle : Mary Delany (1700–1788). Éditions L'Harmattan, 2004. 500 p. Kerhervé, Alain. (Ed). Polite Letters: The Correspondence of Mary Delany (1700–1788) and Francis North, Lord Guilford (1704–1790). Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009. 150 p. Laird, Mark and Weisberg-Roberts, Alicia (Ed.). Mrs. Delany & Her Circle (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009). ISBN 978-0-300-14279-2 Paston, George. Mrs. Delany (Mary Granville): a memoir, 1700–1788 (London: Grant Richards, 1900). Peacock, Molly. The Paper Garden: An Artist (Begins Her Life's Work) at 72. New York, NY ; Berlin : Bloomsbury, 2011, ISBN 978-1-60819-523-7 Vulliamy, C. E. Aspasia: The Life and Letters of Mary Granville, Mrs Delany (London: J. and J. Gray. 1935). Wilson, Rachel, Elite Women in Ascendancy Ireland, 1690–1745: Imitation and Innovation (Boydell and Brewer, Woodbridge, 2015). ISBN 978-1783270392 External links Media related to Mary Delany at Wikimedia Commons Works by Mary Delany at Open Library Example of Mary's paper mosaic (British Museum) The Paper Garden: Mrs. Delany Begins Her Life's Work at 72 by Molly Peacock Record for Mary Granville Delany at www.findagrave.com Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Australia Netherlands Artists KulturNav RKD Artists ULAN People Ireland Trove Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names"},{"link_name":"bluestocking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Stockings_Society"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Mary Delany later Mary Pendarves (née Granville; 14 May 1700 – 15 April 1788) was an English artist, letter-writer, and bluestocking,[1] known for her \"paper-mosaicks\" and botanic drawing, needlework and her lively correspondence.","title":"Mary Delany"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coulston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulston"},{"link_name":"Wiltshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiltshire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Phaidon_Editors-2"},{"link_name":"Tory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tory"},{"link_name":"Stuart Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Stuart"},{"link_name":"George Granville, 1st Baron Lansdowne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Granville,_1st_Baron_Lansdowne"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Maid of Honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maid_of_Honour"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hayden-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hayden-6"},{"link_name":"Handel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"lady in waiting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_in_waiting"},{"link_name":"Queen Anne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Hanoverian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Hanover"},{"link_name":"Whigs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)"},{"link_name":"Buckland in Gloucestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckland,_Gloucestershire"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hayden-6"},{"link_name":"Lord Lansdowne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Granville,_1st_Baron_Lansdowne"},{"link_name":"Alexander Pendarves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Pendarves"},{"link_name":"Launceston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launceston_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hayden-6"}],"text":"Mary Delany was born at Coulston, Wiltshire,[2] the daughter of Colonel Bernard Granville by his marriage to Mary Westcombe, loyal Tory supporters of the Stuart Crown. She was a niece of George Granville, 1st Baron Lansdowne, her father's brother.Mary had one older brother, Bernard (1699), known as Bunny; a younger brother Bevil, born between 1702 and 1706; and a sister, Anne (1707) who married John Dewes (D'Ewes).[3][4]When Mary was young, her parents moved the family to London, and she attended a school taught by a French refugee, Mademoiselle Puelle. Mary came into close contact with the Court when she was sent to live with her aunt, Lady Stanley, who was childless[5] – the intention being that she would eventually become a Maid of Honour.[6]While living with Lady Stanley, Mary became learned in \"English, French, history, music, needlework and dancing...\".[6] She came into contact with Handel while at the household, listening to music he had composed; for the rest of her life she was a close personal friend and loyal supporter of the composer.[7] Mary's hopes to become a lady in waiting were dashed by Queen Anne's death in 1714, which led to a change in power, and a Hanoverian on the throne, supported by the Whigs. The Granvilles moved to a manor at Buckland in Gloucestershire, where they became isolated from English society. However, Mary was able to continue her education and her pursuit of paper cutting, which had developed at an early age.[6]Near the end of 1717 Mary was invited to stay with her uncle, Lord Lansdowne, in Wiltshire. She was introduced to Alexander Pendarves during this stay, and it soon became clear that her family had an interest in a marriage between the two. Pendarves was Member of Parliament for Launceston and 60 years old, while Mary was 17.In February 1718 she was unhappily married to him, a marriage brought on by her parents' financial dependence on Lord Lansdowne, and Lord Lansdowne's hope to gain political influence.[6]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roscrow Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roscrow_Castle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Falmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falmouth,_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall"},{"link_name":"gout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gout"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hayden-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hayden-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Duchess of Portland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Bentinck,_Duchess_of_Portland"},{"link_name":"Joseph Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Banks"},{"link_name":"botanist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanist"},{"link_name":"Captain Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"Dr Patrick Delany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Delany_(theologian)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hayden-6"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Mount Panther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Panther"},{"link_name":"County Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Down"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Dean of Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_of_Down"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The Pendarveses left for Roscrow Castle near Falmouth in west Cornwall in April; once settled, Mrs Pendarves was able to enjoy the views that Roscrow offered, and was able to spend time riding. Mr Pendarves's gout grew worse as the year progressed, and in the second year of their marriage, Mrs Pendarves was forced to nurse her ailing husband, and pass her time sewing and painting flowers.[8] In 1721, the two took a house in London and there, though Mr Pendarves began to drink excessively, Mrs Pendarves was reunited with many of her old friends. In 1725, Mr Pendarves died suddenly in his sleep.[6] He had not altered his will after his marriage, and so Mrs Pendarves did not inherit what remained of his estate. \"Mr. Pendarves, concerned with the bottle that allowed him to forget the loss of part of his fortune, had had no time to consider settling the rest of it on his wife.\"[9]Despite her lack of resources, widowhood provided new opportunities for Mrs Pendarves. Widows, unlike unmarried women, were able to move freely in society, and for the first time in her life, Mrs Pendarves was able to pursue her own interests without the oversight of any man. Perhaps because of her own unhappy marriage, she was not satisfied with the options available to women in the 18th century. She wrote,Why must women be driven to the necessity of marrying? a state that should always be a matter of choice! and if a young woman has not fortune sufficient to maintain her in the situation she has been bred to, what can she do, but marry?\"[6]Mrs Pendarves was a very perceptive woman, \"She judged everything and everybody for herself; and, while ridiculing all empty-headed or vain insipidity, whether fashionable or eccentric, was always ready to applaud the unusual, if sincere and worthy. She was eager in the acquisition of knowledge of all kinds to the end of her life...\"[10]Because she had no home of her own, after her first husband's death Mrs Pendarves spent time living with various relatives and friends. A wealthy friend, the Duchess of Portland, included Mary in her artistic and scientific \"Hive\" where she met Joseph Banks, the botanist, and she visited his home to see samples and drawings from his travels with Captain Cook. She bred plants, drew and painted with needlework these exotic flora.[8]To begin with, she lived with her aunt and uncle Stanley, and after her aunt's death, she spent time in Ireland with the family of her friend Mrs Donellan. In Ireland, Mrs Pendarves made the acquaintance of Dr Patrick Delany, an Irish clergyman who was already married to a rich widow, Margaret Tenison. It was not until 1743, two years after the death of his first wife, that on a trip to London Dr Delany proposed to Mrs Pendarves, much to the dismay of her family. They were married in June 1743.[6]The Delanys passed a year in London before moving to Dublin, where Dr Delany had a home. They also rented Mount Panther in County Down[11] and during their first year in the house Patrick was made Dean of Down.[12] Both husband and wife were very interested in botany and gardening:\"Their mutual pleasure in their garden at Delville near Dublin in particular, his encouragement of her gardening, painting, shell-work and needlework resulted in a surge of activity in a variety of media in all of which the basic theme was the flower, whether in stocking the Delville garden, painting garden landscapes, decorating interiors with shells, or working embroideries.\"[13]After twenty-five years of marriage, most of it spent in Ireland, Dr Delany died in Bath, England, on 6 May 1768 at the age of eighty-four, and Mrs Delany, now sixty-eight, found herself again a widow.[14]","title":"Married life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bulstrode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulstrode_Park"},{"link_name":"Margaret Bentinck, Dowager Duchess of Portland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Bentinck,_Duchess_of_Portland"},{"link_name":"Joseph Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Banks"},{"link_name":"Daniel Solander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Solander"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hayden-6"},{"link_name":"William Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hudson_(botanist)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"St James's Church, Piccadilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_James%27s_Church,_Piccadilly"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_memorial_to_Mary_Delaney_in_St_James%27s_Church,_Piccadilly.jpg"}],"text":"As a widow, Mary Delany spent even more of her time at Bulstrode, the home of her close friend, Margaret Bentinck, Dowager Duchess of Portland. The two shared an interest in botany, often going out to look for specific specimens. It was during her frequent stays at Bulstrode that Mary became acquainted with two well-known botanists of the time: Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander. This contact with the botanists encouraged Mary's interest in botany and also developed the knowledge on which many of her flower paper-cuttings are based.[6] In 1769, she translated William Hudson's (1762) Flora Anglica into English. Although her translation remained unpublished, Delany's intervention in the text provides a clear glimpse into her botanical knowledge.[15]Mary Delany died on 15 April 1788. There is a memorial to her in St James's Church, Piccadilly.A memorial to Mary Delany in St James's Church, Piccadilly.","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"paper-cutting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper-cutting"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Letitia Bushe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letitia_Bushe"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Connolly-17"},{"link_name":"decoupage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decoupage"},{"link_name":"tissue paper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_paper"},{"link_name":"sic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Enlightenment Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Library#Enlightenment_exhibition"},{"link_name":"British Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"King George III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George_III"},{"link_name":"Queen Charlotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Charlotte"},{"link_name":"Windsor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor,_Berkshire"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hayden-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgiana_Cavendish,_Duchess_of_Devonshire"},{"link_name":"Frances Burney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Burney"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Swift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift"},{"link_name":"Sir Joseph Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Joseph_Banks"},{"link_name":"Lady Llanover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Llanover"},{"link_name":"Burke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Burke"}],"text":"Mary Delany had always been an artist, but during her marriage to Dr Delany she had the time to hone her skills. She was also a gardener, and did needlework, drawing, and painting; but was best known for her paper-cutting:\"For these 'mosaicks' are coloured paper representing not only conspicuous details but also contrasting colours or shades of the same colour so that every effect of light is caught\".[16] She struck up a friendship with Letitia Bushe, a watercolourist and miniaturist, with whom she embarked on a number of artistic projects.[17]In 1771, a widow in her early 70s, Mary began on decoupage, a fashion with ladies of the court. Her works were detailed and botanically accurate depictions of plants, using tissue paper and hand colouration. She created 985 of these works, calling them her \"Paper Mosaiks [sic]\",[18] from the age of 71 to 88, when her eyesight failed her.[19]\"With the plant specimen set before her she cut minute particles of coloured paper to represent the petals, stamens, calyx, leaves, veins, stalk and other parts of the plant, and, using lighter and darker paper to form the shading, she stuck them on a black background. By placing one piece of paper upon another she sometimes built up several layers and in a complete picture there might be hundreds of pieces to form one plant. It is thought she first dissected each plant so that she might examine it carefully for accurate portrayal...\"[20]Mary became well known, and donors began to send her flowers to cut.[21] Her work can be seen in the Enlightenment Gallery at the British Museum. Upon her death, \"The ten volumes of Mrs. Delany's Flora Delanica were inherited by Lady Llanover, the daughter of Georgina Mary Ann Port. Lady Llanover, who died in 1896 at the age of ninety-four, bequeathed these volumes to the British Museum...\"[22][8]When her patroness, the Dowager Duchess, died, King George III and Queen Charlotte gave her a small house at Windsor and a pension of £300 a year. Mrs. Delany had become familiar with Queen Charlotte while living in the house at Windsor, becoming an important part of the inner circle of the court,[6] teaching the young children about plants and sewing skills. The King and Queen were great supporters; she was given a locket of the queen's hair and a portrait of Delany was arranged by the king, then hung in the queen's bedchamber;[8] they said of her paper-cutting, to have \"...always desired that any curious or beautiful plants should be transmitted to Mrs. Delany when in blossom.\"[23]By the 1780s, Mary had also become well acquainted with Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire and Frances Burney (Madame D'Arblay) whom she frequently visited at her London home and at Windsor, and owed to her friendship her court appointment.[24][25]Mary had known many of the luminaries of her day, had corresponded with Jonathan Swift, Sir Joseph Banks, and Young, and left a detailed picture of polite English society of the 18th century in her six volumes of Autobiography and Letters (ed. Lady Llanover, 1861–1862). Burke calls her \"a real fine lady, the model of an accomplished woman of former times\".","title":"Career as an artist"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ulster Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Museum"},{"link_name":"Frederick, Prince of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"Sybil Connolly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sybil_Connolly"},{"link_name":"Tiffany & Co","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffany_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"The Ulster Museum in Belfast holds an embroidered bedcover by Mrs Delany, one of the few complete pieces of embroidery made by her. Other pieces are described in letters, including pieces sewn with violets, auriculas, geraniums , poppies, Madonna lilies. Her own clothes were embroidered richly, including a ballgown probably designed for the birthday of Frederick, Prince of Wales, in 1751 with pinks, lily of the valley, winter jasmine, scent peas, love-in-a-mist, anemones, tulips, bluebells and forget-me-nots in accurate anatomical detail.[8]In 1980, a descendant of Delany's sister Anne, Ruth Hayden, published a book on Delany's work: Mrs. Delany and Her Flower Collages, which was reissued in 2000 as Mrs. Delany: Her Life and Her Flowers (British Museum Press). A biography of Delany by Clarissa Campbell Orr was published in 2019.In the 1980s, Irish fashion designer Sybil Connolly created a range of tableware for Tiffany & Co. inspired by Mrs Delany's floral collages.[26][27]In 2022 the 'Mortimer Sackler' rose was renamed 'Mary Delany' by David Austin Roses in honor of the artist. The registration name of the rose is 'Ausorts'.[28]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mary_Delany02.gif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mary_Delany04.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mary_Delany05.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mary_Delany06.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mary_Delany07.jpg"}],"title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Volume 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/autobiographyimg01dela"},{"link_name":"Volume 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/autobiographyco02delauoft"},{"link_name":"Volume 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/autobiographycor03delauoft"},{"link_name":"The Autobiography and Correspondence of Mrs. Delany.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/autobiographyan00coolgoog"},{"link_name":"Dewes, Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Dewes"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-8489-34696","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8489-34696"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-300-14279-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14279-2"},{"link_name":"Mrs. Delany (Mary Granville): a memoir, 1700–1788","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/mrsdelanymarygra00past"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-60819-523-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-523-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1783270392","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1783270392"}],"text":"Blain, Virginia, et al. (Eds). \"Delany, Mary.\" The Feminist Companion to Literature in English (New Haven and London: Yale UP, 1990) 278–79.\nCampbell Orr, Clarissa. Mrs Delany: a Life (Yale, 2019).\nDelany, Mary (Granville) & Lady Llanover (Ed.). The autobiography and correspondence of Mary Granville, Mrs. Delany : with interesting reminiscences of King George the third and Queen Charlotte: Volume 1, Volume 2, Volume 3 (London: R. Bentley, 1861).\nDelany, Mary. The Autobiography and Correspondence of Mrs. Delany. Publication date 1879\nDewes, Simon. Mrs. Delany (London: Rich & Cowan, Ltd, 1989).\nHayden, Ruth. Mrs Delany: her life and her flowers (London: British Museum Pubs. Ltd., 1980).\nKerhervé, Alain. (Ed). Mary Delany (1700–1788) and the Court of King George III, vol. 4 of Michael Kassler (ed.), Memoirs of the Court of George III. London, Pickering & Chatto, 2015. ISBN 978-1-8489-34696\nKerhervé, Alain. Une épistolière anglaise du XVIIIe siècle : Mary Delany (1700–1788). Éditions L'Harmattan, 2004. 500 p.\nKerhervé, Alain. (Ed). Polite Letters: The Correspondence of Mary Delany (1700–1788) and Francis North, Lord Guilford (1704–1790). Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009. 150 p.\nLaird, Mark and Weisberg-Roberts, Alicia (Ed.). Mrs. Delany & Her Circle (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009). ISBN 978-0-300-14279-2\nPaston, George. Mrs. Delany (Mary Granville): a memoir, 1700–1788 (London: Grant Richards, 1900).\nPeacock, Molly. The Paper Garden: An Artist (Begins Her Life's Work) at 72. New York, NY ; Berlin [u.a.] : Bloomsbury, 2011, ISBN 978-1-60819-523-7\nVulliamy, C. E. Aspasia: The Life and Letters of Mary Granville, Mrs Delany (London: J. and J. Gray. 1935).\nWilson, Rachel, Elite Women in Ascendancy Ireland, 1690–1745: Imitation and Innovation (Boydell and Brewer, Woodbridge, 2015). ISBN 978-1783270392","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"A memorial to Mary Delany in St James's Church, Piccadilly.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/A_memorial_to_Mary_Delaney_in_St_James%27s_Church%2C_Piccadilly.jpg/220px-A_memorial_to_Mary_Delaney_in_St_James%27s_Church%2C_Piccadilly.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Kerhervé, A. (2014). William Writes To William. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 5. ISBN 9781443867276. Retrieved 6 June 2023. ...sent to the blue-stocking Mary Delany...","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CxRQBwAAQBAJ&dq=Mary+Delany+blue+stocking&pg=PA5","url_text":"William Writes To William"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781443867276","url_text":"9781443867276"}]},{"reference":"Great women artists. Phaidon Press. 2019. p. 117. ISBN 978-0714878775.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0714878775","url_text":"978-0714878775"}]},{"reference":"\"Correspondence from Court Dewes – Correspondence from Various Friends – Correspondence – Mary Hamilton Papers\". archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk. Retrieved 24 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb133-ham/ham/1/8/9","url_text":"\"Correspondence from Court Dewes – Correspondence from Various Friends – Correspondence – Mary Hamilton Papers\""}]},{"reference":"Hunter, Clare (2019). Threads of life : a history of the world through the eye of a needle. London: Sceptre (Hodder & Stoughton). pp. 215–219. ISBN 9781473687912. OCLC 1079199690.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781473687912","url_text":"9781473687912"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1079199690","url_text":"1079199690"}]},{"reference":"Kingsley, Nicholas (14 November 2014). \"Annesley of Castlewellan, Mount Panther and Donard Lodge, Earls Annesley\". Landed families of Britain and Ireland. Retrieved 24 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://landedfamilies.blogspot.com/2014/11/147-annesley-of-castlewellan-mount.html","url_text":"\"Annesley of Castlewellan, Mount Panther and Donard Lodge, Earls Annesley\""}]},{"reference":"Cotton, Henry (1849). Fasti Ecclesiæ Hibernicæ: The Succession of the Prelates and Members of the Cathedral Bodies in Ireland: Volume 3. Dublin: Hodges and Smith. p. 228.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cotton_(divine)","url_text":"Cotton, Henry"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-cpW80vLPcC&pg=PA228","url_text":"Fasti Ecclesiæ Hibernicæ: The Succession of the Prelates and Members of the Cathedral Bodies in Ireland: Volume 3"}]},{"reference":"Connolly, S. J. (2000). \"A Woman's Life in Mid-Eighteenth-Century Ireland: The Case of Letitia Bushe\". The Historical Journal. 43 (2): 433–451. doi:10.1017/S0018246X99008912. JSTOR 3021036. S2CID 159493187.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X99008912","url_text":"10.1017/S0018246X99008912"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3021036","url_text":"3021036"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159493187","url_text":"159493187"}]},{"reference":"Wu, Duncan (2015). 30 Great Myths About The Romantics. Wiley. p. 42. ISBN 9781118843260. Retrieved 7 June 2023. Georgiana, Duchess of Cavendish was acquainted with Mary Delany...","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wty5BgAAQBAJ&dq=Anna+Laetitia+Barbauld+Duchess+devonshire&pg=PA42","url_text":"30 Great Myths About The Romantics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118843260","url_text":"9781118843260"}]},{"reference":"\"Frances Burney and Mary Delany\". The Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead. 2023. Retrieved 8 June 2023. Mary Delany (14 May 1700 – 15 April 1788) is also commemorated on this Plaque. She was an artist, writer, and English Bluestocking. Delany was well liked by King George III and Queen Charlotte, who after the death of Delany's second husband offered her a house and a pension of £300 per year.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rbwm.gov.uk/home/leisure-and-culture/local-history-and-heritage/commemorative-plaques/frances-burney-and-mary-delany","url_text":"\"Frances Burney and Mary Delany\""}]},{"reference":"Bryant, Kathy (15 June 1996). \"A Pattern of Success\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 20 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-06-15-hm-15574-story.html","url_text":"\"A Pattern of Success\""}]},{"reference":"\"An eye for a bloom\". The Irish Times. Retrieved 20 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/people/an-eye-for-a-bloom-1.618641","url_text":"\"An eye for a bloom\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Mortimer Sackler' Rose\". helpmefind.com. Retrieved 12 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.helpmefind.com/gardening/l.php?l=2.38220","url_text":"\"'Mortimer Sackler' Rose\""}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Delany, Mary Granville\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 943.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Delany,_Mary_Granville","url_text":"Delany, Mary Granville"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CxRQBwAAQBAJ&dq=Mary+Delany+blue+stocking&pg=PA5","external_links_name":"William Writes To William"},{"Link":"https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb133-ham/ham/1/8/9","external_links_name":"\"Correspondence from Court Dewes – Correspondence from Various Friends – Correspondence – Mary Hamilton Papers\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1079199690","external_links_name":"1079199690"},{"Link":"https://landedfamilies.blogspot.com/2014/11/147-annesley-of-castlewellan-mount.html","external_links_name":"\"Annesley of Castlewellan, Mount Panther and Donard Lodge, 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAC_(musician)	RAC (musician)	["1 Early life","2 Music career","2.1 Founding Remix Artist Collective","2.2 Recent years with solo project","3 Style and influences","4 Members of Remix Artist Collective","5 Discography","5.1 Albums","5.2 Extended plays","5.3 Singles","6 Grammy Awards","7 References","8 External links"]	American musician and record producer A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view. Please discuss further on the talk page. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) RACAndré Allen AnjosBorn1985PortugalOriginPortland, Oregon, U.S.Genres Indie rock alternative dance electronic Occupation(s)DJLabelsCounter RecordsWebsiteRAC.fmTwitch informationChannel RAC Years active2013–presentFollowers12,609Last updated: August 2020 André Allen Anjos, better known by his stage name RAC, is an American musician and record producer based in Oregon. RAC has created more than 200 remixes in the rock, electronica, and dance music genres for various musical artists, with his work featured in ads from Citigroup and Hulu, among others. The live, five-piece touring act has been featured at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival, Firefly Music Festival, Bumbershoot, Corona Capital music festival and Lollapalooza music festival. Early life André Anjos was born in 1985 in Portugal, to an American mother and a Portuguese father. Anjos's family moved frequently and he has stated that he attended “ten different schools” until his parents settled in Santa Maria da Feira, near Porto. Anjos took up playing the piano when he was 6 and got his first guitar when he was 13. He lived in the US for a time with his parents in the mid-1990s and went back in 2005 to study Music, Media, and Entertainment Business at Greenville College in Illinois. At college he met his wife Liz, who was a piano major. They moved to Portland after graduating and have been based there since. As a musician, Liz Anjos performs under the name Pink Feathers. Anjos' parents and brother have also moved to the U.S. Music career Founding Remix Artist Collective The Remix Artist Collective was created in January 2007 by André Allen Anjos, after recruiting fellow online remixers Aaron Jasinski and Chris Angelovski. Originally from Porto, Portugal, Anjos founded RAC in Greenville, Illinois, U.S. while he was a student at Greenville College, and became coordinator of the Remix Artist Collective. Later, Andrew Maury (New York City) and Karl Kling (Portland) joined RAC. RAC's first release was "Sleeping Lessons (RAC Mix)" for The Shins, earning the remix a spot as a B-Side on the single release for "Australia." The mix, along with several other projects garnered interest among bands like Tokyo Police Club, Bloc Party, and Ra Ra Riot. RAC's 2008 Sega Vs. Nintendo EP spurred interest by bloggers and earned a headline from the gaming site Kotaku. In addition to the mention and posting of remixes by online publications such as Pitchfork Media and Brooklyn Vegan, RAC has received more formal recognition in a full-length feature cover article for the St. Louis Riverfront Times, an online interview with Stereo Subversion, and an exclusive free mp3 debut through Stereogum. Recent years with solo project RAC has remixed artists such as Kings of Leon, Lana Del Rey, Yeah Yeah Yeahs, Edward Sharpe, Death Cab For Cutie, Phoenix, Foster The People, Linkin Park, Two Door Cinema Club, Bob Marley, U2, Ella Fitzgerald, New Order, Lady Gaga, Odesza, and Washed Out. RAC released their first original song "Hollywood" featuring Penguin Prison's Chris Glover via Green Label Sound on May 3, 2012. "Hollywood" was the promotional single to the debut RAC original album. RAC released their second original song "Let Go" featuring Bloc Party's Kele and MNDR on August 20, 2013. "Let Go" was the second single from their EP "Don't Talk To", released October 1, 2013. RAC's debut studio album as Anjos' solo project, Strangers, was released on April 1, 2014. Anjos now resides in the USA. The title refers to the fact that the album was primarily made on line, with Anjos never meeting most of the collaborators in real life. Outside of remixing, Anjos has done work creating original music content for HBO's Entourage, and was a principal member of the indie-electronica band, The Pragmatic until its end in 2010. RAC also composed and performed the soundtrack for the videogame Master Spy. RAC performed at music festivals including the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival, Firefly Music Festival, Bumbershoot, the Corona Capital music festival, Ultra Music Festival and the Lollapalooza. RAC was nominated for a Grammy Award for Say My Name (Odesza featuring Zyra) in 2016. Its remix of Bob Moses' "Tearing Me Up" won Best Remixed Recording, Non-Classical at the 59th Annual Grammy Awards in 2017. RAC played a major role in the production of Linkin Park's seventh studio album One More Light. RAC frequently collaborates with Pink Feathers, the music project of Anjos' wife, Liz Anjos. They met at college in Illinois and moved to Portland, Oregon after graduation. Besides being a musician, Liz Anjos is also a sub-3-hour marathoner. He is currently dating American model Ireland Baldwin and in December 2022, Baldwin announced on Instagram that they were expecting their first child together. Style and influences The vision of the Remix Artist Collective was to maintain a style of remixing that strays from the "club mix" archetype, creating new incarnations of songs that stem from the original structure, but expand on their genre and musical arrangement. Early RAC mixes typically feature a blend of hip-hop and vintage drum machine samples, analog synthesizers, melodic hooks, and original instrumentation performed by the remix artists themselves. Annie Zaleski of the Riverfront Times wrote of Anjos' style: "Unlike many electronic remixes, which are commonly technical and precise, RAC mixes embody a unique aesthetic built on emotion and nuance, an almost intangible warmth and innate playfulness." Anjos' signature remixing sound is in large part a result of some of his equipment, notably, a 1982 Roland Juno-60 and 1973 Univox MiniKorg, though he has also been known to manipulate analog tape machines to achieve effects, and primarily works with Ableton Live to do so. Members of Remix Artist Collective RACBackground informationAlso known asRemix Artist CollectiveOriginPortland, Oregon, U.S.Genres Nu-disco indietronica indie rock alternative dance synthpop electronica Years active2007 (2007) – presentLabelsCherrytree, InterscopeMembersAndré Allen AnjosPast membersAaron JasinskiChris AngelovskiAndrew MauryKarl KlingWebsiteremixartistcollective.com Current members André Allen Anjos Former members Andrew Maury Aaron Miller Karl Kling Aaron Jasinski Chris Angelovski Discography Albums Year Title Release details 2010 Holy Rollers OST 2012 Chapter One Remix compilation 2014 Strangers Interscope/Cherrytree (Mar 3, 2014 / Apr 1, 2014) 2015 Master Spy Original soundtrack, Battlestation Records (Sep 11, 2015) 2017 Ego Counter Records (July 14, 2017) 2020 Boy Counter Records (May 8, 2020) Extended plays Year Title Release details 2008 RAC VOL. 1 Stereogum (2008) Nintendo VS Sega 2008 2009 RAC VOL. 1.5 2009 2011 Nintendo VS Sega 2 RAC Vol. 2 2011 2013 Don't Talk To 2014 Cheap Sunglasses (Remixes) 2015 Back of the Car Remix compilation, Battlestation Records (Oct 16, 2015) 2019 Closer 2021 You Singles Year Title Album Release details 2010 "If You Forget Me" (featuring Liset Alea) Holy Rollers OST Self-released 2012 "Hollywood" (featuring Penguin Prison) Strangers Green Label Sound 2013 "Let Go" (featuring Kele and MNDR) Cherrytree/Interscope 2014 "Cheap Sunglasses" (featuring Matthew Koma) 2015 "We Belong" (featuring Katie Herzig) "Back of the Car" (featuring Nate Henricks) Non-album single Battlestation Records "Falling Hard" (featuring Madi Diaz) "Can't Forget You" (featuring Chelsea Lankes) "3am" (featuring Katie Herzig) "One House" (featuring Speak) "Magic Hour" (featuring Little Boots) 2017 "This Song" (featuring Rostam) Ego Counter Records "I Still Wanna Know" (featuring Rivers Cuomo) "The Beautiful Game" (featuring St. Lucia) "Unusual" (featuring MNDR) "Fever" (featuring Kna) 2019 "Never Let You Go"(featuring Matthew Koma and Hilary Duff) Non-album single Grammy Awards Year Nominee / work Award Result Ref. 2016 "Say My Name" (RAC Remix) Best Remixed Recording Nominated 2017 "Tearing Me Up" (RAC Remix) Best Remixed Recording Won 2021 "Do You Ever" (RAC Mix) Best Remixed Recording Nominated References ^ "What?". RAC. Retrieved October 30, 2014. ^ "Discovery: RAC". Interview Magazine. June 28, 2012. Retrieved September 28, 2019. ^ a b c d e f g Zaleski, Annie. "E-Mix: André Anjos and the Remix Artist Collective leverage initiative, ingenuity and the Internet into an online music force". Riverfronttimes.com. ^ a b Goodman, Jessica (August 6, 2014). "10 Of Your Favorite Artists Pick The Song Of The Summer (Spoiler: It's Not 'Fancy')". The Huffington Post. Retrieved March 2, 2016. ^ a b Miller, Jeff (April 13, 2015). "RAC & Penguin Prison Talk Coachella, Collaborating & Pool Parties". Billboard. Retrieved March 2, 2016. ^ a b "Firefly Music Festival 2014 Lineup". Festrip. Retrieved March 2, 2016. ^ a b Mansfield, Brian (April 29, 2015). "Bumbershoot gets Goulding, The Weeknd". USA Today. Retrieved March 2, 2016. ^ a b c d DeRosa, Nicole (December 4, 2014). "Q&A with Artist + Producer, André Allen Anjos – The Man Behind RAC (Remix Artist Collective) Who Has Remixed For: Lana Del Rey, Yeah Yeah Yeahs and Phoenix, Releases Debut Album". Retrieved September 28, 2019. ^ a b c d "Up Magazine – TAP Portugal » André Allen Anjos, Portland". upmagazine-tap.com. October 1, 2017. Archived from the original on September 28, 2019. Retrieved September 28, 2019. ^ Myers, Jason (July 31, 2017). "How Running And Music Intersect For RAC's Liz Anjos". PodiumRunner. Retrieved September 28, 2019. ^ a b c "About". Running Liz. October 2, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2019. ^ Scott, Aaron (February 12, 2016). "Portland's Indie Remix Pioneer, RAC, On His Grammy-Nominated Work". Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved March 16, 2016. ^ a b "who? - RAC". Theremixcompany.co.uk. ^ "Single Review: RAC – 'This Song' ft. Rostam". Wickeddchildd.com. Retrieved September 28, 2019. ^ "Sega Vs. Nintendo EP". Thremixcompany.co.uk. ^ Leitch. "Weird: A Lions Fan Setting Something On Fire". Kotaku.com. ^ "Nintendo Vs Sega Ep - Rac". Thremixcompany.co.uk. ^ "What's going on between Christmas & New Years?". Brooklynvegan.com. December 26, 2007. ^ "Home - Stereo Subversion". Stereosubversion.com. ^ a b "Stereogum Presents... RAC Vol. 1". Stereogum.com. June 10, 2008. ^ "Don't Talk To EP, RAC". genius.com. Retrieved September 28, 2019. ^ "Strangers, RAC". genius.com. Retrieved September 28, 2019. ^ "The Pragmatic - Listen and Stream Free Music, Albums, New Releases, Photos, Videos". Myspace.com. ^ "Maxbumps.net". Maxbumps.net. ^ a b "GRAMMY Award Results for André Allen Anjos". GRAMMY.com. June 4, 2019. Retrieved September 28, 2019. ^ "RAC Follows Grammy Win With 'This Song' Featuring Rostam: Premiere". Billboard. April 4, 2017. ^ One More Light- Linkin Park–Download and listen to the album Qobuz Retrieved May 10, 2017. ^ "Interview: RAC on better songs through remixing, the mythology of a touring band, and shady college promoters". Vanyaland. November 3, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2019. ^ "RAC ft. Pink Feathers - "Simple Kind of Life" (No Doubt Cover)". complex.com. December 14, 2013. Retrieved September 28, 2019. ^ Andaloro, Angela (March 6, 2023). "Pregnant Ireland Baldwin Says She 'Can't Breathe,' Poses with Boyfriend RAC in Latest Bump Update". People. Retrieved March 22, 2023. ^ "Strangers by RAC on Apple Music". Itunes.apple.com. January 2014. ^ "RAC". Remixartistcollective.com. ^ "RAC VOL 1.5". Archived from the original on August 11, 2014. ^ "RAC". Remixartistcollective.com. ^ "YOU - EP by RAC on Apple Music". Apple Music. Retrieved April 29, 2021. ^ "Green Label - A Mountain Dew Venture". Greenlabelsound.com. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to RAC (musician). RAC.fm Official SoundCloud page vteElectronic and electroacoustic musicTechniques Circuit bending Computer music Experimental music Hyperinstrument Loop Tape loop Microsound Musique concrète Noise music Octophonic sound By country Chile France Germany Active organizations Computer Music Center Electronic Music Foundation Groupe de Recherches Musicales Institute of Sonology ICEM ICMA IRCAM NIME SEAMUS STEIM Toonzaal Studio WORM studio Inactive organizations BBC Radiophonic Workshop Philips Natuurkundig Laboratorium NHK San Francisco Tape Music Center Studio d'Essai Studio for Electronic Music (WDR, Cologne) Studio di fonologia musicale di Radio Milano Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"record producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-racwhat?-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"remixes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remix"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_(music)"},{"link_name":"electronica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronica"},{"link_name":"dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_(music)"},{"link_name":"Citigroup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citigroup"},{"link_name":"Hulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulu"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-3"},{"link_name":"Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coachella_Valley_Music_and_Arts_Festival"},{"link_name":"Firefly Music Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefly_Music_Festival"},{"link_name":"Bumbershoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumbershoot"},{"link_name":"Lollapalooza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lollapalooza"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-huffpost-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-festrip-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usatoday-7"}],"text":"André Allen Anjos, better known by his stage name RAC, is an American musician and record producer based in Oregon.[1][2] RAC has created more than 200 remixes in the rock, electronica, and dance music genres for various musical artists, with his work featured in ads from Citigroup and Hulu, among others.[3] The live, five-piece touring act has been featured at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival, Firefly Music Festival, Bumbershoot, Corona Capital music festival and Lollapalooza music festival.[4][5][6][7]","title":"RAC (musician)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QA-8"},{"link_name":"Santa Maria da Feira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_da_Feira"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-up-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-up-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-up-9"},{"link_name":"Greenville College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenville_College"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QA-8"},{"link_name":"major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_(academic)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-podium-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-run-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-run-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-up-9"}],"text":"André Anjos was born in 1985 in Portugal, to an American mother and a Portuguese father.[8] Anjos's family moved frequently and he has stated that he attended “ten different schools” until his parents settled in Santa Maria da Feira, near Porto.[9] Anjos took up playing the piano when he was 6 and got his first guitar when he was 13.[9] He lived in the US for a time with his parents in the mid-1990s[9] and went back in 2005 to study Music, Media, and Entertainment Business at Greenville College in Illinois.[8] At college he met his wife Liz, who was a piano major.[10] They moved to Portland after graduating and have been based there since.[11] As a musician, Liz Anjos performs under the name Pink Feathers.[11] Anjos' parents and brother have also moved to the U.S.[9]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Music career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Porto, Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto,_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Greenville, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenville,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-opb-12"},{"link_name":"Greenville College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenville_College"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-13"},{"link_name":"Andrew Maury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Maury"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Portland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QA-8"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"The Shins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shins"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_(The_Shins_song)"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Police Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Police_Club"},{"link_name":"Bloc Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloc_Party"},{"link_name":"Ra Ra Riot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra_Ra_Riot"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Kotaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotaku"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kotakucovearge-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Pitchfork Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_Media"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Vegan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Vegan"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Riverfront Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverfront_Times"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-3"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Stereogum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereogum"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-20"}],"sub_title":"Founding Remix Artist Collective","text":"The Remix Artist Collective was created in January 2007 by André Allen Anjos, after recruiting fellow online remixers Aaron Jasinski and\nChris Angelovski. Originally from Porto, Portugal, Anjos founded RAC in Greenville, Illinois, U.S.[12] while he was a student at Greenville College, and became coordinator of the Remix Artist Collective.[13] Later, Andrew Maury (New York City) and Karl Kling (Portland) joined RAC.[8][14] RAC's first release was \"Sleeping Lessons (RAC Mix)\" for The Shins, earning the remix a spot as a B-Side on the single release for \"Australia.\" The mix, along with several other projects garnered interest among bands like Tokyo Police Club, Bloc Party, and Ra Ra Riot.[citation needed]RAC's 2008 Sega Vs. Nintendo EP[15] spurred interest by bloggers and earned a headline from the gaming site Kotaku.[16][17] In addition to the mention and posting of remixes by online publications such as Pitchfork Media and Brooklyn Vegan,[18] RAC has received more formal recognition in a full-length feature cover article for the St. Louis Riverfront Times,[3] an online interview with Stereo Subversion,[19] and an exclusive free mp3 debut through Stereogum.[20]","title":"Music career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kings of Leon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_of_Leon"},{"link_name":"Lana Del Rey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lana_Del_Rey"},{"link_name":"Yeah Yeah Yeahs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeah_Yeah_Yeahs"},{"link_name":"Edward Sharpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Sharpe"},{"link_name":"Death Cab For Cutie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Cab_For_Cutie"},{"link_name":"Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(band)"},{"link_name":"Foster The People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster_The_People"},{"link_name":"Linkin Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linkin_Park"},{"link_name":"Two Door Cinema Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Door_Cinema_Club"},{"link_name":"Bob Marley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Marley"},{"link_name":"U2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U2"},{"link_name":"Ella Fitzgerald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald"},{"link_name":"New Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Order_(band)"},{"link_name":"Lady Gaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Gaga"},{"link_name":"Odesza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesza"},{"link_name":"Washed Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washed_Out"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-3"},{"link_name":"Penguin Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Prison"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-3"},{"link_name":"Kele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kele_Okereke"},{"link_name":"MNDR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MNDR"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"USA.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-13"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QA-8"},{"link_name":"HBO's Entourage,","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entourage_(U.S._TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated3-24"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-huffpost-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-festrip-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usatoday-7"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"},{"link_name":"Odesza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesza"},{"link_name":"Zyra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zyra_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grammy-25"},{"link_name":"Bob Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Moses_(band)"},{"link_name":"Best Remixed Recording, Non-Classical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Remixed_Recording,_Non-Classical"},{"link_name":"59th Annual Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/59th_Annual_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grammy-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Linkin Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linkin_Park"},{"link_name":"One More Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_More_Light"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Portland, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-run-11"},{"link_name":"marathoner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathon"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Recent years with solo project","text":"RAC has remixed artists such as Kings of Leon, Lana Del Rey, Yeah Yeah Yeahs, Edward Sharpe, Death Cab For Cutie, Phoenix, Foster The People, Linkin Park, Two Door Cinema Club, Bob Marley, U2, Ella Fitzgerald, New Order, Lady Gaga, Odesza, and Washed Out.[3] RAC released their first original song \"Hollywood\" featuring Penguin Prison's Chris Glover via Green Label Sound on May 3, 2012. \"Hollywood\" was the promotional single to the debut RAC original album.[3]RAC released their second original song \"Let Go\" featuring Bloc Party's Kele and MNDR on August 20, 2013. \"Let Go\" was the second single from their EP \"Don't Talk To\", released October 1, 2013.[21] RAC's debut studio album as Anjos' solo project, Strangers, was released on April 1, 2014.[22] Anjos now resides in the USA.[13] The title refers to the fact that the album was primarily made on line, with Anjos never meeting most of the collaborators in real life.[8] Outside of remixing, Anjos has done work creating original music content for HBO's Entourage, and was a principal member of the indie-electronica band, The Pragmatic until its end in 2010.[23][24] RAC also composed and performed the soundtrack for the videogame Master Spy.RAC performed at music festivals including the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival, Firefly Music Festival, Bumbershoot, the Corona Capital music festival, Ultra Music Festival and the Lollapalooza.[4][5][6][7]RAC was nominated for a Grammy Award for Say My Name (Odesza featuring Zyra) in 2016.[25]Its remix of Bob Moses' \"Tearing Me Up\" won Best Remixed Recording, Non-Classical at the 59th Annual Grammy Awards in 2017.[25][26]RAC played a major role in the production of Linkin Park's seventh studio album One More Light.[27]RAC frequently collaborates with Pink Feathers, the music project of Anjos' wife, Liz Anjos.[28][29] They met at college in Illinois and moved to Portland, Oregon after graduation.[11] Besides being a musician, Liz Anjos is also a sub-3-hour marathoner.He is currently dating American model Ireland Baldwin and in December 2022, Baldwin announced on Instagram that they were expecting their first child together.[30]","title":"Music career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song"},{"link_name":"genre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genre"},{"link_name":"arrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrangement"},{"link_name":"hip-hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_music"},{"link_name":"samples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_(music)"},{"link_name":"analog synthesizers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_synthesizers"},{"link_name":"melodic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melody"},{"link_name":"hooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hook_(music)"},{"link_name":"instrumentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumentation_(music)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-3"},{"link_name":"Annie Zaleski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Zaleski"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-3"},{"link_name":"Roland Juno-60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Juno-60"},{"link_name":"Univox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univox"},{"link_name":"tape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_tape"},{"link_name":"Ableton Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ableton_Live"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-3"}],"text":"The vision of the Remix Artist Collective was to maintain a style of remixing that strays from the \"club mix\" archetype, creating new incarnations of songs that stem from the original structure, but expand on their genre and musical arrangement. Early RAC mixes typically feature a blend of hip-hop and vintage drum machine samples, analog synthesizers, melodic hooks, and original instrumentation performed by the remix artists themselves.[3]Annie Zaleski of the Riverfront Times wrote of Anjos' style: \"Unlike many electronic remixes, which are commonly technical and precise, RAC mixes embody a unique aesthetic built on emotion and nuance, an almost intangible warmth and innate playfulness.\"[3] Anjos' signature remixing sound is in large part a result of some of his equipment, notably, a 1982 Roland Juno-60 and 1973 Univox MiniKorg, though he has also been known to manipulate analog tape machines to achieve effects, and primarily works with Ableton Live to do so.[3]","title":"Style and influences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andrew Maury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Maury"},{"link_name":"Chris Angelovski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crookram"}],"text":"Current membersAndré Allen AnjosFormer membersAndrew Maury\nAaron Miller\nKarl Kling\nAaron Jasinski\nChris Angelovski","title":"Members of Remix Artist Collective"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Extended plays","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Grammy Awards"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"What?\". RAC. Retrieved October 30, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://rac.fm/what","url_text":"\"What?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Discovery: RAC\". Interview Magazine. June 28, 2012. Retrieved September 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.interviewmagazine.com/music/discovery-rac","url_text":"\"Discovery: RAC\""}]},{"reference":"Zaleski, Annie. \"E-Mix: André Anjos and the Remix Artist Collective leverage initiative, ingenuity and the Internet into an online music force\". Riverfronttimes.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.riverfronttimes.com/stlouis/e-mix-andrandeacute-anjos-and-the-remix-artist-collective-leverage-initiative-ingenuity-and-the-internet-into-an-online-music-force/Content?oid=2454466","url_text":"\"E-Mix: André Anjos and the Remix Artist Collective leverage initiative, ingenuity and the Internet into an online music force\""}]},{"reference":"Goodman, Jessica (August 6, 2014). \"10 Of Your Favorite Artists Pick The Song Of The Summer (Spoiler: It's Not 'Fancy')\". The Huffington Post. Retrieved March 2, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/08/04/song-of-the-summer-lollapalooza_n_5647226.html","url_text":"\"10 Of Your Favorite Artists Pick The Song Of The Summer (Spoiler: It's Not 'Fancy')\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Huffington_Post","url_text":"The Huffington Post"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Jeff (April 13, 2015). \"RAC & Penguin Prison Talk Coachella, Collaborating & Pool Parties\". Billboard. Retrieved March 2, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/code/6531700/coachella-rac-penguin-prison-interview","url_text":"\"RAC & Penguin Prison Talk Coachella, Collaborating & Pool Parties\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Firefly Music Festival 2014 Lineup\". Festrip. Retrieved March 2, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://festrip.com/music-festivals/firefly-music-festival/2014/lineup","url_text":"\"Firefly Music Festival 2014 Lineup\""}]},{"reference":"Mansfield, Brian (April 29, 2015). \"Bumbershoot gets Goulding, The Weeknd\". USA Today. Retrieved March 2, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/music/2015/04/29/bummershoot-lineup-ellie-goulding-weeknd-faith-no-more/26586497/","url_text":"\"Bumbershoot gets Goulding, The Weeknd\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"DeRosa, Nicole (December 4, 2014). \"Q&A with Artist + Producer, André Allen Anjos – The Man Behind RAC (Remix Artist Collective) Who Has Remixed For: Lana Del Rey, Yeah Yeah Yeahs and Phoenix, Releases Debut Album\". Retrieved September 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://music.allaccess.com/qa-with-artist-producer-andre-allen-anjos-the-man-behind-rac-remix-artist-collective-who-has-remixed-for-lana-del-rey-yeah-yeah-yeahs-and-phoenix-now-releases-his-debut-album/","url_text":"\"Q&A with Artist + Producer, André Allen Anjos – The Man Behind RAC (Remix Artist Collective) Who Has Remixed For: Lana Del Rey, Yeah Yeah Yeahs and Phoenix, Releases Debut Album\""}]},{"reference":"\"Up Magazine – TAP Portugal » André Allen Anjos, Portland\". upmagazine-tap.com. October 1, 2017. Archived from the original on September 28, 2019. Retrieved September 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190928174718/https://upmagazine-tap.com/en/pt_artigos/andre-allen-anjos-portland-eng/","url_text":"\"Up Magazine – TAP Portugal » André Allen Anjos, Portland\""},{"url":"http://upmagazine-tap.com/en/pt_artigos/andre-allen-anjos-portland-eng/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Myers, Jason (July 31, 2017). \"How Running And Music Intersect For RAC's Liz Anjos\". PodiumRunner. Retrieved September 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.podiumrunner.com/running-music-intersect-liz-anjos_166661","url_text":"\"How Running And Music Intersect For RAC's Liz Anjos\""}]},{"reference":"\"About\". Running Liz. October 2, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://runningliz.com/about/","url_text":"\"About\""}]},{"reference":"Scott, Aaron (February 12, 2016). \"Portland's Indie Remix Pioneer, RAC, On His Grammy-Nominated Work\". Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved March 16, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.opb.org/artsandlife/article/portland-indie-remix-pioneer-rac-on-grammy-nominated-work/","url_text":"\"Portland's Indie Remix Pioneer, RAC, On His Grammy-Nominated Work\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Public_Broadcasting","url_text":"Oregon Public Broadcasting"}]},{"reference":"\"who? - RAC\". Theremixcompany.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://theremixcompany.co.uk/?page_id=5","url_text":"\"who? - RAC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Single Review: RAC – 'This Song' ft. Rostam\". Wickeddchildd.com. Retrieved September 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wickeddchildd.com/2017/04/single-review-rac-this-song-ft-rostam.html","url_text":"\"Single Review: RAC – 'This Song' ft. Rostam\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sega Vs. Nintendo EP\". Thremixcompany.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://theremixcompany.co.uk/?p=85","url_text":"\"Sega Vs. Nintendo EP\""}]},{"reference":"Leitch. \"Weird: A Lions Fan Setting Something On Fire\". Kotaku.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://kotaku.com/384340/rac-re%20ignites-nintendo-sega-feud","url_text":"\"Weird: A Lions Fan Setting Something On Fire\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nintendo Vs Sega Ep - Rac\". Thremixcompany.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://theremixcompany.co.uk/?p=85","url_text":"\"Nintendo Vs Sega Ep - Rac\""}]},{"reference":"\"What's going on between Christmas & New Years?\". Brooklynvegan.com. December 26, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.brooklynvegan.com/archives/2007/12/whats_going_on_121.html","url_text":"\"What's going on between Christmas & New Years?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home - Stereo Subversion\". Stereosubversion.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stereosubversion.com/","url_text":"\"Home - Stereo Subversion\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stereogum Presents... RAC Vol. 1\". Stereogum.com. June 10, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://stereogum.com/archives/mp3/stereogum-presents-rac-vol-1_010342.html","url_text":"\"Stereogum Presents... RAC Vol. 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"Don't Talk To EP, RAC\". genius.com. Retrieved September 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://genius.com/albums/Rac/Don-t-talk-to-ep","url_text":"\"Don't Talk To EP, RAC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Strangers, RAC\". genius.com. Retrieved September 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://genius.com/albums/Rac/Strangers","url_text":"\"Strangers, RAC\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Pragmatic - Listen and Stream Free Music, Albums, New Releases, Photos, Videos\". Myspace.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://myspace.com/thepragmatic","url_text":"\"The Pragmatic - Listen and Stream Free Music, Albums, New Releases, Photos, Videos\""}]},{"reference":"\"Maxbumps.net\". Maxbumps.net.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.maxbumps.net/2008/06/conversation-with-rac_01.html","url_text":"\"Maxbumps.net\""}]},{"reference":"\"GRAMMY Award Results for André Allen Anjos\". GRAMMY.com. June 4, 2019. Retrieved September 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/andr%C3%A9-allen-anjos","url_text":"\"GRAMMY Award Results for André Allen Anjos\""}]},{"reference":"\"RAC Follows Grammy Win With 'This Song' Featuring Rostam: Premiere\". Billboard. April 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/dance/7751375/rac-this-song-rostam","url_text":"\"RAC Follows Grammy Win With 'This Song' Featuring Rostam: Premiere\""}]},{"reference":"\"Interview: RAC on better songs through remixing, the mythology of a touring band, and shady college promoters\". Vanyaland. November 3, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://vanyaland.com/2015/11/03/interview-rac-on-better-songs-through-remixing-the-mythology-of-a-touring-band-and-shady-college-promoters/","url_text":"\"Interview: RAC on better songs through remixing, the mythology of a touring band, and shady college promoters\""}]},{"reference":"\"RAC ft. Pink Feathers - \"Simple Kind of Life\" (No Doubt Cover)\". complex.com. December 14, 2013. Retrieved September 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.complex.com/pigeons-and-planes/2013/12/rac-ft-pink-feathers-simple-kind-love-doubt-cover","url_text":"\"RAC ft. Pink Feathers - \"Simple Kind of Life\" (No Doubt Cover)\""}]},{"reference":"Andaloro, Angela (March 6, 2023). \"Pregnant Ireland Baldwin Says She 'Can't Breathe,' Poses with Boyfriend RAC in Latest Bump Update\". People. Retrieved March 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://people.com/parents/pregnant-ireland-baldwin-cant-breathe-bump-update-photo/","url_text":"\"Pregnant Ireland Baldwin Says She 'Can't Breathe,' Poses with Boyfriend RAC in Latest Bump Update\""}]},{"reference":"\"Strangers by RAC on Apple Music\". Itunes.apple.com. January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/strangers/id844000739","url_text":"\"Strangers by RAC on Apple Music\""}]},{"reference":"\"RAC\". Remixartistcollective.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://remixartistcollective.com/nintendo-vs-sega","url_text":"\"RAC\""}]},{"reference":"\"RAC VOL 1.5\". Archived from the original on August 11, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140811071941/http://remixartistcollective.bandcamp.com/album/vol-15","url_text":"\"RAC VOL 1.5\""},{"url":"http://remixartistcollective.bandcamp.com/album/vol-15","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"RAC\". Remixartistcollective.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://remixartistcollective.com/racvol2","url_text":"\"RAC\""}]},{"reference":"\"YOU - EP by RAC on Apple Music\". Apple Music. Retrieved April 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/you-ep/1555376264","url_text":"\"YOU - EP by RAC on Apple Music\""}]},{"reference":"\"Green Label - A Mountain Dew Venture\". Greenlabelsound.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.greenlabelsound.com/audio/hollywood-featuring-penguin-prison/","url_text":"\"Green Label - A Mountain Dew Venture\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://rac.fm/","external_links_name":"RAC.fm"},{"Link":"https://www.twitch.tv/RAC","external_links_name":"RAC"},{"Link":"http://remixartistcollective.com/","external_links_name":"remixartistcollective.com"},{"Link":"http://rac.fm/what","external_links_name":"\"What?\""},{"Link":"https://www.interviewmagazine.com/music/discovery-rac","external_links_name":"\"Discovery: RAC\""},{"Link":"http://www.riverfronttimes.com/stlouis/e-mix-andrandeacute-anjos-and-the-remix-artist-collective-leverage-initiative-ingenuity-and-the-internet-into-an-online-music-force/Content?oid=2454466","external_links_name":"\"E-Mix: André Anjos and the Remix Artist Collective leverage initiative, ingenuity and the Internet into an online music force\""},{"Link":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/08/04/song-of-the-summer-lollapalooza_n_5647226.html","external_links_name":"\"10 Of Your Favorite Artists Pick The Song Of The Summer (Spoiler: It's Not 'Fancy')\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/code/6531700/coachella-rac-penguin-prison-interview","external_links_name":"\"RAC & Penguin Prison Talk Coachella, Collaborating & Pool Parties\""},{"Link":"https://festrip.com/music-festivals/firefly-music-festival/2014/lineup","external_links_name":"\"Firefly Music Festival 2014 Lineup\""},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/music/2015/04/29/bummershoot-lineup-ellie-goulding-weeknd-faith-no-more/26586497/","external_links_name":"\"Bumbershoot gets Goulding, The Weeknd\""},{"Link":"https://music.allaccess.com/qa-with-artist-producer-andre-allen-anjos-the-man-behind-rac-remix-artist-collective-who-has-remixed-for-lana-del-rey-yeah-yeah-yeahs-and-phoenix-now-releases-his-debut-album/","external_links_name":"\"Q&A with Artist + Producer, André Allen Anjos – The Man Behind RAC (Remix Artist Collective) Who Has Remixed For: Lana Del Rey, Yeah Yeah Yeahs and Phoenix, Releases Debut Album\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190928174718/https://upmagazine-tap.com/en/pt_artigos/andre-allen-anjos-portland-eng/","external_links_name":"\"Up Magazine – TAP Portugal » André Allen Anjos, Portland\""},{"Link":"http://upmagazine-tap.com/en/pt_artigos/andre-allen-anjos-portland-eng/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.podiumrunner.com/running-music-intersect-liz-anjos_166661","external_links_name":"\"How Running And Music Intersect For RAC's Liz Anjos\""},{"Link":"https://runningliz.com/about/","external_links_name":"\"About\""},{"Link":"http://www.opb.org/artsandlife/article/portland-indie-remix-pioneer-rac-on-grammy-nominated-work/","external_links_name":"\"Portland's Indie Remix Pioneer, RAC, On His Grammy-Nominated Work\""},{"Link":"http://theremixcompany.co.uk/?page_id=5","external_links_name":"\"who? - RAC\""},{"Link":"http://www.wickeddchildd.com/2017/04/single-review-rac-this-song-ft-rostam.html","external_links_name":"\"Single Review: RAC – 'This Song' ft. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPHL	SPHL	["1 History","2 Teams","2.1 2023-24 members","2.2 Timeline","2.3 Defunct and relocated teams","3 Key rule differences","4 Champions","4.1 President's Cup","4.2 William B. Coffey Trophy","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Ice hockey league of the eastern United States SPHLCurrent season, competition or edition: 2023–24 SPHL seasonSportIce hockeyFounded2004CommissionerDoug PriceNo. of teams10CountryUnited StatesMost recentchampion(s)Peoria Rivermen (2024)Most titlesKnoxville Ice Bears and Pensacola Ice Flyers (4 each)Official websitethesphl.com The SPHL (formerly the Southern Professional Hockey League) is a professional ice hockey independent minor league based in Huntersville, North Carolina, with teams located primarily in the southeastern United States as well as Illinois and Indiana in the midwestern United States. Following the 2023–24 season, the Peoria Rivermen are the reigning President's Cup champions. As of 2024, the Knoxville Ice Bears are the most successful team in SPHL history, having won five William B. Coffey Trophies as the regular season champions and four President's Cup playoff championships. The Peoria Rivermen have also won five William B. Coffey Trophies, while Pensacola has also won four President's Cups. History The SPHL's history traces back to three other short-lived leagues. The Atlantic Coast Hockey League started play in the 2002–03 season. After its only season, the ACHL dissolved with member teams forming the nucleus for two rival leagues, the South East Hockey League and the World Hockey Association 2. After one season, the SEHL and WHA2 disbanded, with their surviving teams rejoining with two expansion teams to form the SPHL, commencing with the 2004–05 season. In 2009, the SPHL saw a large expansion with three new franchises, in Biloxi, Mississippi, Lafayette, Louisiana and Pensacola, Florida. In 2010, the league added an expansion team in Augusta, Georgia, another former long time ECHL market. For the 2011–12 season, the league added two-time Central Hockey League champions, the Mississippi RiverKings. For the 2013–14 season, the league lost the Augusta RiverHawks but also expanded northward with two franchises in Illinois: the Bloomington Thunder, a team also moving from the CHL, where they were known as the Bloomington Blaze, and the Peoria Rivermen, who were replacing an American Hockey League team of the same name in their market. In 2015, the Augusta franchise returned and relocated to Macon, Georgia as the Macon Mayhem. In November 2014, Shannon Szabados became the first female goaltender to win an SPHL game, when the Columbus Cottonmouths defeated the Fayetteville FireAntz 5–4 in overtime. In that same game Erin Blair and Katie Guay became the first female officials to referee an SPHL game. At the end of the 2015–16 season, the Louisiana IceGators announced a one-year leave of absence for renovations to their arena but never returned. The IceGators' franchise was sold and reactivated as the Quad City Storm in 2018. Then in 2016, the dormant Mississippi Surge franchise was relocated to Southwest Virginia to become the Roanoke Rail Yard Dawgs. One of the inaugural SPHL teams, the Columbus Cottonmouths, suspended operations in 2017 after failing to find a buyer while an expansion team called the Birmingham Bulls were accepted into the league as the tenth team. Following the 2017–18 season, the Mississippi RiverKings suspended operations while the league searched for new owners. With the acceptance of the Quad City Storm, the league was able to remain at ten teams for the 2018–19 season. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the 2019–20 season was curtailed and no champion was named. The following season, the league announced it would only play with five of the ten member teams due to pandemic-related capacity restrictions barring fans from attending games. During the season, the league approved of the Vermilion County Bobcats as a 2021–22 expansion team based in Danville, Illinois. The Bobcats folded after only a year and a half. In 2023, the league rebranded to the orphaned initialism SPHL to reflect the fact that the league's footprint had expanded beyond the southern United States. Teams BullsThunderboltsMarksmenHavocIce BearsMayhemIce FlyersRivermenStormRail Yard Dawgsclass=notpageimage\| Teams currently in the SPHL 2023-24 members Overview of SPHL teams Team City Arena Capacity Founded Joined Head Coach Birmingham Bulls Pelham, Alabama Pelham Civic Center 4,100 2017 Craig Simchuk Evansville Thunderbolts Evansville, Indiana Ford Center 9,000 2016 Jeff Bes Fayetteville Marksmen Fayetteville, North Carolina Crown Coliseum 9,500 2002 2004 Ryan Cruthers Huntsville Havoc Huntsville, Alabama Von Braun Center 6,050 2004 Stuart Stefan Knoxville Ice Bears Knoxville, Tennessee Knoxville Civic Coliseum 5,109 2002 2004 Andrew Harrison Macon Mayhem Macon, Georgia Macon Coliseum 6,550 2010 Nick Niedert Pensacola Ice Flyers Pensacola, Florida Pensacola Bay Center 8,150 2009 Gary Graham Peoria Rivermen Peoria, Illinois Carver Arena 9,815 2013 Jean-Guy Trudel Quad City Storm Moline, Illinois Vibrant Arena at The MARK 9,200 2009 Shayne Toporowski Roanoke Rail Yard Dawgs Roanoke, Virginia Berglund Center 8,672 2009 Dan Bremner Notes ^ a b c Relocated franchise Timeline Defunct and relocated teams Asheville Aces (2004–05) Augusta RiverHawks (2010–13) Moved to Macon, Georgia, as the Mayhem for the 2015–16 season. Bloomington Thunder (2013–14) Membership terminated to make way for a team in the United States Hockey League. Columbus Cottonmouths (2004–17) Inaugural member of the SPHL, suspended operations when ownership could no longer fund the team. Florida Seals (2005–07) Membership terminated in the middle of the 2006–07 SPHL season. Jacksonville Barracudas (2004–08) Suspended for the 2008–09 season and dissolved. Louisiana IceGators (2009–16) Suspended operations for the 2016–17 season claiming the arena needed the year for renovations but later dissolved. In 2018, the franchise was sold and became the Quad City Storm. Macon Trax (2004–05) Mississippi RiverKings (2011–18) Joined from the Central Hockey League in 2011, ownership suspended operations in 2018. Mississippi Surge (2009–14) Moved to Roanoke, Virginia, as the Rail Yard Dawgs for the 2016–17 season. Pee Dee Cyclones (2005–07) Moved to Winston-Salem, North Carolina. Richmond Renegades (2006–09) Twin City Cyclones (2007–09) Vermilion County Bobcats (2021-23) Ceased operations on February 9, 2023 after 88 games played. Winston-Salem Polar Twins (2004–05) Key rule differences As per minor leagues, there are some rule differences between the SPHL and the NHL (and even the ECHL and the AHL, the two official developmental leagues regulated by the Professional Hockey Players' Association). A team may dress eighteen regular players to a game. Two players dressed for the game will be goaltenders. A mouthpiece is required for all players except the goaltender. No curvature of stick limitations as in the NHL, AHL, and ECHL. Shootouts are five players. After five different players have made an attempt, teams may reuse anyone including those who have previously attempted in later rounds, even using the same player in consecutive rounds if desired. Champions President's Cup Awarded to the league playoff champion. Season Winner Runner-up 2005 Columbus Cottonmouths Macon Trax 2006 Knoxville Ice Bears Orlando Seals 2007 Fayetteville FireAntz Jacksonville Barracudas 2008 Knoxville Ice Bears Jacksonville Barracudas 2009 Knoxville Ice Bears Fayetteville FireAntz 2010 Huntsville Havoc Mississippi Surge 2011 Mississippi Surge Augusta Riverhawks 2012 Columbus Cottonmouths Pensacola Ice Flyers 2013 Pensacola Ice Flyers Huntsville Havoc 2014 Pensacola Ice Flyers Columbus Cottonmouths 2015 Knoxville Ice Bears Mississippi RiverKings 2016 Pensacola Ice Flyers Peoria Rivermen 2017 Macon Mayhem Peoria Rivermen 2018 Huntsville Havoc Peoria Rivermen 2019 Huntsville Havoc Birmingham Bulls 2020 Not awarded due to the COVID-19 pandemic 2021 Pensacola Ice Flyers Macon Mayhem 2022 Peoria Rivermen Roanoke Rail Yard Dawgs 2023 Roanoke Rail Yard Dawgs Birmingham Bulls 2024 Peoria Riverman Huntsville Havoc Team Titles Knoxville Ice Bears 4 Pensacola Ice Flyers 4 Huntsville Havoc 3 Peoria Rivermen 2 Columbus Cottonmouths 2 Fayetteville FireAntz 1 Macon Mayhem 1 Mississippi Surge 1 Roanoke Rail Yard Dawgs 1 William B. Coffey Trophy Originally known as the Commissioner's Cup, the regular season championship trophy was renamed in honor of league co-founder Bill Coffey during the 2007–08 season. Season Winner Title 2004–05 Knoxville Ice Bears 1 2005–06 Knoxville Ice Bears 2 2006–07 Columbus Cottonmouths 1 2007–08 Knoxville Ice Bears 3 2008–09 Knoxville Ice Bears 4 2009–10 Mississippi Surge 1 2010–11 Mississippi Surge 2 2011–12 Augusta RiverHawks 1 2012–13 Fayetteville FireAntz 1 2013–14 Pensacola Ice Flyers 1 2014–15 Peoria Rivermen 1 2015–16 Peoria Rivermen 2 2016–17 Macon Mayhem 1 2017–18 Peoria Rivermen 3 2018–19 Peoria Rivermen 4 2019–20 Not awarded due to season cancellation 2020–21 Macon Mayhem 2 2021–22 Knoxville Ice Bears 5 2022–23 Peoria Rivermen 5 2023-24 Birmingham Bulls 1 Team Titles Knoxville Ice Bears 5 Peoria Rivermen 5 Macon Mayhem 2 Mississippi Surge 2 Augusta Riverhawks 1 Columbus Cottonmouths 1 Fayetteville FireAntz 1 Pensacola Ice Flyers 1 Birmingham Bulls 1 See also List of developmental and minor sports leagues List of ice hockey leagues Minor league References ^ "Doug Price Appointed Commissioner of the Southern Professional Hockey League". OurSports Central (Press release). Southern Professional Hockey League. January 17, 2019. ^ Giardina, A.J. (April 9, 2009). "Local investors may bring another hockey team to the coast". WLOX-TV. Archived from the original on April 12, 2009. Retrieved April 10, 2009. ^ Press release (April 30, 2009). "Biloxi to join SPHL". SPHL.com. Archived from the original on August 2, 2009. Retrieved April 30, 2009. ^ "Coast Hockey announces new team name". The Sun Herald. June 17, 2009. Retrieved June 17, 2009. ^ Foote, Kevin (May 15, 2009). "IceGators to skate again; join the discussion". Lafayette Daily Advertiser. Archived from the original on May 19, 2009. Retrieved May 15, 2009. ^ Blakeney, Jason (April 30, 2009). "Hockey's Back!". Pensacola News Journal. Archived from the original on May 3, 2009. Retrieved April 30, 2009. ^ Blakeney, Jason (May 9, 2009). "Commentary: New team, new name, new opportunity". Pensacola News Journal. Archived from the original on May 14, 2009. Retrieved May 10, 2009. ^ "Hockey Returning To Augusta, GA In 2010". TheSPHL.com. February 3, 2010. Archived from the original on February 6, 2010. Retrieved February 3, 2010. ^ "Mississippi RiverKings Join SPHL For 2011–2012 Season". Oursports Central (Press release). Southern Professional Hockey League. June 13, 2011. Archived from the original on October 9, 2012. Retrieved June 13, 2011. ^ Van Tuyl, Chris (June 13, 2011). "Mississippi RiverKings announce change to Southern Professional Hockey League". The Commercial Appeal. Archived from the original on October 17, 2012. Retrieved June 13, 2011. ^ Pope, Thomas (May 16, 2013). "Two Illinois teams join SPHL; Augusta out next season". The Fayetteville Observer. Archived from the original on July 28, 2013. Retrieved May 19, 2013. ^ a b "Shannon Szabados becomes first female goalie to win in Southern Professional Hockey League". NHL.com. Retrieved November 23, 2014. ^ a b Giannotto, Mark (May 24, 2018). "Mississippi Riverkings suspend operations for 2018-19 season, will seek new ownership". The Commercial Appeal. ^ "SPHL announces changes for 2020-2021 season". SPHL. October 6, 2020. ^ "SPHL Expanding to Danville, IL for 2021-2022 Season". OurSports Central (Press release). Southern Professional Hockey League. March 10, 2021. ^ a b Vermilion County Bobcats (February 9, 2023). "The Vermillion County Bobcats of the SPHL announced today that they have ceased operations, effective immediately" (Tweet). Retrieved February 9, 2023 – via Twitter. ^ "SPHL Announces Rebrand, 20th-Anniversary Logo". OurSports Central (Press release). Southern Professional Hockey League. August 1, 2023. ^ "Pelham council approves ice arena lease for professional hockey team". WBRC. Retrieved February 21, 2017. ^ Walsh, Lauren. "Former Birmingham Bulls owner sets sights on Pelham for professional hockey team". ABC 33/40. Retrieved February 21, 2017. ^ Lee, David (May 14, 2013). "Augusta RiverHawks won't play next season". The Augusta Chronicle. Archived from the original on January 8, 2016. Retrieved May 19, 2013. ^ "SPHL Approves RiverHawks' Move To Macon, GA For 2015–2016 Season". The SPHL. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved June 25, 2014. ^ "Cottonmouths to suspend operations for next season". Columbus Ledger-Enquirer. May 3, 2017. ^ "Florida Seals cease operations". OurSports Central (Press release). Southern Professional Hockey League. January 5, 2007. Retrieved March 16, 2010. ^ Gates, Nick (June 21, 2009). "Murray liking SPHL expansion". Knoxville News Sentinel. Retrieved March 16, 2010. ^ "SPHL adding Quad City for 2018-2019 season". SPHL. May 23, 2018. Archived from the original on July 1, 2018. Retrieved May 23, 2018. ^ "Surge Hockey Operations to Suspend Indefinitely". OurSports Central (Press release). Southern Professional Hockey League. May 2, 2014. Retrieved May 4, 2014. ^ "Renegades Officially Done". OurSports Central (Press release). Southern Professional Hockey League. May 2, 2014. Retrieved March 16, 2010. ^ "Cyclones To Cease Operations". OurSports Central (Press release). Southern Professional Hockey League. March 24, 2009. Retrieved March 16, 2010. ^ "History of the SPHL". SPHL.com. Archived from the original on January 4, 2010. Retrieved March 16, 2010. ^ "MAYHEM SECURE REGULAR SEASON CHAMPIONSHIP WITH WIN OVER FLYERS". Macon Mayhem. April 17, 2021. External links Media related to SPHL at Wikimedia Commons Official website vteSPHLTeams Birmingham Bulls Evansville Thunderbolts Fayetteville Marksmen Huntsville Havoc Knoxville Ice Bears Macon Mayhem Pensacola Ice Flyers Peoria Rivermen Quad City Storm Roanoke Rail Yard Dawgs Arenas Berglund Center (Rail Yard Dawgs) Carver Arena (Rivermen) Crown Coliseum (Marksmen) Ford Center (Thunderbolts) Macon Coliseum (Mayhem) James White Civic Coliseum (Ice Bears) Pelham Civic Center (Bulls) Pensacola Bay Center (Ice Flyers) Vibrant Arena at The MARK (Storm) Von Braun Center (Havoc) Seasons 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 President's Cup William B. Coffey Trophy Other professional hockey leagues vteProfessional ice hockey leagues in North AmericaMajor league National Hockey League Professional Women's Hockey League Minor leaguesHigh level American Hockey League Mid level ECHL Low level Federal Prospects Hockey League Ligue Nord-Américaine de Hockey SPHL List of ice hockey leagues	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"professional ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"minor league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_league"},{"link_name":"Huntersville, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntersville,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"southeastern United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_United_States"},{"link_name":"midwestern United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwestern_United_States"},{"link_name":"2023–24 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2023%E2%80%9324_SPHL_season&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Peoria Rivermen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoria_Rivermen_(SPHL)"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SPHL&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Knoxville Ice Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoxville_Ice_Bears"}],"text":"The SPHL (formerly the Southern Professional Hockey League) is a professional ice hockey independent minor league based in Huntersville, North Carolina, with teams located primarily in the southeastern United States as well as Illinois and Indiana in the midwestern United States.Following the 2023–24 season, the Peoria Rivermen are the reigning President's Cup champions. As of 2024[update], the Knoxville Ice Bears are the most successful team in SPHL history, having won five William B. Coffey Trophies as the regular season champions and four President's Cup playoff championships. The Peoria Rivermen have also won five William B. Coffey Trophies, while Pensacola has also won four President's Cups.","title":"SPHL"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atlantic Coast Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Hockey_League_(2002%E2%80%9303)"},{"link_name":"South East Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"World Hockey Association 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Hockey_Association_2"},{"link_name":"Biloxi, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Surge"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Lafayette, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_IceGators_(SPHL)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Pensacola, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensacola_Ice_Flyers"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Augusta, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta_RiverHawks"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Central Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Mississippi RiverKings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_RiverKings"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Augusta RiverHawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta_RiverHawks"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"Bloomington Thunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomington_Thunder_(SPHL)"},{"link_name":"Bloomington Blaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomington_Blaze"},{"link_name":"Peoria Rivermen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoria_Rivermen_(SPHL)"},{"link_name":"American Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"team of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoria_Rivermen_(AHL)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rivermen,_Blaze_expansion-11"},{"link_name":"Macon, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macon,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Macon Mayhem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macon_Mayhem"},{"link_name":"Shannon Szabados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_Szabados"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHL.com-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHL.com-12"},{"link_name":"Louisiana IceGators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_IceGators_(SPHL)"},{"link_name":"Quad City Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quad_City_Storm"},{"link_name":"Mississippi Surge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Surge"},{"link_name":"Southwest Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Roanoke Rail Yard Dawgs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_Rail_Yard_Dawgs"},{"link_name":"Columbus Cottonmouths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_Cottonmouths"},{"link_name":"Birmingham Bulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Bulls_(SPHL)"},{"link_name":"Mississippi RiverKings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_RiverKings"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-suspend-13"},{"link_name":"Quad City Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quad_City_Storm"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"2019–20 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_SPHL_season"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Vermilion County Bobcats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermilion_County_Bobcats"},{"link_name":"Danville, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danville,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vcb-16"},{"link_name":"orphaned initialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphaned_initialism"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"The SPHL's history traces back to three other short-lived leagues. The Atlantic Coast Hockey League started play in the 2002–03 season. After its only season, the ACHL dissolved with member teams forming the nucleus for two rival leagues, the South East Hockey League and the World Hockey Association 2. After one season, the SEHL and WHA2 disbanded, with their surviving teams rejoining with two expansion teams to form the SPHL, commencing with the 2004–05 season.In 2009, the SPHL saw a large expansion with three new franchises, in Biloxi, Mississippi,[2][3][4] Lafayette, Louisiana[5] and Pensacola, Florida.[6][7] In 2010, the league added an expansion team in Augusta, Georgia, another former long time ECHL market.[8] For the 2011–12 season, the league added two-time Central Hockey League champions, the Mississippi RiverKings.[9][10] For the 2013–14 season, the league lost the Augusta RiverHawks but also expanded northward with two franchises in Illinois: the Bloomington Thunder, a team also moving from the CHL, where they were known as the Bloomington Blaze, and the Peoria Rivermen, who were replacing an American Hockey League team of the same name in their market.[11] In 2015, the Augusta franchise returned and relocated to Macon, Georgia as the Macon Mayhem.In November 2014, Shannon Szabados became the first female goaltender to win an SPHL game, when the Columbus Cottonmouths defeated the Fayetteville FireAntz 5–4 in overtime.[12] In that same game Erin Blair and Katie Guay became the first female officials to referee an SPHL game.[12]At the end of the 2015–16 season, the Louisiana IceGators announced a one-year leave of absence for renovations to their arena but never returned. The IceGators' franchise was sold and reactivated as the Quad City Storm in 2018. Then in 2016, the dormant Mississippi Surge franchise was relocated to Southwest Virginia to become the Roanoke Rail Yard Dawgs. One of the inaugural SPHL teams, the Columbus Cottonmouths, suspended operations in 2017 after failing to find a buyer while an expansion team called the Birmingham Bulls were accepted into the league as the tenth team. Following the 2017–18 season, the Mississippi RiverKings suspended operations while the league searched for new owners.[13] With the acceptance of the Quad City Storm, the league was able to remain at ten teams for the 2018–19 season.Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the 2019–20 season was curtailed and no champion was named. The following season, the league announced it would only play with five of the ten member teams due to pandemic-related capacity restrictions barring fans from attending games.[14] During the season, the league approved of the Vermilion County Bobcats as a 2021–22 expansion team based in Danville, Illinois.[15] The Bobcats folded after only a year and a half.[16]In 2023, the league rebranded to the orphaned initialism SPHL to reflect the fact that the league's footprint had expanded beyond the southern United States.[17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"Bulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Bulls_(SPHL)"},{"link_name":"Thunderbolts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evansville_Thunderbolts"},{"link_name":"Marksmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayetteville_Marksmen"},{"link_name":"Havoc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntsville_Havoc"},{"link_name":"Ice Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoxville_Ice_Bears"},{"link_name":"Mayhem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macon_Mayhem"},{"link_name":"Ice Flyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensacola_Ice_Flyers"},{"link_name":"Rivermen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoria_Rivermen_(SPHL)"},{"link_name":"Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quad_City_Storm"},{"link_name":"Rail Yard Dawgs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_Rail_Yard_Dawgs"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage\|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_location_map.svg"}],"text":"BullsThunderboltsMarksmenHavocIce BearsMayhemIce FlyersRivermenStormRail Yard Dawgsclass=notpageimage\| Teams currently in the SPHL","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Relocated_20-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Relocated_20-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Relocated_20-2"}],"sub_title":"2023-24 members","text":"Notes^ a b c Relocated franchise","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Timeline","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Asheville Aces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asheville_Aces"},{"link_name":"Augusta RiverHawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta_RiverHawks"},{"link_name":"Macon, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macon,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RiverHawks_suspend_ops-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mayhem_SPHL-22"},{"link_name":"Bloomington Thunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomington_Thunder_(SPHL)"},{"link_name":"United States Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Columbus Cottonmouths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_Cottonmouths"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Florida Seals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Seals"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seals_cease-24"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville Barracudas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville_Barracudas"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Knox_expansion-25"},{"link_name":"Louisiana IceGators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_IceGators_(SPHL)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Macon Trax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macon_Trax"},{"link_name":"Mississippi RiverKings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_RiverKings"},{"link_name":"Central Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-suspend-13"},{"link_name":"Mississippi Surge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Surge"},{"link_name":"Roanoke, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Surge_Hockey_Operations_to_Suspend_Indefinitely-27"},{"link_name":"Pee Dee Cyclones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_City_Cyclones"},{"link_name":"Winston-Salem, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston-Salem,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Richmond Renegades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Renegades_(SPHL)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Renegades_Done-28"},{"link_name":"Twin City Cyclones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_City_Cyclones"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cyclones_Cease-29"},{"link_name":"Vermilion County Bobcats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermilion_County_Bobcats"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vcb-16"},{"link_name":"Winston-Salem Polar Twins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston-Salem_Polar_Twins"}],"sub_title":"Defunct and relocated teams","text":"Asheville Aces (2004–05)\nAugusta RiverHawks (2010–13) Moved to Macon, Georgia, as the Mayhem for the 2015–16 season.[20][21]\nBloomington Thunder (2013–14) Membership terminated to make way for a team in the United States Hockey League.\nColumbus Cottonmouths (2004–17) Inaugural member of the SPHL, suspended operations when ownership could no longer fund the team.[22]\nFlorida Seals (2005–07) Membership terminated in the middle of the 2006–07 SPHL season.[23]\nJacksonville Barracudas (2004–08) Suspended for the 2008–09 season and dissolved.[24]\nLouisiana IceGators (2009–16) Suspended operations for the 2016–17 season claiming the arena needed the year for renovations but later dissolved. In 2018, the franchise was sold and became the Quad City Storm.[25]\nMacon Trax (2004–05)\nMississippi RiverKings (2011–18) Joined from the Central Hockey League in 2011, ownership suspended operations in 2018.[13]\nMississippi Surge (2009–14) Moved to Roanoke, Virginia, as the Rail Yard Dawgs for the 2016–17 season.[26]\nPee Dee Cyclones (2005–07) Moved to Winston-Salem, North Carolina.\nRichmond Renegades (2006–09)[27]\nTwin City Cyclones (2007–09)[28]\nVermilion County Bobcats (2021-23) Ceased operations on February 9, 2023 after 88 games played.[16]\nWinston-Salem Polar Twins (2004–05)","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Professional Hockey Players' Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Hockey_Players%27_Association"}],"text":"As per minor leagues, there are some rule differences between the SPHL and the NHL (and even the ECHL and the AHL, the two official developmental leagues regulated by the Professional Hockey Players' Association).A team may dress eighteen regular players to a game. Two players dressed for the game will be goaltenders.\nA mouthpiece is required for all players except the goaltender.\nNo curvature of stick limitations as in the NHL, AHL, and ECHL.\nShootouts are five players. After five different players have made an attempt, teams may reuse anyone including those who have previously attempted in later rounds, even using the same player in consecutive rounds if desired.","title":"Key rule differences"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Champions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"President's Cup","text":"Awarded to the league playoff champion.","title":"Champions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bill Coffey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Coffey"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"William B. Coffey Trophy","text":"Originally known as the Commissioner's Cup, the regular season championship trophy was renamed in honor of league co-founder Bill Coffey during the 2007–08 season.[29]","title":"Champions"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of developmental and minor sports leagues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_developmental_and_minor_sports_leagues"},{"title":"List of ice hockey leagues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ice_hockey_leagues"},{"title":"Minor league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_league"}]	[{"reference":"\"Doug Price Appointed Commissioner of the Southern Professional Hockey League\". OurSports Central (Press release). Southern Professional Hockey League. January 17, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/doug-price-appointed-commissioner-of-the-southern-professional-hockey-league/n-5438907","url_text":"\"Doug Price Appointed Commissioner of the Southern Professional Hockey League\""}]},{"reference":"Giardina, A.J. (April 9, 2009). \"Local investors may bring another hockey team to the coast\". WLOX-TV. Archived from the original on April 12, 2009. Retrieved April 10, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090412132203/http://www.wlox.com/Global/story.asp?S=10161681","url_text":"\"Local investors may bring another hockey team to the coast\""},{"url":"http://www.wlox.com/Global/story.asp?S=10161681","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Press release (April 30, 2009). \"Biloxi to join SPHL\". SPHL.com. Archived from the original on August 2, 2009. Retrieved April 30, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090802201238/http://www.thesphl.com/fanzone/news/index.html?article_id=1163","url_text":"\"Biloxi to join SPHL\""},{"url":"http://www.thesphl.com/fanzone/news/index.html?article_id=1163","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Coast Hockey announces new team name\". The Sun Herald. June 17, 2009. Retrieved June 17, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sunherald.com/newsupdates/story/1419476.html","url_text":"\"Coast Hockey announces new team name\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sun_Herald","url_text":"The Sun Herald"}]},{"reference":"Foote, Kevin (May 15, 2009). \"IceGators to skate again; join the discussion\". Lafayette Daily Advertiser. Archived from the original on May 19, 2009. Retrieved May 15, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090519181330/http://www.theadvertiser.com/article/20090515/NEWS01/905150326","url_text":"\"IceGators to skate again; join the discussion\""},{"url":"http://www.theadvertiser.com/article/20090515/NEWS01/905150326","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Blakeney, Jason (April 30, 2009). \"Hockey's Back!\". Pensacola News Journal. Archived from the original on May 3, 2009. Retrieved April 30, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090503090421/http://www.pnj.com/article/20090430/NEWS01/904300321","url_text":"\"Hockey's Back!\""},{"url":"http://pnj.com/article/20090430/NEWS01/904300321","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Blakeney, Jason (May 9, 2009). \"Commentary: New team, new name, new opportunity\". Pensacola News Journal. Archived from the original on May 14, 2009. Retrieved May 10, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090514050557/http://www.pnj.com/article/20090509/SPORTS/905090325/Commentary++New+team++new+name++new+opportunity","url_text":"\"Commentary: New team, new name, new opportunity\""},{"url":"http://www.pnj.com/article/20090509/SPORTS/905090325/Commentary++New+team++new+name++new+opportunity","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hockey Returning To Augusta, GA In 2010\". TheSPHL.com. February 3, 2010. Archived from the original on February 6, 2010. Retrieved February 3, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://thesphl.com/view/thesphl/news/news_10131","url_text":"\"Hockey Returning To Augusta, GA In 2010\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100206205445/http://www.thesphl.com/view/thesphl/news/news_10131","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Mississippi RiverKings Join SPHL For 2011–2012 Season\". Oursports Central (Press release). Southern Professional Hockey League. June 13, 2011. Archived from the original on October 9, 2012. Retrieved June 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121009193038/http://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=4223794","url_text":"\"Mississippi RiverKings Join SPHL For 2011–2012 Season\""},{"url":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=4223794","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Van Tuyl, Chris (June 13, 2011). \"Mississippi RiverKings announce change to Southern Professional Hockey League\". The Commercial Appeal. Archived from the original on October 17, 2012. Retrieved June 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121017213232/http://www.commercialappeal.com/news/2011/jun/13/mississippi-riverkings-announce-change-southern-pr/?partner=RSS&cid=dlvr.it","url_text":"\"Mississippi RiverKings announce change to Southern Professional Hockey League\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Commercial_Appeal","url_text":"The Commercial Appeal"},{"url":"http://www.commercialappeal.com/news/2011/jun/13/mississippi-riverkings-announce-change-southern-pr/?partner=RSS&cid=dlvr.it","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pope, Thomas (May 16, 2013). \"Two Illinois teams join SPHL; Augusta out next season\". The Fayetteville Observer. Archived from the original on July 28, 2013. Retrieved May 19, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fayobserver.com/articles/2013/05/15/1257129?sac=fo.sports","url_text":"\"Two Illinois teams join SPHL; Augusta out next season\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fayetteville_Observer","url_text":"The Fayetteville Observer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130728012600/http://www.fayobserver.com/articles/2013/05/15/1257129?sac=fo.sports","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Shannon Szabados becomes first female goalie to win in Southern Professional Hockey League\". NHL.com. Retrieved November 23, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nhl.com/ice/news.htm?id=740449","url_text":"\"Shannon Szabados becomes first female goalie to win in Southern Professional Hockey League\""}]},{"reference":"Giannotto, Mark (May 24, 2018). \"Mississippi Riverkings suspend operations for 2018-19 season, will seek new ownership\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_hoof	Horse hoof	["1 Anatomy","2 Characters and functions of the external hoof structures","2.1 The walls","2.2 The frog","2.3 The sole","2.4 The bars","2.5 Internal structures","3 The hoof mechanism","4 Time-related changes of the hoof","4.1 Hoof changes in the short term","4.2 Hoof changes over the horse's lifetime","5 Hoof evolution","6 Disorders","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]	Hardened, weight bearing structure of a horse's limbs "Horse's hoof" redirects here. For the clam, see Bear paw clam. For the fungus, see Fomes fomentarius. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Horse hoof" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (November 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Barefoot hoof, lateral view. (1) Coronet band, (2) walls, (3) toe, (4) quarter, (5) heel, (6) bulb, (7) P2 (small pastern) A horse hoof is the lower extremity of each leg of a horse, the part that makes contact with the ground and carries the weight of the animal. It is both hard and flexible. It is a complex structure surrounding the distal phalanx of the 3rd digit (digit III of the basic pentadactyl limb of vertebrates, evolved into a single weight-bearing digit in horses) of each of the four limbs, which is covered by soft tissue and keratinised (cornified) matter. The arteries that supply the hoof with blood are, the vena plantaris externa and vena plantaris interna, which branch off the tibialis posterior. The horse hoof encapsules one of the three metatarsus bones that are found in the hoof and heel area. Anatomy Transitioning barefoot hoof, from below. Details: (1) periople, (2) bulb, (3) frog, (4) central sulcus, (5) collateral groove, (6) heel, (7) bar, (8) seat of corn, (9) pigmented wall (external layer), (10) water line (inner unpigmented layer), (11) white line, (12) apex of frog, (13) sole, (14) toe, (15) how to measure width (fulcrum), (16) quarter, (17) how to measure length Vascular architecture of a horse hoof The hoof is made up of two parts. The outer part, called the hoof capsule, is composed of various cornified specialized structures. The inner, living part of the hoof, is made up of soft tissues and bone. The cornified material of the hoof capsule differ in structure and properties. Dorsally, it covers, protects, and supports P3 (also known as the coffin bone, pedal bone, or PIII). Palmarly/plantarly, it covers and protects specialised soft tissues, such as tendons, ligaments, fibro-fatty and/or fibrocartilaginous tissues, and cartilage. The upper, almost circular limit of the hoof capsule is the coronet (also called coronary band), is at an angle to the ground of roughly similar magnitude in each pair of feet (i.e., fronts and backs). These angles may differ slightly from one horse to another, but not markedly. The walls of the hoof originate from the coronet band. Walls are longer in the dorsal portion of the hoof (toe), intermediate in length in the lateral portion (quarter), and short in the palmar/plantar portion (heel). Heels are separated by an elastic, resilient structure named the 'frog'. In the palmar/plantar part of the foot, above the heels and the frog, there are two oval bulges named the 'bulbs'. When viewed from the lower surface, the hoof wall's free margin encircles most of the hoof. The triangular frog occupies the center area. Lateral to the frog are two grooves, deeper in their posterior portion, named 'collateral grooves'. At the heels, the palmar/plantar portions of the walls bend inward sharply, following the external surface of the collateral grooves to form the bars. The lower surface of the hoof, from the outer walls and the inner frog and bars, is covered by an exfoliating keratinised material, called the 'sole'. Just below the coronet, the walls are covered for about an inch by a cornified, opaque 'periople' material. In the palmar/plantar part of the hoof, the periople is thicker and more rubbery over the heels, and it merges with frog material. Not all horses have the same amount of periople. Dry feet tend to lack this substance, which can be substituted with a hoof dressing. Characters and functions of the external hoof structures A horse's hoof being leveled by a farrier who is using a rasp. The walls The walls are considered as a protective shield covering the sensitive internal hoof tissues (like the exoskeleton of arthropods), as a structure devoted to dissipating the energy of concussion, and as a surface to provide grip on different terrains. They are elastic and very tough, and vary in thickness from 6 to 12 mm. The walls are composed of three distinct layers: the pigmented layer, the water line, and the white line. The pigmented layer is generated by the coronet, and its color is just like that of the coronet skin from which it is derived. If the coronet skin has any dark patches, the walls show a corresponding pigmented line, from the coronet to the ground, showing the wall's growth direction. This layer has a predominately protective role and is not as resistant to ground contact, where it can break and flake away. The water line is built up by the coronet and by the wall's corium (the living tissue immediately beneath the walls). Its thickness increases proportionally to the distance from the coronet and, in the lower third of the walls, is thicker than the pigmented layer. It is very resistant to contact with the ground, and it serves mainly a support function. The white line is the inner layer of the wall. It is softer and fibrous in structure and light in color; white in a freshly trimmed hoof, yellowish or gray after exposure to air and dirt. From the underside of the healthy hoof, it is seen as a thin line joining the sole and the walls. The white line grows out from the laminar connections. Any visible derangement of the white line indicates some important derangement of laminar connections that fix the walls to the underlying P3 bone. Since the white line is softer than both the walls and the sole, it wears fast where it appears on the surface; it appears as a subtle groove between the sole and the walls, often with some debris or sand inside. The three layers of the wall merge into a single mass, and they grow downwards together. If the wall does not wear naturally from sufficient movement on abrasive terrain, then it will protrude from the solar surface. It then becomes prone to breakage, and the healthy hoof will self-trim by breaking or chipping off. When a horseshoe is applied, it is fixed to the wall. Nails are driven in, oblique to the walls. They enter the wall at the outside edge of the white line and they emerge at the wall's surface, about 15 to 20 mm from the base of the wall. The wall is anatomically analogous to the human fingernail or toenail. The frog Main article: Frog (horse anatomy) The frog is a V-shaped structure that extends forward across about two-thirds of the sole. Its thickness grows from the front to the back and, at the back, it merges with the heel periople. In its midline, it has a central groove (sulcus) that extends up between the bulbs. It is dark gray-blackish in color and of a rubbery consistency, suggesting its role as a shock absorber and grip tool on hard, smooth ground. The frog also acts like a pump to move the blood back to the heart, a great distance from the relatively thin leg to the main organ of the circulatory system. In the stabled horse, the frog does not wear but degrades, due to bacterial and fungal activity, to an irregular, soft, slashed surface. In the free-roaming horse, it hardens into a callous consistency with a near-smooth surface. For good health, the horse requires dry areas to stand. If exposed to constant wet or damp environments, the frog will develop a bacterial infection called thrush. The frog is anatomically analogous to the human fingertip. The sole The sole has a whitish-yellowish, sometimes grayish color. It covers the whole space from the perimeter of the wall to the bars and the frog, on the underside of the hoof. Its deep layer has a compact, waxy character and it is called 'live sole'. Its surface is variable in character as a result of ground contact. If there is no contact, as in shod hooves or when the walls are too long or the movement poor, the lower surface of the sole has a crumbly consistency, and it is easily abraded by scratching it with a hoofpick. Conversely, it has a very hard consistency, with a smooth, bright surface, when there is a consistent, active contact with the ground. The front portion beneath the front of the pedal bone is called the 'sole callus'. A stone bruise affects the sole of the horse's foot. It is often caused by a horse treading on a stone or sharp type of object, landings from high jumps and excessive exposure to snow. These can also occur when horses, particularly baby horses, perform various acrobatic feats (known as horse gymnastics). A major symptom is lameness. The bars Bars are the inward folds of the wall, originating from the heels at an abrupt angle. The strong structure built up by the extremities of the heel and of the bar is called the 'heel buttress'. The sole between the heel walls and the bars is named the 'seat of corn', and it is a very important landmark used by natural hoof trimmers to evaluate the correct heel height. The bars have a three-layer structure just like the walls (see above). When overgrown, they bend outwards and cover the lower surface of the sole. Internal structures Sagittal section of a wild horse hoof. Pink: soft tissues; light gray: bones (P2, P3 and navicular bone); cyan: tendons; red: corium; yellow: digital cushion; dark gray: frog; orange: sole; brown: walls) The third phalanx (coffin bone; pedal bone; P3;) is completely (or almost completely) covered by the hoof capsule. It has a crescent shape and a lower cup-like concavity. Its external surface mirrors the wall's shape. The corium, a dermo-epidermal, highly vascularized and innervated layer between the wall and the coffin bone, has a parallel, laminar shape, and is named the laminae. The laminar connection has a key role in the strength and health of the hoof. Beneath the rear part of the sole, there is the digital cushion, which separates the frog and the bulb from underlying tendons, joints, and bones, providing cushioning protection. In foals and yearlings, the digital cushion is composed of fibro-fatty, soft tissue. In the adult horse, it hardens into a fibrocartilaginous tissue when sufficient, consistent concussion stimulates the back of the hoof. Normal transformation of the digital cushion into fibrocartilagineous tissue is now considered a key goal, both for prevention of, and for rehabilitation of recovering cases of navicular syndrome. The flexor tendon lies deeper, just along the posterior surface of the small pastern bone (PII) and navicular bone, and it connects with the posterior surface of P3; the navicular functions as a pulley. The hoof mechanism Bare hooves imprints on the snow. Left, a front print, right, a hind print; note the different shape and contact area with the ground. The horse hoof is not a rigid structure, but fairly elastic and flexible. When loaded, the hoof physiologically changes its shape. In part, this is a result of solar concavity, which has a variable depth in the region of 1–1.5 cm. In part, it is a result of the arched shape of the lateral lower profile of the walls and sole, so that when an unloaded hoof touches a firm ground surface, there is only contact at the toe and heels (active contact). A loaded hoof has a much greater area of ground contact (passive contact), covering the lower wall edge, most of the sole, bars, and frog. Active contact areas can be seen as slightly protruding spots in the walls and in the callused sole. The shape changes in a loaded hoof are complex. The plantar arch flattens, the solar concavity decreases in depth, and the heels spread. The hoof diameter increases to a 'dilated' configuration and P3 drops marginally into the hoof capsule. There is some recent evidence that a depression takes place in this phase, with blood pooling ('diastolic phase') mainly into the wall corium. When unloaded, the hoof restores its 'contracted' configuration, the pressure rises and the blood is squeezed out ('systolic phase'). There is a secondary pumping action with the flexion of the foot as it is raised. The hoof mechanism ensures effective blood circulation into the hoof, and it aids general circulation. Time-related changes of the hoof Hooves are a plastic structure and their time-related, very complex changes can be considered in the short term (days/weeks) and over the horse's lifespan. Hoof changes in the short term Just like the cornified layer of epidermis and of any mammalian nail, the hoof capsule is created only from the epidermis, the outer living layer of the skin. From a microscopic point of view, the epidermis is a multi-layered, specialised cornifying epithelium. It overlays the dermis, and it is separated from it by a basal lamina. It has no blood vessels, and living cells acquire their oxygen and nutrients by fluid exchanges and molecular diffusion from the underlying dermis, flowing into microscopical spaces among individual cells. Products of metabolism are cleared by the reverse of this process. Epidermis growth takes place by mitotic activity in its deepest layer, into the basal layer, with slow outward migration and maturation of cells. As these cells approach the surface, special proteins accumulate into their cytoplasm, then the cells die and 'dry', into microscopic, tightly-connected individual layers, composed mainly of keratin. The resulting 'dead' superficial layer serves a protective function, saving underlying living tissues from injury, from dehydration, and from fungal and bacterial attack. The constant thickness of the cornified layer results most commonly from regular superficial exfoliation. When a specialised cornified structure has a particular toughness, as in nails and hair, little or no exfoliation occurs, and the cornified structures must slowly migrate away from their original position. Thus, the specialised cornified structures of the hoof are the wall, the sole, the frog and the periople. The wall does not exfoliate at all; it is constantly growing downward (about 1 cm per month), and self-trims by wearing or chipping by ground contact. In wild and feral horses, solar, frog and periople materials grow outwards and exfoliate at the surface by ground contact and wearing. In the domesticated horse, movement and typical ground hardness are insufficient to allow self-trimming, so humans have to care for them by trimming the walls and the frog, and scraping off the dead sole. Hoof changes over the horse's lifetime The front and hind hooves are identical in the foal but differ visibly in the adult horse. This is good evidence of the medium-term plasticity of the whole hoof shape, as a result of variation in its use. Slow changes in hoof shape occur under any consistent change in the horse's movement pattern and under a wide variety of pathological conditions. They can be seen now as a clear example of a complex adaptive system, a frequent feature of living beings and structures. Self-adapting capabilities of the hooves show their maximal effectiveness in wild equids (but domesticated horses show this too, to a lesser extent), as shown by the perfect soundness of feral horses, such as Mustangs, in a wide variety of environments. Hoof evolution Equid hooves are the result of the 55-million-year evolution of the horse. The ancestral horse, Eohippus, is characterized by four toes on the hindfeet and three toes on the forefeet. Wild and domesticated Equus species share a very similar hoof shape and function. The present-day conformation of the hoof is a result of a progressive evolutionary loss of digits I, II, IV and V of the basal pentadactyl limb, with changes in bones, joints, and the hoof capsule. The resulting conformation allows a heavy, strong body to move with high speed on any ground, and most efficiently on open, hard, flat areas like prairies and deserts (an example of cursorial specialisation). A 2018 study has found that the hoof's skeleton may contain remnants of the horse's other digits. Disorders There are several disorders and injuries that can affect the equine hoof. Laminitis and navicular disease are two of the most serious. Thrush and white line disease, common bacterial infections, can become serious if left untreated. Quittor, an infection of collateral cartilages in the lower leg is also sometimes seen, although most commonly in draft horses. Hoof wall separation disease is a genetic hoof disease. Quarter cracks are vertical splits in a hoof wall, most commonly seen on the inside of the front hooves or the outside of the hind hooves. They can result from poor shoeing and management practices, natural hoof conformation, or injuries to the leg and hoof. See also Deciduous hoof capsule Limbs of the horse References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Horse hoof. ^ a b Stubbs, George (1976). The Anatomy of The Horse (1st ed.). Dover Publications INC. New York. pp. 39, 71–72. ISBN 0-486-23402-9. ^ a b Dyce, K.M.; Sack, W.O.; Wensing, C.J.G. (2010). "Chapter 10. The common integument". Textbook of veterinary anatomy (4th ed.). St. Louis, Mo.: Saunders/Elsevier. ISBN 978-1-4160-6607-1. ^ "Stone Bruises Common in Thoroughbreds". Blood-Horse. Retrieved 19 July 2011. ^ Matthew, W. D. (1926). "The Evolution of the Horse: A Record and Its Interpretation". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 1 (2): 152–154. doi:10.1086/394242. S2CID 84266679. ^ Solounias, Nikos; Danowitz, Melinda; Stachtiaris, Elizabeth; Khurana, Abhilasha; Araim, Marwan; Sayegh, Marc; Natale, Jessica (2018). "The evolution and anatomy of the horse manus with an emphasis on digit reduction". Royal Society Open Science. 5 (1): 171782. doi:10.1098/rsos.171782. PMC 5792948. PMID 29410871. ^ Reap, Stacey (December 26, 2008). "Resolving Quarter Cracks Takes More than Just a Stitch in Time". Chronicle of the Horse. Retrieved 2013-03-19. External links American Farrier's Association American Farrier's Association How a Horse Hoof Grows from eXtension Archived 2009-02-09 at the Wayback Machine	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bear paw clam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear_paw_clam"},{"link_name":"Fomes fomentarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fomes_fomentarius"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hoof_lat.jpg"},{"link_name":"horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"},{"link_name":"phalanx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalanx_bones"},{"link_name":"pentadactyl limb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentadactyl_limb"},{"link_name":"vertebrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate"},{"link_name":"keratinised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin"},{"link_name":"tibialis posterior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibialis_posterior_artery"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"\"Horse's hoof\" redirects here. For the clam, see Bear paw clam. For the fungus, see Fomes fomentarius.Barefoot hoof, lateral view. (1) Coronet band, (2) walls, (3) toe, (4) quarter, (5) heel, (6) bulb, (7) P2 (small pastern)A horse hoof is the lower extremity of each leg of a horse, the part that makes contact with the ground and carries the weight of the animal. It is both hard and flexible. It is a complex structure surrounding the distal phalanx of the 3rd digit (digit III of the basic pentadactyl limb of vertebrates, evolved into a single weight-bearing digit in horses) of each of the four limbs, which is covered by soft tissue and keratinised (cornified) matter. The arteries that supply the hoof with blood are, the vena plantaris externa and vena plantaris interna, which branch off the tibialis posterior.[1] The horse hoof encapsules one of the three metatarsus bones that are found in the hoof and heel area.[1]","title":"Horse hoof"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hoof_quoted.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vinylite_and_corrosion_applied_in_a_horse_hoof.jpg"},{"link_name":"coffin bone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffin_bone"},{"link_name":"frog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frog_(horse_anatomy)"}],"text":"Transitioning barefoot hoof, from below. Details: (1) periople, (2) bulb, (3) frog, (4) central sulcus, (5) collateral groove, (6) heel, (7) bar, (8) seat of corn, (9) pigmented wall (external layer), (10) water line (inner unpigmented layer), (11) white line, (12) apex of frog, (13) sole, (14) toe, (15) how to measure width (fulcrum), (16) quarter, (17) how to measure lengthVascular architecture of a horse hoofThe hoof is made up of two parts. The outer part, called the hoof capsule, is composed of various cornified specialized structures. The inner, living part of the hoof, is made up of soft tissues and bone. The cornified material of the hoof capsule differ in structure and properties. Dorsally, it covers, protects, and supports P3 (also known as the coffin bone, pedal bone, or PIII). Palmarly/plantarly, it covers and protects specialised soft tissues, such as tendons, ligaments, fibro-fatty and/or fibrocartilaginous tissues, and cartilage. The upper, almost circular limit of the hoof capsule is the coronet (also called coronary band), is at an angle to the ground of roughly similar magnitude in each pair of feet (i.e., fronts and backs). These angles may differ slightly from one horse to another, but not markedly. The walls of the hoof originate from the coronet band. Walls are longer in the dorsal portion of the hoof (toe), intermediate in length in the lateral portion (quarter), and short in the palmar/plantar portion (heel). Heels are separated by an elastic, resilient structure named the 'frog'. In the palmar/plantar part of the foot, above the heels and the frog, there are two oval bulges named the 'bulbs'.When viewed from the lower surface, the hoof wall's free margin encircles most of the hoof. The triangular frog occupies the center area. Lateral to the frog are two grooves, deeper in their posterior portion, named 'collateral grooves'. At the heels, the palmar/plantar portions of the walls bend inward sharply, following the external surface of the collateral grooves to form the bars. The lower surface of the hoof, from the outer walls and the inner frog and bars, is covered by an exfoliating keratinised material, called the 'sole'.Just below the coronet, the walls are covered for about an inch by a cornified, opaque 'periople' material. In the palmar/plantar part of the hoof, the periople is thicker and more rubbery over the heels, and it merges with frog material. Not all horses have the same amount of periople. Dry feet tend to lack this substance, which can be substituted with a hoof dressing.","title":"Anatomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HoofRasp.jpg"},{"link_name":"farrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farrier"},{"link_name":"rasp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasp"}],"text":"A horse's hoof being leveled by a farrier who is using a rasp.","title":"Characters and functions of the external hoof structures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"horseshoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horseshoe"},{"link_name":"fingernail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nail_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dyce_2010-2"}],"sub_title":"The walls","text":"The walls are considered as a protective shield covering the sensitive internal hoof tissues (like the exoskeleton of arthropods), as a structure devoted to dissipating the energy of concussion, and as a surface to provide grip on different terrains. They are elastic and very tough, and vary in thickness from 6 to 12 mm. The walls are composed of three distinct layers: the pigmented layer, the water line, and the white line.The pigmented layer is generated by the coronet, and its color is just like that of the coronet skin from which it is derived. If the coronet skin has any dark patches, the walls show a corresponding pigmented line, from the coronet to the ground, showing the wall's growth direction. This layer has a predominately protective role and is not as resistant to ground contact, where it can break and flake away.The water line is built up by the coronet and by the wall's corium (the living tissue immediately beneath the walls). Its thickness increases proportionally to the distance from the coronet and, in the lower third of the walls, is thicker than the pigmented layer. It is very resistant to contact with the ground, and it serves mainly a support function.The white line is the inner layer of the wall. It is softer and fibrous in structure and light in color; white in a freshly trimmed hoof, yellowish or gray after exposure to air and dirt. From the underside of the healthy hoof, it is seen as a thin line joining the sole and the walls. The white line grows out from the laminar connections. Any visible derangement of the white line indicates some important derangement of laminar connections that fix the walls to the underlying P3 bone. Since the white line is softer than both the walls and the sole, it wears fast where it appears on the surface; it appears as a subtle groove between the sole and the walls, often with some debris or sand inside.The three layers of the wall merge into a single mass, and they grow downwards together. If the wall does not wear naturally from sufficient movement on abrasive terrain, then it will protrude from the solar surface. It then becomes prone to breakage, and the healthy hoof will self-trim by breaking or chipping off.When a horseshoe is applied, it is fixed to the wall. Nails are driven in, oblique to the walls. They enter the wall at the outside edge of the white line and they emerge at the wall's surface, about 15 to 20 mm from the base of the wall.The wall is anatomically analogous to the human fingernail or toenail.[2]","title":"Characters and functions of the external hoof structures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"periople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Periople&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sulcus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulcus_(morphology)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"thrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrush_(horse)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dyce_2010-2"}],"sub_title":"The frog","text":"The frog is a V-shaped structure that extends forward across about two-thirds of the sole. Its thickness grows from the front to the back and, at the back, it merges with the heel periople. In its midline, it has a central groove (sulcus) that extends up between the bulbs.It is dark gray-blackish in color and of a rubbery consistency, suggesting its role as a shock absorber and grip tool on hard, smooth ground. The frog also acts like a pump to move the blood back to the heart, a great distance from the relatively thin leg to the main organ of the circulatory system.In the stabled horse, the frog does not wear but degrades, due to bacterial and fungal activity, to an irregular, soft, slashed surface. In the free-roaming horse, it hardens into a callous consistency with a near-smooth surface. [citation needed] For good health, the horse requires dry areas to stand. If exposed to constant wet or damp environments, the frog will develop a bacterial infection called thrush.The frog is anatomically analogous to the human fingertip.[2]","title":"Characters and functions of the external hoof structures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sole_(foot)"},{"link_name":"horse's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"},{"link_name":"lameness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lameness_(equine)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"The sole","text":"The sole has a whitish-yellowish, sometimes grayish color. It covers the whole space from the perimeter of the wall to the bars and the frog, on the underside of the hoof. Its deep layer has a compact, waxy character and it is called 'live sole'. Its surface is variable in character as a result of ground contact. If there is no contact, as in shod hooves or when the walls are too long or the movement poor, the lower surface of the sole has a crumbly consistency, and it is easily abraded by scratching it with a hoofpick. Conversely, it has a very hard consistency, with a smooth, bright surface, when there is a consistent, active contact with the ground. The front portion beneath the front of the pedal bone is called the 'sole callus'.A stone bruise affects the sole of the horse's foot. It is often caused by a horse treading on a stone or sharp type of object, landings from high jumps and excessive exposure to snow. These can also occur when horses, particularly baby horses, perform various acrobatic feats (known as horse gymnastics). A major symptom is lameness.[3]","title":"Characters and functions of the external hoof structures"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"The bars","text":"Bars are the inward folds of the wall, originating from the heels at an abrupt angle. The strong structure built up by the extremities of the heel and of the bar is called the 'heel buttress'. The sole between the heel walls and the bars is named the 'seat of corn', and it is a very important landmark used by natural hoof trimmers to evaluate the correct heel height. The bars have a three-layer structure just like the walls (see above). When overgrown, they bend outwards and cover the lower surface of the sole.","title":"Characters and functions of the external hoof structures"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Horse_hoof_wild_bare_sagittal.jpg"},{"link_name":"pedal bone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedal_bone"},{"link_name":"fibrocartilaginous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrocartilage"},{"link_name":"navicular syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navicular_syndrome"},{"link_name":"pastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastern"},{"link_name":"navicular bone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navicular_bone"}],"sub_title":"Internal structures","text":"Sagittal section of a wild horse hoof. Pink: soft tissues; light gray: bones (P2, P3 and navicular bone); cyan: tendons; red: corium; yellow: digital cushion; dark gray: frog; orange: sole; brown: walls)The third phalanx (coffin bone; pedal bone; P3;) is completely (or almost completely) covered by the hoof capsule. It has a crescent shape and a lower cup-like concavity. Its external surface mirrors the wall's shape. The corium, a dermo-epidermal, highly vascularized and innervated layer between the wall and the coffin bone, has a parallel, laminar shape, and is named the laminae. The laminar connection has a key role in the strength and health of the hoof. Beneath the rear part of the sole, there is the digital cushion, which separates the frog and the bulb from underlying tendons, joints, and bones, providing cushioning protection. In foals and yearlings, the digital cushion is composed of fibro-fatty, soft tissue. In the adult horse, it hardens into a fibrocartilaginous tissue when sufficient, consistent concussion stimulates the back of the hoof. Normal transformation of the digital cushion into fibrocartilagineous tissue is now considered a key goal, both for prevention of, and for rehabilitation of recovering cases of navicular syndrome. The flexor tendon lies deeper, just along the posterior surface of the small pastern bone (PII) and navicular bone, and it connects with the posterior surface of P3; the navicular functions as a pulley.","title":"Characters and functions of the external hoof structures"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bare_hooves_prints.jpg"}],"text":"Bare hooves imprints on the snow. Left, a front print, right, a hind print; note the different shape and contact area with the ground.The horse hoof is not a rigid structure, but fairly elastic and flexible. When loaded, the hoof physiologically changes its shape. In part, this is a result of solar concavity, which has a variable depth in the region of 1–1.5 cm. In part, it is a result of the arched shape of the lateral lower profile of the walls and sole, so that when an unloaded hoof touches a firm ground surface, there is only contact at the toe and heels (active contact). A loaded hoof has a much greater area of ground contact (passive contact), covering the lower wall edge, most of the sole, bars, and frog. Active contact areas can be seen as slightly protruding spots in the walls and in the callused sole.The shape changes in a loaded hoof are complex. The plantar arch flattens, the solar concavity decreases in depth, and the heels spread. The hoof diameter increases to a 'dilated' configuration and P3 drops marginally into the hoof capsule. There is some recent evidence that a depression takes place in this phase, with blood pooling ('diastolic phase') mainly into the wall corium. When unloaded, the hoof restores its 'contracted' configuration, the pressure rises and the blood is squeezed out ('systolic phase'). There is a secondary pumping action with the flexion of the foot as it is raised.The hoof mechanism ensures effective blood circulation into the hoof, and it aids general circulation.","title":"The hoof mechanism"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Hooves are a plastic structure and their time-related, very complex changes can be considered in the short term (days/weeks) and over the horse's lifespan.","title":"Time-related changes of the hoof"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mitotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitosis"}],"sub_title":"Hoof changes in the short term","text":"Just like the cornified layer of epidermis and of any mammalian nail, the hoof capsule is created only from the epidermis, the outer living layer of the skin. From a microscopic point of view, the epidermis is a multi-layered, specialised cornifying epithelium. It overlays the dermis, and it is separated from it by a basal lamina. It has no blood vessels, and living cells acquire their oxygen and nutrients by fluid exchanges and molecular diffusion from the underlying dermis, flowing into microscopical spaces among individual cells. Products of metabolism are cleared by the reverse of this process. Epidermis growth takes place by mitotic activity in its deepest layer, into the basal layer, with slow outward migration and maturation of cells. As these cells approach the surface, special proteins accumulate into their cytoplasm, then the cells die and 'dry', into microscopic, tightly-connected individual layers, composed mainly of keratin. The resulting 'dead' superficial layer serves a protective function, saving underlying living tissues from injury, from dehydration, and from fungal and bacterial attack. The constant thickness of the cornified layer results most commonly from regular superficial exfoliation. When a specialised cornified structure has a particular toughness, as in nails and hair, little or no exfoliation occurs, and the cornified structures must slowly migrate away from their original position.Thus, the specialised cornified structures of the hoof are the wall, the sole, the frog and the periople. The wall does not exfoliate at all; it is constantly growing downward (about 1 cm per month), and self-trims by wearing or chipping by ground contact. In wild and feral horses, solar, frog and periople materials grow outwards and exfoliate at the surface by ground contact and wearing. In the domesticated horse, movement and typical ground hardness are insufficient to allow self-trimming, so humans have to care for them by trimming the walls and the frog, and scraping off the dead sole.","title":"Time-related changes of the hoof"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"complex adaptive system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_adaptive_system"},{"link_name":"Mustangs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustang_(horse)"}],"sub_title":"Hoof changes over the horse's lifetime","text":"The front and hind hooves are identical in the foal but differ visibly in the adult horse. This is good evidence of the medium-term plasticity of the whole hoof shape, as a result of variation in its use. Slow changes in hoof shape occur under any consistent change in the horse's movement pattern and under a wide variety of pathological conditions. They can be seen now as a clear example of a complex adaptive system, a frequent feature of living beings and structures.Self-adapting capabilities of the hooves show their maximal effectiveness in wild equids (but domesticated horses show this too, to a lesser extent), as shown by the perfect soundness of feral horses, such as Mustangs, in a wide variety of environments.","title":"Time-related changes of the hoof"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"evolution of the horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_the_horse"},{"link_name":"Eohippus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eohippus"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Equus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equus_(genus)"},{"link_name":"cursorial specialisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cursorial_specialization"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Equid hooves are the result of the 55-million-year evolution of the horse. The ancestral horse, Eohippus, is characterized by four toes on the hindfeet and three toes on the forefeet.[4] Wild and domesticated Equus species share a very similar hoof shape and function. The present-day conformation of the hoof is a result of a progressive evolutionary loss of digits I, II, IV and V of the basal pentadactyl limb, with changes in bones, joints, and the hoof capsule. The resulting conformation allows a heavy, strong body to move with high speed on any ground, and most efficiently on open, hard, flat areas like prairies and deserts (an example of cursorial specialisation).A 2018 study has found that the hoof's skeleton may contain remnants of the horse's other digits.[5]","title":"Hoof evolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Laminitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminitis"},{"link_name":"navicular disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navicular_disease"},{"link_name":"Thrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrush_(horse)"},{"link_name":"white line disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_line_disease"},{"link_name":"Quittor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quittor"},{"link_name":"draft horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft_horse"},{"link_name":"Hoof wall separation disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoof_wall_separation_disease"},{"link_name":"vertical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_direction"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"There are several disorders and injuries that can affect the equine hoof. Laminitis and navicular disease are two of the most serious. Thrush and white line disease, common bacterial infections, can become serious if left untreated. Quittor, an infection of collateral cartilages in the lower leg is also sometimes seen, although most commonly in draft horses. Hoof wall separation disease is a genetic hoof disease.Quarter cracks are vertical splits in a hoof wall, most commonly seen on the inside of the front hooves or the outside of the hind hooves. They can result from poor shoeing and management practices, natural hoof conformation, or injuries to the leg and hoof.[6]","title":"Disorders"}]	[{"image_text":"Barefoot hoof, lateral view. (1) Coronet band, (2) walls, (3) toe, (4) quarter, (5) heel, (6) bulb, (7) P2 (small pastern)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Hoof_lat.jpg/250px-Hoof_lat.jpg"},{"image_text":"Transitioning barefoot hoof, from below. Details: (1) periople, (2) bulb, (3) frog, (4) central sulcus, (5) collateral groove, (6) heel, (7) bar, (8) seat of corn, (9) pigmented wall (external layer), (10) water line (inner unpigmented layer), (11) white line, (12) apex of frog, (13) sole, (14) toe, (15) how to measure width (fulcrum), (16) quarter, (17) how to measure length","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Hoof_quoted.jpg/250px-Hoof_quoted.jpg"},{"image_text":"Vascular architecture of a horse hoof","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Vinylite_and_corrosion_applied_in_a_horse_hoof.jpg/220px-Vinylite_and_corrosion_applied_in_a_horse_hoof.jpg"},{"image_text":"A horse's hoof being leveled by a farrier who is using a rasp.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/HoofRasp.jpg/250px-HoofRasp.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sagittal section of a wild horse hoof. Pink: soft tissues; light gray: bones (P2, P3 and navicular bone); cyan: tendons; red: corium; yellow: digital cushion; dark gray: frog; orange: sole; brown: walls)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Horse_hoof_wild_bare_sagittal.jpg/250px-Horse_hoof_wild_bare_sagittal.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bare hooves imprints on the snow. Left, a front print, right, a hind print; note the different shape and contact area with the ground.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Bare_hooves_prints.jpg/300px-Bare_hooves_prints.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Deciduous hoof capsule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduous_hoof_capsule"},{"title":"Limbs of the horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbs_of_the_horse"}]	[{"reference":"Stubbs, George (1976). The Anatomy of The Horse (1st ed.). Dover Publications INC. New York. pp. 39, 71–72. ISBN 0-486-23402-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-23402-9","url_text":"0-486-23402-9"}]},{"reference":"Dyce, K.M.; Sack, W.O.; Wensing, C.J.G. (2010). \"Chapter 10. The common integument\". Textbook of veterinary anatomy (4th ed.). St. Louis, Mo.: Saunders/Elsevier. ISBN 978-1-4160-6607-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4160-6607-1","url_text":"978-1-4160-6607-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Stone Bruises Common in Thoroughbreds\". Blood-Horse. Retrieved 19 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/45614/stone-bruises-common-in-thoroughbreds","url_text":"\"Stone Bruises Common in Thoroughbreds\""}]},{"reference":"Matthew, W. D. (1926). \"The Evolution of the Horse: A Record and Its Interpretation\". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 1 (2): 152–154. doi:10.1086/394242. S2CID 84266679.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/394242","url_text":"\"The Evolution of the Horse: A Record and Its Interpretation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F394242","url_text":"10.1086/394242"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84266679","url_text":"84266679"}]},{"reference":"Solounias, Nikos; Danowitz, Melinda; Stachtiaris, Elizabeth; Khurana, Abhilasha; Araim, Marwan; Sayegh, Marc; Natale, Jessica (2018). \"The evolution and anatomy of the horse manus with an emphasis on digit reduction\". Royal Society Open Science. 5 (1): 171782. doi:10.1098/rsos.171782. PMC 5792948. PMID 29410871.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5792948","url_text":"\"The evolution and anatomy of the horse manus with an emphasis on digit reduction\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsos.171782","url_text":"10.1098/rsos.171782"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5792948","url_text":"5792948"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29410871","url_text":"29410871"}]},{"reference":"Reap, Stacey (December 26, 2008). \"Resolving Quarter Cracks Takes More than Just a Stitch in Time\". Chronicle of the Horse. Retrieved 2013-03-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chronofhorse.com/article/resolving-quarter-cracks-takes-more-just-stitch-time","url_text":"\"Resolving Quarter Cracks Takes More than Just a Stitch in Time\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Horse+hoof%22","external_links_name":"\"Horse hoof\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Horse+hoof%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Horse+hoof%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Horse+hoof%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Horse+hoof%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Horse+hoof%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/45614/stone-bruises-common-in-thoroughbreds","external_links_name":"\"Stone Bruises Common in Thoroughbreds\""},{"Link":"https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/394242","external_links_name":"\"The Evolution of the Horse: A Record and Its Interpretation\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F394242","external_links_name":"10.1086/394242"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84266679","external_links_name":"84266679"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5792948","external_links_name":"\"The evolution and anatomy of the horse manus with an emphasis on digit reduction\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsos.171782","external_links_name":"10.1098/rsos.171782"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5792948","external_links_name":"5792948"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29410871","external_links_name":"29410871"},{"Link":"http://www.chronofhorse.com/article/resolving-quarter-cracks-takes-more-just-stitch-time","external_links_name":"\"Resolving Quarter Cracks Takes More than Just a Stitch in Time\""},{"Link":"http://www.americanfarriers.org/","external_links_name":"American Farrier's Association"},{"Link":"http://www.extension.org/pages/How_a_Horse%27s_Hoof_Grows#","external_links_name":"How a Horse Hoof Grows from eXtension"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090209151513/http://www.extension.org/pages/How_a_Horse%27s_Hoof_Grows","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaarso	Jaarso	["1 Overview","2 Distribution","3 Code of Conduct (Xeerka Jaarso) & Administration","4 History","5 Clan tree","6 Y-DNA","7 Notable Jaarso People","8 References"]	Northern Somali clan This article is about the ethnic group. For the district, see Jarso (woreda). Ethnic group JaarsoJaarsoجارسوRegions with significant populationsEthiopiaLanguagesSomali, Oromo and ArabicReligionIslam (Sunni)Related ethnic groupsAkisho, Issa, Gadabursi, Surre, Gurgure, Biimaal, Gurre and other Dir clans. The Jaarso, Giarso or Jaarsoo (Somali: Jaarso, Oromo: Jaarsoo, Arabic: جارسو) is a northern Somali clan, a sub-division of the Dir clan family They largely live in Ethiopia, in the Oromo Region and the Somali Region, especially in and around the ancient cities of Chinaksen, Harar and Jigjiga Overview As a Dir sub-clan, the Jaarso have immediate lineal ties with the Gurgura, Akisho, Gadabuursi, Issa, the Bajimal, the Bursuk, the Madigan Dir, the Garre (the Quranyow sub-clan to be precise as they claim descent from Dir), Gurre, Gariire, other Dir sub-clans and they have lineal ties with the Hawiye (Irir), Hawadle, Ajuran, Degoodi, Gaalje'el clan groups, who share the same ancestor Samaale and other Somali clans Distribution The Jarso (Ali) Madaxwayne Dir are a vast clan that stretch from Diida Waleed (near Jijiga) to the Awash region; they also extend onto the areas northwestern Fafan Zone where they established settlement of Sheikh Cali Cafiif. They are associated with the spread of Islam. The Jaarso are the majority clan in Jarso (woreda), Funyan Bira and in the East Hararghe Zone. Code of Conduct (Xeerka Jaarso) & Administration The Jarso clan faced a series of problems, including Ethnic conflict, civil wars, clan border disruptions due to massive Oromo and Somali clans migration, which caused societal chaos. In response, Jaarso established a traditional constitution called Xeer Jaarso also known (Xeerka lixda Jaarso), characterized by power-sharing principles, uniting the community in their pursuit of stability and order. According to oral tradition, as narrated by Jaarso elders, The Jaarso Code or Conduct is older than 1200 years and In order to establish their governance and decision-making process, the elders of Jaarso held a 6-month meeting in Marar and Mulisa. All the six Jaarso sub-clans participated. History The Jaarso are mainly found in Jarso (woreda), and northwestern Fafan Zone, in the East Hararghe Zone and are predominant clan in the historic towns of Jinacsani or Chinaksen, Funyaan Bira and Hubat today known as Ejersa Goro. The sixteenth-century ruler of Adal who conquered Abyssinia, Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi was born in Hubat. 1832 map by John Arrowsmith illustrating Hubetta's location in the Emirate of Harar Either Jinacsani or Funyan Bira is believed by archaeologist to be Dakkar, which served as the first capital of the Adal Sultanate after its founding in the early 15th century by Sabr ad-Din. Enrico Cerulli, Bahru Zewde and other historians identify Dakkar as being located one km southeast of Harar. However, Richard Pankhurst states that the city was situated near the village of Funyan Bira and G. W. B. Huntingford believes that it was in the town of Chinaksen near Jigjiga. Map of Dakkar and Harar. Both served as the capitals of the Adal Sultanate The Jaarso (as Jairan) were one of the first clans to accept the call of jihad and they are mentioned in the Futuh Al Habasha : Conquest of Abyssinia as source dating back as far as the 16th century, by author: Shihabudin Ahmad bin Abd al-Qadir 'Arab Faqih or 'Arab Faqih. Arab Faqih notesThen he assembled the Somali clans the tribe of Girri, the tribe of Marraihan, the tribe of Yibberi with their chieftain Ahmad Girri, the clan of the Härti, people of Mait, the tribe of Jairan, the tribe of Mazzar. the tribe of Barsub all of these were Somalis and they were ordered by the Imam to hold the left The Sultanate of Dawaro a sub-clan of the Jaarso are also mentioned in the Futuh Al Habasha : Conquest of Abyssinia as source dating back as far as the 16th century, by author: Shihabudin Ahmad bin Abd al-Qadir 'Arab Faqih or 'Arab Faqih. Medieval map of peoples, kingdoms and regions alongside major trade routes in the Horn Dawaro is one of the six major sub-clans of the Jaarso and the earliest mention of this province comes from the Royal Chronicle of Emperor Amda Seyon. After occupying Ifat, Amda Seyon then proceeded to garrison Dawaro. However, in the late 1320s the ruler of the province, Haydara, ended up siding with Sabr ad-Din I during his rebellion and "treacherously" executed some of the Emperor's messengers. Amda Seyon, incensed by this act of rebellion, at once set out with his troops. On reaching Dawaro he "laid waste the country from one end to the other". He killed young men, took women and children prisoners, seized livestock "without number" and "destroyed the crops of their country". The "wicked plans of Haydara" of Dawaro were thus "brought to nothing" as the chronicler states. Dawaro was then grouped together with other kingdoms such as Hadiya, Fatagar and Ifat as a tributary kingdom to the Ethiopian Empire under the leadership of Jamal Ad-Din I. According to the Egyptian historian, Ibn Fadlallah al-Umari, Dawaro was measured five days journey by two or 100 kilometers by 40. It was much smaller than Ifat, but resembled it in that it produced cereals and fruits, and reared horses and beasts of burden. Trade however was less developed. A type of "primitive currency" called hakunas was used which were pieces of iron as long as a needle. A cow would cost 5,000 hakunas, a goat 3,000 hakunas. The social customs of Dawaro were also very similar to that of Ifat with both regions being inhabited by Muslims. Christian proselytization of the locals reached a high level of intensity during the reign of Dawit I, who then encouraged the settlement of Ethiopian military colonists to the peripheral province. However, the Ethiopian troops stationed in the region were in constant danger as their positions soon came under the attacks of Sultan Jamal ad-Din II. Emperor Zara Yaqob consolidated the supremacy of the Christian empire in Dawaro and appointed Fitawrari Barje as governor of the province. Dawaro was soon invaded by the Adal Sultan Badlay ibn Sa'ad ad-Din who faced the forces of Zara Yaqob at the Battle of Gomit, but he was defeated and killed. The next time Dawaro is mentioned is in the Futuh al-Habasa, the history of the conquests of Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi. The province of Dawaro, because of its location to the east and its relative proximity to the Adal Sultanate became the first part of the empire to be confronted by the forces of Imam Ahmad. The Imam carried out a raid on the province in 1526-7. His men was said to take considerable loot such as horses, slaves and sheep. The Adalites planned to return to their country, but the "infidels of Dawaro" assembled a large army against them, this force was subsequently defeated. Not long after this Emperor Dawit I received news of an impending larger invasion of Dawaro, the Emperor assembled a large army that consisted of units from all over the country. This army was defeated in the disastrous Battle of Shimbra Kure, but the Imam later returned back to Harar. In the summer of 1531, the Adalites returned to Dawaro where they occupied the province, they soon ravaged the province and destroyed a large church that was erected by the Emperor's predecessor. The Imam then arrived at a settlement called Geberge and demanded that all of the Christian inhabitants either convert to Islam or pay the jizya tax. Most of the inhabitants choose to retain their religion by declaring their neutrality and agreeing to pay the tax, others agreed to be converted, among those converted were 50 Christian nobles. The Imam, much pleased with their conversion, appointed Amir Husain al-Gaturi as governor of the province. Control of the province would later fall under Ahmad's nephew, Vizier Abbas, who ruled over Dawaro as well as neighboring Fatager and Bali. Following the Imam's death and defeat at Wanya Daga, Abbas launched a fierce attack on a number of Christian towns. The young Emperor, Gelawdewos, made his way to confront him and Abbas rushed with his army to meet the Emperor. Gelawdewos was entirely victorious in this engagement and Abbas with all his captains were killed. The remaining Muslims who had survived the battle became the target of the local Christian populace who massacred all those who they could find. The Emperor then appointed Khalid, a Christian who had converted to Islam but that had reverted back to Christianity, as the provincial governor of Dawaro. Gelawdewos later faced problems with the Portuguese, he then banished 140 of them to the province of Dawaro. The presence of the Portuguese greatly displeased Khalid, he therefore ordered them to be killed or expelled from the province. Khalid attempted to ambush the Portuguese with a large army, but as soon as the assault began they shot and killed Khalid, after which most of his supporters would become their vassals. The Emperor was said to be very pleased with this outcome as he had always distrusted the governor. The Jaarso clan also has a sub-division of the Dhanka sub-clan called Hargaya. Location of Hargaya state in the middle ages Hargaya was a historical Muslim state in present-day eastern Ethiopia. During the Ethiopian-Adal war in the sixteenth century, the people of Hargaya fought in the army of Ahmed ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi leader of Adal Sultanate. It might not be the same Hargaya, but researcher Dilebo Lapiso and other Ethiopian Archeologists are stating Hargaya may be associated with Jaarso. Clan tree The Jaarso (Jairan Tribe) clan members consist 6 major sub-clans and are preserved their lineage and is as follows. Dir Madahweyne Ali Maah Jaarso Bah Midig'(junior wife) Dhanqo Sayo Ooge Bah Bidix (senior wife) Dawaro Walabi Ali (Orma) Y-DNA DNA analysis of Dir clan members inhabiting Djibouti found that all of the individuals belonged to the Y-DNA T1 paternal haplogroup and in Dire Dawa 82% a city in Ethiopia with a majority Dir population, which after the Issa and Gurgura, the Jaarso makes 3rd largest group in the city. All genetic analysis carried out on the Jaarso male clan members have so far shown that they exclusively belong to the T1 paternal haplogroup. Notable Jaarso People Sakariya Abdi Usman (former Ethiopian Federal Parliamentary Assembly (lower Hause) and was one of the 122 vacant) Tako Xamare (former Somali Regional State Parliament and was one of the 18 other officials between 1998-2007) Sa’ada Abdurahman (Speaker of the Oromia Regional state council and Speaker of the Oromia Caffee or Coffee production in Ethiopia) Ambassador Suleiman Dedefo (the Ambassadors of Ethiopia to the UAE and the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Ethiopian Metals and Engineering Corporation which works with foreign companies such as Alstom from France, and Spire Corporation from America. Jemal Yousuf Hassen (President of Haramaya University) Suldan Adam Asshabiye (Adan Darwish) (Sultan the Jaarso Tribe and their sub-clan Dhanka during the Egyptian invasion of the Eastern Horn of Africa). Bakhar Waare (Imam of the Jaarso, Nole, Gurgura, Habr Maqdi and Issa during the Battle of Chelenqo) Adam Tukale popularly known as Mullis Abba Gada (is one of the founders of Oromo Liberation Army) Abdi Usman (Speaker if the Horyaal Democratic Front) References ^ Cox, P.Z.; Abud, H. M. (2020). Genealogies of the Somal: Inclusing Those of the Aysa and Gadabursi. Hansebooks GmbH. ISBN 978-3-337-96889-2. ^ Lewis, I. M. (1998). Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho. Red Sea Press. p. 26. ISBN 9781569021057. ^ Division, Great Britain War Office Intelligence (1941). A Handbook of Ethiopia. publisher not identified. p. 55. ^ Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʻAbd al-Qādir ʻArabfaqīh, Translated by Paul Stenhouse, Richard Pankhurst (2003). The conquest of Abyssinia: 16th century. Tsehai Publishers & Distributors. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-9723172-6-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Northeast African Studies. Vol. 11. African Studies Center, Michigan State University. 1989. p. 115. ^ The Invention of Somalia. The Red Sea Press. 1995-01-01. p. 121. ISBN 9780932415998. ^ Sundkler, Bengt; Steed, Christopher (4 May 2000). A History of the Church in Africa. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-58342-8. ^ Fani, Sara. Scribal Practices in Arabic Manuscripts from Ethiopia: The ʿAjamization of Scribal Practices in Fuṣḥā and ʿAjamī Manuscripts from Harar (PDF). University of Copenhagen. p. 148. ^ Mordechai, Abir (28 October 2013). Ethiopia and the Red Sea The Rise and Decline of the Solomonic Dynasty and Muslim European Rivalry in the Region. Taylor & Francis. p. 27. ISBN 9781136280900. ^ Zewde, Bahru (1998). A Short History of Ethiopia and the Horn. Addis Ababa University. p. 74. ^ Cerulli, Enrico. Islam yesterday and today. p. 156. ^ Braukamper, Ulrich (2002). Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia. LitVerlag. p. 114. ISBN 9783825856717. ^ Cambridge History of Africa (PDF). Cambridge University Press. p. 149. ^ Huntingford, G.W.B (1955). "Arabic Inscriptions in Southern Ethiopia". Antiquity. 29 (116). Antiquity Publications: 233. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00021955. S2CID 163349172. ^ Pankhurst, Richard (1982). History Of Ethiopian Towns. Steiner. p. 49. ISBN 9783515032049. ^ ʿArabfaqīh, Šihāb ad-Dīn Aḥmad Ibn ʿAbd al-Qādir; Stenhouse, Paul Lester; Pankhurst, Richard; ʿArabfaqīh, Šihāb ad-Dīn Aḥmad Ibn ʿAbd al-Qādir (2003). Futūḥ Al-Ḥabaša: the conquest of Abyssinia (16th century). Tsehai. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-9723172-6-9. ^ Pankhurst, Richard (1997). The Ethiopian Borderlands Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century. Red Sea Press. p. 69. ISBN 9780932415196. ^ Trimingham, J. Spencer (13 September 2013). Islam in Ethiopia. Routledge. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-136-97022-1. ^ Braukämper, Ulrich (Fall 1977). "Islamic Principalities in Southeast Ethiopia Between the Thirteenth and Sixteenth Centuries (Part Ii)". Ethiopianist Notes. 1 (2): 18. JSTOR 42731322. Retrieved 2 May 2023. ^ Pankhurst, Richard (1997). The Ethiopian Borderlands Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century. Red Sea Press. p. 70. ISBN 9780932415196. ^ Braukämper, Ulrich (Fall 1977). "Islamic Principalities in Southeast Ethiopia Between the Thirteenth and Sixteenth Centuries (Part Ii)". Ethiopianist Notes. 1 (2): 18. JSTOR 42731322. Retrieved 2 May 2023. ^ Pankhurst, Richard (1997). The Ethiopian Borderlands Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century. Red Sea Press. p. 177. ISBN 9780932415196. ^ Pankhurst, Richard (1997). The Ethiopian Borderlands Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century. Red Sea Press. p. 179. ISBN 9780932415196. ^ Pankhurst, Richard (1997). The Ethiopian Borderlands Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century. Red Sea Press. p. 241. ISBN 9780932415196. ^ Loimeier, Roman (5 June 2013). Muslim Societies in Africa A Historical Anthropology. Indiana University Press. p. 184. ISBN 9780253007971. ^ Marcus, Harold (22 February 2002). A History of Ethiopia. University of California Press. p. 272. ISBN 9780520925427. ^ Ethiopianist Notes. African Studies Center, Michigan State University. 1977. p. 24. ^ Protonotari, Francesco (1890-01-01). Nuova antologia (in Italian). Direzione della Nuova Antologia. ^ Clanship, Conflict and Refugees: An Introduction to Somalis in the Horn of Africa, Guido Ambroso ^ Iacovacci, Giuseppe; D’Atanasio, Eugenia; Marini, Ornella; Coppa, Alfredo; Sellitto, Daniele; Trombetta, Beniamino; Berti, Andrea; Cruciani, Fulvio (2017-03-01). "Forensic data and microvariant sequence characterization of 27 Y-STR loci analyzed in four Eastern African countries". Forensic Science International: Genetics. 27: 123–131. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2016.12.015. ISSN 1872-4973. PMID 28068531. ^ discovery.ucl.ac.uk › 133190...PDF Variation in Y chromosome, mitochondrial DNA and labels of ... ^ "Interpreting the Election Results". ^ "Ethiopian Military-Run Company Seeks More Foreign Partners". Bloomberg.com. 18 February 2013. ^ Ben-Dror, Avishai (23 August 2018). Emirate, Egyptian, Ethiopian: Colonial Experiences in Late Nineteenth-Century Harar. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 9780815654315.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jarso (woreda)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarso_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Somali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_language"},{"link_name":"Oromo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromo_language"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Dir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dir_(clan)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Oromo Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromo_Region"},{"link_name":"Somali Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Region"},{"link_name":"Chinaksen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinaksen"},{"link_name":"Harar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harar"},{"link_name":"Jigjiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jijiga"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shihab-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michigan-5"}],"text":"This article is about the ethnic group. For the district, see Jarso (woreda).Ethnic groupThe Jaarso, Giarso or Jaarsoo (Somali: Jaarso, Oromo: Jaarsoo, Arabic: جارسو) is a northern Somali clan, a sub-division of the Dir clan family [1] They largely live in Ethiopia, in the Oromo Region and the Somali Region, especially in and around the ancient cities of Chinaksen, Harar and Jigjiga[2][3]\n[4][5]","title":"Jaarso"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dir_(clan)"},{"link_name":"Gurgura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurgura"},{"link_name":"Akisho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akisho"},{"link_name":"Gadabuursi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadabuursi"},{"link_name":"Issa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issa_(clan)"},{"link_name":"Bursuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bursuuk"},{"link_name":"Dir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dir_(clan)"},{"link_name":"Dir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dir_(clan)"},{"link_name":"Dir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dir_(clan)"},{"link_name":"Hawiye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawiye"},{"link_name":"Hawadle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawadle"},{"link_name":"Ajuran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajuran_(clan)"},{"link_name":"Degoodi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degoodi"},{"link_name":"Gaalje'el","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaalje%27el"},{"link_name":"Samaale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaale"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lewis_25-6"},{"link_name":"Somali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalis"}],"text":"As a Dir sub-clan, the Jaarso have immediate lineal ties with the Gurgura, Akisho, Gadabuursi, Issa, the Bajimal, the Bursuk, the Madigan Dir, the Garre (the Quranyow sub-clan to be precise as they claim descent from Dir), Gurre, Gariire, other Dir sub-clans and they have lineal ties with the Hawiye (Irir), Hawadle, Ajuran, Degoodi, Gaalje'el clan groups, who share the same ancestor Samaale[6] and other Somali clans","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jijiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jijiga"},{"link_name":"Fafan Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fafan_Zone"},{"link_name":"Jarso (woreda)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarso_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Funyan Bira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funyan_Bira"},{"link_name":"East Hararghe Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Hararghe_Zone"}],"text":"The Jarso (Ali) Madaxwayne Dir are a vast clan that stretch from Diida Waleed (near Jijiga) to the Awash region; they also extend onto the areas northwestern Fafan Zone where they established settlement of Sheikh Cali Cafiif. They are associated with the spread of Islam. The Jaarso are the majority clan in Jarso (woreda), Funyan Bira and in the East Hararghe Zone.","title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ethnic conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_conflict"},{"link_name":"Oromo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orma_(clan)"},{"link_name":"Somali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalis"},{"link_name":"Xeer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeer"}],"text":"The Jarso clan faced a series of problems, including Ethnic conflict, civil wars, clan border disruptions due to massive Oromo and Somali clans migration, which caused societal chaos. In response, Jaarso established a traditional constitution called Xeer Jaarso also known (Xeerka lixda Jaarso), characterized by power-sharing principles, uniting the community in their pursuit of stability and order.According to oral tradition, as narrated by Jaarso elders, The Jaarso Code or Conduct is older than 1200 years and In order to establish their governance and decision-making process, the elders of Jaarso held a 6-month meeting in Marar and Mulisa. All the six Jaarso sub-clans participated.","title":"Code of Conduct (Xeerka Jaarso) & Administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jarso (woreda)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarso_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Fafan Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fafan_Zone"},{"link_name":"East Hararghe Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Hararghe_Zone"},{"link_name":"Chinaksen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinaksen"},{"link_name":"Funyaan Bira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funyan_Bira"},{"link_name":"Hubat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubat"},{"link_name":"Ejersa Goro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejersa_Goro"},{"link_name":"Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Ghazi"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1832_Map_of_Nubia_and_Abyssinia.png"},{"link_name":"John Arrowsmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Arrowsmith_(cartographer)"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Harar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Harar"},{"link_name":"Dakkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakkar"},{"link_name":"Sabr ad-Din","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabr_ad-Din_III"},{"link_name":"Enrico Cerulli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Cerulli"},{"link_name":"Bahru Zewde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahru_Zewde"},{"link_name":"Harar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harar"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Richard Pankhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Pankhurst_(Ethiopianist)"},{"link_name":"Funyan Bira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funyan_Bira"},{"link_name":"G. W. B. Huntingford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._W._B._Huntingford"},{"link_name":"Chinaksen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinaksen"},{"link_name":"Jigjiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jigjiga"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adal.PNG"},{"link_name":"Harar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harar"},{"link_name":"Adal Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adal_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Arab Faqih","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shihab_al-D%C4%ABn_A%E1%B8%A5mad_ibn_%CA%BFAbd_al-Q%C4%81dir_ibn_S%C4%81lim_ibn_%CA%BFUthm%C4%81n"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Dawaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawaro"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_horn_kingdoms_and_sultanates.png"},{"link_name":"Horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_of_Africa"},{"link_name":"Amda Seyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amda_Seyon_I_of_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Ifat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifat_(historical_region)"},{"link_name":"Sabr ad-Din I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabr_ad-Din_I"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Jamal Ad-Din I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamal_ad-Din_I"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Ibn Fadlallah al-Umari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Fadlallah_al-Umari"},{"link_name":"Ifat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifat_(historical_region)"},{"link_name":"Dawit I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawit_I"},{"link_name":"Jamal ad-Din II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamal_ad-Din_II"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Zara Yaqob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zara_Yaqob"},{"link_name":"Fitawrari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_aristocratic_and_court_titles"},{"link_name":"Badlay ibn Sa'ad ad-Din","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badlay_ibn_Sa%27ad_ad-Din"},{"link_name":"Zara Yaqob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zara_Yaqob"},{"link_name":"Battle of Gomit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gomit"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Ghazi"},{"link_name":"Adal Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adal_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Dawit I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawit_I"},{"link_name":"Battle of Shimbra Kure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Shimbra_Kure"},{"link_name":"Harar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harar"},{"link_name":"jizya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jizya"},{"link_name":"Gaturi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaturi_people"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Wanya Daga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wayna_Daga"},{"link_name":"Gelawdewos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelawdewos"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harladomain.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hargaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargaya"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Ethiopian-Adal war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian-Adal_war"},{"link_name":"Ahmed ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Ghazi"},{"link_name":"Adal Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adal_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Archeologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology"}],"text":"The Jaarso are mainly found in Jarso (woreda), and northwestern Fafan Zone, in the East Hararghe Zone and are predominant clan in the historic towns of Jinacsani or Chinaksen, Funyaan Bira and Hubat today known as Ejersa Goro. The sixteenth-century ruler of Adal who conquered Abyssinia, Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi was born in Hubat.[7]1832 map by John Arrowsmith illustrating Hubetta's location in the Emirate of HararEither Jinacsani or Funyan Bira is believed by archaeologist to be Dakkar, which served as the first capital of the Adal Sultanate after its founding in the early 15th century by Sabr ad-Din. Enrico Cerulli, Bahru Zewde and other historians identify Dakkar as being located one km southeast of Harar.[8][9][10][11][12][13] However, Richard Pankhurst states that the city was situated near the village of Funyan Bira and G. W. B. Huntingford believes that it was in the town of Chinaksen near Jigjiga.[14][15]Map of Dakkar and Harar. Both served as the capitals of the Adal SultanateThe Jaarso (as Jairan) were one of the first clans to accept the call of jihad and they are mentioned in the Futuh Al Habasha : Conquest of Abyssinia as source dating back as far as the 16th century, by author: Shihabudin Ahmad bin Abd al-Qadir 'Arab Faqih or 'Arab Faqih.Arab Faqih notesThen he assembled the Somali clans the tribe of Girri, the tribe of Marraihan, the tribe of Yibberi with their chieftain Ahmad Girri, the clan of the Härti, people of Mait, the tribe of Jairan, the tribe of Mazzar. the tribe of Barsub all of these were Somalis and they were ordered by the Imam to hold the left[16]The Sultanate of Dawaro a sub-clan of the Jaarso are also mentioned in the Futuh Al Habasha : Conquest of Abyssinia as source dating back as far as the 16th century, by author: Shihabudin Ahmad bin Abd al-Qadir 'Arab Faqih or 'Arab Faqih.Medieval map of peoples, kingdoms and regions alongside major trade routes in the HornDawaro is one of the six major sub-clans of the Jaarso and the earliest mention of this province comes from the Royal Chronicle of Emperor Amda Seyon. After occupying Ifat, Amda Seyon then proceeded to garrison Dawaro. However, in the late 1320s the ruler of the province, Haydara, ended up siding with Sabr ad-Din I during his rebellion and \"treacherously\" executed some of the Emperor's messengers. Amda Seyon, incensed by this act of rebellion, at once set out with his troops. On reaching Dawaro he \"laid waste the country from one end to the other\". He killed young men, took women and children prisoners, seized livestock \"without number\" and \"destroyed the crops of their country\". The \"wicked plans of Haydara\" of Dawaro were thus \"brought to nothing\" as the chronicler states.[17] Dawaro was then grouped together with other kingdoms such as Hadiya, Fatagar and Ifat as a tributary kingdom to the Ethiopian Empire under the leadership of Jamal Ad-Din I.[18] According to the Egyptian historian, Ibn Fadlallah al-Umari, Dawaro was measured five days journey by two or 100 kilometers by 40. It was much smaller than Ifat, but resembled it in that it produced cereals and fruits, and reared horses and beasts of burden. Trade however was less developed. A type of \"primitive currency\" called hakunas was used which were pieces of iron as long as a needle. A cow would cost 5,000 hakunas, a goat 3,000 hakunas. The social customs of Dawaro were also very similar to that of Ifat with both regions being inhabited by Muslims. Christian proselytization of the locals reached a high level of intensity during the reign of Dawit I, who then encouraged the settlement of Ethiopian military colonists to the peripheral province. However, the Ethiopian troops stationed in the region were in constant danger as their positions soon came under the attacks of Sultan Jamal ad-Din II.[19][20] Emperor Zara Yaqob consolidated the supremacy of the Christian empire in Dawaro and appointed Fitawrari Barje as governor of the province. Dawaro was soon invaded by the Adal Sultan Badlay ibn Sa'ad ad-Din who faced the forces of Zara Yaqob at the Battle of Gomit, but he was defeated and killed.[21] The next time Dawaro is mentioned is in the Futuh al-Habasa, the history of the conquests of Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi. The province of Dawaro, because of its location to the east and its relative proximity to the Adal Sultanate became the first part of the empire to be confronted by the forces of Imam Ahmad. The Imam carried out a raid on the province in 1526-7. His men was said to take considerable loot such as horses, slaves and sheep. The Adalites planned to return to their country, but the \"infidels of Dawaro\" assembled a large army against them, this force was subsequently defeated. Not long after this Emperor Dawit I received news of an impending larger invasion of Dawaro, the Emperor assembled a large army that consisted of units from all over the country. This army was defeated in the disastrous Battle of Shimbra Kure, but the Imam later returned back to Harar. In the summer of 1531, the Adalites returned to Dawaro where they occupied the province, they soon ravaged the province and destroyed a large church that was erected by the Emperor's predecessor. The Imam then arrived at a settlement called Geberge and demanded that all of the Christian inhabitants either convert to Islam or pay the jizya tax. Most of the inhabitants choose to retain their religion by declaring their neutrality and agreeing to pay the tax, others agreed to be converted, among those converted were 50 Christian nobles. The Imam, much pleased with their conversion, appointed Amir Husain al-Gaturi as governor of the province.[22][23] Control of the province would later fall under Ahmad's nephew, Vizier Abbas, who ruled over Dawaro as well as neighboring Fatager and Bali. Following the Imam's death and defeat at Wanya Daga, Abbas launched a fierce attack on a number of Christian towns. The young Emperor, Gelawdewos, made his way to confront him and Abbas rushed with his army to meet the Emperor. Gelawdewos was entirely victorious in this engagement and Abbas with all his captains were killed. The remaining Muslims who had survived the battle became the target of the local Christian populace who massacred all those who they could find. The Emperor then appointed Khalid, a Christian who had converted to Islam but that had reverted back to Christianity, as the provincial governor of Dawaro. Gelawdewos later faced problems with the Portuguese, he then banished 140 of them to the province of Dawaro. The presence of the Portuguese greatly displeased Khalid, he therefore ordered them to be killed or expelled from the province. Khalid attempted to ambush the Portuguese with a large army, but as soon as the assault began they shot and killed Khalid, after which most of his supporters would become their vassals. The Emperor was said to be very pleased with this outcome as he had always distrusted the governor.[24]The Jaarso clan also has a sub-division of the Dhanka sub-clan called Hargaya.Location of Hargaya state in the middle agesHargaya was a historical Muslim state in present-day eastern Ethiopia.[25][26] During the Ethiopian-Adal war in the sixteenth century, the people of Hargaya fought in the army of Ahmed ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi leader of Adal Sultanate.[27] It might not be the same Hargaya, but researcher Dilebo Lapiso and other Ethiopian Archeologists are stating Hargaya may be associated with Jaarso.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Dir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dir_(clan)"},{"link_name":"Dhanqo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dhanqo&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The Jaarso (Jairan Tribe) clan members consist 6 major sub-clans and are preserved their lineage and is as follows.[28][29]Dir\nMadahweyne\nAli\nMaah\nJaarso\nBah Midig'(junior wife)\nDhanqo\nSayo\nOoge\nBah Bidix (senior wife)\nDawaro\nWalabi\nAli (Orma)","title":"Clan tree"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Djibouti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Dire Dawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dire_Dawa"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Dir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dir_(clan)"},{"link_name":"Issa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issa_(clan)"},{"link_name":"Gurgura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurgura"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"DNA analysis of Dir clan members inhabiting Djibouti[30] found that all of the individuals belonged to the Y-DNA T1 paternal haplogroup and in Dire Dawa 82% a city in Ethiopia with a majority Dir population, which after the Issa and Gurgura, the Jaarso makes 3rd largest group in the city.[31] All genetic analysis carried out on the Jaarso male clan members have so far shown that they exclusively belong to the T1 paternal haplogroup.","title":"Y-DNA"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ethiopian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Federal Parliamentary Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Parliamentary_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Oromia Regional state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oromia_Regional_state&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Coffee production in Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"UAE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAE"},{"link_name":"Metals and Engineering Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metals_and_Engineering_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Alstom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alstom"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bloomberg-33"},{"link_name":"Haramaya University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haramaya_University"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Battle of Chelenqo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chelenqo"},{"link_name":"Mullis Abba Gada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mullis_Abba_Gada&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Oromo Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromo_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"Horyaal Democratic Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horyaal_Democratic_Front"}],"text":"Sakariya Abdi Usman (former Ethiopian Federal Parliamentary Assembly (lower Hause) and was one of the 122 vacant)[32]\nTako Xamare (former Somali Regional State Parliament and was one of the 18 other officials between 1998-2007)\nSa’ada Abdurahman (Speaker of the Oromia Regional state council and Speaker of the Oromia Caffee or Coffee production in Ethiopia)\nAmbassador Suleiman Dedefo (the Ambassadors of Ethiopia to the UAE and the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Ethiopian Metals and Engineering Corporation which works with foreign companies such as Alstom from France, and Spire Corporation from America.[33]\nJemal Yousuf Hassen (President of Haramaya University)\nSuldan Adam Asshabiye (Adan Darwish) (Sultan the Jaarso Tribe and their sub-clan Dhanka during the Egyptian invasion of the Eastern Horn of Africa).[34]\nBakhar Waare (Imam of the Jaarso, Nole, Gurgura, Habr Maqdi and Issa during the Battle of Chelenqo)\nAdam Tukale popularly known as Mullis Abba Gada (is one of the founders of Oromo Liberation Army)\nAbdi Usman (Speaker if the Horyaal Democratic Front)","title":"Notable Jaarso People"}]	[{"image_text":"1832 map by John Arrowsmith illustrating Hubetta's location in the Emirate of Harar","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/1832_Map_of_Nubia_and_Abyssinia.png/300px-1832_Map_of_Nubia_and_Abyssinia.png"},{"image_text":"Map of Dakkar and Harar. Both served as the capitals of the Adal Sultanate","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Adal.PNG/220px-Adal.PNG"},{"image_text":"Medieval map of peoples, kingdoms and regions alongside major trade routes in the Horn","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Map_of_horn_kingdoms_and_sultanates.png/220px-Map_of_horn_kingdoms_and_sultanates.png"},{"image_text":"Location of Hargaya state in the middle ages","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Harladomain.jpg/300px-Harladomain.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Cox, P.Z.; Abud, H. M. (2020). Genealogies of the Somal: Inclusing Those of the Aysa and Gadabursi. Hansebooks GmbH. ISBN 978-3-337-96889-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xp-uzQEACAAJ","url_text":"Genealogies of the Somal: Inclusing Those of the Aysa and Gadabursi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-337-96889-2","url_text":"978-3-337-96889-2"}]},{"reference":"Lewis, I. M. (1998). Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho. Red Sea Press. p. 26. ISBN 9781569021057.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=j3DGs00LT8EC","url_text":"Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781569021057","url_text":"9781569021057"}]},{"reference":"Division, Great Britain War Office Intelligence (1941). A Handbook of Ethiopia. publisher not identified. p. 55.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PukPAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"A Handbook of Ethiopia"}]},{"reference":"Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʻAbd al-Qādir ʻArabfaqīh, Translated by Paul Stenhouse, Richard Pankhurst (2003). The conquest of Abyssinia: 16th century. Tsehai Publishers & Distributors. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-9723172-6-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YgIwAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"The conquest of Abyssinia: 16th century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9723172-6-9","url_text":"978-0-9723172-6-9"}]},{"reference":"Northeast African Studies. Vol. 11. African Studies Center, Michigan State University. 1989. p. 115.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8QAOAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA115","url_text":"Northeast African Studies"}]},{"reference":"The Invention of Somalia. The Red Sea Press. 1995-01-01. p. 121. ISBN 9780932415998.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XpdAzRYruCwC","url_text":"The Invention of Somalia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780932415998","url_text":"9780932415998"}]},{"reference":"Sundkler, Bengt; Steed, Christopher (4 May 2000). A History of the Church in Africa. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-58342-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=y1p61xARWY4C&dq=imam+ahmed+hubat&pg=PA74","url_text":"A History of the Church in Africa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-58342-8","url_text":"978-0-521-58342-8"}]},{"reference":"Fani, Sara. Scribal Practices in Arabic Manuscripts from Ethiopia: The ʿAjamization of Scribal Practices in Fuṣḥā and ʿAjamī Manuscripts from Harar (PDF). University of Copenhagen. p. 148.","urls":[{"url":"https://everythingharar.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/21540993-00801002.pdf","url_text":"Scribal Practices in Arabic Manuscripts from Ethiopia: The ʿAjamization of Scribal Practices in Fuṣḥā and ʿAjamī Manuscripts from Harar"}]},{"reference":"Mordechai, Abir (28 October 2013). Ethiopia and the Red Sea The Rise and Decline of the Solomonic Dynasty and Muslim European Rivalry in the Region. Taylor & Francis. p. 27. ISBN 9781136280900.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7fArBgAAQBAJ&dq=dakar,+to+the+southeast+of+Harar&pg=PA27","url_text":"Ethiopia and the Red Sea The Rise and Decline of the Solomonic Dynasty and Muslim European Rivalry in the Region"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136280900","url_text":"9781136280900"}]},{"reference":"Zewde, Bahru (1998). A Short History of Ethiopia and the Horn. Addis Ababa University. p. 74.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=N8pRAQAAMAAJ&q=dakkar+located+to+the+south+or+southeast+of+harar","url_text":"A Short History of Ethiopia and the Horn"}]},{"reference":"Cerulli, Enrico. Islam yesterday and today. p. 156.","urls":[{"url":"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1g-LkxaXWZopjLCFEuWm8wnly2lh4WvFp/view?pli=1","url_text":"Islam yesterday and today"}]},{"reference":"Braukamper, Ulrich (2002). Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia. LitVerlag. p. 114. ISBN 9783825856717.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HGnyk8Pg9NgC&dq=is+situated+on+the+ground+of+the+old+town+of+Dakar+,+c+.+one+km+southeast+of&pg=PA114","url_text":"Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783825856717","url_text":"9783825856717"}]},{"reference":"Cambridge History of Africa (PDF). Cambridge University Press. p. 149.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/archive-files3/roland_oliver_the_cambridge_history_of_africa_vbook4you.pdf","url_text":"Cambridge History of Africa"}]},{"reference":"Huntingford, G.W.B (1955). \"Arabic Inscriptions in Southern Ethiopia\". Antiquity. 29 (116). Antiquity Publications: 233. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00021955. S2CID 163349172.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/abs/arabic-inscriptions-in-southern-ethiopia/2AC37D8288BABE8F89AEF2795D9DB814","url_text":"\"Arabic Inscriptions in Southern Ethiopia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X00021955","url_text":"10.1017/S0003598X00021955"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163349172","url_text":"163349172"}]},{"reference":"Pankhurst, Richard (1982). History Of Ethiopian Towns. Steiner. p. 49. ISBN 9783515032049.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783515032049","url_text":"9783515032049"}]},{"reference":"ʿArabfaqīh, Šihāb ad-Dīn Aḥmad Ibn ʿAbd al-Qādir; Stenhouse, Paul Lester; Pankhurst, Richard; ʿArabfaqīh, Šihāb ad-Dīn Aḥmad Ibn ʿAbd al-Qādir (2003). Futūḥ Al-Ḥabaša: the conquest of Abyssinia (16th century). Tsehai. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-9723172-6-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9723172-6-9","url_text":"978-0-9723172-6-9"}]},{"reference":"Pankhurst, Richard (1997). The Ethiopian Borderlands Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century. Red Sea Press. p. 69. ISBN 9780932415196.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC","url_text":"The Ethiopian Borderlands Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780932415196","url_text":"9780932415196"}]},{"reference":"Trimingham, J. Spencer (13 September 2013). Islam in Ethiopia. Routledge. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-136-97022-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UfrcAAAAQBAJ&dq=the+moslem+state+of+dawaro&pg=PA71","url_text":"Islam in Ethiopia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-97022-1","url_text":"978-1-136-97022-1"}]},{"reference":"Braukämper, Ulrich (Fall 1977). \"Islamic Principalities in Southeast Ethiopia Between the Thirteenth and Sixteenth Centuries (Part Ii)\". Ethiopianist Notes. 1 (2): 18. JSTOR 42731322. Retrieved 2 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/42731322","url_text":"\"Islamic Principalities in Southeast Ethiopia Between the Thirteenth and Sixteenth Centuries (Part Ii)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/42731322","url_text":"42731322"}]},{"reference":"Pankhurst, Richard (1997). The Ethiopian Borderlands Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century. Red Sea Press. p. 70. 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ISBN 9780932415196.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC","url_text":"The Ethiopian Borderlands Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780932415196","url_text":"9780932415196"}]},{"reference":"Pankhurst, Richard (1997). The Ethiopian Borderlands Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century. Red Sea Press. p. 241. ISBN 9780932415196.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC","url_text":"The Ethiopian Borderlands Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780932415196","url_text":"9780932415196"}]},{"reference":"Loimeier, Roman (5 June 2013). Muslim Societies in Africa A Historical Anthropology. Indiana University Press. p. 184. ISBN 9780253007971.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dR5yCmUejWEC&dq=hargaya+gidaya&pg=PA184","url_text":"Muslim Societies in Africa A Historical Anthropology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253007971","url_text":"9780253007971"}]},{"reference":"Marcus, Harold (22 February 2002). A History of Ethiopia. University of California Press. p. 272. ISBN 9780520925427.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hCpttQcKW7YC&dq=hargaya+gidaya&pg=PA272","url_text":"A History of Ethiopia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520925427","url_text":"9780520925427"}]},{"reference":"Ethiopianist Notes. 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PMID 28068531.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1872497316302484","url_text":"\"Forensic data and microvariant sequence characterization of 27 Y-STR loci analyzed in four Eastern African countries\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fsigen.2016.12.015","url_text":"10.1016/j.fsigen.2016.12.015"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1872-4973","url_text":"1872-4973"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28068531","url_text":"28068531"}]},{"reference":"\"Interpreting the Election Results\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thereporterethiopia.com/article/interpreting-election-results?__cf_chl_managed_tk__=pmd_wvKE7_h_y9V9TNVKALUaq.6NUGaFA8hgcaca3AVq69A-1633482619-0-gqNtZGzNAuWjcnBszRQR","url_text":"\"Interpreting the Election Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ethiopian Military-Run Company Seeks More Foreign Partners\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Stolorz	Bruno Stolorz	["1 Coaching honours","1.1 National team","2 References","3 External links"]	Rugby playerBruno StolorzBirth nameBruno StolorzDate of birth (1955-02-06) 6 February 1955 (age 69)Rugby union careerCoaching careerYears Team???? RC Orléans2008 - 2010 Germany Bruno Stolorz (born 6 February 1955) is a former coach of the German national rugby union team. Stolorz shared his duties as coach of Germany with Rudolf Finsterer until the later resignation on 20 March 2010. Stolorz was seconded to the German team by the Fédération française de rugby to improve Germany's performance in the sport and is also a coach with French club team RC Orléans, where he fulfills the position of a Conseiller sportif auprès. He took up his position with the German team in early 2008. After the end of Germany's 2008-10 European Nation Cup campaign and Finsterers resignation the later stated that Stolorz would be the ideal candidate to coach Germany by himself. However, Stolorz was replaced with Torsten Schippe in July 2010, with South African Jakobus Potgieter as Schippes assistant. Coaching honours National team European Nations Cup - Division 2 Champions: 2008 References ^ Bruno Stolorz profile at totalrugby.com (in German) accessed: 15 March 2010 ^ Spain set down marker Archived 2010-01-18 at the Wayback Machine rugbyworldcup.com, published: 16 November 2008, accessed: 15 March 2010 ^ a b Deutschland steigt ab / Finsterer tritt zurück Rugby-Journal, published: 20 March 2010, accessed: 20 March 2010 ^ Mark Kuhlmann nicht mehr DRV-Nationaltrainer (in German) Rugby-Journal, published: 9 March 2009, accessed: 25 February 2010 ^ Comité Directeur Archived March 16, 2010, at the Wayback Machine (in French) RC Orléans website, accessed: 15 March 2010 ^ Kader für Lehrgang in Heidelberg nominiert Archived July 19, 2011, at the Wayback Machine (in German) scrum.de, published: 16 February 2008, accessed: 15 March 2010 ^ Torsten Schippe wird Trainer des 15er-Nationalteams (in German) Rugby-Journal, published: 11 July 2010, accessed: 26 July 2010 ^ Kobus Potgieter neuer Co-Trainer der Nationalmannschaft (in German) Rugby-Journal, published: 16 July 2010, accessed: 26 July 2010 External links (in German) Bruno Stolorz at totalrugby.de vteGermany squad – 2008-2010 European Nations Cup First DivisionForwards Baracat Brenner Coly Danso Didebashvili Elloway Faber Hauck Hinds-Johnson Houston Hug Kasten Krause Metz Mohr Pipa Poppmeier Preussner Rosenthal Schliwa Schmidt (c) Sieber (c) Tekkal Trick Tussac Van Look Wacha Widiker Wilhelm Backs Brierley Buckman Chaule D. Davies K. Davies Eckert G. Franke M. Franke Grzanna Güngör (c) Hackl Heimpel C. Liebig S. Liebig Pagnon Pyrasch Simm Strauch Sztyndera Takaendesa Ulrich Von Grumbkow Walger Weselek Wiedemann Coach Finsterer Stolorz Kuhlmann	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Total-1"},{"link_name":"German national rugby union team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Finsterer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Finsterer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Finsterer-3"},{"link_name":"Fédération française de rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Rugby_Federation"},{"link_name":"RC Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RC_Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Finsterer-3"},{"link_name":"Torsten Schippe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsten_Schippe"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Jakobus Potgieter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jakobus_Potgieter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Bruno Stolorz (born 6 February 1955)[1] is a former coach of the German national rugby union team.[2]Stolorz shared his duties as coach of Germany with Rudolf Finsterer until the later resignation on 20 March 2010.[3] Stolorz was seconded to the German team by the Fédération française de rugby to improve Germany's performance in the sport and is also a coach with French club team RC Orléans, where he fulfills the position of a Conseiller sportif auprès.[4][5] He took up his position with the German team in early 2008.[6]After the end of Germany's 2008-10 European Nation Cup campaign and Finsterers resignation the later stated that Stolorz would be the ideal candidate to coach Germany by himself.[3] However, Stolorz was replaced with Torsten Schippe in July 2010,[7] with South African Jakobus Potgieter as Schippes assistant.[8]","title":"Bruno Stolorz"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Coaching honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European Nations Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Nations_Cup_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006-2008_European_Nations_Cup_Second_Division"}],"sub_title":"National team","text":"European Nations Cup - Division 2\nChampions: 2008","title":"Coaching honours"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.totalrugby.de/component/option,com_joomleague/func,showTeamstaff/p,6/pid,1506/Itemid,250/","external_links_name":"Bruno Stolorz profile at totalrugby.com"},{"Link":"http://www.rugbyworldcup.com/qualifying/news/newsid=2027632.html","external_links_name":"Spain set down marker"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100118085857/http://www.rugbyworldcup.com/qualifying/news/newsid=2027632.html#","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.rugby-journal.de/index.php/basis/meldung/deutschland_steigt_ab_finsterer_tritt_zurueck/","external_links_name":"Deutschland steigt ab / Finsterer tritt zurück"},{"Link":"http://www.rugby-journal.de/index.php/basis/meldung/mark_kuhlmann_nicht_mehr_drv-nationaltrainer/","external_links_name":"Mark Kuhlmann nicht mehr DRV-Nationaltrainer"},{"Link":"http://www.rcorleans.com/?page_id=101","external_links_name":"Comité Directeur"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100316065556/http://www.rcorleans.com/?page_id=101","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://scrum.de/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=4711","external_links_name":"Kader für Lehrgang in Heidelberg nominiert"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719083016/http://scrum.de/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=4711","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.rugby-journal.de/index.php/basis/meldung/torsten_schippe_wird_trainer_des_15er-nationalteams/","external_links_name":"Torsten Schippe wird Trainer des 15er-Nationalteams"},{"Link":"http://www.rugby-journal.de/index.php/basis/meldung/kobus_potgieter_neuer_co-trainer_der_nationalmannschaft/","external_links_name":"Kobus Potgieter neuer Co-Trainer der Nationalmannschaft"},{"Link":"http://www.totalrugby.de/component/option,com_joomleague/func,showTeamstaff/p,6/pid,1506/Itemid,250/","external_links_name":"Bruno Stolorz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Call_of_the_Wild:_Dog_of_the_Yukon	The Call of the Wild: Dog of the Yukon	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Reception","4 DVD release","5 References","6 External links"]	1997 filmThe Call of the Wild: Dog of the YukonDirected byPeter SvatekWritten byGraham LudlowBased onThe Call of the Wildby Jack LondonProduced byJulie AllanPieter KroonenburgStarringRutger HauerNarrated byRichard DreyfussCinematographySylvain BraultEdited byDenis PapillonMusic byAlan ReevesRelease date June 22, 1997 (1997-06-22) Running time91 minutesLanguageEnglish The Call of the Wild: Dog of the Yukon is a 1997 Canadian film. The screenplay by Graham Ludlow is based on Jack London's classic 1903 novel The Call of the Wild, and is narrated by Richard Dreyfuss and stars Rutger Hauer. It was filmed in Quebec, Canada and premiered in the United States as a television movie on June 22, 1997. The main character Buck was portrayed by three Leonberger dog "actors" (one female, and two males). In the novel, Buck is identified as a half-Saint Bernard and half-Scottish shepherd dog. Plot Buck is a St. Bernard/Scotch collie hybrid dog living the easy life on Judge Miller's estate in Santa Clara, California—unaware that the fall-1897 Klondike Gold Rush has created a demand for sled dogs. This demand results in Judge Miller's gardener, Manuel, stealing Buck away and selling him to a man who sends him to Seattle—where another man, wearing a red sweater, beats the headstrong Buck into submission with a club—the first introduction into "primitive law". Buck is then sold to Perrault, a dispatch-courier for the Canadian government—who, with his partner, dog-musher Francois, takes him on a boat to Dyea, Alaska. There, Buck, new to the snowy Northland, sees "the law of club and fang": Curly, another Southland dog, is brought down by a husky, then a group of huskies mercilessly finish her off. Buck then is strapped into dog-team traces and taught to pull a sled—a humiliating experience at first, but something he learns to enjoy. He comes to know the brutal and experienced lead-dog Spitz—and they develop a rivalry for mastery. Among the many lessons of the harsh Northland he learns, learning how to steal without being caught is the "first sign" that he's capable of adapting to the precarious environment. Perrault is a daring man who works hard to drive the team safely over treacherous ice; Francois is a stern but fair dog-driver who even makes moccasins for Buck's as-yet soft feet from a pair of his own. The team travels the "Yukon Trail" up to Dawson City in Canada's Yukon territory—where a gold prospector, later revealed to be John Thornton, notices him. On the way back to Dyea, a chase between the dogs and a hare leads to the ultimate death-match between Buck and Spitz—who severely wounds Buck before Buck determines how to effectively strike back and kill Spitz. With Spitz gone, Buck prepares to assume the lead-dog position, but Francois attempts to place the half-blind but reliable Sol-leks in the spot. Buck contests that—and when Perrault and Francois can't get Buck to comply, even with clubs thrown, they give him the position; Buck then proves to be an even more reliable leader than Spitz. Perrault, already ahead of the trail record and determined to beat it, slowly works the dogs down. When wheel-dog Dave can no longer pull the sled, and won't run free alongside to get back his strength, the men decide to euthanize him—with Perrault leading the team ahead before Francois' shot is heard. When they return to Dyea, the dogs——too worn out to work for the men anymore—are sold. Francois embraces them—especially Buck—a final time, while Perrault tells the new owners—Hal, his sister Mercedes, and her husband Charles, a trio of inept Southland prospectors—that the dogs need a rest. But the rash, impatient Hal wants to head to Dawson immediately—ignoring the onlookers' advice about lightening the load and ditching the tent until after the dogs pull the sled, and it tips over and spills. With a smaller load, the team starts out—with four of Mercedes' dogs from the Southland added, which ultimately means too many dogs to feed over the long trek. The overworked and starving dogs start dying off; when the good-natured Billie falls dead in his tracks, Hal—all Southland gentility gone—cuts him out of the traces and leaves his corpse on the snow. The spring thaw leaves them increasingly without crossing places on the river; when they pull into John Thornton's camp at White River, he advises them to lay over until the fall. Hal instead orders Buck to lead the sled across the ice, but Buck, sensing "impending doom", refuses to get up, even under several blows of the club. John Thornton pushes back Hal, saying, "If you strike that dog again, I'll kill you", and cuts Buck loose. The trio leads the remaining dogs on; after a quarter mile, the ice gives way under the sled—killing dogs and humans alike. Buck finds the nurturing John Thornton to be the "ideal master"—experiencing "love" for the first time;—he nevertheless grows wilder and more tempted by the forest—with only Thornton holding him to civilization. He later repays his live-saving master when John and his partners Hans and Pete are prospecting for gold and Thornton is suddenly swept into the harsh river current—leading to a daring rescue by Buck with Hans and Pete. Later, in Dawson, John Thornton pays off his debts by betting that Buck can single-handedly pull half a ton of flour on an ice-stuck sled 100 yards—which Buck amazingly does. Buck and Thornton then head off into the wilderness in search of a Lost Cabin full of gold. Before they can find the legendary cabin, they find a used gold mine and decide to go no further. While John pans for gold, Buck increasingly spends more and more time in the forest, hearing "the call of the wild". During a long time away, Buck kills a bear and befriends a wolf; remembering John Thornton, he returns to his master, only to set out again later. When John Thornton finally finds gold, he is slain by a Yeehat Native American warrior—who is then slain by Buck, who's arrived a little too late. Mourning his master, he hears the call again; this time, with "the last tie" to mankind broken, he obeys, becoming a wild dog leading a pack of wolves. The Yeehats subsequently tell of a "Ghost Dog" who leads the wolf-pack—terrorizing them, and ensuring "there is one valley they never enter." This dog "sings the song of the younger world, which is the song of the pack." Cast Rutger Hauer as John Thornton Luc Morissette as M. Perrault Robert Pierre Côté as Francoise Charles Edwin Powell as Hal Bronwen Booth as Mercedes Burke Lawrence as Charles Raymond Ducasse as Judge Miller Eric Hoizel as Manuel John Dunn-Hill as Hans Jack Langedijk as Pete John Novak as Mr. Matthewson Barry Blake as The Man In The Red Sweater Eric Cabana as Yeehat Warrior Lynne Adams as Maggie Michael Shanks as Gambler #1 Mike Kanentakeron as Yeehat Story Teller Bernard Ranger as Government Clerk Steve Adams as Mr. Kerns Deano Clavet as Baggage Man Howard Rosenstein as Savvy Prospector #1 Michel Perron as Savvy Prospector 2 Richard Dreyfuss as narrator (voice) Vasko, Geesa, and Gustav as Buck The Dog Pinceau as Curly The Dog Kino as Spitz The Dog Dave as himself Pirate as Billie The Dog Sun as Sol-leks The Dog Jack, Rocky, Andy, and Dixie as Mercedes' Dogs Shakespeare as Producer's Dog Reception The Hollywood Reporter gave it a positive review in 1997, and said it was "a pleasant surprise. Much more faithful to Jack London's 1903 classic than the two Hollywood versions." The New York Post claimed in June 1997 that Ludlow's adaptation was the "best version yet of Jack London's classic story of survival." In contrast, TVGuide.com said: "The umpteenth dramatization of Jack London's primordial sled-dog novel has some intriguing casting choices, but doesn't do much to lead the pack." In a February 2020 review of the Harrison Ford film The Call of the Wild, the Boston Herald called this earlier film a "not-bad 1997 TV movie version of the novel." DVD release The film has been released on DVD in Region 0, PAL format. References ^ St. Louis Post-Dispatch, Jun 22, 1997, p. 47 ^ "Leonberger Dogs". PetInsurance.com. Veterinary Pet Insurance Company. Retrieved 13 April 2015. ^ Hunter, David (1997-02-10). "The Call of the Wild". The Hollywood Reporter. p. 11. ^ Greppi, Michele (1997-06-22). "What's on Tonight: 'Wild' about Buck, leader of the pack". New York Post. p. 103. ^ "Jack London's The Call Of The Wild: Dog Of The Yukon \| TV Guide". TVGuide.com. Retrieved 10 May 2020. ^ https://www.bostonherald.com/2020/02/20/faux-fur-star-detracts-from-call-of-the-wild/ ^ Call of the Wild: Dog of the Yukon DVD liner notes External links Call of the Wild: Dog of the Yukon at IMDb vteJack London's The Call of the WildFilms The Call of the Wild (1923) Call of the Wild (1935) The Call of the Wild (1972) Call of the Wild (2009) The Call of the Wild (2020) TV The Call of the Wild (1976 film) The Call of the Wild: Dog of the Yukon (1997 film) Call of the Wild (2000 series) Related White Fang	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Graham Ludlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Ludlow"},{"link_name":"Jack London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_London"},{"link_name":"The Call of the Wild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Call_of_the_Wild"},{"link_name":"Richard Dreyfuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dreyfuss"},{"link_name":"Rutger Hauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutger_Hauer"},{"link_name":"Quebec, Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec,_Canada"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Leonberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonberger"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-petins-2"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The Call of the Wild: Dog of the Yukon is a 1997 Canadian film. The screenplay by Graham Ludlow is based on Jack London's classic 1903 novel The Call of the Wild, and is narrated by Richard Dreyfuss and stars Rutger Hauer.It was filmed in Quebec, Canada and premiered in the United States as a television movie on June 22, 1997.[1]The main character Buck was portrayed by three Leonberger dog \"actors\" [2](one female, and two males).[citation needed] In the novel, Buck is identified as a half-Saint Bernard and half-Scottish shepherd dog.","title":"The Call of the Wild: Dog of the Yukon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Bernard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Bernard_(dog)"},{"link_name":"Scotch collie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotch_collie"},{"link_name":"Santa Clara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara,_California"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Klondike Gold Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klondike_Gold_Rush"},{"link_name":"sled dogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sled_dog"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"musher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushing"},{"link_name":"Dyea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyea"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"Northland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klondike,_Yukon"},{"link_name":"Southland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conterminous_U.S."},{"link_name":"husky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husky"},{"link_name":"moccasins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moccasin"},{"link_name":"Dawson City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawson_City"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Yukon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukon"},{"link_name":"gold prospector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_prospector"},{"link_name":"White River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_River_(Yukon)"},{"link_name":"gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold"},{"link_name":"bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear"},{"link_name":"wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas"}],"text":"Buck is a St. Bernard/Scotch collie hybrid dog living the easy life on Judge Miller's estate in Santa Clara, California—unaware that the fall-1897 Klondike Gold Rush has created a demand for sled dogs. This demand results in Judge Miller's gardener, Manuel, stealing Buck away and selling him to a man who sends him to Seattle—where another man, wearing a red sweater, beats the headstrong Buck into submission with a club—the first introduction into \"primitive law\". Buck is then sold to Perrault, a dispatch-courier for the Canadian government—who, with his partner, dog-musher Francois, takes him on a boat to Dyea, Alaska.There, Buck, new to the snowy Northland, sees \"the law of club and fang\": Curly, another Southland dog, is brought down by a husky, then a group of huskies mercilessly finish her off. Buck then is strapped into dog-team traces and taught to pull a sled—a humiliating experience at first, but something he learns to enjoy. He comes to know the brutal and experienced lead-dog Spitz—and they develop a rivalry for mastery. Among the many lessons of the harsh Northland he learns, learning how to steal without being caught is the \"first sign\" that he's capable of adapting to the precarious environment. Perrault is a daring man who works hard to drive the team safely over treacherous ice; Francois is a stern but fair dog-driver who even makes moccasins for Buck's as-yet soft feet from a pair of his own. The team travels the \"Yukon Trail\" up to Dawson City in Canada's Yukon territory—where a gold prospector, later revealed to be John Thornton, notices him.On the way back to Dyea, a chase between the dogs and a hare leads to the ultimate death-match between Buck and Spitz—who severely wounds Buck before Buck determines how to effectively strike back and kill Spitz. With Spitz gone, Buck prepares to assume the lead-dog position, but Francois attempts to place the half-blind but reliable Sol-leks in the spot. Buck contests that—and when Perrault and Francois can't get Buck to comply, even with clubs thrown, they give him the position; Buck then proves to be an even more reliable leader than Spitz. Perrault, already ahead of the trail record and determined to beat it, slowly works the dogs down. When wheel-dog Dave can no longer pull the sled, and won't run free alongside to get back his strength, the men decide to euthanize him—with Perrault leading the team ahead before Francois' shot is heard.When they return to Dyea, the dogs——too worn out to work for the men anymore—are sold. Francois embraces them—especially Buck—a final time, while Perrault tells the new owners—Hal, his sister Mercedes, and her husband Charles, a trio of inept Southland prospectors—that the dogs need a rest. But the rash, impatient Hal wants to head to Dawson immediately—ignoring the onlookers' advice about lightening the load and ditching the tent until after the dogs pull the sled, and it tips over and spills. With a smaller load, the team starts out—with four of Mercedes' dogs from the Southland added, which ultimately means too many dogs to feed over the long trek.The overworked and starving dogs start dying off; when the good-natured Billie falls dead in his tracks, Hal—all Southland gentility gone—cuts him out of the traces and leaves his corpse on the snow. The spring thaw leaves them increasingly without crossing places on the river; when they pull into John Thornton's camp at White River, he advises them to lay over until the fall. Hal instead orders Buck to lead the sled across the ice, but Buck, sensing \"impending doom\", refuses to get up, even under several blows of the club. John Thornton pushes back Hal, saying, \"If you strike that dog again, I'll kill you\", and cuts Buck loose. The trio leads the remaining dogs on; after a quarter mile, the ice gives way under the sled—killing dogs and humans alike.Buck finds the nurturing John Thornton to be the \"ideal master\"—experiencing \"love\" for the first time;—he nevertheless grows wilder and more tempted by the forest—with only Thornton holding him to civilization. He later repays his live-saving master when John and his partners Hans and Pete are prospecting for gold and Thornton is suddenly swept into the harsh river current—leading to a daring rescue by Buck with Hans and Pete. Later, in Dawson, John Thornton pays off his debts by betting that Buck can single-handedly pull half a ton of flour on an ice-stuck sled 100 yards—which Buck amazingly does. Buck and Thornton then head off into the wilderness in search of a Lost Cabin full of gold.Before they can find the legendary cabin, they find a used gold mine and decide to go no further. While John pans for gold, Buck increasingly spends more and more time in the forest, hearing \"the call of the wild\". During a long time away, Buck kills a bear and befriends a wolf; remembering John Thornton, he returns to his master, only to set out again later. When John Thornton finally finds gold, he is slain by a Yeehat Native American warrior—who is then slain by Buck, who's arrived a little too late. Mourning his master, he hears the call again; this time, with \"the last tie\" to mankind broken, he obeys, becoming a wild dog leading a pack of wolves. The Yeehats subsequently tell of a \"Ghost Dog\" who leads the wolf-pack—terrorizing them, and ensuring \"there is one valley they never enter.\" This dog \"sings the song of the younger world, which is the song of the pack.\"","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rutger Hauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutger_Hauer"},{"link_name":"John Novak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Novak_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Michael Shanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Shanks"},{"link_name":"Mike Kanentakeron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Kanentakeron_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"Richard Dreyfuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dreyfuss"}],"text":"Rutger Hauer as John Thornton\nLuc Morissette as M. Perrault\nRobert Pierre Côté as Francoise\nCharles Edwin Powell as Hal\nBronwen Booth as Mercedes\nBurke Lawrence as Charles\nRaymond Ducasse as Judge Miller\nEric Hoizel as Manuel\nJohn Dunn-Hill as Hans\nJack Langedijk as Pete\nJohn Novak as Mr. Matthewson\nBarry Blake as The Man In The Red Sweater\nEric Cabana as Yeehat Warrior\nLynne Adams as Maggie\nMichael Shanks as Gambler #1\nMike Kanentakeron as Yeehat Story Teller\nBernard Ranger as Government Clerk\nSteve Adams as Mr. Kerns\nDeano Clavet as Baggage Man\nHoward Rosenstein as Savvy Prospector #1\nMichel Perron as Savvy Prospector 2\nRichard Dreyfuss as narrator (voice)\nVasko, Geesa, and Gustav as Buck The Dog\nPinceau as Curly The Dog\nKino as Spitz The Dog\nDave as himself\nPirate as Billie The Dog\nSun as Sol-leks The Dog\nJack, Rocky, Andy, and Dixie as Mercedes' Dogs\nShakespeare as Producer's Dog","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Hollywood Reporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"New York Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Post"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Harrison Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_Ford"},{"link_name":"The Call of the Wild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Call_of_the_Wild_(2020_film)"},{"link_name":"Boston Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Herald"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The Hollywood Reporter gave it a positive review in 1997, and said it was \"a pleasant surprise. Much more faithful to Jack London's 1903 classic than the two Hollywood versions.\"[3] The New York Post claimed in June 1997 that Ludlow's adaptation was the \"best version yet of Jack London's classic story of survival.\"[4] In contrast, TVGuide.com said: \"The umpteenth dramatization of Jack London's primordial sled-dog novel has some intriguing casting choices, but doesn't do much to lead the pack.\"[5] In a February 2020 review of the Harrison Ford film The Call of the Wild, the Boston Herald called this earlier film a \"not-bad 1997 TV movie version of the novel.\"[6]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Region 0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Region_0"},{"link_name":"PAL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-liner_notes-7"}],"text":"The film has been released on DVD in Region 0, PAL format.[7]","title":"DVD release"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Leonberger Dogs\". PetInsurance.com. Veterinary Pet Insurance Company. Retrieved 13 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.petinsurance.com/healthzone/pet-articles/pet-breeds/Leonberger-Dogs.aspx","url_text":"\"Leonberger Dogs\""}]},{"reference":"Hunter, David (1997-02-10). \"The Call of the Wild\". The Hollywood Reporter. p. 11.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]},{"reference":"Greppi, Michele (1997-06-22). \"What's on Tonight: 'Wild' about Buck, leader of the pack\". New York Post. p. 103.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Post","url_text":"New York Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Jack London's The Call Of The Wild: Dog Of The Yukon \| TV Guide\". TVGuide.com. Retrieved 10 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvguide.com/movies/jack-londons-the-call-of-the-wild-dog-of-the-yukon/review/133063/","url_text":"\"Jack London's The Call Of The Wild: Dog Of The Yukon \| TV Guide\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.petinsurance.com/healthzone/pet-articles/pet-breeds/Leonberger-Dogs.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Leonberger Dogs\""},{"Link":"https://www.tvguide.com/movies/jack-londons-the-call-of-the-wild-dog-of-the-yukon/review/133063/","external_links_name":"\"Jack London's The Call Of The Wild: Dog Of The Yukon \| TV Guide\""},{"Link":"https://www.bostonherald.com/2020/02/20/faux-fur-star-detracts-from-call-of-the-wild/","external_links_name":"https://www.bostonherald.com/2020/02/20/faux-fur-star-detracts-from-call-of-the-wild/"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0118811/","external_links_name":"Call of the Wild: Dog of the Yukon"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Franklin_House	The Franklin Residences	["1 History","1.1 The site","1.2 Hotel","1.3 Apartment building","2 References","3 External links"]	Coordinates: 39°56′58.9″N 75°9′18.45″W / 39.949694°N 75.1551250°W / 39.949694; -75.1551250This article is about the historic hotel in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. For Benjamin Franklin's residence in Philadelphia, see Franklin Court. For his London residence, see Benjamin Franklin House. United States historic placeBenjamin Franklin HotelU.S. National Register of Historic Places Show map of PhiladelphiaShow map of PennsylvaniaShow map of the United StatesLocation822–840 Chestnut St.,Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaCoordinates39°56′58.9″N 75°9′18.45″W / 39.949694°N 75.1551250°W / 39.949694; -75.1551250Built1925ArchitectHorace Trumbauer, John N. GillArchitectural styleLate 18th-century Anglo-AmericanNRHP reference No.82003808Added to NRHPMarch 2, 1982 The Franklin Residences is a historic apartment building located at 834 Chestnut Street in Center City, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It opened on January 14, 1925, as the Benjamin Franklin Hotel and was named after United States Founding Father Benjamin Franklin. History The site The Continental Hotel The first hotel on the site was the Continental Hotel, built from 1857 to 1860. The 700-room, six-story hotel was designed in the Italianate style by architect John McArthur Jr., who also designed the Philadelphia City Hall. The luxurious hotel boasted one of the first elevators in the country, and a grand stairway made from polished Italian marble. Its main entrance was redesigned by noted Philadelphia architect Frank Furness in 1876. Among its famous guests were Ulysses S. Grant, Andrew Johnson, Charles Dickens, King Edward VII, and Brazilian Emperor Dom Pedro. However, its most notable guest was president-elect Abraham Lincoln, who gave a speech from the hotel's balcony on February 21, 1861, just before his March 4 inauguration. The aging hotel was demolished in 1924 for construction of a massive new replacement. The lamp from the balcony Lincoln spoke from was retained for the new structure and still hangs today on a balcony known as the "Lincoln Balcony," at the same spot as the one from which Lincoln spoke. Hotel The Benjamin Franklin Hotel, opened on January 14, 1925, named for Founding Father and Philadelphian, Benjamin Franklin. It was designed by prominent American Gilded Age architect Horace Trumbauer, built by Niagara Falls businessman Frank A. Dudley and operated by the United Hotels Company of America. The Benjamin Franklin made news in 1947, when the segregated establishment refused to accommodate the Brooklyn Dodgers, who had used the hotel for years, because of the presence of Jackie Robinson, the first African-American player in Major League Baseball. The Bellevue-Stratford Hotel agreed to house the team that day. The team later moved their permanent accommodations to The Warwick Hotel. William Chadwick was the general manager for many years in the 1960s to 1970s, followed by Harry Gilbert and then Tom Johnson just prior to the hotel's closing in the 1980s. Also on the staff in the late 1960s to early 1970s was Robert C. Bennett, Jr., grandson of noted 1930s hotel manager Claude H. Bennett, and in 1974 the founding professor of the hotel management degree program at Delaware County Community College. The hotel was owned by Bankers Securities Corporation which owned several Philadelphia hotels, including the Bellevue-Stratford Hotel, the Sullivan, and the former Holiday Inn near the football/baseball stadiums. During the Army-Navy Game each year, the hotel traditionally hosted Army. The 1970s were a slow period with hotels hoping to benefit by the 1976 Bicentennial Celebration in the original Thirteen Colonies. However, the 1976 celebration was not the tourist financial success expected. Also, in 1976 the state of New Jersey legalized casino gambling, which further diluted the hotel industry demand in greater Philadelphia as new hotels opened in Atlantic City. The hotel closed in 1980, and the vacant building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. Apartment building Lobby of The Franklin Residences in 2014 The hotel was converted to house 412 apartments and 120,000 square feet (11,000 m2) of office space. It reopened in 1986 as the Benjamin Franklin House - affectionately referred to as "The Ben" by many Philadelphians. During the renovation, the historic grand ballroom of the hotel was converted into office space. This resulted in objections by the National Park Service, so the ballroom was restored in 1988 to qualify for federal tax credits. One of Philadelphia's largest ballrooms, it is now managed by Finley Catering and used for banquet/weddings, marketed as Ballroom at the Ben. The building was purchased by Korman Communities in 2011. They invested $13 million in renovations and renamed it "The Franklin Residences" in 2014. The Franklin Residences specializes in studio, one, and two bedroom luxury apartments, as well as fully furnished suites with flexible leases for individuals needing temporary accommodations. The finale of the Oscar-winning 2012 film Silver Linings Playbook was filmed in the building's ballroom and its lobby. References Philadelphia portal ^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009. ^ "Good Eye: The grandest lobby in Philadelphia is grand again". ^ Investigation of Real Estate Bondholders" Reorganizations. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1934. ^ a b "Trumbauer's Legendary Ben Franklin Hotel Reborn". Hidden City Philadelphia. 2016-08-10. Retrieved 2023-09-01. ^ a b c d Patten, Zach (2013-06-25). "Echoes of an Extravagant Past: The Ben Franklin House's Continental History". Curbed Philly. Retrieved 2023-09-01. ^ "Receivers Name for Hotel Firm" (PDF). The New York Times. November 18, 1933. Retrieved 14 October 2015. ^ Rossi, John (2013-04-07). "He was unwelcome". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved 2023-09-01. ^ Threston, Christopher (2003-01-06). The Integration of Baseball in Philadelphia. McFarland. ISBN 9780786414239. ^ "The Franklin Closing As Philadelphia Hotel". The New York Times. 1980-12-07. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-09-01. ^ Hildebrandt, Rachel (2009). The Philadelphia Area Architecture of Horace Trumbauer. Arcadia. ISBN 9780738562971. ^ DeWolf, Rose (8 December 1988). "Ben Franklin Ballroom Restored To Splendor". Philly.com. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original on 9 March 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2023. ^ "Ballroom at the Ben - Finley Catering". 2021-06-08. Retrieved 2023-09-01. ^ "Benjamin Franklin House in Philadelphia gets $13 million renovation - Philadelphia Business Journal". Archived from the original on 2014-04-13. ^ "Overview". AVE Living. Retrieved 2023-09-01. ^ "Pennsylvania: Philly shows off its 'Silver Linings'". Los Angeles Times. 21 January 2013. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Franklin Residences. The Franklin Residences official website Ballroom at the Ben official website Listing and images at Philadelphia Architects and Buildings vteUS National Register of Historic Places in PennsylvaniaTopics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Lists by county Adams Allegheny Armstrong Beaver Bedford Berks Blair Bradford Bucks Butler Cambria Cameron Carbon Centre Chester East North South Clarion Clearfield Clinton Columbia Crawford Cumberland Dauphin Delaware Elk Erie Fayette Forest Franklin Fulton Greene Huntingdon Indiana Jefferson Juniata Lackawanna Lancaster Lawrence Lebanon Lehigh Luzerne Lycoming McKean Mercer Mifflin Monroe Montgomery Montour Northampton Northumberland Perry Philadelphia Pike Potter Schuylkill Snyder Somerset Sullivan Susquehanna Tioga Union Venango Warren Washington Wayne Westmoreland Wyoming York Lists by city Pittsburgh Lancaster Philadelphia Center City North Northeast Northwest South Southwest West Other lists European archaeological sites Native American archaeological sites Bridges (covered) National Historic Landmarks (Philadelphia) Category NRHP portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Franklin Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Court"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Franklin House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_House"},{"link_name":"Chestnut Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut_Street_(Philadelphia)"},{"link_name":"Center City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_City,_Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"United States Founding Father","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Founding_Father"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"This article is about the historic hotel in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. For Benjamin Franklin's residence in Philadelphia, see Franklin Court. For his London residence, see Benjamin Franklin House.United States historic placeThe Franklin Residences is a historic apartment building located at 834 Chestnut Street in Center City, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It opened on January 14, 1925, as the Benjamin Franklin Hotel and was named after United States Founding Father Benjamin Franklin.[3]","title":"The Franklin Residences"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Continental_Hotel,_corner_of_Chestnut_%26_Ninth_street_Philadelphia_LCCN2003653303.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hiddencityphila.org-4"},{"link_name":"John McArthur Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McArthur_Jr."},{"link_name":"Philadelphia City Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_City_Hall"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-philly.curbed.com-5"},{"link_name":"Frank Furness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Furness"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-philly.curbed.com-5"},{"link_name":"Ulysses S. Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant"},{"link_name":"Andrew Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Charles Dickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickens"},{"link_name":"King Edward VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Edward_VII"},{"link_name":"Brazilian Emperor Dom Pedro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"his March 4 inauguration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln%27s_first_inaugural_address"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-philly.curbed.com-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-philly.curbed.com-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hiddencityphila.org-4"}],"sub_title":"The site","text":"The Continental HotelThe first hotel on the site was the Continental Hotel, built from 1857 to 1860.[4] The 700-room, six-story hotel was designed in the Italianate style by architect John McArthur Jr., who also designed the Philadelphia City Hall.[5] The luxurious hotel boasted one of the first elevators in the country, and a grand stairway made from polished Italian marble. Its main entrance was redesigned by noted Philadelphia architect Frank Furness in 1876.[5]Among its famous guests were Ulysses S. Grant, Andrew Johnson, Charles Dickens, King Edward VII, and Brazilian Emperor Dom Pedro. However, its most notable guest was president-elect Abraham Lincoln, who gave a speech from the hotel's balcony on February 21, 1861, just before his March 4 inauguration.[5]The aging hotel was demolished in 1924 for construction of a massive new replacement.[5] The lamp from the balcony Lincoln spoke from was retained for the new structure and still hangs today on a balcony known as the \"Lincoln Balcony,\" at the same spot as the one from which Lincoln spoke.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Founding Father","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Philadelphian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_from_Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Gilded Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilded_Age"},{"link_name":"architect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architect"},{"link_name":"Horace Trumbauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Trumbauer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-1"},{"link_name":"Niagara Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Falls,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Frank A. Dudley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_A._Dudley"},{"link_name":"United Hotels Company of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Hotels_Company_of_America"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Dodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Dodgers"},{"link_name":"Jackie Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Robinson"},{"link_name":"The Bellevue-Stratford Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bellevue-Stratford_Hotel"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"The Warwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Warwick"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Delaware County Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_County_Community_College"},{"link_name":"Bankers Securities Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankers_Securities_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Bellevue-Stratford Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellevue-Stratford_Hotel"},{"link_name":"Army-Navy Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army-Navy_Game"},{"link_name":"Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Cadets_football"},{"link_name":"1976 Bicentennial Celebration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicentennial_of_the_United_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"Thirteen Colonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies"},{"link_name":"casino gambling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambling_in_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Atlantic City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"}],"sub_title":"Hotel","text":"The Benjamin Franklin Hotel, opened on January 14, 1925, named for Founding Father and Philadelphian, Benjamin Franklin. It was designed by prominent American Gilded Age architect Horace Trumbauer,[1] built by Niagara Falls businessman Frank A. Dudley and operated by the United Hotels Company of America.[6]The Benjamin Franklin made news in 1947, when the segregated establishment refused to accommodate the Brooklyn Dodgers, who had used the hotel for years, because of the presence of Jackie Robinson, the first African-American player in Major League Baseball. The Bellevue-Stratford Hotel agreed to house the team that day.[7] The team later moved their permanent accommodations to The Warwick Hotel.[8]William Chadwick was the general manager for many years in the 1960s to 1970s, followed by Harry Gilbert and then Tom Johnson just prior to the hotel's closing in the 1980s. Also on the staff in the late 1960s to early 1970s was Robert C. Bennett, Jr., grandson of noted 1930s hotel manager Claude H. Bennett, and in 1974 the founding professor of the hotel management degree program at Delaware County Community College.The hotel was owned by Bankers Securities Corporation which owned several Philadelphia hotels, including the Bellevue-Stratford Hotel, the Sullivan, and the former Holiday Inn near the football/baseball stadiums. During the Army-Navy Game each year, the hotel traditionally hosted Army. The 1970s were a slow period with hotels hoping to benefit by the 1976 Bicentennial Celebration in the original Thirteen Colonies. However, the 1976 celebration was not the tourist financial success expected.Also, in 1976 the state of New Jersey legalized casino gambling, which further diluted the hotel industry demand in greater Philadelphia as new hotels opened in Atlantic City. The hotel closed in 1980,[9] and the vacant building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lobby_of_the_Ben_Franklin_House.jpg"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"National Park Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Silver Linings Playbook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Linings_Playbook"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Apartment building","text":"Lobby of The Franklin Residences in 2014The hotel was converted to house 412 apartments and 120,000 square feet (11,000 m2) of office space. It reopened in 1986[10] as the Benjamin Franklin House - affectionately referred to as \"The Ben\" by many Philadelphians.During the renovation, the historic grand ballroom of the hotel was converted into office space. This resulted in objections by the National Park Service, so the ballroom was restored in 1988 to qualify for federal tax credits.[11] One of Philadelphia's largest ballrooms, it is now managed by Finley Catering and used for banquet/weddings, marketed as Ballroom at the Ben.[12]The building was purchased by Korman Communities in 2011. They invested $13 million in renovations and renamed it \"The Franklin Residences\" in 2014.[13] The Franklin Residences specializes in studio, one, and two bedroom luxury apartments, as well as fully furnished suites with flexible leases for individuals needing temporary accommodations.[14]The finale of the Oscar-winning 2012 film Silver Linings Playbook was filmed in the building's ballroom and its lobby.[15]","title":"History"}]	[{"image_text":"The Continental Hotel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Continental_Hotel%2C_corner_of_Chestnut_%26_Ninth_street_Philadelphia_LCCN2003653303.jpg/220px-Continental_Hotel%2C_corner_of_Chestnut_%26_Ninth_street_Philadelphia_LCCN2003653303.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lobby of The Franklin Residences in 2014","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Lobby_of_the_Ben_Franklin_House.jpg/220px-Lobby_of_the_Ben_Franklin_House.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"Good Eye: The grandest lobby in Philadelphia is grand again\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inquirer.com/philly/columnists/inga_saffron/20170108_Good_Eye__The_grandest_lobby_in_Philadelphia_is_grand_again.html","url_text":"\"Good Eye: The grandest lobby in Philadelphia is grand again\""}]},{"reference":"Investigation of Real Estate Bondholders\" Reorganizations. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1934.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1SjVAAAAMAAJ&q=%22benjamin+franklin+hotel%22+philadelphia+1925&pg=RA2-PA653","url_text":"Investigation of Real Estate Bondholders\" Reorganizations"}]},{"reference":"\"Trumbauer's Legendary Ben Franklin Hotel Reborn\". Hidden City Philadelphia. 2016-08-10. Retrieved 2023-09-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://hiddencityphila.org/2016/08/trumbauers-legendary-ben-franklin-hotel-reborn/","url_text":"\"Trumbauer's Legendary Ben Franklin Hotel Reborn\""}]},{"reference":"Patten, Zach (2013-06-25). \"Echoes of an Extravagant Past: The Ben Franklin House's Continental History\". Curbed Philly. Retrieved 2023-09-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://philly.curbed.com/2013/6/25/10228052/echoes-of-an-extravagant-past-the-ben-franklin-houses-continental","url_text":"\"Echoes of an Extravagant Past: The Ben Franklin House's Continental History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Receivers Name for Hotel Firm\" (PDF). The New York Times. November 18, 1933. Retrieved 14 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1933/11/18/105819885.pdf","url_text":"\"Receivers Name for Hotel Firm\""}]},{"reference":"Rossi, John (2013-04-07). \"He was unwelcome\". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved 2023-09-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inquirer.com/philly/opinion/currents/20130407_He_was_unwelcome.html","url_text":"\"He was unwelcome\""}]},{"reference":"Threston, Christopher (2003-01-06). The Integration of Baseball in Philadelphia. McFarland. ISBN 9780786414239.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5seOOKgRTosC&q=franklin+hotel+philadelphia+warwick+robinson&pg=PA79","url_text":"The Integration of Baseball in Philadelphia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786414239","url_text":"9780786414239"}]},{"reference":"\"The Franklin Closing As Philadelphia Hotel\". The New York Times. 1980-12-07. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-09-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1980/12/07/archives/the-franklin-closing-as-philadelphia-hotel.html","url_text":"\"The Franklin Closing As Philadelphia Hotel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Hildebrandt, Rachel (2009). The Philadelphia Area Architecture of Horace Trumbauer. Arcadia. ISBN 9780738562971.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=16Z_T-dtX84C&q=%22benjamin+franklin+hotel%22+philadelphia+1986&pg=PA112","url_text":"The Philadelphia Area Architecture of Horace Trumbauer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780738562971","url_text":"9780738562971"}]},{"reference":"DeWolf, Rose (8 December 1988). \"Ben Franklin Ballroom Restored To Splendor\". Philly.com. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original on 9 March 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140309035537/http://articles.philly.com/1988-12-08/business/26224366_1_tax-credits-ben-franklin-national-park-service","url_text":"\"Ben Franklin Ballroom Restored To Splendor\""},{"url":"http://articles.philly.com/1988-12-08/business/26224366_1_tax-credits-ben-franklin-national-park-service","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ballroom at the Ben - Finley Catering\". 2021-06-08. Retrieved 2023-09-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://finleycatering.com/venues/ballroom-at-the-ben/","url_text":"\"Ballroom at the Ben - Finley Catering\""}]},{"reference":"\"Benjamin Franklin House in Philadelphia gets $13 million renovation - Philadelphia Business Journal\". Archived from the original on 2014-04-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140413094248/http://www.bizjournals.com/philadelphia/blog/real-estate/2014/04/korman-communities-spends-big-on-renovating-the.html","url_text":"\"Benjamin Franklin House in Philadelphia gets $13 million renovation - Philadelphia Business Journal\""},{"url":"https://www.bizjournals.com/philadelphia/blog/real-estate/2014/04/korman-communities-spends-big-on-renovating-the.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Overview\". AVE Living. Retrieved 2023-09-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aveliving.com/locations/greater-philadelphia/franklin-residences/overview","url_text":"\"Overview\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pennsylvania: Philly shows off its 'Silver Linings'\". Los Angeles Times. 21 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/travel/la-xpm-2013-jan-21-la-trb-pennsylvania-philadelphia-shows-off-its-silver-lining-20130115-story.html","url_text":"\"Pennsylvania: Philly shows off its 'Silver Linings'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=The_Franklin_Residences&params=39_56_58.9_N_75_9_18.45_W_type:landmark_region:US-PA","external_links_name":"39°56′58.9″N 75°9′18.45″W / 39.949694°N 75.1551250°W / 39.949694; -75.1551250"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=The_Franklin_Residences&params=39_56_58.9_N_75_9_18.45_W_type:landmark_region:US-PA","external_links_name":"39°56′58.9″N 75°9′18.45″W / 39.949694°N 75.1551250°W / 39.949694; -75.1551250"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/82003808","external_links_name":"82003808"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","external_links_name":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"Link":"https://www.inquirer.com/philly/columnists/inga_saffron/20170108_Good_Eye__The_grandest_lobby_in_Philadelphia_is_grand_again.html","external_links_name":"\"Good Eye: The grandest lobby in Philadelphia is grand again\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1SjVAAAAMAAJ&q=%22benjamin+franklin+hotel%22+philadelphia+1925&pg=RA2-PA653","external_links_name":"Investigation of Real Estate Bondholders\" Reorganizations"},{"Link":"https://hiddencityphila.org/2016/08/trumbauers-legendary-ben-franklin-hotel-reborn/","external_links_name":"\"Trumbauer's Legendary Ben Franklin Hotel Reborn\""},{"Link":"https://philly.curbed.com/2013/6/25/10228052/echoes-of-an-extravagant-past-the-ben-franklin-houses-continental","external_links_name":"\"Echoes of an Extravagant Past: The Ben Franklin House's Continental History\""},{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1933/11/18/105819885.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Receivers Name for Hotel Firm\""},{"Link":"https://www.inquirer.com/philly/opinion/currents/20130407_He_was_unwelcome.html","external_links_name":"\"He was unwelcome\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5seOOKgRTosC&q=franklin+hotel+philadelphia+warwick+robinson&pg=PA79","external_links_name":"The Integration of Baseball in Philadelphia"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1980/12/07/archives/the-franklin-closing-as-philadelphia-hotel.html","external_links_name":"\"The Franklin Closing As Philadelphia Hotel\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=16Z_T-dtX84C&q=%22benjamin+franklin+hotel%22+philadelphia+1986&pg=PA112","external_links_name":"The Philadelphia Area Architecture of Horace Trumbauer"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140309035537/http://articles.philly.com/1988-12-08/business/26224366_1_tax-credits-ben-franklin-national-park-service","external_links_name":"\"Ben Franklin Ballroom Restored To Splendor\""},{"Link":"http://articles.philly.com/1988-12-08/business/26224366_1_tax-credits-ben-franklin-national-park-service","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://finleycatering.com/venues/ballroom-at-the-ben/","external_links_name":"\"Ballroom at the Ben - Finley Catering\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140413094248/http://www.bizjournals.com/philadelphia/blog/real-estate/2014/04/korman-communities-spends-big-on-renovating-the.html","external_links_name":"\"Benjamin Franklin House in Philadelphia gets $13 million renovation - Philadelphia Business Journal\""},{"Link":"https://www.bizjournals.com/philadelphia/blog/real-estate/2014/04/korman-communities-spends-big-on-renovating-the.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.aveliving.com/locations/greater-philadelphia/franklin-residences/overview","external_links_name":"\"Overview\""},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/travel/la-xpm-2013-jan-21-la-trb-pennsylvania-philadelphia-shows-off-its-silver-lining-20130115-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Pennsylvania: Philly shows off its 'Silver Linings'\""},{"Link":"https://www.aveliving.com/locations/pennsylvania/franklin-residences/overview","external_links_name":"The Franklin Residences official website"},{"Link":"https://finleycatering.com/ballroom-at-the-ben/","external_links_name":"Ballroom at the Ben official website"},{"Link":"http://www.philadelphiabuildings.org/pab/app/pj_display.cfm/88019","external_links_name":"Listing and images"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Czempiel	Józef Czempiel	["1 References"]	Polish activist, Roman Catholic priest, and martyr You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Polish. (April 2012) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Polish article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Polish Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated\|pl\|Józef Czempiel}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Jozef Czempiel altar Józef Czempiel (born 21 September 1883 in Piekary Śląskie – 4 May 1942) was a Polish Roman Catholic priest, activist. He was murdered in Dachau concentration camp. On 13 June 1999, Czempiel was among 108 Polish martyrs of World War II, beatified in Warsaw by Pope John Paul II. References ^ Hoffmann, Bedřich (1994). And who Will Kill You: The Chronicle of the Life and Sufferings of Priests in the Concentration Camps. Pallottinum. ISBN 978-83-7014-223-0. ^ Moroz, Walerian M.; Datko, Andrzej (1996). Męczennicy za wiarę 1939-1945: praca zbiorowa (in Polish). Michalineum. ISBN 978-83-7019-133-7. ^ Myszor, Jerzy (2009). Kościół na Górnym Śląsku: od diecezji wrocławskiej do archidiecezji katowickiej (in Polish). Księgarnia św. Jacka. ISBN 978-83-7030-691-5. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Poland This article about a Polish Catholic cleric is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jozef_Czempiel_altar.jpg"},{"link_name":"Piekary Śląskie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piekary_%C5%9Al%C4%85skie"},{"link_name":"Dachau concentration camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"108 Polish martyrs of World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/108_Martyrs_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"beatified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatification"},{"link_name":"Pope John Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II"}],"text":"Jozef Czempiel altarJózef Czempiel (born 21 September 1883 in Piekary Śląskie – 4 May 1942) was a Polish Roman Catholic priest, activist. He was murdered in Dachau concentration camp.[1][2][3]On 13 June 1999, Czempiel was among 108 Polish martyrs of World War II, beatified in Warsaw by Pope John Paul II.","title":"Józef Czempiel"}]	[{"image_text":"Jozef Czempiel altar","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Jozef_Czempiel_altar.jpg/300px-Jozef_Czempiel_altar.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Hoffmann, Bedřich (1994). And who Will Kill You: The Chronicle of the Life and Sufferings of Priests in the Concentration Camps. Pallottinum. ISBN 978-83-7014-223-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eBWDAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"And who Will Kill You: The Chronicle of the Life and Sufferings of Priests in the Concentration Camps"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-7014-223-0","url_text":"978-83-7014-223-0"}]},{"reference":"Moroz, Walerian M.; Datko, Andrzej (1996). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soigneur	Cycling team	["1 Composition","2 Levels of commitment","3 Road cycling","4 See also","5 References"]	Organizational unit consisting of cyclists and supporting personnel ISD Continental Team in Donetsk, Ukraine A cycling team is a group of cyclists who join a team or are acquired and train together to compete in bicycle races whether amateur or professional – and the supporting personnel. Cycling teams are most important in road bicycle racing, which is a team sport, but collaboration between team members is also important in track cycling and cyclo-cross. Composition While riders form the core of a team, a top team also has personnel who support the racing and training. These include A manager, who oversees the team's commitments, sponsorships, and general operations. Directeurs sportifs, who travel to races and dictate the racing strategy. In bigger teams they often drive team cars and have radio contact with the riders. Coaches, who direct the team's training. Doctors are responsible for riders' well-being and often make sure the riders meet regulations such as those related to doping. Therapists, who assist the coaches. Soigneurs, who are assistants responsible for feeding, clothing, massaging, and escorting riders; from the French (pronounced ) for "one who provides care." Mechanics, who are responsible for the team's equipment. There are also officers for sponsorship, marketing, and communication. Levels of commitment There are different levels of commitment between the riders and the team. Amateur teams range from a collection of riders who identify themselves as a team to those who provide riders with equipment and money. A top-level professional team is registered with the Union Cycliste Internationale, which enforces rules and a points system for professional competition. Road cycling Team members have different specializations. Climbing specialists grind away on hard inclines; sprinters save their energy for sprints for points and position; time trialists keep speed high over great distances. Each team has a leader and captain, generally reckoned as the team's most experienced rider. The leaders have the most media exposure and the best chance of winning races. The rest of the team's members are domestiques, or secondary riders, who shield the leader from opponents and deliver food and drinks to him. However, any team member is allowed to go for a stage win. In one-day races, one or several leaders are chosen according to demands of the race. In stage races, teams focus on different goals. For example, during the 2005 Tour de France teams such as Discovery Channel or T-Mobile focused on the general classification while other teams tried to win stages or one of the other classifications. In the 2004 Tour de France, Quick-Step–Davitamon helped Richard Virenque win the mountains classification while Lotto–Domo helped Robbie McEwen win the points classification. Smaller teams may simply get riders into a long breakaway to get coverage on television. Most professional teams have 10-20 riders. Teams are generally sponsored in exchange for advertising on clothing and other endorsements. Sponsorship ranges from small businesses to international companies. The Tour de France between 1930 and the late 1950s was for national teams which carried no prominent commercial advertising. See also Sports portal UCI ProTour Road bicycle racing Stage race List of UCI Professional Continental and Continental teams References ^ "Traduction : soigner - Dictionnaire français-anglais Larousse". Larousse.fr. Retrieved 2016-02-24. ^ "Traduction : soigneur - Dictionnaire français-anglais Larousse". Larousse.fr. Retrieved 2016-02-24.	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Cycling teams are most important in road bicycle racing, which is a team sport, but collaboration between team members is also important in track cycling and cyclo-cross.","title":"Cycling team"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Directeurs sportifs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directeur_sportif"},{"link_name":"doping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doping_(sport)"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"[swa.ɲœʁ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_mechanic"}],"text":"While riders form the core of a team, a top team also has personnel who support the racing and training. These includeA manager, who oversees the team's commitments, sponsorships, and general operations.\nDirecteurs sportifs, who travel to races and dictate the racing strategy. In bigger teams they often drive team cars and have radio contact with the riders.\nCoaches, who direct the team's training.\nDoctors are responsible for riders' well-being and often make sure the riders meet regulations such as those related to doping.\nTherapists, who assist the coaches.\nSoigneurs, who are assistants responsible for feeding, clothing, massaging, and escorting riders; from the French (pronounced [swa.ɲœʁ]) for \"one who provides care.\"[1][2]\nMechanics, who are responsible for the team's equipment.There are also officers for sponsorship, marketing, and communication.","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Union Cycliste Internationale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Cycliste_Internationale"}],"text":"There are different levels of commitment between the riders and the team. Amateur teams range from a collection of riders who identify themselves as a team to those who provide riders with equipment and money. A top-level professional team is registered with the Union Cycliste Internationale, which enforces rules and a points system for professional competition.","title":"Levels of commitment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Climbing specialists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climbing_specialist"},{"link_name":"sprinters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_sprinter"},{"link_name":"time trialists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_trialist"},{"link_name":"domestiques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestique"},{"link_name":"stage races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_(bicycle_race)"},{"link_name":"2005 Tour de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"Discovery Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_Channel_Pro_Cycling_Team"},{"link_name":"T-Mobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Mobile_Team"},{"link_name":"general classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_classification"},{"link_name":"2004 Tour de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"Quick-Step–Davitamon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soudal_Quick-Step"},{"link_name":"Richard Virenque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Virenque"},{"link_name":"mountains classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountains_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"Lotto–Domo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotto%E2%80%93Dstny"},{"link_name":"Robbie McEwen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_McEwen"},{"link_name":"points classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Points_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"advertising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising"}],"text":"Team members have different specializations. Climbing specialists grind away on hard inclines; sprinters save their energy for sprints for points and position; time trialists keep speed high over great distances.Each team has a leader and captain, generally reckoned as the team's most experienced rider. The leaders have the most media exposure and the best chance of winning races. The rest of the team's members are domestiques, or secondary riders, who shield the leader from opponents and deliver food and drinks to him. However, any team member is allowed to go for a stage win.In one-day races, one or several leaders are chosen according to demands of the race. In stage races, teams focus on different goals. For example, during the 2005 Tour de France teams such as Discovery Channel or T-Mobile focused on the general classification while other teams tried to win stages or one of the other classifications. In the 2004 Tour de France, Quick-Step–Davitamon helped Richard Virenque win the mountains classification while Lotto–Domo helped Robbie McEwen win the points classification. Smaller teams may simply get riders into a long breakaway to get coverage on television. Most professional teams have 10-20 riders.Teams are generally sponsored in exchange for advertising on clothing and other endorsements. Sponsorship ranges from small businesses to international companies.The Tour de France between 1930 and the late 1950s was for national teams which carried no prominent commercial advertising.","title":"Road cycling"}]	[{"image_text":"ISD Continental Team in Donetsk, Ukraine","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%83_063.JPG/220px-%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%83_063.JPG"}]	[{"title":"Sports portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Sports"},{"title":"UCI ProTour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCI_ProTour"},{"title":"Road bicycle racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_bicycle_racing"},{"title":"Stage race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_race"},{"title":"List of UCI Professional Continental and Continental teams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UCI_Professional_Continental_and_Continental_teams"}]	[{"reference":"\"Traduction : soigner - Dictionnaire français-anglais Larousse\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INESC_TEC	INESC TEC	["1 History","2 Research areas","3 Organisation","4 References","5 External links"]	Coordinates: 41°10′46″N 8°35′43″W / 41.17940°N 8.59539°W / 41.17940; -8.59539INESC TEC 41°10′46″N 8°35′43″W / 41.17940°N 8.59539°W / 41.17940; -8.59539 The Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science (INESC TEC) is a research & development institute located on the campus of the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto (Portugal). INESC TEC is a private non-profit association, recognised as a Public Interest Institution and has been an Associate Laboratory since 2002. The purpose of INESC TEC is to act as an interface between the academic world, the world of industry and services and the public administration in Information Technologies, Telecommunications and Electronics (ITT&E). INESC TEC invests in Scientific Research and Technological Development, as well as in Advanced Training and Consulting, Technology Transfer and supports the Establishment of new Technology-based Companies. Present in 6 sites in the cities of Porto, Braga and Vila Real, INESC TEC incorporates 13 R&D Centres and one Associate Unit with complementary competences, always looking to the international market. INESC TEC brings together more than 700 researchers, of which around 350 have PhDs. History INESC was founded in the city of Porto in 1985, and in December 1998 it became INESC Porto, a branch of INESC. Following a rebranding process, the institution changed its name to INESC TEC, with INESC, the University of Porto Foundation and the Polytechnic Institute of Porto. In 2012, INESC TEC signed a protocol with the University of Minho. INESC TEC's complex in Minho is called HASLab – High Assurance Software Laboratory. In 2012, the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD) also became a privileged partner of INESC TEC. With the launching of INESC P&D Brasil (in São Paulo, Brazil), INESC TEC has strengthened its presence worldwide, always associating Portugal to international scientific excellence. Research areas TriMaresINESC TEC is one of Portugal's most influential research institutes with developments in areas such as health, renewable energies, enterprise systems, artificial intelligence, robotics, applied photonics, information systems and high-assurance software. In 2011, the Portuguese Navy joined efforts with the institute to develop technology for deep sea research and surveillance in order to monitor Portugal's Exclusive Economic Zone. Among the people who work at INESC TEC are some of the most influential researchers both in Portugal and worldwide, such as José Carlos Príncipe, who won the 2011 IEEE Neural Networks Pioneer Award. In 2013, Vladimiro Miranda was awarded with the IEEE Power & Energy Society Ramakumar Family Renewable Energy Excellence Award 2012 by the prestigious Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. In December 2012, INESC TEC presented the Laboratory of Smart Grids and Electric Vehicles, which was the result of project REIVE (Smart Grids with Electric Vehicles). This is an unparallel infrastructure in the world and places Portugal at the forefront of smart grids worldwide. Provided with an experimental component that is unique, this laboratory makes it possible to test, in an environment that is very close to a real environment, new solutions that integrate microgeneration units and electric vehicles in Low Voltage grids. INESC TEC conducts research in the following clusters: Power and Energy Computer Science Industry and Innovation Networked Intelligent Systems Organisation The institute consists of: Laboratory of Smart Grids and Electric Vehicles 13 R&D Centres CPES – Centre for Power and Energy Systems CTM – Centre for Telecommunications and Multimedia CAP – Centre for Applied Photonics CESE – Centre for Enterprise Systems Engineering CSIG – Centre for Information Systems and Computer Graphics CRIIS – Centre for Robotics in Industry and Intelligent Systems CRAS - Centre for Robotics and Autonomous Systems CITE – Centre for Innovation, Technology and Entrepreneurship C-BER - Centre for Biomedical Engineering Research LIAAD – Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Decision Support CRACS – Centre for Research in Advanced Computing Systems CEGI – Centre for Industrial Engineering and Management HASLab – High-Assurance Software Laboratory Photonics and 1 Associate R&D Unit CISTER - Research Centre in Real-Time and Embedded Computing Systems Chairman of INESC TEC: José Manuel Mendonça President of the Scientific Council: Manuel António Matos President of the Scientific Advisory Board: José Carlos Príncipe (University of Florida, USA) References ^ a b c "About Us". inescporto.pt. Archived from the original on 9 October 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2015. ^ "INESC Porto lança quatro novas 'start-ups'". inescporto.pt. Archived from the original on 10 August 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2015. ^ Aníbal Rodrigues (7 November 2010). "Empresas criadas no INESC Porto são logo pensadas para competir no mercado global". PÚBLICO. Retrieved 10 August 2015. ^ "History". inescporto.pt. Archived from the original on 9 August 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2015. ^ "INESC - INESC GROUP". inesc.pt. Retrieved 10 August 2015. ^ "INESC TEC signs protocol with the University of Minho". inescporto.pt. Retrieved 10 August 2015. ^ "THE CONDITIONS TO BUILD A PALACE". inescporto.pt. Retrieved 10 August 2015. ^ "INESC". inescbrasil.org.br. Retrieved 10 August 2015. ^ Lurdes Ferreira. "Inesc Tec cria rede com instituições brasileiras e exporta tecnologia". PÚBLICO. Retrieved 10 August 2015. ^ "INESC TEC vence Prémio Novo Norte 2011". inescporto.pt. Archived from the original on 10 August 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2015. ^ Breast Cancer, Debate On The Aesthetic Results Of Breast Cancer Local Treatment In Lisbon, Medical News Today (May 13th, 2011)http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/225169.php ^ INESC Porto, FEUP develop software to automatically analyse and validate mammograms, News Medical, (May 12th, 2011) http://www.news-medical.net/news/20110512/INESC-Porto-FEUP-develop-software-to-automatically-analyse-and-validate-mammograms.aspx ^ INESC Porto Software Will Facilitate Kidney Transplants, Scientific Computing (July 25th, 2011) http://www.scientificcomputing.com/news-inesc-porto-software-will-facilitate-kidney-transp-072511.aspx ^ Green Islands Project underway – Azores, Portuguese American Journal (April 2nd, 2011) http://portuguese-american-journal.com/green-islands-project-underway-azores/ ^ Lusa (18 September 2009). "INESC/Porto lidera maior projecto de investigação científica na Europa visando a massificação dos carros eléctricos". PÚBLICO. Retrieved 10 August 2015. ^ "Estes sapatos são personalizados e vão chegar a sua casa em 24 horas". inescporto.pt. Archived from the original on 10 August 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2015. ^ Manuel Carvalho. "A história de uma indústria condenada que se tornou um modelo para Portugal". PÚBLICO. Archived from the original on 22 January 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2015. ^ http://robotica2010.ipleiria.pt/images/03.4.pdf ^ "Robô SMARTPAINT na RTP". inescporto.pt. Archived from the original on 9 October 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2015. ^ "TVI24's Inovadores Programme interviews Aníbal Matos and Nuno Cruz". inescporto.pt. Archived from the original on 10 August 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2015. ^ "Investigadores do Porto criam tecnologia que pode chegar ao espao em 2018". JN. 30 December 2013. Retrieved 10 August 2015. ^ Aníbal Rodrigues (11 November 2007). "INESC-Porto poupa papel e tempo aos municípios". PÚBLICO. Retrieved 10 August 2015. ^ "Portugueses que inventaram Excel sem erros". Económico. Retrieved 10 August 2015. ^ INESC Porto And The Portuguese Navy Join Forces To Develop Maritime Robotics, AlphaGalileo (June 15th, 2011)http://www.alphagalileo.org/ViewItem.aspx?ItemId=105563&CultureCode=en ^ José Carlos Príncipe winner "2011 IEEE Neural Network Pioneer Award" – People, Portuguese American Journal, (August 1st, 2011), http://portuguese-american-journal.com/jose-carlos-principe-winner-%e2%80%9c2011-ieee-neural-network-pioneer-award%e2%80%9d-people/ ^ "FCT — News". mctes.pt. Retrieved 10 August 2015. ^ "Conclusion of project REIVE: INESC TEC is world leader in Smart grids". inescporto.pt. Retrieved 10 August 2015. ^ "INESC TEC apresenta Laboratório de Micro-redes e Veículos Elétricos na RTP2". inescporto.pt. Archived from the original on 2 October 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2015. ^ "Presidente do INESC Porto diz que tecnológicas são a solução". Dinheiro Vivo. Retrieved 10 August 2015. ^ "Manuel Matos - index". up.pt. Retrieved 10 August 2015. ^ "José Carlos Príncipe receives IEEE Neural Networks Pioneer Award". inescporto.pt. Retrieved 10 August 2015. External links INESC TEC FEUP University of Porto University of Minho Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edificio_INESC_TEC.jpg"},{"link_name":"41°10′46″N 8°35′43″W / 41.17940°N 8.59539°W / 41.17940; -8.59539","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=INESC_TEC&params=41.1794_N_8.59539_W_type:landmark"},{"link_name":"Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faculdade_de_Engenharia_da_Universidade_do_Porto"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inescporto.pt-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inescporto.pt-1"}],"text":"INESC TEC41°10′46″N 8°35′43″W / 41.17940°N 8.59539°W / 41.17940; -8.59539The Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science (INESC TEC) is a research & development institute located on the campus of the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto (Portugal). INESC TEC is a private non-profit association, recognised as a Public Interest Institution and has been an Associate Laboratory since 2002.The purpose of INESC TEC is to act as an interface between the academic world, the world of industry and services and the public administration in Information Technologies, Telecommunications and Electronics (ITT&E).[1] INESC TEC invests in Scientific Research and Technological Development, as well as in Advanced Training and Consulting, Technology Transfer and supports the Establishment of new Technology-based Companies.[2][3]Present in 6 sites in the cities of Porto, Braga and Vila Real, INESC TEC incorporates 13 R&D Centres and one Associate Unit with complementary competences, always looking to the international market. INESC TEC brings together more than 700 researchers, of which around 350 have PhDs.[1]","title":"INESC TEC"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"INESC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.inesc.pt/en/"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"University of Porto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Porto"},{"link_name":"Polytechnic Institute of Porto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytechnic_Institute_of_Porto"},{"link_name":"University of Minho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Minho"},{"link_name":"HASLab – High Assurance Software Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//haslab.uminho.pt/"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"INESC P&D Brasil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//inescbrasil.org.br/"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"INESC was founded in the city of Porto in 1985, and in December 1998 it became INESC Porto, a branch of INESC.[4] Following a rebranding process, the institution changed its name to INESC TEC, with INESC,[5] the University of Porto Foundation and the Polytechnic Institute of Porto.In 2012, INESC TEC signed a protocol with the University of Minho. INESC TEC's complex in Minho is called HASLab – High Assurance Software Laboratory.[6] In 2012, the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD) also became a privileged partner of INESC TEC.[7]With the launching of INESC P&D Brasil (in São Paulo, Brazil), INESC TEC has strengthened its presence worldwide, always associating Portugal to international scientific excellence.[8][9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trimares_robot.jpg"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"REIVE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//reive.inescporto.pt/en/laboratory?set_language=en"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"TriMaresINESC TEC is one of Portugal's most influential research institutes[10] with developments in areas such as health,[11][12][13] renewable energies,[14][15] enterprise systems,[16][17] artificial intelligence, robotics,[18][19][20] applied photonics,[21] information systems [22] and high-assurance software.[23]In 2011, the Portuguese Navy joined efforts with the institute to develop technology for deep sea research and surveillance in order to monitor Portugal's Exclusive Economic Zone.[24]Among the people who work at INESC TEC are some of the most influential researchers both in Portugal and worldwide, such as José Carlos Príncipe, who won the 2011 IEEE Neural Networks Pioneer Award.[25] In 2013, Vladimiro Miranda was awarded with the IEEE Power & Energy Society Ramakumar Family Renewable Energy Excellence Award 2012 by the prestigious Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.[26]In December 2012, INESC TEC presented the Laboratory of Smart Grids and Electric Vehicles, which was the result of project REIVE (Smart Grids with Electric Vehicles). This is an unparallel infrastructure in the world and places Portugal at the forefront of smart grids worldwide. Provided with an experimental component that is unique, this laboratory makes it possible to test, in an environment that is very close to a real environment, new solutions that integrate microgeneration units and electric vehicles in Low Voltage grids.[27][28]INESC TEC conducts research in the following clusters:Power and Energy\nComputer Science\nIndustry and Innovation\nNetworked Intelligent Systems","title":"Research areas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inescporto.pt-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Laboratory_of_Smart_Grids_and_Electric_Vehicles.jpg"},{"link_name":"HASLab – High-Assurance Software Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.inesctec.pt/en/centres/haslab"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Optical_fiber_at_INESC_TEC.jpg"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"José Carlos Príncipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Pr%C3%ADncipe"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"The institute consists of:[1]Laboratory of Smart Grids and Electric Vehicles13 R&D CentresCPES – Centre for Power and Energy Systems\nCTM – Centre for Telecommunications and Multimedia\nCAP – Centre for Applied Photonics\nCESE – Centre for Enterprise Systems Engineering\nCSIG – Centre for Information Systems and Computer Graphics\nCRIIS – Centre for Robotics in Industry and Intelligent Systems\nCRAS - Centre for Robotics and Autonomous Systems\nCITE – Centre for Innovation, Technology and Entrepreneurship\nC-BER - Centre for Biomedical Engineering Research\nLIAAD – Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Decision Support\nCRACS – Centre for Research in Advanced Computing Systems\nCEGI – Centre for Industrial Engineering and Management\nHASLab – High-Assurance Software LaboratoryPhotonicsand 1 Associate R&D UnitCISTER - Research Centre in Real-Time and Embedded Computing SystemsChairman of INESC TEC: José Manuel Mendonça [29]President of the Scientific Council: Manuel António Matos [30]President of the Scientific Advisory Board: José Carlos Príncipe (University of Florida, USA)\n[31]","title":"Organisation"}]	[{"image_text":"INESC TEC","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Edificio_INESC_TEC.jpg/220px-Edificio_INESC_TEC.jpg"},{"image_text":"TriMares","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Trimares_robot.jpg/220px-Trimares_robot.jpg"},{"image_text":"Laboratory of Smart Grids and Electric Vehicles","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Laboratory_of_Smart_Grids_and_Electric_Vehicles.jpg/220px-Laboratory_of_Smart_Grids_and_Electric_Vehicles.jpg"},{"image_text":"Photonics","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Optical_fiber_at_INESC_TEC.jpg/220px-Optical_fiber_at_INESC_TEC.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"About Us\". inescporto.pt. 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Retrieved 10 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://bip.inescporto.pt/en/131/noticia01.html","url_text":"\"INESC TEC signs protocol with the University of Minho\""}]},{"reference":"\"THE CONDITIONS TO BUILD A PALACE\". inescporto.pt. Retrieved 10 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://bip.inescporto.pt/en/140/editorial.html","url_text":"\"THE CONDITIONS TO BUILD A PALACE\""}]},{"reference":"\"INESC\". inescbrasil.org.br. Retrieved 10 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://inescbrasil.org.br/o-inesc-pd-brasil/","url_text":"\"INESC\""}]},{"reference":"Lurdes Ferreira. \"Inesc Tec cria rede com instituições brasileiras e exporta tecnologia\". PÚBLICO. Retrieved 10 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.publico.pt/economia/jornal/inesc-tec-cria-rede-com-instituicoes-brasileiras-e-exporta-tecnologia-26480219","url_text":"\"Inesc Tec cria rede com instituições brasileiras e exporta tecnologia\""}]},{"reference":"\"INESC TEC vence Prémio Novo Norte 2011\". inescporto.pt. Archived from the original on 10 August 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140810110637/http://www2.inescporto.pt/noticias-eventos/tv-radio/premios-novonorte-2011/","url_text":"\"INESC TEC vence Prémio Novo Norte 2011\""},{"url":"http://www2.inescporto.pt/noticias-eventos/tv-radio/premios-novonorte-2011/?","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lusa (18 September 2009). \"INESC/Porto lidera maior projecto de investigação científica na Europa visando a massificação dos carros eléctricos\". PÚBLICO. Retrieved 10 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.publico.pt/ciencia/noticia/inescporto-lidera-maior-projecto-de-investigacao-cientifica-na-europa-visando-a-massificacao-dos-carros-electricos-1401266","url_text":"\"INESC/Porto lidera maior projecto de investigação científica na Europa visando a massificação dos carros eléctricos\""}]},{"reference":"\"Estes sapatos são personalizados e vão chegar a sua casa em 24 horas\". inescporto.pt. Archived from the original on 10 August 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140810093512/http://www2.inescporto.pt/cese/noticias-eventos/nos-na-imprensa/estes-sapatos-sao-personalizados-e-vao-chegar-a-sua-casa-em-24-horas/","url_text":"\"Estes sapatos são personalizados e vão chegar a sua casa em 24 horas\""},{"url":"http://www2.inescporto.pt/cese/noticias-eventos/nos-na-imprensa/estes-sapatos-sao-personalizados-e-vao-chegar-a-sua-casa-em-24-horas/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Manuel Carvalho. \"A história de uma indústria condenada que se tornou um modelo para Portugal\". PÚBLICO. Archived from the original on 22 January 2014. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowie_Legacy	Legacy (The Very Best of David Bowie)	["1 Track listing","1.1 Standard single disc version / Vinyl LP version","1.2 Deluxe 2-disc version","2 Charts","2.1 Weekly charts","2.2 Year-end charts","3 Certifications","4 References"]	2016 greatest hits album by David BowieLegacy (The Very Best of David Bowie)Greatest hits album by David BowieReleased11 November 2016Recorded1969–2015GenreRockLength2:30:55 (2-disc)77:04 (1-disc)Label Parlophone (UK) Columbia (US) Legacy (US) David Bowie chronology Lazarus (Original Cast Recording)(2016) Legacy (The Very Best of David Bowie)(2016) No Plan(2017) David Bowie compilation chronology Nothing Has Changed(2014) Legacy(2016) Singles from Legacy "Life on Mars? (2016 Mix)"Released: 7 October 2016 Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic Legacy (The Very Best of David Bowie) (also known as Legacy) is a greatest hits album by English musician David Bowie, released on 11 November 2016 through Sony Music Entertainment in the US and Warner Music Group in the UK and several territories. The album's contents are mostly identical to the two-disc edition of Bowie's previous greatest hits album Nothing Has Changed (2014). "Love Is Lost" and "Sue (Or in a Season of Crime)", which were present on Nothing Has Changed, are replaced by three new selections: "Lazarus" and "I Can't Give Everything Away", both from Bowie's final studio album Blackstar (2016), and the radio edit of the Heathen song "Slow Burn" (which also appears on the three-disc version of Nothing Has Changed). Additionally, a new mix of "Life on Mars?" by Ken Scott, the song's original co-producer, replaces the original version from Hunky Dory (1971), and was released as a single and a special music video to promote the compilation. A one-disc version, with a non-chronological track listing, was also made available in some markets. A vinyl LP is also available. Track listing All songs written by David Bowie, except where noted. Standard single disc version / Vinyl LP version No.TitleWriter(s)Place of originLength1."Let's Dance" (Single version) Let's Dance4:082."Ashes to Ashes" (Single version) Scary Monsters (And Super Creeps)3:353."Under Pressure" (with Queen)Bowie, Deacon, May, Mercury, TaylorHot Space4:084."Life on Mars?" (2016 mix) Hunky Dory3:355."Changes" Hunky Dory3:356."The Man Who Sold the World" The Man Who Sold the World3:577."Space Oddity" David Bowie5:148."Starman" (Single version) The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars4:089."Ziggy Stardust" (Single version) The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars4:0810."The Jean Genie" (Single version) Aladdin Sane4:0511."Rebel Rebel" Diamond Dogs4:3012."Young Americans" (Single version) Young Americans3:1513."Golden Years" (Single version) Station to Station3:2714."Modern Love" (Single version) Let's Dance3:5815."China Girl" (Single version) Let's Dance4:1516."Fame" (Single version) Young Americans4:1617."Sound and Vision" Low3:0318."'Heroes'" (Single version) "Heroes"3:3319."Where Are We Now?" The Next Day4:0920."Lazarus" (Single version) ★4:05"Modern Love" is found in the US version only. In the UK/Europe version, Mick Jagger & David Bowie's "Dancing in the street" is in its place. The UK/Europe vinyl LP version includes “Oh, You Pretty Things” that is not included on the US vinyl LP version. Deluxe 2-disc version Disc one No.TitleWriter(s)Place of originLength1."Space Oddity" David Bowie5:142."The Man Who Sold the World" The Man Who Sold the World3:573."Changes" Hunky Dory3:354."Oh! You Pretty Things" Hunky Dory3:125."Life on Mars?" (2016 mix) Hunky Dory4:006."Starman" (Original single mix) The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars4:127."Ziggy Stardust" The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars3:128."Moonage Daydream" The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars4:399."The Jean Genie" (Original single mix) Aladdin Sane4:0510."All the Young Dudes" Outtake from Aladdin Sane3:0811."Drive-In Saturday" Aladdin Sane4:3012."Sorrow"Bob Feldman, Jerry Goldstein, Richard GottehrerPin Ups2:5313."Rebel Rebel" Diamond Dogs4:3014."Young Americans" (US single version) Young Americans3:1315."Fame"Bowie, John Lennon, Carlos AlomarYoung Americans4:1616."Golden Years" (Single version) Station to Station3:2717."Sound and Vision" Low3:0318.""Heroes"" (Single version)Bowie, Brian Eno"Heroes"3:3319."Boys Keep Swinging"Bowie, EnoLodger3:1720."Fashion" (Single version) Scary Monsters (And Super Creeps)3:2621."Ashes to Ashes" (Single version) Scary Monsters (And Super Creeps)3:35 Disc two No.TitleWriter(s)Place of OriginLength1."Under Pressure" (with Queen)Bowie, John Deacon, Brian May, Freddie Mercury, Roger TaylorHot Space4:082."Let's Dance" (Single version) Let's Dance4:083."China Girl" (Single version)Bowie, Iggy PopLet's Dance4:154."Modern Love" (Single version) Let's Dance3:565."Blue Jean" Tonight3:116."This Is Not America" (with the Pat Metheny Group)Bowie, Lyle Mays, Pat MethenyThe Falcon and the Snowman soundtrack3:517."Dancing in the Street" (with Mick Jagger)Marvin Gaye, William "Mickey" Stevenson, Ivy Jo HunterNon-album single3:108."Absolute Beginners" (Single version) Absolute Beginners soundtrack4:469."Jump They Say" (Radio edit) Black Tie White Noise3:5410."Hallo Spaceboy" (Pet Shop Boys remix; with the Pet Shop Boys)Bowie, Eno1. Outside4:2511."Little Wonder" (Single version)Bowie, Reeves Gabrels, Mark PlatiEarthling3:4212."I'm Afraid of Americans" (V1 Trent Reznor remix) (Radio edit)Bowie, EnoEarthling4:2513."Thursday's Child" (Radio edit)Bowie, Gabrels'hours...'4:2614."Slow Burn" (Radio edit) Heathen3:5815."Everyone Says 'Hi'" (Edited version) Heathen3:2916."New Killer Star" (Radio edit) Reality3:4317."Where Are We Now?" The Next Day4:0918."Lazarus" (Single edit) ★4:0519."I Can't Give Everything Away" (Single edit) ★4:26 Charts Weekly charts Chart (2016–2017) Peakposition Australian Albums (ARIA) 31 Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders) 13 Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia) 39 Canadian Albums (Billboard) 64 Czech Albums (ČNS IFPI) 94 Dutch Albums (Album Top 100) 25 French Albums (SNEP) 52 German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) 59 Hungarian Albums (MAHASZ) 23 Irish Albums (IRMA) 7 Italian Albums (FIMI) 24 New Zealand Heatseekers Albums (RMNZ) 1 Portuguese Albums (AFP) 23 Scottish Albums (OCC) 4 Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE) 38 UK Albums (OCC) 5 US Billboard 200 78 US Top Alternative Albums (Billboard) 5 US Top Rock Albums (Billboard) 14 Chart (2018) Peakposition Portuguese Albums (AFP) 18 Chart (2019) Peakposition Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE) 28 Year-end charts Chart (2016) Position UK Albums (OCC) 60 Chart (2017) Position Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders) 94 Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia) 184 Dutch Vinyl Albums (MegaCharts) 38 UK Albums (OCC) 41 Chart (2018) Position Irish Albums (IRMA) 34 UK Albums (OCC) 41 Chart (2019) Position Irish Albums (IRMA) 44 UK Albums (OCC) 43 Chart (2020) Position Irish Albums (IRMA) 31 UK Albums (OCC) 35 Chart (2021) Position Irish Albums (IRMA) 36 UK Albums (OCC) 42 Chart (2022) Position UK Albums (OCC) 39 Chart (2023) Position UK Albums (OCC) 52 Certifications Region Certification Certified units/sales France (SNEP) Gold 50,000‡ Italy (FIMI) Gold 25,000‡ United Kingdom (BPI) 3× Platinum 900,000‡ ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. 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Retrieved 26 January 2017. ^ "Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 14 January 2017. ^ "TOP 100 ALBUMES — SEMANA 3: del 13.01.2017 al 19.01.2017" (in Spanish). Productores de Música de España. Retrieved 26 January 2017. ^ "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 14 January 2017. ^ "David Bowie Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved 22 November 2016. ^ "David Bowie Chart History (Top Alternative Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved 24 October 2020. ^ "David Bowie Chart History (Top Rock Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved 22 July 2020. ^ "Portuguesecharts.com – David Bowie – Legacy". Hung Medien. Retrieved 12 May 2020. ^ "Spanishcharts.com – David Bowie – Legacy". Hung Medien. Retrieved 12 May 2020. ^ "End of Year Album Chart Top 100 – 2016". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 31 December 2016. ^ "Jaaroverzichten 2017: Albums" (in Dutch). Ultratop Flanders. Retrieved 6 August 2018. ^ "Rapports Annuels 2017: Albums" (in French). Ultratop Wallonia. Retrieved 6 August 2018. ^ "Jaaroverzichten – Vinyl 2017" (in Dutch). MegaCharts. Retrieved 6 August 2018. ^ "End of Year Album Chart Top 100 – 2017". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 10 January 2018. ^ White, Jack (4 January 2019). "Ireland's Official Top 40 biggest albums of 2018". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 13 January 2019. ^ "End of Year Album Chart Top 100 – 2018". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 4 January 2019. ^ White, Jack (9 January 2020). "Ireland's Official Top 50 biggest albums of 2019". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 11 January 2020. ^ "End of Year Album Chart Top 100 – 2019". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 4 January 2020. ^ White, Jack (10 January 2021). "Ireland's Official Top 50 biggest albums of 2020". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 12 January 2021. ^ "End of Year Album Chart Top 100 – 2020". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 5 January 2021. ^ Griffiths, George (9 January 2022). "Ireland's official biggest albums of 2021". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 9 January 2022. ^ "End of Year Album Chart Top 100 – 2021". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 5 January 2022. ^ "End of Year Album Chart Top 100 – 2022". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 4 January 2023. ^ "End of Year Albums Chart – 2023". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 3 January 2024. ^ "French album certifications – David Bowie – Legacy" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Retrieved 13 December 2022. ^ "Italian album certifications – David Bowie – Legacy" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved 4 May 2021. Select "2021" in the "Anno" drop-down menu. Select "Legacy" in the "Filtra" field. Select "Album e Compilation" under "Sezione". ^ "British album certifications – David Bowie – Legacy". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 1 December 2023. vteDavid Bowie Discography Songs Awards and nominations Filmography Videography Band members Death Art collection Studio albums David Bowie (1967) David Bowie (1969) The Man Who Sold the World Hunky Dory The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars Aladdin Sane Pin Ups Diamond Dogs Young Americans Station to Station Low "Heroes" Lodger Scary Monsters (and Super Creeps) Let's Dance Tonight Never Let Me Down Black Tie White Noise The Buddha of Suburbia Outside Earthling Hours Heathen Reality The Next Day Blackstar Toy With Tin Machine Tin Machine Tin Machine II Live albums David Live Stage Ziggy Stardust: The Motion Picture Santa Monica '72 LiveAndWell.com Glass Spider Live Santa Monica '72 VH1 Storytellers Bowie at the Beeb A Reality Tour Live Nassau Coliseum '76 Cracked Actor (Live Los Angeles '74) Welcome to the Blackout (Live London '78) Serious Moonlight (Live '83) Glastonbury 2000 ChangesNowBowie Ouvrez le Chien (Live Dallas 95) Something in the Air (Live Paris 99) I'm Only Dancing (The Soul Tour 74) No Trendy Réchauffé (Live Birmingham 95) Look at the Moon! (Live Phoenix Festival 97) David Bowie at the Kit Kat Klub (Live New York 99) With Tin Machine Tin Machine Live: Oy Vey, Baby Live at La Cigale, Paris, 25th June, 1989 Soundtracks Christiane F. Love You till Tuesday Labyrinth Lazarus Moonage Daydream EPs Baal BBC Sessions 1969–1972 Earthling in the City Live EP (Live at Fashion Rocks) Space Oddity The Next Day Extra No Plan Is It Any Wonder? Compilations The World of David Bowie Images 1966–1967 Changesonebowie The Best of Bowie Changestwobowie Rare Golden Years Fame and Fashion Changesbowie Early On (1964–1966) The Singles Collection Rarestonebowie The Deram Anthology 1966–1968 The Best of David Bowie 1969/1974 The Best of David Bowie 1974/1979 Bowie at the Beeb All Saints Best of Bowie Club Bowie The Collection The Best of David Bowie 1980/1987 iSelect Nothing Has Changed Legacy Box sets Sound + Vision The Platinum Collection David Bowie Five Years (1969–1973) Who Can I Be Now? (1974–1976) A New Career in a New Town (1977–1982) Loving the Alien (1983–1988) Spying Through a Keyhole Clareville Grove Demos The 'Mercury' Demos Conversation Piece Brilliant Live Adventures Brilliant Adventure (1992–2001) Concert videos The 1980 Floor Show Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars Serious Moonlight Glass Spider Tin Machine Live: Oy Vey, Baby VH1 Storytellers Reality: Tour Ed. A Reality Tour Glastonbury 2000 Video albums Love You till Tuesday Video EP Jazzin' for Blue Jean Day-In Day-Out Tin Machine Bowie – The Video Collection Black Tie White Noise Jump: Interactive CD-ROM Best of Bowie Reality The Best of David Bowie 1980/1987 The Next Day Extra Documentaries Cracked Actor Ricochet Black Tie White Noise Sound and Vision Moonage Daydream Tours Ziggy Stardust Tour Diamond Dogs Tour Isolar Isolar II Serious Moonlight Tour Glass Spider Tour Sound+Vision Tour Outside Tour Earthling Tour Hours Tour Mini Tour Heathen Tour A Reality Tour With Tin Machine Tin Machine Tour It's My Life Tour Characters Major Tom The Thin White Duke Ziggy Stardust The Spiders from Mars In popular culture "Bowie" David Bowie Is Jareth Phillip Jeffries Statue of David Bowie Lazarus Stardust Symphony No. 1 "Low" Symphony No. 4 "Heroes" Symphony No. 12 "Lodger" The Life Aquatic Studio Sessions We Were So Turned On: A Tribute to David Bowie Related Iman (wife) Angie Bowie (first wife) Duncan Jones (son) The Hype Junior's Eyes BBC Sessions Berlin Trilogy Arnold Corns Ava Cherry The Nomad Soul David Bowie Narrates Prokofiev's Peter and the Wolf Heteropoda davidbowie 342843 Davidbowie Tao Jones Index BowieNet Bowie Bonds Category Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie"},{"link_name":"Sony Music Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Warner Music Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"greatest hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_hits"},{"link_name":"Nothing Has Changed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothing_Has_Changed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nme1-2"},{"link_name":"Love Is Lost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Is_Lost"},{"link_name":"Sue (Or in a Season of Crime)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sue_(Or_in_a_Season_of_Crime)"},{"link_name":"Lazarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazarus_(David_Bowie_song)"},{"link_name":"I Can't Give Everything Away","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Can%27t_Give_Everything_Away"},{"link_name":"Blackstar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackstar_(album)"},{"link_name":"Heathen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathen_(David_Bowie_album)"},{"link_name":"Slow Burn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_Burn_(David_Bowie_song)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-p4k1-3"},{"link_name":"Life on Mars?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars%3F"},{"link_name":"Ken Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Scott"},{"link_name":"Hunky Dory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunky_Dory"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-p4k1-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nme1-2"}],"text":"2016 greatest hits album by David BowieLegacy (The Very Best of David Bowie) (also known as Legacy) is a greatest hits album by English musician David Bowie, released on 11 November 2016 through Sony Music Entertainment in the US and Warner Music Group in the UK and several territories.The album's contents are mostly identical to the two-disc edition of Bowie's previous greatest hits album Nothing Has Changed (2014).[2] \"Love Is Lost\" and \"Sue (Or in a Season of Crime)\", which were present on Nothing Has Changed, are replaced by three new selections: \"Lazarus\" and \"I Can't Give Everything Away\", both from Bowie's final studio album Blackstar (2016), and the radio edit of the Heathen song \"Slow Burn\" (which also appears on the three-disc version of Nothing Has Changed).[3] Additionally, a new mix of \"Life on Mars?\" by Ken Scott, the song's original co-producer, replaces the original version from Hunky Dory (1971), and was released as a single and a special music video to promote the compilation.[3]A one-disc version, with a non-chronological track listing, was also made available in some markets.[2] A vinyl LP is also available.","title":"Legacy (The Very Best of David Bowie)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"All songs written by David Bowie, except where noted.","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Standard single disc version / Vinyl LP version","text":"No.TitleWriter(s)Place of originLength1.\"Let's Dance\" (Single version) Let's Dance4:082.\"Ashes to Ashes\" (Single version) Scary Monsters (And Super Creeps)3:353.\"Under Pressure\" (with Queen)Bowie, Deacon, May, Mercury, TaylorHot Space4:084.\"Life on Mars?\" (2016 mix) Hunky Dory3:355.\"Changes\" Hunky Dory3:356.\"The Man Who Sold the World\" The Man Who Sold the World3:577.\"Space Oddity\" David Bowie5:148.\"Starman\" (Single version) The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars4:089.\"Ziggy Stardust\" (Single version) The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars4:0810.\"The Jean Genie\" (Single version) Aladdin Sane4:0511.\"Rebel Rebel\" Diamond Dogs4:3012.\"Young Americans\" (Single version) Young Americans3:1513.\"Golden Years\" (Single version) Station to Station3:2714.\"Modern Love\" (Single version) Let's Dance3:5815.\"China Girl\" (Single version) Let's Dance4:1516.\"Fame\" (Single version) Young Americans4:1617.\"Sound and Vision\" Low3:0318.\"'Heroes'\" (Single version) \"Heroes\"3:3319.\"Where Are We Now?\" The Next Day4:0920.\"Lazarus\" (Single version) ★4:05\"Modern Love\" is found in the US version only. In the UK/Europe version, Mick Jagger & David Bowie's \"Dancing in the street\" is in its place. The UK/Europe vinyl LP version includes “Oh, You Pretty Things” that is not included on the US vinyl LP version.","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Space Oddity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Oddity"},{"link_name":"David Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie_(1969_album)"},{"link_name":"The Man Who Sold the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_Who_Sold_the_World_(song)"},{"link_name":"The Man Who Sold the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_Who_Sold_the_World_(album)"},{"link_name":"Changes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changes_(David_Bowie_song)"},{"link_name":"Hunky Dory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunky_Dory"},{"link_name":"Oh! You Pretty Things","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh!_You_Pretty_Things"},{"link_name":"Life on Mars?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars%3F"},{"link_name":"Starman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starman_(song)"},{"link_name":"The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_Ziggy_Stardust_and_the_Spiders_from_Mars"},{"link_name":"Ziggy Stardust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziggy_Stardust_(song)"},{"link_name":"Moonage Daydream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonage_Daydream"},{"link_name":"The Jean Genie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jean_Genie"},{"link_name":"Aladdin Sane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aladdin_Sane"},{"link_name":"All the Young Dudes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_the_Young_Dudes"},{"link_name":"Drive-In Saturday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drive-In_Saturday"},{"link_name":"Sorrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorrow_(The_McCoys_song)"},{"link_name":"Jerry Goldstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Goldstein_(record_producer,_musician)"},{"link_name":"Richard Gottehrer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Gottehrer"},{"link_name":"Pin Ups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pin_Ups_(album)"},{"link_name":"Rebel Rebel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebel_Rebel"},{"link_name":"Diamond Dogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Dogs"},{"link_name":"Young Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Americans_(song)"},{"link_name":"Young Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Americans_(album)"},{"link_name":"Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fame_(David_Bowie_song)"},{"link_name":"John Lennon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lennon"},{"link_name":"Carlos Alomar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Alomar"},{"link_name":"Golden Years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Years_(David_Bowie_song)"},{"link_name":"Station to Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Station_to_Station"},{"link_name":"Sound and Vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_and_Vision"},{"link_name":"Low","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_(David_Bowie_album)"},{"link_name":"\"Heroes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Heroes%22_(David_Bowie_song)"},{"link_name":"Brian Eno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Eno"},{"link_name":"\"Heroes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Heroes%22_(David_Bowie_album)"},{"link_name":"Boys Keep Swinging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boys_Keep_Swinging"},{"link_name":"Lodger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodger_(album)"},{"link_name":"Fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_(David_Bowie_song)"},{"link_name":"Scary Monsters (And Super Creeps)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scary_Monsters_(And_Super_Creeps)"},{"link_name":"Ashes to Ashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashes_to_Ashes_(David_Bowie_song)"},{"link_name":"Under Pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_Pressure"},{"link_name":"Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_(band)"},{"link_name":"John Deacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Deacon"},{"link_name":"Brian May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_May"},{"link_name":"Freddie Mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Mercury"},{"link_name":"Roger Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Taylor_(Queen_drummer)"},{"link_name":"Hot Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Space"},{"link_name":"Let's Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%27s_Dance_(David_Bowie_song)"},{"link_name":"Let's Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%27s_Dance_(David_Bowie_album)"},{"link_name":"China Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Girl_(song)"},{"link_name":"Iggy Pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iggy_Pop"},{"link_name":"Modern Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Love_(song)"},{"link_name":"Blue Jean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Jean"},{"link_name":"Tonight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonight_(David_Bowie_album)"},{"link_name":"This Is Not America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_Not_America"},{"link_name":"Pat Metheny Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Metheny_Group"},{"link_name":"Lyle Mays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyle_Mays"},{"link_name":"Pat Metheny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Metheny"},{"link_name":"The Falcon and the Snowman soundtrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Falcon_and_the_Snowman_(album)"},{"link_name":"Dancing in the Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancing_in_the_Street#David_Bowie_and_Mick_Jagger_version"},{"link_name":"Mick Jagger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Jagger"},{"link_name":"Marvin Gaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_Gaye"},{"link_name":"William \"Mickey\" Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_%22Mickey%22_Stevenson"},{"link_name":"Ivy Jo Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Jo_Hunter"},{"link_name":"Absolute Beginners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_Beginners_(David_Bowie_song)"},{"link_name":"Absolute Beginners soundtrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_Beginners_(film)#Soundtrack"},{"link_name":"Jump They Say","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jump_They_Say"},{"link_name":"Black Tie White Noise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Tie_White_Noise"},{"link_name":"Hallo Spaceboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallo_Spaceboy"},{"link_name":"Pet Shop Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pet_Shop_Boys"},{"link_name":"1. Outside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._Outside"},{"link_name":"Little Wonder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Wonder_(David_Bowie_song)"},{"link_name":"Reeves Gabrels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reeves_Gabrels"},{"link_name":"Mark Plati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Plati"},{"link_name":"Earthling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthling_(album)"},{"link_name":"I'm Afraid of Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_Afraid_of_Americans"},{"link_name":"Trent Reznor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trent_Reznor"},{"link_name":"Thursday's Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thursday%27s_Child_(David_Bowie_song)"},{"link_name":"'hours...'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hours_(David_Bowie_album)"},{"link_name":"Slow Burn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_Burn_(David_Bowie_song)"},{"link_name":"Heathen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathen_(David_Bowie_album)"},{"link_name":"Everyone Says 'Hi'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everyone_Says_%27Hi%27"},{"link_name":"New Killer Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Killer_Star"},{"link_name":"Reality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality_(David_Bowie_album)"},{"link_name":"Where Are We Now?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where_Are_We_Now%3F"},{"link_name":"The Next Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Next_Day"},{"link_name":"Lazarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazarus_(David_Bowie_song)"},{"link_name":"★","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackstar_(album)"},{"link_name":"I Can't Give Everything Away","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Can%27t_Give_Everything_Away"}],"sub_title":"Deluxe 2-disc version","text":"Disc oneNo.TitleWriter(s)Place of originLength1.\"Space Oddity\" David Bowie5:142.\"The Man Who Sold the World\" The Man Who Sold the World3:573.\"Changes\" Hunky Dory3:354.\"Oh! You Pretty Things\" Hunky Dory3:125.\"Life on Mars?\" (2016 mix) Hunky Dory4:006.\"Starman\" (Original single mix) The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars4:127.\"Ziggy Stardust\" The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars3:128.\"Moonage Daydream\" The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars4:399.\"The Jean Genie\" (Original single mix) Aladdin Sane4:0510.\"All the Young Dudes\" Outtake from Aladdin Sane3:0811.\"Drive-In Saturday\" Aladdin Sane4:3012.\"Sorrow\"Bob Feldman, Jerry Goldstein, Richard GottehrerPin Ups2:5313.\"Rebel Rebel\" Diamond Dogs4:3014.\"Young Americans\" (US single version) Young Americans3:1315.\"Fame\"Bowie, John Lennon, Carlos AlomarYoung Americans4:1616.\"Golden Years\" (Single version) Station to Station3:2717.\"Sound and Vision\" Low3:0318.\"\"Heroes\"\" (Single version)Bowie, Brian Eno\"Heroes\"3:3319.\"Boys Keep Swinging\"Bowie, EnoLodger3:1720.\"Fashion\" (Single version) Scary Monsters (And Super Creeps)3:2621.\"Ashes to Ashes\" (Single version) Scary Monsters (And Super Creeps)3:35Disc twoNo.TitleWriter(s)Place of OriginLength1.\"Under Pressure\" (with Queen)Bowie, John Deacon, Brian May, Freddie Mercury, Roger TaylorHot Space4:082.\"Let's Dance\" (Single version) Let's Dance4:083.\"China Girl\" (Single version)Bowie, Iggy PopLet's Dance4:154.\"Modern Love\" (Single version) Let's Dance3:565.\"Blue Jean\" Tonight3:116.\"This Is Not America\" (with the Pat Metheny Group)Bowie, Lyle Mays, Pat MethenyThe Falcon and the Snowman soundtrack3:517.\"Dancing in the Street\" (with Mick Jagger)Marvin Gaye, William \"Mickey\" Stevenson, Ivy Jo HunterNon-album single3:108.\"Absolute Beginners\" (Single version) Absolute Beginners soundtrack4:469.\"Jump They Say\" (Radio edit) Black Tie White Noise3:5410.\"Hallo Spaceboy\" (Pet Shop Boys remix; with the Pet Shop Boys)Bowie, Eno1. Outside4:2511.\"Little Wonder\" (Single version)Bowie, Reeves Gabrels, Mark PlatiEarthling3:4212.\"I'm Afraid of Americans\" (V1 Trent Reznor remix) (Radio edit)Bowie, EnoEarthling4:2513.\"Thursday's Child\" (Radio edit)Bowie, Gabrels'hours...'4:2614.\"Slow Burn\" (Radio edit) Heathen3:5815.\"Everyone Says 'Hi'\" (Edited version) Heathen3:2916.\"New Killer Star\" (Radio edit) Reality3:4317.\"Where Are We Now?\" The Next Day4:0918.\"Lazarus\" (Single edit) ★4:0519.\"I Can't Give Everything Away\" (Single edit) ★4:26","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legacy_(The_Very_Best_of_David_Bowie)&action=edit&section=5"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Australia_David_Bowie-4"},{"link_name":"Ultratop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Flanders_David_Bowie-5"},{"link_name":"Ultratop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Wallonia_David_Bowie-6"},{"link_name":"Canadian Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_BillboardCanada_David_Bowie-7"},{"link_name":"ČNS IFPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Czech_-8"},{"link_name":"Album Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Album_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Netherlands_David_Bowie-9"},{"link_name":"SNEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_France_David_Bowie-10"},{"link_name":"Offizielle Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Germany4_David_Bowie-11"},{"link_name":"MAHASZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Hungarian_Record_Companies"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Hungary_-12"},{"link_name":"IRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Recorded_Music_Association"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Ireland_-13"},{"link_name":"FIMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"RMNZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"AFP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Fonogr%C3%A1fica_Portuguesa"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Portugal_David_Bowie-16"},{"link_name":"Scottish Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Scotland_-17"},{"link_name":"PROMUSICAE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"UK Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_UK2_-19"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Billboard200_David_Bowie-20"},{"link_name":"Top Alternative Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Alternative_Albums"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_BillboardAlternative_David_Bowie-21"},{"link_name":"Top Rock Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Rock_Albums"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_BillboardRock_David_Bowie-22"},{"link_name":"AFP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Fonogr%C3%A1fica_Portuguesa"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xyzzy-23"},{"link_name":"PROMUSICAE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Spain_David_Bowie-24"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legacy_(The_Very_Best_of_David_Bowie)&action=edit&section=6"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2016–2017)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralian Albums (ARIA)[4]\n\n31\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[5]\n\n13\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[6]\n\n39\n\n\nCanadian Albums (Billboard)[7]\n\n64\n\n\nCzech Albums (ČNS IFPI)[8]\n\n94\n\n\nDutch Albums (Album Top 100)[9]\n\n25\n\n\nFrench Albums (SNEP)[10]\n\n52\n\n\nGerman Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[11]\n\n59\n\n\nHungarian Albums (MAHASZ)[12]\n\n23\n\n\nIrish Albums (IRMA)[13]\n\n7\n\n\nItalian Albums (FIMI)[14]\n\n24\n\n\nNew Zealand Heatseekers Albums (RMNZ)[15]\n\n1\n\n\nPortuguese Albums (AFP)[16]\n\n23\n\n\nScottish Albums (OCC)[17]\n\n4\n\n\nSpanish Albums (PROMUSICAE)[18]\n\n38\n\n\nUK Albums (OCC)[19]\n\n5\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[20]\n\n78\n\n\nUS Top Alternative Albums (Billboard)[21]\n\n5\n\n\nUS Top Rock Albums (Billboard)[22]\n\n14\n\n\n\nChart (2018)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nPortuguese Albums (AFP)[23]\n\n18\n\n\n\nChart (2019)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nSpanish Albums (PROMUSICAE)[24]\n\n28\n\n\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2016)\n\nPosition\n\n\nUK Albums (OCC)[25]\n\n60\n\n\nChart (2017)\n\nPosition\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[26]\n\n94\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[27]\n\n184\n\n\nDutch Vinyl Albums (MegaCharts)[28]\n\n38\n\n\nUK Albums (OCC)[29]\n\n41\n\n\nChart (2018)\n\nPosition\n\n\nIrish Albums (IRMA)[30]\n\n34\n\n\nUK Albums (OCC)[31]\n\n41\n\n\nChart (2019)\n\nPosition\n\n\nIrish Albums (IRMA)[32]\n\n44\n\n\nUK Albums (OCC)[33]\n\n43\n\n\nChart (2020)\n\nPosition\n\n\nIrish Albums (IRMA)[34]\n\n31\n\n\nUK Albums (OCC)[35]\n\n35\n\n\nChart (2021)\n\nPosition\n\n\nIrish Albums (IRMA)[36]\n\n36\n\n\nUK Albums (OCC)[37]\n\n42\n\n\nChart (2022)\n\nPosition\n\n\nUK Albums (OCC)[38]\n\n39\n\n\nChart (2023)\n\nPosition\n\n\nUK Albums (OCC)[39]\n\n52","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. \"Legacy – David Bowie\". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 8 May 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Thomas_Erlewine","url_text":"Erlewine, Stephen Thomas"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190508195207/https://www.allmusic.com/album/legacy-mw0002986167","url_text":"\"Legacy – David Bowie\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"},{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/legacy-mw0002986167","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Trendell, Andrew (28 September 2016). \"New David Bowie greatest hits album 'Bowie Legacy' set for release\". NME. Archived from the original on 11 August 2020. Retrieved 19 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200811101718/https://www.nme.com/news/music/david-bowie-447-1194836","url_text":"\"New David Bowie greatest hits album 'Bowie Legacy' set for release\""},{"url":"https://www.nme.com/news/music/david-bowie-447-1194836","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Monroe, Jazz (28 September 2016). \"David Bowie Singles Collection Bowie Legacy Announced \| Pitchfork\". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on 26 September 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190926222203/https://pitchfork.com/news/68602-david-bowie-singles-collection-bowie-legacy-announced/","url_text":"\"David Bowie Singles Collection Bowie Legacy Announced \| Pitchfork\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)","url_text":"Pitchfork"},{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/news/68602-david-bowie-singles-collection-bowie-legacy-announced/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Album – Classifica settimanale WK 3 (dal 2017-01-13 al 2017-01-19)\" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved 21 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fimi.it/classifiche#/category:album/id:2408","url_text":"\"Album – Classifica settimanale WK 3 (dal 2017-01-13 al 2017-01-19)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana","url_text":"Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana"}]},{"reference":"\"NZ Heatseekers Albums Chart\". Recorded Music NZ. 21 November 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/albums?chart=4295","url_text":"\"NZ Heatseekers Albums Chart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ","url_text":"Recorded Music NZ"}]},{"reference":"\"TOP 100 ALBUMES — SEMANA 3: del 13.01.2017 al 19.01.2017\" (in Spanish). Productores de Música de España. Retrieved 26 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.promusicae.es/listas/semana/3330-%C3%81lbumes-semana-3-2017","url_text":"\"TOP 100 ALBUMES — SEMANA 3: del 13.01.2017 al 19.01.2017\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a","url_text":"Productores de Música de España"}]},{"reference":"\"End of Year Album Chart Top 100 – 2016\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 31 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/end-of-year-artist-albums-chart/","url_text":"\"End of Year Album Chart Top 100 – 2016\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"\"End of Year Album Chart Top 100 – 2017\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 10 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/end-of-year-artist-albums-chart/","url_text":"\"End of Year Album Chart Top 100 – 2017\""}]},{"reference":"White, Jack (4 January 2019). \"Ireland's Official Top 40 biggest albums of 2018\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 13 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/irelands-official-top-40-biggest-albums-of-2018__25261/","url_text":"\"Ireland's Official Top 40 biggest albums of 2018\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"\"End of Year Album Chart Top 100 – 2018\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 4 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/end-of-year-artist-albums-chart/20181231/37502","url_text":"\"End of Year Album Chart Top 100 – 2018\""}]},{"reference":"White, Jack (9 January 2020). \"Ireland's Official Top 50 biggest albums of 2019\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 11 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/irelands-official-top-50-biggest-albums-of-2019__28107/","url_text":"\"Ireland's Official Top 50 biggest albums of 2019\""}]},{"reference":"\"End of Year Album Chart Top 100 – 2019\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 4 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/end-of-year-artist-albums-chart/20190101/37502/","url_text":"\"End of Year Album Chart Top 100 – 2019\""}]},{"reference":"White, Jack (10 January 2021). \"Ireland's Official Top 50 biggest albums of 2020\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 12 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/irelands-official-top-50-biggest-albums-of-2020__29420/","url_text":"\"Ireland's Official Top 50 biggest albums of 2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"End of Year Album Chart Top 100 – 2020\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 5 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/end-of-year-artist-albums-chart/20201231/37502","url_text":"\"End of Year Album Chart Top 100 – 2020\""}]},{"reference":"Griffiths, George (9 January 2022). \"Ireland's official biggest albums of 2021\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 9 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/irelands-official-biggest-singles-of-2021-revealed__34917/","url_text":"\"Ireland's official biggest albums of 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"End of Year Album Chart Top 100 – 2021\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 5 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/end-of-year-artist-albums-chart/20210101/37502","url_text":"\"End of Year Album Chart Top 100 – 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"End of Year Album Chart Top 100 – 2022\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 4 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/end-of-year-artist-albums-chart/20221231/37502","url_text":"\"End of Year Album Chart Top 100 – 2022\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"\"End of Year Albums Chart – 2023\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 3 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/end-of-year-artist-albums-chart/20230101/37502/","url_text":"\"End of Year Albums Chart – 2023\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"\"French album certifications – David Bowie – Legacy\" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Retrieved 13 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://snepmusique.com/les-certifications/?categorie=Albums&interprete=David+Bowie&titre=Legacy","url_text":"\"French album certifications – David Bowie – Legacy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique","url_text":"Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique"}]},{"reference":"\"Italian album certifications – David Bowie – Legacy\" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved 4 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fimi.it/top-of-the-music/certificazioni/certificazioni.kl#/certifications","url_text":"\"Italian album certifications – David Bowie – Legacy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana","url_text":"Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana"}]},{"reference":"\"British album certifications – David Bowie – Legacy\". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 1 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/14031-2269-2","url_text":"\"British album certifications – David Bowie – Legacy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190508195207/https://www.allmusic.com/album/legacy-mw0002986167","external_links_name":"\"Legacy – David Bowie\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/legacy-mw0002986167","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200811101718/https://www.nme.com/news/music/david-bowie-447-1194836","external_links_name":"\"New David Bowie greatest hits album 'Bowie Legacy' set for release\""},{"Link":"https://www.nme.com/news/music/david-bowie-447-1194836","external_links_name":"the 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dustali	Dustali	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 36°48′25″N 45°46′55″E / 36.80694°N 45.78194°E / 36.80694; 45.78194Village in West Azerbaijan, IranDustali دوستعليvillageDustaliCoordinates: 36°48′25″N 45°46′55″E / 36.80694°N 45.78194°E / 36.80694; 45.78194Country IranProvinceWest AzerbaijanCountyMahabadBakhshCentralRural DistrictAkhtachi-ye GharbiPopulation (2006) • Total424Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT) Dustali (Persian: دوستعلي, also Romanized as Dūst‘alī, Dowst ‘Alī, Dūst ‘Alī; also known as Dost Ali) is a village in Akhtachi-ye Gharbi Rural District, in the Central District of Mahabad County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 424, in 98 families. References ^ Dustali can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3061879" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database". ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20. vte Mahabad CountyCapital Mahabad DistrictsCentralCities Mahabad, Gug Tappeh Rural Districts and villagesAkhtachi-ye Gharbi(West Akhtachi) Aminabad Bajvand Bardeh Mish Basri Borhan Bowzeh Darman Dustali Haftvaneh Hajji Ali Kand Isa Kand Kani Kowtar Kapeh Kand Kelijeh Khatunbagh Khatunkhas Kohneh Deh Dum Lachin Qalat Qaleh Jugheh Qamtareh Qarah Bolagh Qezeljeh-ye Sofla Qurghan Sahulan Sanjaq Sarvaneh Seyyedabad Shilanabad Sichan Bolaghi Tekanlujeh Utmish Uzun Darreh-ye Olya Uzun Darreh-ye Sofla Yadabad-e Olya Yadabad-e Sofla Zagadrav Mokriyan-e Gharbi (West Mokriyan) Albolagh Chumelan Dareh Lak Dash Khaneh Dash Teymur Deh Bekr Deryaz Ebrahimeh Egriqash Gapis Gerd-e Yaqub Guleh Hajjiabad Hamzehabad Kahrizeh-ye Sheykhan Khalifeh Khaneqah-e Khangeh Khvor Khvoreh Kohneh Deh Kowtar Kuseh Kahriz Mahabad Culture and Technology Centre Pain Darreh Qarah Khan Qarah Qeshlaq Qaziabad Qezel Qapi Qojiabad Qomqaleh Salim Saghul Selakeh Tut Aghaj Yusef Kandi Mokriyan-e Sharqi (East Mokriyan) Abdollahabad Azad Badam Bardeh Rashan Gabazeleh Gerdeh Gerow Gerdeh Rash Hajji Khvosh Khatai Kichabad Laj Mahabad Industrial Estate Qapi-ye Baba Ali Qarah Dagh Qolqoleh Tang-e Balekeh Torshakan KhalifanCities Khalifan Rural Districts and villagesKani Bazar Barreju Berava Beyram Chahargah Eyn Molla Ganehdar Garavi Gavdari-ye Qarah Ney Gavmishan Gerd-e Shilan Gerdeh Bardan Golinan Hachi Darreh Il-e Teymur Kalleh Kavi Kani Miran Kani Rash Kani Sefid Kani Sib Kavelan-e Olya Kavelan-e Sofla Khal Dalil Kitekeh Kohneh Deh Shugai Kol Tappeh Kuran Kurgeh Kushgeh Darreh Mazhgeh Mireh Deh Pazhbard Pir Mikail Qaleh Juqeh Qalui Zendan Quzluy-e Olya Quzluy-e Sofla Quytal Savinas Shahr-e Zur Sheykh Yusof Uzuntash Yar Ali Zendeh Qul Mangur-e Sharqi(East Mangur) Abdollah Kordeh Afan Aghasur Amid Ashab Bagerdan-e Olya Bagerdan-e Sofla Benguin Beytas Chowmel Dagheh Do Seyyed Dul Bahar Dul Pamu Eslamabad Gagosh-e Olya Gagosh-e Sofla Giah Dowran Golyar Gowmelian Hajji Karimi Coffee Company Hajji Mamian Hasan Chap Hermeh Jandaran Kamam Karag Kavis Key Salan Khanegah Kharehju Khatunasti Mahmudabad Mahmudabad Maraneh Margaru Mazeleh Mazraeh Miriseh Pelkeh Qalat-e Senan Qarah Chelan Qarah Qach Qeshquneh-ye Olya Qeshquneh-ye Sofla Qowzlujeh Rafteh Salm Saminu Sar Tang Sarhulan Sartan Sarv Shekar Beg Sheykhan Shurabad Siaqul-e Olya Siaqul-e Sofla Soluk Sorkhab Sulgheh Ziveh Iran portal This Mahabad County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Akhtachi-ye Gharbi Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhtachi-ye_Gharbi_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Central District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_District_(Mahabad_County)"},{"link_name":"Mahabad County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabad_County"},{"link_name":"West Azerbaijan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Azerbaijan_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Village in West Azerbaijan, IranDustali (Persian: دوستعلي, also Romanized as Dūst‘alī, Dowst ‘Alī, Dūst ‘Alī; also known as Dost Ali)[1] is a village in Akhtachi-ye Gharbi Rural District, in the Central District of Mahabad County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 424, in 98 families.[2]","title":"Dustali"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/04.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Center_of_Iran","url_text":"Statistical Center of Iran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/04.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dustali&params=36_48_25_N_45_46_55_E_region:IR_type:city(424)","external_links_name":"36°48′25″N 45°46′55″E / 36.80694°N 45.78194°E / 36.80694; 45.78194"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dustali&params=36_48_25_N_45_46_55_E_region:IR_type:city(424)","external_links_name":"36°48′25″N 45°46′55″E / 36.80694°N 45.78194°E / 36.80694; 45.78194"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/","external_links_name":"this link"},{"Link":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/04.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/04.xls","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dustali&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onna_Daigaku	Onna Daigaku	["1 Education of women","1.1 Seven grounds for divorce","2 References","3 Further reading"]	Onna daigaku, this edition 1783 AD The Onna Daigaku (女大学 or "The Great Learning for Women") is an 18th-century Japanese educational text advocating for neo-Confucian values in education, with the oldest existing version dating to 1729. It is frequently attributed to Japanese botanist and educator Kaibara Ekken. Education of women The Onna Daigaku is cited as Ekken's most popular book, which was often gifted to new brides due to its accessible tone and a lack of general instructional materials for new families. It teaches the moral need for total subordination of women to the needs to the husband and family. The book suggests that women are too stupid to trust themselves and must "distrust herself and obey her husband". Scholars point to the wide circulation of the text as reflective of Edo-period misogyny. It was roundly criticized by advocates of women's education during the Meiji era. Seven grounds for divorce The book encourages several grounds for a husband to divorce his wife, including disobedience to her in-laws, infertility (unless a barren woman allows for adoption of a concubine's child), lewdness, jealousy, leprosy, talking too much, or compulsive thievery. References ^ Cranmer-Byng, L. (1905). Women and Wisdom of Japan. Albemarle Street, London: John Murray. ISBN 978-1437366136. ^ a b c de Bary, Theodore; Gluck, Carol; Tiedemann, Arthur (2001). Sources of Japanese tradition (2nd ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231121393. ^ Bernstein, ed. with an introd. by Gail Lee (1991). Recreating Japanese women, 1600–1945. Berkeley: University of California press. ISBN 9780520070172. {{cite book}}: \|first1= has generic name (help) ^ Okuma, Shigenobu (1903). Fifty Years of New Japan. Smith, Elder, & Company. Further reading Onna Daigaku (translated), full text at the Internet Archive.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kaibara Ekken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaibara_Ekken"}],"text":"The Onna Daigaku (女大学 or \"The Great Learning for Women\") is an 18th-century Japanese educational text advocating for neo-Confucian values in education, with the oldest existing version dating to 1729. It is frequently attributed to Japanese botanist and educator Kaibara Ekken.","title":"Onna Daigaku"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cranmer-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deBary-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deBary-2"},{"link_name":"Edo-period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_period"},{"link_name":"misogyny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misogyny"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Okuma-4"}],"text":"The Onna Daigaku is cited as Ekken's most popular book, which was often gifted to new brides due to its accessible tone and a lack of general instructional materials for new families.[1]It teaches the moral need for total subordination of women to the needs to the husband and family.[2] The book suggests that women are too stupid to trust themselves and must \"distrust herself and obey her husband\".[2] Scholars point to the wide circulation of the text as reflective of Edo-period misogyny.[3] It was roundly criticized by advocates of women's education during the Meiji era.[4]","title":"Education of women"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deBary-2"}],"sub_title":"Seven grounds for divorce","text":"The book encourages several grounds for a husband to divorce his wife, including disobedience to her in-laws, infertility (unless a barren woman allows for adoption of a concubine's child), lewdness, jealousy, leprosy, talking too much, or compulsive thievery.[2]","title":"Education of women"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Onna Daigaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/womenwisdomofjap00kaib/womenwisdomofjap00kaib_djvu.txt"}],"text":"Onna Daigaku (translated), full text at the Internet Archive.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Onna daigaku, this edition 1783 AD","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Book_%27Onna_daigaku%27%2C_The_Great_Learning_for_Women%2C_this_edition_1783_AD_-_Hirata_Folk_Art_Museum_-_Takayama%2C_Gifu%2C_Japan_-_DSC06779.jpg/220px-Book_%27Onna_daigaku%27%2C_The_Great_Learning_for_Women%2C_this_edition_1783_AD_-_Hirata_Folk_Art_Museum_-_Takayama%2C_Gifu%2C_Japan_-_DSC06779.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Cranmer-Byng, L. (1905). Women and Wisdom of Japan. Albemarle Street, London: John Murray. ISBN 978-1437366136.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/womenwisdomofjap00kaib/womenwisdomofjap00kaib_djvu.txt","url_text":"Women and Wisdom of Japan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1437366136","url_text":"978-1437366136"}]},{"reference":"de Bary, Theodore; Gluck, Carol; Tiedemann, Arthur (2001). Sources of Japanese tradition (2nd ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231121393.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sourcesofjapanes00colu","url_text":"Sources of Japanese tradition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0231121393","url_text":"0231121393"}]},{"reference":"Bernstein, ed. with an introd. by Gail Lee (1991). Recreating Japanese women, 1600–1945. Berkeley: University of California press. ISBN 9780520070172.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/recreatingjapane0000unse","url_text":"Recreating Japanese women, 1600–1945"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520070172","url_text":"9780520070172"}]},{"reference":"Okuma, Shigenobu (1903). Fifty Years of New Japan. Smith, Elder, & Company.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/womenwisdomofjap00kaib/womenwisdomofjap00kaib_djvu.txt","external_links_name":"Women and Wisdom of Japan"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/sourcesofjapanes00colu","external_links_name":"Sources of Japanese tradition"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/recreatingjapane0000unse","external_links_name":"Recreating Japanese women, 1600–1945"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/womenwisdomofjap00kaib/womenwisdomofjap00kaib_djvu.txt","external_links_name":"Onna Daigaku"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St_George_(horse)	Order of St George (horse)	["1 Background","2 Racing career","2.1 2014: two-year-old season","2.2 2015: three-year-old season","2.3 2016: four-year-old season","2.4 2017: five-year-old season","2.5 2018: six-year-old season","3 Stud career","4 Assessment and honors","5 Pedigree","6 References","7 External links"]	Irish-bred Thoroughbred racehorse Order of St George Racing silks ofMichael Tabor and Lloyd J WilliamsSireGalileoGrandsireSadler's WellsDamAnother StormDamsireGone WestSexStallionFoaled22 February 2012CountryIrelandColourBayBreederPaget BloodstockOwnerSue Magnier, Michael Tabor, Derrick Smith & Lloyd WilliamsTrainerAidan O'BrienRecord25: 13-6-1Earnings£1,986,324Major winsIrish St Leger Trial Stakes (2015, 2016, 2017)Irish St. Leger (2015, 2017)Saval Beg Stakes (2016, 2017, 2018)Ascot Gold Cup (2016)British Champions Long Distance Cup (2017)Vintage Crop Stakes (2018)AwardsTop-rated Irish racehorse (2015)World's top-rated racehorse (Extended distance) (2015)Cartier Champion Stayer (2016, 2017) Order of St George (foaled 22 February 2012) is an Irish Thoroughbred racehorse. He is a specialist stayer whose wins include two Irish St. Legers and an Ascot Gold Cup. As a two-year-old in 2014 he showed promising but unremarkable form, easily winning a maiden race on his third appearance but being beaten when tried in higher class in two subsequent starts. In the following year he was campaigned exclusively against older horses over extended distances. After being narrowly beaten by Bondi Beach on his first appearance of the season he recorded wide-margin victories in his three other races, winning a minor race at Down Royal, the Irish St. Leger Trial Stakes and the Irish St. Leger. At the end of the season he was rated the seventh-best racehorse in the world. In 2016 he won the Saval Beg Stakes, Irish St. Leger Trial and the Ascot Gold Cup as well as finishing third in the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe. As a five-year-old he was narrowly beaten in the Ascot Gold Cup but recorded repeat wins in the Saval Beg Stakes, Irish St. Leger Trial and Irish St. Leger and also won the British Champions Long Distance Cup. Background Order of St George is a bay horse with a small white star bred in Ireland by Paget Bloodstock. He was sired by Galileo, who won the Derby, Irish Derby and King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes in 2001. Galileo is now one of the world's leading stallions and has been champion sire of Great Britain and Ireland five times. His other progeny include Cape Blanco, Frankel, Golden Lilac, Nathaniel, New Approach, Rip Van Winkle and Ruler of the World. Order of St George's dam Another Storm showed modest racing ability, winning one minor race from four attempts but was a daughter of the American Champion Two-Year-Old Filly Storm Song. Storm Song was a descendant of the American broodmare Friar's Carse who is the female-line ancestor of many major winners including Rachel Alexandra, Sword Dancer and Hail To All. In September 2012 the yearling was offered for sale at Keeneland and was bought for $550,000 by Blandford Bloodstock acting on behalf of John Magnier's Coolmore Stud. Like many Coolmore horses the colt's ownership has changed from race to race but he has usually raced for the partnership of Michael Tabor, Sue Magnier and Derrick Smith. Order of St George has been trained throughout his racing career by Aidan O'Brien at Ballydoyle. Racing career 2014: two-year-old season On his racecourse debut Order of St George was ridden by Seamie Heffernan in a maiden race over one mile at Leopardstown Racecourse on 24 July and finished fourth behind the Jim Bolger-trained Hall of Fame. Joseph O'Brien took the ride in a seven furlong maiden at Naas Racecourse eleven days later when the colt finished second of the fifteen runners, beaten three quarters of a length by Bolger's Parish Boy. On 14 August Order of St George started 2/5 favourite for an eight-runner maiden on soft ground at Leopardstown. Ridden by O'Brien, he went to the front on the final turn and drew away in the straight to win "easily" by eight and a half lengths despite being eased down in the closing stages. After an eight-week break Order of St George was sent to England and moved up in class for the Group Three Autumn Stakes at Newmarket Racecourse on 11 October. He was made the 3/1 second choice in the betting but after being hampered a quarter of a mile from the finish he could make little progress in the closing stages and finished fifth behind Commemorative. Two weeks later he has reunited with Heffernan and started favourite for the Listed Eyrefield Stakes at Leopardstown. He sweated up before the race (as he had before his maiden win) and after taking the lead two furlongs out he was caught in the final strides and beaten half a length by Parish Boy. 2015: three-year-old season Order of St George made his three-year-old debut on 28 June in the Group Three Curragh Cup over one mile and six furlongs in which he was matched against older horses. He was ridden by Ryan Moore whilst Heffernan took the ride on his stablemate Bondi Beach. Starting the 4/1 second favourite behind Forgotten Rules (winner of the British Champions Long Distance Cup) he moved up to dispute the lead in the straight, but got the worse of a sustained struggle with Bondi Beach and was beaten a short head. In July he was dropped in class for Her Majesty's Plate over one mile and five furlong at Down Royal and led from soon after the start to win "comfortably" by five and a half lengths from the six-year-old gelding Chapter Seven. On 24 August Order of St George, ridden by Heffernan, was matched against four older horses in the Irish St. Leger Trial at the Curragh and was made the 4/6 favourite. The O'Brien stable was also represented by Kingfisher, the runner up in the Irish Derby and the Ascot Gold Cup, whilst the other runners included Sea Moon who was returning from a lengthy absence. Order of St George sweated up yet again before the race but produced an impressive performance, taking the lead a furlong and a half from the finish and winning by seven and a half lengths from Sea Moon, who was in turn eight and a half lengths clear of Kingfisher. Order of St George was strongly supported in the betting for the St Leger Stakes on 12 September but bypassed the English race (in which Bondi Beach was controversially defeated by the filly Simple Verse) in favour of the Irish St. Leger on the following day. O'Brien felt that the colt would have been unsuited by the good-to-firm ground at Doncaster and would be more at home on softer surface at the Curragh. Ridden by Joseph O'Brien he was the only three-year-old in the field but started the 5/4 favourite ahead of ten older stayers. His rivals included Forgotten Rules, Brown Panther, Agent Murphy (Geoffrey Freer Stakes), Second Step (Grosser Preis von Berlin), Sea Moon, Kingfisher, Wicklow Brave (County Hurdle), Gospel Choir (Yorkshire Cup) and Vent de Force (Henry II Stakes). After being restrained towards the rear of the field, the favourite moved into contention with half a mile left to run and went to the front soon after turning into the straight. He drew right away from his opponents in the closing stages and won by eleven lengths from Agent Murphy with Wicklow Brave and Forgotten Rules in third and fourth. His victory was largely overshadowed by the fatal injury sustained by the popular Brown Panther. After the race Aidan O'Brien commented "When Joseph said go, he quickened up very well. It's unusual for a horse that stays that well to have that kind of class. He's a very exciting horse". After his win at the Curragh Order of St George was expected to be sent to contest the Melbourne Cup after a share in the horse was sold to the Australian businessman Lloyd Williams. O'Brien however, opted not to make the trip to Australia, reportedly because he felt that the colt would be unsuited by the firm ground. 2016: four-year-old season As a four-year-old Order of St George was aimed at the Ascot Gold Cup and made his first appearance of 2016 in the Listed Saval Beg Stakes over one mile and six furlongs at Leopardstown on 3 June. After being settled at the rear of the field by Donnacha O'Brien, he moved up on the outside, took the lead a furlong out and drew away to win by four and a half lengths at odds of 2/7. At Royal Ascot on 16 June Order Of St George under Ryan Moore started odds-on favourite in a seventeen-runner field for the Gold Cup over two and a half miles. His opponents included Max Dynamite (2nd in the Melbourne Cup), Flying Officer (British Champions Long Distance Cup), Clever Cookie (Yorkshire Cup), Mizzou (Sagaro Stakes), Pallasator (Doncaster Cup) Sheikhzayedroad (Northern Dancer Turf Stakes) and Mille Et Mille (Prix du Cadran). Moore settled the colt in mid-division as Mille Et Mille set a "stop-start" pace, but the favourite struggled to obtain a clear run when he attempted a forward move five furlongs out. After being switched left on the final turn Order of St George gained the advantage in the straight and drew away to win by three lengths from Mizzou. O'Brien, who was winning the race for a record seventh time said "It was a little bit messy and rough and because he had never run over the trip before, Ryan had to put him to sleep. He's a horse that loves racing". On 20 August Order of St George was ridden by his trainer's son Donnacha O'Brien when he started 2/11 favourite for the Irish St. Leger Trial. He repeated his 2015 success, winning "comfortably" by a length and a half from the three-year-old Twilight Payment, to whom he was conceding seventeen pounds. Only three horses appeared to face Order of St George when he started at odds of 1/7 in his attempt to win a second Irish St. Leger on 11 September. In a major upset he was unable to overhaul the front-running Wicklow Brave and was beaten half a length into second place. On 2 October the colt was one of sixteen horses to contest the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe over 2400 metres, the shortest distance over which he had raced since his two-year-old career. Ridden for the first time by Frankie Dettori he raced among the leaders from the start and kept on in the straight to finish third behind his stablemates Found and Highland Reel. On 15 October the colt was moved back up in distance for the British Champions Long Distance Cup over two miles at Ascot and was made the 4/6 favourite against nine opponents. After racing in sixth he stayed on strongly in the straight without looking likely to win and finished fourth behind Sheikhzayedroad, Quest For More and Simple Verse, beaten one and a half lengths by the winner. 2017: five-year-old season On his first appearance as a five-year-old Order of St George started odds-on favourite for the Vintage Crop Stakes at Navan on 23 April but was beaten into second place by the five-year-old gelding Torcedor, to whom he was conceding five pounds in weight. He returned to winning form at leopardstown in May when he repeated his 2016 success in the Saval Beg Stakes, taking the event "comfortably" by two and a quarter lengths from Twilight Payment. On 22 June attempted to repeat his 2016 victory in the Ascot Gold Cup and started the 5/6 favourite in a field of four teen. After being restrained by Moore in the early stages he began to make up ground approaching the straight and stayed on strongly in the closing stages. In a very close and exciting finish he has beaten a short head by the six-year-old gelding Big Orange. After an eight-week break, Order of St George returned in the Irish St. Leger Trial at the Curragh on 19 August. Starting at odds of 1/2 he took the lead two furlongs out and won "easily" by almost five lengths from his stablemate Rekindling with Twilight Payment and Wicklow Brave in third and fourth. On 10 September Order of St George contested his third Irish St. Leger and started the 2/5 favourite. His opponents included Dartmouth (Hardwicke Stakes, Yorkshire Cup), Wicklow Brave, Torcedor, Twilight Payment and Western Hymn (Ormonde Stakes). After being restrained by Moore in the early stages and turning into the straight in sixth place, he took the lead three furlongs out and drew right away from his rivals to win by nine lengths. The horse finished the season with a seventh Group race victory, in the British Champions Long Distance Cup, heading Torcedor late on. 2018: six-year-old season In 2018 Order of St George won the Vintage Crop Stakes and a third Saval Beg Stakes but finished fourth behind Stradivarius when joint-favourite for the Ascot Gold Cup. On 11 September Aidan O'Brien announced that the horse had been retired. He explained "It's nothing serious, just age has caught up with him, and we thought it was the right thing to do for the horse". Stud career Order Of George currently stands at Castlehyde Stud for Coolmore as a National Hunt stallion for a service fee of £6,500. Assessment and honors At the end of the 2015 season Order of St George was nominated for the title of Cartier Champion Stayer but the award went to Simple Verse. In the 2015 World's Best Racehorse Rankings Order of St George was given a rating of 124, making him the top-rated Irish horse and top-rated horse in the Extended distance division. He was also ranked the third best three-year-old behind American Pharoah and Golden Horn and the seventh-best racehorse in the world of any age or sex. On 8 November 2016 Order of St George was named Champion Stayer at the Cartier Racing Awards. On 16 November 2017 at the Cartier Racing Awards, Order of St George was named Champion Stayer for the second time. In the 2017 World's Best Racehorse Rankings, Order of St George was rated the twelfth-best horse in the world, the best horse in Ireland and the best horse over extended distances. Pedigree Pedigree of Order of St George (IRE), bay colt, 2012 SireGalileo (IRE)1998 Sadler's Wells (USA)1981 Northern Dancer Nearctic Natalma Fairy Bridge Bold Reason Special Urban Sea (USA)1989 Miswaki Mr. Prospector Hopespringseternal Allegretta Lombard Anatevka DamAnother Storm (USA)1999 Gone West (IRE)1984 Mr. Prospector Raise a Native Gold Digger Secrettame Secretariat Tamerett Storm Song (USA)1994 Summer Squall Storm Bird Weekend Surprise Hum Along Fappiano Minstress (Family 1-o) References ^ a b "Order of St George pedigree". Equineline. 8 May 2012. Retrieved 5 May 2013. ^ "Galileo stud record". Racing Post. Retrieved 26 May 2014. ^ "Another Stordm – Statistics". Equibase. ^ a b "Penelope – Family 1-o". Thoroughbred Bloodlines. ^ "Keeneland 2013 September Yearling Sale". Racing Post. Archived from the original on 4 August 2016. ^ "Irish Stallion Farms EBF Maiden result". Timeform. 14 August 2014. ^ "Eyrefield Stakes result". Timeform. 26 October 2014. ^ "Curragh Cup result". Timeform. 28 June 2015. ^ "Her Majesty's Plate result". Timeform. 24 July 2015. ^ "Irish St. Leger Trial result 2015". Timeform. 23 August 2015. ^ Greg Wood (11 September 2015). "O'Brien on weather watch after pulling Order Of St George out of Leger". The Guardian. ^ "Irish St. Leger result". Timeform. 13 September 2015. ^ Myra Lewyn (13 September 2015). "G1 Triple for Coolmore, O'Brien in Ireland". The Blood-Horse. ^ Tom Kerr (7 October 2015). "Melbourne off the agenda for Order Of St George". Racing Post. Archived from the original on 4 June 2016. ^ "Ascot Gold Cup result". Timeform. 16 June 2016. ^ Andrew Dietz (16 June 2016). "Order Of St George puts O'Brien in seventh heaven". Racing Post. Archived from the original on 19 June 2016. ^ "Irish St. Leger Trial result 2016". Timeform. 20 August 2016. ^ "Saval Beg Stakes result". Racing Post. 26 May 2017. ^ "Irish St. Leger Trial result". Racing Post. 19 August 2017. ^ "Irish St. Leger result". Racing Post. 10 September 2017. ^ "Order Of St George lands thriller for O'Brien and Moore". Racing Post. 21 October 2017. Retrieved 21 October 2017. ^ Jennings, David (11 September 2018). "Aidan O'Brien hails 'incredible' Order Of St George as star is retired". Racing Post. ^ "National Hunt stallions". coolmore.com. Retrieved 7 July 2020. ^ "Nominees for Cartier Racing Awards Released". The Blood-Horse. 6 November 2015. ^ "The 2016 World Thoroughbred Rankings Press release". International Federation of Horse Racing Authorities. Retrieved 19 January 2016. ^ "Cartier Racing Awards 2016: Minding named Horse of the Year". BBC. 8 November 2016. ^ "Cartier Racing Awards 2017: Enable named Horse of the Year". BBC. 14 November 2017. ^ "The 2017 World Thoroughbred Rankings". International Federation of Horse Racing Authorities. Retrieved 23 January 2018. External links Career 1-2-3 Colour Chart – Order Of St George	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"maiden race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiden_race"},{"link_name":"Bondi Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bondi_Beach_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Down Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_Royal"},{"link_name":"Irish St. Leger Trial Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irish_St._Leger_Trial_Stakes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Irish St. Leger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_St._Leger"},{"link_name":"Saval Beg Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saval_Beg_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Ascot Gold Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascot_Gold_Cup"},{"link_name":"Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_de_l%27Arc_de_Triomphe"},{"link_name":"British Champions Long Distance Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Champions_Long_Distance_Cup"}],"text":"Order of St George (foaled 22 February 2012) is an Irish Thoroughbred racehorse. He is a specialist stayer whose wins include two Irish St. Legers and an Ascot Gold Cup.As a two-year-old in 2014 he showed promising but unremarkable form, easily winning a maiden race on his third appearance but being beaten when tried in higher class in two subsequent starts. In the following year he was campaigned exclusively against older horses over extended distances. After being narrowly beaten by Bondi Beach on his first appearance of the season he recorded wide-margin victories in his three other races, winning a minor race at Down Royal, the Irish St. Leger Trial Stakes and the Irish St. Leger. At the end of the season he was rated the seventh-best racehorse in the world.In 2016 he won the Saval Beg Stakes, Irish St. Leger Trial and the Ascot Gold Cup as well as finishing third in the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe. As a five-year-old he was narrowly beaten in the Ascot Gold Cup but recorded repeat wins in the Saval Beg Stakes, Irish St. Leger Trial and Irish St. Leger and also won the British Champions Long Distance Cup.","title":"Order of St George (horse)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_(horse_marking)"},{"link_name":"Galileo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsom_Derby"},{"link_name":"Irish Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Derby"},{"link_name":"King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George_VI_and_Queen_Elizabeth_Stakes"},{"link_name":"champion sire of Great Britain and Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading_sire_in_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Cape Blanco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Blanco_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Frankel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankel_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Golden Lilac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Lilac"},{"link_name":"Nathaniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_(horse)"},{"link_name":"New Approach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Approach"},{"link_name":"Rip Van Winkle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rip_Van_Winkle_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Ruler of the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruler_of_the_World"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"American Champion Two-Year-Old Filly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Champion_Two-Year-Old_Filly"},{"link_name":"Storm Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_Song"},{"link_name":"Rachel Alexandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Alexandra"},{"link_name":"Sword Dancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_Dancer"},{"link_name":"Hail To All","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hail_To_All"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tbl-4"},{"link_name":"yearling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yearling_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Keeneland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keeneland"},{"link_name":"Blandford Bloodstock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blandford_Bloodstock"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"John Magnier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Magnier"},{"link_name":"Coolmore Stud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coolmore_Stud"},{"link_name":"Michael Tabor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Tabor"},{"link_name":"Sue Magnier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sue_Magnier"},{"link_name":"Aidan O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aidan_O%27Brien"},{"link_name":"Ballydoyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballydoyle"}],"text":"Order of St George is a bay horse with a small white star bred in Ireland by Paget Bloodstock. He was sired by Galileo, who won the Derby, Irish Derby and King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes in 2001. Galileo is now one of the world's leading stallions and has been champion sire of Great Britain and Ireland five times. His other progeny include Cape Blanco, Frankel, Golden Lilac, Nathaniel, New Approach, Rip Van Winkle and Ruler of the World.[2] Order of St George's dam Another Storm showed modest racing ability, winning one minor race from four attempts[3] but was a daughter of the American Champion Two-Year-Old Filly Storm Song. Storm Song was a descendant of the American broodmare Friar's Carse who is the female-line ancestor of many major winners including Rachel Alexandra, Sword Dancer and Hail To All.[4]In September 2012 the yearling was offered for sale at Keeneland and was bought for $550,000 by Blandford Bloodstock[5] acting on behalf of John Magnier's Coolmore Stud. Like many Coolmore horses the colt's ownership has changed from race to race but he has usually raced for the partnership of Michael Tabor, Sue Magnier and Derrick Smith. Order of St George has been trained throughout his racing career by Aidan O'Brien at Ballydoyle.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Racing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seamie Heffernan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seamie_Heffernan"},{"link_name":"maiden race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiden_race"},{"link_name":"Leopardstown Racecourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopardstown_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"Jim Bolger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Bolger_(racehorse_trainer)"},{"link_name":"Joseph O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_O%27Brien_(jockey)"},{"link_name":"Naas Racecourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naas_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"length","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_length"},{"link_name":"2/5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_odds"},{"link_name":"soft ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Going_(horse_racing)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Group Three","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_races"},{"link_name":"Autumn Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autumn_Stakes_(Great_Britain)"},{"link_name":"Newmarket Racecourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newmarket_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"Eyrefield Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyrefield_Stakes"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"2014: two-year-old season","text":"On his racecourse debut Order of St George was ridden by Seamie Heffernan in a maiden race over one mile at Leopardstown Racecourse on 24 July and finished fourth behind the Jim Bolger-trained Hall of Fame. Joseph O'Brien took the ride in a seven furlong maiden at Naas Racecourse eleven days later when the colt finished second of the fifteen runners, beaten three quarters of a length by Bolger's Parish Boy. On 14 August Order of St George started 2/5 favourite for an eight-runner maiden on soft ground at Leopardstown. Ridden by O'Brien, he went to the front on the final turn and drew away in the straight to win \"easily\" by eight and a half lengths despite being eased down in the closing stages.[6]After an eight-week break Order of St George was sent to England and moved up in class for the Group Three Autumn Stakes at Newmarket Racecourse on 11 October. He was made the 3/1 second choice in the betting but after being hampered a quarter of a mile from the finish he could make little progress in the closing stages and finished fifth behind Commemorative. Two weeks later he has reunited with Heffernan and started favourite for the Listed Eyrefield Stakes at Leopardstown. He sweated up before the race (as he had before his maiden win) and after taking the lead two furlongs out he was caught in the final strides and beaten half a length by Parish Boy.[7]","title":"Racing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Curragh Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curragh_Cup"},{"link_name":"Ryan Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Moore_(jockey)"},{"link_name":"Bondi Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bondi_Beach_(horse)"},{"link_name":"British Champions Long Distance Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Champions_Long_Distance_Cup"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Her Majesty's Plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Plate"},{"link_name":"Down Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_Royal"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Curragh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curragh_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"Irish Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Derby"},{"link_name":"Ascot Gold Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascot_Gold_Cup"},{"link_name":"Sea Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Moon"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"St Leger Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Leger_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Simple Verse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Verse"},{"link_name":"Doncaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doncaster_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Brown Panther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Panther"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Freer Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Freer_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Grosser Preis von Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grosser_Preis_von_Berlin"},{"link_name":"County Hurdle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Hurdle"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_Cup_(horse_race)"},{"link_name":"Henry II Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_Stakes"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Cup"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Williams_(businessman)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"2015: three-year-old season","text":"Order of St George made his three-year-old debut on 28 June in the Group Three Curragh Cup over one mile and six furlongs in which he was matched against older horses. He was ridden by Ryan Moore whilst Heffernan took the ride on his stablemate Bondi Beach. Starting the 4/1 second favourite behind Forgotten Rules (winner of the British Champions Long Distance Cup) he moved up to dispute the lead in the straight, but got the worse of a sustained struggle with Bondi Beach and was beaten a short head.[8] In July he was dropped in class for Her Majesty's Plate over one mile and five furlong at Down Royal and led from soon after the start to win \"comfortably\" by five and a half lengths from the six-year-old gelding Chapter Seven.[9] On 24 August Order of St George, ridden by Heffernan, was matched against four older horses in the Irish St. Leger Trial at the Curragh and was made the 4/6 favourite. The O'Brien stable was also represented by Kingfisher, the runner up in the Irish Derby and the Ascot Gold Cup, whilst the other runners included Sea Moon who was returning from a lengthy absence. Order of St George sweated up yet again before the race but produced an impressive performance, taking the lead a furlong and a half from the finish and winning by seven and a half lengths from Sea Moon, who was in turn eight and a half lengths clear of Kingfisher.[10]Order of St George was strongly supported in the betting for the St Leger Stakes on 12 September but bypassed the English race (in which Bondi Beach was controversially defeated by the filly Simple Verse) in favour of the Irish St. Leger on the following day. O'Brien felt that the colt would have been unsuited by the good-to-firm ground at Doncaster and would be more at home on softer surface at the Curragh.[11] Ridden by Joseph O'Brien he was the only three-year-old in the field but started the 5/4 favourite ahead of ten older stayers. His rivals included Forgotten Rules, Brown Panther, Agent Murphy (Geoffrey Freer Stakes), Second Step (Grosser Preis von Berlin), Sea Moon, Kingfisher, Wicklow Brave (County Hurdle), Gospel Choir (Yorkshire Cup) and Vent de Force (Henry II Stakes). After being restrained towards the rear of the field, the favourite moved into contention with half a mile left to run and went to the front soon after turning into the straight. He drew right away from his opponents in the closing stages and won by eleven lengths from Agent Murphy with Wicklow Brave and Forgotten Rules in third and fourth.[12] His victory was largely overshadowed by the fatal injury sustained by the popular Brown Panther. After the race Aidan O'Brien commented \"When Joseph said go, he quickened up very well. It's unusual for a horse that stays that well to have that kind of class. He's a very exciting horse\".[13]After his win at the Curragh Order of St George was expected to be sent to contest the Melbourne Cup after a share in the horse was sold to the Australian businessman Lloyd Williams. O'Brien however, opted not to make the trip to Australia, reportedly because he felt that the colt would be unsuited by the firm ground.[14]","title":"Racing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ascot Gold Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascot_Gold_Cup"},{"link_name":"Donnacha O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donnacha_O%27Brien"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Cup"},{"link_name":"British Champions Long Distance Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Champions_Long_Distance_Cup"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_Cup_(horse_race)"},{"link_name":"Sagaro Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagaro_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Doncaster Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doncaster_Cup"},{"link_name":"Northern Dancer Turf Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Dancer_Turf_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Prix du Cadran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_du_Cadran"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_de_l%27Arc_de_Triomphe"},{"link_name":"Frankie Dettori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankie_Dettori"},{"link_name":"Found","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Found_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Highland Reel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_Reel"},{"link_name":"Sheikhzayedroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheikhzayedroad&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Simple Verse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Verse"}],"sub_title":"2016: four-year-old season","text":"As a four-year-old Order of St George was aimed at the Ascot Gold Cup and made his first appearance of 2016 in the Listed Saval Beg Stakes over one mile and six furlongs at Leopardstown on 3 June. After being settled at the rear of the field by Donnacha O'Brien, he moved up on the outside, took the lead a furlong out and drew away to win by four and a half lengths at odds of 2/7. At Royal Ascot on 16 June Order Of St George under Ryan Moore started odds-on favourite in a seventeen-runner field for the Gold Cup over two and a half miles. His opponents included Max Dynamite (2nd in the Melbourne Cup), Flying Officer (British Champions Long Distance Cup), Clever Cookie (Yorkshire Cup), Mizzou (Sagaro Stakes), Pallasator (Doncaster Cup) Sheikhzayedroad (Northern Dancer Turf Stakes) and Mille Et Mille (Prix du Cadran). Moore settled the colt in mid-division as Mille Et Mille set a \"stop-start\" pace, but the favourite struggled to obtain a clear run when he attempted a forward move five furlongs out. After being switched left on the final turn Order of St George gained the advantage in the straight and drew away to win by three lengths from Mizzou.[15] O'Brien, who was winning the race for a record seventh time said \"It was a little bit messy and rough and because he had never run over the trip before, Ryan had to put him to sleep. He's a horse that loves racing\".[16]On 20 August Order of St George was ridden by his trainer's son Donnacha O'Brien when he started 2/11 favourite for the Irish St. Leger Trial. He repeated his 2015 success, winning \"comfortably\" by a length and a half from the three-year-old Twilight Payment, to whom he was conceding seventeen pounds.[17] Only three horses appeared to face Order of St George when he started at odds of 1/7 in his attempt to win a second Irish St. Leger on 11 September. In a major upset he was unable to overhaul the front-running Wicklow Brave and was beaten half a length into second place. On 2 October the colt was one of sixteen horses to contest the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe over 2400 metres, the shortest distance over which he had raced since his two-year-old career. Ridden for the first time by Frankie Dettori he raced among the leaders from the start and kept on in the straight to finish third behind his stablemates Found and Highland Reel.On 15 October the colt was moved back up in distance for the British Champions Long Distance Cup over two miles at Ascot and was made the 4/6 favourite against nine opponents. After racing in sixth he stayed on strongly in the straight without looking likely to win and finished fourth behind Sheikhzayedroad, Quest For More and Simple Verse, beaten one and a half lengths by the winner.","title":"Racing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vintage Crop Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintage_Crop_Stakes"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Big Orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Orange_(horse)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Hardwicke Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardwicke_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_Cup_(horse_race)"},{"link_name":"Ormonde Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ormonde_Stakes"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"British Champions Long Distance Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Champions_Long_Distance_Cup"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"2017: five-year-old season","text":"On his first appearance as a five-year-old Order of St George started odds-on favourite for the Vintage Crop Stakes at Navan on 23 April but was beaten into second place by the five-year-old gelding Torcedor, to whom he was conceding five pounds in weight. He returned to winning form at leopardstown in May when he repeated his 2016 success in the Saval Beg Stakes, taking the event \"comfortably\" by two and a quarter lengths from Twilight Payment.[18] On 22 June attempted to repeat his 2016 victory in the Ascot Gold Cup and started the 5/6 favourite in a field of four teen. After being restrained by Moore in the early stages he began to make up ground approaching the straight and stayed on strongly in the closing stages. In a very close and exciting finish he has beaten a short head by the six-year-old gelding Big Orange.After an eight-week break, Order of St George returned in the Irish St. Leger Trial at the Curragh on 19 August. Starting at odds of 1/2 he took the lead two furlongs out and won \"easily\" by almost five lengths from his stablemate Rekindling with Twilight Payment and Wicklow Brave in third and fourth.[19] On 10 September Order of St George contested his third Irish St. Leger and started the 2/5 favourite. His opponents included Dartmouth (Hardwicke Stakes, Yorkshire Cup), Wicklow Brave, Torcedor, Twilight Payment and Western Hymn (Ormonde Stakes). After being restrained by Moore in the early stages and turning into the straight in sixth place, he took the lead three furlongs out and drew right away from his rivals to win by nine lengths.[20]The horse finished the season with a seventh Group race victory, in the British Champions Long Distance Cup, heading Torcedor late on.[21]","title":"Racing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stradivarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stradivarius_(horse)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"2018: six-year-old season","text":"In 2018 Order of St George won the Vintage Crop Stakes and a third Saval Beg Stakes but finished fourth behind Stradivarius when joint-favourite for the Ascot Gold Cup.On 11 September Aidan O'Brien announced that the horse had been retired. He explained \"It's nothing serious, just age has caught up with him, and we thought it was the right thing to do for the horse\".[22]","title":"Racing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coolmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coolmore_Stud"},{"link_name":"National Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hunt_racing"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Order Of George currently stands at Castlehyde Stud for Coolmore as a National Hunt stallion for a service fee of £6,500.[23]","title":"Stud career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cartier Champion Stayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartier_Champion_Stayer"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"2015 World's Best Racehorse Rankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_World%27s_Best_Racehorse_Rankings"},{"link_name":"American Pharoah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pharoah"},{"link_name":"Golden Horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Horn_(horse)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Cartier Racing Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartier_Racing_Awards"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"2017 World's Best Racehorse Rankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_World%27s_Best_Racehorse_Rankings"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"At the end of the 2015 season Order of St George was nominated for the title of Cartier Champion Stayer[24] but the award went to Simple Verse. In the 2015 World's Best Racehorse Rankings Order of St George was given a rating of 124, making him the top-rated Irish horse and top-rated horse in the Extended distance division. He was also ranked the third best three-year-old behind American Pharoah and Golden Horn and the seventh-best racehorse in the world of any age or sex.[25] On 8 November 2016 Order of St George was named Champion Stayer at the Cartier Racing Awards.[26]On 16 November 2017 at the Cartier Racing Awards, Order of St George was named Champion Stayer for the second time.[27] In the 2017 World's Best Racehorse Rankings, Order of St George was rated the twelfth-best horse in the world, the best horse in Ireland and the best horse over extended distances.[28]","title":"Assessment and honors"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Pedigree"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Order of St George pedigree\". Equineline. 8 May 2012. Retrieved 5 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.equineline.com/Free-5X-Pedigree.cfm?page_state=ORDER_AND_CONFIRM&reference_number=9333535&registry=T&horse_name=Order%20of%20St%20George%20%28IRE%29&dam_name=Another%20Storm&foaling_year=2012&nicking_stats_indicator=Y","url_text":"\"Order of St George pedigree\""}]},{"reference":"\"Galileo stud record\". Racing Post. Retrieved 26 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.racingpost.com/profile/horse/531769/galileo","url_text":"\"Galileo stud record\""}]},{"reference":"\"Another Stordm – Statistics\". Equibase.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.equibase.com/profiles/Results.cfm?type=Horse&refno=4610223&registry=T&rbt=TB","url_text":"\"Another Stordm – Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Penelope – Family 1-o\". Thoroughbred Bloodlines.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bloodlines.net/TB/Families/Family1o.htm","url_text":"\"Penelope – Family 1-o\""}]},{"reference":"\"Keeneland 2013 September Yearling Sale\". Racing Post. Archived from the original on 4 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160804105600/http://bloodstock.racingpost.com/sales/results/individual_home.sd?tab=&st=8&l=&i=1&ob=ln&od=ASC&page=1&fv=131072&df=2013-09-09&dt=2013-09-12&venue_id=6&hn=&s=&a=&sin=&dn=another+storm&sdn=&vn=&b=&mip=&map=&lm=#individualResultsTabs=catalogue_6","url_text":"\"Keeneland 2013 September Yearling Sale\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_Post","url_text":"Racing Post"},{"url":"http://bloodstock.racingpost.com/sales/results/individual_home.sd?tab=&st=8&l=&i=1&ob=ln&od=ASC&page=1&fv=131072&df=2013-09-09&dt=2013-09-12&venue_id=6&hn=&s=&a=&sin=&dn=another+storm&sdn=&vn=&b=&mip=&map=&lm=#individualResultsTabs=catalogue_6","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Irish Stallion Farms EBF Maiden result\". Timeform. 14 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timeform.com/horse-racing/result/leopardstown/2014-08-14/0645/214/4","url_text":"\"Irish Stallion Farms EBF Maiden result\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eyrefield Stakes result\". Timeform. 26 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timeform.com/horse-racing/result/leopardstown/2014-10-26/0250/214/5","url_text":"\"Eyrefield Stakes result\""}]},{"reference":"\"Curragh Cup result\". Timeform. 28 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timeform.com/horse-racing/result/curragh/2015-06-28/0530/204/7","url_text":"\"Curragh Cup result\""}]},{"reference":"\"Her Majesty's Plate result\". Timeform. 24 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timeform.com/horse-racing/result/down-royal/2015-07-24/0850/206/7","url_text":"\"Her Majesty's Plate result\""}]},{"reference":"\"Irish St. Leger Trial result 2015\". Timeform. 23 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timeform.com/horse-racing/result/curragh/2015-08-23/0410/204/5","url_text":"\"Irish St. Leger Trial result 2015\""}]},{"reference":"Greg Wood (11 September 2015). \"O'Brien on weather watch after pulling Order Of St George out of Leger\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/sep/11/aidan-obrien-weather-watch-order-of-st-george-out-of-leger","url_text":"\"O'Brien on weather watch after pulling Order Of St George out of Leger\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"Irish St. Leger result\". Timeform. 13 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timeform.com/horse-racing/result/curragh/2015-09-13/0450/204/6","url_text":"\"Irish St. Leger result\""}]},{"reference":"Myra Lewyn (13 September 2015). \"G1 Triple for Coolmore, O'Brien in Ireland\". The Blood-Horse.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/104982/g1-triple-for-coolmore-obrien-in-ireland","url_text":"\"G1 Triple for Coolmore, O'Brien in Ireland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blood-Horse","url_text":"The Blood-Horse"}]},{"reference":"Tom Kerr (7 October 2015). \"Melbourne off the agenda for Order Of St George\". Racing Post. Archived from the original on 4 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160604122452/http://www.racingpost.com/news/horse-racing/highland-reel-bondi-beach-kingfisher-melbourne-cup-melbourne-off-the-agenda-for-order-of-st-george/1967674#newsArchiveTabs=last7DaysNews","url_text":"\"Melbourne off the agenda for Order Of St George\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_Post","url_text":"Racing Post"},{"url":"http://www.racingpost.com/news/horse-racing/highland-reel-bondi-beach-kingfisher-melbourne-cup-melbourne-off-the-agenda-for-order-of-st-george/1967674/#newsArchiveTabs=last7DaysNews","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ascot Gold Cup result\". Timeform. 16 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timeform.com/horse-racing/result/ascot/2016-06-16/0420/1/4","url_text":"\"Ascot Gold Cup result\""}]},{"reference":"Andrew Dietz (16 June 2016). \"Order Of St George puts O'Brien in seventh heaven\". Racing Post. Archived from the original on 19 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160619064826/http://www.racingpost.com/news/horse-racing/a-p-obrien-ryan-moore-royal-ascot-ascot-order-of-st-george-puts-obrien-in-seventh-heaven/2102649#newsArchiveTabs=last7DaysNews","url_text":"\"Order Of St George puts O'Brien in seventh heaven\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_Post","url_text":"Racing Post"},{"url":"http://www.racingpost.com/news/horse-racing/a-p-obrien-ryan-moore-royal-ascot-ascot-order-of-st-george-puts-obrien-in-seventh-heaven/2102649/#newsArchiveTabs=last7DaysNews","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Irish St. Leger Trial result 2016\". Timeform. 20 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timeform.com/horse-racing/result/curragh/2016-08-20/0245/204/3","url_text":"\"Irish St. Leger Trial result 2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saval Beg Stakes result\". Racing Post. 26 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/187/leopardstown/2017-05-26/676826","url_text":"\"Saval Beg Stakes result\""}]},{"reference":"\"Irish St. Leger Trial result\". Racing Post. 19 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/178/curragh/2017-08-19/681149","url_text":"\"Irish St. Leger Trial result\""}]},{"reference":"\"Irish St. Leger result\". Racing Post. 10 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/178/curragh/2017-09-10/677739","url_text":"\"Irish St. Leger result\""}]},{"reference":"\"Order Of St George lands thriller for O'Brien and Moore\". Racing Post. 21 October 2017. Retrieved 21 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.racingpost.com/news/champions-day/dsfsdfsdfsdf/305364","url_text":"\"Order Of St George lands thriller for O'Brien and Moore\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_Post","url_text":"Racing Post"}]},{"reference":"Jennings, David (11 September 2018). \"Aidan O'Brien hails 'incredible' Order Of St George as star is retired\". Racing Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.racingpost.com/news/latest/aidan-obrien-hails-incredible-order-of-st-george-as-star-is-retired/345650","url_text":"\"Aidan O'Brien hails 'incredible' Order Of St George as star is retired\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_Post","url_text":"Racing Post"}]},{"reference":"\"National Hunt stallions\". coolmore.com. Retrieved 7 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://coolmore.com/farms/nationalhunt/stallions/order-of-st-george","url_text":"\"National Hunt stallions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nominees for Cartier Racing Awards Released\". The Blood-Horse. 6 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/200032/nominees-for-cartier-racing-awards-released","url_text":"\"Nominees for Cartier Racing Awards Released\""}]},{"reference":"\"The 2016 World Thoroughbred Rankings Press release\". International Federation of Horse Racing Authorities. Retrieved 19 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.horseracingintfed.com/resources/WTRRankings/LWBRR_PressRelease.asp?pid=61","url_text":"\"The 2016 World Thoroughbred Rankings Press release\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cartier Racing Awards 2016: Minding named Horse of the Year\". BBC. 8 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/horse-racing/37912494","url_text":"\"Cartier Racing Awards 2016: Minding named Horse of the Year\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"\"Cartier Racing Awards 2017: Enable named Horse of the Year\". BBC. 14 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/horse-racing/41982411","url_text":"\"Cartier Racing Awards 2017: Enable named Horse of the Year\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"\"The 2017 World Thoroughbred Rankings\". International Federation of Horse Racing Authorities. Retrieved 23 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.horseracingintfed.com/resources/WTRRankings/LWBRR.asp?batch=47","url_text":"\"The 2017 World Thoroughbred Rankings\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.equineline.com/Free-5X-Pedigree.cfm?page_state=ORDER_AND_CONFIRM&reference_number=9333535&registry=T&horse_name=Order%20of%20St%20George%20%28IRE%29&dam_name=Another%20Storm&foaling_year=2012&nicking_stats_indicator=Y","external_links_name":"\"Order of St George pedigree\""},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/profile/horse/531769/galileo","external_links_name":"\"Galileo stud record\""},{"Link":"http://www.equibase.com/profiles/Results.cfm?type=Horse&refno=4610223&registry=T&rbt=TB","external_links_name":"\"Another Stordm – Statistics\""},{"Link":"http://www.bloodlines.net/TB/Families/Family1o.htm","external_links_name":"\"Penelope – Family 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_of_the_Series	Player of the match	["1 Association football","2 Australian rules football","3 Cricket","4 Gaelic games","5 Ice hockey","6 Rugby football","7 College basketball and college football","8 Gridiron football","9 See also","10 References"]	Award in many team sports Man of the match Player of the match In team sport, a player of the match award (also known as man of the match or woman of the match) is often given to the most outstanding player in a particular match. This can be a player from either team, although the player is generally chosen from the winning team. Some sports have unique traditions regarding these awards, and they are especially sought in championship or all-star games. In Australia, the term "best and fairest" is normally used, both for individual games and season-long awards. In some competitions, particularly in North America, the terms "most valuable player" (MVP) or "most outstanding player" are used. In ice hockey in North America, three players of the game, called the "three stars", are recognised. In sports where playoffs are decided by series rather than individual games, such as professional basketball and baseball, MVP awards are commonly given for the series, and in ice hockey's NHL, for performance in the entire playoffs. Association football In football, the "man of the match" (MOTM) award goes typically (but not necessarily) a player on the winning side. Players who score a hat-trick, or goalkeepers who keep a clean sheet under pressure often get the award. Hat-trick scorers usually receive the match ball whether or not they are officially named player of the match. The man of the match is often chosen by a television commentator or a sponsor. However, not all competitions have an official player of the match award, so sometimes accolades are given by websites or newspapers instead. In the Premier League, for example, a player receives a small black and gold trophy for their player of the match performance. When given informally (for example, by a columnist), the MOTM may be "awarded" sardonically, for example to the referee if the writer believes he influenced the result due to perceived incompetence. Australian rules football In Australian rules football, the player of the game is often referred to as having been the "best on ground" (or "BOG"). Media outlets provide immediate, unofficial recognition that is largely honorary, often on a 5–4–3–2–1 or 3–2–1 voting basis. Officially, the AFL recognises the player of the game as being the player awarded the maximum three votes by umpires in the Brownlow Medal count at season's end. Exceptions are made during the season for certain reserved games such as the Western Derby, The ANZAC Day clash, QClash, and Showdown, where medallions are officially rewarded in presentations following the conclusion of the match. On the day of the AFL Grand Final, a player will be awarded the Norm Smith Medal as being the best on ground voted by an independent panel of Australian rules football experts. Cricket Main article: Player of the Match awards (cricket) In cricket, the man of the match award became a regular feature in Test matches in the mid-1980s. The man of the match title is usually awarded to the player whose contribution is seen as the most critical in winning the game. In one match held on 3 April 1996, the whole team from New Zealand was awarded the Men of the Match award. It was the first instance when a whole team was awarded it. In a test match played between 15,16,17,18 January 1999 between South Africa vs West Indies, the whole South African team was awarded man of the match. In Test matches, Jacques Kallis holds the record for the highest number of awards won, with 23 in 166 matches played. In ODIs, Sachin Tendulkar holds the record for the highest number of man of the match titles, with 62 awards in 463 matches played. Tendulkar is followed by Sanath Jayasuriya, who, along with Ricky Ponting, also holds the record for the most Man of the Match titles as captain. In the shortest form of the game, T20 Internationals, this record is held by Virat Kohli, who has won 15 awards in 115 matches. Gaelic games In the Gaelic games of hurling and Gaelic football, the "man of the match" (Irish: Laoch na hImeartha, "hero of the game") is commonly awarded after important games. An unusual example was the 2008 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final, where the award was given to Brian Cody, the Kilkenny manager, rather than to a player. In the women's sports of camogie and ladies' Gaelic football, the term "player of the match" (Irish: Laoch na hImeartha, "hero of the game") is used instead. Ice hockey Main article: Three stars (ice hockey) In North American ice hockey, the three players who perform best in the game, often either those who accumulate the most points or outstanding goaltenders, are usually designated the three stars of the game: the top-performing player is the "first star", and so on. This tradition originated in the 1930s as a promotion for a "Three Star" brand of gasoline. However, in international play (and outside North America), the three stars concept is rarely used. Instead, other leagues may issue awards to one player who performed best in the game. Rugby football Both codes of rugby, rugby league and rugby union, commonly have man of the match or player of the match awards. In televised or sponsored matches, a commentator or sponsor often decides who gets the award, and it is presented to the winner after the match. Examples of man of the match awards in professional men's rugby league are the Clive Churchill Medal in the National Rugby League Grand Final, the Karyn Murphy Medal in the NRL Women's Grand Final, the Lance Todd Trophy in the Challenge Cup final and the Harry Sunderland Trophy in the Super League Grand Final. College basketball and college football In college basketball and college football, the two collegiate sports with the most television coverage in the United States, a top player from each team is usually honoured as "players of the game." These athletes usually cannot collect material prizes due to NCAA regulations. Instead, television companies broadcasting the game or corporate sponsors will often make donations to the scholarship funds of each school in the names of the winning players. In college basketball's Final Four events, a Most Outstanding Player award is given, for performance across both the semi-final and championship game. A Most Outstanding Player award is also given for each of the four regionals, based upon performances in the regional semifinals (Sweet Sixteen) and final (Elite Eight). Gridiron football The National Football League names an MVP for two prominent games on its schedule: A Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award has been awarded at each Super Bowl (the NFL's championship). The Pro Bowl has had an MVP award throughout its existence. The current Pro Bowl MVP format selects one offensive and one defensive player. From 1956 to 1971, two MVP awards were given, one to a skill position and the other to a lineman or linebacker. In 1972, an offensive and defensive MVP were named. From 1973 to 2012, a single Pro Bowl MVP was chosen. Individual games typically have an informal player (or players) of the game chosen by the broadcast network covering the game; one prominent example of this phenomenon is the Turkey Leg Award, All-Iron Award and Galloping Gobbler trophies awarded for games held on Thanksgiving. The Canadian Football League awards two MVP awards for its championship game, the Grey Cup. The Grey Cup Most Valuable Player award is open to all players; the Dick Suderman Trophy is limited to players with Canadian citizenship or who were raised in Canada since childhood. See also Best and fairest Most Valuable Player Most Outstanding Player Player of the year award References ^ "man of the match - definition of man of the match in English - Oxford Dictionaries". Oxford Dictionaries - English. Archived from the original on 25 October 2016. ^ "woman of the match - definition of woman of the match in English - Oxford Dictionaries". Oxford Dictionaries - English. ^ Hawkins, Si (27 February 2008). "Football: The problem with man of the match awards". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 1 March 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2018. ^ "How the Premier League's monthly awards work". Archived from the original on 4 February 2017. ^ "Norm Smith Medal - AFL.com.au". afl.com.au. Archived from the original on 16 October 2016. ^ a b "Records / Test matches / Individual records (captains, players, umpires) /Most player-of-the-match awards". ESPN Cricinfo. ESPN Sports Media. Archived from the original on 3 March 2014. Retrieved 2 January 2014. ^ "4th ODI: West Indies v New Zealand at Georgetown, Apr 3, 1996 \| Cricket Scorecard \| ESPN Cricinfo". ESPN Cricinfo. ESPN. Archived from the original on 4 April 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2015. ^ "5th Test, West Indies tour of South Africa at Centurion, Jan 15-18 1999 - Match Summary - ESPNCricinfo". ESPNcricinfo. Archived from the original on 6 November 2012. ^ "Records / One-Day Internationals / Individual records (captains, players, umpires) /Most player-of-the-match awards". ESPN Cricinfo. ESPN Sports Media. Archived from the original on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 2 January 2014. ^ "Records / One-Day Internationals / Individual records (captains, players, umpires) / Most player-of-the-match awards". Archived from the original on 2 September 2012. ^ "man of the match - Translation to Irish Gaelic with audio pronunciation of translations for man of the match by New English-Irish Dictionary". www.focloir.ie. Archived from the original on 17 August 2017. ^ "Bookie pays out on man of the match bets - Hoganstand.com". www.hoganstand.com. Archived from the original on 17 August 2017. ^ "Fiona scoops player of the match award – The Clare Champion". clarechampion.ie. December 2011. Archived from the original on 17 August 2017. ^ "Ereena Fryday receives her player of the match award from Catherine Neary 12/2/2017". Archived from the original on 17 August 2017. ^ Cahill, Jackie (14 August 2017). "Shine hails impact of teen star O'Donoghue". independent.ie. ^ Cahill, Jackie (12 August 2017). "Dublin overcome plucky Waterford to reach final four". RTÉ.ie. Archived from the original on 17 August 2017. ^ "Top 10 hockey gimmicks... or if you prefer, innovations". 15 June 2006. Archived from the original on 15 June 2006.	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2017_Confederation_Cup_-_CMRCHI_-_Vidal_is_the_Man_of_the_Match.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marin_Sego_Team_Croatia_Handball_World_Championship_2019_Player_of_the_Match_(47875936901).jpg"},{"link_name":"sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"all-star games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-star_game"},{"link_name":"best and fairest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_and_fairest"},{"link_name":"most valuable player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_valuable_player"},{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"three stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_stars_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"NHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League"}],"text":"Man of the matchPlayer of the matchIn team sport, a player of the match award (also known as man of the match or woman of the match)[1][2] is often given to the most outstanding player in a particular match. This can be a player from either team, although the player is generally chosen from the winning team.Some sports have unique traditions regarding these awards, and they are especially sought in championship or all-star games. In Australia, the term \"best and fairest\" is normally used, both for individual games and season-long awards. In some competitions, particularly in North America, the terms \"most valuable player\" (MVP) or \"most outstanding player\" are used. In ice hockey in North America, three players of the game, called the \"three stars\", are recognised.In sports where playoffs are decided by series rather than individual games, such as professional basketball and baseball, MVP awards are commonly given for the series, and in ice hockey's NHL, for performance in the entire playoffs.","title":"Player of the match"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hat-trick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hat-trick"},{"link_name":"goalkeepers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"clean sheet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shutout#Association_football"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"referee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referee"}],"text":"In football, the \"man of the match\" (MOTM) award goes typically (but not necessarily) a player on the winning side. Players who score a hat-trick, or goalkeepers who keep a clean sheet under pressure often get the award. Hat-trick scorers usually receive the match ball whether or not they are officially named player of the match.The man of the match is often chosen by a television commentator or a sponsor.[3] However, not all competitions have an official player of the match award, so sometimes accolades are given by websites or newspapers instead. In the Premier League, for example, a player receives a small black and gold trophy for their player of the match performance.[4]When given informally (for example, by a columnist), the MOTM may be \"awarded\" sardonically, for example to the referee if the writer believes he influenced the result due to perceived incompetence.","title":"Association football"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australian rules football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_rules_football"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"AFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Brownlow Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownlow_Medal"},{"link_name":"Western Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Derby"},{"link_name":"The ANZAC Day clash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_ANZAC_Day_clash"},{"link_name":"QClash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QClash"},{"link_name":"Showdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showdown_(AFL)"},{"link_name":"AFL Grand Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFL_Grand_Final"},{"link_name":"Norm Smith Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_Smith_Medal"},{"link_name":"Australian rules football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_rules_football"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In Australian rules football, the player of the game is often referred to as having been the \"best on ground\" (or \"BOG\"). Media outlets provide immediate, unofficial recognition that is largely honorary, often on a 5–4–3–2–1 or 3–2–1 voting basis.[citation needed] Officially, the AFL recognises the player of the game as being the player awarded the maximum three votes by umpires in the Brownlow Medal count at season's end. Exceptions are made during the season for certain reserved games such as the Western Derby, The ANZAC Day clash, QClash, and Showdown, where medallions are officially rewarded in presentations following the conclusion of the match. On the day of the AFL Grand Final, a player will be awarded the Norm Smith Medal as being the best on ground voted by an independent panel of Australian rules football experts.[5]","title":"Australian rules football"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-test_motm-6"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Jacques Kallis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Kallis"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-test_motm-6"},{"link_name":"Sachin Tendulkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachin_Tendulkar"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Sanath Jayasuriya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanath_Jayasuriya"},{"link_name":"Ricky Ponting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Ponting"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"T20 Internationals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T20_International"},{"link_name":"Virat Kohli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virat_Kohli"}],"text":"In cricket, the man of the match award became a regular feature in Test matches in the mid-1980s.[6] The man of the match title is usually awarded to the player whose contribution is seen as the most critical in winning the game.In one match held on 3 April 1996, the whole team from New Zealand was awarded the Men of the Match award. It was the first instance when a whole team was awarded it.[7] In a test match played between 15,16,17,18 January 1999 between South Africa vs West Indies, the whole South African team was awarded man of the match.[8]In Test matches, Jacques Kallis holds the record for the highest number of awards won, with 23 in 166 matches played.[6] In ODIs, Sachin Tendulkar holds the record for the highest number of man of the match titles, with 62 awards in 463 matches played.[9] Tendulkar is followed by Sanath Jayasuriya, who, along with Ricky Ponting, also holds the record for the most Man of the Match titles as captain.[10] In the shortest form of the game, T20 Internationals, this record is held by Virat Kohli, who has won 15 awards in 115 matches.","title":"Cricket"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hurling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurling"},{"link_name":"Gaelic football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelic_football"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"2008 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_All-Ireland_Senior_Hurling_Championship_Final"},{"link_name":"Brian Cody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Cody"},{"link_name":"Kilkenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilkenny_GAA"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"camogie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camogie"},{"link_name":"ladies' Gaelic football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladies%27_Gaelic_football"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"In the Gaelic games of hurling and Gaelic football, the \"man of the match\" (Irish: Laoch na hImeartha,[11] \"hero of the game\") is commonly awarded after important games. An unusual example was the 2008 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final, where the award was given to Brian Cody, the Kilkenny manager, rather than to a player.[12]In the women's sports of camogie and ladies' Gaelic football, the term \"player of the match\" (Irish: Laoch na hImeartha, \"hero of the game\") is used instead.[13][14][15][16]","title":"Gaelic games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"In North American ice hockey, the three players who perform best in the game, often either those who accumulate the most points or outstanding goaltenders, are usually designated the three stars of the game: the top-performing player is the \"first star\", and so on. This tradition originated in the 1930s as a promotion for a \"Three Star\" brand of gasoline.[17]However, in international play (and outside North America), the three stars concept is rarely used. Instead, other leagues may issue awards to one player who performed best in the game.","title":"Ice hockey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"Clive Churchill Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Churchill_Medal"},{"link_name":"National Rugby League Grand Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rugby_League_Grand_Final"},{"link_name":"Karyn Murphy Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karyn_Murphy_Medal"},{"link_name":"NRL Women's Grand Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRL_Women%27s_Grand_Final"},{"link_name":"Lance Todd Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance_Todd_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Challenge Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenge_Cup"},{"link_name":"Harry Sunderland Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Sunderland_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Super League Grand Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_League_Grand_Final"}],"text":"Both codes of rugby, rugby league and rugby union, commonly have man of the match or player of the match awards. In televised or sponsored matches, a commentator or sponsor often decides who gets the award, and it is presented to the winner after the match.Examples of man of the match awards in professional men's rugby league are the Clive Churchill Medal in the National Rugby League Grand Final, the Karyn Murphy Medal in the NRL Women's Grand Final, the Lance Todd Trophy in the Challenge Cup final and the Harry Sunderland Trophy in the Super League Grand Final.","title":"Rugby football"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"college basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_basketball"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"NCAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Most Outstanding Player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_basketball_tournament_Most_Outstanding_Player"}],"text":"In college basketball and college football, the two collegiate sports with the most television coverage in the United States, a top player from each team is usually honoured as \"players of the game.\" These athletes usually cannot collect material prizes due to NCAA regulations. Instead, television companies broadcasting the game or corporate sponsors will often make donations to the scholarship funds of each school in the names of the winning players.[citation needed]In college basketball's Final Four events, a Most Outstanding Player award is given, for performance across both the semi-final and championship game. A Most Outstanding Player award is also given for each of the four regionals, based upon performances in the regional semifinals (Sweet Sixteen) and final (Elite Eight).","title":"College basketball and college football"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_Most_Valuable_Player_Award"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl"},{"link_name":"Pro Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Bowl"},{"link_name":"skill position","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skill_position"},{"link_name":"lineman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lineman_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"linebacker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linebacker"},{"link_name":"Turkey Leg Award, All-Iron Award and Galloping Gobbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_on_Thanksgiving_Day#Game_MVPs"},{"link_name":"Thanksgiving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanksgiving_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Canadian Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Grey Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_Cup"},{"link_name":"Grey Cup Most Valuable Player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_Cup_Most_Valuable_Player"},{"link_name":"Dick Suderman Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Suderman_Trophy"}],"text":"The National Football League names an MVP for two prominent games on its schedule:A Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award has been awarded at each Super Bowl (the NFL's championship).\nThe Pro Bowl has had an MVP award throughout its existence. The current Pro Bowl MVP format selects one offensive and one defensive player. From 1956 to 1971, two MVP awards were given, one to a skill position and the other to a lineman or linebacker. In 1972, an offensive and defensive MVP were named. From 1973 to 2012, a single Pro Bowl MVP was chosen.Individual games typically have an informal player (or players) of the game chosen by the broadcast network covering the game; one prominent example of this phenomenon is the Turkey Leg Award, All-Iron Award and Galloping Gobbler trophies awarded for games held on Thanksgiving.The Canadian Football League awards two MVP awards for its championship game, the Grey Cup. The Grey Cup Most Valuable Player award is open to all players; the Dick Suderman Trophy is limited to players with Canadian citizenship or who were raised in Canada since childhood.","title":"Gridiron football"}]	[{"image_text":"Man of the match","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/2017_Confederation_Cup_-_CMRCHI_-_Vidal_is_the_Man_of_the_Match.jpg/220px-2017_Confederation_Cup_-_CMRCHI_-_Vidal_is_the_Man_of_the_Match.jpg"},{"image_text":"Player of the match","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Marin_Sego_Team_Croatia_Handball_World_Championship_2019_Player_of_the_Match_%2847875936901%29.jpg/220px-Marin_Sego_Team_Croatia_Handball_World_Championship_2019_Player_of_the_Match_%2847875936901%29.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Best and fairest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_and_fairest"},{"title":"Most Valuable Player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_Valuable_Player"},{"title":"Most Outstanding Player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_Outstanding_Player_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Player of the year award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player_of_the_year_award"}]	[{"reference":"\"man of the match - definition of man of the match in English - Oxford Dictionaries\". Oxford Dictionaries - English. Archived from the original on 25 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161025173131/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/man_of_the_match","url_text":"\"man of the match - definition of man of the match in English - Oxford Dictionaries\""},{"url":"https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/man_of_the_match","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"woman of the match - definition of woman of the match in English - Oxford Dictionaries\". Oxford Dictionaries - English.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/woman_of_the_match","url_text":"\"woman of the match - definition of woman of the match in English - Oxford Dictionaries\""}]},{"reference":"Hawkins, Si (27 February 2008). \"Football: The problem with man of the match awards\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 1 March 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/2008/feb/27/sport.comment4","url_text":"\"Football: The problem with man of the match awards\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180301170032/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2008/feb/27/sport.comment4","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"How the Premier League's monthly awards work\". Archived from the original on 4 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premierleague.com/news/83956","url_text":"\"How the Premier League's monthly awards work\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170204082122/https://www.premierleague.com/news/83956","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Norm Smith Medal - AFL.com.au\". afl.com.au. 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Retrieved 2 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283705.html","url_text":"\"Records / One-Day Internationals / Individual records (captains, players, umpires) /Most player-of-the-match awards\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140304055509/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283705.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Records / One-Day Internationals / Individual records (captains, players, umpires) / Most player-of-the-match awards\". 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Archived from the original on 17 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.focloir.ie/en/dictionary/ei/man+of+the+match","url_text":"\"man of the match - Translation to Irish Gaelic with audio pronunciation of translations for man of the match by New English-Irish Dictionary\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170817205811/http://www.focloir.ie/en/dictionary/ei/man+of+the+match","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Bookie pays out on man of the match bets - Hoganstand.com\". www.hoganstand.com. Archived from the original on 17 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hoganstand.com/ArticleForm.aspx?ID=100900","url_text":"\"Bookie pays out on man of the match bets - Hoganstand.com\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170817204048/http://www.hoganstand.com/ArticleForm.aspx?ID=100900","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Fiona scoops player of the match award – The Clare Champion\". clarechampion.ie. December 2011. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLC44A2	Choline transporter-like protein 2	["1 See also","2 References","3 Further reading"]	Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens SLC44A2IdentifiersAliasesSLC44A2, CTL2, PP1292, solute carrier family 44 member 2External IDsOMIM: 606106; MGI: 1915932; HomoloGene: 10711; GeneCards: SLC44A2; OMA:SLC44A2 - orthologsGene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 19 (human)Band19p13.2Start10,602,457 bpEnd10,644,557 bpGene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome 9 (mouse)Band9\|9 A3Start21,231,994 bpEnd21,266,324 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)Top expressed intibial nerveright lungright testisleft testisspleenright coronary arterypopliteal arterygranulocytetibial arteriesupper lobe of left lungTop expressed investibular membrane of cochlear ductgastruladeciduaaortic valveascending aortaleft lung loberight lung lobestria vascularistransitional epithelium of urinary bladderhair follicleMore reference expression dataBioGPSn/aGene ontologyMolecular function choline transmembrane transporter activity signal transducer activity Cellular component integral component of membrane lysosomal membrane plasma membrane extracellular exosome membrane specific granule membrane Biological process positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic process choline transport transmembrane transport signal transduction neutrophil degranulation transport Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez5715368682EnsemblENSG00000129353ENSMUSG00000057193UniProtQ8IWA5Q8BY89RefSeq (mRNA)NM_001145056NM_020428NM_001363611NM_001199186NM_152808NM_001359227RefSeq (protein)NP_001138528NP_065161NP_001350540NP_001186115NP_690021NP_001346156Location (UCSC)Chr 19: 10.6 – 10.64 MbChr 9: 21.23 – 21.27 MbPubMed searchWikidataView/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse Choline transporter-like protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC44A2 gene. See also Solute carrier family References ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000129353 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000057193 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ O'Regan S, Traiffort E, Ruat M, Cha N, Compaore D, Meunier FM (Mar 2000). "An electric lobe suppressor for a yeast choline transport mutation belongs to a new family of transporter-like proteins". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 97 (4): 1835–40. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.1835O. doi:10.1073/pnas.030339697. PMC 26522. PMID 10677542. ^ Traiffort E, Ruat M, O'Regan S, Meunier FM (Feb 2005). "Molecular characterization of the family of choline transporter-like proteins and their splice variants". J Neurochem. 92 (5): 1116–25. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02962.x. PMID 15715662. S2CID 30921826. ^ "Entrez Gene: SLC44A2 solute carrier family 44, member 2". Further reading Andersson B, Wentland MA, Ricafrente JY, et al. (1996). "A "double adaptor" method for improved shotgun library construction". Anal. Biochem. 236 (1): 107–13. doi:10.1006/abio.1996.0138. PMID 8619474. Yu W, Andersson B, Worley KC, et al. (1997). "Large-scale concatenation cDNA sequencing". Genome Res. 7 (4): 353–8. doi:10.1101/gr.7.4.353. PMC 139146. PMID 9110174. Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932. Matsuda A, Suzuki Y, Honda G, et al. (2003). "Large-scale identification and characterization of human genes that activate NF-kappaB and MAPK signaling pathways". Oncogene. 22 (21): 3307–18. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1206406. PMID 12761501. S2CID 38880905. Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, et al. (2004). "Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs". Nat. Genet. 36 (1): 40–5. doi:10.1038/ng1285. PMID 14702039. Nair TS, Kozma KE, Hoefling NL, et al. (2004). "Identification and characterization of choline transporter-like protein 2, an inner ear glycoprotein of 68 and 72 kDa that is the target of antibody-induced hearing loss". J. Neurosci. 24 (7): 1772–9. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5063-03.2004. PMC 6730453. PMID 14973250. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). "The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928. PMID 15489334. Otsuki T, Ota T, Nishikawa T, et al. (2007). "Signal sequence and keyword trap in silico for selection of full-length human cDNAs encoding secretion or membrane proteins from oligo-capped cDNA libraries". DNA Res. 12 (2): 117–26. doi:10.1093/dnares/12.2.117. PMID 16303743. vteMembrane proteins, carrier proteins: membrane transport proteins solute carrier (TC 2A)By groupSLC1–10(1): high affinity glutamate and neutral amino-acid transporter SLC1A1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (2): facilitative GLUT transporter SLC2A1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 (3): heavy subunits of heterodimeric amino-acid transporters SLC3A1 2 (4): bicarbonate transporter SLC4A1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 (5): sodium glucose cotransporter SLC5A1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 (6): sodium- and chloride- dependent sodium:neurotransmitter symporters SLC6A1 SLC6A2 SLC6A3 SLC6A4 SLC6A5 SLC6A6 SLC6A7 SLC6A8 SLC6A9 SLC6A10 SLC6A11 SLC6A12 SLC6A13 SLC6A14 SLC6A15 SLC6A16 SLC6A17 SLC6A18 SLC6A19 SLC6A20 (7): cationic amino-acid transporter/glycoprotein-associated SLC7A1 SLC7A2 SLC7A3 SLC7A4 glycoprotein-associated/light or catalytic subunits of heterodimeric amino-acid transporters SLC7A5 SLC7A6 SLC7A7 SLC7A8 SLC7A9 SLC7A10 SLC7A11 SLC7A13 SLC7A14 (8): Na+/Ca2+ exchanger SLC8A1 SLC8A2 SLC8A3 (9): Na+/H+ exchanger SLC9A1 SLC9A2 SLC9A3 SLC9A4 SLC9A5 SLC9A6 SLC9A7 SLC9A8 SLC9A9 SLC9A10 SLC9A11 (10): sodium bile salt cotransport SLC10A1 SLC10A2 SLC10A3 SLC10A4 SLC10A5 SLC10A6 SLC10A7 10A1 10A2 10A3 10A7 SLC11–20(11): proton coupled metal ion transporter SLC11A1 SLC11A211A3 (12): electroneutral cation-Cl cotransporter SLC12A1 SLC12A2 SLC12A3 SLC12A4 SLC12A5 SLC12A6 SLC12A7 SLC12A8 SLC12A9 (13): human Na+-sulfate/carboxylate cotransporter SLC13A1 SLC13A2 SLC13A3 SLC13A4 SLC13A5 (14): urea transporter SLC14A1 SLC14A2 (15): proton oligopeptide cotransporter SLC15A1 SLC15A2 SLC15A3 SLC15A4 (16): monocarboxylate transporter SLC16A1 SLC16A2 SLC16A3 SLC16A4 SLC16A5 SLC16A6 SLC16A7 SLC16A8 SLC16A9 SLC16A10 SLC16A11 SLC16A12 SLC16A13 SLC16A14 (17): Vesicular glutamate transporter 1 SLC17A1 SLC17A2 SLC17A3 SLC17A4 SLC17A5 SLC17A6 SLC17A7 SLC17A8 SLC17A9 (18): vesicular monoamine transporter SLC18A1 SLC18A2 SLC18A3 (19): folate/thiamine transporter SLC19A1 SLC19A2 SLC19A3 (20): type III Na+-phosphate cotransporter SLC20A1 SLC20A2 SLC21–30(21): Organic anion-transporting polypeptide SLCO1A2 SLCO1B1 SLCO1B3 SLCO1B4 SLCO1C1 SLCO2A1 SLCO2B1 SLCO3A1 SLCO4A1 SLCO4C1 SLCO5A1(SLCO6A1) (22): organic cation/anion/zwitterion transporter SLC22A1 SLC22A2 SLC22A3 SLC22A4 SLC22A5 SLC22A6 SLC22A7 SLC22A8 SLC22A9 SLC22A10 SLC22A11 SLC22A12 SLC22A13 SLC22A14 SLC22A15 SLC22A16 SLC22A17 SLC22A18 SLC22A19 SLC22A20 (23): Na+-dependent ascorbic acid transporter SLC23A1 SLC23A2 SLC23A3 SLC23A4 (24): Na+/(Ca2+-K+) exchanger SLC24A1 SLC24A2 SLC24A3 SLC24A4 SLC24A5 SLC24A6 (25): mitochondrial carrier SLC25A1 SLC25A2 SLC25A3 SLC25A4 SLC25A5 SLC25A6 SLC25A7 SLC25A8 SLC25A9 SLC25A10 SLC25A11 SLC25A12 SLC25A13 SLC25A14 SLC25A15 SLC25A16 SLC25A17 SLC25A18 SLC25A19 SLC25A20 SLC25A21 SLC25A22 SLC25A23 SLC25A24 SLC25A25 SLC25A26 SLC25A27 SLC25A28 SLC25A29 SLC25A30 SLC25A31 SLC25A32 SLC25A33 SLC25A34 SLC25A35 SLC25A36 SLC25A37 SLC25A38 SLC25A39 SLC25A40 SLC25A41 SLC25A42 SLC25A43 SLC25A44 SLC25A45 SLC25A46 (26): multifunctional anion exchanger SLC26A1 SLC26A2 SLC26A3 SLC26A4 SLC26A5 SLC26A6 SLC26A7 SLC26A8 SLC26A9 SLC26A10 SLC26A11 (27): fatty acid transport proteins SLC27A1 SLC27A2 SLC27A3 SLC27A4 SLC27A5 SLC27A6 (28): Na+-coupled nucleoside transport (SLC28A1 SLC28A2 SLC28A3 (29): facilitative nucleoside transporter SLC29A1 SLC29A2 SLC29A3 SLC29A4 (30): zinc efflux SLC30A1 SLC30A2 SLC30A3 SLC30A4 SLC30A5 SLC30A6 SLC30A7 SLC30A8 SLC30A9 SLC30A10 SLC31–40(31): copper transporter SLC31A1 (32): Vesicular glutamate transporter 1 SLC32A1 (33): Acetyl-CoA transporter SLC33A1 (34): type II Na+-phosphate cotransporter SLC34A1 SLC34A2 SLC34A3 (35): nucleoside-sugar transporter SLC35A1 SLC35A2 SLC35A3 SLC35A4 SLC35A5 SLC35B1 SLC35B2 SLC35B3 SLC35B4 SLC35C1 SLC35C2 SLC35D1 SLC35D2 SLC35D3 SLC35E1 SLC35E2 SLC35E3 SLC35E4 (36): proton-coupled amino-acid transporter SLC36A1 SLC36A2 SLC36A3 SLC36A436A2 (37): sugar-phosphate/phosphate exchanger SLC37A1 SLC37A2 SLC37A3 SLC37A4 (38): System A & N, sodium-coupled neutral amino-acid transporter SLC38A1 SLC38A2 SLC38A3 SLC38A4 SLC38A5 SLC38A6 SLC38A10 (39): metal ion transporter SLC39A1 SLC39A2 SLC39A3 SLC39A4 SLC39A5 SLC39A6 SLC39A7 SLC39A8 SLC39A9 SLC39A10 SLC39A11 SLC39A12 SLC39A13 SLC39A14 (40): basolateral iron transporter SLC40A1 SLC41–48(41): Magnesium transporter E SLC41A1 SLC41A2 SLC41A3 (42): Ammonia transporter RhAG RhBG RhCG (43): Na+-independent, system-L like amino-acid transporter SLC43A1 SLC43A2 SLC43A3 (44): Choline-like transporter SLC44A1 SLC44A2 SLC44A3 SLC44A4 SLC44A5 (45): Putative sugar transporter SLC45A1 SLC45A2 SLC54A3 SLC45A4 (46): Folate transporter SLC46A1 SLC46A2 (47): multidrug and toxin extrusion SLC47A1 SLC47A2 (48): Heme transporter SLCO1–4 O1A2 O1B1 O1B3 O2B1 O431 O4A1 Ion pumpsSymporter, Cotransporter Na+/K+,Cl− Na+/Pi3 Na+/Cl− Na+/glucose Na+/I− Cl−/K+ 4 5 Antiporter (exchanger) Na+/H+ Na+/Ca2+ Na+/(Ca2+-K+) - Cl−/HCO−3 (Band 3) Cl−-formate Cl−-oxalate see also solute carrier disorders This membrane protein–related article is a stub. 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anion 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transporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Facilitative_nucleoside_transporter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"SLC29A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLC29A1"},{"link_name":"SLC29A2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLC29A2"},{"link_name":"SLC29A3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SLC29A3&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"SLC29A4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLC29A4"},{"link_name":"zinc 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transporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Na%2B-independent,_system-L_like_amino-acid_transporter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"SLC43A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLC43A1"},{"link_name":"SLC43A2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SLC43A2&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"SLC43A3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SLC43A3&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Choline-like transporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choline-like_transporter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"SLC44A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLC44A1"},{"link_name":"SLC44A2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLC44A2"},{"link_name":"SLC44A3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SLC44A3&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"SLC44A4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLC44A4"},{"link_name":"SLC44A5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SLC44A5&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Putative sugar transporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Putative_sugar_transporter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"SLC45A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLC45A1"},{"link_name":"SLC45A2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLC45A2"},{"link_name":"SLC54A3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SLC54A3&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"SLC45A4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLC45A4"},{"link_name":"Folate transporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Folate_transporter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"SLC46A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLC46A1"},{"link_name":"SLC46A2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SLC46A2&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"multidrug and toxin extrusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-antimicrobial_extrusion_protein"},{"link_name":"SLC47A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLC47A1"},{"link_name":"SLC47A2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLC47A2"},{"link_name":"Heme transporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heme_transporter"},{"link_name":"O1A2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLCO1A2"},{"link_name":"O1B1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLCO1B1"},{"link_name":"O1B3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLCO1B3"},{"link_name":"O2B1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLCO2B1"},{"link_name":"O431","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLCO3A1"},{"link_name":"O4A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLCO4A1"},{"link_name":"Ion pumps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_transporter"},{"link_name":"Symporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symporter"},{"link_name":"Cotransporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotransporter"},{"link_name":"Na+/K+,Cl−","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na-K-Cl_cotransporter"},{"link_name":"Na+/Pi3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium/phosphate_cotransporter"},{"link_name":"Na+/Cl−","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium-chloride_symporter"},{"link_name":"Na+/glucose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium-glucose_transport_proteins"},{"link_name":"Na+/I−","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium-iodide_symporter"},{"link_name":"Cl−/K+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloride_potassium_symporter"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloride_potassium_symporter_4"},{"link_name":"5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloride_potassium_symporter_5"},{"link_name":"Antiporter (exchanger)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiporter"},{"link_name":"Na+/H+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium%E2%80%93hydrogen_antiporter"},{"link_name":"Na+/Ca2+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium-calcium_exchanger"},{"link_name":"Na+/(Ca2+-K+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium-dependent_sodium-calcium_exchanger"},{"link_name":"Cl−/HCO−3 (Band 3)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_3"},{"link_name":"Cl−-formate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl-formate_exchanger"},{"link_name":"Cl−-oxalate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl-oxalate_exchanger"},{"link_name":"solute carrier disorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Solute_carrier_disorders"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beta-2_adrenergic_receptor.png"},{"link_name":"membrane protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_protein"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choline_transporter-like_protein_2&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Membrane-protein-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Membrane-protein-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Membrane-protein-stub"}],"text":"Andersson B, Wentland MA, Ricafrente JY, et al. (1996). \"A \"double adaptor\" method for improved shotgun library construction\". Anal. Biochem. 236 (1): 107–13. doi:10.1006/abio.1996.0138. PMID 8619474.\nYu W, Andersson B, Worley KC, et al. (1997). \"Large-scale concatenation cDNA sequencing\". Genome Res. 7 (4): 353–8. doi:10.1101/gr.7.4.353. PMC 139146. PMID 9110174.\nStrausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). \"Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.\nMatsuda A, Suzuki Y, Honda G, et al. (2003). \"Large-scale identification and characterization of human genes that activate NF-kappaB and MAPK signaling pathways\". Oncogene. 22 (21): 3307–18. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1206406. PMID 12761501. S2CID 38880905.\nOta T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, et al. (2004). \"Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs\". Nat. Genet. 36 (1): 40–5. doi:10.1038/ng1285. PMID 14702039.\nNair TS, Kozma KE, Hoefling NL, et al. (2004). \"Identification and characterization of choline transporter-like protein 2, an inner ear glycoprotein of 68 and 72 kDa that is the target of antibody-induced hearing loss\". J. Neurosci. 24 (7): 1772–9. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5063-03.2004. PMC 6730453. PMID 14973250.\nGerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). \"The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)\". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928. PMID 15489334.\nOtsuki T, Ota T, Nishikawa T, et al. (2007). \"Signal sequence and keyword trap in silico for selection of full-length human cDNAs encoding secretion or membrane proteins from oligo-capped cDNA libraries\". DNA Res. 12 (2): 117–26. doi:10.1093/dnares/12.2.117. PMID 16303743.vteMembrane proteins, carrier proteins: membrane transport proteins solute carrier (TC 2A)By groupSLC1–10(1):\nhigh affinity glutamate and neutral amino-acid transporter\nSLC1A1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n(2):\nfacilitative GLUT transporter\nSLC2A1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\n11\n12\n13\n14\n(3):\nheavy subunits of heterodimeric amino-acid transporters\nSLC3A1\n2\n(4):\nbicarbonate transporter\nSLC4A1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\n11\n(5):\nsodium glucose cotransporter\nSLC5A1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\n11\n12\n(6):\nsodium- and chloride- dependent sodium:neurotransmitter symporters\nSLC6A1\nSLC6A2\nSLC6A3\nSLC6A4\nSLC6A5\nSLC6A6\nSLC6A7\nSLC6A8\nSLC6A9\nSLC6A10\nSLC6A11\nSLC6A12\nSLC6A13\nSLC6A14\nSLC6A15\nSLC6A16\nSLC6A17\nSLC6A18\nSLC6A19\nSLC6A20\n(7):\ncationic amino-acid transporter/glycoprotein-associated\nSLC7A1\nSLC7A2\nSLC7A3\nSLC7A4\nglycoprotein-associated/light or catalytic subunits of heterodimeric amino-acid transporters\nSLC7A5\nSLC7A6\nSLC7A7\nSLC7A8\nSLC7A9\nSLC7A10\nSLC7A11\nSLC7A13\nSLC7A14\n(8):\nNa+/Ca2+ exchanger\nSLC8A1\nSLC8A2\nSLC8A3\n(9):\nNa+/H+ exchanger\nSLC9A1\nSLC9A2\nSLC9A3\nSLC9A4\nSLC9A5\nSLC9A6\nSLC9A7\nSLC9A8\nSLC9A9\nSLC9A10\nSLC9A11\n(10):\nsodium bile salt cotransport\nSLC10A1\nSLC10A2\nSLC10A3\nSLC10A4\nSLC10A5\nSLC10A6\nSLC10A7\n10A1\n10A2\n10A3\n10A7\nSLC11–20(11):\nproton coupled metal ion transporter\nSLC11A1\nSLC11A211A3\n(12):\nelectroneutral cation-Cl cotransporter\nSLC12A1\nSLC12A2\nSLC12A3\nSLC12A4\nSLC12A5\nSLC12A6\nSLC12A7\nSLC12A8\nSLC12A9\n(13):\nhuman Na+-sulfate/carboxylate cotransporter\nSLC13A1\nSLC13A2\nSLC13A3\nSLC13A4\nSLC13A5\n(14):\nurea transporter\nSLC14A1\nSLC14A2\n(15):\nproton oligopeptide cotransporter\nSLC15A1\nSLC15A2\nSLC15A3\nSLC15A4\n(16):\nmonocarboxylate transporter\nSLC16A1\nSLC16A2\nSLC16A3\nSLC16A4\nSLC16A5\nSLC16A6\nSLC16A7\nSLC16A8\nSLC16A9\nSLC16A10\nSLC16A11\nSLC16A12\nSLC16A13\nSLC16A14\n(17):\nVesicular glutamate transporter 1\nSLC17A1\nSLC17A2\nSLC17A3\nSLC17A4\nSLC17A5\nSLC17A6\nSLC17A7\nSLC17A8\nSLC17A9\n(18):\nvesicular monoamine transporter\nSLC18A1\nSLC18A2\nSLC18A3\n(19):\nfolate/thiamine transporter\nSLC19A1\nSLC19A2\nSLC19A3\n(20):\ntype III Na+-phosphate cotransporter\nSLC20A1\nSLC20A2\nSLC21–30(21):\nOrganic anion-transporting polypeptide\nSLCO1A2\nSLCO1B1\nSLCO1B3\nSLCO1B4\nSLCO1C1\n\nSLCO2A1\nSLCO2B1\n\nSLCO3A1\n\nSLCO4A1\nSLCO4C1\n\nSLCO5A1(SLCO6A1)\n(22):\norganic cation/anion/zwitterion transporter\nSLC22A1\nSLC22A2\nSLC22A3\nSLC22A4\nSLC22A5\nSLC22A6\nSLC22A7\nSLC22A8\nSLC22A9\nSLC22A10\nSLC22A11\nSLC22A12\nSLC22A13\nSLC22A14\nSLC22A15\nSLC22A16\nSLC22A17\nSLC22A18\nSLC22A19\nSLC22A20\n(23):\nNa+-dependent ascorbic acid transporter\nSLC23A1\nSLC23A2\nSLC23A3\nSLC23A4\n(24):\nNa+/(Ca2+-K+) exchanger\nSLC24A1\nSLC24A2\nSLC24A3\nSLC24A4\nSLC24A5\nSLC24A6\n(25):\nmitochondrial carrier\nSLC25A1\nSLC25A2\nSLC25A3\nSLC25A4\nSLC25A5\nSLC25A6\nSLC25A7\nSLC25A8\nSLC25A9\nSLC25A10\nSLC25A11\nSLC25A12\nSLC25A13\nSLC25A14\nSLC25A15\nSLC25A16\nSLC25A17\nSLC25A18\nSLC25A19\nSLC25A20\nSLC25A21\nSLC25A22\nSLC25A23\nSLC25A24\nSLC25A25\nSLC25A26\nSLC25A27\nSLC25A28\nSLC25A29\nSLC25A30\nSLC25A31\nSLC25A32\nSLC25A33\nSLC25A34\nSLC25A35\nSLC25A36\nSLC25A37\nSLC25A38\nSLC25A39\nSLC25A40\nSLC25A41\nSLC25A42\nSLC25A43\nSLC25A44\nSLC25A45\nSLC25A46\n(26):\nmultifunctional anion exchanger\nSLC26A1\nSLC26A2\nSLC26A3\nSLC26A4\nSLC26A5\nSLC26A6\nSLC26A7\nSLC26A8\nSLC26A9\nSLC26A10\nSLC26A11\n(27):\nfatty acid transport proteins\nSLC27A1\nSLC27A2\nSLC27A3\nSLC27A4\nSLC27A5\nSLC27A6\n(28):\nNa+-coupled nucleoside transport (SLC28A1\nSLC28A2\nSLC28A3\n(29):\nfacilitative nucleoside transporter\nSLC29A1\nSLC29A2\nSLC29A3\nSLC29A4\n(30):\nzinc efflux\nSLC30A1\nSLC30A2\nSLC30A3\nSLC30A4\nSLC30A5\nSLC30A6\nSLC30A7\nSLC30A8\nSLC30A9\nSLC30A10\nSLC31–40(31):\ncopper transporter\nSLC31A1\n(32):\nVesicular glutamate transporter 1\nSLC32A1\n(33):\nAcetyl-CoA transporter\nSLC33A1\n(34):\ntype II Na+-phosphate cotransporter\nSLC34A1\nSLC34A2\nSLC34A3\n(35):\nnucleoside-sugar transporter\nSLC35A1\nSLC35A2\nSLC35A3\nSLC35A4\nSLC35A5\n\nSLC35B1\nSLC35B2\nSLC35B3\nSLC35B4\n\nSLC35C1\nSLC35C2\n\nSLC35D1\nSLC35D2\nSLC35D3\n\nSLC35E1\nSLC35E2\nSLC35E3\nSLC35E4\n(36):\nproton-coupled amino-acid transporter\nSLC36A1\nSLC36A2\nSLC36A3\nSLC36A436A2\n(37):\nsugar-phosphate/phosphate exchanger\nSLC37A1\nSLC37A2\nSLC37A3\nSLC37A4\n(38):\nSystem A & N, sodium-coupled neutral amino-acid transporter\nSLC38A1\nSLC38A2\nSLC38A3\nSLC38A4\nSLC38A5\nSLC38A6\nSLC38A10\n(39):\nmetal ion transporter\nSLC39A1\nSLC39A2\nSLC39A3\nSLC39A4\nSLC39A5\nSLC39A6\nSLC39A7\nSLC39A8\nSLC39A9\nSLC39A10\nSLC39A11\nSLC39A12\nSLC39A13\nSLC39A14\n(40):\nbasolateral iron transporter\nSLC40A1\nSLC41–48(41):\nMagnesium transporter E\nSLC41A1\nSLC41A2\nSLC41A3\n(42):\nAmmonia transporter\nRhAG\nRhBG\nRhCG\n(43):\nNa+-independent, system-L like amino-acid transporter\nSLC43A1\nSLC43A2\nSLC43A3\n(44):\nCholine-like transporter\nSLC44A1\nSLC44A2\nSLC44A3\nSLC44A4\nSLC44A5\n(45):\nPutative sugar transporter\nSLC45A1\nSLC45A2\nSLC54A3\nSLC45A4\n(46):\nFolate transporter\nSLC46A1\nSLC46A2\n(47):\nmultidrug and toxin extrusion\nSLC47A1\nSLC47A2\n(48):\nHeme transporter\nSLCO1–4\nO1A2\nO1B1\nO1B3\nO2B1\nO431\nO4A1\nIon pumpsSymporter, Cotransporter\nNa+/K+,Cl−\nNa+/Pi3\nNa+/Cl−\nNa+/glucose\nNa+/I−\nCl−/K+\n4\n5\nAntiporter (exchanger)\nNa+/H+\nNa+/Ca2+\nNa+/(Ca2+-K+) - Cl−/HCO−3 (Band 3)\nCl−-formate\nCl−-oxalate\nsee also solute carrier disordersThis membrane protein–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	[{"title":"Solute carrier family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solute_carrier_family"}]	[{"reference":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=57153","url_text":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=68682","url_text":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"O'Regan S, Traiffort E, Ruat M, Cha N, Compaore D, Meunier FM (Mar 2000). \"An electric lobe suppressor for a yeast choline transport mutation belongs to a new family of transporter-like proteins\". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 97 (4): 1835–40. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.1835O. doi:10.1073/pnas.030339697. PMC 26522. PMID 10677542.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC26522","url_text":"\"An electric lobe suppressor for a yeast choline transport mutation belongs to a new family of transporter-like proteins\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000PNAS...97.1835O","url_text":"2000PNAS...97.1835O"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.030339697","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.030339697"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC26522","url_text":"26522"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10677542","url_text":"10677542"}]},{"reference":"Traiffort E, Ruat M, O'Regan S, Meunier FM (Feb 2005). \"Molecular characterization of the family of choline transporter-like proteins and their splice variants\". J Neurochem. 92 (5): 1116–25. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02962.x. PMID 15715662. S2CID 30921826.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1471-4159.2004.02962.x","url_text":"\"Molecular characterization of the family of choline transporter-like proteins and their splice variants\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1471-4159.2004.02962.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02962.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15715662","url_text":"15715662"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30921826","url_text":"30921826"}]},{"reference":"\"Entrez Gene: SLC44A2 solute carrier family 44, member 2\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=57153","url_text":"\"Entrez Gene: SLC44A2 solute carrier family 44, member 2\""}]},{"reference":"Andersson B, Wentland MA, Ricafrente JY, et al. (1996). \"A \"double adaptor\" method for improved shotgun library construction\". Anal. Biochem. 236 (1): 107–13. doi:10.1006/abio.1996.0138. PMID 8619474.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fabio.1996.0138","url_text":"10.1006/abio.1996.0138"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8619474","url_text":"8619474"}]},{"reference":"Yu W, Andersson B, Worley KC, et al. (1997). \"Large-scale concatenation cDNA sequencing\". Genome Res. 7 (4): 353–8. doi:10.1101/gr.7.4.353. PMC 139146. PMID 9110174.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139146","url_text":"\"Large-scale concatenation cDNA sequencing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.7.4.353","url_text":"10.1101/gr.7.4.353"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139146","url_text":"139146"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9110174","url_text":"9110174"}]},{"reference":"Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). \"Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139241","url_text":"\"Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PNAS...9916899M","url_text":"2002PNAS...9916899M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.242603899","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.242603899"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139241","url_text":"139241"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12477932","url_text":"12477932"}]},{"reference":"Matsuda A, Suzuki Y, Honda G, et al. (2003). \"Large-scale identification and characterization of human genes that activate NF-kappaB and MAPK signaling pathways\". Oncogene. 22 (21): 3307–18. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1206406. PMID 12761501. S2CID 38880905.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.onc.1206406","url_text":"10.1038/sj.onc.1206406"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12761501","url_text":"12761501"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38880905","url_text":"38880905"}]},{"reference":"Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, et al. (2004). \"Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs\". Nat. Genet. 36 (1): 40–5. doi:10.1038/ng1285. PMID 14702039.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fng1285","url_text":"\"Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fng1285","url_text":"10.1038/ng1285"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14702039","url_text":"14702039"}]},{"reference":"Nair TS, Kozma KE, Hoefling NL, et al. (2004). \"Identification and characterization of choline transporter-like protein 2, an inner ear glycoprotein of 68 and 72 kDa that is the target of antibody-induced hearing loss\". J. Neurosci. 24 (7): 1772–9. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5063-03.2004. PMC 6730453. PMID 14973250.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6730453","url_text":"\"Identification and characterization of choline transporter-like protein 2, an inner ear glycoprotein of 68 and 72 kDa that is the target of antibody-induced hearing loss\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.5063-03.2004","url_text":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5063-03.2004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6730453","url_text":"6730453"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14973250","url_text":"14973250"}]},{"reference":"Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). \"The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)\". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928. PMID 15489334.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC528928","url_text":"\"The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.2596504","url_text":"10.1101/gr.2596504"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC528928","url_text":"528928"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15489334","url_text":"15489334"}]},{"reference":"Otsuki T, Ota T, Nishikawa T, et al. (2007). \"Signal sequence and keyword trap in silico for selection of full-length human cDNAs encoding secretion or membrane proteins from oligo-capped cDNA libraries\". DNA Res. 12 (2): 117–26. doi:10.1093/dnares/12.2.117. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fede_%C3%81lvarez	Fede Álvarez	["1 Life and career","1.1 Unrealized projects","2 Filmography","2.1 Short films","2.2 Feature films","2.3 Television","2.4 Other credits","3 References","4 External links"]	Uruguayan filmmaker (born 1978) For the football coach, see Fede Álvarez (football). Fede ÁlvarezÁlvarez in 2013BornFederico Álvarez (1978-02-09) February 9, 1978 (age 46)Montevideo, UruguayOccupationFilmmakerYears active2001–present Federico Álvarez (Spanish pronunciation: ; born February 9, 1978) is a Uruguayan filmmaker. He is known for directing Evil Dead (2013) and Don't Breathe (2016), as well as his short film Ataque de pánico! (2009). Life and career Álvarez was born in Montevideo, Uruguay. In 2009, Álvarez released his short film Ataque de Pánico! on YouTube. Before premiering online, the film screened on October 31, 2009, at the Buenos Aires Rojo Sangre film festival. A few weeks later, Álvarez made a deal with Ghost House Pictures to direct a $30–$40 million sci-fi film. His first project with Ghost House ended up being the direction and co-writing of the Evil Dead remake. After the release of Evil Dead, Álvarez stated that he had "had the temptation to do big franchises", but instead directed and co-wrote the relatively low budget horror film Don't Breathe (2016), which received positive reviews. Álvarez later revealed that during this period he was approached by Marvel Studios to direct an unspecified movie but he declined feeling he would have little creative control over it. In 2017, Álvarez teamed up with Good Universe to set up their own production company Bad Hombre. Álvarez directed The Girl in the Spider's Web, a reboot of the English-language The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo series, based on the novel of the same name. The film featured an entirely new cast compared to the 2011 film, and was released on November 9, 2018. In April 2019, Álvarez, alongside Doug Liman, directed reshoots for the 2021 film Chaos Walking, which added an additional $15 million to the film's budget. In 2021, Álvarez directed all nine episodes of Calls for Apple TV+, a primarily audio-based series with animated visual components. He also co-wrote and co-produced Don't Breathe 2, which was released on August 13, 2021, directed by Rodo Sayagues. In March 2022, it was announced that Álvarez would be writing and directing Alien: Romulus after pitching his own story, and was said to be "unconnected" to the previous films in the franchise, for a theatrical release in August 2024. Unrealized projects Álvarez was attached to direct a live-action adaptation of the video game Dante's Inferno for Universal Pictures in September 2013, however no further updates have been provided since the announcement. In May 2016, Álvarez was attached to direct an adaptation of Monsterpocalypse for Warner Bros. In October 2016, Álvarez was brought on to direct an adaptation of Incognito for Sony Pictures, based on a script by Daniel Casey. Álvarez was considered to replace Ben Affleck as director for The Batman. On April 13, 2017, Álvarez was confirmed to direct and co-write a spin-off to Labyrinth with Nicole Perlman and Jay Basu. However, in April 2020, Álvarez announced that he had stepped down as director. Filmography Short films Year Title Director Writer Producer Editor Notes 2001 Los Pocillos Yes No No Yes 2003 El Último Alevare Yes Yes No Yes 2005 El Cojonudo Yes Yes Yes Yes 2009 Ataque de pánico! Yes Yes Yes Yes Also visual effects supervisor & animator Feature films Year Title Director Writer Producer Notes 2013 Evil Dead Yes Yes No Also writer song "Baby, Little Baby" 2016 Don't Breathe Yes Yes Yes Also viola soloist in soundtrack 2018 The Girl in the Spider's Web Yes Yes No 2021 Don't Breathe 2 No Yes Yes 2022 Texas Chainsaw Massacre No Story Yes 2024 Alien: Romulus Yes Yes Executive Post-production Television Year Title Director Writer ExecutiveProducer Notes 2014 From Dusk till Dawn: The Series Yes No No Episode: "La Conquista" 2021 Calls Yes Yes Yes Creator, director and executive producer: 9 episodesWriter: 7 episodesVoice role as Jesus: 1 episode Other credits Year Title Role Notes 2017 La peste Composer Short film 2020 My Heart Goes Boom! Thanks 2021 Chaos Walking Director of reshoots References ^ Buenos Aires Rojo Sangre 2009 Retrieved 2010-02-04. ^ Billington, Alex (29 November 2009). "Panic Attack Director Federico Álvarez Lands a Film at Ghost House". FirstShowing.net. Retrieved January 8, 2013. ^ Miska, Brad (12 July 2011). "BREAKING: Director for 'The Evil Dead' Reboot!". Bloody Disgusting. Retrieved January 8, 2013. ^ "Interview: Director Fede Álvarez on Don't Breathe". Comingsoon.net. 13 March 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2016. ^ Shaw-Williams, Hannah (29 July 2016). "Did Fede Álvarez Turn Down Marvel's Doctor Strange?". Screenrant. Retrieved 9 August 2016. ^ McNary, Dave (2017-02-06). "'Don't Breathe' Director Fede Álvarez Partners With Good Universe for Bad Hombre". Variety. Retrieved 2022-01-10. ^ "The Girl In The Spider's Web (2018) - Rotten Tomatoes". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved November 11, 2018. ^ a b D'Alessandro, Anthony (February 7, 2020). "'Chaos Walking' Eyes January 2021 Release". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved February 7, 2020. ^ Welk, Brian (November 3, 2018). "'Don't Breathe 2' Has a Script but 'Evil Dead 2' Does Not, Says Fede Álvarez". TheWrap. Retrieved January 17, 2019. ^ Sharf, Zack (Nov 3, 2018). "Fede Álvarez Confirms 'Don't Breathe 2' Script Is Done, Sequel Will Definitely Happen Before 'Evil Dead 2'". IndieWire. Retrieved January 17, 2019. ^ Rubin, Rebecca (October 21, 2020). "'Ghostbusters' Sequel Moves to Summer 2021". Variety. Retrieved October 21, 2020. ^ Kit, Borys (4 March 2022). "New 'Alien' Movie in the Works With 'Don't Breathe' Filmmaker Fede Álvarez (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 4 March 2022. ^ 'Evil Dead's Fede Álvarez Going To Hell-m Universal's 'Dante's Inferno' ^ Kit, Borys (May 3, 2016). "Warner Bros. Nabbing 'Monsterpocalypse' Movie Rights in Bidding War (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 4, 2016. ^ Cabin, Chris (September 11, 2016). "'Don't Breathe' Director & '10 Cloverfield Lane' Writer Pairing for Sony's 'Incognito' Adaptation". Collider. Retrieved September 11, 2016. ^ Kit, Boris (February 10, 2017). "'Batman' Movie to be Directed by 'Planet of the Apes' Filmmaker Matt Reeves". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 10, 2017. ^ Knoll, Justin (April 13, 2017). "'Don't Breathe' Helmer Fede Álvarez to Direct 'Labyrinth' Spin-Off for TriStar". Variety. Retrieved April 13, 2017. ^ Squires, John (April 29, 2020). "Fede Álvarez Explains Why He's No Longer Directing a 'Labyrinth' Sequel ". Bloody Disgusting. Retrieved May 26, 2020. External links Fede Álvarez at IMDb vteFede ÁlvarezFilms written and directed Ataque de pánico! (2009) Evil Dead (2013) Don't Breathe (2016, also produced) The Girl in the Spider's Web (2018) Alien: Romulus (2024) Films written and produced Don't Breathe 2 (2021) Texas Chainsaw Massacre (2022, story) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany United States Czech Republic Korea Netherlands Poland People Uruguay Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fede Álvarez (football)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fede_%C3%81lvarez_(football)"},{"link_name":"[ˈfeðe]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish"},{"link_name":"Evil Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_Dead_(2013_film)"},{"link_name":"Don't Breathe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Breathe"},{"link_name":"Ataque de pánico!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataque_de_p%C3%A1nico!"}],"text":"For the football coach, see Fede Álvarez (football).Federico Álvarez (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈfeðe]; born February 9, 1978) is a Uruguayan filmmaker. He is known for directing Evil Dead (2013) and Don't Breathe (2016), as well as his short film Ataque de pánico! (2009).","title":"Fede Álvarez"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires Rojo Sangre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Rojo_Sangre"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rojo-1"},{"link_name":"Ghost House Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_House_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Don't Breathe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Breathe"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CSDontbreathe-4"},{"link_name":"Marvel Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Studios"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marvel-5"},{"link_name":"Good Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Universe"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"The Girl in the Spider's Web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girl_in_the_Spider%27s_Web_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girl_with_the_Dragon_Tattoo_(2011_film)"},{"link_name":"the novel of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girl_in_the_Spider%27s_Web"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Doug Liman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Liman"},{"link_name":"Chaos Walking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaos_Walking_(film)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChaosWalking-8"},{"link_name":"Calls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calls_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Apple TV+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_TV%2B"},{"link_name":"Don't Breathe 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Breathe_2"},{"link_name":"Rodo Sayagues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodo_Sayagues"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Alien: Romulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien:_Romulus"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Álvarez was born in Montevideo, Uruguay. In 2009, Álvarez released his short film Ataque de Pánico! on YouTube. Before premiering online, the film screened on October 31, 2009, at the Buenos Aires Rojo Sangre film festival.[1] A few weeks later, Álvarez made a deal with Ghost House Pictures to direct a $30–$40 million sci-fi film.[2] His first project with Ghost House ended up being the direction and co-writing of the Evil Dead remake.[3] After the release of Evil Dead, Álvarez stated that he had \"had the temptation to do big franchises\", but instead directed and co-wrote the relatively low budget horror film Don't Breathe (2016), which received positive reviews.[4] Álvarez later revealed that during this period he was approached by Marvel Studios to direct an unspecified movie but he declined feeling he would have little creative control over it.[5] In 2017, Álvarez teamed up with Good Universe to set up their own production company Bad Hombre.[6]Álvarez directed The Girl in the Spider's Web, a reboot of the English-language The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo series, based on the novel of the same name. The film featured an entirely new cast compared to the 2011 film, and was released on November 9, 2018.[7] In April 2019, Álvarez, alongside Doug Liman, directed reshoots for the 2021 film Chaos Walking, which added an additional $15 million to the film's budget.[8]In 2021, Álvarez directed all nine episodes of Calls for Apple TV+, a primarily audio-based series with animated visual components. He also co-wrote and co-produced Don't Breathe 2, which was released on August 13, 2021, directed by Rodo Sayagues.[9][10][11] In March 2022, it was announced that Álvarez would be writing and directing Alien: Romulus after pitching his own story, and was said to be \"unconnected\" to the previous films in the franchise, for a theatrical release in August 2024.[12]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dante's Inferno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante%27s_Inferno_(video_game)#Film"},{"link_name":"Universal Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Monsterpocalypse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsterpocalypse"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros."},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Incognito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incognito_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Ben Affleck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Affleck"},{"link_name":"The Batman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Batman_(film)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Labyrinth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labyrinth_(1986_film)"},{"link_name":"Nicole Perlman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole_Perlman"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Unrealized projects","text":"Álvarez was attached to direct a live-action adaptation of the video game Dante's Inferno for Universal Pictures in September 2013, however no further updates have been provided since the announcement.[13] In May 2016, Álvarez was attached to direct an adaptation of Monsterpocalypse for Warner Bros.[14] In October 2016, Álvarez was brought on to direct an adaptation of Incognito for Sony Pictures, based on a script by Daniel Casey.[15] Álvarez was considered to replace Ben Affleck as director for The Batman.[16]On April 13, 2017, Álvarez was confirmed to direct and co-write a spin-off to Labyrinth with Nicole Perlman and Jay Basu.[17] However, in April 2020, Álvarez announced that he had stepped down as director.[18]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Short films","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Feature films","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Other credits","title":"Filmography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Billington, Alex (29 November 2009). \"Panic Attack Director Federico Álvarez Lands a Film at Ghost House\". FirstShowing.net. Retrieved January 8, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.firstshowing.net/2009/panic-attack-director-federico-alvarez-lands-a-film-at-ghost-house/","url_text":"\"Panic Attack Director Federico Álvarez Lands a Film at Ghost House\""}]},{"reference":"Miska, Brad (12 July 2011). \"BREAKING: Director for 'The Evil Dead' Reboot!\". Bloody Disgusting. Retrieved January 8, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://bloody-disgusting.com/news/25308/","url_text":"\"BREAKING: Director for 'The Evil Dead' Reboot!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloody_Disgusting","url_text":"Bloody Disgusting"}]},{"reference":"\"Interview: Director Fede Álvarez on Don't Breathe\". Comingsoon.net. 13 March 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.comingsoon.net/movies/features/665919-interview-director-fede-alvarez-on-dont-breathe","url_text":"\"Interview: Director Fede Álvarez on Don't Breathe\""}]},{"reference":"Shaw-Williams, Hannah (29 July 2016). \"Did Fede Álvarez Turn Down Marvel's Doctor Strange?\". Screenrant. Retrieved 9 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://screenrant.com/marvel-fede-alvarez-director-creative-freedom/","url_text":"\"Did Fede Álvarez Turn Down Marvel's Doctor Strange?\""}]},{"reference":"McNary, Dave (2017-02-06). \"'Don't Breathe' Director Fede Álvarez Partners With Good Universe for Bad Hombre\". Variety. Retrieved 2022-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2017/film/news/fede-alvarez-good-universe-bad-hombre-1201979064/","url_text":"\"'Don't Breathe' Director Fede Álvarez Partners With Good Universe for Bad Hombre\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Girl In The Spider's Web (2018) - Rotten Tomatoes\". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved November 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_girl_in_the_spiders_web/","url_text":"\"The Girl In The Spider's Web (2018) - Rotten Tomatoes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"}]},{"reference":"D'Alessandro, Anthony (February 7, 2020). \"'Chaos Walking' Eyes January 2021 Release\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved February 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2020/02/chaos-walking-daisy-ridley-tom-holland-january-2021-release-1202854439/","url_text":"\"'Chaos Walking' Eyes January 2021 Release\""}]},{"reference":"Welk, Brian (November 3, 2018). \"'Don't Breathe 2' Has a Script but 'Evil Dead 2' Does Not, Says Fede Álvarez\". TheWrap. Retrieved January 17, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thewrap.com/fede-alvarez-says-dont-breathe-2-has-a-script-but-evil-dead-2-does-not/","url_text":"\"'Don't Breathe 2' Has a Script but 'Evil Dead 2' Does Not, Says Fede Álvarez\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheWrap","url_text":"TheWrap"}]},{"reference":"Sharf, Zack (Nov 3, 2018). \"Fede Álvarez Confirms 'Don't Breathe 2' Script Is Done, Sequel Will Definitely Happen Before 'Evil Dead 2'\". IndieWire. Retrieved January 17, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiewire.com/2018/11/dont-breathe-2-evil-dead-2-fede-alvarez-updates-1202017805/","url_text":"\"Fede Álvarez Confirms 'Don't Breathe 2' Script Is Done, Sequel Will Definitely Happen Before 'Evil Dead 2'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IndieWire","url_text":"IndieWire"}]},{"reference":"Rubin, Rebecca (October 21, 2020). \"'Ghostbusters' Sequel Moves to Summer 2021\". Variety. Retrieved October 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2020/film/news/ghostbusters-afterlife-release-date-summer-1234812430/","url_text":"\"'Ghostbusters' Sequel Moves to Summer 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"Kit, Borys (4 March 2022). \"New 'Alien' Movie in the Works With 'Don't Breathe' Filmmaker Fede Álvarez (Exclusive)\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 4 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/alien-movie-fede-alvarez-20th-century-studios-1235037155/","url_text":"\"New 'Alien' Movie in the Works With 'Don't Breathe' Filmmaker Fede Álvarez (Exclusive)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]},{"reference":"Kit, Borys (May 3, 2016). \"Warner Bros. Nabbing 'Monsterpocalypse' Movie Rights in Bidding War (Exclusive)\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/monsterpocalypse-movie-warner-bros-wins-890002","url_text":"\"Warner Bros. Nabbing 'Monsterpocalypse' Movie Rights in Bidding War (Exclusive)\""}]},{"reference":"Cabin, Chris (September 11, 2016). \"'Don't Breathe' Director & '10 Cloverfield Lane' Writer Pairing for Sony's 'Incognito' Adaptation\". Collider. Retrieved September 11, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://collider.com/incognito-movie-fede-alvarez-daniel-casey/","url_text":"\"'Don't Breathe' Director & '10 Cloverfield Lane' Writer Pairing for Sony's 'Incognito' Adaptation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collider_(website)","url_text":"Collider"}]},{"reference":"Kit, Boris (February 10, 2017). \"'Batman' Movie to be Directed by 'Planet of the Apes' Filmmaker Matt Reeves\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 10, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/batman-movie-director-matt-reeves-talks-ben-affleck-departs-as-helmer-972900","url_text":"\"'Batman' Movie to be Directed by 'Planet of the Apes' Filmmaker Matt Reeves\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]},{"reference":"Knoll, Justin (April 13, 2017). \"'Don't Breathe' Helmer Fede Álvarez to Direct 'Labyrinth' Spin-Off for TriStar\". Variety. Retrieved April 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2017/film/news/dont-breathe-labyrinth-reboot-for-tristar-1202030102/","url_text":"\"'Don't Breathe' Helmer Fede Álvarez to Direct 'Labyrinth' Spin-Off for TriStar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"Squires, John (April 29, 2020). \"Fede Álvarez Explains Why He's No Longer Directing a 'Labyrinth' Sequel [Exclusive]\". Bloody Disgusting. Retrieved May 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://bloody-disgusting.com/movie/3614846/fede-alvarez-explains-hes-no-longer-directing-labyrinth-sequel-exclusive/","url_text":"\"Fede Álvarez Explains Why He's No Longer Directing a 'Labyrinth' Sequel [Exclusive]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloody_Disgusting","url_text":"Bloody Disgusting"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://rojosangre.quintadimension.com/2009/competencia.shtml","external_links_name":"Buenos Aires Rojo Sangre 2009"},{"Link":"https://www.firstshowing.net/2009/panic-attack-director-federico-alvarez-lands-a-film-at-ghost-house/","external_links_name":"\"Panic Attack Director Federico Álvarez Lands a Film at Ghost House\""},{"Link":"https://bloody-disgusting.com/news/25308/","external_links_name":"\"BREAKING: Director for 'The Evil Dead' Reboot!\""},{"Link":"https://www.comingsoon.net/movies/features/665919-interview-director-fede-alvarez-on-dont-breathe","external_links_name":"\"Interview: Director Fede Álvarez on Don't Breathe\""},{"Link":"https://screenrant.com/marvel-fede-alvarez-director-creative-freedom/","external_links_name":"\"Did Fede Álvarez Turn Down Marvel's Doctor Strange?\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2017/film/news/fede-alvarez-good-universe-bad-hombre-1201979064/","external_links_name":"\"'Don't Breathe' Director Fede Álvarez Partners With Good Universe for Bad Hombre\""},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_girl_in_the_spiders_web/","external_links_name":"\"The Girl In The Spider's Web (2018) - Rotten Tomatoes\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2020/02/chaos-walking-daisy-ridley-tom-holland-january-2021-release-1202854439/","external_links_name":"\"'Chaos Walking' Eyes January 2021 Release\""},{"Link":"https://www.thewrap.com/fede-alvarez-says-dont-breathe-2-has-a-script-but-evil-dead-2-does-not/","external_links_name":"\"'Don't Breathe 2' Has a Script but 'Evil Dead 2' Does Not, Says Fede Álvarez\""},{"Link":"https://www.indiewire.com/2018/11/dont-breathe-2-evil-dead-2-fede-alvarez-updates-1202017805/","external_links_name":"\"Fede Álvarez Confirms 'Don't Breathe 2' Script Is Done, Sequel Will Definitely Happen Before 'Evil Dead 2'\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2020/film/news/ghostbusters-afterlife-release-date-summer-1234812430/","external_links_name":"\"'Ghostbusters' Sequel Moves to Summer 2021\""},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/alien-movie-fede-alvarez-20th-century-studios-1235037155/","external_links_name":"\"New 'Alien' Movie in the Works With 'Don't Breathe' Filmmaker Fede Álvarez (Exclusive)\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2013/09/evil-deads-fede-alvarez-going-to-hell-m-universals-dantes-inferno/","external_links_name":"'Evil Dead's Fede Álvarez Going To Hell-m Universal's 'Dante's Inferno'"},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/monsterpocalypse-movie-warner-bros-wins-890002","external_links_name":"\"Warner Bros. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinia_(gens)	Latinia gens	["1 Origin","2 Members","3 See also","4 References","5 Bibliography","6 External links"]	Ancient Roman family The gens Latinia was a minor family at ancient Rome, which flourished during Imperial times. Origin The nomen Latinius seems to imply that the ancestors of the gens were Latins, and perhaps were once known by the surname of Latinus, designating them as such. But one of the earliest records of the family is an inscription on an Etruscan cinerary urn, dating from the third century BC, which reads, AV·LATINI·VELSIAL, that is, "Aulus Latinius, son of Velsia". So the name may originally have been applied to an Etruscan family of Latin origin. Members This list includes abbreviated praenomina. For an explanation of this practice, see filiation. Aulus Latinius Velsial natus, from an Etruscan cinerary urn, dating to the third century BC. Latinius Pandus, propraetor of Moesia during the reign of Tiberius, was sent to Thrace to secure the release of Cotys, the Thracian king, from his uncle, Rhescuporis, in AD 19. He died in Moesia later that year. Latinius Latiaris, a disciple of Sejanus, was praetor in an uncertain year during the reign of Tiberius. He denounced Titius Sabinus, an eques who had been a friend of Germanicus, and who was put to death through Latinius' conniving. He was condemned and executed after the fall of Sejanus. Lucius Latinius L. f. Macer, centurion primi pili and praefectus castrorum of the Legio IX Hispana in the early second century AD. He dedicated an altar to Apollo at Aquae Grani. Marcus Cassianius Latinius Postumus, a usurper, whose dominion over Gaul, Spain, Britain, and Germania from AD 260 to 269 is widely known as the Gallic Empire. Latinius Pacatus Drepanius, a panegyrist of the late fourth century AD. See also List of Roman gentes References ^ Metropolitan Museum of Art. ^ Tacitus, Annales, ii. 66. ^ Tacitus, Annales, iv. 68, 69, vi. 4. ^ AE (1968) 323. ^ Trebellius Pollio, ii. ^ Aurelius Victor, De Caesaribus, 33. ^ Epitome de Caesaribus, 32. ^ Eutropius, ix. 7. ^ Orosius, vii. 22. ^ Zosimus, i. 38. ^ Zonaras, xii. 24. ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, p. 1074 ("Latinus Pacatus Drepanius"). Bibliography Publius Cornelius Tacitus, Annales. Trebellius Pollio, Triginta Tyranni (The Thirty Tyrants). Eutropius, Breviarium Historiae Romanae (Abridgement of the History of Rome). Sextus Aurelius Victor, De Caesaribus (On the Caesars). Sextus Aurelius Victor (attributed), Epitome de Caesaribus. Paulus Orosius, Historiarum Adversum Paganos (History Against the Pagans). Zosimus, Historia Nova (New History). Joannes Zonaras, Epitome Historiarum (Epitome of History). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, ed., Little, Brown and Company, Boston (1849). René Cagnat et alii, L'Année épigraphique (The Year in Epigraphy, abbreviated “AE”), Presses Universitaires de France (1888–present). External links Cinerary urn of Aulus Latinius, at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ancient Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"Imperial times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"}],"text":"The gens Latinia was a minor family at ancient Rome, which flourished during Imperial times.","title":"Latinia gens"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nomen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomen_gentilicium"},{"link_name":"gens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gens"},{"link_name":"Latins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)"},{"link_name":"Etruscan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscan_civilization"}],"text":"The nomen Latinius seems to imply that the ancestors of the gens were Latins, and perhaps were once known by the surname of Latinus, designating them as such. But one of the earliest records of the family is an inscription on an Etruscan cinerary urn, dating from the third century BC, which reads, AV·LATINI·VELSIAL, that is, \"Aulus Latinius, son of Velsia\". So the name may originally have been applied to an Etruscan family of Latin origin.","title":"Origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"praenomina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praenomen"},{"link_name":"filiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions#Filiation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"propraetor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promagistrate"},{"link_name":"Moesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moesia"},{"link_name":"Tiberius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberius"},{"link_name":"Thrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odrysian_kingdom"},{"link_name":"Cotys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotys_III_(Sapaean)"},{"link_name":"Rhescuporis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhescuporis_II"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Sejanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejanus"},{"link_name":"praetor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetor"},{"link_name":"denounced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delator"},{"link_name":"eques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equites"},{"link_name":"Germanicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanicus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"centurion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centurion"},{"link_name":"primi pili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primus_pilus"},{"link_name":"praefectus castrorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praefectus_castrorum"},{"link_name":"Legio IX Hispana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legio_IX_Hispana"},{"link_name":"Apollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo"},{"link_name":"Aquae Grani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aachen"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Marcus Cassianius Latinius Postumus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Cassianius_Latinius_Postumus"},{"link_name":"Gallic Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallic_Empire"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Latinius Pacatus Drepanius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinius_Pacatus_Drepanius"},{"link_name":"panegyrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panegyric"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"This list includes abbreviated praenomina. For an explanation of this practice, see filiation.Aulus Latinius Velsial natus, from an Etruscan cinerary urn, dating to the third century BC.[1]\nLatinius Pandus, propraetor of Moesia during the reign of Tiberius, was sent to Thrace to secure the release of Cotys, the Thracian king, from his uncle, Rhescuporis, in AD 19. He died in Moesia later that year.[2]\nLatinius Latiaris, a disciple of Sejanus, was praetor in an uncertain year during the reign of Tiberius. He denounced Titius Sabinus, an eques who had been a friend of Germanicus, and who was put to death through Latinius' conniving. He was condemned and executed after the fall of Sejanus.[3]\nLucius Latinius L. f. Macer, centurion primi pili and praefectus castrorum of the Legio IX Hispana in the early second century AD. He dedicated an altar to Apollo at Aquae Grani.[4]\nMarcus Cassianius Latinius Postumus, a usurper, whose dominion over Gaul, Spain, Britain, and Germania from AD 260 to 269 is widely known as the Gallic Empire.[5][6][7][8][9][10][11]\nLatinius Pacatus Drepanius, a panegyrist of the late fourth century AD.[12]","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Publius Cornelius Tacitus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus"},{"link_name":"Annales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_(Tacitus)"},{"link_name":"Trebellius Pollio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustan_History"},{"link_name":"Eutropius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutropius_(historian)"},{"link_name":"Sextus Aurelius Victor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurelius_Victor"},{"link_name":"Epitome de Caesaribus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitome_de_Caesaribus"},{"link_name":"Paulus Orosius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orosius"},{"link_name":"Zosimus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)"},{"link_name":"Joannes Zonaras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Zonaras"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Biography_and_Mythology"},{"link_name":"William Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)"},{"link_name":"René Cagnat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Cagnat"},{"link_name":"L'Année épigraphique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Ann%C3%A9e_%C3%A9pigraphique"}],"text":"Publius Cornelius Tacitus, Annales.\nTrebellius Pollio, Triginta Tyranni (The Thirty Tyrants).\nEutropius, Breviarium Historiae Romanae (Abridgement of the History of Rome).\nSextus Aurelius Victor, De Caesaribus (On the Caesars).\nSextus Aurelius Victor (attributed), Epitome de Caesaribus.\nPaulus Orosius, Historiarum Adversum Paganos (History Against the Pagans).\nZosimus, Historia Nova (New History).\nJoannes Zonaras, Epitome Historiarum (Epitome of History).\nDictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, ed., Little, Brown and Company, Boston (1849).\nRené Cagnat et alii, L'Année épigraphique (The Year in Epigraphy, abbreviated “AE”), Presses Universitaires de France (1888–present).","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of Roman gentes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_gentes"}]	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/246658","external_links_name":"Cinerary urn of Aulus Latinius"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarvis_Lorry	Jarvis Lorry	["1 Overview","2 Cinematic and Theatrical Portrayals","3 External links"]	This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Jarvis Lorry" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Jarvis Lorry and Lucie by Fred Barnard, in the 1870s. Jarvis Lorry is a character in Charles Dickens' 1859 novel, A Tale of Two Cities. Overview Jarvis Lorry is one of the oldest employees of Tellson's Bank, and he frequently deals with the bank's offices in London and Paris. He is a confirmed bachelor and a man of business, describing himself as not much else than a speaking machine. He nevertheless shows an awkward sympathy towards Dr. Alexandre Manette and his daughter Lucie. While serving in Tellson's Paris office, Lorry takes the infant Lucie to safety in London after her father is imprisoned in the Bastille. When the novel begins in 1775, the 60-year-old Lorry receives a message from Jerry Cruncher, another Tellson's employee, informing him of Dr. Manette's release. He escorts the now-adult Lucie to reunite with her father in Paris, but is troubled by what they will both find on their arrival, and brings them back to London. Five years later, when Charles Darnay is arrested on suspicion of treason against the British Crown, Lorry arranges for the barristers Stryver and Sydney Carton to defend him. Following Darnay's acquittal, Lorry becomes an intimate friend of the Manettes, and of Darnay when he marries Lucie. In 1792, with the French Revolution ongoing, Lorry travels to Paris in order to look after the Tellson's branch there and remove important documents for safekeeping. When Darnay separately travels to Paris and is arrested as a fugitive aristocrat, Lorry remains there and begins working to free him, as well as providing assistance to the Manettes. He gradually softens toward Carton and is deeply touched by the latter's decision to sacrifice his life so Darnay can escape. Carton's final, unspoken thoughts before his execution mention his belief that "the good old man" Lorry will die peacefully in ten years' time and leave his estate to Darnay, Lucie, and their family. Cinematic and Theatrical Portrayals In the 1935 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film adaptation, Jarvis Lorry is portrayed by Claude Gillingwater. In the 2008 Broadway musical adaptation of A Tale of Two Cities, Jarvis Lorry is played by Michael Hayward-Jones. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Jarvis Lorry. vteCharles Dickens's A Tale of Two CitiesCharacters Sydney Carton Lucie Manette Charles Darnay Alexandre Manette Monsieur Ernest Defarge Madame Thérèse Defarge Jarvis Lorry Miss Pross Marquis St. Evrémonde John Barsad Jerry Cruncher Stryver The Seamstress Film A Tale of Two Cities (1911) A Tale of Two Cities (1917) A Tale of Two Cities (1922) The Only Way (1927) A Tale of Two Cities (1935) A Tale of Two Cities (1958) A Tale of Two Cities (1980) Musicals Two Cities (2006) A Tale of Two Cities (2007) Television A Tale of Two Cities (1965) A Tale of Two Cities (1980) A Tale of Two Cities (1989)	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:T2C,_Fred_Barnard,_Lucie_meets_Javis_Lorry_(I,4).jpeg"},{"link_name":"Fred Barnard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Barnard"},{"link_name":"Charles Dickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickens"},{"link_name":"novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novel"},{"link_name":"A Tale of Two Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Tale_of_Two_Cities"}],"text":"Jarvis Lorry and Lucie by Fred Barnard, in the 1870s.Jarvis Lorry is a character in Charles Dickens' 1859 novel, A Tale of Two Cities.","title":"Jarvis Lorry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"confirmed bachelor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmed_bachelor"},{"link_name":"Dr. Alexandre Manette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Alexandre_Manette"},{"link_name":"Lucie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucie_Manette"},{"link_name":"Jerry Cruncher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Cruncher"},{"link_name":"Charles Darnay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darnay"},{"link_name":"Stryver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stryver"},{"link_name":"Sydney Carton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Carton"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"}],"text":"Jarvis Lorry is one of the oldest employees of Tellson's Bank, and he frequently deals with the bank's offices in London and Paris. He is a confirmed bachelor and a man of business, describing himself as not much else than a speaking machine. He nevertheless shows an awkward sympathy towards Dr. Alexandre Manette and his daughter Lucie. While serving in Tellson's Paris office, Lorry takes the infant Lucie to safety in London after her father is imprisoned in the Bastille.When the novel begins in 1775, the 60-year-old Lorry receives a message from Jerry Cruncher, another Tellson's employee, informing him of Dr. Manette's release. He escorts the now-adult Lucie to reunite with her father in Paris, but is troubled by what they will both find on their arrival, and brings them back to London. Five years later, when Charles Darnay is arrested on suspicion of treason against the British Crown, Lorry arranges for the barristers Stryver and Sydney Carton to defend him. Following Darnay's acquittal, Lorry becomes an intimate friend of the Manettes, and of Darnay when he marries Lucie.In 1792, with the French Revolution ongoing, Lorry travels to Paris in order to look after the Tellson's branch there and remove important documents for safekeeping. When Darnay separately travels to Paris and is arrested as a fugitive aristocrat, Lorry remains there and begins working to free him, as well as providing assistance to the Manettes. He gradually softens toward Carton and is deeply touched by the latter's decision to sacrifice his life so Darnay can escape.Carton's final, unspoken thoughts before his execution mention his belief that \"the good old man\" Lorry will die peacefully in ten years' time and leave his estate to Darnay, Lucie, and their family.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer"},{"link_name":"Claude Gillingwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Gillingwater"},{"link_name":"Broadway musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_musical"},{"link_name":"A Tale of Two Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Tale_of_Two_Cities_(musical)"}],"text":"In the 1935 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film adaptation, Jarvis Lorry is portrayed by Claude Gillingwater.\nIn the 2008 Broadway musical adaptation of A Tale of Two Cities, Jarvis Lorry is played by Michael Hayward-Jones.","title":"Cinematic and Theatrical Portrayals"}]	[{"image_text":"Jarvis Lorry and Lucie by Fred Barnard, in the 1870s.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/T2C%2C_Fred_Barnard%2C_Lucie_meets_Javis_Lorry_%28I%2C4%29.jpeg/220px-T2C%2C_Fred_Barnard%2C_Lucie_meets_Javis_Lorry_%28I%2C4%29.jpeg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Jarvis+Lorry%22","external_links_name":"\"Jarvis Lorry\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Jarvis+Lorry%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Jarvis+Lorry%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Jarvis+Lorry%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Jarvis+Lorry%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Jarvis+Lorry%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Oaks	Glen Oaks, Queens	["1 Location","2 Residences","3 Parks and recreation","4 Hospital","5 Education","5.1 Schools","5.2 Library","6 Transportation","7 Notable people","8 References","9 Further reading"]	Coordinates: 40°45′N 73°43′W / 40.75°N 73.71°W / 40.75; -73.71Neighborhood of Queens in New York CityGlen OaksNeighborhood of QueensQueens County Farm MuseumLocation within New York CityCoordinates: 40°45′N 73°43′W / 40.75°N 73.71°W / 40.75; -73.71Country United StatesState New YorkCityNew York CityCounty/BoroughQueensCommunity DistrictQueens 13Population (2020) • Total27,546Ethnicity • White Non-Hispanic47.3% • Black20.7% • Hispanic (Are of any origin)28.1% • Asian27.3% • Other/Multiracial3.1%Economics $109,276ZIP Code11004, 11005, 11040 (partial), 11426 (partial)Area code(s)718, 347, 929, and 917 Glen Oaks is the easternmost neighborhood of the New York City borough of Queens. The neighborhood is part of Queens Community Board 13,< and borders Nassau County to the east. Location Glen Oaks lies between Grand Central Parkway and Nassau County to the north, Union Turnpike to the south, the Queens/Nassau border (Lakeville Road) to the east, and the Cross Island Parkway to the west. Despite not being on the border, many homeowners in Floral Park use Glen Oaks as their mailing address. In this area, the Queens/Nassau border separates New York City from the Village of Lake Success to the north, and the Unincorporated Town of North New Hyde Park to the East. The Queens/Nassau border is referred to locally as "the city line" and is so designated on New York City buses. Union Turnpike is the main commercial road in the area. The northern edge of Glen Oaks is a line of hills which are part of the terminal moraine of the last glacial period. These hills include the highest point in Queens: 258.2 feet (78.7 m) above sea level. The southern part of Glen Oaks is a glacial outwash plain. The postal ZIP Code zones for this area do not follow political boundaries, even crossing the city line. The easternmost part of the neighborhood is in the 11040 ZIP code, addressed as New Hyde Park. The northernmost part of the neighborhood—the North Shore Towers complex—is in the 11005 ZIP code, addressed as Floral Park. The portion of the neighborhood west of Little Neck Parkway—other than the Queens County Farm Museum—is in the 11426 ZIP code, addressed as Bellerose. Finally, the central part of the neighborhood is in the 11004 ZIP code, which may be addressed as either Glen Oaks or Floral Park. Since the ZIP codes cross the city line, they cannot be used as the sole means to determine sales tax rates. This has caused problems for area residents. North of Glen Oaks is Little Neck. The Queens neighborhoods of Bellerose and Floral Park lie south of Glen Oaks. The Nassau County villages of Bellerose and Floral Park lie south of the Queens neighborhoods with the same names. East of Glen Oaks (past Lake Success) is the unincorporated neighborhood of North New Hyde Park. South of North New Hyde Park is the Village of New Hyde Park. So even though Glen Oaks shares various postal city names with Nassau County villages, it is not adjacent to those villages and is not politically related to them other than being in the same state. The right-of-way of the historical Long Island Motor Parkway is now the southernmost edge of the parking lot of Green Meadows Farm. East of Little Neck Parkway, the Motor Parkway route is now 74th Avenue, including Tenney Park. The route also defines the southern border of the North Shore Towers complex (formerly the Glen Oaks Golf Club). Residences The Glen Oaks Village development, at Little Neck Parkway and 260th Street. Garden apartments dominate this community. The major owners are: Glen Oaks Village (established in 1947): This Cooperative Apartment complex extends from Little Neck Parkway eastwards to 263rd Street, north to the Royal Ranch, and south to Union Turnpike. The other section extends from Commonwealth Boulevard to 249th Street. Parkwood Estates: Originally named Grand Central Apartments is a cooperative apartment complex north of Little Neck Parkway. North Shore Towers (circa 1970s): A private high-rise apartment complex and country club built in the mid-1970s. Royal Ranch (circa 1951): On the same hill as the North Shore Towers is a predominately single family residence community. Parks and recreation The Glen Oaks Oval consists of 3 acres (1.2 ha) located at the intersection of 260th Street and 74th Avenue (the intersection is a traffic circle around the park). It serves as the home of Glen Oaks Little League as well as having playground and exercise equipment. It was originally named Glen Oaks Park. In 1977 it was named Tenney Park after Jerry Tenney, a former owner of Glen Oaks Village. However, it is most commonly known as "The Oval", after its shape. The official name was also changed to The Oval in 2010 after much of the public urged Bob Friedrich (a politician who represents Glen Oaks) to request a change. There is also a 2-acre (8,100 m2) playground at Little Neck Parkway and 72nd Avenue, adjacent to P.S. 186. South of the playground on Little Neck Parkway is the Queens County Farm Museum, 47.7 acres (19.3 ha) that re-create the historic agricultural phase of the county, housing an array of farm animals and antique farming equipment. Hospital The 548-bed, 48-acre (19 ha) Long Island Jewish Medical Center is located within Glen Oaks, and is one of the largest medical facilities on Long Island. On December 14, 2020, Sandra Lindsay, a critical care nurse in Glen Oaks made history, as the first person in the United States to receive the Coronavirus Vaccine. Education Schools Glen Oaks is covered by two public elementary (K-5) school zones: P.S. 186, and P.S. 115. Students graduating from these schools attend middle (grades 6-8) school M.S. 172. A Roman Catholic school, Our Lady of the Snows, is an alternative for grades K-8. In 2004, a public school campus—the Frank A. Padavan campus—was opened in western Glen Oaks. This section of land was previously part of the Creedmoor Psychiatric Center. The campus includes The Queens High School of Teaching and two elementary/intermediate (grades K-8) schools: P.S./I.S. 208 and P.S./I.S. 266. P.S./I.S. 266 serves students across District 26, chosen by lottery from applicants. P.S./I.S. 208 does not serve Glen Oaks students. (Its zone includes just the sliver of Glen Oaks west of Commonwealth Boulevard, which is not residential.) Typically the district 26 schools have been ranked among the best in the NYC public school system. Several institutions on or near Union Turnpike are associated with Glen Oaks, though they are not actually in Glen Oaks. For example, Bellerose Jewish Center, the Glen Oaks branch of the Queens Library, and Glen Oaks School (P.S. 115) are all in the Floral Park neighborhood. So are M.S. 172 and Our Lady of the Snows. In contrast, P.S. 186 is in the center of Glen Oaks, but is named Castlewood School. The Queens County Farm is also in the center of Glen Oaks (and has the Glen Oaks/Floral Park zip code) but the group that operates it is the Colonial Farmhouse Restoration Society of Bellerose. Library The Glen Oaks branch of the Queens Public Library is located at 256-04 Union Turnpike. The current building, redesigned by the architects Scott Marble and Karen Fairbanks in 2013, replaced the original library (demolished in 2010). The new library is twice the size of the old one, and has won numerous awards, from design through completion. Transportation The Q36 and Q46 local buses and the QM5, QM6, QM8, QM35 and QM36 express buses serve the area. The following major arteries serve the community: Interstate 495 (Long Island Expressway) Grand Central Parkway Cross Island Parkway Union Turnpike, a surface road Little Neck Parkway, a surface road Bike lanes exist along sections of 260th Street, 74th Avenue, and 82nd Avenue. The area serves Long Island Rail Road commuters, who have the option of driving to the New Hyde Park or Floral Park train stations. These trains connect directly to Penn Station and Grand Central in Manhattan. Notable people Karl Ehrhardt (1924–2008), "Sign Man" who was one of the New York Mets' most visible fans and an icon at Shea Stadium from 1964 through 1981. Martin Lang (born 1949), Olympic fencer Frank Wilczek (born 1951), theoretical physicist and mathematician who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2004. References ^ "NYC Planning \| Community Profiles". communityprofiles.planning.nyc.gov. New York City Department of City Planning. Retrieved April 7, 2018. ^ Queens Boards, New York City. Accessed January 26, 2024. ^ Copquin, Claudia Gryvatz (2007). The Neighborhoods of Queens. The Citizens Committee for New York City and Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11299-3. Google Preview retrieved 2009-10-0. Note this book incorrectly relies on ZIP Codes to define the boundaries of Glen Oaks. It excludes areas with Bellerose or New Hyde Park addresses. ^ Williams, Joe. "Nassau Neighbors Unfairly Taxed, Says Pol", New York Daily News, September 7, 2001. Accessed September 1, 2023 ^ About, Glen Oaks Village. Accessed September 1, 2023. "Glen Oaks Village is a self-managed cooperative residential housing development located in northeastern Queens, NYC. It was built in 1947 shortly after WWII to help fill the void of affordable housing for returning GI's." ^ Tenney Park retrieved 2010-07-25 ^ Castlewood Playground retrieved 2009-10-08 ^ Queens Farm Museum retrieved 2009-10-08 ^ "Top Projects Completed 2003-2004: The Glen Oaks Campus", New York Construction, June 2004. ^ "Branch Detailed Info". Queens Public Library. Retrieved March 12, 2019. ^ Karoliszyn, Henrick (Jan 3, 2013). "Modern library set to open in Glen Oaks this spring". NY Daily News. Retrieved 24 July 2016. ^ "AWARDS — marble fairbanks". Marble Fairbanks. Retrieved 24 July 2016. ^ "Queens Bus Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. August 2022. Retrieved September 29, 2022. ^ Hevesi, Dennis. "Karl Ehrhardt, 83, Sign Man and Shea Stadium Fixture, Is Dead", The New York Times, February 9, 2008. Accessed September 17, 2020. "Karl Ehrhardt, who through championship seasons and woeful ones and grand slams and botched plays let the Mets know what he thought of them by raising block-lettered signs from his box seat behind third base at Shea Stadium, died Tuesday at his home in Glen Oaks, Queens. He was 83." ^ Staff. "Lang, Tishman Head N.Y.U. Fencing Team", The New York Times, July 4, 1971. Accessed February 10, 2018. "Marty Lang of Glen Oaks, Queens, and Jeff Tishman of Glen Rock, N. J., have been named co‐captains of the 1971– 72 New York University fencing team, which shared the National Collegiate Athletic Association championship with Columbia last season." ^ Wilczek, Frank. "How a Search for New Talent Has Shaped American Science An MIT physicist attends the Intel Science Talent Search, 49 years after he came in fourth as a 15-year-old high-school senior", The Wall Street Journal, April 1, 2016. Accessed September 17, 2020. "Forty-nine years ago (can it be?), I traveled from Glen Oaks, N.Y., to Washington, D.C. I was a 15-year-old high-school senior, on my way from Queens to the finals of the Westinghouse Science Talent Search." Further reading New York City portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Glen Oaks, Queens. Korman, Richard. "The Defining Line", The New York Times, December 16, 2005. Shaman, Diana. "If You're Thinking of Living In/Glen Oaks, Queens; Born in the Postwar Era", The New York Times, August 22, 1999. vteNeighborhoods in the New York City borough of Queens Addisleigh Park Arverne Astoria Auburndale Bayside Bay Terrace Bayswater Beechhurst Belle Harbor Bellerose Breezy Point Briarwood Broad Channel Broadway–Flushing Cambria Heights Chinatown College Point Corona Douglaston–Little Neck East Elmhurst Edgemere Elmhurst Far Rockaway Floral Park Flushing Forest Hills Fresh Meadows Fresh Pond Glendale Glen Oaks Hammels Hillside Hollis Holliswood Howard Beach Jackson Heights Jamaica Jamaica Estates Jamaica Hills Kew Gardens Kew Gardens Hills Koreatown Laurelton Locust Manor Long Island City Maspeth Meadowmere Middle Village Neponsit Ozone Park Pomonok Queensboro Hill Queensbridge Queens Village Rego Park Richmond Hill Ridgewood Rochdale Village Rockaway Rockaway Beach Rockaway Park Rosedale Roxbury St. Albans Seaside South Jamaica South Ozone Park Springfield Gardens Sunnyside Sunnyside Gardens The Hole Whitestone Willets Point Woodhaven Woodside Wyckoff Heights	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_(New_York_City)"},{"link_name":"Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens"},{"link_name":"Queens Community Board 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens_Community_Board_13"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Nassau County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassau_County,_New_York"}],"text":"Neighborhood of Queens in New York CityGlen Oaks is the easternmost neighborhood of the New York City borough of Queens. The neighborhood is part of Queens Community Board 13,<[2] and borders Nassau County to the east.","title":"Glen Oaks, Queens"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grand Central Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Central_Parkway"},{"link_name":"Nassau County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassau_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Union Turnpike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Turnpike_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"Nassau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassau_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Cross Island Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_Island_Parkway"},{"link_name":"Floral Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floral_Park,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Village of Lake Success","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Success,_New_York"},{"link_name":"North New Hyde Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_New_Hyde_Park,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Union Turnpike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Turnpike_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"terminal moraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_moraine"},{"link_name":"last glacial period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_glacial_period"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"glacial outwash plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outwash_plain"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"ZIP Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZIP_Code"},{"link_name":"North Shore Towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Shore_Towers"},{"link_name":"Queens County Farm Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens_County_Farm_Museum"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Little Neck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Neck,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Bellerose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellerose,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Floral Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floral_Park,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Bellerose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellerose,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Floral Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floral_Park,_New_York"},{"link_name":"North New Hyde Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_New_Hyde_Park,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Village of New Hyde Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hyde_Park,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Long Island Motor Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Motor_Parkway"},{"link_name":"Green Meadows Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Meadows_Farm"},{"link_name":"Little Neck Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Neck_Parkway"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Glen Oaks lies between Grand Central Parkway and Nassau County to the north, Union Turnpike to the south, the Queens/Nassau border (Lakeville Road) to the east, and the Cross Island Parkway to the west. Despite not being on the border, many homeowners in Floral Park use Glen Oaks as their mailing address. In this area, the Queens/Nassau border separates New York City from the Village of Lake Success to the north, and the Unincorporated Town of North New Hyde Park to the East. The Queens/Nassau border is referred to locally as \"the city line\" and is so designated on New York City buses. Union Turnpike is the main commercial road in the area.The northern edge of Glen Oaks is a line of hills which are part of the terminal moraine of the last glacial period. These hills include the highest point in Queens: 258.2 feet (78.7 m) above sea level.[3] The southern part of Glen Oaks is a glacial outwash plain. [citation needed]The postal ZIP Code zones for this area do not follow political boundaries, even crossing the city line. The easternmost part of the neighborhood is in the 11040 ZIP code, addressed as New Hyde Park. The northernmost part of the neighborhood—the North Shore Towers complex—is in the 11005 ZIP code, addressed as Floral Park. The portion of the neighborhood west of Little Neck Parkway—other than the Queens County Farm Museum—is in the 11426 ZIP code, addressed as Bellerose. Finally, the central part of the neighborhood is in the 11004 ZIP code, which may be addressed as either Glen Oaks or Floral Park. Since the ZIP codes cross the city line, they cannot be used as the sole means to determine sales tax rates. This has caused problems for area residents.[4]North of Glen Oaks is Little Neck. The Queens neighborhoods of Bellerose and Floral Park lie south of Glen Oaks. The Nassau County villages of Bellerose and Floral Park lie south of the Queens neighborhoods with the same names. East of Glen Oaks (past Lake Success) is the unincorporated neighborhood of North New Hyde Park. South of North New Hyde Park is the Village of New Hyde Park. So even though Glen Oaks shares various postal city names with Nassau County villages, it is not adjacent to those villages and is not politically related to them other than being in the same state. The right-of-way of the historical Long Island Motor Parkway is now the southernmost edge of the parking lot of Green Meadows Farm. East of Little Neck Parkway, the Motor Parkway route is now 74th Avenue, including Tenney Park. The route also defines the southern border of the North Shore Towers complex (formerly the Glen Oaks Golf Club).[citation needed]","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Glen_Oaks_Little_Neck_Pkwy_260th_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Little Neck Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Neck_Parkway"},{"link_name":"Garden apartments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_apartment"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"North Shore Towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Shore_Towers"}],"text":"The Glen Oaks Village development, at Little Neck Parkway and 260th Street.Garden apartments dominate this community. The major owners are:Glen Oaks Village (established in 1947): This Cooperative Apartment complex extends from Little Neck Parkway eastwards to 263rd Street, north to the Royal Ranch, and south to Union Turnpike.[5]The other section extends from Commonwealth Boulevard to 249th Street.Parkwood Estates: Originally named Grand Central Apartments is a cooperative apartment complex north of Little Neck Parkway.\nNorth Shore Towers (circa 1970s): A private high-rise apartment complex and country club built in the mid-1970s.\nRoyal Ranch (circa 1951): On the same hill as the North Shore Towers is a predominately single family residence community.","title":"Residences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"traffic circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_circle"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Queens County Farm Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens_County_Farm_Museum"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The Glen Oaks Oval consists of 3 acres (1.2 ha) located at the intersection of 260th Street and 74th Avenue (the intersection is a traffic circle around the park). It serves as the home of Glen Oaks Little League as well as having playground and exercise equipment. It was originally named Glen Oaks Park. In 1977 it was named Tenney Park after Jerry Tenney, a former owner of Glen Oaks Village.[6] However, it is most commonly known as \"The Oval\", after its shape. The official name was also changed to The Oval in 2010 after much of the public urged Bob Friedrich (a politician who represents Glen Oaks) to request a change.There is also a 2-acre (8,100 m2) playground at Little Neck Parkway and 72nd Avenue, adjacent to P.S. 186.[7] South of the playground on Little Neck Parkway is the Queens County Farm Museum, 47.7 acres (19.3 ha) that re-create the historic agricultural phase of the county, housing an array of farm animals and antique farming equipment.[8]","title":"Parks and recreation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Long Island Jewish Medical Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Jewish_Medical_Center"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The 548-bed, 48-acre (19 ha) Long Island Jewish Medical Center is located within Glen Oaks, and is one of the largest medical facilities on Long Island.On December 14, 2020, Sandra Lindsay, a critical care nurse in Glen Oaks made history, as the first person in the United States to receive the Coronavirus Vaccine.[citation needed]","title":"Hospital"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"K-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-5_(education)"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Creedmoor Psychiatric Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creedmoor_Psychiatric_Center"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"The Queens High School of Teaching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Queens_High_School_of_Teaching"}],"sub_title":"Schools","text":"Glen Oaks is covered by two public elementary (K-5) school zones: P.S. 186, and P.S. 115. Students graduating from these schools attend middle (grades 6-8) school M.S. 172. A Roman Catholic school, Our Lady of the Snows, is an alternative for grades K-8. In 2004, a public school campus—the Frank A. Padavan campus—was opened in western Glen Oaks. This section of land was previously part of the Creedmoor Psychiatric Center.[9] The campus includes The Queens High School of Teaching and two elementary/intermediate (grades K-8) schools: P.S./I.S. 208 and P.S./I.S. 266. P.S./I.S. 266 serves students across District 26, chosen by lottery from applicants. P.S./I.S. 208 does not serve Glen Oaks students. (Its zone includes just the sliver of Glen Oaks west of Commonwealth Boulevard, which is not residential.) Typically the district 26 schools have been ranked among the best in the NYC public school system.Several institutions on or near Union Turnpike are associated with Glen Oaks, though they are not actually in Glen Oaks. For example, Bellerose Jewish Center, the Glen Oaks branch of the Queens Library, and Glen Oaks School (P.S. 115) are all in the Floral Park neighborhood. So are M.S. 172 and Our Lady of the Snows. In contrast, P.S. 186 is in the center of Glen Oaks, but is named Castlewood School. The Queens County Farm is also in the center of Glen Oaks (and has the Glen Oaks/Floral Park zip code) but the group that operates it is the Colonial Farmhouse Restoration Society of Bellerose.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queens Public Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens_Public_Library"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Library","text":"The Glen Oaks branch of the Queens Public Library is located at 256-04 Union Turnpike.[10] The current building, redesigned by the architects Scott Marble and Karen Fairbanks in 2013, replaced the original library (demolished in 2010).[11] The new library is twice the size of the old one, and has won numerous awards, from design through completion.[12]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Q36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q36_(New_York_City_bus)"},{"link_name":"Q46","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q46_(New_York_City_bus)"},{"link_name":"QM5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QM5_(New_York_City_bus)"},{"link_name":"QM6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QM6_(New_York_City_bus)"},{"link_name":"QM8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QM8_(New_York_City_bus)"},{"link_name":"QM35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QM35_(New_York_City_bus)"},{"link_name":"QM36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QM36_(New_York_City_bus)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Interstate 495","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_495_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"Grand Central Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Central_Parkway"},{"link_name":"Cross Island Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_Island_Parkway"},{"link_name":"Union Turnpike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Turnpike_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"Little Neck Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Neck_Parkway"},{"link_name":"Bike lanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bike_lane"},{"link_name":"Long Island Rail Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road"},{"link_name":"New Hyde Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hyde_Park_station"},{"link_name":"Floral Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floral_Park_station"},{"link_name":"Penn Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Penn_Station"},{"link_name":"Grand Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Central_Madison"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"}],"text":"The Q36 and Q46 local buses and the QM5, QM6, QM8, QM35 and QM36 express buses serve the area.[13]The following major arteries serve the community:Interstate 495 (Long Island Expressway)\nGrand Central Parkway\nCross Island Parkway\nUnion Turnpike, a surface road\nLittle Neck Parkway, a surface roadBike lanes exist along sections of 260th Street, 74th Avenue, and 82nd Avenue.The area serves Long Island Rail Road commuters, who have the option of driving to the New Hyde Park or Floral Park train stations. These trains connect directly to Penn Station and Grand Central in Manhattan.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karl Ehrhardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ehrhardt"},{"link_name":"New York Mets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Mets"},{"link_name":"Shea Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shea_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Martin Lang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Lang_(fencer)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Frank Wilczek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Wilczek"},{"link_name":"theoretical physicist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_physics"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize in Physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Karl Ehrhardt (1924–2008), \"Sign Man\" who was one of the New York Mets' most visible fans and an icon at Shea Stadium from 1964 through 1981.[14]\nMartin Lang (born 1949), Olympic fencer[15]\nFrank Wilczek (born 1951), theoretical physicist and mathematician who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2004.[16]","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York City portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Glen Oaks, Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Glen_Oaks,_Queens"},{"link_name":"\"The Defining Line\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2005/12/16/nyregion/nyregionspecial2/18liline.html"},{"link_name":"\"If You're Thinking of Living In/Glen Oaks, Queens; Born in the Postwar Era\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1999/08/22/realestate/if-you-re-thinking-of-living-in-glen-oaks-queens-born-in-the-postwar-era.html?sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all#"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Queens"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Queens"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Queens"},{"link_name":"Neighborhoods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Queens_neighborhoods"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boroughs_of_New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens"},{"link_name":"Addisleigh Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addisleigh_Park"},{"link_name":"Arverne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arverne,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Astoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astoria,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Auburndale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auburndale,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Bayside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayside,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Bay Terrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Terrace,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Bayswater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayswater,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Beechhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beechhurst,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Belle Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle_Harbor,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Bellerose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellerose,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Breezy Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breezy_Point,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Briarwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briarwood,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Broad Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_Channel,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Broadway–Flushing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway%E2%80%93Flushing,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Cambria Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambria_Heights,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Chinatown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatowns_in_Queens"},{"link_name":"College Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Point,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Corona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Douglaston–Little Neck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglaston%E2%80%93Little_Neck,_Queens"},{"link_name":"East Elmhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Elmhurst,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Edgemere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Elmhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmhurst,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Far Rockaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_Rockaway,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Floral Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floral_Park,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Flushing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flushing,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Forest Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Hills,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Fresh Meadows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_Meadows,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Fresh Pond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_Pond,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Glendale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glendale,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Glen Oaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Hammels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammels,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Hillside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillside,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Hollis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollis,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Holliswood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holliswood"},{"link_name":"Howard Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Beach,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Jackson Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Heights,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Jamaica Estates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Estates,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Jamaica Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Hills,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Kew Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kew_Gardens,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Kew Gardens Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kew_Gardens_Hills,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Koreatown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreatown,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Laurelton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurelton,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Locust Manor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locust_Manor,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Long Island City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_City"},{"link_name":"Maspeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maspeth,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Meadowmere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meadowmere,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Middle Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Village,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Neponsit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neponsit,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Ozone Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_Park,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Pomonok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomonok,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Queensboro Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensboro_Hill,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Queensbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensbridge_Houses"},{"link_name":"Queens Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens_Village,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Rego Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rego_Park,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Richmond Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Hill,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Ridgewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridgewood,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Rochdale Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochdale_Village,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Rockaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockaway,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Rockaway Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockaway_Beach,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Rockaway Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockaway_Park,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Rosedale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosedale,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Roxbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxbury,_Queens"},{"link_name":"St. Albans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Albans,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Seaside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaside,_Queens"},{"link_name":"South Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Jamaica,_Queens"},{"link_name":"South Ozone Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Ozone_Park,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Springfield Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield_Gardens,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Sunnyside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnyside,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Sunnyside Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnyside_Gardens,_Queens"},{"link_name":"The Hole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hole,_New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Whitestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitestone,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Willets Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willets_Point,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Woodhaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodhaven,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Woodside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodside,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Wyckoff Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyckoff_Heights,_New_York_City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Unisphere_in_summer.jpg"}],"text":"New York City portalWikimedia Commons has media related to Glen Oaks, Queens.Korman, Richard. \"The Defining Line\", The New York Times, December 16, 2005.\nShaman, Diana. \"If You're Thinking of Living In/Glen Oaks, Queens; Born in the Postwar Era\", The New York Times, August 22, 1999.vteNeighborhoods in the New York City borough of Queens\nAddisleigh Park\nArverne\nAstoria\nAuburndale\nBayside\nBay Terrace\nBayswater\nBeechhurst\nBelle Harbor\nBellerose\nBreezy Point\nBriarwood\nBroad Channel\nBroadway–Flushing\nCambria Heights\nChinatown\nCollege Point\nCorona\nDouglaston–Little Neck\nEast Elmhurst\nEdgemere\nElmhurst\nFar Rockaway\nFloral Park\nFlushing\nForest Hills\nFresh Meadows\nFresh Pond\nGlendale\nGlen Oaks\nHammels\nHillside\nHollis\nHolliswood\nHoward Beach\nJackson Heights\nJamaica\nJamaica Estates\nJamaica Hills\nKew Gardens\nKew Gardens Hills\nKoreatown\nLaurelton\nLocust Manor\nLong Island City\nMaspeth\nMeadowmere\nMiddle Village\nNeponsit\nOzone Park\nPomonok\nQueensboro Hill\nQueensbridge\nQueens Village\nRego Park\nRichmond Hill\nRidgewood\nRochdale Village\nRockaway\nRockaway Beach\nRockaway Park\nRosedale\nRoxbury\nSt. Albans\nSeaside\nSouth Jamaica\nSouth Ozone Park\nSpringfield Gardens\nSunnyside\nSunnyside Gardens\nThe Hole\nWhitestone\nWillets Point\nWoodhaven\nWoodside\nWyckoff Heights","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"The Glen Oaks Village development, at Little Neck Parkway and 260th Street.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Glen_Oaks_Little_Neck_Pkwy_260th_02.jpg/220px-Glen_Oaks_Little_Neck_Pkwy_260th_02.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"NYC Planning \| Community Profiles\". communityprofiles.planning.nyc.gov. New York City Department of City Planning. Retrieved April 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://communityprofiles.planning.nyc.gov/queens/13","url_text":"\"NYC Planning \| Community Profiles\""}]},{"reference":"Copquin, Claudia Gryvatz (2007). The Neighborhoods of Queens. The Citizens Committee for New York City and Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11299-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11299-3","url_text":"978-0-300-11299-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Branch Detailed Info\". Queens Public Library. Retrieved March 12, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.queenslibrary.org/about-us/locations/Glen-Oaks","url_text":"\"Branch Detailed Info\""}]},{"reference":"Karoliszyn, Henrick (Jan 3, 2013). \"Modern library set to open in Glen Oaks this spring\". NY Daily News. Retrieved 24 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/queens/modern-library-open-glen-oaks-article-1.1232521","url_text":"\"Modern library set to open in Glen Oaks this spring\""}]},{"reference":"\"AWARDS — marble fairbanks\". Marble Fairbanks. Retrieved 24 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://marblefairbanks.com/info/awards/","url_text":"\"AWARDS — marble fairbanks\""}]},{"reference":"\"Queens Bus Map\" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. August 2022. Retrieved September 29, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://new.mta.info/map/5371","url_text":"\"Queens Bus Map\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF","url_text":"PDF"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority","url_text":"Metropolitan Transportation Authority"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Glen_Oaks,_Queens&params=40.75_N_73.71_W_region:US-NY_type:city(27546)","external_links_name":"40°45′N 73°43′W / 40.75°N 73.71°W / 40.75; -73.71"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Glen_Oaks,_Queens&params=40.75_N_73.71_W_region:US-NY_type:city(27546)","external_links_name":"40°45′N 73°43′W / 40.75°N 73.71°W / 40.75; -73.71"},{"Link":"https://communityprofiles.planning.nyc.gov/queens/13","external_links_name":"\"NYC Planning \| Community Profiles\""},{"Link":"https://www.nyc.gov/site/cau/community-boards/queens-boards.page","external_links_name":"Queens Boards"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2p8LnB_q9AYC","external_links_name":"Google Preview"},{"Link":"https://www.nydailynews.com/archives/boroughs/nassau-neighbors-unfairly-taxed-pol-article-1.938658","external_links_name":"\"Nassau Neighbors Unfairly Taxed, Says Pol\""},{"Link":"https://www.glenoaksvillage.com/about","external_links_name":"About"},{"Link":"http://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/Q310/","external_links_name":"Tenney Park"},{"Link":"http://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/Q327/","external_links_name":"Castlewood Playground"},{"Link":"http://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/Q453/","external_links_name":"Queens Farm Museum"},{"Link":"http://newyork.construction.com/projects/TopProjects04/GlenOaks.asp","external_links_name":"\"Top Projects Completed 2003-2004: The Glen Oaks Campus\""},{"Link":"https://www.queenslibrary.org/about-us/locations/Glen-Oaks","external_links_name":"\"Branch Detailed Info\""},{"Link":"http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/queens/modern-library-open-glen-oaks-article-1.1232521","external_links_name":"\"Modern library set to open in Glen Oaks this spring\""},{"Link":"http://marblefairbanks.com/info/awards/","external_links_name":"\"AWARDS — marble fairbanks\""},{"Link":"https://new.mta.info/map/5371","external_links_name":"\"Queens Bus Map\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/09/sports/09ehrhardt.html","external_links_name":"\"Karl Ehrhardt, 83, Sign Man and Shea Stadium Fixture, Is Dead\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1971/07/04/archives/lang-tishman-head-nyu-fencing-team.html","external_links_name":"\"Lang, Tishman Head N.Y.U. Fencing Team\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-a-search-for-new-talent-has-shaped-american-science-1459522571","external_links_name":"\"How a Search for New Talent Has Shaped American Science An MIT physicist attends the Intel Science Talent Search, 49 years after he came in fourth as a 15-year-old high-school senior\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/16/nyregion/nyregionspecial2/18liline.html","external_links_name":"\"The Defining Line\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/22/realestate/if-you-re-thinking-of-living-in-glen-oaks-queens-born-in-the-postwar-era.html?sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all#","external_links_name":"\"If You're Thinking of Living In/Glen Oaks, Queens; Born in the Postwar Era\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldine_Page	Geraldine Page	["1 Early life and education","2 Career","2.1 1945–1969: Early stage and film","2.2 1970–1979: Mid-career work","2.3 1980–1986: Later work and final roles","3 Reception and acting style","4 Personal life","5 Death and legacy","6 Acting credits and accolades","7 In popular culture","8 References","9 Works cited","10 External links"]	American actress (1924–1987) Geraldine PagePage in 1956BornGeraldine Sue Page(1924-11-22)November 22, 1924Kirksville, Missouri, U.S.DiedJune 13, 1987(1987-06-13) (aged 62)New York City, U.S.EducationArt Institute of Chicago (BFA)OccupationActressYears active1945–1987Spouses Alexander Schneider (m. 1954; div. 1957) Rip Torn (m. 1963) Children3, including Angelica Page Geraldine Sue Page (November 22, 1924 – June 13, 1987) was an American actress. With a career which spanned four decades across film, stage, and television, Page was the recipient of numerous accolades, including an Academy Award, a British Academy Film Award, two Primetime Emmy Awards, and two Golden Globe Awards, as well as nominations for four Tony Awards. A native of Kirksville, Missouri, Page studied at the Art Institute of Chicago and with Uta Hagen and Lee Strasberg in New York City. During the McCarthyism era, she was blacklisted in Hollywood based on her association with Hagen and did not work in film for eight years. Page won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her role in The Trip to Bountiful (1985). She was Oscar-nominated for her work in Hondo (1953), Summer and Smoke (1961), Sweet Bird of Youth (1962), You're a Big Boy Now (1966), Pete 'n' Tillie (1972), Interiors (1978), and The Pope of Greenwich Village (1984). She is also known for her film roles What Ever Happened to Aunt Alice? (1969), The Beguiled (1971) and The Rescuers (1977). On stage, she made her Broadway debut in the 1953 play Mid-summer. She went on to received Tony Award nominations for her performances as Princess Kosmonopolis in Sweet Bird of Youth (1959), Marion in Absurd Person Singular (1974), Mother Miriam Ruth in Agnes of God (1982), and Madame Arcati in Blithe Spirit (1987). For her prolific work onstage she was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame in 1979. For her roles in television she received two Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Single Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in a Drama for her acting in the adaptations of Truman Capote's A Christmas Memory (1967) and The Thanksgiving Visitor (1969). Early life and education Page was born November 22, 1924, in Kirksville, Missouri, the first child of Edna Pearl (née Maize) and Leon Elwin Page who worked at Andrew Taylor Still College of Osteopathy and Surgery (combined with the American School of Osteopathy, eventually to form A.T. Still University). He was an author whose works included Practical Anatomy (1925), Osteopathic Fundamentals (1926), and The Old Doctor (1932). She had one younger brother, Donald. At age five, Page relocated with her family to Chicago. Raised a Methodist by her mother, Page was an active parishioner of the Englewood Methodist Church in Chicago, where she had her first foray into acting within the church's theatre group, appearing in a play called Excuse My Dust, then playing Jo March in a 1941 production of Louisa May Alcott's Little Women. After graduating from Chicago's Englewood Technical Prep Academy, she attended the Goodman School of Drama at the Art Institute of Chicago (now at DePaul University), with the intention of becoming an actress. Page had aspirations of becoming a pianist or visual artist, but at 17 she appeared in her first amateur theatre production, and from that point, she never wavered from her desire to be a professional actress. After graduating from the Art Institute of Chicago in 1945, Page studied acting at the Herbert Berghof School and the American Theatre Wing in New York City, studying with Uta Hagen for seven years, and then at the Actors Studio with Lee Strasberg. During this time, Page would return to Chicago in the summers to perform in repertory theatre in Lake Zurich, Illinois, where she and several fellow actors had established their own independent theater company. She also spent two critically successful years performing with a winter stock company called the Woodstock Players another group from Goodman who performed mostly at the Woodstock Opera House where she was singled out by critic Claudia Cassidy of The Chicago Tribune as destined to be a star to bear watching. During that time she was called "the lady with the thousand faces" for her ability to change her looks and actions to an extent that her most devoted fans were unable to recognize her. While attempting to establish her career, she worked various odd jobs, including as a hat-check girl, theater usher, lingerie model, and a factory laborer. Career 1945–1969: Early stage and film Page, a trained method actor, spent five years appearing in various repertory theater productions in the Midwest and New York after graduating from college. On October 25, 1945, she made her New York stage debut in Seven Mirrors, a play devised by Immaculate Heart High School students from Los Angeles. The play ran for a total of 23 performances at Blackfriars Repertory Theatre on Manhattan's Upper East Side. In February 1952, director José Quintero cast Page in a minor role in Yerma, a theatrical interpretation of a poem by Federico García Lorca, staged at Circle in the Square Theatre in New York City's Greenwich Village. Page was subsequently cast in the role of Alma in the Quintero-directed production of Summer and Smoke, written by Tennessee Williams (also staged at the Circle Theatre in 1952). Page's role in Summer and Smoke garnered her significant exposure, including a Drama Desk Award, and a profile in Time magazine. Page in Hondo (1953) Her official film debut and role in Hondo, opposite John Wayne, garnering her a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. Prior, she appeared in an uncredited role in Taxi. Speaking to a Kirksville newspaper, she said: "Actually Hondo wasn't my first movie. I had one small, but satisfactory scene in a Dan Dailey picture called Taxi, which was filmed in New York." Page was blacklisted in Hollywood after her debut in Hondo based on her association with Uta Hagen and did not work in film for nearly ten years. Her work continued on Broadway playing a spinster in the 1954–1955 production of The Rainmaker, written by N. Richard Nash; and as the frustrated wife whose husband becomes romantically obsessed with a young Arab, played by James Dean, in the 1954 production of The Immoralist, written by Augustus Goetz and Ruth Goetz and based on the novel of the same name (1902) by André Gide. Page remained friends with Dean until his death the following year and kept a number of personal mementos from the play—including several drawings by him. After Page's death, these items were acquired by Heritage Auctions in 2006. In 2015 Angelica Page revealed that her mother had an affair with Dean during the production of The Immoralist. She stated, "According to my mother, their affair went on for three-and-a-half months. In many ways my mother never really got over Jimmy. It was not unusual for me to go to her dressing room through the years, obviously many years after Dean was gone, and find pictures of him taped up on her mirror. My mother never forgot about Jimmy -- never. I believe they were artistic soul mates." Page opposite George C. Scott in a 1959 NBC Sunday Showcase episode Prior to Hondo, in 1952, she appeared in a revival of Summer and Smoke in 1952 putting herself, the play, and director Jose Quintero at the beginning of the Off-Broadway scene. Page played the same role of Alma Winemiller in a 1953 radio version (opposite Richard Kiley) and a film version in 1961 opposite Laurence Harvey. Both she and Una Merkel earned acting nominations for Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress respectively in the 34th Academy Awards in 1961. The awards, however, went to Sophia Loren for Two Women and Rita Moreno for West Side Story. In 1959, Page earned an Emmy nomination, of Best Single Performance by an Actress, for her role in the Playhouse 90 episode "The Old Man," written by William Faulkner. She subsequently earned critical accolades for her performance in the 1959–1960 Broadway production of Tennessee Williams's Sweet Bird of Youth opposite Paul Newman, in which she originated the role of a larger-than-life, addicted, sexually voracious Hollywood legend trying to extinguish her fears about her career with a young hustler named Chance Wayne (played by Newman). For her performance, Page received her first nomination for the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play, as well as the Sarah Siddons Award for her performance in Chicago. She and Newman subsequently starred in the 1962 film adaptation of the same name and Page earned a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress for the film. Geraldine Page actually won consecutive Golden Globe Awards for Best Actress in a Motion Picture - Drama in 1961 and 1962 for Summer and Smoke and Sweet Bird of Youth, respectively. In 1963, Page starred in Toys in the Attic, based on Lillian Hellman's play of the same name, and garnered a Golden Globe nomination. She received another nomination the following year starring in Delbert Mann's Dear Heart as a self-sufficient but lonely postmistress visiting New York City for a convention, finding love with a greeting card salesman. In 1964, she starred in a Lee Strasberg-directed Broadway revival of Anton Chekhov's Three Sisters playing eldest sister Olga to Kim Stanley's Masha with Barbara Baxley as the interloper Natasha. Both Shirley Knight and Sandy Dennis played the youngest sister Irina at different stages in this production. Page with Truman Capote, 1966 Between 1966 and 1969, Page appeared in two holiday-themed television productions based on stories by Truman Capote: "The Christmas Memory" (for ABC Stage 67) and the television film The Thanksgiving Visitor, both of which earned her two consecutive Emmy Awards for Best Actress. In 1967, Page appeared again onstage in Peter Shaffer's Black Comedy/White Lies, a production which also included Michael Crawford and Lynn Redgrave, who were making their Broadway debuts. The same year, she appeared opposite Fred MacMurray in the Walt Disney-produced musical The Happiest Millionaire. Bosley Crowther of The New York Times was critical of the film, noting: "Geraldine Page and Gladys Cooper...square off in one musical scene of socially up-staging each other that is drenched in perfumed vulgarity. But, then, the whole picture is vulgar. It is an over-decorated, over-fluffed, over-sentimentalized endeavor to pretend the lace-curtain millionaires are—or were—every bit as folksy as the old prize-fighters and the Irish brawlers in the saloon." Page starred opposite Ruth Gordon in the thriller What Ever Happened to Aunt Alice? (1969), the third and final film in the Robert Aldrich-produced trilogy which followed What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962) and Hush...Hush, Sweet Charlotte (1964). The film is based on the novel The Forbidden Garden by Ursula Curtiss and features Page as Claire Marrable, a recently widowed socialite, who, discovers that her husband has left her virtually nothing. The widow hires a number of unsuspecting housekeepers whom she murders one by one and robs them of their life savings in order to keep up her extravagant lifestyle. Writing for The New York Times, Vincent Canby deemed the film "an amusingly baroque horror story told by a master misogynist," and praised Page's "affecting" performance. 1970–1979: Mid-career work Page subsequently appeared in the Don Siegel-directed thriller The Beguiled (1971) opposite Clint Eastwood, playing the headmistress of a Southern girls' boarding school who takes in a wounded Union soldier. Director Siegel called Page "certainly as fine an actor as I've ever worked with. I never have gotten along better with anyone than I did with her." This was followed by a supporting role in the comedy Pete 'n' Tillie (1972), for which she earned an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress. She also appeared in three episodes of Rod Serling's Night Gallery between 1972 and 1973. In January 1973, she returned to Broadway playing Mary Todd Lincoln opposite Maya Angelou in the two-character play Look Away, written by Jerome Kilty. Page received a nomination for the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play (her second Tony Award nomination) for the 1975 production of Alan Ayckbourn's Absurd Person Singular with Sandy Dennis and Richard Kiley. She also had a supporting role as a charismatic Hollywood evangelist (modeled after Aimee Semple McPherson) in The Day of the Locust (1975), an adaptation of the Nathanael West novel of the same name. In 1977, she appeared as a nun in the British comedy Nasty Habits, and provided the voice role of Madame Medusa in the Walt Disney animated film The Rescuers. During this time, she also appeared on television, guest-starring in the popular series Kojak (1976) and Hawaii Five-O (1977). Page appeared as the mother of three siblings and wife of a prominent attorney in Woody Allen's Interiors (1978). For her performance, Page was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress, and won a BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role. The New York Times's Vincent Canby lauded her performance in the film, writing: "Miss Page, looking a bit like a youthful Louise Nevelson with mink-lashed eyes, is marvelous — erratically kind, impossibly demanding, pathetic in her loneliness and desperate in her anger." The following year, in November 1979, Page was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame. 1980–1986: Later work and final roles Page with Brian Clark in a 1984 production of The Madwoman of Chaillot Page starred as Zelda Fitzgerald in the last major Broadway production of a Williams play, Clothes for a Summer Hotel in 1980, followed by a supporting role in Harry's War (1981). Page starred as the secretive nun Mother Miriam Ruth in the Broadway production of Agnes of God, which opened in 1982 and ran for 599 performances with Page performing in nearly all of them; for her role, she received a nomination for the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play. Also in 1983, Page invited the young actress Sabra Jones Strasberg to her dressing room to talk to Strasberg about how much she had liked her performance in St. Joan by Maxwell Anderson, in which Page had just seen her play the part originated by Ingrid Bergman. During this conversation, Strasberg asked her advice in forming a classic theatre based on alternating repertory. Strasberg later founded the Mirror Theater Ltd with its repertory program the Mirror Repertory, and Page accepted the role of Founding Artist in Residence. Page remained continually active in theater, appearing in numerous repertory, Broadway, and Off-Broadway productions throughout the 1980s; this included roles in a revivals of Inheritors by Susan Glaspell and Paradise Lost by Clifford Odets in 1983, Rain by John Colton (based on the short story "Miss Thompson" by W. Somerset Maugham) the following year. Further revivals followed in 1985: Vivat! Vivat Regina! by Robert Bolt (in which she played Elizabeth I), Clarence by Booth Tarkington, and The Madwoman of Chaillot (by Jean Giraudoux) in which she played the Madwoman to great acclaim). Page earned her seventh Academy Award nomination for her performance in the dark comedy The Pope of Greenwich Village (1984). This marked a record at the time for most Academy Award nominations without a win, for which Page was tied with Peter O'Toole and Richard Burton (who themselves had also garnered seven nominations without winning). On television, Page had a supporting role in the miniseries The Dollmaker (1984), opposite Jane Fonda and Amanda Plummer. She appeared in the British horror film The Bride opposite Sting and Jennifer Beals; the drama White Nights, directed by Taylor Hackford; and opposite Rebecca De Mornay in the drama The Trip to Bountiful (all 1985), in which she played an aging Southern Texas woman seeking to return to her hometown. The role earned Page wide critical acclaim, with the Los Angeles Times referring to it as "the performance of a lifetime." In 1986, she appeared on Broadway in The Circle by W. Somerset Maugham; during this production, Page won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in The Trip to Bountiful. During her acceptance speech, she thanked The Mirror Theater Ltd. Page wore her costume from The Circle, which had been designed and made by Gail Cooper-Hecht, the Mirror Theater's costume designer. She received the award from F. Murray Abraham, who, after winning his Oscar for Amadeus, also joined the Mirror Repertory Company to play the rag-picker in the Madwoman of Chaillot. Prior to winning the Academy Award, Page said to People magazine: "If I lose the Oscar this year, I'll have the record for the most nominations without ever winning... I'd love to be champion, doesn't have to get up there and make a fool of herself." After winning the Academy Award, Page returned to finish her run performing in The Circle for Mirror Theater and appeared opposite Carroll Baker, Oprah Winfrey, and Elizabeth McGovern in Native Son (1986). Page followed up Native Son with a lead role opposite Mary Stuart Masterson in My Little Girl (1987). In the fall of 1986, Page asked permission to return to Broadway in a revival of Noël Coward's Blithe Spirit in the role of Madame Arcati. She was cast in the role, though the production would be Page's last. She was again nominated for the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play, though she did not win. A week after the Tony Awards ceremony, Page failed to appear for two performances of the play and was found dead in her Manhattan home. The show lasted several weeks more, with Page's understudy Patricia Conolly taking over her role. Reception and acting style If have trained the way you've been trained there is at least the hope of communication. But wonderful actors are wonderful to act with–it doesn't matter how they've been trained. Page on acting, 1964 Page was trained as a method actor, and at times worked with psychoanalysts when developing her interpretations of roles. She once told the Los Angeles Times: "If I read a part and think I can connect to it, that I can touch people with it, I will do it, no matter what its size. And if I think I can't do something with a part, I won't take it." In a 1964 interview upon completing the Broadway run of The Three Sisters, Page discussed her method acting at length. When asked if she used emotional recall as a technique, she responded: "I would never shut it out. But I don't try to get one. My whole effort is to relax and keep the doors open so that there's room if one should pop up." During her life, Page was regarded as a respected character actress. Speaking of her stage career in 1986, she said: "I used to think that by opening all the work was done. Now I'm finding how much you can learn from the audience." She described acting as a "bottomless cup," adding: "If I studied for the next ninety years I'd just be scratching the surface." Personal life Page was married to violinist Alexander Schneider from 1954 to 1957. On September 8, 1963, she married actor Rip Torn, who was six years her junior, in Pinal, Arizona. They had played opposite one another in Sweet Bird of Youth on Broadway and in the 1962 film. They had three children: a daughter, actress Angelica Page, and twin sons, Anthony "Tony" and Jonathan "Jon" Torn. Beginning in the early 1980s, Page and Torn lived separately after he started dating actress Amy Wright; Torn had first met Wright in 1976 and began an affair shortly after. Page was aware of Torn and Wright's relationship, and appeared onstage opposite Wright in the 1977 Off-Broadway production of The Stronger, under Torn's direction. In 1983, Torn fathered a child with Wright. Upon the birth of the child, Page was questioned about her marriage by columnist Cindy Adams, to which she responded: "Of course Rip and I are still married. We've been married for years. We're staying married. What's the big fuss?" In spite of their separation, Page and Torn remained married until her death; her daughter described their relationship as still "close" up until Page died in 1987. Page considered herself a gourmand, once joking: "'Greedy Gut' is my middle name...Rip is wonderful. He does the cooking, and I do the eating. I love everything but eggplant." Death and legacy Page's townhouse in Chelsea, Manhattan, where she died in 1987 On June 13, 1987, Page failed to arrive at the Neil Simon Theatre for both the afternoon and evening performances of Noël Coward's Blithe Spirit, which had begun its run in March. At the end of the show's evening performance, the play's producer announced that Page had been found dead in her lower Manhattan townhouse. It was determined that she died of a heart attack. On June 18, "an overflow crowd of colleagues, friends and fans," including Sissy Spacek, James Earl Jones, Amanda Plummer, Jerry Stiller, Anne Meara, and husband Torn attended a memorial service held at the Neil Simon Theatre. Highlighting Page's achievements, actress Anne Jackson said, " used a stage like no one else I'd ever seen. It was like playing tennis with someone who had 26 arms." Rip Torn called her "Mi corazón, mi alma, mi esposa" ("My heart, my soul, my wife") and said they had "never stopped being lovers, and ... never will." Page was cremated. Acting credits and accolades Main articles: Geraldine Page on screen and stage and List of awards and nominations received by Geraldine Page Page earned a total of eight nominations before winning her first Academy Award for Best Actress in 1986 for The Trip to Bountiful. She was also a winner of two Golden Globe Awards, two Primetime Emmy Awards, and one BAFTA award. For her stage work on Broadway, Page earned a total of four Tony Award nominations, and was referred to by the New York Daily News as "one of the finest stage actors of her generation." She was inducted into the American Theatre Hall of Fame in 1979. In popular culture Sarah Paulson portrayed Page in the 2017 anthology television series Feud, which chronicles the rivalry between actresses Bette Davis and Joan Crawford on the set of What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962). She was also portrayed by her daughter, Angelica Page, in the stage production Turning Page. A monologue play chronicling Page's life, it was also written by her daughter: "I grew up in the center of her sparkling career," Angelica recalled. "As her only daughter I feel compelled to share her lessons and gifts with others who did and did not have the opportunity to know her magic intimately. She was a true rebel and trail blazer. A masterful woman who was ahead of her time and should not be forgotten anytime soon." The play premiered in Los Angeles in 2016, followed by performances in New York City in 2017. References ^ a b c d e f g h i Christensen, Foley & Kremer 1999, p. 590. ^ Walter 1992, p. 117. ^ a b c d e Kolbert, Elizabeth (June 15, 1987). "Geraldine Page, 62, Dies - A Star of Stage and Film". The New York Times. Retrieved March 8, 2018. ^ Carroll 2013, p. 59. ^ a b c "Geraldine Page". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved March 6, 2018. ^ a b c Peterson, Bettelou (March 1, 1992). "Whatever happened to Geraldine Page?". Tulsa World. Retrieved March 7, 2018. ^ Schechner 1964, p. 14. ^ McNulty, Charles (November 21, 2009). "Lee Strasberg: The acting legacy lives on". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 9, 2017. ^ "Dixon Theatre Goers to See Geraldine Page". The Dixon Telegraph. November 6, 1948. p. 3. Retrieved July 21, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Banham 1995, p. 833. ^ a b Nathan 1974, p. 142. ^ "'Yerma,' Lorca Poetic Tragedy, Offered by Loft Players in the Circle Theatre". The New York Times. February 8, 1952. Retrieved March 6, 2018. ^ "Edge of Greatness". Time. September 8, 1952. p. 107 – via Google Books. ^ "Versatile Actress Geraldine Page Proud to Be Native of Kirksville". Kirksville Daily Express. April 3, 1960. p. 3B. ^ Krauss 2014, p. 179. ^ Ivy Press (2006). Heritage Music and Entertainment Dallas Signature Auction Catalog #634. Heritage Capital. p. 380. ISBN 978-1-599-67081-2. ^ "The Woman Who Made James Dean a Star". HuffPost. October 2, 2015. ^ "The Woman Who Made James Dean a Star". HuffPost. October 2, 2015. ^ "50 Years Ago Today "Playhouse 90" Presented "Old Man"". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. November 20, 2008. Archived from the original on March 7, 2018. Retrieved September 13, 2018. ^ "Actress of the Year". Chicago Tribune. November 6, 1960. p. 105 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Heintzelman & Howard 2014, p. 365. ^ a b c d e "Geraldine Page Theatre Credits". Internet Broadway Database. Retrieved March 6, 2018. ^ Taubman, Howard (June 23, 1964). "Theater: A Tender 'Three Sisters'". The New York Times. Retrieved March 8, 2018. ^ Porter 2006, p. 141. ^ Pugh 2014, p. 14. ^ a b Baker, Bob (June 14, 1987). "From the Archives: Geraldine Page, Winner of Oscar, 2 Emmys, Dies". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 31, 2015. ^ "Geraldine Page Biography". TV Guide. Retrieved August 31, 2015. ^ Botto & Mitchell 2002, pp. 285–6. ^ Crowther, Bosley (December 1, 1967). "Screen: Thin Blue Blood: Music Hall Is Offering 'Happiest Millionaire' 'An Uncommon Thief'". The New York Times. Retrieved March 7, 2018. ^ Silver 1995, p. 318. ^ Canby, Vincent (July 24, 1969). "What Ever Happened...". The New York Times. Retrieved March 4, 2018. ^ Sterritt 2014, pp. 79–81. ^ Sterritt 2014, p. 79. ^ Osborne, Robert A. (1973). Academy Awards Oscar Annual. Los Angeles: ESE California. p. 1952. ^ Muir 2001, p. 627. ^ Barnes, Clive (January 8, 1973). "Theater: More About Mrs. Lincoln". The New York Times. Retrieved March 8, 2018. ^ Barnes, Clive (October 9, 1974). "'Absurd Person Singular,' Comedy". The New York Times. p. 48. Retrieved March 5, 2018. ^ Hischak 2012, p. 53. ^ a b c "Geraldine Page Filmography". American Film Institute Catalog. Los Angeles. Retrieved March 6, 2018. ^ Quinlan 1987, p. 143. ^ "A Shield for Murder". Kojak. Season 4. Episode 9. November 21, 1976. CBS. ^ "The Descent of the Torches". Hawaii Five-O. Season 10. Episode 5. October 20, 1977. CBS. ^ Thise 2008, p. 216. ^ Crystal 2007, p. 628. ^ Canby, Vincent (August 2, 1978). "Screen: 'Interiors,' a Departure for Woody Allen: Culture Shock". The New York Times. Retrieved March 8, 2018. ^ a b Johnston, Laurie (November 19, 1979). "Theater Hall of Fame Enshrines 51 Artists". The New York Times. p. 15. Retrieved March 6, 2018. ^ Mitgang, Herbert (November 18, 1984). "Mirror Rep Plans 3 Plays This Season". The New York Times. Retrieved January 25, 2017. ^ Mitgang, Herbert (December 14, 1983). "Theater - 'Inheritors' with Geraldine Page". The New York Times. Retrieved March 8, 2018. ^ Mitgang, Herbert (December 20, 1983). "Stage - 'Paradise Lost' by Clifford Odets Revived". The New York Times. Retrieved March 7, 2018. ^ Gussow, Mel (March 11, 1984). "Theater - Mirror Rep, in a Revival of 'Rain'". The New York Times. Retrieved March 8, 2018. ^ Gussow, Mel (March 17, 1985). "Theater: Geraldine Page in Bolt's 'Vivat Regina!'". The New York Times. Retrieved January 25, 2017. ^ Gussow, Mel (February 14, 1985). "The Stage: Booth Tarkington's 'Clarence'". The New York Times. Retrieved March 8, 2018. ^ Gussow, Mel (January 31, 1985). "STAGE: Geraldine Page as 'The Madwoman'". The New York Times. Retrieved January 25, 2017. ^ Thise 2008, p. 218. ^ a b c DeVries, Hilary (March 25, 1986). "Geraldine Page. A knack for blending pathos and humor, sentiment and strength. She prefers to call herself a 'memorable' rather than a 'great' actress, but a number of recent roles on stage and on screen -- including 'The Trip to Bountiful,' which garnered Page her eighth Oscar nomination -- tend to belie that estimate". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved March 7, 2018. ^ Pearson, Richard (June 15, 1987). "Stage, Film Actress Geraldine Page Dies at 62". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 8, 2018. ^ Leonard, John (May 14, 1984). "The Guise of Dolls". New York: 68–9 – via Google Books. ^ Cosgrave 2008, p. 172. ^ Nemy, Enid (April 26, 1985). "Broadway". The New York Times. Retrieved April 22, 2017. ^ a b Hutchings, David (March 24, 1986). "After Seven Oscar Snubs, Geraldine Page May Trip Off to Bountiful at Last". People. Vol. 25, no. 12. ^ a b c d Fulton, Mary Lou (June 15, 1987). "Oscar Winner Geraldine Page Dead at 62: Stardom Reached in Her Own Way". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 6, 2018. ^ Schechner 1964, p. 125. ^ Schechner 1964, pp. 125–6. ^ Schechner 1964, pp. 116–21. ^ Schechner 1964, p. 126. ^ Schechner 1964, p. 130. ^ a b "Biography for Geraldine Page". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved March 8, 2018. ^ "Arizona, County Marriage Records, 1865-1972". Arizona Vital Statistics – via Ancestry.com. ^ a b c Riedel, Michael (January 14, 1996). "Torn from My Heart". New York Daily News. Retrieved March 7, 2018. ^ Conrad, Harold (December 1985). "Rip". SPIN. Vol. 1, no. 8. p. 56. ISSN 0886-3032 – via Google Books. ^ a b c McMurran, Kristin (January 30, 1989). "Her Spectacular Splashes Onstage and in Life Suggest Amy Wright's Success Is Far from Accidental". People. Vol. 31, no. 4. Retrieved March 8, 2018. ^ a b c Gerard, Jeremy (June 18, 1987). "Tribute to Geraldine Page Fills Neil Simon Theater". The New York Times. Retrieved August 31, 2015. ^ Wilson, Scott (August 19, 2016). Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons (3d ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. p. 571. ISBN 978-1-4766-2599-7 – via Google Books. ^ "Geraldine Page". GoldenGlobes. Retrieved March 6, 2018. ^ "Film: Supporting Actress in 1979". British Academy Film Awards. Retrieved March 6, 2018. ^ "Geraldine Page Tony Awards Info". Tony Awards Database. Retrieved March 6, 2018. ^ Bradley, Laura (August 23, 2016). "Finally, We Know Who Sarah Paulson Is Playing in Ryan Murphy's Feud". Vanity Fair. Retrieved December 30, 2017. ^ a b c Clement, Olivia (January 13, 2017). "Geraldine Page's Daughter Pays Tribute in New Solo Show". Playbill. Retrieved March 8, 2018. Works cited Banham, Martin (1995). The Cambridge Guide to Theatre. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43437-9. OCLC 493930248. Botto, Louis; Mitchell, Brian Stokes (2002). At This Theatre: 100 Years of Broadway Shows, Stories and Stars. New York; Milwaukee, WI: Applause Theatre & Cinema Books/Playbill. ISBN 978-1-55783-566-6. Carroll, Joseph (2013). "Geraldine Page". In Senelick, Laurence (ed.). Theatre Arts on Acting. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-72375-1. OCLC 927998762. Christensen, Lawrence O.; Foley, William E.; Kremer, Gary (1999). Dictionary of Missouri Biography. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press. ISBN 978-0-826-26016-1. OCLC 41272935. Cosgrave, Bronwyn (2008). Made For Each Other: Fashion and the Academy Awards. New York: Bloomsbury USA. ISBN 978-1-596-91752-1. OCLC 947057508. Crystal, David (2007). The Penguin Factfinder (Third ed.). New York: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-141-02622-0. OCLC 76935604. Heintzelman, Greta; Howard, Alycia Smith (2014). Critical Companion to Tennessee Williams. New York: Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-1-438-10856-8. OCLC 882540789. Hischak, Thomas S. (2012). American Literature on Stage and Screen: 525 Works and Their Adaptations. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. ISBN 978-0-786-49279-4. OCLC 806205216. Krauss, Kenneth (2014). Male Beauty: Postwar Masculinity in Theater, Film, and Physique Magazines. Albany, New York: SUNY Press. ISBN 978-1-438-45001-8. OCLC 908745819. Muir, John Kenneth (2001). Terror Television: American Series, 1970-1999. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. ISBN 978-0-786-40890-0. OCLC 461549242. Nathan, George J. (1974). Angoff, Charles (ed.). The Theatre Book of the Year, 1945-1946. Farleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN 978-0-838-61174-6. OCLC 962192282. Porter, Darwin (2006). Brando Unzipped. Staten Island: Blood Moon Productions, Ltd. ISBN 978-0-974-81182-6. OCLC 224252793. Pugh, Tison (2014). Truman Capote: A Literary Life at the Movies. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. ISBN 978-0-820-34709-7. OCLC 995326201. Quinlan, David (1987). Wicked Women of the Screen. London: Batsford. ISBN 978-0-713-45305-8. OCLC 906521157. Schechner, Richard (1964). "The Bottomess Cup: An interview with Geraldine Page". TDR. 9 (2). New Orleans: 114–30. JSTOR 1125105. Silver, Alain (1995). What Ever Happened to Robert Aldrich?: His Life and His Films. New York: Limelight Ed. ISBN 978-1-617-80165-5. OCLC 243831753. Sterritt, David (2014). The Cinema of Clint Eastwood: Chronicles of America. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-17201-1. OCLC 967256152. Thise, Mark (2008). Hollywood Winners & Losers A to Z. New York: Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN 978-0-879-10351-4. OCLC 154751929. Walter, Georgia (1992). The First School of Osteopathic Medicine. Kirksville, Missouri: Thomas Jefferson University Press. ISBN 978-0-943-54908-8. OCLC 34195261. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Geraldine Page. Geraldine Page at the Internet Broadway Database Geraldine Page at IMDb Geraldine Page at the Internet Off-Broadway Database Academic resources Geraldine Page Papers at Yale University Digital Collections (family photographs and other papers) Geraldine Page at the University of Wisconsin's Actors Studio audio collection Videography Page's award acceptance speech at the 58th Academy Awards Awards for Geraldine Page vteAcademy Award for Best Actress1928–1950 Janet Gaynor (1928) Mary Pickford (1929) Norma Shearer (1930) Marie Dressler (1931) Helen Hayes (1932) Katharine Hepburn (1933) Claudette Colbert (1934) Bette Davis (1935) Luise Rainer (1936) Luise Rainer (1937) Bette Davis (1938) Vivien Leigh (1939) Ginger Rogers (1940) Joan Fontaine (1941) Greer Garson (1942) Jennifer Jones (1943) Ingrid Bergman (1944) Joan Crawford (1945) Olivia de Havilland (1946) Loretta Young (1947) Jane Wyman (1948) Olivia de Havilland (1949) Judy Holliday (1950) 1951–1975 Vivien Leigh (1951) Shirley Booth (1952) Audrey Hepburn (1953) Grace Kelly (1954) Anna Magnani (1955) Ingrid Bergman (1956) Joanne Woodward (1957) Susan Hayward (1958) Simone Signoret (1959) Elizabeth Taylor (1960) Sophia Loren (1961) Anne Bancroft (1962) Patricia Neal (1963) Julie Andrews (1964) Julie Christie (1965) Elizabeth Taylor (1966) Katharine Hepburn (1967) Katharine Hepburn / Barbra Streisand (1968) Maggie Smith (1969) Glenda Jackson (1970) Jane Fonda (1971) Liza Minnelli (1972) Glenda Jackson (1973) Ellen Burstyn (1974) Louise Fletcher (1975) 1976–2000 Faye Dunaway (1976) Diane Keaton (1977) Jane Fonda (1978) Sally Field (1979) Sissy Spacek (1980) Katharine Hepburn (1981) Meryl Streep (1982) Shirley MacLaine (1983) Sally Field (1984) Geraldine Page (1985) Marlee Matlin (1986) Cher (1987) Jodie Foster (1988) Jessica Tandy (1989) Kathy Bates (1990) Jodie Foster (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Jessica Lange (1994) Susan Sarandon (1995) Frances McDormand (1996) Helen Hunt (1997) Gwyneth Paltrow (1998) Hilary Swank (1999) Julia Roberts (2000) 2001–present Halle Berry (2001) Nicole Kidman (2002) Charlize Theron (2003) Hilary Swank (2004) Reese Witherspoon (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Marion Cotillard (2007) Kate Winslet (2008) Sandra Bullock (2009) Natalie Portman (2010) Meryl Streep (2011) Jennifer Lawrence (2012) Cate Blanchett (2013) Julianne Moore (2014) Brie Larson (2015) Emma Stone (2016) Frances McDormand (2017) Olivia Colman (2018) Renée Zellweger (2019) Frances McDormand (2020) Jessica Chastain (2021) Michelle Yeoh (2022) Emma Stone (2023) vteBAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role1968–2000 Billie Whitelaw (1968) Celia Johnson (1969) Susannah York (1970) Margaret Leighton (1971) Cloris Leachman (1972) Valentina Cortese (1973) Ingrid Bergman (1974) Diane Ladd (1975) Jodie Foster (1976) Jenny Agutter (1977) Geraldine Page (1978) Rachel Roberts (1979) Rohini Hattangadi / Maureen Stapleton (1982) Jamie Lee Curtis (1983) Liz Smith (1984) Rosanna Arquette (1985) Judi Dench (1986) Susan Wooldridge (1987) Judi Dench (1988) Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Whoopi Goldberg (1990) Kate Nelligan (1991) Miranda Richardson (1992) Miriam Margolyes (1993) Kristin Scott Thomas (1994) Kate Winslet (1995) Juliette Binoche (1996) Sigourney Weaver (1997) Judi Dench (1998) Maggie Smith (1999) Julie Walters (2000) 2001–present Jennifer Connelly (2001) Catherine Zeta-Jones (2002) Renée Zellweger (2003) Cate Blanchett (2004) Thandiwe Newton (2005) Jennifer Hudson (2006) Tilda Swinton (2007) Penélope Cruz (2008) Mo'Nique (2009) Helena Bonham Carter (2010) Octavia Spencer (2011) Anne Hathaway (2012) Jennifer Lawrence (2013) Patricia Arquette (2014) Kate Winslet (2015) Viola Davis (2016) Allison Janney (2017) Rachel Weisz (2018) Laura Dern (2019) Youn Yuh-jung (2020) Ariana DeBose (2021) Kerry Condon (2022) Da'Vine Joy Randolph (2023) vteBoston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress1980–2000 Gena Rowlands (1980) Marília Pêra (1981) Meryl Streep (1982) Rosanna Arquette (1983) Judy Davis (1984) Geraldine Page (1985) Chloe Webb (1986) Holly Hunter (1987) Melanie Griffith (1988) Jessica Tandy (1989) Anjelica Huston (1990) Geena Davis (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Julianne Moore (1994) Nicole Kidman (1995) Brenda Blethyn (1996) Helena Bonham Carter (1997) Samantha Morton (1998) Hilary Swank (1999) Ellen Burstyn (2000) 2001–present Tilda Swinton (2001) Maggie Gyllenhaal (2002) Scarlett Johansson (2003) Hilary Swank (2004) Reese Witherspoon (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Marion Cotillard (2007) Sally Hawkins (2008) Meryl Streep (2009) Natalie Portman (2010) Michelle Williams (2011) Emmanuelle Riva (2012) Cate Blanchett (2013) Marion Cotillard (2014) Charlotte Rampling (2015) Isabelle Huppert (2016) Sally Hawkins (2017) Melissa McCarthy (2018) Saoirse Ronan (2019) Sidney Flanigan (2020) Alana Haim (2021) Michelle Yeoh (2022) Lily Gladstone (2023) vteDavid di Donatello Award for Best Foreign Actress1957–1975 Ingrid Bergman (1957) Deborah Kerr (1959) Audrey Hepburn (1960) Brigitte Bardot (1961) Audrey Hepburn (1962) Geraldine Page (1963) Shirley MacLaine (1964) Audrey Hepburn (1965) Julie Andrews (1966) Julie Christie / Elizabeth Taylor (1967) Faye Dunaway / Katharine Hepburn (1968) Mia Farrow / Barbra Streisand (1969) Liza Minnelli (1970) Ali MacGraw (1971) Elizabeth Taylor (1972) Liza Minnelli (1973) Barbra Streisand / Tatum O'Neal (1974) Liv Ullmann (1975) 1976–1996 Isabelle Adjani / Glenda Jackson (1976) Faye Dunaway / Annie Girardot (1977) Jane Fonda / Simone Signoret (1978) Ingrid Bergman / Liv Ullmann (1979) Isabelle Huppert (1980) Catherine Deneuve (1981) Diane Keaton (1982) Julie Andrews (1983) Shirley MacLaine (1984) Meryl Streep (1985) Meryl Streep (1986) Norma Aleandro (1987) Cher (1988) Jodie Foster (1989) Jessica Tandy (1990) Anne Parillaud (1991) Geena Davis / Susan Sarandon (1992) Emmanuelle Béart / Tilda Swinton / Emma Thompson (1993) Emma Thompson (1994) Jodie Foster (1995) Susan Sarandon (1996) vtePrimetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie1952–1975 Helen Hayes (1952) Judith Anderson (1954) Mary Martin (1955) Claire Trevor (1956) Polly Bergen (1957) Julie Harris (1959) Ingrid Bergman (1960) Judith Anderson (1961) Julie Harris (1962) Kim Stanley (1963) Shelley Winters (1964) Lynn Fontanne (1965) Simone Signoret (1966) Geraldine Page (1967) Maureen Stapleton (1968) Geraldine Page (1969) Patty Duke (1970) Lee Grant (1971) Glenda Jackson (1972) Susan Hampshire / Cloris Leachman (1973) Mildred Natwick / Cicely Tyson (1974) Katharine Hepburn / Jessica Walter (1975) 1976–2000 Susan Clark / Rosemary Harris (1976) Patty Duke / Sally Field (1977) Meryl Streep / Joanne Woodward (1978) Bette Davis (1979) Patty Duke (1980) Vanessa Redgrave (1981) Ingrid Bergman (1982) Barbara Stanwyck (1983) Jane Fonda (1984) Joanne Woodward (1985) Marlo Thomas (1986) Gena Rowlands (1987) Jessica Tandy (1988) Holly Hunter (1989) Barbara Hershey (1990) Lynn Whitfield (1991) Gena Rowlands (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Kirstie Alley (1994) Glenn Close (1995) Helen Mirren (1996) Alfre Woodard (1997) Ellen Barkin (1998) Helen Mirren (1999) Halle Berry (2000) 2001–present Judy Davis (2001) Laura Linney (2002) Maggie Smith (2003) Meryl Streep (2004) S. Epatha Merkerson (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Helen Mirren (2007) Laura Linney (2008) Jessica Lange (2009) Claire Danes (2010) Kate Winslet (2011) Julianne Moore (2012) Laura Linney (2013) Jessica Lange (2014) Frances McDormand (2015) Sarah Paulson (2016) Nicole Kidman (2017) Regina King (2018) Michelle Williams (2019) Regina King (2020) Kate Winslet (2021) Amanda Seyfried (2022) Ali Wong (2023) vteGolden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama1943–1975 Jennifer Jones (1943) Ingrid Bergman (1944) Ingrid Bergman (1945) Rosalind Russell (1946) Rosalind Russell (1947) Jane Wyman (1948) Olivia de Havilland (1949) Gloria Swanson (1950) Jane Wyman (1951) Shirley Booth (1952) Audrey Hepburn (1953) Grace Kelly (1954) Anna Magnani (1955) Ingrid Bergman (1956) Joanne Woodward (1957) Susan Hayward (1958) Elizabeth Taylor (1959) Greer Garson (1960) Geraldine Page (1961) Geraldine Page (1962) Leslie Caron (1963) Anne Bancroft (1964) Samantha Eggar (1965) Anouk Aimée (1966) Edith Evans (1967) Joanne Woodward (1968) Geneviève Bujold (1969) Ali MacGraw (1970) Jane Fonda (1971) Liv Ullmann (1972) Marsha Mason (1973) Gena Rowlands (1974) Louise Fletcher (1975) 1976–2000 Faye Dunaway (1976) Jane Fonda (1977) Jane Fonda (1978) Sally Field (1979) Mary Tyler Moore (1980) Meryl Streep (1981) Meryl Streep (1982) Shirley MacLaine (1983) Sally Field (1984) Whoopi Goldberg (1985) Marlee Matlin (1986) Sally Kirkland (1987) Jodie Foster / Shirley MacLaine / Sigourney Weaver (1988) Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Kathy Bates (1990) Jodie Foster (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Jessica Lange (1994) Sharon Stone (1995) Brenda Blethyn (1996) Judi Dench (1997) Cate Blanchett (1998) Hilary Swank (1999) Julia Roberts (2000) 2001–present Sissy Spacek (2001) Nicole Kidman (2002) Charlize Theron (2003) Hilary Swank (2004) Felicity Huffman (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Julie Christie (2007) Kate Winslet (2008) Sandra Bullock (2009) Natalie Portman (2010) Meryl Streep (2011) Jessica Chastain (2012) Cate Blanchett (2013) Julianne Moore (2014) Brie Larson (2015) Isabelle Huppert (2016) Frances McDormand (2017) Glenn Close (2018) Renée Zellweger (2019) Andra Day (2020) Nicole Kidman (2021) Cate Blanchett (2022) Lily Gladstone (2023) vteIndependent Spirit Award for Best Female Lead Geraldine Page (1985) Isabella Rossellini (1986) Sally Kirkland (1987) Jodie Foster (1988) Andie MacDowell (1989) Anjelica Huston (1990) Judy Davis (1991) Fairuza Balk (1992) Ashley Judd (1993) Linda Fiorentino (1994) Elisabeth Shue (1995) Frances McDormand (1996) Julie Christie (1997) Ally Sheedy (1998) Hilary Swank (1999) Ellen Burstyn (2000) Sissy Spacek (2001) Julianne Moore (2002) Charlize Theron (2003) Catalina Sandino Moreno (2004) Felicity Huffman (2005) Shareeka Epps (2006) Ellen Page (2007) Melissa Leo (2008) Gabourey Sidibe (2009) Natalie Portman (2010) Michelle Williams (2011) Jennifer Lawrence (2012) Cate Blanchett (2013) Julianne Moore (2014) Brie Larson (2015) Isabelle Huppert (2016) Frances McDormand (2017) Glenn Close (2018) Renée Zellweger (2019) Carey Mulligan (2020) Taylour Paige (2021) vteNational Board of Review Award for Best Actress1945–1975 Joan Crawford (1945) Anna Magnani (1946) Celia Johnson (1947) Olivia de Havilland (1948) Gloria Swanson (1950) Jan Sterling (1951) Shirley Booth (1952) Jean Simmons (1953) Grace Kelly (1954) Anna Magnani (1955) Dorothy McGuire (1956) Joanne Woodward (1957) Ingrid Bergman (1958) Simone Signoret (1959) Greer Garson (1960) Geraldine Page (1961) Anne Bancroft (1962) Patricia Neal (1963) Kim Stanley (1964) Julie Christie (1965) Elizabeth Taylor (1966) Edith Evans (1967) Liv Ullmann (1968) Geraldine Page (1969) Glenda Jackson (1970) Irene Papas (1971) Cicely Tyson (1972) Liv Ullmann (1973) Gena Rowlands (1974) Isabelle Adjani (1975) 1976–2000 Liv Ullmann (1976) Anne Bancroft (1977) Ingrid Bergman (1978) Sally Field (1979) Sissy Spacek (1980) Glenda Jackson (1981) Meryl Streep (1982) Shirley MacLaine (1983) Peggy Ashcroft (1984) Whoopi Goldberg (1985) Kathleen Turner (1986) Lillian Gish / Holly Hunter (1987) Jodie Foster (1988) Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Mia Farrow (1990) Geena Davis / Susan Sarandon (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Miranda Richardson (1994) Emma Thompson (1995) Frances McDormand (1996) Helena Bonham Carter (1997) Fernanda Montenegro (1998) Janet McTeer (1999) Julia Roberts (2000) 2001–present Halle Berry (2001) Julianne Moore (2002) Diane Keaton (2003) Annette Bening (2004) Felicity Huffman (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Julie Christie (2007) Anne Hathaway (2008) Carey Mulligan (2009) Lesley Manville (2010) Tilda Swinton (2011) Jessica Chastain (2012) Emma Thompson (2013) Julianne Moore (2014) Brie Larson (2015) Amy Adams (2016) Meryl Streep (2017) Lady Gaga (2018) Renée Zellweger (2019) Carey Mulligan (2020) Rachel Zegler (2021) Michelle Yeoh (2022) Lily Gladstone (2023) Portals: Biography Film Theatre Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Korea Netherlands Academics CiNii Artists MusicBrainz People Deutsche Synchronkartei Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"numerous accolades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Geraldine_Page"},{"link_name":"Academy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award"},{"link_name":"British Academy Film Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_Film_Award"},{"link_name":"Primetime Emmy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"Golden Globe Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards"},{"link_name":"Tony Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Awards"},{"link_name":"Kirksville, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirksville,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Art Institute of 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'n' Tillie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_%27n%27_Tillie"},{"link_name":"Interiors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interiors"},{"link_name":"The Pope of Greenwich Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pope_of_Greenwich_Village"},{"link_name":"What Ever Happened to Aunt Alice?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Ever_Happened_to_Aunt_Alice%3F"},{"link_name":"The Beguiled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beguiled_(1971_film)"},{"link_name":"The Rescuers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rescuers"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_(theatre)"},{"link_name":"Tony Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Award"},{"link_name":"Sweet Bird of Youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_Bird_of_Youth"},{"link_name":"Absurd Person Singular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absurd_Person_Singular"},{"link_name":"Agnes of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_of_God"},{"link_name":"Blithe Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blithe_Spirit_(play)"},{"link_name":"American Theater Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Theater_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Primetime Emmy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Truman Capote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truman_Capote"},{"link_name":"A Christmas Memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Christmas_Memory"},{"link_name":"The Thanksgiving Visitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Thanksgiving_Visitor"}],"text":"American actress (1924–1987)Geraldine Sue Page (November 22, 1924 – June 13, 1987) was an American actress. With a career which spanned four decades across film, stage, and television, Page was the recipient of numerous accolades, including an Academy Award, a British Academy Film Award, two Primetime Emmy Awards, and two Golden Globe Awards, as well as nominations for four Tony Awards.A native of Kirksville, Missouri, Page studied at the Art Institute of Chicago and with Uta Hagen and Lee Strasberg in New York City. During the McCarthyism era, she was blacklisted in Hollywood based on her association with Hagen and did not work in film for eight years. Page won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her role in The Trip to Bountiful (1985). She was Oscar-nominated for her work in Hondo (1953), Summer and Smoke (1961), Sweet Bird of Youth (1962), You're a Big Boy Now (1966), Pete 'n' Tillie (1972), Interiors (1978), and The Pope of Greenwich Village (1984). She is also known for her film roles What Ever Happened to Aunt Alice? (1969), The Beguiled (1971) and The Rescuers (1977).On stage, she made her Broadway debut in the 1953 play Mid-summer. She went on to received Tony Award nominations for her performances as Princess Kosmonopolis in Sweet Bird of Youth (1959), Marion in Absurd Person Singular (1974), Mother Miriam Ruth in Agnes of God (1982), and Madame Arcati in Blithe Spirit (1987). For her prolific work onstage she was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame in 1979. For her roles in television she received two Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Single Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in a Drama for her acting in the adaptations of Truman Capote's A Christmas Memory (1967) and The Thanksgiving Visitor (1969).","title":"Geraldine Page"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kirksville, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirksville,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensenFoleyKremer1999590-1"},{"link_name":"A.T. Still University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.T._Still_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalter1992117-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-3"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensenFoleyKremer1999590-1"},{"link_name":"Methodist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodism"},{"link_name":"Louisa May Alcott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisa_May_Alcott"},{"link_name":"Little Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Women"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll201359-4"},{"link_name":"Englewood Technical Prep Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englewood_Technical_Prep_Academy"},{"link_name":"Goodman School of Drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Theatre_School_at_DePaul_University"},{"link_name":"Art Institute of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"DePaul University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DePaul_University"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britannica-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tulsa-6"},{"link_name":"American Theatre Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Theatre_Wing"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britannica-5"},{"link_name":"Uta Hagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uta_Hagen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensenFoleyKremer1999590-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchechner196414-7"},{"link_name":"Actors Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actors_Studio"},{"link_name":"Lee Strasberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Strasberg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensenFoleyKremer1999590-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"repertory theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repertory_theatre"},{"link_name":"Lake Zurich, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Zurich,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britannica-5"},{"link_name":"Woodstock Opera House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodstock_Opera_House"},{"link_name":"Claudia Cassidy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Cassidy"},{"link_name":"The Chicago Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chicago_Tribune"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensenFoleyKremer1999590-1"}],"text":"Page was born November 22, 1924, in Kirksville, Missouri, the first child of Edna Pearl (née Maize) and Leon Elwin Page[1] who worked at Andrew Taylor Still College of Osteopathy and Surgery (combined with the American School of Osteopathy, eventually to form A.T. Still University). He was an author whose works included Practical Anatomy (1925), Osteopathic Fundamentals (1926), and The Old Doctor (1932).[2] She had one younger brother, Donald.[3]At age five, Page relocated with her family to Chicago.[1] Raised a Methodist by her mother, Page was an active parishioner of the Englewood Methodist Church in Chicago, where she had her first foray into acting within the church's theatre group, appearing in a play called Excuse My Dust, then playing Jo March in a 1941 production of Louisa May Alcott's Little Women.[4] After graduating from Chicago's Englewood Technical Prep Academy, she attended the Goodman School of Drama at the Art Institute of Chicago (now at DePaul University), with the intention of becoming an actress. Page had aspirations of becoming a pianist or visual artist, but at 17 she appeared in her first amateur theatre production, and from that point, she never wavered from her desire to be a professional actress. [5]After graduating from the Art Institute of Chicago in 1945,[6] Page studied acting at the Herbert Berghof School and the American Theatre Wing in New York City,[5] studying with Uta Hagen for seven years,[1][7] and then at the Actors Studio with Lee Strasberg.[1][8] During this time, Page would return to Chicago in the summers to perform in repertory theatre in Lake Zurich, Illinois, where she and several fellow actors had established their own independent theater company.[5] She also spent two critically successful years performing with a winter stock company called the Woodstock Players another group from Goodman who performed mostly at the Woodstock Opera House where she was singled out by critic Claudia Cassidy of The Chicago Tribune as destined to be a star to bear watching. During that time she was called \"the lady with the thousand faces\" for her ability to change her looks and actions to an extent that her most devoted fans were unable to recognize her.[9] While attempting to establish her career, she worked various odd jobs, including as a hat-check girl, theater usher, lingerie model, and a factory laborer.[1]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"method actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_acting"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensenFoleyKremer1999590-1"},{"link_name":"Immaculate Heart High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immaculate_Heart_High_School_(Los_Angeles)"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanham1995833-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan1974142-11"},{"link_name":"Upper East Side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_East_Side"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan1974142-11"},{"link_name":"José Quintero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Quintero"},{"link_name":"Federico García Lorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca"},{"link_name":"Circle in the Square Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_in_the_Square_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Greenwich Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Village"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Summer and Smoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_and_Smoke"},{"link_name":"Tennessee Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams"},{"link_name":"Drama Desk Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_Desk_Award"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tulsa-6"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Geraldine_Page_in_Hondo.png"},{"link_name":"Hondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hondo_(film)"},{"link_name":"Hondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hondo_(film)"},{"link_name":"John Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wayne"},{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress"},{"link_name":"Taxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxi_(1953_film)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"blacklisted in Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_blacklist"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensenFoleyKremer1999590-1"},{"link_name":"The Rainmaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rainmaker_(play)"},{"link_name":"N. Richard Nash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._Richard_Nash"},{"link_name":"James Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dean"},{"link_name":"The Immoralist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Immoralist_(play)"},{"link_name":"Ruth Goetz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Goetz"},{"link_name":"novel of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Immoralist"},{"link_name":"André Gide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gide"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrauss2014179-15"},{"link_name":"Heritage Auctions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_Auctions"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heritage-16"},{"link_name":"Angelica Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelica_Page"},{"link_name":"The Immoralist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Immoralist_(play)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_C._Scott_-_Geraldine_Page_-_1959.JPG"},{"link_name":"George C. Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_C._Scott"},{"link_name":"NBC Sunday Showcase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_Sunday_Showcase"},{"link_name":"Hondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hondo_(film)"},{"link_name":"Summer and Smoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_and_Smoke"},{"link_name":"Jose Quintero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Quintero"},{"link_name":"Richard Kiley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Kiley"},{"link_name":"film version in 1961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_and_Smoke_(film)"},{"link_name":"Laurence Harvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Harvey"},{"link_name":"Una Merkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Una_Merkel"},{"link_name":"Best Actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actress"},{"link_name":"Best Supporting Actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress"},{"link_name":"34th Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/34th_Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Sophia Loren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia_Loren"},{"link_name":"Two Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Women"},{"link_name":"Rita Moreno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_Moreno"},{"link_name":"West Side Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Side_Story_(1961_film)"},{"link_name":"Emmy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"Playhouse 90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playhouse_90"},{"link_name":"William Faulkner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Faulkner"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Sweet Bird of Youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_Bird_of_Youth"},{"link_name":"Paul Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Newman"},{"link_name":"Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Actress_in_a_Play"},{"link_name":"Sarah Siddons Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Siddons_Award"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_theatre"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"1962 film adaptation of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_Bird_of_Youth_(1962_film)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeintzelmanHoward2014365-21"},{"link_name":"Best Actress in a Motion Picture - Drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Actress_in_a_Motion_Picture_%E2%80%93_Drama"},{"link_name":"1961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_Golden_Globe_Awards"},{"link_name":"1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Golden_Globe_Awards"},{"link_name":"Summer and Smoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_and_Smoke_(film)"},{"link_name":"Sweet Bird of Youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_Bird_of_Youth_(1962_film)"},{"link_name":"Toys in the Attic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toys_in_the_Attic_(1963_film)"},{"link_name":"Lillian Hellman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillian_Hellman"},{"link_name":"Golden Globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards"},{"link_name":"Dear Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dear_Heart"},{"link_name":"Anton Chekhov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Chekhov"},{"link_name":"Three Sisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Sisters_(play)"},{"link_name":"Kim Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Stanley"},{"link_name":"Barbara Baxley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Baxley"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tcred-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Shirley Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Knight"},{"link_name":"Sandy Dennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Dennis"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorter2006141-24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Geraldine_Page_and_Truman_Capote_1966.png"},{"link_name":"Truman Capote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truman_Capote"},{"link_name":"Truman Capote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truman_Capote"},{"link_name":"ABC Stage 67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Stage_67"},{"link_name":"The Thanksgiving Visitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Thanksgiving_Visitor#Adaptation"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh201414-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baker-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Peter Shaffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Shaffer"},{"link_name":"Black Comedy/White Lies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_White_Liars_(Play)"},{"link_name":"Michael Crawford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Crawford"},{"link_name":"Lynn Redgrave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_Redgrave"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBottoMitchell2002285%E2%80%936-28"},{"link_name":"Fred MacMurray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_MacMurray"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney"},{"link_name":"The Happiest Millionaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Happiest_Millionaire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensenFoleyKremer1999590-1"},{"link_name":"Gladys Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladys_Cooper"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Ruth Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Gordon"},{"link_name":"What Ever Happened to Aunt Alice?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Ever_Happened_to_Aunt_Alice%3F"},{"link_name":"Robert Aldrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Aldrich"},{"link_name":"What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Ever_Happened_to_Baby_Jane%3F_(1962_film)"},{"link_name":"Hush...Hush, Sweet Charlotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hush...Hush,_Sweet_Charlotte"},{"link_name":"Ursula Curtiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_Curtiss"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilver1995318-30"},{"link_name":"Vincent Canby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Canby"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-canby-31"}],"sub_title":"1945–1969: Early stage and film","text":"Page, a trained method actor, spent five years appearing in various repertory theater productions in the Midwest and New York after graduating from college.[1] On October 25, 1945, she made her New York stage debut in Seven Mirrors, a play devised by Immaculate Heart High School students from Los Angeles.[10][11] The play ran for a total of 23 performances at Blackfriars Repertory Theatre on Manhattan's Upper East Side.[11] In February 1952, director José Quintero cast Page in a minor role in Yerma, a theatrical interpretation of a poem by Federico García Lorca, staged at Circle in the Square Theatre in New York City's Greenwich Village.[12] Page was subsequently cast in the role of Alma in the Quintero-directed production of Summer and Smoke, written by Tennessee Williams (also staged at the Circle Theatre in 1952). Page's role in Summer and Smoke garnered her significant exposure, including a Drama Desk Award,[6] and a profile in Time magazine.[13]Page in Hondo (1953)Her official film debut and role in Hondo, opposite John Wayne, garnering her a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. Prior, she appeared in an uncredited role in Taxi. Speaking to a Kirksville newspaper, she said: \"Actually Hondo wasn't my first movie. I had one small, but satisfactory scene in a Dan Dailey picture called Taxi, which was filmed in New York.\"[14] Page was blacklisted in Hollywood after her debut in Hondo based on her association with Uta Hagen and did not work in film for nearly ten years.[1] Her work continued on Broadway playing a spinster in the 1954–1955 production of The Rainmaker, written by N. Richard Nash; and as the frustrated wife whose husband becomes romantically obsessed with a young Arab, played by James Dean, in the 1954 production of The Immoralist, written by Augustus Goetz and Ruth Goetz and based on the novel of the same name (1902) by André Gide.[15] Page remained friends with Dean until his death the following year and kept a number of personal mementos from the play—including several drawings by him. After Page's death, these items were acquired by Heritage Auctions in 2006.[16] In 2015 Angelica Page revealed that her mother had an affair with Dean during the production of The Immoralist.[17] She stated, \"According to my mother, their affair went on for three-and-a-half months. In many ways my mother never really got over Jimmy. It was not unusual for me to go to her dressing room through the years, obviously many years after Dean was gone, and find pictures of him taped up on her mirror. My mother never forgot about Jimmy -- never. I believe they were artistic soul mates.\"[18]Page opposite George C. Scott in a 1959 NBC Sunday Showcase episodePrior to Hondo, in 1952, she appeared in a revival of Summer and Smoke in 1952 putting herself, the play, and director Jose Quintero at the beginning of the Off-Broadway scene. Page played the same role of Alma Winemiller in a 1953 radio version (opposite Richard Kiley) and a film version in 1961 opposite Laurence Harvey. Both she and Una Merkel earned acting nominations for Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress respectively in the 34th Academy Awards in 1961. The awards, however, went to Sophia Loren for Two Women and Rita Moreno for West Side Story.In 1959, Page earned an Emmy nomination, of Best Single Performance by an Actress, for her role in the Playhouse 90 episode \"The Old Man,\" written by William Faulkner.[19] She subsequently earned critical accolades for her performance in the 1959–1960 Broadway production of Tennessee Williams's Sweet Bird of Youth opposite Paul Newman, in which she originated the role of a larger-than-life, addicted, sexually voracious Hollywood legend trying to extinguish her fears about her career with a young hustler named Chance Wayne (played by Newman). For her performance, Page received her first nomination for the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play, as well as the Sarah Siddons Award for her performance in Chicago.[20] She and Newman subsequently starred in the 1962 film adaptation of the same name and Page earned a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress for the film.[21]Geraldine Page actually won consecutive Golden Globe Awards for Best Actress in a Motion Picture - Drama in 1961 and 1962 for Summer and Smoke and Sweet Bird of Youth, respectively.In 1963, Page starred in Toys in the Attic, based on Lillian Hellman's play of the same name, and garnered a Golden Globe nomination. She received another nomination the following year starring in Delbert Mann's Dear Heart as a self-sufficient but lonely postmistress visiting New York City for a convention, finding love with a greeting card salesman. In 1964, she starred in a Lee Strasberg-directed Broadway revival of Anton Chekhov's Three Sisters playing eldest sister Olga to Kim Stanley's Masha with Barbara Baxley as the interloper Natasha.[22][23] Both Shirley Knight and Sandy Dennis played the youngest sister Irina at different stages in this production.[24]Page with Truman Capote, 1966Between 1966 and 1969, Page appeared in two holiday-themed television productions based on stories by Truman Capote: \"The Christmas Memory\" (for ABC Stage 67) and the television film The Thanksgiving Visitor, both of which earned her two consecutive Emmy Awards for Best Actress.[25][26][27] In 1967, Page appeared again onstage in Peter Shaffer's Black Comedy/White Lies, a production which also included Michael Crawford and Lynn Redgrave, who were making their Broadway debuts.[28] The same year, she appeared opposite Fred MacMurray in the Walt Disney-produced musical The Happiest Millionaire.[1] Bosley Crowther of The New York Times was critical of the film, noting: \"Geraldine Page and Gladys Cooper...square off in one musical scene of socially up-staging each other that is drenched in perfumed vulgarity. But, then, the whole picture is vulgar. It is an over-decorated, over-fluffed, over-sentimentalized endeavor to pretend the lace-curtain millionaires are—or were—every bit as folksy as the old prize-fighters and the Irish brawlers in the saloon.\"[29]Page starred opposite Ruth Gordon in the thriller What Ever Happened to Aunt Alice? (1969), the third and final film in the Robert Aldrich-produced trilogy which followed What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962) and Hush...Hush, Sweet Charlotte (1964). The film is based on the novel The Forbidden Garden by Ursula Curtiss and features Page as Claire Marrable, a recently widowed socialite, who, discovers that her husband has left her virtually nothing. The widow hires a number of unsuspecting housekeepers whom she murders one by one and robs them of their life savings in order to keep up her extravagant lifestyle.[30] Writing for The New York Times, Vincent Canby deemed the film \"an amusingly baroque horror story told by a master misogynist,\" and praised Page's \"affecting\" performance.[31]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Don Siegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Siegel"},{"link_name":"The Beguiled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beguiled_(1971_film)"},{"link_name":"Clint Eastwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clint_Eastwood"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESterritt201479%E2%80%9381-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESterritt201479-33"},{"link_name":"Pete 'n' Tillie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_%27n%27_Tillie"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Rod Serling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Serling"},{"link_name":"Night Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Gallery"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuir2001627-35"},{"link_name":"Mary Todd Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Todd_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"Maya Angelou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_Angelou"},{"link_name":"Jerome Kilty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Kilty"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Featured_Actress_in_a_Play"},{"link_name":"Alan Ayckbourn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Ayckbourn"},{"link_name":"Absurd Person Singular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absurd_Person_Singular"},{"link_name":"Richard Kiley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Kiley"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tcred-22"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Aimee Semple McPherson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimee_Semple_McPherson"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHischak201253-38"},{"link_name":"The Day of the Locust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_of_the_Locust_(film)"},{"link_name":"Nathanael West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathanael_West"},{"link_name":"novel of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_of_the_Locust"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensenFoleyKremer1999590-1"},{"link_name":"Nasty Habits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasty_Habits_(film)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-afi-39"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Productions"},{"link_name":"The Rescuers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rescuers"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinlan1987143-40"},{"link_name":"Kojak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kojak"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Hawaii Five-O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_Five-O_(1968_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Woody Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woody_Allen"},{"link_name":"Interiors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interiors"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThise2008216-43"},{"link_name":"BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Actress_in_a_Supporting_Role"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrystal2007628-44"},{"link_name":"Louise Nevelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Nevelson"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"American Theater Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Theater_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hof-46"}],"sub_title":"1970–1979: Mid-career work","text":"Page subsequently appeared in the Don Siegel-directed thriller The Beguiled (1971) opposite Clint Eastwood, playing the headmistress of a Southern girls' boarding school who takes in a wounded Union soldier.[32] Director Siegel called Page \"certainly as fine an actor as I've ever worked with. I never have gotten along better with anyone than I did with her.\"[33] This was followed by a supporting role in the comedy Pete 'n' Tillie (1972), for which she earned an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress.[34] She also appeared in three episodes of Rod Serling's Night Gallery between 1972 and 1973.[35] In January 1973, she returned to Broadway playing Mary Todd Lincoln opposite Maya Angelou in the two-character play Look Away, written by Jerome Kilty.[36] Page received a nomination for the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play (her second Tony Award nomination) for the 1975 production of Alan Ayckbourn's Absurd Person Singular with Sandy Dennis and Richard Kiley.[22][37]She also had a supporting role as a charismatic Hollywood evangelist (modeled after Aimee Semple McPherson)[38] in The Day of the Locust (1975), an adaptation of the Nathanael West novel of the same name.[1] In 1977, she appeared as a nun in the British comedy Nasty Habits,[39] and provided the voice role of Madame Medusa in the Walt Disney animated film The Rescuers.[40] During this time, she also appeared on television, guest-starring in the popular series Kojak (1976)[41] and Hawaii Five-O (1977).[42]Page appeared as the mother of three siblings and wife of a prominent attorney in Woody Allen's Interiors (1978). For her performance, Page was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress,[43] and won a BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role.[44] The New York Times's Vincent Canby lauded her performance in the film, writing: \"Miss Page, looking a bit like a youthful Louise Nevelson with mink-lashed eyes, is marvelous — erratically kind, impossibly demanding, pathetic in her loneliness and desperate in her anger.\"[45] The following year, in November 1979, Page was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame.[46]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GERALDINE_PAGE_AND_BRIAN_CLARK_IN_THE_MADWOMAN_OF_CHAILLOT.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Madwoman of Chaillot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Madwoman_of_Chaillot"},{"link_name":"Zelda Fitzgerald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelda_Fitzgerald"},{"link_name":"Clothes for a Summer Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothes_for_a_Summer_Hotel"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tcred-22"},{"link_name":"Harry's War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%27s_War_(1981_film)"},{"link_name":"Agnes of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_of_God"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tcred-22"},{"link_name":"Sabra Jones Strasberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabra_Jones"},{"link_name":"Maxwell Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Ingrid Bergman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrid_Bergman"},{"link_name":"the Mirror Theater Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mirror_Theater_Ltd"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Inheritors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inheritors_(play)"},{"link_name":"Susan Glaspell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Glaspell"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Paradise Lost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Lost_(play)"},{"link_name":"Clifford Odets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Odets"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"John Colton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Colton_(screenwriter)"},{"link_name":"Miss Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain_(short_story)"},{"link_name":"W. Somerset Maugham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Somerset_Maugham"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Vivat! Vivat Regina!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivat!_Vivat_Regina!"},{"link_name":"Robert Bolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bolt"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Booth Tarkington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booth_Tarkington"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"The Madwoman of Chaillot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Madwoman_of_Chaillot"},{"link_name":"Jean Giraudoux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Giraudoux"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"The Pope of Greenwich Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pope_of_Greenwich_Village"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThise2008218-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-science-55"},{"link_name":"Peter O'Toole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_O%27Toole"},{"link_name":"Richard Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Burton"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"The Dollmaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dollmaker"},{"link_name":"Jane Fonda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Fonda"},{"link_name":"Amanda Plummer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Plummer"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"horror film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_film"},{"link_name":"The Bride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bride_(1985_film)"},{"link_name":"Sting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sting_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Beals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Beals"},{"link_name":"White Nights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Nights_(1985_film)"},{"link_name":"Taylor Hackford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Hackford"},{"link_name":"Rebecca De Mornay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_De_Mornay"},{"link_name":"The Trip to Bountiful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trip_to_Bountiful"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baker-26"},{"link_name":"W. Somerset Maugham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Somerset_Maugham"},{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actress"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-3"},{"link_name":"The Mirror Theater Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mirror_Theater_Ltd"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosgrave2008172-58"},{"link_name":"F. Murray Abraham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._Murray_Abraham"},{"link_name":"Oscar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Amadeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadeus_(film)"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hutchings-60"},{"link_name":"Mirror Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mirror_Theater_Ltd"},{"link_name":"Carroll Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Baker"},{"link_name":"Oprah Winfrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth McGovern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_McGovern"},{"link_name":"Native Son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Son_(1986_film)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-afi-39"},{"link_name":"Mary Stuart Masterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Stuart_Masterson"},{"link_name":"My Little Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Little_Girl"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-afi-39"},{"link_name":"Noël Coward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward"},{"link_name":"Blithe Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blithe_Spirit_(play)"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fulton-61"},{"link_name":"Patricia Conolly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Conolly"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-3"}],"sub_title":"1980–1986: Later work and final roles","text":"Page with Brian Clark in a 1984 production of The Madwoman of ChaillotPage starred as Zelda Fitzgerald in the last major Broadway production of a Williams play, Clothes for a Summer Hotel in 1980,[22] followed by a supporting role in Harry's War (1981). Page starred as the secretive nun Mother Miriam Ruth in the Broadway production of Agnes of God, which opened in 1982 and ran for 599 performances with Page performing in nearly all of them; for her role, she received a nomination for the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play.[22]Also in 1983, Page invited the young actress Sabra Jones Strasberg to her dressing room to talk to Strasberg about how much she had liked her performance in St. Joan by Maxwell Anderson, in which Page had just seen her play the part originated by Ingrid Bergman. During this conversation, Strasberg asked her advice in forming a classic theatre based on alternating repertory. Strasberg later founded the Mirror Theater Ltd with its repertory program the Mirror Repertory, and Page accepted the role of Founding Artist in Residence.[47] Page remained continually active in theater, appearing in numerous repertory, Broadway, and Off-Broadway productions throughout the 1980s; this included roles in a revivals of Inheritors by Susan Glaspell[48] and Paradise Lost by Clifford Odets in 1983,[49] Rain by John Colton (based on the short story \"Miss Thompson\" by W. Somerset Maugham) the following year.[50] Further revivals followed in 1985: Vivat! Vivat Regina! by Robert Bolt (in which she played Elizabeth I),[51] Clarence by Booth Tarkington,[52] and The Madwoman of Chaillot (by Jean Giraudoux) in which she played the Madwoman to great acclaim).[53]Page earned her seventh Academy Award nomination for her performance in the dark comedy The Pope of Greenwich Village (1984).[54] This marked a record at the time for most Academy Award nominations without a win,[55] for which Page was tied with Peter O'Toole and Richard Burton (who themselves had also garnered seven nominations without winning).[56] On television, Page had a supporting role in the miniseries The Dollmaker (1984), opposite Jane Fonda and Amanda Plummer.[57] She appeared in the British horror film The Bride opposite Sting and Jennifer Beals; the drama White Nights, directed by Taylor Hackford; and opposite Rebecca De Mornay in the drama The Trip to Bountiful (all 1985), in which she played an aging Southern Texas woman seeking to return to her hometown. The role earned Page wide critical acclaim, with the Los Angeles Times referring to it as \"the performance of a lifetime.\"[26]In 1986, she appeared on Broadway in The Circle by W. Somerset Maugham; during this production, Page won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in The Trip to Bountiful.[3] During her acceptance speech, she thanked The Mirror Theater Ltd. Page wore her costume from The Circle, which had been designed and made by Gail Cooper-Hecht, the Mirror Theater's costume designer.[58] She received the award from F. Murray Abraham, who, after winning his Oscar for Amadeus, also joined the Mirror Repertory Company to play the rag-picker in the Madwoman of Chaillot.[59] Prior to winning the Academy Award, Page said to People magazine: \"If I lose the Oscar this year, I'll have the record for the most nominations without ever winning... I'd love to be champion, [but the loser] doesn't have to get up there and make a fool of herself.\"[60]After winning the Academy Award, Page returned to finish her run performing in The Circle for Mirror Theater and appeared opposite Carroll Baker, Oprah Winfrey, and Elizabeth McGovern in Native Son (1986).[39] Page followed up Native Son with a lead role opposite Mary Stuart Masterson in My Little Girl (1987).[39] In the fall of 1986, Page asked permission to return to Broadway in a revival of Noël Coward's Blithe Spirit in the role of Madame Arcati. She was cast in the role, though the production would be Page's last. She was again nominated for the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play, though she did not win. A week after the Tony Awards ceremony, Page failed to appear for two performances of the play and was found dead in her Manhattan home.[61] The show lasted several weeks more, with Page's understudy Patricia Conolly taking over her role.[3]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchechner1964125-62"},{"link_name":"method actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_acting"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tulsa-6"},{"link_name":"psychoanalysts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalysis"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchechner1964125%E2%80%936-63"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fulton-61"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchechner1964116%E2%80%9321-64"},{"link_name":"emotional recall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affective_memory"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchechner1964126-65"},{"link_name":"character actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_actor"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-science-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-science-55"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchechner1964130-66"}],"text":"If [other actors] have trained the way you've been trained there is at least the hope of communication. But wonderful actors are wonderful to act with–it doesn't matter how they've been trained.\n\n\nPage on acting, 1964[62]Page was trained as a method actor,[6] and at times worked with psychoanalysts when developing her interpretations of roles.[63] She once told the Los Angeles Times: \"If I read a part and think I can connect to it, that I can touch people with it, I will do it, no matter what its size. And if I think I can't do something with a part, I won't take it.\"[61] In a 1964 interview upon completing the Broadway run of The Three Sisters, Page discussed her method acting at length.[64] When asked if she used emotional recall as a technique, she responded: \"I would never shut it out. But I don't try to get one. My whole effort is to relax and keep the doors open so that there's room if one should pop up.\"[65]During her life, Page was regarded as a respected character actress.[55] Speaking of her stage career in 1986, she said: \"I used to think that by opening [night] all the work was done. Now I'm finding how much you can learn from the audience.\"[55] She described acting as a \"bottomless cup,\" adding: \"If I studied for the next ninety years I'd just be scratching the surface.\"[66]","title":"Reception and acting style"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexander Schneider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Schneider"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tcm-67"},{"link_name":"Rip Torn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rip_Torn"},{"link_name":"Pinal, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinal,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Sweet Bird of Youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_Bird_of_Youth"},{"link_name":"1962 film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_Bird_of_Youth_(1962_film)"},{"link_name":"Angelica Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelica_Page"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-torn-69"},{"link_name":"Amy Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Wright"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spectacular-71"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spectacular-71"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spectacular-71"},{"link_name":"Cindy Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cindy_Adams"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tcm-67"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-torn-69"},{"link_name":"gourmand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foodie"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hutchings-60"}],"text":"Page was married to violinist Alexander Schneider from 1954 to 1957.[67] On September 8, 1963, she married actor Rip Torn, who was six years her junior, in Pinal, Arizona.[68] They had played opposite one another in Sweet Bird of Youth on Broadway and in the 1962 film. They had three children: a daughter, actress Angelica Page, and twin sons, Anthony \"Tony\" and Jonathan \"Jon\" Torn.Beginning in the early 1980s, Page and Torn lived separately[69] after he started dating actress Amy Wright;[70] Torn had first met Wright in 1976 and began an affair shortly after.[71] Page was aware of Torn and Wright's relationship, and appeared onstage opposite Wright in the 1977 Off-Broadway production of The Stronger, under Torn's direction.[71] In 1983, Torn fathered a child with Wright.[71] Upon the birth of the child, Page was questioned about her marriage by columnist Cindy Adams, to which she responded: \"Of course Rip and I are still married. We've been married for years. We're staying married. What's the big fuss?\"[67] In spite of their separation, Page and Torn remained married until her death; her daughter described their relationship as still \"close\" up until Page died in 1987.[69]Page considered herself a gourmand, once joking: \"'Greedy Gut' is my middle name...Rip is wonderful. He does the cooking, and I do the eating. I love everything but eggplant.\"[60]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:425_West_22nd_Street.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chelsea, Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea,_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"Neil Simon Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Simon_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Noël Coward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward"},{"link_name":"Blithe Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blithe_Spirit_(play)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tcred-22"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-3"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fulton-61"},{"link_name":"heart attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarction"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-3"},{"link_name":"Sissy Spacek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sissy_Spacek"},{"link_name":"James Earl Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Earl_Jones"},{"link_name":"Amanda Plummer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Plummer"},{"link_name":"Jerry Stiller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Stiller"},{"link_name":"Anne Meara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Meara"},{"link_name":"Neil Simon Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Simon_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tribute-72"},{"link_name":"Anne Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Jackson"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tribute-72"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tribute-72"},{"link_name":"cremated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cremation"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilson2016-73"}],"text":"Page's townhouse in Chelsea, Manhattan, where she died in 1987On June 13, 1987, Page failed to arrive at the Neil Simon Theatre for both the afternoon and evening performances of Noël Coward's Blithe Spirit, which had begun its run in March.[22] At the end of the show's evening performance, the play's producer announced that Page had been found dead in her lower Manhattan townhouse.[3][61] It was determined that she died of a heart attack.[3]On June 18, \"an overflow crowd of colleagues, friends and fans,\" including Sissy Spacek, James Earl Jones, Amanda Plummer, Jerry Stiller, Anne Meara, and husband Torn attended a memorial service held at the Neil Simon Theatre.[72]Highlighting Page's achievements, actress Anne Jackson said, \"[Page] used a stage like no one else I'd ever seen. It was like playing tennis with someone who had 26 arms.\"[72] Rip Torn called her \"Mi corazón, mi alma, mi esposa\" (\"My heart, my soul, my wife\") and said they had \"never stopped being lovers, and ... never will.\"[72] Page was cremated.[73]","title":"Death and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actress"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fulton-61"},{"link_name":"Golden Globe Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gg-74"},{"link_name":"Primetime Emmy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Awards"},{"link_name":"BAFTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_Film_Award"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Tony Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Award"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tony-76"},{"link_name":"New York Daily News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Daily_News"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-torn-69"},{"link_name":"American Theatre Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Theatre_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hof-46"}],"text":"Page earned a total of eight nominations before winning her first Academy Award for Best Actress in 1986 for The Trip to Bountiful.[61] She was also a winner of two Golden Globe Awards,[74] two Primetime Emmy Awards, and one BAFTA award.[75]For her stage work on Broadway, Page earned a total of four Tony Award nominations,[76] and was referred to by the New York Daily News as \"one of the finest stage actors of her generation.\"[69] She was inducted into the American Theatre Hall of Fame in 1979.[46]","title":"Acting credits and accolades"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sarah Paulson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Paulson"},{"link_name":"Feud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feud_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Bette Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bette_Davis"},{"link_name":"Joan Crawford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Crawford"},{"link_name":"What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Ever_Happened_to_Baby_Jane%3F_(1962_film)"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Angelica Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelica_Page"},{"link_name":"Turning Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turning_Page"},{"link_name":"monologue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monologue"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-turning-78"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-turning-78"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-turning-78"}],"text":"Sarah Paulson portrayed Page in the 2017 anthology television series Feud, which chronicles the rivalry between actresses Bette Davis and Joan Crawford on the set of What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962).[77]She was also portrayed by her daughter, Angelica Page, in the stage production Turning Page. A monologue play chronicling Page's life, it was also written by her daughter:[78] \"I grew up in the center of her sparkling career,\" Angelica recalled. \"As her only daughter I feel compelled to share her lessons and gifts with others who did and did not have the opportunity to know her magic intimately. She was a true rebel and trail blazer. A masterful woman who was ahead of her time and should not be forgotten anytime soon.\"[78] The play premiered in Los Angeles in 2016, followed by performances in New York City in 2017.[78]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Cambridge Guide to Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/cambridgeguideto0000banh"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-43437-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43437-9"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"493930248","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/493930248"},{"link_name":"At This Theatre: 100 Years of Broadway Shows, Stories and 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Winners & Losers A to Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/hollywoodwinners0000this"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-879-10351-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-879-10351-4"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"154751929","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/154751929"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jefferson University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_University"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-943-54908-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-943-54908-8"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"34195261","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/34195261"}],"text":"Banham, Martin (1995). The Cambridge Guide to Theatre. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43437-9. OCLC 493930248.\nBotto, Louis; Mitchell, Brian Stokes (2002). At This Theatre: 100 Years of Broadway Shows, Stories and Stars. New York; Milwaukee, WI: Applause Theatre & Cinema Books/Playbill. ISBN 978-1-55783-566-6.\nCarroll, Joseph (2013). \"Geraldine Page\". In Senelick, Laurence (ed.). Theatre Arts on Acting. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-72375-1. OCLC 927998762.\nChristensen, Lawrence O.; Foley, William E.; Kremer, Gary (1999). Dictionary of Missouri Biography. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press. ISBN 978-0-826-26016-1. OCLC 41272935.\nCosgrave, Bronwyn (2008). Made For Each Other: Fashion and the Academy Awards. New York: Bloomsbury USA. ISBN 978-1-596-91752-1. OCLC 947057508.\nCrystal, David (2007). The Penguin Factfinder (Third ed.). New York: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-141-02622-0. OCLC 76935604.\nHeintzelman, Greta; Howard, Alycia Smith (2014). Critical Companion to Tennessee Williams. New York: Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-1-438-10856-8. OCLC 882540789.\nHischak, Thomas S. (2012). American Literature on Stage and Screen: 525 Works and Their Adaptations. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. ISBN 978-0-786-49279-4. OCLC 806205216.\nKrauss, Kenneth (2014). Male Beauty: Postwar Masculinity in Theater, Film, and Physique Magazines. Albany, New York: SUNY Press. ISBN 978-1-438-45001-8. OCLC 908745819.\nMuir, John Kenneth (2001). Terror Television: American Series, 1970-1999. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. ISBN 978-0-786-40890-0. OCLC 461549242.\nNathan, George J. (1974). Angoff, Charles (ed.). The Theatre Book of the Year, 1945-1946. Farleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN 978-0-838-61174-6. OCLC 962192282.\nPorter, Darwin (2006). Brando Unzipped. Staten Island: Blood Moon Productions, Ltd. ISBN 978-0-974-81182-6. OCLC 224252793.\nPugh, Tison (2014). Truman Capote: A Literary Life at the Movies. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. ISBN 978-0-820-34709-7. OCLC 995326201.\nQuinlan, David (1987). Wicked Women of the Screen. London: Batsford. ISBN 978-0-713-45305-8. OCLC 906521157.\nSchechner, Richard (1964). \"The Bottomess Cup: An interview with Geraldine Page\". TDR. 9 (2). New Orleans: 114–30. JSTOR 1125105.\nSilver, Alain (1995). What Ever Happened to Robert Aldrich?: His Life and His Films. New York: Limelight Ed. ISBN 978-1-617-80165-5. OCLC 243831753.\nSterritt, David (2014). The Cinema of Clint Eastwood: Chronicles of America. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-17201-1. OCLC 967256152.\nThise, Mark (2008). Hollywood Winners & Losers A to Z. New York: Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN 978-0-879-10351-4. OCLC 154751929.\nWalter, Georgia (1992). The First School of Osteopathic Medicine. Kirksville, Missouri: Thomas Jefferson University Press. ISBN 978-0-943-54908-8. OCLC 34195261.","title":"Works cited"}]	[{"image_text":"Page in Hondo (1953)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Geraldine_Page_in_Hondo.png/220px-Geraldine_Page_in_Hondo.png"},{"image_text":"Page opposite George C. Scott in a 1959 NBC Sunday Showcase episode","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/George_C._Scott_-_Geraldine_Page_-_1959.JPG/220px-George_C._Scott_-_Geraldine_Page_-_1959.JPG"},{"image_text":"Page with Truman Capote, 1966","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Geraldine_Page_and_Truman_Capote_1966.png/170px-Geraldine_Page_and_Truman_Capote_1966.png"},{"image_text":"Page with Brian Clark in a 1984 production of The Madwoman of Chaillot","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/GERALDINE_PAGE_AND_BRIAN_CLARK_IN_THE_MADWOMAN_OF_CHAILLOT.jpg/220px-GERALDINE_PAGE_AND_BRIAN_CLARK_IN_THE_MADWOMAN_OF_CHAILLOT.jpg"},{"image_text":"Page's townhouse in Chelsea, Manhattan, where she died in 1987","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/425_West_22nd_Street.jpg/150px-425_West_22nd_Street.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Kolbert, Elizabeth (June 15, 1987). \"Geraldine Page, 62, Dies - A Star of Stage and Film\". The New York Times. Retrieved March 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Kolbert","url_text":"Kolbert, Elizabeth"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1987/06/15/obituaries/geraldine-page-62-dies-a-star-of-stage-and-film.html","url_text":"\"Geraldine Page, 62, Dies - A Star of Stage and Film\""}]},{"reference":"\"Geraldine Page\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved March 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Geraldine-Page","url_text":"\"Geraldine Page\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Peterson, Bettelou (March 1, 1992). \"Whatever happened to Geraldine Page?\". Tulsa World. Retrieved March 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tulsaworld.com/archives/whatever-happened-to-geraldine-page/article_a641e22e-fe40-55eb-8751-a5e269bf2c94.html","url_text":"\"Whatever happened to Geraldine Page?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsa_World","url_text":"Tulsa World"}]},{"reference":"McNulty, Charles (November 21, 2009). \"Lee Strasberg: The acting legacy lives on\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/culturemonster/2009/11/lee-strasberg-the-legacy-continues.html","url_text":"\"Lee Strasberg: The acting legacy lives on\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Dixon Theatre Goers to See Geraldine Page\". The Dixon Telegraph. November 6, 1948. p. 3. Retrieved July 21, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-dixon-telegraph-geraldine-page/128593683/","url_text":"\"Dixon Theatre Goers to See Geraldine Page\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"'Yerma,' Lorca Poetic Tragedy, Offered by Loft Players in the Circle Theatre\". The New York Times. February 8, 1952. Retrieved March 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/books/99/09/12/specials/lorca-circle.html","url_text":"\"'Yerma,' Lorca Poetic Tragedy, Offered by Loft Players in the Circle Theatre\""}]},{"reference":"\"Edge of Greatness\". Time. September 8, 1952. p. 107 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=flYEAAAAMBAJ&q=geraldine+page&pg=PA107","url_text":"\"Edge of Greatness\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time"}]},{"reference":"\"Versatile Actress Geraldine Page Proud to Be Native of Kirksville\". Kirksville Daily Express. April 3, 1960. p. 3B.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirksville_Daily_Express","url_text":"Kirksville Daily Express"}]},{"reference":"Ivy Press (2006). Heritage Music and Entertainment Dallas Signature Auction Catalog #634. Heritage Capital. p. 380. ISBN 978-1-599-67081-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9OULdq5clMEC&q=geraldine+page+the+immoralist&pg=PA380","url_text":"Heritage Music and Entertainment Dallas Signature Auction Catalog #634"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-599-67081-2","url_text":"978-1-599-67081-2"}]},{"reference":"\"The Woman Who Made James Dean a Star\". HuffPost. October 2, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.huffpost.com/us/entry/8233948/amp","url_text":"\"The Woman Who Made James Dean a Star\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HuffPost","url_text":"HuffPost"}]},{"reference":"\"The Woman Who Made James Dean a Star\". HuffPost. October 2, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.huffpost.com/us/entry/8233948/amp","url_text":"\"The Woman Who Made James Dean a Star\""}]},{"reference":"\"50 Years Ago Today \"Playhouse 90\" Presented \"Old Man\"\". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. November 20, 2008. Archived from the original on March 7, 2018. Retrieved September 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180307151054/http://www.emmys.com/news/interviews-project-news/50-years-ago-today-playhouse-90-presented-old-man","url_text":"\"50 Years Ago Today \"Playhouse 90\" Presented \"Old Man\"\""},{"url":"http://www.emmys.com/news/interviews-project-news/50-years-ago-today-playhouse-90-presented-old-man","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Actress of the Year\". Chicago Tribune. November 6, 1960. p. 105 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/201634151/","url_text":"\"Actress of the Year\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"}]},{"reference":"\"Geraldine Page Theatre Credits\". Internet Broadway Database. Retrieved March 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/geraldine-page-68487","url_text":"\"Geraldine Page Theatre Credits\""}]},{"reference":"Taubman, Howard (June 23, 1964). \"Theater: A Tender 'Three Sisters'\". The New York Times. Retrieved March 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/books/99/08/01/specials/jarrell-sisters.html","url_text":"\"Theater: A Tender 'Three Sisters'\""}]},{"reference":"Baker, Bob (June 14, 1987). \"From the Archives: Geraldine Page, Winner of Oscar, 2 Emmys, Dies\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 31, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-geraldine-page-19870614-20160612-snap-story.html","url_text":"\"From the Archives: Geraldine Page, Winner of Oscar, 2 Emmys, Dies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Geraldine Page Biography\". TV Guide. 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New York: Bloomsbury USA. ISBN 978-1-596-91752-1. OCLC 947057508.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-596-91752-1","url_text":"978-1-596-91752-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/947057508","url_text":"947057508"}]},{"reference":"Crystal, David (2007). The Penguin Factfinder (Third ed.). New York: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-141-02622-0. OCLC 76935604.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-141-02622-0","url_text":"978-0-141-02622-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/76935604","url_text":"76935604"}]},{"reference":"Heintzelman, Greta; Howard, Alycia Smith (2014). Critical Companion to Tennessee Williams. New York: Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-1-438-10856-8. OCLC 882540789.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-438-10856-8","url_text":"978-1-438-10856-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/882540789","url_text":"882540789"}]},{"reference":"Hischak, Thomas S. (2012). American Literature on Stage and Screen: 525 Works and Their Adaptations. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. ISBN 978-0-786-49279-4. OCLC 806205216.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-786-49279-4","url_text":"978-0-786-49279-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/806205216","url_text":"806205216"}]},{"reference":"Krauss, Kenneth (2014). Male Beauty: Postwar Masculinity in Theater, Film, and Physique Magazines. Albany, New York: SUNY Press. ISBN 978-1-438-45001-8. OCLC 908745819.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-438-45001-8","url_text":"978-1-438-45001-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/908745819","url_text":"908745819"}]},{"reference":"Muir, John Kenneth (2001). Terror Television: American Series, 1970-1999. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. ISBN 978-0-786-40890-0. OCLC 461549242.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kenneth_Muir","url_text":"Muir, John Kenneth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-786-40890-0","url_text":"978-0-786-40890-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/461549242","url_text":"461549242"}]},{"reference":"Nathan, George J. (1974). Angoff, Charles (ed.). The Theatre Book of the Year, 1945-1946. Farleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN 978-0-838-61174-6. OCLC 962192282.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-838-61174-6","url_text":"978-0-838-61174-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/962192282","url_text":"962192282"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Darwin (2006). Brando Unzipped. Staten Island: Blood Moon Productions, Ltd. ISBN 978-0-974-81182-6. OCLC 224252793.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staten_Island","url_text":"Staten Island"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-974-81182-6","url_text":"978-0-974-81182-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/224252793","url_text":"224252793"}]},{"reference":"Pugh, Tison (2014). Truman Capote: A Literary Life at the Movies. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. ISBN 978-0-820-34709-7. OCLC 995326201.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-820-34709-7","url_text":"978-0-820-34709-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/995326201","url_text":"995326201"}]},{"reference":"Quinlan, David (1987). Wicked Women of the Screen. London: Batsford. ISBN 978-0-713-45305-8. 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OCLC 243831753.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-617-80165-5","url_text":"978-1-617-80165-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/243831753","url_text":"243831753"}]},{"reference":"Sterritt, David (2014). The Cinema of Clint Eastwood: Chronicles of America. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-17201-1. OCLC 967256152.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-17201-1","url_text":"978-0-231-17201-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/967256152","url_text":"967256152"}]},{"reference":"Thise, Mark (2008). Hollywood Winners & Losers A to Z. New York: Hal Leonard Corporation. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_offices	Police station	["1 Names","2 Facilities","3 By country","3.1 Greece","3.2 India","3.3 Ireland","3.4 Iran","3.5 United Kingdom","3.6 United Arab Emirates","4 Image gallery","5 See also","6 References"]	Building which serves to accommodate police officers For the 1959 TV series, see Police Station (TV Series). Police Station In Monroe New York United States Alathur Police Station in Kerala, India A police station in Zhukovsky, Moscow Oblast, Russia The Tampere Police Station in Tampere, Pirkanmaa, Finland Red sign outside a Swedish police station A police station (sometimes called a "station house" or just "house") is a building which serves to accommodate police officers and other members of police staff. Police stations typically contain offices and accommodation for personnel and vehicles, along with locker rooms, temporary holding cells and interview/interrogation rooms. Names Large departments may have many stations to cover the area they serve. The names used for these facilities include: Barracks for many American state police and highway patrol stations and in Ireland District office, typically used by American state police forces like the California Highway Patrol, but also used by smaller departments like the Calgary Police Service Precinct house, or precinct, for some urban police departments in the United States such as the New York City Police Department, Memphis Police Department, and Newark Police Department, where stations are in charge of precincts Police house Police office, especially in Scotland Station house Substations, smaller stations used by many departments, especially county sheriffs Detachment, most notably used by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police Thana, used in the Indian subcontinent Multiple informal names exist, such as "cop shop", "cophouse" or (in the UK) "nick". The area a police station serves has a variety of different names, such as precinct, district, division and zone. However, in some police forces such as Hampshire Constabulary, police stations do not serve a specific area and the officers have great flexibility over where they can operate. Facilities Typical facilities at police stations typically include: Office space where officers, detectives and administrative staff can work Cells for detainees. In the UK, the area with cells is known as a custody suite Interview rooms for both detainees and non-detained visitors Evidence rooms for storing evidence and seized property Lockers and storerooms for storing equipment A reception desk for public visitors Car park for fleet vehicles and officer-owned personal vehicles A room for personnel from other emergency services Specialized stations exist in a number of countries, typically containing more or less of these facilities. An example includes women's police stations in Latin America. By country Greece Headquarters of the Hellenic Police There are 1,024 police stations and directorates in the Greek territory, each of them is responsible for the safety of the citizens in their area. They usually have parking areas for vehicles, interrogation areas and holding cells. India In India, police stations are referred to as 'Thana' or 'Thane'. The term "thana" is derived from the Persian word "sthan," which means a place or location. The British colonial administration adopted this term, and it has been widely used ever since. There are regional variations, such as "Kāval nilaiyam" in Tamil Nadu, etc. Police stations have a designated area under their jurisdiction. Police stations are headed by a station house officer (SHO) who may be of inspector or sub-inspector rank, assisted by an assistant sub-inspector, head constables, and constables. The number of personnel in a particular police station depend on many factors like area covered, population, topography, crime rate, sensitivity, important places and others. Some police stations may have police outposts under them. Police outposts are set up when areas covered by police stations have difficult topography, a lack of transportation, high population density, communally sensitive places and border points, or if the area is very large. There are many police stations in India which lack basic infrastructure like proper buildings, landline telephones, wireless sets, vehicles, computers and adequate police personnel. Specialized police stations also exist for specific purposes, such as cyber crime, railway, traffic enforcement, women, and others. Ireland The police stations (or barracks) of the Garda Síochána come in the following types, in ascending order of size: Sub-district stations: Stations in small towns and villages, led by an officer who is no higher in rank than a sergeant. Since the 1980s, many of these small stations have been closed or reduced to operating part-time. District headquarters: Located in the largest town in a Garda district, with the most senior officer being a superintendent. Divisional headquarters: Located in the largest town or city within a Garda division, which in turn comprises multiple districts. The most senior officer is a chief superintendent. Garda headquarters: Located in Phoenix Park, Dublin and includes the office of the Garda Commissioner, as well as other senior officers. Iran FARAJA police command established in 2022 replaced NAJA police force has provincial and county commands, Police electronic offices are called Police +10 (پلیس+۱۰). Iranian cities needs 2000 more police stations/bases per deputy command. There are four thousand patrols. United Kingdom The county constabularies in Great Britain were previously organised on a village basis. Most villages of any size had a "police house". Police houses in small villages were often staffed by a single uniformed constable, with larger stations being staffed by more. Local police stations were grouped together under the command of a uniformed sergeant, whose station was known as a "sergeant's station". Larger towns in the county constabulary areas had police stations staffed by a number of officers, often under the command of an inspector or superintendent, usually also commanding a sub-division or division respectively, and therefore giving the names of "sub-divisional station" or "divisional station" to their stations. In Scotland a police station may be referred to as a police office. United Arab Emirates As well as traditional, staffed, police stations, there are a number of kiosks in Dubai allowing instant access to police services via a video touchscreen. Image gallery An English police station: Wood Street station in Wakefield Police Assistance Booth, Manali, Himachal Pradesh, India Famous Davidwache in Hamburg, Germany Police station and court house in Kuopio, Finland Many British and Commonwealth police stations have a blue lamp outside Cells used in Leith Police Station between 1833 and 2003 J.C. "Buster" Court Public Safety complex in Stafford, Texas Police station in Patagonia (southern Chile) The NYPD's 1st precinct station on Varick Street in Lower Manhattan, New York City Kokura-kita Police Station in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan A kōban (small police station) in Ginza, Tokyo A police station in Mindelo, Cape Verde. See also Police Law enforcement Law enforcement agency List of police stations, about notable individual stations Custody suite Dubai Smart Police Stations State police References ^ "Police Reforms in India". Retrieved 10 March 2021. ^ "Are police stations in India equipped with basic infrastructure and adequate staff?". The Hindu. 4 December 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2021. ^ "Revision of Standards for Modern Police Station Buildings" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 October 2017. Retrieved 10 March 2021. ^ "کمبود ۲ هزار کلانتری و پاسگاه در کشور". خبرگزاری مهر \| اخبار ایران و جهان \| Mehr News Agency (in Persian). 2022-06-12. Retrieved 2023-07-08. ^ "کشف جرم سریع؛ دلیل اعزام فوری ماموران مرکز فوریت‌های پلیس". خبرگزاری مهر \| اخبار ایران و جهان \| Mehr News Agency (in Persian). 2022-06-20. Retrieved 2023-07-08. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Police stations. Authority control databases: National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Latvia Czech Republic	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Police Station (TV Series)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_Station_(TV_Series)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monroe_Police_Station_5.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alathur_Police_Station.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zhukovsky_police_2013.jpg"},{"link_name":"Zhukovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhukovsky,_Moscow_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Moscow Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tampereen_poliisitalo_Hatanp%C3%A4%C3%A4n_valtatiell%C3%A4.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tampere Police Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampere_Police_Station"},{"link_name":"Tampere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampere"},{"link_name":"Pirkanmaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirkanmaa"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polisstationsskylt_Gustavsberg.JPG"},{"link_name":"building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building"},{"link_name":"police officers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_officer"},{"link_name":"locker rooms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locker_room"},{"link_name":"holding cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_cell"},{"link_name":"interview/interrogation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrogation"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"For the 1959 TV series, see Police Station (TV Series).Police Station In Monroe New York United StatesAlathur Police Station in Kerala, IndiaA police station in Zhukovsky, Moscow Oblast, RussiaThe Tampere Police Station in Tampere, Pirkanmaa, FinlandRed sign outside a Swedish police stationA police station (sometimes called a \"station house\" or just \"house\") is a building which serves to accommodate police officers and other members of police staff. Police stations typically contain offices and accommodation for personnel and vehicles, along with locker rooms, temporary holding cells and interview/interrogation rooms.[citation needed]","title":"Police station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"state police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_police"},{"link_name":"highway patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway_patrol"},{"link_name":"California Highway Patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Highway_Patrol"},{"link_name":"Calgary Police Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary_Police_Service"},{"link_name":"New York City Police Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department"},{"link_name":"Memphis Police Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Police_Department"},{"link_name":"Newark Police Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark_Police_Department"},{"link_name":"sheriffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheriff"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Mounted Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police"},{"link_name":"Indian subcontinent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent"},{"link_name":"Hampshire Constabulary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire_Constabulary"}],"text":"Large departments may have many stations to cover the area they serve. The names used for these facilities include:Barracks for many American state police and highway patrol stations and in Ireland\nDistrict office, typically used by American state police forces like the California Highway Patrol, but also used by smaller departments like the Calgary Police Service\nPrecinct house, or precinct, for some urban police departments in the United States such as the New York City Police Department, Memphis Police Department, and Newark Police Department, where stations are in charge of precincts\nPolice house\nPolice office, especially in Scotland\nStation house\nSubstations, smaller stations used by many departments, especially county sheriffs\nDetachment, most notably used by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police\nThana, used in the Indian subcontinentMultiple informal names exist, such as \"cop shop\", \"cophouse\" or (in the UK) \"nick\".The area a police station serves has a variety of different names, such as precinct, district, division and zone. However, in some police forces such as Hampshire Constabulary, police stations do not serve a specific area and the officers have great flexibility over where they can operate.","title":"Names"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"detectives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detective"},{"link_name":"custody suite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custody_suite"},{"link_name":"Interview rooms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrogation"},{"link_name":"Evidence rooms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_room"},{"link_name":"women's police stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_police_station"}],"text":"Typical facilities at police stations typically include:Office space where officers, detectives and administrative staff can work\nCells for detainees. In the UK, the area with cells is known as a custody suite\nInterview rooms for both detainees and non-detained visitors\nEvidence rooms for storing evidence and seized property\nLockers and storerooms for storing equipment\nA reception desk for public visitors\nCar park for fleet vehicles and officer-owned personal vehicles\nA room for personnel from other emergency servicesSpecialized stations exist in a number of countries, typically containing more or less of these facilities. An example includes women's police stations in Latin America.","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"By country"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%CE%93%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%91%CF%83%CF%84%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%8D%CE%B8%CF%85%CE%BD%CF%83%CE%B7_%CE%91%CF%84%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Greece","text":"Headquarters of the Hellenic PoliceThere are 1,024 police stations and directorates in the Greek territory, each of them is responsible for the safety of the citizens in their area. They usually have parking areas for vehicles, interrogation areas and holding cells.","title":"By country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"station house officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Station_house_officer"},{"link_name":"constables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constables"},{"link_name":"topography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topography"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"India","text":"In India, police stations are referred to as 'Thana' or 'Thane'. The term \"thana\" is derived from the Persian word \"sthan,\" which means a place or location. The British colonial administration adopted this term, and it has been widely used ever since. There are regional variations, such as \"Kāval nilaiyam\" in Tamil Nadu, etc. Police stations have a designated area under their jurisdiction. Police stations are headed by a station house officer (SHO) who may be of inspector or sub-inspector rank, assisted by an assistant sub-inspector, head constables, and constables. The number of personnel in a particular police station depend on many factors like area covered, population, topography, crime rate, sensitivity, important places and others. Some police stations may have police outposts under them. Police outposts are set up when areas covered by police stations have difficult topography, a lack of transportation, high population density, communally sensitive places and border points, or if the area is very large.[1] There are many police stations in India which lack basic infrastructure like proper buildings, landline telephones, wireless sets, vehicles, computers and adequate police personnel.[2][3] Specialized police stations also exist for specific purposes, such as cyber crime, railway, traffic enforcement, women, and others.","title":"By country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Garda Síochána","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na"},{"link_name":"Phoenix Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Park"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Garda Commissioner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garda_Commissioner"}],"sub_title":"Ireland","text":"The police stations (or barracks) of the Garda Síochána come in the following types, in ascending order of size:Sub-district stations: Stations in small towns and villages, led by an officer who is no higher in rank than a sergeant. Since the 1980s, many of these small stations have been closed or reduced to operating part-time.\nDistrict headquarters: Located in the largest town in a Garda district, with the most senior officer being a superintendent.\nDivisional headquarters: Located in the largest town or city within a Garda division, which in turn comprises multiple districts. The most senior officer is a chief superintendent.\nGarda headquarters: Located in Phoenix Park, Dublin and includes the office of the Garda Commissioner, as well as other senior officers.","title":"By country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Iran","text":"FARAJA police command established in 2022 replaced NAJA police force has provincial and county commands, Police electronic offices are called Police +10 (پلیس+۱۰). Iranian cities needs 2000 more police stations/bases per deputy command.[4] There are four thousand patrols.[5]","title":"By country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"constabularies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constabulary"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"uniformed constable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constable#United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"uniformed sergeant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergeant#Police_7"},{"link_name":"inspector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspector"},{"link_name":"superintendent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superintendent_(police)"},{"link_name":"sub-division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_division"},{"link_name":"division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_division"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"United Kingdom","text":"The county constabularies in Great Britain were previously organised on a village basis. Most villages of any size had a \"police house\". Police houses in small villages were often staffed by a single uniformed constable, with larger stations being staffed by more. Local police stations were grouped together under the command of a uniformed sergeant, whose station was known as a \"sergeant's station\". Larger towns in the county constabulary areas had police stations staffed by a number of officers, often under the command of an inspector or superintendent, usually also commanding a sub-division or division respectively, and therefore giving the names of \"sub-divisional station\" or \"divisional station\" to their stations.In Scotland a police station may be referred to as a police office.[citation needed]","title":"By country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"kiosks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Smart_Police_Stations"}],"sub_title":"United Arab Emirates","text":"As well as traditional, staffed, police stations, there are a number of kiosks in Dubai allowing instant access to police services via a video touchscreen.","title":"By country"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wood_Street_Police_Station,_Wakefield.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wakefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakefield"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manali_Police_Assistance_Booth.jpg"},{"link_name":"Manali, Himachal Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manali,_Himachal_Pradesh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Davidwache.jpg"},{"link_name":"Davidwache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davidwache"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kuopion_poliisiasema.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kuopio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuopio"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Met_Police_Blue_Lamp.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leith_Police_Station_cells,_2012.JPG"},{"link_name":"Leith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leith"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BusterPoliceDepartment.JPG"},{"link_name":"Stafford, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford,_Texas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chile_(7),_Patagonia,_Cerro_Castillo,_police_station_and_fire_truck.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:4th_Pct_Varick_Ericsson_jeh.JPG"},{"link_name":"NYPD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department"},{"link_name":"precinct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_precinct"},{"link_name":"Varick Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varick_Street"},{"link_name":"Lower Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Manhattan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kokurakita_Police_Ofice.JPG"},{"link_name":"Kokura-kita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokurakita-ku,_Kitaky%C5%ABsh%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"Fukuoka Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuoka_Prefecture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koban0968.jpg"},{"link_name":"kōban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dban"},{"link_name":"Ginza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginza"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pol%C3%ADcia_Nacional_de_Cabo_Verde,_Mindelo.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mindelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindelo"},{"link_name":"Cape Verde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Verde"}],"text":"An English police station: Wood Street station in Wakefield\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPolice Assistance Booth, Manali, Himachal Pradesh, India\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFamous Davidwache in Hamburg, Germany\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPolice station and court house in Kuopio, Finland\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMany British and Commonwealth police stations have a blue lamp outside\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCells used in Leith Police Station between 1833 and 2003\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJ.C. \"Buster\" Court Public Safety complex in Stafford, Texas\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPolice station in Patagonia (southern Chile)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe NYPD's 1st precinct station on Varick Street in Lower Manhattan, New York City\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKokura-kita Police Station in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA kōban (small police station) in Ginza, Tokyo\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA police station in Mindelo, Cape Verde.","title":"Image gallery"}]	[{"image_text":"Police Station In Monroe New York United States","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Monroe_Police_Station_5.jpg/220px-Monroe_Police_Station_5.jpg"},{"image_text":"Alathur Police Station in Kerala, India","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Alathur_Police_Station.jpg/220px-Alathur_Police_Station.jpg"},{"image_text":"A police station in Zhukovsky, Moscow Oblast, Russia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Zhukovsky_police_2013.jpg/220px-Zhukovsky_police_2013.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Tampere Police Station in Tampere, Pirkanmaa, Finland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Tampereen_poliisitalo_Hatanp%C3%A4%C3%A4n_valtatiell%C3%A4.jpg/220px-Tampereen_poliisitalo_Hatanp%C3%A4%C3%A4n_valtatiell%C3%A4.jpg"},{"image_text":"Red sign outside a Swedish police station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Polisstationsskylt_Gustavsberg.JPG/220px-Polisstationsskylt_Gustavsberg.JPG"},{"image_text":"Headquarters of the Hellenic Police","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/04/%CE%93%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%91%CF%83%CF%84%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%8D%CE%B8%CF%85%CE%BD%CF%83%CE%B7_%CE%91%CF%84%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82.jpg/220px-%CE%93%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%91%CF%83%CF%84%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%8D%CE%B8%CF%85%CE%BD%CF%83%CE%B7_%CE%91%CF%84%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police"},{"title":"Law enforcement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement"},{"title":"Law enforcement agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_agency"},{"title":"List of police stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_police_stations"},{"title":"Custody suite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custody_suite"},{"title":"Dubai Smart Police Stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Smart_Police_Stations"},{"title":"State police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_police"}]	[{"reference":"\"Police Reforms in India\". Retrieved 10 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://prsindia.org/policy/analytical-reports/police-reforms-india","url_text":"\"Police Reforms in India\""}]},{"reference":"\"Are police stations in India equipped with basic infrastructure and adequate staff?\". The Hindu. 4 December 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/data/are-police-stations-in-india-equipped-with-basic-infrastructure-and-adequate-staff/article30162643.ece","url_text":"\"Are police stations in India equipped with basic infrastructure and adequate staff?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"}]},{"reference":"\"Revision of Standards for Modern Police Station Buildings\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 October 2017. Retrieved 10 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://bprd.nic.in/WriteReadData/Bannerpdf/Revised%20Standards%202016.pdf","url_text":"\"Revision of Standards for Modern Police Station Buildings\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171031132347/https://bprd.nic.in/WriteReadData/Bannerpdf/Revised%20Standards%202016.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"کمبود ۲ هزار کلانتری و پاسگاه در کشور\". خبرگزاری مهر \| اخبار ایران و جهان \| Mehr News Agency (in Persian). 2022-06-12. Retrieved 2023-07-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mehrnews.com/news/5512063/%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF-%DB%B2-%D9%87%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1-%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D9%88-%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1","url_text":"\"کمبود ۲ هزار کلانتری و پاسگاه در کشور\""}]},{"reference":"\"کشف جرم سریع؛ دلیل اعزام فوری ماموران مرکز فوریت‌های پلیس\". خبرگزاری مهر \| اخبار ایران و جهان \| Mehr News Agency (in Persian). 2022-06-20. Retrieved 2023-07-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mehrnews.com/news/5518462/%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%81-%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85-%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B9-%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84-%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B2-%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D9%BE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3","url_text":"\"کشف جرم سریع؛ دلیل اعزام فوری ماموران مرکز فوریت‌های پلیس\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://prsindia.org/policy/analytical-reports/police-reforms-india","external_links_name":"\"Police Reforms in India\""},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/data/are-police-stations-in-india-equipped-with-basic-infrastructure-and-adequate-staff/article30162643.ece","external_links_name":"\"Are police stations in India equipped with basic infrastructure and adequate staff?\""},{"Link":"https://bprd.nic.in/WriteReadData/Bannerpdf/Revised%20Standards%202016.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Revision of Standards for Modern Police Station Buildings\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171031132347/https://bprd.nic.in/WriteReadData/Bannerpdf/Revised%20Standards%202016.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.mehrnews.com/news/5512063/%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF-%DB%B2-%D9%87%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1-%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D9%88-%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1","external_links_name":"\"کمبود ۲ هزار کلانتری و پاسگاه در کشور\""},{"Link":"https://www.mehrnews.com/news/5518462/%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%81-%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85-%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B9-%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84-%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B2-%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D9%BE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3","external_links_name":"\"کشف جرم سریع؛ دلیل اعزام فوری ماموران مرکز فوریت‌های پلیس\""},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120502706","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120502706","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4248328-1","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007560737205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85104253","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000078800&P_CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Latvia"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph124227&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercantil_Servicios_Financieros	Mercantil Servicios Financieros	["1 Historic evolution","1.1 Creation of the Consorcio Inversionista Mercantil y Agrícola (CIMA)","1.2 Mercantil Servicios Financieros starts operations","2 References","3 External links"]	Mercantil Servicios Financieros CACompany typePublicTraded asBVC: MVZ.A MVZ.BIndustryFinancialFounded1997HeadquartersCaracas, VenezuelaKey peopleGustavo Vollmer Acedo Chairman and CEOProductsBankingInsuranceWealth managementTotal assetsBs. 4.718,8 billions (December 2019)Number of employees4,000 (December 2019)Subsidiaries Mercantil Banco Mercantil Seguros Mercantil Merinvest Websitewww.msf.com Mercantil Servicios Financieros (Mercantil) is a Venezuelan holding company of financial services present in 9 countries in America and Europe . Its shares are listed on the Caracas Stock Exchange (MVZ.A and MVZ.B) and it maintains a Level 1 American Depositary Receipt program (ADR) in the over-the-counter market (OTC) in the United States of America (MSFZY and MSFJY3) . The main subsidiary is Mercantil Banco, with 90 years of financial activity in Venezuela. Mercantil has been ranked as one of the world's biggest 2,000 public companies according to Forbes magazine (2015) at 648th place. The Banker magazine included Mercantil Servicios Financieros among the Top 1,000 world's financial institutions, according to the list published in July 2015. Mercantil rose 50 places in comparison with 2014, to rank 210th. Historic evolution The origin of Mercantil is in Venezuela, with the development of banking services through Mercantil Banco, which began operations on 23 March 1925. Creation of the Consorcio Inversionista Mercantil y Agrícola (CIMA) During the 1970s, the Consorcio Inversionista Mercantil y Agrícola (CIMA) was created with the objective to offer others financials services, meanwhile Banco Mercantil began its international expansion, with representative offices in several cities of the Americas and Europe. The Consorcio Inversionista Mercantil y Agrícola (CIMA) opens Banco Mercantil Venezolano, C.A. in Curaçao (1976) and Banco del Centro S.A. in Panama (1977), to expand its international operations. In 1987 acquired Commercebank, N.A. a financial institution headquartered in Florida, United States of America. In the middle of 90's, The Consorcio Inversionista Mercantil y Agrícola (CIMA) and Banco Mercantil initiate their "American Depositary Receipts" (ADRs) program in the United States of America for Class B shares. Mercantil Servicios Financieros starts operations In 1997 the shareholders of Banco Mercantil and the Consorcio Inversionista Mercantil y Agrícola (CIMA) constitute Mercantil Servicios Financieros (Mercantil) a financial services holding company headquartered in Venezuela. Today, Mercantil Servicios Financieros' main subsidiaries are: Mercantil Banco Universal, Mercantil Seguros and Mercantil Merinvest in Venezuela; Mercantil Bank, N.A., Mercantil Bank Investment Services and Mercantil Bank Trust Company in the United States of America; Mercantil Bank (Panamá), Mercantil Seguros Panamá and Mercantil Capital Markets (Panamá) in Panama; Mercantil Bank (Schweiz) in Switzerland; Mercantil Bank (Curaçao) in Curaçao and Mercantil Inversiones y Valores in Venezuela, a holding for other support subsidiaries. In early 2000, the Swiss Federal Banking Commission authorizes the incorporation of Banco Mercantil (Schweiz) AG as a Commercial Bank, formerly BMS Finanz AG, being the first Latin American-based bank to establish in Switzerland. In Venezuela, during the second half of 2000, Banco Mercantil signed the agreement to acquire InterBank BancoUniversal. The transaction was completed in the first quarter of 2001. At the same year, the subsidiary Seguros Mercantil acquired Seguros Orinoco. In 2005, Commercebank expanded in United States of America with the opening of its first full-service banking center in Houston City. In 2006 it acquired Florida Savings Bank, an institution that operated in South Florida. In that year, Mercantil Servicios Financieros included Class A shares in its "American Depositary Receipts" (ADRs) program. In 2007, Mercantil Servicios Financieros announces changes in its corporate identity, which established the use of the Mercantil brand name in all of its subsidiaries, both in Venezuela and abroad, as well as a change in its graphic identity. Since 2012, Mercantil Bank (Schweiz) refocused its activities to offering exclusive Private Banking products and services. In 2013, Mercantil Servicios Financieros continuing with its international expansion strategy extended the range of services in the Panamanian market through the beginning of operations of Mercantil Capital Markets (Panamá) and Mercantil Seguros Panamá, S.A. References ^ "Bolsa de Valores de Caracas". Retrieved 17 November 2015. ^ a b c d "Mercantil Servicios Financieros" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 November 2015. Retrieved 9 November 2015. ^ "2015 world's biggest 2,000 public companies according to Forbes". Forbes. Retrieved 17 November 2015. External links Mercantil Banco Mercantil Seguros Mercantil Merinvest vte IBC companies of Venezuela BBVA Provincial BNC CANTV Corimon Domínguez & Cía Envases Venezolanos Fondo de Valores Inmobiliarios Manpa Mercantil Sivensa Authority control databases International VIAF National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bolsa_de_Valores_de_Caracas-1"},{"link_name":"over-the-counter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over-the-counter_(finance)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mercantil_Servicios_Financieros-2"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-World's_biggest_2,000_public_companies_according_to_Forbes-3"},{"link_name":"The Banker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Banker"}],"text":"Mercantil Servicios Financieros \n(Mercantil) is a Venezuelan holding company of financial services present in 9 countries in America and Europe . Its shares are listed on the Caracas Stock Exchange (MVZ.A and MVZ.B)[1] and it maintains a Level 1 American Depositary Receipt program (ADR) in the over-the-counter market (OTC) in the United States of America (MSFZY and MSFJY3)[2]\n.The main subsidiary is Mercantil Banco, with 90 years of financial activity in Venezuela.Mercantil has been ranked as one of the world's biggest 2,000 public companies according to Forbes magazine (2015) at 648th place.[3] The Banker magazine included Mercantil Servicios Financieros among the Top 1,000 world's financial institutions, according to the list published in July 2015. Mercantil rose 50 places in comparison with 2014, to rank 210th.","title":"Mercantil Servicios Financieros"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mercantil_Servicios_Financieros-2"}],"text":"The origin of Mercantil is in Venezuela, with the development of banking services through Mercantil Banco, which began operations on 23 March 1925.[2]","title":"Historic evolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mercantil_Servicios_Financieros-2"}],"sub_title":"Creation of the Consorcio Inversionista Mercantil y Agrícola (CIMA)","text":"During the 1970s, the Consorcio Inversionista Mercantil y Agrícola (CIMA) was created with the objective to offer others financials services, meanwhile Banco Mercantil began its international expansion, with representative offices in several cities of the Americas and Europe.\nThe Consorcio Inversionista Mercantil y Agrícola (CIMA) opens Banco Mercantil Venezolano, C.A. in Curaçao (1976) and Banco del Centro S.A. in Panama (1977), to expand its international operations. In 1987 acquired Commercebank, N.A. a financial institution headquartered in Florida, United States of America.\nIn the middle of 90's, The Consorcio Inversionista Mercantil y Agrícola (CIMA) and Banco Mercantil initiate their \"American Depositary Receipts\" (ADRs) program in the United States of America for Class B shares.[2]","title":"Historic evolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mercantil_Servicios_Financieros-2"}],"sub_title":"Mercantil Servicios Financieros starts operations","text":"In 1997 the shareholders of Banco Mercantil and the Consorcio Inversionista Mercantil y Agrícola (CIMA) constitute Mercantil Servicios Financieros (Mercantil) a financial services holding company headquartered in Venezuela.\nToday, Mercantil Servicios Financieros' main subsidiaries are: Mercantil Banco Universal, Mercantil Seguros and Mercantil Merinvest in Venezuela; Mercantil Bank, N.A., Mercantil Bank Investment Services and Mercantil Bank Trust Company in the United States of America; Mercantil Bank (Panamá), Mercantil Seguros Panamá and Mercantil Capital Markets (Panamá) in Panama; Mercantil Bank (Schweiz) in Switzerland; Mercantil Bank (Curaçao) in Curaçao and Mercantil Inversiones y Valores in Venezuela, a holding for other support subsidiaries.In early 2000, the Swiss Federal Banking Commission authorizes the incorporation of Banco Mercantil (Schweiz) AG as a Commercial Bank, formerly BMS Finanz AG, being the first Latin American-based bank to establish in Switzerland.\nIn Venezuela, during the second half of 2000, Banco Mercantil signed the agreement to acquire InterBank BancoUniversal. The transaction was completed in the first quarter of 2001. At the same year, the subsidiary Seguros Mercantil acquired Seguros Orinoco.In 2005, Commercebank expanded in United States of America with the opening of its first full-service banking center in Houston City. In 2006 it acquired Florida Savings Bank, an institution that operated in South Florida. In that year, Mercantil Servicios Financieros included Class A shares in its \"American Depositary Receipts\" (ADRs) program.In 2007, Mercantil Servicios Financieros announces changes in its corporate identity, which established the use of the Mercantil brand name in all of its subsidiaries, both in Venezuela and abroad, as well as a change in its graphic identity.\nSince 2012, Mercantil Bank (Schweiz) refocused its activities to offering exclusive Private Banking products and services.In 2013, Mercantil Servicios Financieros continuing with its international expansion strategy extended the range of services in the Panamanian market through the beginning of operations of Mercantil Capital Markets (Panamá) and Mercantil Seguros Panamá, S.A.[2]","title":"Historic evolution"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Bolsa de Valores de Caracas\". Retrieved 17 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.caracasstock.com/eng/productos/dinamica/operaciones-light.jsp?symbol=MVZ.B","url_text":"\"Bolsa de Valores de Caracas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mercantil Servicios Financieros\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 November 2015. Retrieved 9 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151118035632/http://www.msf.com/ingles/inversionistas/historicos/mercantil_servicios_financieros/informes_anuales/ing/msf_annual_2014_ing.pdf","url_text":"\"Mercantil Servicios Financieros\""},{"url":"http://www.msf.com/ingles/inversionistas/historicos/mercantil_servicios_financieros/informes_anuales/ing/msf_annual_2014_ing.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2015 world's biggest 2,000 public companies according to Forbes\". Forbes. Retrieved 17 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/companies/mercantil-servicios","url_text":"\"2015 world's biggest 2,000 public companies according to Forbes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes","url_text":"Forbes"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.bolsadecaracas.com/eng/productos/dinamica/operaciones-light.jsp?symbol=MVZ.A","external_links_name":"MVZ.A"},{"Link":"http://www.bolsadecaracas.com/eng/productos/dinamica/operaciones-light.jsp?symbol=MVZ.B","external_links_name":"MVZ.B"},{"Link":"http://www.msf.com/","external_links_name":"www.msf.com"},{"Link":"http://www.caracasstock.com/eng/productos/dinamica/operaciones-light.jsp?symbol=MVZ.B","external_links_name":"\"Bolsa de Valores de Caracas\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151118035632/http://www.msf.com/ingles/inversionistas/historicos/mercantil_servicios_financieros/informes_anuales/ing/msf_annual_2014_ing.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Mercantil Servicios Financieros\""},{"Link":"http://www.msf.com/ingles/inversionistas/historicos/mercantil_servicios_financieros/informes_anuales/ing/msf_annual_2014_ing.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/companies/mercantil-servicios","external_links_name":"\"2015 world's biggest 2,000 public companies according to Forbes\""},{"Link":"http://www.mercantilbanco.com/","external_links_name":"Mercantil Banco"},{"Link":"http://www.mercantilseguros.com/","external_links_name":"Mercantil Seguros"},{"Link":"http://www.mercantilmerinvest.com/","external_links_name":"Mercantil Merinvest"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/153966947","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2005090232","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shire_of_Leonora	Shire of Leonora	["1 History","2 Wards","3 Towns and localities","4 Abandoned and ghost towns","5 Heritage-listed places","6 References","7 External links"]	Coordinates: 28°53′06″S 121°19′52″E / 28.885°S 121.331°E / -28.885; 121.331This article is about a local government area. For the town, see Leonora, Western Australia. Local government area in Western AustraliaShire of LeonoraWestern AustraliaLeonora shire offices, 2018Location in Western AustraliaPopulation1,588 (LGA 2021)Area32,189.3 km2 (12,428.4 sq mi)Shire PresidentPeter CraigCouncil seatLeonoraRegionGoldfields-EsperanceState electorate(s)KalgoorlieFederal division(s)O'ConnorWebsiteShire of Leonora LGAs around Shire of Leonora: Wiluna Wiluna Laverton Sandstone Shire of Leonora Laverton Menzies Menzies Menzies The Shire of Leonora is a local government area in the Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia, about 240 kilometres (149 mi) north of the city of Kalgoorlie and about 830 kilometres (516 mi) northeast of the state capital, Perth. The Shire covers an area of 32,189 square kilometres (12,428 sq mi), and its seat of government is the town of Leonora. History Leonora was originally part of the North Coolgardie Road District when that entity was gazetted in 1898. The town of Leonora was gazetted as the Municipality of Leonora with its own mayor in 1900. The Shire of Leonora originated from the Mount Malcolm Road District, which was established on 31 May 1912, when the North Coolgardie Road District was abolished and broken up into three separate road districts: Mount Malcolm, Kookynie and Menzies. (The North Coolgardie Road District had absorbed three municipalities in March 1912, including the Municipality of Malcolm; however, the amalgamation had not been successful.) Mount Malcolm absorbed the Municipality of Leonora on 1 July 1917 and became the Leonora-Mount Malcolm Road District. On 16 August 1929, a neighbouring district, the Lawlers Road District, was dissolved and split between Mount Margaret (later Laverton) and Leonora-Mount Malcolm. The Leonora-Mt-Malcolm Road District was renamed the Leonora Road District on 20 June 1930. On 1 July 1961, it became the Shire of Leonora under the Local Government Act 1960, which reformed all remaining road districts into shires. Wards As of the 2003 election, the Shire is divided into two wards: North Ward (four councillors) South Ward (five councillors) From 1979 until 2003, the Shire was divided into Leonora (3), Leinster (4) and Country (2) wards. Towns and localities The towns and localities of the Shire of Leonora with population and size figures based on the most recent Australian census: Suburb Population Area Map Lake Darlot 178 (SAL 2021) 9,256.7 km2 (3,574.0 sq mi) Leinster 716 (SAL 2021) 8,151 km2 (3,147 sq mi) Leonora 657 (SAL 2021) 11,072.4 km2 (4,275.1 sq mi) Sir Samuel 35 (SAL 2021) 3,439.1 km2 (1,327.8 sq mi) Abandoned and ghost towns Abandoned and ghost towns in the Shire of Leonora: Agnew Eulaminna Gwalia Kathleen Kurrajong Lawlers Malcolm Mertondale Murrin Murrin Vivien Woodarra Yundamindera (known as "The Granites") Heritage-listed places Main article: List of State Register of Heritage Places in the Shire of Leonora As of 2023, 95 places are heritage-listed in the Shire of Leonora, of which 47 are on the State Register of Heritage Places, the majority of those around the former mining town of Gwalia. References ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "Leonora (Local Government Area)". Australian Census 2021 QuickStats. Retrieved 28 June 2022. ^ a b c "Municipality Boundary Amendments Register" (PDF). Western Australian Electoral Distribution Commission. Retrieved 11 January 2020. ^ "Municipal Corporations Act 1906 and Roads Act 1911. Merging of Leonora Municipality into Mount Malcolm Road District, and renaming Leonora-Malcolm Road District. Order in Council (per PW 1461/17)". Western Australia Government Gazette. 23 May 1917. p. 1917:851. Effective 1 July 1917. ^ "SLIP Map". maps.slip.wa.gov.au. Landgate. Retrieved 3 January 2023. ^ "NationalMap". nationalmap.gov.au. Geoscience Australia. Retrieved 3 January 2023. ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "Lake Darlot (suburb and locality)". Australian Census 2021 QuickStats. Retrieved 28 June 2022. ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "Leinster (suburb and locality)". Australian Census 2021 QuickStats. Retrieved 28 June 2022. ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "Leonora (suburb and locality)". Australian Census 2021 QuickStats. Retrieved 28 June 2022. ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "Sir Samuel (suburb and locality)". Australian Census 2021 QuickStats. Retrieved 28 June 2022. ^ "Shire of Leonora Heritage Places". inherit.stateheritage.wa.gov.au. Heritage Council of Western Australia. Retrieved 20 February 2023. ^ "Shire of Leonora State Register of Heritage Places". inherit.stateheritage.wa.gov.au. Heritage Council of Western Australia. Retrieved 20 February 2023. External links Official website vteLocal government areas of Western AustraliaPerthCities Armadale* Bayswater* Belmont* Canning* Cockburn* Fremantle* Gosnells* Joondalup* Kalamunda* Kwinana* Melville* Nedlands* Perth* Rockingham* South Perth* Stirling* Subiaco* Swan* Vincent* Wanneroo* Towns Bassendean† Cambridge† Claremont† Cottesloe† East Fremantle† Mosman Park† Victoria Park† Shires Mundaring Peppermint Grove Serpentine-Jarrahdale Gascoyne Carnarvon Exmouth Shark Bay Upper Gascoyne Goldfields–Esperance Coolgardie Dundas Esperance Kalgoorlie–Boulder* Laverton Leonora Menzies Ngaanyatjarraku Ravensthorpe Wiluna Great Southern Albany* Broomehill–Tambellup Cranbrook Denmark Gnowangerup Jerramungup Katanning Kent Kojonup Plantagenet Woodanilling Kimberley Broome Derby–West Kimberley Halls Creek Wyndham–East Kimberley Mid West Carnamah Chapman Valley Coorow Cue Greater Geraldton* Irwin Meekatharra Mingenew Morawa Mount Magnet Murchison Northampton Perenjori Sandstone Three Springs Yalgoo Peel Boddington Mandurah* Murray Waroona Pilbara Ashburton East Pilbara Karratha* Port Hedland† South West Augusta–Margaret River Boyup Brook Bridgetown–Greenbushes Bunbury* Busselton* Capel Collie Dardanup Donnybrook–Balingup Harvey Manjimup Nannup Wheatbelt Beverley Brookton Bruce Rock Chittering Corrigin Cuballing Cunderdin Dalwallinu Dandaragan Dowerin Dumbleyung Gingin Goomalling Kellerberrin Kondinin Koorda Kulin Lake Grace Merredin Moora Mount Marshall Mukinbudin Narembeen Narrogin Northam Nungarin Pingelly Quairading Tammin Toodyay Trayning Victoria Plains Wagin Wandering West Arthur Westonia Wickepin Williams Wongan–Ballidu Wyalkatchem Yilgarn York Indian Ocean Territories Christmas Island# Cocos (Keeling) Islands# ^* This LGA holds city status under the Local Government Act 1995, ^† This LGA holds town status under the Local Government Act 1995, ^# Western Australian law applies to the Indian Ocean Territories under the Territories Law Reform Act 1992 Authority control databases ISNI 28°53′06″S 121°19′52″E / 28.885°S 121.331°E / -28.885; 121.331	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leonora, Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonora,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"local government area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Goldfields-Esperance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldfields-Esperance"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Kalgoorlie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalgoorlie,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth"},{"link_name":"Leonora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonora,_Western_Australia"}],"text":"This article is about a local government area. For the town, see Leonora, Western Australia.Local government area in Western AustraliaThe Shire of Leonora is a local government area in the Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia, about 240 kilometres (149 mi) north of the city of Kalgoorlie and about 830 kilometres (516 mi) northeast of the state capital, Perth. The Shire covers an area of 32,189 square kilometres (12,428 sq mi), and its seat of government is the town of Leonora.","title":"Shire of Leonora"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Coolgardie Road District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Coolgardie_Road_District"},{"link_name":"Leonora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonora,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Municipality of Leonora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Municipality_of_Leonora&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Menzies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shire_of_Menzies"},{"link_name":"Municipality of Malcolm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Municipality_of_Malcolm&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mbar-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Laverton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shire_of_Laverton"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mbar-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mbar-2"}],"text":"Leonora was originally part of the North Coolgardie Road District when that entity was gazetted in 1898. The town of Leonora was gazetted as the Municipality of Leonora with its own mayor in 1900.The Shire of Leonora originated from the Mount Malcolm Road District, which was established on 31 May 1912, when the North Coolgardie Road District was abolished and broken up into three separate road districts: Mount Malcolm, Kookynie and Menzies. (The North Coolgardie Road District had absorbed three municipalities in March 1912, including the Municipality of Malcolm; however, the amalgamation had not been successful.)[2]Mount Malcolm absorbed the Municipality of Leonora on 1 July 1917 and became the Leonora-Mount Malcolm Road District.[3]On 16 August 1929, a neighbouring district, the Lawlers Road District, was dissolved and split between Mount Margaret (later Laverton) and Leonora-Mount Malcolm. The Leonora-Mt-Malcolm Road District was renamed the Leonora Road District on 20 June 1930.[2]On 1 July 1961, it became the Shire of Leonora under the Local Government Act 1960, which reformed all remaining road districts into shires.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"As of the 2003 election, the Shire is divided into two wards:North Ward (four councillors)\nSouth Ward (five councillors)From 1979 until 2003, the Shire was divided into Leonora (3), Leinster (4) and Country (2) wards.","title":"Wards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"most recent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_recent_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"Australian census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The towns and localities of the Shire of Leonora with population and size figures based on the most recent Australian census:[4][5]","title":"Towns and localities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Agnew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnew,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Eulaminna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eulaminna,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Gwalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwalia,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Kathleen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Kurrajong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurrajong,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Lawlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawlers,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Malcolm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Mertondale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mertondale,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Murrin Murrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murrin_Murrin,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Vivien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivien,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Woodarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodarra,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Yundamindera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yundamindera,_Western_Australia"}],"text":"Abandoned and ghost towns in the Shire of Leonora:Agnew\nEulaminna\nGwalia\nKathleen\nKurrajong\nLawlers\nMalcolm\nMertondale\nMurrin Murrin\nVivien\nWoodarra\nYundamindera (known as \"The Granites\")","title":"Abandoned and ghost towns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Gwalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwalia,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"As of 2023, 95 places are heritage-listed in the Shire of Leonora,[10] of which 47 are on the State Register of Heritage Places, the majority of those around the former mining town of Gwalia.[11]","title":"Heritage-listed places"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). \"Leonora (Local Government Area)\". Australian Census 2021 QuickStats. Retrieved 28 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/LGA55040","url_text":"\"Leonora (Local Government Area)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Municipality Boundary Amendments Register\" (PDF). Western Australian Electoral Distribution Commission. Retrieved 11 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boundaries.wa.gov.au/sites/default/files/content/documents//2003_municipal_boundary_amendments_register.pdf","url_text":"\"Municipality Boundary Amendments Register\""}]},{"reference":"\"Municipal Corporations Act 1906 and Roads Act 1911. Merging of Leonora Municipality into Mount Malcolm Road District, and renaming Leonora-Malcolm Road District. Order in Council (per PW 1461/17)\". Western Australia Government Gazette. 23 May 1917. p. 1917:851.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"SLIP Map\". maps.slip.wa.gov.au. Landgate. Retrieved 3 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.slip.wa.gov.au/landgate/locate/","url_text":"\"SLIP Map\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landgate","url_text":"Landgate"}]},{"reference":"\"NationalMap\". nationalmap.gov.au. Geoscience Australia. Retrieved 3 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://nationalmap.gov.au/","url_text":"\"NationalMap\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoscience_Australia","url_text":"Geoscience Australia"}]},{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). \"Lake Darlot (suburb and locality)\". Australian Census 2021 QuickStats. Retrieved 28 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/SAL50817","url_text":"\"Lake Darlot (suburb and locality)\""}]},{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). \"Leinster (suburb and locality)\". Australian Census 2021 QuickStats. Retrieved 28 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/SAL50844","url_text":"\"Leinster (suburb and locality)\""}]},{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). \"Leonora (suburb and locality)\". Australian Census 2021 QuickStats. Retrieved 28 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/SAL50846","url_text":"\"Leonora (suburb and locality)\""}]},{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). \"Sir Samuel (suburb and locality)\". Australian Census 2021 QuickStats. Retrieved 28 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/SAL51355","url_text":"\"Sir Samuel (suburb and locality)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shire of Leonora Heritage Places\". inherit.stateheritage.wa.gov.au. Heritage Council of Western Australia. Retrieved 20 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://inherit.stateheritage.wa.gov.au/Public/Search/Results?newSearch=True&placeNameContains=&streetNameContains=&suburbOrTownContains=&lgaContains=Leonora&isCurrentlyStateRegistered=false","url_text":"\"Shire of Leonora Heritage Places\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shire of Leonora State Register of Heritage Places\". inherit.stateheritage.wa.gov.au. Heritage Council of Western Australia. Retrieved 20 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://inherit.stateheritage.wa.gov.au/Public/Search/Results?newSearch=True&placeNameContains=&streetNameContains=&suburbOrTownContains=&lgaContains=Leonora&isCurrentlyStateRegistered=true&isCurrentlyStateRegistered=false","url_text":"\"Shire of Leonora State Register of Heritage Places\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Shire_of_Leonora&params=28.885_S_121.331_E_type:adm2nd_region:AU-WA","external_links_name":"28°53′06″S 121°19′52″E / 28.885°S 121.331°E / -28.885; 121.331"},{"Link":"http://www.leonora.wa.gov.au/","external_links_name":"Shire of Leonora"},{"Link":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/LGA55040","external_links_name":"\"Leonora (Local Government Area)\""},{"Link":"http://www.boundaries.wa.gov.au/sites/default/files/content/documents//2003_municipal_boundary_amendments_register.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Municipality Boundary Amendments Register\""},{"Link":"https://maps.slip.wa.gov.au/landgate/locate/","external_links_name":"\"SLIP Map\""},{"Link":"https://nationalmap.gov.au/","external_links_name":"\"NationalMap\""},{"Link":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/SAL50817","external_links_name":"\"Lake Darlot (suburb and locality)\""},{"Link":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/SAL50844","external_links_name":"\"Leinster (suburb and locality)\""},{"Link":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/SAL50846","external_links_name":"\"Leonora (suburb and locality)\""},{"Link":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/SAL51355","external_links_name":"\"Sir Samuel (suburb and locality)\""},{"Link":"http://inherit.stateheritage.wa.gov.au/Public/Search/Results?newSearch=True&placeNameContains=&streetNameContains=&suburbOrTownContains=&lgaContains=Leonora&isCurrentlyStateRegistered=false","external_links_name":"\"Shire of Leonora Heritage Places\""},{"Link":"http://inherit.stateheritage.wa.gov.au/Public/Search/Results?newSearch=True&placeNameContains=&streetNameContains=&suburbOrTownContains=&lgaContains=Leonora&isCurrentlyStateRegistered=true&isCurrentlyStateRegistered=false","external_links_name":"\"Shire of Leonora State Register of Heritage Places\""},{"Link":"http://www.leonora.wa.gov.au/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000404179335","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Shire_of_Leonora&params=28.885_S_121.331_E_type:adm2nd_region:AU-WA","external_links_name":"28°53′06″S 121°19′52″E / 28.885°S 121.331°E / -28.885; 121.331"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Satian	David Satian	["1 Biography","2 Awards","3 Professional Education","4 Research and Scholarly Activity","5 Notable Music Works","6 Satian Musical Dynasty","7 Sources"]	David Satian (also Satyan) (Armenian: Դավիթ Սաթյան; born August 17, 1979, in Yerevan) is Armenian contemporary composer, jazz pianist, media producer and entrepreneur. Biography He was born on 17 August 1979 in Yerevan capital of Armenia, into a family of renowned family of musicians, mostly composers. In this musical dynasty he represents the 3rd generation and with his work he was able to contribute further to a century long-existing musicals traditions of his family, although he is also active in entrepreneurship mainly in Media, IT and Finance sectors. His father Aram Satian is a known classical composer and popular music songwriter, for many years he was the Head of Music Programs at the Public Television Company of Armenia and currently is a Chairman of the Composers Union of Armenia. Grandfather is Aram Satunts (1913–1990) who was a People's Artist of Armenia, member of the Union of Soviet Composers and awarded with the Silver Medal of Alexandrov. Another notable composer in his family is Ashot Satian (1906–1956), the chairman of the Composers Union of Armenia from 1947 to 1952, Laureate of the State Stalin Prize in 1952 (also see: USSR State Prize / in Russian: Государственная Сталинская премия) who is known for his songs and also for composing the first Armenian String Quartet in 1936. As a film composer he received numerous awards for contribution to a Soviet Film Industry, including in 1951 Karlovy Vary International Film Festival (Czechoslovakia). Awards 2009 – Quarter Finalist of the Queen Elisabeth Competition (Belgium) \| Category: Composition \| «In Memoriam» for Violin and Symphony Orchestra (Dedicated to the memory of the Armenian Genocide victims) 2008 - 2nd Prize - Bösendorfer Jazz Solo Piano International Competition at Montreux Jazz Festival (Switzerland) 2003 - 1st Prize among pianists - ‘‘Leiden Jazz Award” International Competition for Jazz Soloist Performers (the Netherlands) 1998 - Special Prize of Composers Union of Armenia 1996 - 1st Prize and Gold medal - "Amadeus" Young Composers Competition From 1987 - Various National Competitions and Festivals Professional Education 2009 - Master's degree \| Distinction (King's College London / London, United Kingdom) 2004 - Master's degree \| Distinction (University of Maastricht / Maastricht, the Netherlands) 2002 - Master's degree \| Distinction (Yerevan State Conservatory / Yerevan, Armenia) 2001 - Bachelor's degree \| Distinction (Yerevan State Conservatory / Yerevan, Armenia) 1996 - College Degree in Music (Spendiarian Music College / Yerevan, Armenia) 1993 - Certificate of Complete Secondary Education in Music (Sayat Nova Music School / Yerevan Armenia) Research and Scholarly Activity The research is dedicated to the problems concerning the relationships between the folk, jazz and classical genres. The main intention is to create a synthesis of contemporary classical music and advanced avant-garde jazz in which the preoccupations, idioms, and performing styles of both traditions would feed into each other, resulting in compositions, which would belong equally to the jazz and the classical music world. While there have been many attempts at such a fusion over the last hundred years (most notably by George Gershwin, Milton Babbitt, Gunther Schuller, Louis Andriessen, and Mark-Anthony Turnage), it is only now that the development of both traditions has reached a point in which the state of their language share a wealth of common concerns and expressive features, rendering such a synthesis possible. This research will result in a portfolio of musical compositions and a technical commentary making explicit the aesthetic considerations and technical devices embodied in the compositions and their relationship to previous attempts at cross-fertilization of these genres. Notable Music Works 2010 - “3 Moments” Concerto for Orchestra 2009 - Trio for Alto Saxophone, Piano and Contrabass 2009 - “Duplex” for clarinet, violin, cello and piano 2008 - “Tango a la Modern” for Piano Quartet 2008 - “In Memoriam” for Violin and Symphony Orchestra 2007 -“Pass” for Brass Ensemble (2 parts) Satian Musical Dynasty Ashot Satian 1906–1958 Aram Satunc (Satian) 1913–1990 Aram Satian 1947– Ashot Satian Jr. 1965– Arthur Satian 1973– David Satian 1979– Lilit Satian 1981– Ruben Satian 1982– Sources BBC Radio Ulster Programmes Montreux Jazz Festival History, Bösendorfer Montreux Jazz Solo Piano Competition 2008	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"David Satian"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yerevan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerevan"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"Aram Satian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aram_Satian"},{"link_name":"Public Television Company of Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Television_Company_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Composers Union of Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composers_Union_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Aram Satunts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aram_Satunts&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"People's Artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Artist"},{"link_name":"Union of Soviet Composers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Soviet_Composers"},{"link_name":"Silver Medal of Alexandrov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silver_Medal_of_Alexandrov&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ashot Satian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashot_Satian"},{"link_name":"Composers Union of Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composers_Union_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"State Stalin Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Stalin_Prize"},{"link_name":"USSR State Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR_State_Prize"},{"link_name":"Государственная Сталинская премия","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F"},{"link_name":"Armenian String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armenian_String_Quartet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Karlovy Vary International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlovy_Vary_International_Film_Festival"}],"text":"He was born on 17 August 1979 in Yerevan capital of Armenia, into a family of renowned family of musicians, mostly composers. In this musical dynasty he represents the 3rd generation and with his work he was able to contribute further to a century long-existing musicals traditions of his family, although he is also active in entrepreneurship mainly in Media, IT and Finance sectors. His father Aram Satian is a known classical composer and popular music songwriter, for many years he was the Head of Music Programs at the Public Television Company of Armenia and currently is a Chairman of the Composers Union of Armenia. Grandfather is Aram Satunts (1913–1990) who was a People's Artist of Armenia, member of the Union of Soviet Composers and awarded with the Silver Medal of Alexandrov. Another notable composer in his family is Ashot Satian (1906–1956), the chairman of the Composers Union of Armenia from 1947 to 1952, Laureate of the State Stalin Prize in 1952 (also see: USSR State Prize / in Russian: Государственная Сталинская премия) who is known for his songs and also for composing the first Armenian String Quartet in 1936. As a film composer he received numerous awards for contribution to a Soviet Film Industry, including in 1951 Karlovy Vary International Film Festival (Czechoslovakia).","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Montreux Jazz Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreux_Jazz_Festival"},{"link_name":"Leiden Jazz Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leiden_Jazz_Award&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"2009 – Quarter Finalist of the Queen Elisabeth Competition (Belgium) \| Category: Composition \| «In Memoriam» for Violin and Symphony Orchestra (Dedicated to the memory of the Armenian Genocide victims)\n2008 - 2nd Prize - Bösendorfer Jazz Solo Piano International Competition at Montreux Jazz Festival (Switzerland)\n2003 - 1st Prize among pianists - ‘‘Leiden Jazz Award” International Competition for Jazz Soloist Performers (the Netherlands)\n1998 - Special Prize of Composers Union of Armenia\n1996 - 1st Prize and Gold medal - \"Amadeus\" Young Composers Competition\nFrom 1987 - Various National Competitions and Festivals","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"King's College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College_London"},{"link_name":"University of Maastricht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maastricht"},{"link_name":"Yerevan State Conservatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerevan_State_Conservatory"},{"link_name":"Yerevan State Conservatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerevan_State_Conservatory"},{"link_name":"Spendiarian Music College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spendiarian_Music_College&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sayat Nova Music School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sayat_Nova_Music_School&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"2009 - Master's degree \| Distinction (King's College London / London, United Kingdom)\n2004 - Master's degree \| Distinction (University of Maastricht / Maastricht, the Netherlands)\n2002 - Master's degree \| Distinction (Yerevan State Conservatory / Yerevan, Armenia)\n2001 - Bachelor's degree \| Distinction (Yerevan State Conservatory / Yerevan, Armenia)\n1996 - College Degree in Music (Spendiarian Music College / Yerevan, Armenia)\n1993 - Certificate of Complete Secondary Education in Music (Sayat Nova Music School / Yerevan Armenia)","title":"Professional Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The research is dedicated to the problems concerning the relationships between the folk, jazz and classical genres. The main intention is to create a synthesis of contemporary classical music and advanced avant-garde jazz in which the preoccupations, idioms, and performing styles of both traditions would feed into each other, resulting in compositions, which would belong equally to the jazz and the classical music world. While there have been many attempts at such a fusion over the last hundred years (most notably by George Gershwin, Milton Babbitt, Gunther Schuller, Louis Andriessen, and Mark-Anthony Turnage), it is only now that the development of both traditions has reached a point in which the state of their language share a wealth of common concerns and expressive features, rendering such a synthesis possible. This research will result in a portfolio of musical compositions and a technical commentary making explicit the aesthetic considerations and technical devices embodied in the compositions and their relationship to previous attempts at cross-fertilization of these genres.","title":"Research and Scholarly Activity"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"2010 - “3 Moments” Concerto for Orchestra\n2009 - Trio for Alto Saxophone, Piano and Contrabass\n2009 - “Duplex” for clarinet, violin, cello and piano\n2008 - “Tango a la Modern” for Piano Quartet\n2008 - “In Memoriam” for Violin and Symphony Orchestra\n2007 -“Pass” for Brass Ensemble (2 parts)","title":"Notable Music Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ashot Satian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashot_Satian"},{"link_name":"Aram Satunc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aram_Satunc&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aram Satian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aram_Satian"},{"link_name":"Ashot Satian Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ashot_Satian_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arthur Satian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Satian&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lilit Satian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lilit_Satian&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ruben Satian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruben_Satian&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Ashot Satian 1906–1958\nAram Satunc (Satian) 1913–1990\nAram Satian 1947–\nAshot Satian Jr. 1965–\nArthur Satian 1973–\nDavid Satian 1979–\nLilit Satian 1981–\nRuben Satian 1982–","title":"Satian Musical Dynasty"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/radioulster/aftermidnightlinley/playlist.shtml"},{"link_name":"Bösendorfer Montreux Jazz Solo Piano Competition 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%C3%B6sendorfer_Montreux_Jazz_Solo_Piano_Competition_2008&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.montreuxjazz.com/2010/en/festival/history"}],"text":"BBC Radio Ulster Programmes [1]\nMontreux Jazz Festival History, Bösendorfer Montreux Jazz Solo Piano Competition 2008 [2]","title":"Sources"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/radioulster/aftermidnightlinley/playlist.shtml","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.montreuxjazz.com/2010/en/festival/history","external_links_name":"[2]"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Center_of_America	Islamic Center of America	["1 History","1.1 2007 vandalism","1.2 2011 mosque bombing plot","1.3 Terry Jones rally","1.4 School and education","2 Architecture","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Coordinates: 42°19′48″N 83°13′47″W / 42.3301°N 83.2296°W / 42.3301; -83.2296Mosque in Dearborn, Michigan Islamic Center of AmericaReligionAffiliationIslamBranch/traditionShiaLeadershipSheikh Ahmad HammoudYear consecratedSeptember 20, 1963May 12, 2005 (current location)LocationLocationDearborn, MichiganLocation in the USAGeographic coordinates42°19′48″N 83°13′47″W / 42.3301°N 83.2296°W / 42.3301; -83.2296ArchitectureArchitect(s)David DonnellonTypeIslamic architectureCompleted2005Construction cost$14 millionSpecificationsCapacity3,000+Dome height (outer)150-feetMinaret(s)2Minaret height10 stories tallWebsitewww.icofa.com The Islamic Center of America (Arabic: ٱلْمَرْكَز ٱلْإِسْلَامِيّ فِي أَمْرِيكَا‎, al-Markaz al-ʾIslāmīy Fī ʾAmrīkā) is a mosque located in Dearborn, Michigan, in the United States. The 120,000 sq. ft. facility is the largest mosque in North America and the oldest purpose-built Shia mosque in the United States, as well as the second oldest mosque in the United States after 'Asser El Jadeed which originally opened in 1924 in Michigan City, Indiana. The Islamic Center of America is located at 19500 Ford Road in Dearborn. The institution was founded in 1949. History The center's original 1963 mosque in Detroit is pictured in the background in 2002. The growing number of Muslims in the Detroit area in the mid-20th century sought out a religious leader from the Middle East to serve the community. Imam Muhammad Chirri of Lebanon was invited to lead the newly-formed Islamic Center Foundation Society, which would later turn into the Islamic Center of Detroit, and later the Islamic Center of America. The center first opened its doors at a location in Detroit on September 20, 1963 with financial support from the local community who pledged their homes as collateral along with a gift from Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser. The property for the construction of the Joy Road Mosque was purchased from the Ford Motor Company. Imam Hassan Al-Qazwini led the center in 1997, several years after Imam Chirri's passing, and assumed the role of religious leader for 18 years. The Islamic Center of America outgrew its original Detroit location and in 2005 moved to its present location on Ford Road in Dearborn. The Detroit mosque at the center's original site is now known as the Az-Zahra Center, where prayers services are still offered. 2007 vandalism The mosque was vandalized in January 2007 with anti-Shia graffiti. Many in the community believed that the vandalism was the result of recurrent sectarian tensions within the American Sunni Muslim community over the Iraq War and its Shia–Sunni conflict. 2011 mosque bombing plot Main article: Dearborn mosque bombing plot On January 24, 2011, an Imperial Beach, California man named Roger Stockham was arrested and charged with terrorism after attempting to blow up the Islamic Center of America. Stockham was reported to be a convert to Sunni Islam who was targeting the Shia community, and had a history of mental illness and firearms offenses. Terry Jones rally Further information: Dove World Outreach Center Quran-burning controversy See also: Islamophobia in the United States On April 21, 2011, the day before the scheduled appearance of the anti-Islamic pastor Terry Jones, hundreds of people from different faiths gathered in a show of solidarity. Jews, Christians and other faith groups stood side by side with inter-locked arms in opposition to Jones' planned protest. School and education The mosque operates the Muslim American Youth Academy (MAYA), an Islamic private elementary and middle school. Architecture The Islamic Center of America is a 120,000 sq. ft. religious space. It includes a meeting hall, an industrial kitchen, a prayer room, a high ceiling and calligraphy- embraided domes, a mezzanine for women, offices, meeting rooms and a library. Educational programs are run by Imam Hassan Qazwini See also Islam in Metro Detroit List of mosques in the United States Islam portalMichigan portal References ^ "Official Our Story – Islamic Center of America". Retrieved December 8, 2021. ^ Curtis, Edward E. (February 2022). Muslims of the Heartland How Syrian Immigrants Made a Home in the American Midwest. NYU Press. ISBN 9781479812561. ^ "Official Our Story – Islamic Center of America". Retrieved December 8, 2021. ^ a b c "Islamic Center of America (CJ) - The Pluralism Project. President and Fellows of Harvard College and Diana Eck". Archived from the original on July 20, 2017. Retrieved July 3, 2017. ^ a b Detroit Free Press: "Longtime leader of Dearborn mosque leaves amid split" Archived 2015-06-07 at the Wayback Machine June 5, 2015 By Niraj Warikoo ^ Neil MacFarquhar, New York Times: "Iraq’s Shadow Widens Sunni-Shiite Split in U.S." Archived 2017-06-26 at the Wayback Machine New York Times, February 4, 2007. ^ "Mosque plot suspect rejects first appointed counsel, calls lawyer 'Shi'ite'". Detroit Free Press. Archived from the original on April 23, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011. ^ "Mosque plot suspect planted bomb in airport in '85". Washington Times. February 2, 2011. Archived from the original on June 14, 2013. Retrieved August 8, 2013. ^ Dearborn Press and Guide: "Terry Jones to be here again on Friday" April 26, 2011 ^ Dahoui-Charara, Mariam (April 21, 2011). "Hundreds Stand Together for Peace at Dearborn's Islamic Center". Patch Media. Dearborn, MI. Archived from the original on August 14, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011. ^ "Home Archived 2018-09-03 at the Wayback Machine." Muslim American Youth Academy. Retrieved on November 1, 2015. Address is "19500 Ford Road, Dearborn, MI 48128, United States" ^ "Official Our Story – Islamic Center of America". Retrieved December 8, 2021. External links Official website Official website "In the Way of the Prophet: Ideologies and Institutions in Dearborn, Michigan, America's Muslim Capitol", at AmericanCity.org (Retrieved February 16, 2009) vteDearborn, MichiganSecondary schools Dearborn PS Dearborn HS Edsel Ford HS Fordson HS Dearborn Center for Math, Science and Technology Divine Child HS Henry Ford Academy Colleges and universities University of Michigan–Dearborn Henry Ford College Religion Dearborn Mosque Islamic Center of America St. Sarkis Church Other landmarks Dearborn City Hall Complex The Henry Ford (museum and Greenfield Village) Arab American National Museum Commandant's Quarters (Dearborn Historical Museum) The Dearborn Inn Edward Hotel Fair Lane Ford River Rouge Complex Dearborn Ice Skating Center Ford-Wyoming Drive-In Media The Arab American News Former The Dearborn Independent Transportation John D. Dingell Transit Center Defunct Ford Airport Greenfield Village station This list is incomplete.Dearborn Center for Math, Science and Technology serves Dearborn resident but is in Dearborn Heights. vteReligious landmarks in metropolitan DetroitThis includes houses of worship, but does not include schools.Religious landmarksalong Woodward Ave.(address #) St. John's Episcopal Church (2326) Woodward Avenue Baptist Church (demolished) First Unitarian Church (2870) First Presbyterian Church (2930) Temple Beth-El (3424) Cathedral Church of St. Paul (4800) Our Lady of the Rosary (5930) Metropolitan United Methodist Church (8000) First Baptist Church (8501) Woodward Avenue Presbyterian Church (8501) North Woodward Congregational Church (8715) Temple Beth-El (8801) Saint Joseph's Temple Baptist Church / King Solomon Baptist ChurchEpiscopal Church (8830) Central Woodward Christian Church (9000) Cathedral of the Most Blessed Sacrament (9844) Grace Evangelical Lutheran Church (12375) Trinity United Methodist Church (13100) First United Methodist Church (16300) Central United Methodist Church (23 East Adams) First Congregational Church (33 Forest) Highland Park Presbyterian Church (14 Cortland) Mariners' Church (170 East Jefferson) City(also Hamtramck) Al-Islah Mosque (Hamtramck) Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary Church Cass Avenue Methodist Episcopal Church Chapel of St. Theresa-the Little Flower Christ Church Detroit Fort Street Presbyterian Church Gethsemane Evangelical Lutheran Church Historic Trinity Lutheran Church Jefferson Avenue Presbyterian Church Most Holy Redeemer Church Sacred Heart Chaldean Church Sacred Heart Major Seminary Sacred Heart Roman Catholic Church, Convent and Rectory St. Albertus Roman Catholic Church St. Aloysius Saint Andrew's Memorial Episcopal Church Ste. Anne de Detroit Catholic Church St. Boniface Roman Catholic Church (demolished) St. Bonaventure Monastery St. Catherine of Siena Roman Catholic Church St. Charles Borromeo Roman Catholic Church St. Florian Church (Hamtramck) St. James Episcopal (Grosse Ile) St. John's-St. Luke's Evangelical St. Josaphat's St. Joseph Catholic Church St. Mary Roman Catholic Church Saints Peter and Paul Church Saints Peter and Paul Academy St. Stanislaus Bishop and Martyr Roman Catholic Church St. Theresa of Avila Roman Catholic Church St. Thomas the Apostle Catholic Church (demolished) Second Baptist Church Sweetest Heart of Mary Roman Catholic Church Temple Baptist Church – King Solomon Baptist Church Trinity Episcopal Church Trumbull Avenue Presbyterian Church Tushiyah United Hebrew School – Scott Memorial Methodist Episcopal Church Suburban Christ Church Chapel (Grosse Pointe) Christ Church Cranbrook (Bloomfield Hills) Dearborn Mosque Detroit Temple, Church of the Latter Day Saints (Bloomfield Hills) Duns Scotus College (Southfield) Grosse Pointe Memorial Church (Grosse Pointe) Islamic Center of America (Dearborn) First Albanian Bektashi Tekke in America (Taylor) Kirk in the Hills (Bloomfield Hills) Mother of God Cathedral (Southfield) National Shrine of the Little Flower (Royal Oak) Nardin Park United Methodist Church (Farmington Hills) Piety Hill Historic District (Lapeer) St. Hugo in the Hills Catholic Church (Bloomfield Hills) St. Mary Church (Monroe) Saint Paul Catholic Church (Grosse Pointe Farms) Congregation Shaarey Zedek (Southfield) Temple Beth El (Bloomfield Hills) See also: Architecture of metropolitan Detroit vteReligion in Metro DetroitChristianityChurches Religious landmarks in metropolitan Detroit K-12 ed. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Detroit navbox Novi Christian Academy Parkway Christian School Southfield Christian School JudaismCongregations Temple Beth El Schools The Jean and Samuel Frankel Jewish Academy of Metropolitan Detroit Farber Hebrew Day School – Yeshivat Akiva Hillel Day School Yeshiva Beth Yehuda Tushiyah United Hebrew School (closed) Media The Jewish News Islam Al-Islah Mosque Dearborn Mosque First Albanian Bektashi Tekke in America Islamic Center of America Closed Highland Park Mosque Interfaith Interfaith Leadership Council of Metropolitan Detroit This list is incomplete. vteMosques in the United StatesAlaska Islamic Community Center of Anchorage Alaska Arizona Islamic Community Center of Phoenix Tucson Mosque California Baitul Hameed Mosque Islamic Center of Irvine Islamic Center of Orange County Islamic Center of Riverside Islamic Center of Southern California King Fahad Mosque Masjid Annur Islamic Center Women's Mosque of America Connecticut Islamic Center of Connecticut Illinois Al-Sadiq Mosque Baitul Jaamay Mosque Islamic Foundation Islamic Foundation North Mosque Maryam Masjid Darussalam Mosque Foundation Muslim Community Center Iowa Mother Mosque of America Maryland Baitur Rehman Mosque Diyanet Center of America Imam Mahdi Islamic Education Center of Baltimore Islamic Society of Baltimore Islamic Society of Western Maryland Massachusetts Arabic Jumma Mosque Islamic Society of Boston Islamic Society of Greater Lowell Mosque No. 11 Quincy Mosque Sharon Mosque Worcester Mosque Michigan Al-Islah Mosque Dearborn Mosque First Albanian Bektashi Tekke in America Islamic Association of Greater Detroit Islamic Center and Mosque of Grand Rapids Islamic Center of America Highland Park Mosque (former) Minnesota Dar Al-Farooq Islamic Center Missouri Islamic Center of Central Missouri St. Louis Islamic Center Nevada Masjid As-Sabur New Mexico Dar al-Islam New York Hazrati Abu Bakr Siddique Hudson Valley Islamic Community Center Islamic Association of Long Island Islamic Cultural Center of New York Islamic Society of Central New York Masjid al-Ikhlas Masjid Al-Mamoor Masjid Hamza Masjid Malcolm Shabazz Mid-Hudson Islamic Association Powers Street Mosque Ohio Islamic Center of Greater Toledo Islamic Society of Greater Dayton Noor Islamic Cultural Center Oregon Masjid As-Saber Rizwan Mosque Pennsylvania Islamic Center of Pittsburgh Masjid Al-Jamia Mosque No. 12 Mosque of Shaikh M. R. Bawa Muhaiyaddeen North Penn Mosque Philly Mosque Tennessee Islamic Center of Murfreesboro Texas Baitus Samee Mosque East Plano Islamic Center Islamic Association of North Texas Islamic Center of Greater Austin Islamic Center of Irving Islamic Society of Greater Houston (Al-Noor Mosque · Masjid Al-Ansaar (Woodland Islamic Center) · Pearland Islamic Center) Virginia All Dulles Area Muslim Society Dar Al-Hijrah Washington D.C. Islamic Center of Washington Category Islam in the United States Mosques by country Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Israel United States Geographic Structurae	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque"},{"link_name":"Dearborn, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dearborn,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"'Asser El Jadeed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%27Asser_El_Jadeed&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Michigan City, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_City,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ford Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-153_(Michigan_highway)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Islamic_Center_of_America,_Dearborn,_Michigan.jpg"}],"text":"Mosque in Dearborn, MichiganThe Islamic Center of America (Arabic: ٱلْمَرْكَز ٱلْإِسْلَامِيّ فِي أَمْرِيكَا‎, al-Markaz al-ʾIslāmīy Fī ʾAmrīkā) is a mosque located in Dearborn, Michigan, in the United States. The 120,000 sq. ft. facility is the largest mosque in North America and the oldest purpose-built Shia mosque in the United States,[1] as well as the second oldest mosque in the United States after 'Asser El Jadeed which originally opened in 1924 in Michigan City, Indiana.[2]The Islamic Center of America is located at 19500 Ford Road in Dearborn. The institution was founded in 1949.[3]","title":"Islamic Center of America"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Islamic_Center_of_America_(2002).jpg"},{"link_name":"Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pluralism-4"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pluralism-4"},{"link_name":"Gamal Abdel Nasser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser"},{"link_name":"Ford Motor Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pluralism-4"},{"link_name":"Imam Hassan Al-Qazwini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayed_Hassan_Al-Qazwini"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Longtime-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Longtime-5"}],"text":"The center's original 1963 mosque in Detroit is pictured in the background in 2002.The growing number of Muslims in the Detroit area in the mid-20th century sought out a religious leader from the Middle East to serve the community.[4] Imam Muhammad Chirri of Lebanon was invited to lead the newly-formed Islamic Center Foundation Society, which would later turn into the Islamic Center of Detroit, and later the Islamic Center of America.[4] The center first opened its doors at a location in Detroit on September 20, 1963 with financial support from the local community who pledged their homes as collateral along with a gift from Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser. The property for the construction of the Joy Road Mosque was purchased from the Ford Motor Company.[4] Imam Hassan Al-Qazwini led the center in 1997, several years after Imam Chirri's passing, and assumed the role of religious leader for 18 years.[5] The Islamic Center of America outgrew its original Detroit location and in 2005 moved to its present location on Ford Road in Dearborn. The Detroit mosque at the center's original site is now known as the Az-Zahra Center, where prayers services are still offered.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anti-Shia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Shia"},{"link_name":"Sunni Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Muslim"},{"link_name":"Iraq War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War"},{"link_name":"Shia–Sunni conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia%E2%80%93Sunni_relations"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"2007 vandalism","text":"The mosque was vandalized in January 2007 with anti-Shia graffiti. Many in the community believed that the vandalism was the result of recurrent sectarian tensions within the American Sunni Muslim community over the Iraq War and its Shia–Sunni conflict.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Imperial Beach, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Beach,_California"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"2011 mosque bombing plot","text":"On January 24, 2011, an Imperial Beach, California man named Roger Stockham was arrested and charged with terrorism after attempting to blow up the Islamic Center of America. Stockham was reported to be a convert to Sunni Islam who was targeting the Shia community,[7] and had a history of mental illness and firearms offenses.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dove World Outreach Center Quran-burning controversy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dove_World_Outreach_Center_Quran-burning_controversy"},{"link_name":"Islamophobia in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Terry Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Jones_(pastor)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Terry Jones rally","text":"Further information: Dove World Outreach Center Quran-burning controversySee also: Islamophobia in the United StatesOn April 21, 2011, the day before the scheduled appearance of the anti-Islamic pastor Terry Jones, hundreds of people from different faiths gathered in a show of solidarity. Jews, Christians and other faith groups stood side by side with inter-locked arms in opposition to Jones' planned protest.[9][10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"School and education","text":"The mosque operates the Muslim American Youth Academy (MAYA), an Islamic private elementary and middle school.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The Islamic Center of America is a 120,000 sq. ft. religious space. It includes a meeting hall, an industrial kitchen, a prayer room, a high ceiling and calligraphy- embraided domes, a mezzanine for women, offices, meeting rooms and a library. Educational programs are run by Imam Hassan Qazwini[12]","title":"Architecture"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Islamic_Center_of_America%2C_Dearborn%2C_Michigan.jpg/220px-Islamic_Center_of_America%2C_Dearborn%2C_Michigan.jpg"},{"image_text":"The center's original 1963 mosque in Detroit is pictured in the background in 2002.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Islamic_Center_of_America_%282002%29.jpg/220px-Islamic_Center_of_America_%282002%29.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Islam in Metro Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Metro_Detroit"},{"title":"List of mosques in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"Islam portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Islam"},{"title":"Michigan portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Michigan"}]	[{"reference":"\"Official Our Story – Islamic Center of America\". Retrieved December 8, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.icofa.com/official-our-story/","url_text":"\"Official Our Story – Islamic Center of America\""}]},{"reference":"Curtis, Edward E. (February 2022). Muslims of the Heartland How Syrian Immigrants Made a Home in the American Midwest. NYU Press. ISBN 9781479812561.","urls":[{"url":"https://nyupress.org/9781479812561/muslims-of-the-heartland/","url_text":"Muslims of the Heartland How Syrian Immigrants Made a Home in the American Midwest"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781479812561","url_text":"9781479812561"}]},{"reference":"\"Official Our Story – Islamic Center of America\". Retrieved December 8, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.icofa.com/official-our-story/","url_text":"\"Official Our Story – Islamic Center of America\""}]},{"reference":"\"Islamic Center of America (CJ) - The Pluralism Project. President and Fellows of Harvard College and Diana Eck\". Archived from the original on July 20, 2017. Retrieved July 3, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://pluralism.org/profile/islamic-center-of-america-cj/","url_text":"\"Islamic Center of America (CJ) - The Pluralism Project. President and Fellows of Harvard College and Diana Eck\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170720060039/http://pluralism.org/profile/islamic-center-of-america-cj/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Mosque plot suspect rejects first appointed counsel, calls lawyer 'Shi'ite'\". Detroit Free Press. Archived from the original on April 23, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.freep.com/article/20110204/NEWS01/110204006","url_text":"\"Mosque plot suspect rejects first appointed counsel, calls lawyer 'Shi'ite'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Free_Press","url_text":"Detroit Free Press"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110423203234/http://www.freep.com/article/20110204/NEWS01/110204006","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Mosque plot suspect planted bomb in airport in '85\". Washington Times. February 2, 2011. Archived from the original on June 14, 2013. Retrieved August 8, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/feb/2/mosque-plot-suspect-planted-bomb-airport-85/","url_text":"\"Mosque plot suspect planted bomb in airport in '85\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130614102341/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/feb/2/mosque-plot-suspect-planted-bomb-airport-85/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dahoui-Charara, Mariam (April 21, 2011). \"Hundreds Stand Together for Peace at Dearborn's Islamic Center\". Patch Media. Dearborn, MI. Archived from the original on August 14, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://dearborn.patch.com/articles/hundreds-stand-together-for-peace-at-dearborns-islamic-center#photo-5744864","url_text":"\"Hundreds Stand Together for Peace at Dearborn's Islamic Center\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patch_Media","url_text":"Patch Media"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110814105454/http://dearborn.patch.com/articles/hundreds-stand-together-for-peace-at-dearborns-islamic-center#photo-5744864#photo-5744864","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Official Our Story – Islamic Center of America\". Retrieved December 8, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.icofa.com/official-our-story/","url_text":"\"Official Our Story – Islamic Center of America\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Islamic_Center_of_America&params=42.3301_N_83.2296_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"42°19′48″N 83°13′47″W / 42.3301°N 83.2296°W / 42.3301; -83.2296"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Islamic_Center_of_America&params=42.3301_N_83.2296_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"42°19′48″N 83°13′47″W / 42.3301°N 83.2296°W / 42.3301; -83.2296"},{"Link":"http://www.icofa.com/","external_links_name":"www.icofa.com"},{"Link":"http://www.icofa.com/official-our-story/","external_links_name":"\"Official Our Story – Islamic Center of America\""},{"Link":"https://nyupress.org/9781479812561/muslims-of-the-heartland/","external_links_name":"Muslims of the Heartland How Syrian Immigrants Made a Home in the American Midwest"},{"Link":"http://www.icofa.com/official-our-story/","external_links_name":"\"Official Our Story – Islamic Center of America\""},{"Link":"http://pluralism.org/profile/islamic-center-of-america-cj/","external_links_name":"\"Islamic Center of America (CJ) - The Pluralism Project. President and Fellows of Harvard College and Diana Eck\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170720060039/http://pluralism.org/profile/islamic-center-of-america-cj/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/wayne/2015/06/05/imam-qazwini-resigns-dearborn-mosque/28581129/","external_links_name":"Detroit Free Press: \"Longtime leader of Dearborn mosque leaves amid split\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150607152221/http://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/wayne/2015/06/05/imam-qazwini-resigns-dearborn-mosque/28581129/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/04/us/04muslim.html?pagewanted=all","external_links_name":"New York Times: \"Iraq’s Shadow Widens Sunni-Shiite Split in U.S.\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170626191735/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/04/us/04muslim.html?pagewanted=all","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.freep.com/article/20110204/NEWS01/110204006","external_links_name":"\"Mosque plot suspect rejects first appointed counsel, calls lawyer 'Shi'ite'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110423203234/http://www.freep.com/article/20110204/NEWS01/110204006","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/feb/2/mosque-plot-suspect-planted-bomb-airport-85/","external_links_name":"\"Mosque plot suspect planted bomb in airport in '85\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130614102341/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/feb/2/mosque-plot-suspect-planted-bomb-airport-85/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.pressandguide.com/articles/2011/04/26/news/doc4db6fe8cb7412036576291.txt?viewmode=4","external_links_name":"Dearborn Press and Guide: \"Terry Jones to be here again on Friday\""},{"Link":"http://dearborn.patch.com/articles/hundreds-stand-together-for-peace-at-dearborns-islamic-center#photo-5744864","external_links_name":"\"Hundreds Stand Together for Peace at Dearborn's Islamic Center\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110814105454/http://dearborn.patch.com/articles/hundreds-stand-together-for-peace-at-dearborns-islamic-center#photo-5744864#photo-5744864","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.mayaschool.org/","external_links_name":"Home"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180903001118/http://www.mayaschool.org/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.icofa.com/official-our-story/","external_links_name":"\"Official Our Story – Islamic Center of America\""},{"Link":"http://www.icofa.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://darsenizami.net/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000086865734","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/125875443","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007263107605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2008046867","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://structurae.net/structures/20051731","external_links_name":"Structurae"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornish_revival	Cornish language revival	["1 Revival","1.1 Unified Cornish","1.2 Kernewek Kemmyn","1.3 Unified Cornish Revised","1.4 Modern Cornish","1.5 Cornish Language Partnership","1.6 Standard Written Form","1.7 Kernowek Standard","2 Comparison tables","3 Organisations","4 See also","5 References"]	The Cornish language revival (Cornish: dasserghyans Kernowek, lit. ''resurrection of Cornish'') is an ongoing process to revive the use of the Cornish language of Cornwall, England. The Cornish language's disappearance began to hasten during the 13th century, but its decline began with the spread of Old English in the 5th and 6th centuries. The last reported person to have full knowledge of a traditional form of Cornish, John Davey, died in 1891. The revival movement started in the late 19th century as a result of antiquarian and academic interest in the language, which was already extinct, and also as a result of the Celtic revival movement. In 2009, UNESCO changed its classification of Cornish from "extinct" to "critically endangered", seen as a milestone for the revival of the language. Revival This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Commemorative plaque on Henry Jenner's home with bilingual inscription During the 19th century the Cornish language was the subject of antiquarian interest and a number of lectures were given on the subject and pamphlets on it were published. In 1904, the Celtic language scholar and Cornish cultural activist Henry Jenner published A Handbook of the Cornish Language. The publication of this book is often considered to be the start of the current revival movement. The spelling in this book was based on that used when Cornish was last a community language in the 18th century. Unified Cornish Main article: Unified Cornish The first project to codify Cornish spelling and provide a regular orthography for the revived language was that of Robert Morton Nance who outlined his work in Cornish for All in 1929. Unlike the Late Cornish-based work of Jenner, Nance's orthography, called Unified Cornish (Kernewek Unys), was based mainly on the Middle Cornish of the 14th and 15th centuries. Nance believed that this period represented a high point for Cornish literature. As well as presenting a standardised spelling system, Nance also extended the attested vocabulary with forms based largely on Breton and Welsh, and published a dictionary of Unified Cornish in 1938. Nance's purist approach favoured older 'Celtic' forms rather than the historically more recent forms deriving from Middle and Early Modern English. Nance's work became the basis of revived Cornish and his orthography was the only one in use for most of the 20th century. However, as the focus shifted from written to spoken Cornish, Nance's stiff, archaic formulation of the language seemed less suitable for a spoken revival. Also, Nance's phonology lacked some distinctions which later research showed must have existed in traditional Cornish. Unified Cornish is still in use by some speakers who, while acknowledging its shortcomings, feel it has served well for the first decades of the revival. Its IETF language tag is kw-uccor. Kernewek Kemmyn Main article: Kernewek Kemmyn In 1986, in response to dissatisfaction with Unified Cornish, Ken George undertook a study of the sounds of Cornish and devised a new orthography, Kernewek Kemmyn or Common Cornish, based on his research. Like Unified Cornish, Kernewek Kemmyn retained a Middle Cornish base but implemented an orthography that aspired to be as phonemic as possible. George argued that this much closer relationship between sounds and writing would make Cornish much easier to teach and learn. In 1987, after one year of discussion, the Cornish Language Board agreed to adopt it. Its adoption by the Cornish Language Board caused a division in the Cornish language community, especially since people had been using Nance's old system for many years and were unfamiliar with the new one. While it was adopted by a majority of Cornish speakers (various estimates put it at around 55–80%), it was criticised by Nicholas Williams and Jon Mills for various reasons, as well as those who found its novel orthography too different from traditional Cornish spelling conventions. Its IETF language tag is kw-kkcor. Unified Cornish Revised In 1995, Kernewek Kemmyn was itself challenged by Nicholas Williams who in his book Cornish Today listed 26 supposed flaws in Kernewek Kemmyn. As an alternative, Williams devised and proposed a revision of Unified Cornish, called Unified Cornish Revised (or UCR). UCR built on Unified Cornish, making the spellings regular while keeping as close as possible to the orthographic practices of the medieval scribes. In common with Kernewek Kemmyn, UCR made use of Tudor and Late Cornish prose materials unavailable to Nance. A comprehensive English-Cornish dictionary of Unified Cornish Revised was published in 2000 and sold enough copies to merit a second edition. A response to the criticisms in Cornish Today appeared soon after in Kernewek Kemmyn – Cornish for the Twenty First Century by Ken George and Paul Dunbar. A counter-reply to the latter appeared in 2007. Its IETF language tag is kw-ucrcor. Modern Cornish Main article: Modern Cornish In the early 1980s, Richard Gendall, who had worked with Nance, published a new system based on the works of the later Cornish writers of the 17th and 18th centuries, just before the language died out. This variety, called Modern Cornish, also known as Late Cornish, uses later, somewhat simpler grammatical constructions and a vocabulary and spelling that was more influenced by English. The orthography has undergone a number of changes. The main body promoting Modern Cornish is Cussel an Tavas Kernuak. Cornish Language Partnership Main article: Cornish Language Partnership In practice these different written forms did not prevent Cornish speakers from communicating with each other effectively. However, the existence of multiple orthographies was unsustainable with regards to using the language in education and public life, as no single orthography had ever achieved a wide consensus. Following the recognition in 2002 of Cornish under Part II of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, and the subsequent establishment of the Cornish Language Partnership, the need for consensus became more urgent. In response to this, the Partnership initiated a process to agree on a standard form for use in education and public life. In 2007 an independent Cornish Language Commission consisting of sociolinguists and linguists from outside of Cornwall was formed to review the four existing forms (Unified, UCR, Late Cornish and Kemmyn) and consider whether any of these existing orthographies might be suitable for adoption as a standard form of Cornish, or whether a new fifth form should be adopted. Two groups made proposals of compromise orthographies: The UdnFormScrefys (Single Written Form) Group developed and proposed an orthography, Kernowak Standard, based on traditional orthographic forms and having a clear relation between spelling and pronunciation, taking both Middle Cornish and Late Cornish dialects of Revived Cornish into account. Since the publication of the Standard Written Form, Kernowak Standard has evolved to become a set of proposed amendments to the SWF. Two members of the CLP's Linguistic Working Group, Albert Bock and Benjamin Bruch, proposed another orthography called Kernowek Dasunys (Cornish Re-unified) which endeavoured to reconcile UC, KK, RLC, and UCR orthographies. This proposal was used as a source of input for the SWF but is not being used as a separate orthography. Members of a group called Kaskyrgh Kernewek Kemmyn (Campaign for Kernewek Kemmyn) did not agree with the creation of a new standard, and argued that the existing Kernewek Kemmyn orthography should become the standard. The SWF process eventually decided that the existing orthographies were too contentious to be considered and that a new compromise orthography that all groups could support was needed. Standard Written Form Main article: Standard Written Form On 9 May 2008, the Cornish Language Partnership met with the specification for the Standard Written Form as the main item on the agenda. All four Cornish language groups, Unified Cornish, Unified Cornish Revised, Kernewek Kemmyn and Modern Cornish were represented at this meeting. Reactions to the proposed orthography were mixed from the various language groups, Kowethas an Yeth Kernewek, Cussel an Tavaz Kernûak, Kesva an Taves Kernewek and Agan Tavas, but the majority wanted resolution and acceptance. The Cornish Language Partnership said that it would 'create an opportunity to break down barriers and the agreement marked a significant stepping stone in the Cornish language'. The vote to ratify the SWF was carried and on 19 May 2008 it was announced that the orthography had been agreed on. Eric Brooke, chairman of the Cornish Language Partnership, said: "This marks a significant stepping-stone in the development of the Cornish language. In time this step will allow the Cornish language to move forward to become part of the lives of all in Cornwall." The fourth and final Standard Written Form draft was generated on 30 May 2008. On 17 June 2009, the bards of the Gorseth Kernow, under the leadership of Grand Bard Vanessa Beeman adopted, by overwhelming majority and after two decades of debate, the SWF for their ceremonies and correspondence. From the earliest days under Grand Bards Henry Jenner and Morton Nance, Unified Cornish had been used for the Gorseth ceremony. Kernowek Standard Main article: Kernowek Standard Kernowek Standard (Standard Cornish) is a proposed set of revisions to the SWF. It is based on the initial proposal (called Kernowak Standard and now designated KS1) for the SWF, developed by a group called UdnFormScrefys. After the publication of the SWF specification, members of this group established a new group, Spellyans, to identify shortcomings in the SWF and propose solutions for consideration for the SWF review which took place in 2013. The orthography resulting from the application of these revisions, Kernowek Standard, has been used in a number of books, including an edition of the Bible and a comprehensive grammar, Desky Kernowek. Its IETF language tag is kw-kscor. Comparison tables This table compares the spelling of some Cornish words in different orthographies (Unified Cornish, Unified Cornish Revised, Kernewek Kemmyn, Revived Late Cornish, the Standard Written Form, and Kernowek Standard). UC UCR KK RLC SWF KS English Kernewek Kernowek Kernewek Kernûak Kernewek, Kernowek Kernowek Cornish gwenenen gwenenen gwenenenn gwenen gwenenen gwenenen bee cadar, chayr chayr, cadar kador cader, chair kador, cador chair, cadar chair kēs cues keus keaz keus keus cheese yn-mēs yn-mēs yn-mes a-vêz yn-mes in mes outside codha codha koedha codha kodha, codha codha (to) fall gavar gavar gaver gavar gaver gavar goat chȳ chȳ chi choy, chi, chy chi, chei chy house gwēus gwēus gweus gwelv, gweus gweus gweùs lip aber, ryver ryver, aber aber ryvar aber ryver, aber river mouth nyver nyver niver never niver nyver number peren peren perenn peran peren peren pear scōl scōl skol scoll skol, scol scol school megy megy megi megi megi, megy megy (to) smoke steren steren sterenn steran steren steren star hedhyū hedhyw hedhyw hedhiu hedhyw hedhyw today whybana whybana hwibana wiban, whiban hwibana, whibana whybana (to) whistle whēl whēl hwel whêl 'work' hwel, whel whel quarry lün luen leun lean leun leun full arghans arhans arghans arrans arghans arhans silver arghans, mona mona, arhans arghans, mona arghans, mona arghans, mona mona money Organisations There are organisations set up to grow and strengthen the Cornish revival, many listed in the table below working together under the banner Speak Cornish. The Gorsedh Kernow have an annual Holyer an Gof Publishers Awards with a class dedicated to publications in the Cornish language. Existent Cornish language organisations and their relationship to orthographies Organisation Purpose Preferred Orthography Stance on SWF Akademi Kernewek To "advance knowledge and education of the public in the Cornish Language" SWF Maintainer of SWF Agan Tavas To "promote the use and study of the Cornish language" Unified Cornish They are "fully committed for use in schools and public life" Cussel an Tavas Kernuak To promote and support Modern Cornish Modern Cornish They recognise "the need for pedagogic and official purposes" Gorsedh Kernow To "maintain the national Celtic spirit of Cornwall" SWF They "adopted the Standard Written Form" in June 2009. Kesva an Taves Kernewek To promote the Cornish language Kernewek Kemmyn They recognise SWF "for use in schools and public life". They also produce publications in SWF. Kowethas an Yeth Kernewek To promote "the Cornish language through a wide range of publications, projects and events" See also List of revived languages Livonian language revival Māori language revival References ^ a b Ferdinand, Siarl (2-December-2013). "A Brief History of the Cornish Language, its Revival and its Current Status" (PDF). e-Keltoi 2: 199–227. Retrieved 18 April 2016 ^ George, Ken, ed. (2009). "Kernewek". An Gerlyver Meur: Cornish-English; English-Cornish Dictionary. Kesva an Taves Kernewek. p. 343. ISBN 978-1-902917-84-9. ^ a b c d "Language Subtag Registry" (text). IETF. 16 May 2024. Retrieved 23 May 2024. ^ Kernowek Standard website ^ "Kernowek Dasunys website". Archived from the original on 7 September 2008. Retrieved 9 November 2012. ^ Morris, Jonathan (19 May 2008). "Breakthrough for Cornish language". BBC News. ^ "Standard Cornish spelling agreed". BBC News. 19 May 2008. ^ "Cornish Language Partnership – Standard Written Form Ratified". Archived from the original on 5 June 2008. Retrieved 9 November 2012. ^ Kernowek official website ^ "At last, the language of progress". This is Cornwall. 17 June 2009. Archived from the original on 12 September 2012. ^ Williams, Nicholas (2012). Desky Kernowek: A complete guide to Cornish. Evertype., ISBN 978-1-904808-99-2 (hardcover), ISBN 978-1-904808-95-4 (paperback) ^ Kernowek Standard: An orthography for the Cornish Language/Wolcum dhe Gernowek Standard! Standard rag Screfa an Tavas Kernowek (in Cornish and English), kernowek.net; accessed 17 January 2016. ^ Ray Edwards. "Gerva Kynsa dhe Dressa Gradh" (PDF). Kesva. ^ "Cornish Dictionary". Akademi Kernewek. ^ "About Us". Speak Cornish. ^ "Holyer an Gof winners announced at Kresen Kernow ceremony". Gorsedh Kernow. ^ "About". Akademi Kernewek. ^ a b c "About Agan Tavas". ^ a b "Modern Cornish". ^ "Time for change: the case for Modern Cornish" (PDF). ^ "Welcome". Gorsedh Kernow. ^ a b "Welcome to Gorsedh Kernow". Gorsedh Kernow. ^ "Who We Are". Kesva an Taves Kernewek. ^ a b "Welcome The Cornish Language Board". ^ "Standard Written Form". Kowethas an Yeth Kernewek. ^ "About Us". Kowethas an Yeth Kernewek. vteCornish languageTopics Revival Last speaker Grammar Phonology Numbers Cornish surnames Glasney College Plen-an-gwary Literature Bodmin manumissions Pascon agan Arluth Ordinalia Beunans Meriasek Bewnans Ke "Cranken Rhyme" Bible translations Orthographies Standard Written Form Kernewek Kemmyn Kernowek Standard Modern Cornish Unified Cornish Organisations Akademi Kernewek Agan Tavas Cornish Language Partnership Cussel an Tavas Kernuak Gorsedh Kernow Kesva an Taves Kernewek Kowethas an Yeth Kernewek Movyans Skolyow Meythrin Skol Veythrin Karenza Key figures John Davey Richard Gendall Ken George Henry Jenner Kitty Lee Jenner Edward Lhuyd Robert Morton Nance Dolly Pentreath A. S. D. Smith Nicholas Williams Related articles Brittonic languages Celtic languages Cornwall Portal	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cornish language revival"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DSCN1082JennerPlaque.jpg"},{"link_name":"Henry Jenner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Jenner"}],"text":"Commemorative plaque on Henry Jenner's home with bilingual inscriptionDuring the 19th century the Cornish language was the subject of antiquarian interest and a number of lectures were given on the subject and pamphlets on it were published. In 1904, the Celtic language scholar and Cornish cultural activist Henry Jenner published A Handbook of the Cornish Language. The publication of this book is often considered to be the start of the current revival movement. The spelling in this book was based on that used when Cornish was last a community language in the 18th century.","title":"Revival"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Morton Nance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Morton_Nance"},{"link_name":"Unified Cornish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Cornish"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Breton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_language"},{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language"},{"link_name":"IETF language tag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IETF_language_tag"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IETF-3"}],"sub_title":"Unified Cornish","text":"The first project to codify Cornish spelling and provide a regular orthography for the revived language was that of Robert Morton Nance who outlined his work in Cornish for All in 1929. 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Also, Nance's phonology lacked some distinctions which later research showed must have existed in traditional Cornish. 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George argued that this much closer relationship between sounds and writing would make Cornish much easier to teach and learn.In 1987, after one year of discussion, the Cornish Language Board agreed to adopt it. Its adoption by the Cornish Language Board caused a division in the Cornish language community, especially since people had been using Nance's old system for many years and were unfamiliar with the new one. While it was adopted by a majority of Cornish speakers (various estimates put it at around 55–80%), it was criticised by Nicholas Williams and Jon Mills for various reasons, as well as those who found its novel orthography too different from traditional Cornish spelling conventions.Its IETF language tag is kw-kkcor.[3]","title":"Revival"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IETF language tag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IETF_language_tag"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IETF-3"}],"sub_title":"Unified Cornish Revised","text":"In 1995, Kernewek Kemmyn was itself challenged by Nicholas Williams who in his book Cornish Today listed 26 supposed flaws in Kernewek Kemmyn. As an alternative, Williams devised and proposed a revision of Unified Cornish, called Unified Cornish Revised (or UCR). UCR built on Unified Cornish, making the spellings regular while keeping as close as possible to the orthographic practices of the medieval scribes. In common with Kernewek Kemmyn, UCR made use of Tudor and Late Cornish prose materials unavailable to Nance. A comprehensive English-Cornish dictionary of Unified Cornish Revised was published in 2000 and sold enough copies to merit a second edition. A response to the criticisms in Cornish Today appeared soon after in Kernewek Kemmyn – Cornish for the Twenty First Century by Ken George and Paul Dunbar. A counter-reply to the latter appeared in 2007.Its IETF language tag is kw-ucrcor.[3]","title":"Revival"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Gendall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Gendall"},{"link_name":"Cussel an Tavas Kernuak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cussel_an_Tavas_Kernuak"}],"sub_title":"Modern Cornish","text":"In the early 1980s, Richard Gendall, who had worked with Nance, published a new system based on the works of the later Cornish writers of the 17th and 18th centuries, just before the language died out. This variety, called Modern Cornish, also known as Late Cornish, uses later, somewhat simpler grammatical constructions and a vocabulary and spelling that was more influenced by English. The orthography has undergone a number of changes. The main body promoting Modern Cornish is Cussel an Tavas Kernuak.","title":"Revival"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cornish Language Partnership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornish_Language_Partnership"},{"link_name":"Kernowak Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernowak_Standard"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Cornish Language Partnership","text":"In practice these different written forms did not prevent Cornish speakers from communicating with each other effectively. However, the existence of multiple orthographies was unsustainable with regards to using the language in education and public life, as no single orthography had ever achieved a wide consensus. Following the recognition in 2002 of Cornish under Part II of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, and the subsequent establishment of the Cornish Language Partnership, the need for consensus became more urgent. In response to this, the Partnership initiated a process to agree on a standard form for use in education and public life.In 2007 an independent Cornish Language Commission consisting of sociolinguists and linguists from outside of Cornwall was formed to review the four existing forms (Unified, UCR, Late Cornish and Kemmyn) and consider whether any of these existing orthographies might be suitable for adoption as a standard form of Cornish, or whether a new fifth form should be adopted. Two groups made proposals of compromise orthographies:The UdnFormScrefys (Single Written Form) Group developed and proposed an orthography, Kernowak Standard, based on traditional orthographic forms and having a clear relation between spelling and pronunciation, taking both Middle Cornish and Late Cornish dialects of Revived Cornish into account.[4] Since the publication of the Standard Written Form, Kernowak Standard has evolved to become a set of proposed amendments to the SWF.\nTwo members of the CLP's Linguistic Working Group, Albert Bock and Benjamin Bruch, proposed another orthography called Kernowek Dasunys (Cornish Re-unified) which endeavoured to reconcile UC, KK, RLC, and UCR orthographies.[5] This proposal was used as a source of input for the SWF but is not being used as a separate orthography.\nMembers of a group called Kaskyrgh Kernewek Kemmyn (Campaign for Kernewek Kemmyn) did not agree with the creation of a new standard, and argued that the existing Kernewek Kemmyn orthography should become the standard.The SWF process eventually decided that the existing orthographies were too contentious to be considered and that a new compromise orthography that all groups could support was needed.","title":"Revival"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Gorseth Kernow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorseth_Kernow"},{"link_name":"Grand Bard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Bard"},{"link_name":"Henry Jenner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Jenner"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Standard Written Form","text":"On 9 May 2008, the Cornish Language Partnership met with the specification for the Standard Written Form as the main item on the agenda. All four Cornish language groups, Unified Cornish, Unified Cornish Revised, Kernewek Kemmyn and Modern Cornish were represented at this meeting. Reactions to the proposed orthography were mixed from the various language groups, Kowethas an Yeth Kernewek, Cussel an Tavaz Kernûak, Kesva an Taves Kernewek and Agan Tavas, but the majority wanted resolution and acceptance. The Cornish Language Partnership said that it would 'create an opportunity to break down barriers and the agreement marked a significant stepping stone in the Cornish language'.[citation needed]The vote to ratify the SWF was carried and on 19 May 2008 it was announced that the orthography had been agreed on. Eric Brooke, chairman of the Cornish Language Partnership, said: \"This marks a significant stepping-stone in the development of the Cornish language. In time this step will allow the Cornish language to move forward to become part of the lives of all in Cornwall.\"[6][7][8] The fourth and final Standard Written Form draft was generated on 30 May 2008.[9]On 17 June 2009, the bards of the Gorseth Kernow, under the leadership of Grand Bard Vanessa Beeman adopted, by overwhelming majority and after two decades of debate, the SWF for their ceremonies and correspondence. From the earliest days under Grand Bards Henry Jenner and Morton Nance, Unified Cornish had been used for the Gorseth ceremony.[10]","title":"Revival"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"IETF language tag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IETF_language_tag"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IETF-3"}],"sub_title":"Kernowek Standard","text":"Kernowek Standard (Standard Cornish) is a proposed set of revisions to the SWF. It is based on the initial proposal (called Kernowak Standard and now designated KS1) for the SWF, developed by a group called UdnFormScrefys. After the publication of the SWF specification, members of this group established a new group, Spellyans, to identify shortcomings in the SWF and propose solutions for consideration for the SWF review which took place in 2013. The orthography resulting from the application of these revisions, Kernowek Standard, has been used in a number of books, including an edition of the Bible and a comprehensive grammar, Desky Kernowek.[11]Its IETF language tag is kw-kscor.[3]","title":"Revival"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Unified Cornish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Cornish"},{"link_name":"Unified Cornish Revised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Cornish_Revised"},{"link_name":"Kernewek Kemmyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernewek_Kemmyn"},{"link_name":"Revived Late Cornish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revived_Late_Cornish"},{"link_name":"Standard Written Form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Written_Form"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Kernowek Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernowek_Standard"}],"text":"This table compares the spelling of some Cornish words in different orthographies (Unified Cornish, Unified Cornish Revised, Kernewek Kemmyn, Revived Late Cornish, the Standard Written Form,[12] and Kernowek Standard).","title":"Comparison tables"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Gorsedh Kernow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorsedh_Kernow"},{"link_name":"Holyer an Gof Publishers Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holyer_an_Gof_Publishers_Awards&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"There are organisations set up to grow and strengthen the Cornish revival, many listed in the table below working together under the banner Speak Cornish.[15]The Gorsedh Kernow have an annual Holyer an Gof Publishers Awards with a class dedicated to publications in the Cornish language.[16]","title":"Organisations"}]	[{"image_text":"Commemorative plaque on Henry Jenner's home with bilingual inscription","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/DSCN1082JennerPlaque.jpg/220px-DSCN1082JennerPlaque.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of revived languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_revived_languages"},{"title":"Livonian language revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonian_language_revival"},{"title":"Māori language revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language_revival"}]	[{"reference":"George, Ken, ed. (2009). \"Kernewek\". An Gerlyver Meur: Cornish-English; English-Cornish Dictionary. Kesva an Taves Kernewek. p. 343. ISBN 978-1-902917-84-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_George","url_text":"George, Ken"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesva_an_Taves_Kernewek","url_text":"Kesva an Taves Kernewek"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902917-84-9","url_text":"978-1-902917-84-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Language Subtag Registry\" (text). IETF. 16 May 2024. Retrieved 23 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iana.org/assignments/language-subtag-registry/language-subtag-registry","url_text":"\"Language Subtag Registry\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kernowek Dasunys website\". Archived from the original on 7 September 2008. Retrieved 9 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080907225718/http://www.dasunys.net/","url_text":"\"Kernowek Dasunys website\""},{"url":"http://www.dasunys.net/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Morris, Jonathan (19 May 2008). \"Breakthrough for Cornish language\". BBC News.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/cornwall/7074487.stm","url_text":"\"Breakthrough for Cornish language\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Standard Cornish spelling agreed\". BBC News. 19 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/cornwall/7408686.stm","url_text":"\"Standard Cornish spelling agreed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Cornish Language Partnership – Standard Written Form Ratified\". Archived from the original on 5 June 2008. Retrieved 9 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080605232056/http://www.magakernow.org.uk/index.aspx?articleid=41352","url_text":"\"Cornish Language Partnership – Standard Written Form Ratified\""},{"url":"http://www.magakernow.org.uk/index.aspx?articleid=41352","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"At last, the language of progress\". This is Cornwall. 17 June 2009. Archived from the original on 12 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120912034910/http://www.thisiscornwall.co.uk/news/language-progress/article-1084119-detail/article.html","url_text":"\"At last, the language of progress\""},{"url":"http://www.thisiscornwall.co.uk/news/language-progress/article-1084119-detail/article.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Nicholas (2012). Desky Kernowek: A complete guide to Cornish. Evertype.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ray Edwards. \"Gerva Kynsa dhe Dressa Gradh\" (PDF). Kesva.","urls":[{"url":"https://kesva.org//sites/default/files/kdl-files/Gerva%202005.pdf","url_text":"\"Gerva Kynsa dhe Dressa Gradh\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cornish Dictionary\". Akademi Kernewek.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.akademikernewek.org.uk/panels?locale=en","url_text":"\"Cornish Dictionary\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Us\". Speak Cornish.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.speakcornish.com/about-us.html","url_text":"\"About Us\""}]},{"reference":"\"Holyer an Gof winners announced at Kresen Kernow ceremony\". Gorsedh Kernow.","urls":[{"url":"https://gorsedhkernow.org.uk/holyer-an-gof-winners-announced-at-kresen-kernow-ceremony/","url_text":"\"Holyer an Gof winners announced at Kresen Kernow ceremony\""}]},{"reference":"\"About\". Akademi Kernewek.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.akademikernewek.org.uk/about?locale=en","url_text":"\"About\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Agan Tavas\".","urls":[{"url":"https://agantavas.com/about-agan-tavas/","url_text":"\"About Agan Tavas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Modern Cornish\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.moderncornish.net/","url_text":"\"Modern Cornish\""}]},{"reference":"\"Time for change: the case for Modern Cornish\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.moderncornish.net/submission.pdf","url_text":"\"Time for change: the case for Modern Cornish\""}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome\". Gorsedh Kernow.","urls":[{"url":"https://gorsedhkernow.org.uk/","url_text":"\"Welcome\""}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome to Gorsedh Kernow\". Gorsedh Kernow.","urls":[{"url":"https://gorsedhkernow.org.uk/2020/archivedsite/english/welcome.htm","url_text":"\"Welcome to Gorsedh Kernow\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorsedh_Kernow","url_text":"Gorsedh Kernow"}]},{"reference":"\"Who We Are\". Kesva an Taves Kernewek.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kesva.org/who-we-are","url_text":"\"Who We Are\""}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome The Cornish Language Board\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kesva.org/","url_text":"\"Welcome The Cornish Language Board\""}]},{"reference":"\"Standard Written Form\". Kowethas an Yeth Kernewek.","urls":[{"url":"https://cornish-language.org/product-category/standard-written-form/","url_text":"\"Standard Written Form\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowethas_an_Yeth_Kernewek","url_text":"Kowethas an Yeth Kernewek"}]},{"reference":"\"About Us\". Kowethas an Yeth Kernewek.","urls":[{"url":"http://cornish-language.org/about/","url_text":"\"About Us\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.iana.org/assignments/language-subtag-registry/language-subtag-registry","external_links_name":"\"Language Subtag Registry\""},{"Link":"http://www.kernowek.net/","external_links_name":"Kernowek Standard website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080907225718/http://www.dasunys.net/","external_links_name":"\"Kernowek Dasunys website\""},{"Link":"http://www.dasunys.net/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/cornwall/7074487.stm","external_links_name":"\"Breakthrough for Cornish language\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/cornwall/7408686.stm","external_links_name":"\"Standard Cornish spelling agreed\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080605232056/http://www.magakernow.org.uk/index.aspx?articleid=41352","external_links_name":"\"Cornish Language Partnership – Standard Written Form Ratified\""},{"Link":"http://www.magakernow.org.uk/index.aspx?articleid=41352","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://kernowek.net/","external_links_name":"Kernowek official website"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120912034910/http://www.thisiscornwall.co.uk/news/language-progress/article-1084119-detail/article.html","external_links_name":"\"At last, the language of progress\""},{"Link":"http://www.thisiscornwall.co.uk/news/language-progress/article-1084119-detail/article.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://kernowek.net/","external_links_name":"Kernowek Standard: An orthography for the Cornish Language/Wolcum dhe Gernowek Standard! Standard rag Screfa an Tavas Kernowek"},{"Link":"https://kesva.org//sites/default/files/kdl-files/Gerva%202005.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Gerva Kynsa dhe Dressa Gradh\""},{"Link":"https://www.akademikernewek.org.uk/panels?locale=en","external_links_name":"\"Cornish Dictionary\""},{"Link":"https://www.speakcornish.com/about-us.html","external_links_name":"\"About Us\""},{"Link":"https://gorsedhkernow.org.uk/holyer-an-gof-winners-announced-at-kresen-kernow-ceremony/","external_links_name":"\"Holyer an Gof winners announced at Kresen Kernow ceremony\""},{"Link":"https://www.akademikernewek.org.uk/about?locale=en","external_links_name":"\"About\""},{"Link":"https://agantavas.com/about-agan-tavas/","external_links_name":"\"About Agan Tavas\""},{"Link":"http://www.moderncornish.net/","external_links_name":"\"Modern Cornish\""},{"Link":"http://www.moderncornish.net/submission.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Time for change: the case for Modern Cornish\""},{"Link":"https://gorsedhkernow.org.uk/","external_links_name":"\"Welcome\""},{"Link":"https://gorsedhkernow.org.uk/2020/archivedsite/english/welcome.htm","external_links_name":"\"Welcome to Gorsedh Kernow\""},{"Link":"https://www.kesva.org/who-we-are","external_links_name":"\"Who We Are\""},{"Link":"https://www.kesva.org/","external_links_name":"\"Welcome The Cornish Language Board\""},{"Link":"https://cornish-language.org/product-category/standard-written-form/","external_links_name":"\"Standard Written Form\""},{"Link":"http://cornish-language.org/about/","external_links_name":"\"About Us\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcela_Kubal%C4%8D%C3%ADkov%C3%A1	Marcela Kubalčíková	["1 References"]	Czech swimmer Marcela KubalčíkováPersonal informationFull nameMarcela KubalčíkováNationality Czech RepublicBorn (1973-04-23) April 23, 1973 (age 51)ZlínHeight1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)Weight66 kg (146 lb)SportSportSwimmingStrokesBackstroke and butterflyClubSK Zlín Marcela Kubalčíková (born April 23, 1973) is a retired female backstroke and butterfly swimmer from the Czech Republic, who competed for her native country at the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta, Georgia. References sports-reference This biographical article related to a Czech swimmer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"backstroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backstroke_swimming"},{"link_name":"butterfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly_swimming"},{"link_name":"swimmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimmer"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"1996 Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"Atlanta, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia"}],"text":"Marcela Kubalčíková (born April 23, 1973) is a retired female backstroke and butterfly swimmer from the Czech Republic, who competed for her native country at the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta, Georgia.","title":"Marcela Kubalčíková"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418082351/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ku/marcela-kubalcikova-1.html","external_links_name":"sports-reference"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marcela_Kubal%C4%8D%C3%ADkov%C3%A1&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-Jer_Tsai	Ming-Jer Tsai	["1 References"]	Taiwanese cell biologist Ming-Jer Tsai (Chinese: 蔡明哲) is a Taiwanese cell biologist. Tsai was born in Qingshui, Taichung, the third of six children, and lived there until the age of 10. He attended middle school in Kaohsiung, then moved to Taipei for high school and college, graduating from National Taiwan University in 1966. Subsequently, he relocated to the United States, earning a doctorate at the University of California, Davis in 1971. Tsai was a postdoctoral researcher at MD Anderson Cancer Center until 1973, when he began teaching at Baylor University. He held Baylor's Charles C. Bell Jr. Professorship in Cell Biology from 1998 until his retirement. Tsai was elected a member of Academia Sinica in 2010. References ^ a b c Tsai, Ming-jer (20 August 2018). "INTERVIEW - MING-JER TSAI" (Interview). Interviewed by Priscilla Li and Steven Loyd. Houston, Texas: Houston Asian American Archive. Retrieved 7 September 2023. ^ a b c d e "Ming-Jer Tsai". Academia Sinica. Retrieved 8 September 2023. ^ a b c "Ming-Jer Tsai, Ph.D." Baylor College Medicine. Archived from the original on 9 December 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2023. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States Australia Korea Academics CiNii ORCID	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"Qingshui, Taichung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingshui,_Taichung"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lilloydtsai-1"},{"link_name":"Kaohsiung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaohsiung"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lilloydtsai-1"},{"link_name":"National Taiwan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Taiwan_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lilloydtsai-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-as-2"},{"link_name":"University of California, Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-as-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-buprofile-3"},{"link_name":"MD Anderson Cancer Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MD_Anderson_Cancer_Center"},{"link_name":"Baylor University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baylor_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-as-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-buprofile-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-as-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-buprofile-3"},{"link_name":"Academia Sinica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Sinica"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-as-2"}],"text":"Ming-Jer Tsai (Chinese: 蔡明哲) is a Taiwanese cell biologist.Tsai was born in Qingshui, Taichung, the third of six children, and lived there until the age of 10.[1] He attended middle school in Kaohsiung, then moved to Taipei for high school and college,[1] graduating from National Taiwan University in 1966.[1][2] Subsequently, he relocated to the United States, earning a doctorate at the University of California, Davis in 1971.[2][3] Tsai was a postdoctoral researcher at MD Anderson Cancer Center until 1973, when he began teaching at Baylor University.[2][3] He held Baylor's Charles C. Bell Jr. Professorship in Cell Biology from 1998 until his retirement.[2][3] Tsai was elected a member of Academia Sinica in 2010.[2]","title":"Ming-Jer Tsai"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Tsai, Ming-jer (20 August 2018). \"INTERVIEW - MING-JER TSAI\" (Interview). Interviewed by Priscilla Li and Steven Loyd. Houston, Texas: Houston Asian American Archive. Retrieved 7 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://haaa.rice.edu/ming-jer-tsai-interview","url_text":"\"INTERVIEW - MING-JER TSAI\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ming-Jer Tsai\". Academia Sinica. Retrieved 8 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://academicians.sinica.edu.tw/index.php?r=academician-n%2Fshow&id=611&_lang=en","url_text":"\"Ming-Jer Tsai\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ming-Jer Tsai, Ph.D.\" Baylor College Medicine. Archived from the original on 9 December 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221209185933/https://www.bcm.edu/people-search/ming-jer-tsai-32037","url_text":"\"Ming-Jer Tsai, Ph.D.\""},{"url":"https://www.bcm.edu/people-search/ming-jer-tsai-32037","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://haaa.rice.edu/ming-jer-tsai-interview","external_links_name":"\"INTERVIEW - MING-JER TSAI\""},{"Link":"https://academicians.sinica.edu.tw/index.php?r=academician-n%2Fshow&id=611&_lang=en","external_links_name":"\"Ming-Jer Tsai\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221209185933/https://www.bcm.edu/people-search/ming-jer-tsai-32037","external_links_name":"\"Ming-Jer Tsai, Ph.D.\""},{"Link":"https://www.bcm.edu/people-search/ming-jer-tsai-32037","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000063844826","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/11535434","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n94045883","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36668894","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC202142024","external_links_name":"Korea"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA08504981?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6287-908X","external_links_name":"ORCID"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Dunlop	Florence Dunlop	["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Commemoration","4 Works","5 References"]	Canadian psychologist and educator Florence Sara Dunlop (1896 in Rideau View, Ontario – 1963 in Ottawa) was a Canadian psychologist, teacher and pioneer in education for special needs children. She was one of the first teachers hired in the Department of Psychology at Carleton University, and one of the founders and the president of the International Council for Exceptional Children. Early life and education Dunlop was born in Rideau View, Ontario, in 1896. She attended Ottawa Normal school, graduating in 1916. After graduation, she started teaching in nearby rural areas, then went to study at Queen's University, receiving a bachelor's degree in 1924 and master's degree in 1931, PhD in psychology from Teachers College, Columbia University in 1935. Career In the early 1920s, Dunlop entered a one-year exchange-teacher program in London, followed by travels to South Africa, Australia and New Zealand where she visited schools and studied programs for students with special needs. She was employed as a psychologist by the Ottawa Public School Board where she was the supervisor of special education from 1927 until 1961. She was among the founders of the Carleton University in Ottawa, where she lectured from 1942 to 1945. From July 1945 until May 1947, she was the president of the International Council for Exceptional Children. For fifteen summers, she taught at the Columbia University. In 1960, President Dwight D. Eisenhower invited Dunlop to attend the 1960 White House Conference on Children and Youth. At the age of 65, she accepted a post of the professor at San Francisco State College but, in 1962, illness forced her to return to Ottawa. Florence Dunlop died in Ottawa in 1963. Commemoration Dunlop Public School opened in 1970 in Ottawa. Florence Dunlop Scholarship, established in 2014 and awarded annually on the recommendation of the chair of the Carleton Department of Psychology to an outstanding student proceeding from second-year to third-year in a Bachelor of Arts in psychology. Works Subsequent careers of non-academic boys (a dissertation), New York: Teachers College, Columbia University, 1935 Child psychology, Ottawa: Canadian Legion Educational Services, 1945 "Analysis of Data Obtained from Ten Years of Intelligence Testing in the Ottawa Public Schools", Canadian Journal of Psychology, 1, 1 (May 1947), pp. 87–91 References ^ a b c d e Anne Commire; Deborah Klezmer (1999–2002). Women in world history : a biographical encyclopedia. Waterford, CT: Yorkin Publications. ISBN 0-7876-3736-X. OCLC 41108563. ^ a b c "Florence Dunlop Scholarship". Carleton FutureFunder. Retrieved 14 May 2021. ^ Canadian Welfare. Canadian Welfare Council. 1947. p. 32. ^ a b Fleming, Alice Mulcahey (1965). Great women teachers. Internet Archive. Philadelphia, Lippincott. pp. 131–143. ^ a b c Dagg, Anne Innis (1 January 2006). The Feminine Gaze: A Canadian Compendium of Non-Fiction Women Authors and Their Books, 1836-1945. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-88920-845-2 – via Google Books. ^ Chidley, Nadine (1 April 1965). "Bulletin". Exceptional Children. 31 (8): 440–443. doi:10.1177/001440296503100808. ISSN 0014-4029. S2CID 220389160.- Sessional Papers. Legislature of the Province of Ontario. 1948. ^ History of Canadian Childhood and Youth: A Bibliography. Greenwood Publishing Group. 1992. p. 272. ISBN 978-0-313-28585-1 – via Google Books.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"education for special needs children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_education"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Carleton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carleton_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"International Council for Exceptional Children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Council_for_Exceptional_Children&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"}],"text":"Florence Sara Dunlop (1896 in Rideau View, Ontario – 1963 in Ottawa) was a Canadian psychologist, teacher and pioneer in education for special needs children.[1] She was one of the first teachers hired in the Department of Psychology at Carleton University,[2] and one of the founders and the president of the International Council for Exceptional Children.[3][4]","title":"Florence Dunlop"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rideau View","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rideau_View"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"Ottawa Normal school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Normal_School"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Queen's University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston"},{"link_name":"Teachers College, Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teachers_College,_Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"}],"text":"Dunlop was born in Rideau View, Ontario, in 1896.[5] She attended Ottawa Normal school, graduating in 1916.[1] After graduation, she started teaching in nearby rural areas, then went to study at Queen's University, receiving a bachelor's degree in 1924 and master's degree in 1931, PhD in psychology from Teachers College, Columbia University in 1935.[5]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Ottawa Public School Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_school_board"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Dwight D. Eisenhower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower"},{"link_name":"White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"link_name":"San Francisco State College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_State_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"}],"text":"In the early 1920s, Dunlop entered a one-year exchange-teacher program in London, followed by travels to South Africa, Australia and New Zealand where she visited schools and studied programs for students with special needs.[1] She was employed as a psychologist by the Ottawa Public School Board where she was the supervisor of special education from 1927 until 1961. She was among the founders of the Carleton University in Ottawa, where she lectured from 1942 to 1945.[5] From July 1945 until May 1947, she was the president of the International Council for Exceptional Children.[6] For fifteen summers, she taught at the Columbia University.[1]In 1960, President Dwight D. Eisenhower invited Dunlop to attend the 1960 White House Conference on Children and Youth.[4] At the age of 65, she accepted a post of the professor at San Francisco State College but, in 1962, illness forced her to return to Ottawa.[1]Florence Dunlop died in Ottawa in 1963.[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dunlop Public School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunlop_Public_School"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"}],"text":"Dunlop Public School opened in 1970 in Ottawa.\nFlorence Dunlop Scholarship, established in 2014 and awarded annually on the recommendation of the chair of the Carleton Department of Psychology to an outstanding student proceeding from second-year to third-year in a Bachelor of Arts in psychology.[2]","title":"Commemoration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Subsequent careers of non-academic boys (a dissertation), New York: Teachers College, Columbia University, 1935\nChild psychology, Ottawa: Canadian Legion Educational Services, 1945\n\"Analysis of Data Obtained from Ten Years of Intelligence Testing in the Ottawa Public Schools\", Canadian Journal of Psychology, 1, 1 (May 1947), pp. 87–91[7]","title":"Works"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Anne Commire; Deborah Klezmer (1999–2002). Women in world history : a biographical encyclopedia. Waterford, CT: Yorkin Publications. ISBN 0-7876-3736-X. OCLC 41108563.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/41108563","url_text":"Women in world history : a biographical encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7876-3736-X","url_text":"0-7876-3736-X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/41108563","url_text":"41108563"}]},{"reference":"\"Florence Dunlop Scholarship\". Carleton FutureFunder. Retrieved 14 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://futurefunder.carleton.ca/giving-fund/florence-dunlop-scholarship-giving/","url_text":"\"Florence Dunlop Scholarship\""}]},{"reference":"Canadian Welfare. Canadian Welfare Council. 1947. p. 32.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=K2kkAQAAMAAJ&q=Dunlop","url_text":"Canadian Welfare"}]},{"reference":"Fleming, Alice Mulcahey (1965). Great women teachers. Internet Archive. Philadelphia, Lippincott. pp. 131–143.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/greatwomenteache00flem","url_text":"Great women teachers"}]},{"reference":"Dagg, Anne Innis (1 January 2006). The Feminine Gaze: A Canadian Compendium of Non-Fiction Women Authors and Their Books, 1836-1945. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. p. 95. 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S2CID 220389160.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/001440296503100808","url_text":"\"Bulletin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F001440296503100808","url_text":"10.1177/001440296503100808"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0014-4029","url_text":"0014-4029"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220389160","url_text":"220389160"}]},{"reference":"Sessional Papers. Legislature of the Province of Ontario. 1948.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Z35OAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Sessional Papers"}]},{"reference":"History of Canadian Childhood and Youth: A Bibliography. Greenwood Publishing Group. 1992. p. 272. ISBN 978-0-313-28585-1 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2SNMpUxzEpoC&pg=PA272","url_text":"History of Canadian Childhood and Youth: A Bibliography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-28585-1","url_text":"978-0-313-28585-1"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/41108563","external_links_name":"Women in world history : a biographical encyclopedia"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/41108563","external_links_name":"41108563"},{"Link":"https://futurefunder.carleton.ca/giving-fund/florence-dunlop-scholarship-giving/","external_links_name":"\"Florence Dunlop Scholarship\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=K2kkAQAAMAAJ&q=Dunlop","external_links_name":"Canadian Welfare"},{"Link":"http://archive.org/details/greatwomenteache00flem","external_links_name":"Great women teachers"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IJwyLyaT9KYC&pg=PA95","external_links_name":"The Feminine Gaze: A Canadian Compendium of Non-Fiction Women Authors and Their Books, 1836-1945"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1177/001440296503100808","external_links_name":"\"Bulletin\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F001440296503100808","external_links_name":"10.1177/001440296503100808"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0014-4029","external_links_name":"0014-4029"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220389160","external_links_name":"220389160"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Z35OAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Sessional Papers"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2SNMpUxzEpoC&pg=PA272","external_links_name":"History of Canadian Childhood and Youth: A Bibliography"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Come_Back_Peter_(1952_film)	Come Back Peter (1952 film)	["1 Cast","2 Critical reception","3 References","4 External links"]	1952 British film by Charles Saunders Come Back PeterDirected byCharles SaundersWritten byCharles SaundersBased onPlay Come Back Peter by A.P. DearsleyProduced byCharles ReynoldsStarring Patrick Holt Peter Hammond Humphrey Lestocq CinematographyTed LloydEdited byMargery SaundersMusic byArthur WilkinsonProductioncompanyCharles Reynolds ProductionsDistributed byApex Film DistributorsRelease date November 1952 (1952-11) Running time80 minutesCountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglish Come Back Peter is a 1952 second feature British comedy film directed by Charles Saunders and starring Patrick Holt, Peter Hammond and Humphrey Lestocq. It was an independent picture by Charles Reynolds Productions. Cast Patrick Holt as John Neilson Peter Hammond as George Harris Humphrey Lestocq as Arthur Hapgood Kathleen Boutall as Mrs. Hapgood Charles Lamb as Mr. Hapgood Pamela Bygrave as Myrna Hapgood Aud Johansen as Virginia Dorothy Primrose as Phyllis Hapgood Doris Groves as Dandy John Singer as Ted Joan Hickson as Mrs. Harris Ronnie Stevens as salesman Ian Fleming as bank manager Critical reception The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote: "A busy domestic comedy, angled to the housing shortage problem; it is high-spirited and obvious, and has plenty of clean and reasonably good fun." In British Sound Films: The Studio Years 1928–1959 David Quinlan rated the film as "average", writing: "Light fun with lots of incident." TV Guide wrote: "Unmemorable comedy." Allmovie wrote "Some laughs, some tears, some pretzels, some beers. Come Back Peter went down easily in a brisk 80 minutes." References ^ Goble, Alan (8 September 2011). The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110951943 – via Google Books. ^ Chibnall, Steve; McFarlane, Brian (2009). The British 'B' Film. London: BFI/Bloomsbury. p. 291. ISBN 978-1-8445-7319-6. ^ "Come Back Peter". British Film Institute Collections Search. Retrieved 8 November 2023. ^ "Come Back Peter". Monthly Film Bulletin. 19 (216): 109. 1 January 1952 – via ProQuest. ^ Quinlan, David (1984). British Sound Films: The Studio Years 1928–1959. London: B.T. Batsford Ltd. p. 294. ISBN 0-7134-1874-5. ^ "Come Back Peter \| TV Guide". TVGuide.com. ^ "Come Back Peter (1952) - Charles Saunders \| Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related \| AllMovie" – via www.allmovie.com. External links Come Back Peter at IMDb Come Back Peter then-and-now location photographs at ReelStreets vteFilms by Charles SaundersFeature filmsDirector No Exit (1930) Everything Is Thunder (1936) Tawny Pipit (1944) (co-director, Bernard Miles) The Way to the Stars (1945, director of Second Unit) The White Unicorn (1947, location director) Fly Away Peter (1948) Trouble in the Air (1948) Your Witness (1950, assistant to director) Dark Interval (1950) Chelsea Story (1951) One Wild Oat (1951) Death of an Angel (1952) Blind Man's Bluff (1952) Come Back Peter (1952) Black Orchid (1953) Love in Pawn (1953) The Scarlet Web (1954) The Golden Link (1954) Meet Mr. Callaghan (1954) One Jump Ahead (1955) The Hornet's Nest (1955) A Time to Kill (1955) The Narrowing Circle (1956) Behind the Headlines (1956) Find the Lady (1956) Murder Reported (1957) There's Always a Thursday (1957) The Man Without a Body (1957) Date with Disaster (1957) Kill Her Gently (1957) The End of the Line (1957) Womaneater (1958) Nudist Paradise (1958) Naked Fury (1959) Strictly Confidential (1959) Operation Cupid (1959) The Gentle Trap (1960) Dangerous Afternoon (1961) Jungle Street (1961) Danger by My Side (1963) Editor Enter the Queen (1930) Bill's Legacy (1931) Immediate Possession (1931) Peace and Quiet (1931) We dine at Seven (1931) Detective Lloyd (1931) The Wrong Mr. Perkins (1931) The Guv'nor (1935) O.H.M.S. (1937) Take My Tip (1937) The Gaunt Stranger (1938) Sweet Devil (1938) The Ware Case (1938) The Four Just Men (1939) Young Man's Fancy (1939) Return to Yesterday (1940) Alibi (1942, supervising editor) The Gentle Sex (1943) Cutter Cottage to Let (1941) I Thank You (1941) Hi Gang! (1941) Back-Room Boy (1942) We Dive at Dawn (1943) Script writer Tawny Pipit (1944) Come Back Peter (1952) Television Douglas Fairbanks Jr. Presents (8 episodes) (1953–1954) Fabian of the Yard (10 episodes) (1953–1956) Adventures of the Big Man (9 episodes) (1956) Family Peter Saunders (impresario) Portals: 1950s Film London This article related to a British comedy film of the 1950s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"second feature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_feature"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"comedy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_film"},{"link_name":"Charles Saunders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Saunders_(director)"},{"link_name":"Patrick Holt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Holt"},{"link_name":"Peter Hammond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hammond_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Humphrey Lestocq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_Lestocq"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Come Back Peter is a 1952 second feature[2] British comedy film directed by Charles Saunders and starring Patrick Holt, Peter Hammond and Humphrey Lestocq.[3] It was an independent picture by Charles Reynolds Productions.","title":"Come Back Peter (1952 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Patrick Holt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Holt"},{"link_name":"Peter Hammond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hammond_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Humphrey Lestocq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_Lestocq"},{"link_name":"Kathleen Boutall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kathleen_Boutall&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Charles Lamb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lamb_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Pamela Bygrave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pamela_Bygrave&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aud Johansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aud_Johansen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Primrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dorothy_Primrose&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Doris Groves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doris_Groves&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John Singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Singer_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Joan Hickson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Hickson"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Stevens_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Ian Fleming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Fleming_(actor)"}],"text":"Patrick Holt as John Neilson\nPeter Hammond as George Harris\nHumphrey Lestocq as Arthur Hapgood\nKathleen Boutall as Mrs. Hapgood\nCharles Lamb as Mr. Hapgood\nPamela Bygrave as Myrna Hapgood\nAud Johansen as Virginia\nDorothy Primrose as Phyllis Hapgood\nDoris Groves as Dandy\nJohn Singer as Ted\nJoan Hickson as Mrs. Harris\nRonnie Stevens as salesman\nIan Fleming as bank manager","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Monthly Film Bulletin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Monthly_Film_Bulletin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"David Quinlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Quinlan_(film_critic)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"TV Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Guide"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Allmovie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmovie"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote: \"A busy domestic comedy, angled to the housing shortage problem; it is high-spirited and obvious, and has plenty of clean and reasonably good fun.\"[4]In British Sound Films: The Studio Years 1928–1959 David Quinlan rated the film as \"average\", writing: \"Light fun with lots of incident.\"[5]TV Guide wrote: \"Unmemorable comedy.\"[6]Allmovie wrote \"Some laughs, some tears, some pretzels, some beers. Come Back Peter went down easily in a brisk 80 minutes.\"[7]","title":"Critical reception"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Goble, Alan (8 September 2011). The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110951943 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Yyqc0Qa6b60C&q=come+back+peter+1952+literary+sources+in+film&pg=PA120","url_text":"The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110951943","url_text":"9783110951943"}]},{"reference":"Chibnall, Steve; McFarlane, Brian (2009). The British 'B' Film. London: BFI/Bloomsbury. p. 291. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neulasta	Pegfilgrastim	["1 Medical uses","2 See also","3 References"]	Monoclonal antibody PegfilgrastimClinical dataTrade namesNeulastaBiosimilarspegfilgrastim-apgf, pegfilgrastim-bmez, pegfilgrastim-cbqv, pegfilgrastim-fpgk, pegfilgrastim-jmdb, pegfilgrastim-pbbk, Cegfila, Filpegla, Fulphila, Fylnetra, Grasustek, Lapelga, Neutropeg, Nyvepria, Pelgraz, Pelmeg, Ristempa, Stimufend, Tezmota, Udenyca, ZiextenzoAHFS/Drugs.comMonographMedlinePlusa607058License data EU EMA: by INN US DailyMed: Pegfilgrastim Pregnancycategory AU: B3 Routes ofadministrationSubcutaneousDrug classHematopoietic agents, colony-stimulating factors, immunostimulantsATC codeL03AA13 (WHO) Legal statusLegal status AU: S4 (Prescription only) CA: ℞-only / Schedule D UK: POM (Prescription only) US: ℞-only EU: Rx-only In general: ℞ (Prescription only) Pharmacokinetic dataElimination half-life15–80 hrsIdentifiers IUPAC name N-(3-Hydroxypropyl)Methionylcolony-stimulating Factor (human), 1-Ether with .Alpha.-Methyl-.Omega.-Hydroxypoly(Oxyethylene) CAS Number208265-92-3 YIUPHAR/BPS6969DrugBankDB00019 YChemSpidernoneUNII3A58010674KEGGD06889 YChEMBLChEMBL1201568 NECHA InfoCard100.169.155 Chemical and physical dataFormulaC845H1343N223O243S9Molar mass18802.90 g·mol−1 NY (what is this?) (verify) Pegfilgrastim, sold under the brand name Neulasta among others, is a PEGylated form of the recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF) analog filgrastim. It serves to stimulate the production of white blood cells (neutrophils). Pegfilgrastim was developed by Amgen. Pegfilgrastim treatment can be used to stimulate bone marrow to produce more neutrophils to fight infection in patients undergoing chemotherapy. Pegfilgrastim has a human half-life of 15 to 80 hours, much longer than the parent filgrastim (3–4 hours). Pegfilgrastim was approved for medical use in the United States in January 2002, in the European Union in August 2002, and in Australia in September 2002. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Medical uses Pegfilgrastim is indicated to decrease the incidence of infection, as manifested by febrile neutropenia, in people with non-myeloid malignancies receiving myelosuppressive anti-cancer drugs associated with a clinically significant incidence of febrile neutropenia; and to increase survival in people acutely exposed to myelosuppressive doses of radiation (hematopoietic subsyndrome of acute radiation syndrome). See also Lipegfilgrastim (Lonquex) – another pegylated filgrastim biosimilar with even longer half-life References ^ a b "Cegfila EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020. ^ a b c "Filpegla \| Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA)". Archived from the original on 18 December 2022. Retrieved 18 December 2022. ^ a b "Fulphila EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 24 September 2018. Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020. ^ a b "Fylnetra- pegfilgrastim injection". DailyMed. 26 May 2022. Archived from the original on 3 July 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2022. ^ a b "Grasustek EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 24 April 2019. Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020. ^ a b "Pelmeg EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 24 September 2018. Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020. ^ a b "Stimufend- pegflilgrastim-fpgk injection, solution". DailyMed. 15 September 2022. Archived from the original on 21 January 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2023. ^ a b "Stimufend EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). Archived from the original on 21 April 2022. Retrieved 4 April 2022. ^ "Tezmota". NPS MedicineWise. 15 July 2021. Archived from the original on 29 September 2022. Retrieved 19 February 2022. ^ a b "Ziextenzo EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 24 September 2018. Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020. ^ "Summary Basis of Decision (SBD) for Ziextenzo". Health Canada. 23 October 2014. Archived from the original on 30 May 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2022. ^ a b "Ziextenzo". Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). 13 December 2019. Archived from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2020. ^ "Pegfilgrastim Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com. 9 December 2019. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 13 July 2020. ^ "Neulasta Pre-Filled Syringe - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)". (emc). 1 June 2021. Archived from the original on 15 January 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2021. ^ "Neulasta On Body Injector - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)". (emc). Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2021. ^ a b c d "Neulasta- pegfilgrastim kit Neulasta- pegfilgrastim injection". DailyMed. Archived from the original on 15 July 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2021. ^ a b "Neulasta EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 17 September 2018. Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020. ^ Walsh, G, Spada, S. "Epogen/Procrit" in: Directory of approved biopharmaceutical products. CRC Press, 2005, pp. 136–37. ^ a b "Drug Approval Package: Neulasta (Pegfilgrastim) NDA #125031". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 25 October 2004. Archived from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2020. ^ a b "Pegfilgrastim Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. 22 August 2019. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 11 June 2020. ^ Ho, Rodney J. Y.; Gibaldi, Milo, eds. (2004). "Pegfilgrastim". Biotechnology and Biopharmaceuticals: Transforming Proteins and Genes into Drugs. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 157–159. ISBN 978-0-471-45027-6. Archived from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2020. ^ "Summary for ARTG Entry: 82873 Neulasta pegfilgrastim rbe 6mg/0.6mL injection syringe with stelmi needle shield" (PDF). Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). ^ "NEULASTA pegfilgrastim (Rbe) 6mg/0.6mL injection syringe with automatic needle guard (166387) \| Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA)". Archived from the original on 18 December 2022. Retrieved 18 December 2022. ^ "NEULASTA pegfilgrastim rbe 6mg/0.6mL injection syringe with stelmi needle shield (82873) \| Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA)". Archived from the original on 18 December 2022. Retrieved 18 December 2022. ^ World Health Organization (2023). The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/371090. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02. ^ Cerchione C, Catalano L, Peluso I, Nappi D, Di Perna M, Salvatore D, et al. (December 2016). "Managing neutropenia by pegfilgrastim in patients affected by relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma treated with bendamustine-bortezomib-dexamethasone". Supportive Care in Cancer. 24 (12): 4835–4837. doi:10.1007/s00520-016-3430-9. PMC 5082581. PMID 27726031. ^ Parker SD, King N, Jacobs TF (November 2020). "Pegfilgrastim". StatPearls . Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 30422488. Archived from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 5 November 2020. vteImmunostimulants (L03)EndogenousCytokinesColony-stimulating factors G-CSF Efbemalenograstim alfa Eflapegrastim Filgrastim / Lipegfilgrastim / Pegfilgrastim Lenograstim GM-CSF Molgramostim Sargramostim SCF Ancestim Interferons alpha: Albinterferon Interferon alfa natural Interferon alfa 2a / Peginterferon alfa-2a Interferon alfa 2b / Peginterferon alfa-2b / Ropeginterferon alfa-2b Interferon alfa n1 Interferon alfacon-1 Interferon alpha-n3 feline "omega" beta: Interferon beta natural Interferon beta 1a Interferon beta 1b Interferon gamma Interleukins Aldesleukin Oprelvekin Other protein / peptide Growth hormone Immunocyanin Pegademase Prolactin Tasonermin Other Female sex steroids Histamine dihydrochloride Poly ICLC Vitamin D Exogenous beta-glucan Lentinan heterocyclic compound Plerixafor hydroxyquinoline Roquinimex Mifamurtide oligopeptides Glatiramer acetate Thymopentin Thymosin α1 Thymulin polyribonucleotide Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid thiazolidine Pidotimod Inosine pranobex vaccines Bacillus Calmette–Guérin Melanoma vaccine Sipuleucel-T vteCytokine receptor modulatorsChemokine See here instead. CSFErythropoietin Agonists: ARA-290 Asialo erythropoietin Carbamylated erythropoietin CNTO-530 Darbepoetin alfa Epoetin alfa Epoetin beta Epoetin delta Epoetin epsilon Epoetin gamma Epoetin kappa Epoetin omega Epoetin theta Epoetin zeta Erythropoietin (EPO) Erythropoietin-Fc Methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta (CERA/Mircera) Peginesatide Pegol sihematide (EPO-018B) G-CSF (CSF3) Agonists: Filgrastim Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor Lenograstim Leridistim Lipegfilgrastim Nartograstim Pegfilgrastim Pegnartograstim GM-CSF (CSF2) Agonists: Ecogramostim Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor Milodistim Molgramostim Regramostim Sargramostim Antibodies: Mavrilimumab Namilumab Otilimab M-CSF (CSF1) Agonists: Cilmostim Interleukin-34 Lanimostim Macrophage colony-stimulating factor Mirimostim Kinase inhibitors: Agerafenib SCF (c-Kit) See here instead. Thrombopoietin Agonists: Eltrombopag Pegacaristim Promegapoietin Romiplostim Thrombopoietin (THPO, MGDF) InterferonIFNAR (α/β, I) Agonists: Albinterferon Interferon alpha (interferon alfa, IFN-α) Interferon alfa (IFNA1, IFNA2, IFNA4, IFNA5, IFNA6, IFNA7, IFNA8, IFNA10, IFNA13, IFNA14, IFNA16, IFNA17, IFNA21) Interferon alfa 2a Interferon alfa 2b Interferon alfa n1 Interferon alfacon-1 Interferon alpha-n3 Interferon beta (IFN-β) (IFNB1, IFNB3) Interferon beta 1a Interferon beta 1b Interferon kappa (IFN-ε/κ/τ/ζ, IFNK) Interferon omega (IFN-ω, IFNW1) Peginterferon alfa-2a Peginterferon alfa-2b Antibodies: Anifrolumab Faralimomab MEDI-545 Rontalizumab Sifalimumab Decoy receptors: Bifarcept IFNGR (γ, II) Agonists: Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) Interferon gamma 1b Antibodies: Emapalumab Fontolizumab IFNLR (λ, III) See IL-28R (IFNLR) here instead. Interleukin See here instead. TGFβ See here instead. TNF See here instead. OthersJAK(inhibitors)JAK1 Abrocitinib Baricitinib Filgotinib Momelotinib Oclacitinib Peficitinib Ruxolitinib Tofacitinib (tasocitinib) Upadacitinib JAK2 Atiprimod AZD-1480 Baricitinib CHZ868 Cucurbitacin I (elatericin B, JSI-124) CYT387 Lestaurtinib NSC-7908 NSC-33994 Pacritinib Peficitinib Ruxolitinib SD-1008 Tofacitinib (tasocitinib) JAK3 Cercosporamide Decernotinib (VX-509) Peficitinib Ritlecitinib TCS-21311 Tofacitinib (tasocitinib) WHI-P 154 ZM-39923 ZM-449829 TYK2 Deucravacitinib Others Additional cytokines: Cardiotrophin 1 (CT-1) FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (FLT3L) Leukemia/leukocyte inhibitory factor (LIF) Oncostatin M (OSM) Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) Additional cytokine receptor modulators: Emfilermin Lestaurtinib Midostaurin Quizartinib Sorafenib Sunitinib vteGrowth factor receptor modulatorsAngiopoietin Agonists: Angiopoietin 1 Angiopoietin 4 Antagonists: Angiopoietin 2 Angiopoietin 3 Kinase inhibitors: Altiratinib CE-245677 Rebastinib Antibodies: Evinacumab (against angiopoietin 3) Nesvacumab (against angiopoietin 2) CNTF Agonists: Axokine CNTF Dapiclermin EGF (ErbB)EGF(ErbB1/HER1) Agonists: Amphiregulin Betacellulin EGF (urogastrone) Epigen Epiregulin Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) Murodermin Nepidermin Transforming growth factor alpha (TGFα) Kinase inhibitors: Afatinib Agerafenib Brigatinib Canertinib Dacomitinib Erlotinib Gefitinib Grandinin Icotinib Lapatinib Neratinib Osimertinib Vandetanib WHI-P 154 Antibodies: Cetuximab Depatuxizumab Depatuxizumab mafodotin Futuximab Imgatuzumab Matuzumab Necitumumab Nimotuzumab Panitumumab Zalutumumab ErbB2/HER2 Agonists: Unknown/none Antibodies: Ertumaxomab Pertuzumab Trastuzumab Trastuzumab deruxtecan Trastuzumab duocarmazine Trastuzumab emtansine Kinase inhibitors: Afatinib Lapatinib Mubritinib Neratinib Tucatinib ErbB3/HER3 Agonists: Neuregulins (heregulins) (1, 2, 6 (neuroglycan C)) Antibodies: Duligotumab Patritumab Seribantumab ErbB4/HER4 Agonists: Betacellulin Epigen Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) Neuregulins (heregulins) (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (tomoregulin, TMEFF)) FGFFGFR1 Agonists: Ersofermin FGF (1, 2 (bFGF), 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10 (KGF2), 20) Repifermin Selpercatinib Trafermin Velafermin FGFR2 Agonists: Ersofermin FGF (1, 2 (bFGF), 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 (KGF), 8, 9, 10 (KGF2), 17, 18, 22) Palifermin Repifermin Selpercatinib Sprifermin Trafermin Antibodies: Aprutumab Aprutumab ixadotin Kinase inhibitors: Infigratinib FGFR3 Agonists: Ersofermin FGF (1, 2 (bFGF), 4, 8, 9, 18, 23) Selpercatinib Sprifermin Trafermin Antibodies: Burosumab (against FGF23) FGFR4 Agonists: Ersofermin FGF (1, 2 (bFGF), 4, 6, 8, 9, 19) Trafermin Unsorted Agonists: FGF15/19 HGF (c-Met) Agonists: Fosgonimeton Hepatocyte growth factor Potentiators: Dihexa (PNB-0408) Kinase inhibitors: Altiratinib AM7 AMG-458 Amuvatinib BMS-777607 Cabozantinib Capmatinib Crizotinib Foretinib Golvatinib INCB28060 JNJ-38877605 K252a MK-2461 PF-04217903 PF-2341066 PHA-665752 SU-11274 Tivantinib Volitinib Antibodies: Emibetuzumab Ficlatuzumab Flanvotumab Onartuzumab Rilotumumab Telisotuzumab Telisotuzumab vedotin IGFIGF-1 Agonists: des(1-3)IGF-1 Insulin-like growth factor-1 (somatomedin C) IGF-1 LR3 Insulin-like growth factor-2 (somatomedin A) Insulin Mecasermin Mecasermin rinfabate Kinase inhibitors: BMS-754807 Linsitinib NVP-ADW742 NVP-AEW541 OSl-906 Antibodies: AVE-1642 Cixutumumab Dalotuzumab Figitumumab Ganitumab Robatumumab R1507 Teprotumumab Xentuzumab (against IGF-1 and IGF-2) IGF-2 Agonists: Insulin-like growth factor-2 (somatomedin A) Antibodies: Dusigitumab Xentuzumab (against IGF-1 and IGF-2) Others Binding proteins: IGFBP (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7) Cleavage products/derivatives with unknown target: Glypromate (GPE, (1-3)IGF-1) Trofinetide LNGF (p75NTR) Agonists: BDNF BNN-20 BNN-27 Cenegermin DHEA DHEA-S NGF NT-3 NT-4 Antagonists: ALE-0540 Dexamethasone EVT-901 (SAR-127963) Testosterone Antibodies: Against NGF: ABT-110 (PG110) ASP-6294 Fasinumab Frunevetmab Fulranumab MEDI-578 Ranevetmab Tanezumab Aptamers: Against NGF: RBM-004 Decoy receptors: LEVI-04 (p75NTR-Fc) PDGF Agonists: Becaplermin Platelet-derived growth factor (A, B, C, D) Kinase inhibitors: Agerafenib Avapritinib Axitinib Crenolanib Imatinib Lenvatinib Masitinib Motesanib Nintedanib Pazopanib Radotinib Quizartinib Ripretinib Sunitinib Sorafenib Toceranib Antibodies: Olaratumab Ramucirumab Tovetumab RET (GFL)GFRα1 Agonists: Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) Liatermin Kinase inhibitors: Vandetanib GFRα2 Agonists: Neurturin (NRTN) Kinase inhibitors: Vandetanib GFRα3 Agonists: Artemin (ARTN) Kinase inhibitors: Vandetanib GFRα4 Agonists: Persephin (PSPN) Kinase inhibitors: Vandetanib Unsorted Kinase inhibitors: Agerafenib SCF (c-Kit) Agonists: Ancestim Stem cell factor Kinase inhibitors: Agerafenib Axitinib Dasatinib Imatinib Masitinib Nilotinib Pazopanib Quizartinib Sorafenib Sunitinib Toceranib TGFβ See here instead. TrkTrkA Agonists: Amitriptyline BNN-20 BNN-27 Cenegermin DHEA DHEA-S Gambogic amide NGF Tavilermide Antagonists: ALE-0540 Dexamethasone FX007 Testosterone Negative allosteric modulators: VM-902A Kinase inhibitors: Altiratinib AZD-6918 CE-245677 CH-7057288 DS-6051 Entrectinib GZ-389988 K252a Larotrectinib Lestaurtinib Milciclib ONO-4474 ONO-5390556 PLX-7486 Rebastinib SNA-120 (pegylated K252a)) Antibodies: Against TrkA: GBR-900; Against NGF: ABT-110 (PG110) ASP-6294 Fasinumab Frunevetmab Fulranumab MEDI-578 Ranevetmab Tanezumab Aptamers: Against NGF: RBM-004 Decoy receptors: ReN-1820 (TrkAd5) TrkB Agonists: 3,7-DHF 3,7,8,2'-THF 4'-DMA-7,8-DHF 7,3'-DHF 7,8-DHF 7,8,2'-THF 7,8,3'-THF Amitriptyline BDNF BNN-20 Deoxygedunin Deprenyl Diosmetin DMAQ-B1 HIOC LM22A-4 N-Acetylserotonin NT-3 NT-4 Norwogonin (5,7,8-THF) R7 R13 TDP6 Antagonists: ANA-12 Cyclotraxin B Gossypetin (3,5,7,8,3',4'-HHF) Ligands: DHEA Kinase inhibitors: Altiratinib AZD-6918 CE-245677 CH-7057288 DS-6051 Entrectinib GZ-389988 K252a Larotrectinib Lestaurtinib ONO-4474 ONO-5390556 PLX-7486 TrkC Agonists: BNN-20 DHEA NT-3 Kinase inhibitors: Altiratinib AZD-6918 CE-245677 CH-7057288 DS-6051 Entrectinib GZ-389988 K252a Larotrectinib Lestaurtinib ONO-4474 ONO-5390556 PLX-7486 VEGF Agonists: Placental growth factor (PGF) Ripretinib Telbermin VEGF (A, B, C, D (FIGF)) Allosteric modulators: Cyclotraxin B Kinase inhibitors: Agerafenib Altiratinib Axitinib Cabozantinib Cediranib Fruquintinib Lapatinib Lenvatinib Motesanib Nintedanib Pazopanib Pegaptanib Rebastinib Regorafenib Semaxanib Sorafenib Sunitinib Toceranib Tivozanib Vandetanib WHI-P 154 Antibodies: Alacizumab pegol Bevacizumab Icrucumab Ramucirumab Ranibizumab Decoy receptors: Aflibercept Others Additional growth factors: Adrenomedullin Colony-stimulating factors (see here instead) Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) Ephrins (A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, B1, B2, B3) Erythropoietin (see here instead) Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI; PGI, PHI, AMF) Glia maturation factor (GMF) Hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) Interleukins/T-cell growth factors (see here instead) Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) Macrophage-stimulating protein (MSP; HLP, HGFLP) Midkine (NEGF2) Migration-stimulating factor (MSF; PRG4) Oncomodulin Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) Pleiotrophin Renalase Thrombopoietin (see here instead) Wnt signaling proteins Additional growth factor receptor modulators: Cerebrolysin (neurotrophin mixture) Portal: Medicine	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PEGylated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEGylated"},{"link_name":"granulocyte colony-stimulating factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granulocyte_colony-stimulating_factor"},{"link_name":"filgrastim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filgrastim"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Neulasta_FDA_label-16"},{"link_name":"neutrophils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrophils"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Neulasta_FDA_label-16"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Amgen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amgen"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drug_Approval_Package:_Neulasta-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drugs.com-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drugs.com-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drug_Approval_Package:_Neulasta-19"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Neulasta_EPAR-17"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHO23rd-25"}],"text":"Pegfilgrastim, sold under the brand name Neulasta among others, is a PEGylated form of the recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF) analog filgrastim.[16] It serves to stimulate the production of white blood cells (neutrophils).[16][18] Pegfilgrastim was developed by Amgen.[19]Pegfilgrastim treatment can be used to stimulate bone marrow to produce more neutrophils to fight infection in patients undergoing chemotherapy.[20]Pegfilgrastim has a human half-life of 15 to 80 hours, much longer than the parent filgrastim (3–4 hours).[21][20]Pegfilgrastim was approved for medical use in the United States in January 2002, in the European Union in August 2002, and in Australia in September 2002.[19][17][22][23][24] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[25]","title":"Pegfilgrastim"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"indicated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indication_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Neulasta_FDA_label-16"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"Pegfilgrastim is indicated to decrease the incidence of infection, as manifested by febrile neutropenia, in people with non-myeloid malignancies receiving myelosuppressive anti-cancer drugs associated with a clinically significant incidence of febrile neutropenia; and to increase survival in people acutely exposed to myelosuppressive doses of radiation (hematopoietic subsyndrome of acute radiation syndrome).[16][26][27]","title":"Medical uses"}]	[]	[{"title":"Lipegfilgrastim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipegfilgrastim"}]	[{"reference":"\"Cegfila EPAR\". European Medicines Agency (EMA). Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/cegfila","url_text":"\"Cegfila EPAR\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Medicines_Agency","url_text":"European Medicines Agency"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200611210825/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/cegfila","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Filpegla \| Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA)\". Archived from the original on 18 December 2022. Retrieved 18 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tga.gov.au/resources/auspmd/filpegla","url_text":"\"Filpegla \| Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221218041600/https://www.tga.gov.au/resources/auspmd/filpegla","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Fulphila EPAR\". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 24 September 2018. Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/fulphila-0","url_text":"\"Fulphila EPAR\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Medicines_Agency","url_text":"European Medicines Agency"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200611210825/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/fulphila-0","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Fylnetra- pegfilgrastim injection\". DailyMed. 26 May 2022. Archived from the original on 3 July 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=eeadd641-573d-47fe-897a-61006e5f9e03","url_text":"\"Fylnetra- pegfilgrastim injection\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220703054042/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=eeadd641-573d-47fe-897a-61006e5f9e03","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Grasustek EPAR\". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 24 April 2019. Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/grasustek","url_text":"\"Grasustek EPAR\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Medicines_Agency","url_text":"European Medicines Agency"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200611210825/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/grasustek","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Pelmeg EPAR\". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 24 September 2018. Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/pelmeg","url_text":"\"Pelmeg EPAR\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Medicines_Agency","url_text":"European Medicines Agency"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200611210918/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/pelmeg","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Stimufend- pegflilgrastim-fpgk injection, solution\". DailyMed. 15 September 2022. 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The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/371090. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization","url_text":"World Health Organization"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10665%2F371090","url_text":"10665/371090"}]},{"reference":"Cerchione C, Catalano L, Peluso I, Nappi D, Di Perna M, Salvatore D, et al. (December 2016). \"Managing neutropenia by pegfilgrastim in patients affected by relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma treated with bendamustine-bortezomib-dexamethasone\". Supportive Care in Cancer. 24 (12): 4835–4837. doi:10.1007/s00520-016-3430-9. PMC 5082581. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raynard_van_Tonder	Raynard van Tonder	["1 International career","2 References","3 External links"]	South African cricketer Raynard van TonderPersonal informationFull nameRaynard van TonderBorn (1998-09-26) 26 September 1998 (age 25)Bethlehem, Free State, South AfricaBattingRight-handedBowlingRight-arm leg breakRoleMiddle-order batsmanInternational information National sideSouth AfricaTest debut (cap 365)4 February 2024 v New ZealandLast Test13 February 2024 v New Zealand Domestic team information YearsTeam2016/17–presentFree State2018/19–presentKnights Career statistics Competition Test FC LA T20 Matches 2 53 40 41 Runs scored 63 3,577 1,244 840 Batting average 21.00 41.59 35.54 26.25 100s/50s 0/0 7/19 1/12 0/2 Top score 32 250* 129* 81* Catches/stumpings 0/– 30/– 17/– 9/–Source: ESPNcricinfo, 4 April 2024 Raynard van Tonder (born 26 September 1998) is a South African cricketer. He made his first-class debut for Free State in the 2016–17 Sunfoil 3-Day Cup on 6 October 2016. He made his List A debut for Free State in the 2016–17 CSA Provincial One-Day Challenge on 9 October 2016. He made his Twenty20 debut for Free State in the 2017 Africa T20 Cup on 8 September 2017. In December 2017, Van Tonder was named as the captain of South Africa's squad for the 2018 Under-19 Cricket World Cup. He was the leading run-scorer for South Africa in the tournament, with 348 runs. Following South Africa's matches in the tournament, the International Cricket Council (ICC) named van Tonder as the rising star of the squad. In July 2018, Van Tonder was named in the Cricket South Africa Emerging Squad. In October 2018, van Tonder scored 250 not out against Gauteng in the 2018–19 CSA 3-Day Provincial Cup. In September 2019, he was named in Free State's squad for the 2019–20 CSA Provincial T20 Cup. He was the leading run-scorer in the 2019–20 CSA 4-Day Franchise Series, with 843 runs in eight matches. In December 2020, van Tonder was added to South Africa's Test squad for their series against Sri Lanka. In April 2021, he was named in Free State's squad, ahead of the 2021–22 cricket season in South Africa. International career In February 2024, he made his test debut against New Zealand at Mount Maunganui. He was out for a duck in the first innings but scored 31 runs in the second innings. References ^ "Raynard van Tonder". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 6 October 2016. ^ "Sunfoil 3-Day Cup, Pool B: Easterns v Free State at Benoni, Oct 6-8, 2016". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 5 October 2016. ^ "CSA Provincial One-Day Challenge, Pool B: Easterns v Free State at Benoni, Oct 9, 2016". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 9 October 2016. ^ "Pool C, Africa T20 Cup at Kimberley, Sep 8 2017". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 8 September 2017. ^ "Raynard van Tonder to captain South Africa at 2018 ICC U19 World Cup". Cricket South Africa. Retrieved 11 December 2017. ^ "ICC Under-19 World Cup, 2017/18 - South Africa Under-19s: Batting and bowling averages". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 3 February 2018. ^ "U19CWC Report Card: South Africa". International Cricket Council. Retrieved 4 February 2018. ^ "De Zorzi to lead SA Emerging Squad in Sri Lanka". Cricket South Africa. Retrieved 19 July 2018. ^ "Raynard van Tonder scores mammoth 250". SA Cricket Mag. Retrieved 28 October 2018. ^ "Free State Announces Provincial T20 Squad". Cricket South Africa. Retrieved 10 September 2019. ^ "4-Day Franchise Series, 2019/20: Most runs". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 24 March 2020. ^ "Three players added to Proteas Test squad". Cricket South Africa. Retrieved 18 December 2020. ^ "CSA reveals Division One squads for 2021/22". Cricket South Africa. Retrieved 20 April 2021. ^ "NZ vs SA, South Africa in New Zealand 2023/24, 1st Test at Mount Maunganui, February 04 - 07, 2024 - Full Scorecard". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 23 February 2024. ^ "NZ vs SA, South Africa in New Zealand 2023/24, 1st Test at Mount Maunganui, February 04 - 07, 2024 - Full Scorecard". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 23 February 2024. External links Raynard van Tonder at ESPNcricinfo	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cricketer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bio-1"},{"link_name":"first-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_cricket"},{"link_name":"Free State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_State_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"2016–17 Sunfoil 3-Day Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Sunfoil_3-Day_Cup"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FC-2"},{"link_name":"List A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_A_cricket"},{"link_name":"2016–17 CSA Provincial One-Day Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_CSA_Provincial_One-Day_Challenge"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LA-3"},{"link_name":"Twenty20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty20"},{"link_name":"2017 Africa T20 Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Africa_T20_Cup"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T20-4"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(cricket)"},{"link_name":"2018 Under-19 Cricket World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Under-19_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAU19-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-U19runs-6"},{"link_name":"International Cricket Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Cricket_Council"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rising-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EmSq-8"},{"link_name":"not out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_out"},{"link_name":"Gauteng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauteng_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"2018–19 CSA 3-Day Provincial Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_CSA_3-Day_Provincial_Cup"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"2019–20 CSA Provincial T20 Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_CSA_Provincial_T20_Cup"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"2019–20 CSA 4-Day Franchise Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_CSA_4-Day_Franchise_Series"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_cricket"},{"link_name":"against Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_cricket_team_in_South_Africa_in_2020%E2%80%9321"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Free State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_State_(cricket_team)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Raynard van Tonder (born 26 September 1998) is a South African cricketer.[1] He made his first-class debut for Free State in the 2016–17 Sunfoil 3-Day Cup on 6 October 2016.[2] He made his List A debut for Free State in the 2016–17 CSA Provincial One-Day Challenge on 9 October 2016.[3] He made his Twenty20 debut for Free State in the 2017 Africa T20 Cup on 8 September 2017.[4]In December 2017, Van Tonder was named as the captain of South Africa's squad for the 2018 Under-19 Cricket World Cup.[5] He was the leading run-scorer for South Africa in the tournament, with 348 runs.[6] Following South Africa's matches in the tournament, the International Cricket Council (ICC) named van Tonder as the rising star of the squad.[7]In July 2018, Van Tonder was named in the Cricket South Africa Emerging Squad.[8] In October 2018, van Tonder scored 250 not out against Gauteng in the 2018–19 CSA 3-Day Provincial Cup.[9] In September 2019, he was named in Free State's squad for the 2019–20 CSA Provincial T20 Cup.[10] He was the leading run-scorer in the 2019–20 CSA 4-Day Franchise Series, with 843 runs in eight matches.[11]In December 2020, van Tonder was added to South Africa's Test squad for their series against Sri Lanka.[12] In April 2021, he was named in Free State's squad, ahead of the 2021–22 cricket season in South Africa.[13]","title":"Raynard van Tonder"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"In February 2024, he made his test debut against New Zealand at Mount Maunganui.[14] He was out for a duck in the first innings but scored 31 runs in the second innings.[15]","title":"International career"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Raynard van Tonder\". 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Retrieved 10 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://cricket.co.za/news/31632/Free-State-Announces-Provincial-T20-Squad","url_text":"\"Free State Announces Provincial T20 Squad\""}]},{"reference":"\"4-Day Franchise Series, 2019/20: Most runs\". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 24 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=13189;type=tournament","url_text":"\"4-Day Franchise Series, 2019/20: Most runs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Three players added to Proteas Test squad\". Cricket South Africa. Retrieved 18 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://cricket.co.za/news/37072/Three-players-added-to-Proteas-Test-squad","url_text":"\"Three players added to Proteas Test squad\""}]},{"reference":"\"CSA reveals Division One squads for 2021/22\". Cricket South Africa. Retrieved 20 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://cricket.co.za/news/38184/CSA-reveals-Division-One-squads-for-2021-22","url_text":"\"CSA reveals Division One squads for 2021/22\""}]},{"reference":"\"NZ vs SA, South Africa in New Zealand 2023/24, 1st Test at Mount Maunganui, February 04 - 07, 2024 - Full Scorecard\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 23 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/south-africa-in-new-zealand-2023-24-1388186/new-zealand-vs-south-africa-1st-test-1388221/full-scorecard","url_text":"\"NZ vs SA, South Africa in New Zealand 2023/24, 1st Test at Mount Maunganui, February 04 - 07, 2024 - Full Scorecard\""}]},{"reference":"\"NZ vs SA, South Africa in New Zealand 2023/24, 1st Test at Mount Maunganui, February 04 - 07, 2024 - Full Scorecard\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 23 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/south-africa-in-new-zealand-2023-24-1388186/new-zealand-vs-south-africa-1st-test-1388221/full-scorecard","url_text":"\"NZ vs SA, South Africa in New Zealand 2023/24, 1st Test at Mount Maunganui, February 04 - 07, 2024 - Full Scorecard\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/595380.html","external_links_name":"ESPNcricinfo"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/595380.html","external_links_name":"\"Raynard van Tonder\""},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1024725.html","external_links_name":"\"Sunfoil 3-Day Cup, Pool B: Easterns v Free State at Benoni, Oct 6-8, 2016\""},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1024925.html","external_links_name":"\"CSA Provincial One-Day Challenge, Pool B: Easterns v Free State at Benoni, Oct 9, 2016\""},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1116086.html","external_links_name":"\"Pool C, Africa T20 Cup at Kimberley, Sep 8 2017\""},{"Link":"http://cricket.co.za/news/22360/Raynard-van-Tonder-to-captain-South-Africa-at-2018-ICC-U19-World-Cup","external_links_name":"\"Raynard van Tonder to captain South Africa at 2018 ICC U19 World Cup\""},{"Link":"http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=11980;team=3375;type=tournament","external_links_name":"\"ICC Under-19 World Cup, 2017/18 - South Africa Under-19s: Batting and bowling averages\""},{"Link":"https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/606994","external_links_name":"\"U19CWC Report Card: South Africa\""},{"Link":"http://cricket.co.za/news/25235/De-Zorzi-to-lead-SA-Emerging-Squad-in-Sri-Lanka","external_links_name":"\"De Zorzi to lead SA Emerging Squad in Sri Lanka\""},{"Link":"https://www.sacricketmag.com/free-state-raynard-van-tonder-scores-mammoth-250/","external_links_name":"\"Raynard van Tonder scores mammoth 250\""},{"Link":"https://cricket.co.za/news/31632/Free-State-Announces-Provincial-T20-Squad","external_links_name":"\"Free State Announces Provincial T20 Squad\""},{"Link":"https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=13189;type=tournament","external_links_name":"\"4-Day Franchise Series, 2019/20: Most runs\""},{"Link":"https://cricket.co.za/news/37072/Three-players-added-to-Proteas-Test-squad","external_links_name":"\"Three players added to Proteas Test squad\""},{"Link":"https://cricket.co.za/news/38184/CSA-reveals-Division-One-squads-for-2021-22","external_links_name":"\"CSA reveals Division One squads for 2021/22\""},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/south-africa-in-new-zealand-2023-24-1388186/new-zealand-vs-south-africa-1st-test-1388221/full-scorecard","external_links_name":"\"NZ vs SA, South Africa in New Zealand 2023/24, 1st Test at Mount Maunganui, February 04 - 07, 2024 - Full Scorecard\""},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/south-africa-in-new-zealand-2023-24-1388186/new-zealand-vs-south-africa-1st-test-1388221/full-scorecard","external_links_name":"\"NZ vs SA, South Africa in New Zealand 2023/24, 1st Test at Mount Maunganui, February 04 - 07, 2024 - Full Scorecard\""},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/595380.html","external_links_name":"Raynard van Tonder"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massandra_Winery	Massandra Winery	["1 History","2 Notable visitors","3 References"]	Coordinates: 44°31′01″N 34°11′12″E / 44.51694°N 34.18667°E / 44.51694; 34.18667Massandra WineryLocationCrimeaCoordinates44°31′01″N 34°11′12″E / 44.51694°N 34.18667°E / 44.51694; 34.18667Founded1894Websitehttp://massandra.su/ The Massandra Winery is a winery in Crimea. History The winery was founded by Knyaz Lev Golitsyn in 1894 under the aegis of Czar Nicholas II. In 1922, in the wake of the Russian Revolution, the winery was nationalized, and it was protected by a law passed in 1936 that offered state protection to its cellars. The guestbook of the winery was stolen by Nazi occupiers during the Second World War. The winery was exempted from the uprooting of Russian vineyards that occurred in the wake of anti-alcohol laws passed by Mikhail Gorbachev in the 1980s. In the present day, the vast majority of the winery's output is exported to Russia. The ownership of the winery reverted to Russia from the Ukrainian government with the Russian annexation of Crimea in 2014. The enoteca of the winery contains about one million bottles of wine. Notable visitors Though initially popular with the Russian aristocracy who spent their summers near Czar Nicholas, the winery has since been visited by several notable personalities including Anton Chekhov, Maxim Gorky, Ho Chi Minh, and Josip Broz Tito. Gorky wrote a tribute to Massandra that is inscribed in a metal plaque on the wall of the winery. On two occasions wines from the Massandra Winery have been attempted to be given as gifts to Presidents of the United States. In 1987 Gorbachev requested wines from the year of Ronald Reagan's birth to give to him as Reagan was on a visit to Russia. The bottles were delivered by hand to the Kremlin, but never given to Reagan. In 1994 a bottle from the year of Bill Clinton's birth was given to an American businessman to give to him, yet no further message was heard. In 2015 the President of Russia, Vladimir Putin, visited the winery with the former Italian prime minister Silvio Berlusconi. While touring the winery, Putin and Berlusconi allegedly drank from a 1775 bottle of Jerez de la Frontera worth $90,000. The tour was conducted by the winery's pro-Russian director, Yanina Pavlenko, and charges of embezzlement were subsequently prepared against her by Ukrainian prosecutors. References ^ История Archived 2015-05-21 at the Wayback Machine. Торговый дом Массандра (History. Massandra trading company) ^ a b c Neil MacFarquhar (28 May 2014). "Crimean Vineyards of Last Czar Withstand Time and Tumult". New York Times. Retrieved 18 September 2015. ^ Визитка. Кратко о Массандре Archived 2015-01-03 at the Wayback Machine. Торговый дом Массандра (Business Card. A brief information about Massandra. Massandra trading company) ^ "Putin and Berlusconi in Crimea wine row". BBC News Online. 19 September 2015. Retrieved 20 September 2015.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"winery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winery"},{"link_name":"Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea"}],"text":"The Massandra Winery is a winery in Crimea.","title":"Massandra Winery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nicholas II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_II"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTMay14-2"},{"link_name":"Russian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Gorbachev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev"},{"link_name":"Russian annexation of Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTMay14-2"},{"link_name":"enoteca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoteca"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The winery was founded by Knyaz Lev Golitsyn in 1894 under the aegis of Czar Nicholas II.[1][2] In 1922, in the wake of the Russian Revolution, the winery was nationalized, and it was protected by a law passed in 1936 that offered state protection to its cellars. The guestbook of the winery was stolen by Nazi occupiers during the Second World War. The winery was exempted from the uprooting of Russian vineyards that occurred in the wake of anti-alcohol laws passed by Mikhail Gorbachev in the 1980s. In the present day, the vast majority of the winery's output is exported to Russia. The ownership of the winery reverted to Russia from the Ukrainian government with the Russian annexation of Crimea in 2014.[2] The enoteca of the winery contains about one million bottles of wine.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anton Chekhov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Chekhov"},{"link_name":"Maxim Gorky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxim_Gorky"},{"link_name":"Ho Chi Minh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh"},{"link_name":"Josip Broz Tito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"Bill Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Putin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin"},{"link_name":"Silvio Berlusconi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTMay14-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBCSep15-4"}],"text":"Though initially popular with the Russian aristocracy who spent their summers near Czar Nicholas, the winery has since been visited by several notable personalities including Anton Chekhov, Maxim Gorky, Ho Chi Minh, and Josip Broz Tito. Gorky wrote a tribute to Massandra that is inscribed in a metal plaque on the wall of the winery. On two occasions wines from the Massandra Winery have been attempted to be given as gifts to Presidents of the United States. In 1987 Gorbachev requested wines from the year of Ronald Reagan's birth to give to him as Reagan was on a visit to Russia. The bottles were delivered by hand to the Kremlin, but never given to Reagan. In 1994 a bottle from the year of Bill Clinton's birth was given to an American businessman to give to him, yet no further message was heard. In 2015 the President of Russia, Vladimir Putin, visited the winery with the former Italian prime minister Silvio Berlusconi.[2] While touring the winery, Putin and Berlusconi allegedly drank from a 1775 bottle of Jerez de la Frontera worth $90,000. The tour was conducted by the winery's pro-Russian director, Yanina Pavlenko, and charges of embezzlement were subsequently prepared against her by Ukrainian prosecutors.[4]","title":"Notable visitors"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Neil MacFarquhar (28 May 2014). \"Crimean Vineyards of Last Czar Withstand Time and Tumult\". New York Times. Retrieved 18 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/29/world/europe/crimean-vineyards-of-last-czar-withstand-time-and-tumult.html","url_text":"\"Crimean Vineyards of Last Czar Withstand Time and Tumult\""}]},{"reference":"\"Putin and Berlusconi in Crimea wine row\". BBC News Online. 19 September 2015. Retrieved 20 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-34297545","url_text":"\"Putin and Berlusconi in Crimea wine row\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Massandra_Winery&params=44_31_01_N_34_11_12_E_","external_links_name":"44°31′01″N 34°11′12″E / 44.51694°N 34.18667°E / 44.51694; 34.18667"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Massandra_Winery&params=44_31_01_N_34_11_12_E_","external_links_name":"44°31′01″N 34°11′12″E / 44.51694°N 34.18667°E / 44.51694; 34.18667"},{"Link":"http://massandra.su/","external_links_name":"http://massandra.su/"},{"Link":"http://massandra.net.ua/ru/history/","external_links_name":"История"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150521185049/http://massandra.net.ua/ru/history/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/29/world/europe/crimean-vineyards-of-last-czar-withstand-time-and-tumult.html","external_links_name":"\"Crimean Vineyards of Last Czar Withstand Time and Tumult\""},{"Link":"http://massandra.net.ua/en/_about/brief/","external_links_name":"Визитка. Кратко о Массандре"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150103230639/http://massandra.net.ua/en/_about/brief/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-34297545","external_links_name":"\"Putin and Berlusconi in Crimea wine row\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games	Swimming at the 2015 Pan American Games	["1 Format","2 Competition schedule","3 Medal summary","3.1 Medal standings","3.2 Men's events","3.3 Women's events","4 Participating nations","5 Qualification","6 References"]	Event/venueInternational sporting eventSwimming at the 2015 Pan American GamesSwimming pictogram for the gamesVenueCIBC Pan Am/Parapan Am Aquatics Centre and Field HouseDatesJuly 14–18No. of events34 (17 men, 17 women)Competitors312 from 37 nations«2011 2019» Swimming competitions at the 2015 Pan American Games in Toronto were held from July 14 to 18 at the Toronto Pan Am Sports Centre (CIBC Pan Am/Parapan Am Aquatics Centre and Field House). Due to naming rights the arena was known as the latter for the duration of the games. Due to Pan American Games being scheduled to be held roughly around the same time as the 2015 World Aquatics Championships scheduled for Kazan, Russia, the swimming events were condensed into a five-day schedule. Format The competition will feature 32 long course (50m) events, divided evenly between males and females into the following 16 events: freestyle: 50, 100, 200, 400, 800 (females only) and 1500 (males only); backstroke: 100 and 200; breaststroke: 100 and 200; butterfly: 100 and 200; individual medley (I.M.): 200 and 400; relays: 4x100 free, 4x200 free and 4x100 medley. There will also be two open water swim events (one each for men and women) over 10 km. Competition schedule The following is the competition schedule for the swimming competitions: H Heats F Final Men Event↓/Date → Sun 12 Tue 14 Wed 15 Thu 16 Fri 17 Sat 18 50 m freestyle H F 100 m freestyle H F 200 m freestyle H F 400 m freestyle H F 1500 m freestyle H F 100 m backstroke H F 200 m backstroke H F 100 m breaststroke H F 200 m breaststroke H F 100 m butterfly H F 200 m butterfly H F 200 m individual medley H F 400 m individual medley H F 4×100 m freestyle relay H F 4×200 m freestyle relay H F 4×100 m medley relay H F 10 km open water F Women Event↓/Date → Sat 11 Tue 14 Wed 15 Thu 16 Fri 17 Sat 18 50 m freestyle H F 100 m freestyle H F 200 m freestyle H F 400 m freestyle H F 800 m freestyle H F 100 m backstroke H F 200 m backstroke H F 100 m breaststroke H F 200 m breaststroke H F 100 m butterfly H F 200 m butterfly H F 200 m individual medley H F 400 m individual medley H F 4×100 m freestyle relay H F 4×200 m freestyle relay H F 4×100 m medley relay H F 10 km open water F Medal summary Medal standings * Host nation (Canada)RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal1 United States141110352 Brazil10610263 Canada8119284 Argentina12035 Bahamas10126 Venezuela02137 Chile0101 Jamaica01019 Ecuador002210 Trinidad and Tobago0011Totals (10 entries)343434102 Men's events Event Gold Silver Bronze 50 m freestyle details Josh Schneider United States 21.86 Bruno Fratus Brazil 21.91 George Bovell Trinidad and Tobago 22.17 100 m freestyle details Federico Grabich Argentina 48.26 NR Santo Condorelli Canada 48.57 Marcelo Chierighini Brazil 48.80 200 m freestyle details João de Lucca Brazil 1:46.42 GR, SA Federico Grabich Argentina 1:47.62 NR Michael Weiss United States 1:47.63 400 m freestyle details Ryan Cochrane Canada 3:48.29 GR Ryan Feeley United States 3:49.69 Leonardo de Deus Brazil 3:50.30 1500 m freestyle details Ryan Cochrane Canada 15:06.40 GR Andrew Gemmell United States 15:09.92 Brandonn Almeida Brazil 15:11.70 NR 100 m backstroke details Nick Thoman United States 53.20 GR Guilherme Guido Brazil 53.35 Eugene Godsoe United States 53.96 200 m backstroke details Sean Lehane United States 1:57.47 Carter Griffin United States 1:58.18 Leonardo de Deus Brazil 1:58.27 100 m breaststroke details Felipe França Brazil 59.21 GR Felipe Lima Brazil 1:00.01 Richard Funk Canada 1:00.29 200 m breaststroke details Thiago Simon Brazil 2:09.82 GR Richard Funk Canada 2:11.51 Thiago Pereira Brazil 2:11.93 100 m butterfly details Giles Smith United States 52.04 GR Santiago Grassi Argentina 52.09 NR Santo Condorelli Canada 52.42 200 m butterfly details Leonardo de Deus Brazil 1:55.01 GR Zack Chetrat Canada 1:56.90 NR Alec Page Canada 1:58:01 200 m individual medley details Henrique Rodrigues Brazil 1:57.06 GR Thiago Pereira Brazil 1:57.42 Joseph Bentz United States 2:00.04 400 m individual medley details Brandonn Almeida Brazil 4:14.47 WJR Luke Reilly Canada 4:16.16 Max Williamson United States 4:16.91 4×100 m freestyle relay details BrazilMatheus SantanaJoão de LuccaBruno FratusMarcelo ChierighiniNicolas Oliveira Thiago Pereira* 3:13.66 GR CanadaSanto Condorelli Karl KrugEvan Van MoerkerkeYuri KisilMarkus ThormeyerStefan Milošević 3:14.32 United StatesJosh Schneider Darian TownsendCullen JonesMichael WeissMichael KluehEugene Godsoe 3:16.21 4×200 m freestyle relay details BrazilLuiz Altamir MeloJoão de LuccaThiago PereiraNicolas OliveiraHenrique RodriguesKaio de AlmeidaThiago Simon* 7:11.15 GR United StatesMichael Weiss Michael KluehJoseph BentzDarian TownsendRyan FeeleyBobby Bollier 7:12.20 CanadaJeremy Bagshaw Alec PageStefan MiloševićRyan CochraneYuri KisilColeman Allen 7:17.33 4×100 m medley relay details BrazilGuilherme GuidoFelipe França SilvaArthur MendesMarcelo ChierighiniThiago PereiraFelipe Lima 3:32.68 GR United StatesNick Thoman Brad CraigGilles SmithJosh SchneiderEugene GodsoeMichael Weiss 3:33.63 CanadaRussell Wood Richard FunkSanto CondorelliYuri KisilJames DergousoffColeman Allen 3:34.40 10 km marathon details Chip Peterson United States 1:54:03.6 David Heron United States 1:54:07.4 Esteban Enderica Ecuador 1:54:09.2 * Swimmers who participated in the heats only and received medals. Women's events Event Gold Silver Bronze 50m freestyle details Arianna Vanderpool-Wallace Bahamas 24.38 Etiene Medeiros Brazil 24.55 SA Natalie Coughlin United States 24.66 100m freestyle details Chantal van Landeghem Canada 53.83 GR Natalie Coughlin United States 54.06 Arianna Vanderpool-Wallace Bahamas 54.15 200m freestyle details Allison Schmitt United States 1:56.23 GR Emily Overholt Canada 1:57.55 Manuella Lyrio Brazil 1:58.03 SA 400m freestyle details Emily Overholt Canada 4:08.42 GR Andreina Pinto Venezuela 4:08.67 Gillian Ryan United States 4:09.46 800m freestyle details Sierra Schmidt United States 8:27.54 GR Kristel Köbrich Chile 8:29.79 Andreina Pinto Venezuela 8:31.08 100m backstroke details Etiene Medeiros Brazil 59.61 GR, SA Olivia Smoliga United States 1:00.06 Clara Smiddy United States 1:00.49 200m backstroke details Hilary Caldwell Canada 2:08.22 GR Dominique Bouchard Canada 2:09.74 Clara Smiddy United States 2:11.47 100m breaststroke details Katie Meili United States 1:06.26 Alia Atkinson Jamaica 1:06.59 Rachel Nicol Canada 1:07.91 200m breaststroke details Kierra Smith Canada 2:24.38 GR Martha McCabe Canada 2:24.51 Annie Lazor United States 2:26.23 100m butterfly details Kelsi Worrell United States 57.78 Noemie Thomas Canada 58.00 Katerine Savard Canada 58.05 200m butterfly details Audrey Lacroix Canada 2:07.68 Katherine Mills United States 2:09.31 Joanna Maranhão Brazil 2:09.38 SA 200m I.M. details Caitlin Leverenz United States 2:10.51 GR Meghan Small United States 2:11.26 Sydney Pickrem Canada 2:11.29 400m I.M. details Caitlin Leverenz United States 4:35.46 GR Sydney Pickrem Canada 4:38.03 Joanna Maranhão Brazil 4:38.07 NR 4 × 100 m freestyle relay details CanadaSandrine Mainville Michele WilliamsKaterine SavardChantal van LandeghemAlyson AckmanDominique Bouchard 3:36.80 GR, NR United StatesAllison Schmitt Amanda WeirMadison KennedyNatalie CoughlinKatie MeiliKelsi Worrell 3:37.01 BrazilLarissa OliveiraGraciele HerrmannEtiene MedeirosDaynara de PaulaDaiane OliveiraManuella Lyrio 3:37.39 SA 4 × 200 m freestyle relay details United StatesKiera Janzen Allison SchmittCourtney HarnishGillian RyanAmanda WeirKylie Stewart 7:54.32 GR BrazilManuella LyrioJéssica CavalheiroJoanna MaranhãoLarissa OliveiraBruna PrimatiGabrielle Roncatto 7:56.36 SA CanadaEmily Overholt Katerine SavardAlyson AckmanBrittany MacLeanErika Seltenreich-HodgsonTabitha Baumann 7:59.36 4 × 100 m medley relay details United StatesNatalie Coughlin Katie MeiliKelsi WorrellAllison Schmitt 3:56.53 GR CanadaDominique Bouchard Rachel NicolNoemie ThomasChantal van LandeghemTera van BeilenSandrine Mainville 3:58.51 BrazilEtiene MedeirosJhennifer ConceiçãoDaynara de PaulaLarissa OliveiraNatalia de LuccasBeatriz Travalon 4:02.52 10 km marathon details Eva Fabian United States 2:03:17.0 Paola Pérez Sierra Venezuela 2:03:17.0 Samantha Arévalo Ecuador 2:03:17.1 * Swimmers who swam in preliminary heats and received medals. Participating nations A total of 37 countries qualified 312 swimmers. The number of athletes a nation entered is in parentheses beside the name of the country. Pool Antigua and Barbuda (2) Argentina (20) Aruba (3) Bahamas (5) Barbados (3) Bermuda (2) Bolivia (2) Brazil (35) British Virgin Islands (1) Canada (36) Cayman Islands (2) Chile (4) Colombia (11) Costa Rica (2) Cuba (4) Ecuador (3) El Salvador (3) Grenada (2) Guatemala (4) Guyana (2) Haiti (1) Honduras (2) Jamaica (5) Mexico (26) Nicaragua (2) Panama (2) Paraguay (6) Peru (10) Puerto Rico (7) Saint Lucia (1) Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (2) Suriname (3) Trinidad and Tobago (2) United States (36) Uruguay (2) Venezuela (21) Virgin Islands (2) Open water Argentina (4) Brazil (3) Canada (4) Chile (1) Costa Rica (3) Ecuador (2) El Salvador (1) Guatemala (4) Honduras (1) Mexico (4) Trinidad and Tobago (1) United States (4) Venezuela (4) Qualification Main article: Swimming at the 2015 Pan American Games – Qualification As with previous editions of the Games, A/B qualifying times will be used, with a target number of 276 swimmers. Times need to be swum in an approved meet sometime between January 1, 2014 and April 15, 2015. A total of 36 open water swimmers will also qualify (18 per gender). References ^ "Competition Schedule" (PDF). toronto2015.org. TO2015. 18 August 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2014. ^ Hogan, Bill (2013). "Dear President Coaracy & UANA Executive Committee Members" (PDF). uana-aquatics.org. Swimming Union of the Americas (UANA). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 29 November 2014. ^ "Sport Technical Manual Swimming" (PDF). uana-aquatics.org. TO2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 June 2015. Retrieved 28 June 2015. ^ "Toronto 2015 Pan Am Games Ticket Program Guide" (PDF). toronto2015.org. TO2015. 20 April 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015. ^ "Qualification System Aquatics – Swimming" (PDF). uana-aquatics.org. TO2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2014. ^ "Qualification System Aquatics – Open Water swimming" (PDF). uana-aquatics.org. TO2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2014. vteSwimming at the Pan American Games 1951 1955 1959 1963 1967 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 List of medalists List of records vteEvents at the 2015 Pan American Games in Toronto, Canada Archery Athletics Badminton Baseball Basketball Beach volleyball Bowling Boxing Canoeing Cycling Diving Equestrian Fencing Field hockey Football Gymnastics Golf Handball Judo Karate Modern pentathlon Racquetball Roller sports Rowing Rugby sevens Sailing Shooting Softball Squash Swimming Synchronized swimming Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis Triathlon Volleyball Water polo Water skiing Weightlifting Wrestling Chronological summary	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swimming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_(sport)"},{"link_name":"2015 Pan American Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"Toronto Pan Am Sports Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Pan_Am_Sports_Centre"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"2015 World Aquatics Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_World_Aquatics_Championships"},{"link_name":"Kazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"International sporting eventSwimming competitions at the 2015 Pan American Games in Toronto were held from July 14 to 18 at the Toronto Pan Am Sports Centre (CIBC Pan Am/Parapan Am Aquatics Centre and Field House). Due to naming rights the arena was known as the latter for the duration of the games.[1] Due to Pan American Games being scheduled to be held roughly around the same time as the 2015 World Aquatics Championships scheduled for Kazan, Russia, the swimming events were condensed into a five-day schedule.[2]","title":"Swimming at the 2015 Pan American Games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"long course","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_course"},{"link_name":"freestyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_swimming"},{"link_name":"backstroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backstroke"},{"link_name":"breaststroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaststroke"},{"link_name":"butterfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly_stroke"},{"link_name":"individual medley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual_medley"},{"link_name":"relays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relay_race"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The competition will feature 32 long course (50m) events, divided evenly between males and females into the following 16 events:freestyle: 50, 100, 200, 400, 800 (females only) and 1500 (males only);\nbackstroke: 100 and 200;\nbreaststroke: 100 and 200;\nbutterfly: 100 and 200;\nindividual medley (I.M.): 200 and 400;\nrelays: 4x100 free, 4x200 free and 4x100 medley.There will also be two open water swim events (one each for men and women) over 10 km.[3]","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The following is the competition schedule for the swimming competitions:[4]MenWomen","title":"Competition schedule"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Medal summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"}],"sub_title":"Medal standings","text":"* Host nation (Canada)","title":"Medal summary"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Men's events","text":"* Swimmers who participated in the heats only and received medals.","title":"Medal summary"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Women's events","text":"* Swimmers who swam in preliminary heats and received medals.","title":"Medal summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antigua and Barbuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Aruba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aruba_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Bahamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahamas_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Barbados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Bermuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"British Virgin Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Cayman Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayman_Islands_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"El Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Grenada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenada_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Guyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduras_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Nicaragua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Paraguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Saint Lucia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lucia_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Suriname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Trinidad and Tobago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Virgin Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Islands_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"El Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduras_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Trinidad and Tobago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"}],"text":"A total of 37 countries qualified 312 swimmers. The number of athletes a nation entered is in parentheses beside the name of the country.PoolAntigua and Barbuda (2)\n Argentina (20)\n Aruba (3)\n Bahamas (5)\n Barbados (3)\n Bermuda (2)\n Bolivia (2)\n Brazil (35)\n British Virgin Islands (1)\n Canada (36)\n Cayman Islands (2)\n Chile (4)\n Colombia (11)\n Costa Rica (2)\n Cuba (4)\n Ecuador (3)\n El Salvador (3)\n Grenada (2)\n Guatemala (4)\n Guyana (2)\n Haiti (1)\n Honduras (2)\n Jamaica (5)\n Mexico (26)\n Nicaragua (2)\n Panama (2)\n Paraguay (6)\n Peru (10)\n Puerto Rico (7)\n Saint Lucia (1)\n Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (2)\n Suriname (3)\n Trinidad and Tobago (2)\n United States (36)\n Uruguay (2)\n Venezuela (21)\n Virgin Islands (2)Open waterArgentina (4)\n Brazil (3)\n Canada (4)\n Chile (1)\n Costa Rica (3)\n Ecuador (2)\n El Salvador (1)\n Guatemala (4)\n Honduras (1)\n Mexico (4)\n Trinidad and Tobago (1)\n United States (4)\n Venezuela (4)","title":"Participating nations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"As with previous editions of the Games, A/B qualifying times will be used, with a target number of 276 swimmers. Times need to be swum in an approved meet sometime between January 1, 2014 and April 15, 2015.[5] A total of 36 open water swimmers will also qualify (18 per gender).[6]","title":"Qualification"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Competition Schedule\" (PDF). toronto2015.org. TO2015. 18 August 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://images.toronto2015.org/system/asset_pdfs/2043/original/pan-am-games-schedule.pdf?1407975204","url_text":"\"Competition Schedule\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TO2015","url_text":"TO2015"}]},{"reference":"Hogan, Bill (2013). \"Dear President Coaracy & UANA Executive Committee Members\" (PDF). uana-aquatics.org. Swimming Union of the Americas (UANA). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 29 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131019064144/http://www.uana-aquatics.org/uana/UserFiles/File/Swimming/documents2013/PAGUpdate62813Hogan2.pdf","url_text":"\"Dear President Coaracy & UANA Executive Committee Members\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_Union_of_the_Americas","url_text":"Swimming Union of the Americas"},{"url":"http://www.uana-aquatics.org/uana/UserFiles/File/Swimming/documents2013/PAGUpdate62813Hogan2.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sport Technical Manual Swimming\" (PDF). uana-aquatics.org. TO2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 June 2015. Retrieved 28 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150630150825/http://www.uana-aquatics.org/uana/UserFiles/File/TOR2015/Techman/SPT_TMAquaSwim_ENG_4C_r4.pdf","url_text":"\"Sport Technical Manual Swimming\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TO2015","url_text":"TO2015"},{"url":"http://www.uana-aquatics.org/uana/UserFiles/File/TOR2015/Techman/SPT_TMAquaSwim_ENG_4C_r4.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Toronto 2015 Pan Am Games Ticket Program Guide\" (PDF). toronto2015.org. TO2015. 20 April 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://images.toronto2015.org/system/asset_pdfs/4013/original/pan-am-games-ticket-guide-042015.pdf","url_text":"\"Toronto 2015 Pan Am Games Ticket Program Guide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TO2015","url_text":"TO2015"}]},{"reference":"\"Qualification System Aquatics – Swimming\" (PDF). uana-aquatics.org. TO2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141224215004/http://www.uana-aquatics.org/uana/UserFiles/File/TOR2015/TO2015QualificationSystem-Aquatics_Swimming_ENG(1).pdf","url_text":"\"Qualification System Aquatics – Swimming\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TO2015","url_text":"TO2015"},{"url":"http://www.uana-aquatics.org/uana/UserFiles/File/TOR2015/TO2015QualificationSystem-Aquatics_Swimming_ENG(1).pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Qualification System Aquatics – Open Water swimming\" (PDF). uana-aquatics.org. TO2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141224223646/http://www.uana-aquatics.org/uana/UserFiles/File/TOR2015/TO2015QualificationSystem-Aquatics_OpenWaterSwimming_ENG.pdf","url_text":"\"Qualification System Aquatics – Open Water swimming\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TO2015","url_text":"TO2015"},{"url":"http://www.uana-aquatics.org/uana/UserFiles/File/TOR2015/TO2015QualificationSystem-Aquatics_OpenWaterSwimming_ENG.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://images.toronto2015.org/system/asset_pdfs/2043/original/pan-am-games-schedule.pdf?1407975204","external_links_name":"\"Competition Schedule\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131019064144/http://www.uana-aquatics.org/uana/UserFiles/File/Swimming/documents2013/PAGUpdate62813Hogan2.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Dear President Coaracy & UANA Executive Committee Members\""},{"Link":"http://www.uana-aquatics.org/uana/UserFiles/File/Swimming/documents2013/PAGUpdate62813Hogan2.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150630150825/http://www.uana-aquatics.org/uana/UserFiles/File/TOR2015/Techman/SPT_TMAquaSwim_ENG_4C_r4.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Sport Technical Manual Swimming\""},{"Link":"http://www.uana-aquatics.org/uana/UserFiles/File/TOR2015/Techman/SPT_TMAquaSwim_ENG_4C_r4.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://images.toronto2015.org/system/asset_pdfs/4013/original/pan-am-games-ticket-guide-042015.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Toronto 2015 Pan Am Games Ticket Program Guide\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141224215004/http://www.uana-aquatics.org/uana/UserFiles/File/TOR2015/TO2015QualificationSystem-Aquatics_Swimming_ENG(1).pdf","external_links_name":"\"Qualification System Aquatics – Swimming\""},{"Link":"http://www.uana-aquatics.org/uana/UserFiles/File/TOR2015/TO2015QualificationSystem-Aquatics_Swimming_ENG(1).pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141224223646/http://www.uana-aquatics.org/uana/UserFiles/File/TOR2015/TO2015QualificationSystem-Aquatics_OpenWaterSwimming_ENG.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Qualification System Aquatics – Open Water swimming\""},{"Link":"http://www.uana-aquatics.org/uana/UserFiles/File/TOR2015/TO2015QualificationSystem-Aquatics_OpenWaterSwimming_ENG.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Alexander_(dancer)	Louise Alexander (dancer)	["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Chorus girl","2.2 Apache dancer","2.3 Temptress dancer","2.4 Social exhibition dancer","3 Private life","4 Legacy","5 References","6 External links"]	American theatrical and social exhibition dancer Louise AlexanderLouise Alexander, 1909BornJennie Louise SpaldingJune 29–30, 1888Hartford, KentuckyDiedOctober 29, 1958Bayside, Long Island, New York City, New YorkNationalityAmericanOther namesJennie Strang, Louise Strang, Lou Alexander, Louise Pani, Louise LarmonOccupationdancerYears active1906-1916Known forApache dance, temptress dance, cafe and vaudeville social dancing exhibitionsNotable workFirst major presentation of the Apache dance in America. Louise Alexander (June 29/30, 1888 – October 29, 1958), born Jennie Louise Spalding, was an American theatrical and social exhibition dancer between 1905 and 1916. She began as a chorus girl, soon became a pantomime dancer (Apache dance, temptress dance), then an exhibition social dancer in restaurants and on the vaudeville stage. Early life Jennie Louise Spalding was born in Hartford, Kentucky on June 29 or 30, 1888. Her mother was Nanna/Nannie/Nancy Alexander Spalding and her father was William L. Spalding. Until the age of 18 she lived in Kentucky, primarily in either Louisville, where her father worked, or Owensboro, where her grandparents lived. In late 1905 she moved to New York City and adopted the stage name Louise Alexander. Career Chorus girl Between 1905 and 1908 Louise Alexander worked as a chorus girl in musicals on Broadway and on tour. Her parts frequently included speaking roles. She appeared in The Earl and the Girl, The Social Whirl, Ziegfeld Follies of 1907, and Follies of 1908. Apache dancer Joseph C. Smith and Louise Alexander dancing the Apache dance in Queen of the Moulin Rouge. The French Apache dance came into theatrical prominence in July 1908 when it was danced by Mistinguett and Max Dearly in Revue de Moulin, presented at the Moulin Rouge in Paris. In October 1908 the dance became a London hit when danced as "Danse des Apaches" by Beatrice Collier and Fred Farren as part of the Music Hall ballet A Day in Paris. In America the first major Apache dance presentation was titled "The Underworld Dance", performed by Louise Alexander and Joseph C. Smith in the hit musical comedy-drama The Queen of the Moulin Rouge, which opened in New York on December 7, 1908. Smith later wrote, "When I first tried the Apache dance with Louise Alexander her hair accidentally fell down, which greatly added to the effect of the thing...So I had big bone hairpins made, with weights to them. These she wore, and they would drop out and her hair would fall down during the dance." A New York reviewer observed that the dance was "rather rough on a young woman who was maltreated by a sallow-faced brute until her lovely hair was hanging down her back." Another reviewer wrote that the dance, "...is the most sensational thing in its line that New York has seen in many a day. A street tough throws his 'bundle' through the dance. How she endures the strain is a marvel." Discussing the brutality of the dance, Louise Alexander reportedly told the New York Times, I do not even feel the hurts of his beating and choking me, not even when, in the final battle for supremacy between the love of the girl and the brutal instincts of the thug, he throws me actually and fearfully to the floor. It is all fine. Exhilarating, but such a terrific mental, physical, and nervous strain that I am absolutely exhausted after each performance. ...My partner in the dance tried several times to go through it with less realism, and I had to beg him to use all the seeming brutality demanded by the action. That New York production of The Queen of the Moulin Rouge was reported by a British publication as containing "a neck-breaking Apache dance...that for extraordinary and exaggerated movement far outdoes anything of its kind in London or Paris." Advertisement headlining the vaudeville act of Smith and Alexander in 1909. The emergence of the Apache dance as a sensational highlight of the show led to favorable press items stating "Joseph C. Smith and Louise Alexander are already famous for what is termed, 'the most artistic character dance the stage has seen in years'." Praise of the Apache dance was directed at Smith and Alexander, while criticism of the dance was directed at the producer and the theater: "...why an 'Apache dance' anyway? Why must we have paraded before us the relations of persons so degraded that their common appellations cannot be spoken in polite conversation?" or, "...the Apache dance...should not be permitted on any stage." After performing the dance within Queen of the Moulin Rouge for nearly three months, Smith and Alexander left the show to dance on the vaudeville circuit. After observing their new vaudeville act the Variety reviewer wrote, "Smith and Alexander put up about the best thing that has been seen in the 'Apache' line. It is perhaps a little rough for some of the people with a nice sensitiveness, but it got over all right..." A reviewer who watched their vaudeville act in Baltimore listed the seven dances they performed in the act: a mechanical doll dance, La Kio, Temptation, Shadow, Apache dance, and French two-step. Temptress dancer The temptation dance, or vampire dance, was primarily inspired by the conclusion of the 1909 hit Broadway play A Fool There Was starring Robert Hilliard with Katharine Kaelred as the vamp. In that play's finale, Kaelred says "Before we part, kiss me, my fool!" Hilliard's character soon falls dead, at which point Kaelred laughs and tosses red rose petals on the corpse as the curtain falls. Louise Alexander in Ziegfeld's Follies of 1910. When Smith and Alexander danced their vaudeville act in June 1909 in Baltimore, they had to eliminate the temptation dance after the first performance because the vaudeville theater owner deemed the dance "vulgar and suggestive". In January 1910 Louise Alexander joined the cast of Ziegfeld's musical Miss Innocence starring Anna Held, then playing in Chicago. Louise Alexander's dance in that show was "The Dance of the Flirt", a temptation dance choreographed by Julian Mitchell. According to the Chicago Tribune reviewer, Louise Alexander presented a "wanton leer that is quite a work of art" and she was "a wonder at seductive crouches". In June 1910 she was in Ziegfeld's Follies of 1910 where she danced the temptation dance again, now retitled "A Fool There Was", with Julian Mitchell as her dance partner. One reviewer considered the dance essentially a variant of the Apache dance, "but this time a foolish man was entranced in the hypnotic waltz and a knowing woman did the enchanting." Critic Channing Pollock wrote that the dance was "rendered notable chiefly by Miss Alexander's costume, consisting of a pearl necklace and a becoming spotlight." In late 1911 she appeared in Peggy, an American adaptation of the successful London musical of the same name. It was reported that Louise Alexander had financed the production. Her supporting role prompted one reviewer to write, "...Miss Alexander becomes more daring. She sings more and dances much." The producer was Thomas W. Ryley, who had produced the hits Queen of the Moulin Rouge and Florodora, and the stage director was Ned Wayburn, but Peggy was not a success. Social exhibition dancer Louise Alexander and John Jarrott demonstrate a dance step in 1914. In early 1914 she partnered with Clive Logan for social exhibition dancing in vaudeville, accompanied by a five-piece orchestra of black musicians. When their tour reached Chicago a reviewer wrote, "They accomplish various swoops and whirls most gracefully...Miss Alexander and her young man are composed, almost capricious at times, and if they are not blissful they are at least contented." A Baltimore Sun reviewer wrote, ...There is only one 'star' dressing room on any stage, and electric signs are limited as to their capacity, and with such performers as Fanny Brice, Cathrine Countiss and Louise Alexander on one bill the troubles of a manager are evident. But in this case the patrons of the theatre benefit, for every one of these women, whose names are known wherever an electrical footlight glows in America, tries her best to win the greatest applause. Far be it from the writer, who is without steel armament impregnable to hatpins, to come out and boldly say that Miss So-and-So is the best on the bill...Miss Alexander is remembered for her creations of the Apache and Vampire dances, and she comes this time with dances "of the moment," which mean the Argentine tango, the hesitation waltz, the maxixe and the one-step. With her dancing partner, Clive Logan, she gives the best exhibition of dances seen here this season. What adds to their fascination is the orchestra, composed of five negroes who know how to play for the new dances... A dancing cap was named after Louise Alexander. Vogue, March 15, 1914.In May 1914 she partnered with John (Jack) Jarrott who had formerly been dancing with Joan Sawyer. It was announced that Alexander and Jarrott would dance in the "Congress of the World's Greatest Dancers" held at a theater in Boston, after which they planned travel to London and Continental cities before returning to America in the late Fall. Regarding their dancing in Boston one reviewer wrote, ...Louise Alexander and John Jarrott, however, were the real features of the evening. Here was dancing that had the stamp of authority. Whatever the step, whatever the time, this couple showed remarkable pedal dexterity—if such an expression may be used—and absolute sense of rhythm. Their steps may have been more unusual than those of the rest, but the ease with which they were taken made them seem simplicity itself. To them, and particularly to Miss Alexander, dancing seemed as natural and as inevitable as walking. Louise Alexander, John Jarrott, and the five-piece orchestra soon sailed from New York to a London booking at the Princes' Hotel and Restaurant in Piccadilly. Reportedly their dance performances at the Princes' during June and July 1914 were "packing the place nicely, and long before the theatres are out every table is taken." While in London, Jarrott and Alexander also gave a dance exhibition at a party hosted by the Countess Lützow, wife of Count Francis Lützow. London newspaper ads for Princes' Restaurant in mid-July announced the "Special engagement of Miss L. Alexander and Mr. J. Jarrott with their celebrated coloured Band, who will entertain during supper until further notice." That dance orchestra ensemble, led by Louis Mitchell, was the Southern Symphony Quintette, now renamed the Beaux Arts Symphony Quintette. Due to the outbreak of World War I the dance team and orchestra returned to New York. In early December 1914 it was announced that Louise Alexander and John Jarrott would soon open a vaudeville tour, starting in Chicago. But the act did not appear. Louise Alexander sailed back to England on the Baltic, arriving at Liverpool on January 1, 1915. In March 1916 it was announced that a vaudeville opening was being arranged for Louise Alexander "with Rodolfo, late co-partner with Bonnie Glass, as her partner." In December 1916 Louise Alexander was reported dancing professionally at the Woodmansten Inn, in Westchester, New York, owned by Joseph L. Pani. Throughout January 1919, ads for the Café des Beaux Arts, in New York, stated that Louise Alexander was serving as hostess for their supper dances. When she returned from a trip to Paris in 1921 she was described in the press as, "Louise Alexander, formerly of the Follies, who recently opened a retail millinery and dressmaking shop, returning from her first buying trip." The Theatre, January 1909. Private life Shortly after moving to New York in late 1905 she married E. H. Lowe. They divorced shortly afterward. In 1908 newspapers announced Louise Alexander's engagement to race car driver Lewis Strang and photos of them together were published. The record-breaking daredevil driver and the Follies girl instantly became a celebrity couple. Strang, who "always insisted on having ice cream before, during and after each big race," was the only American driver in the 1908 French Grand Prix; when he returned to New York she was reported greeting him at the dock. He planned their wedding in September 1908 at Stamford, Connecticut, but she backed out when he arrived at the New York theater to pick her up after a Follies of 1908 performance. When reporters asked if she was married, she reportedly replied, "Married? Me? Well, not in this act." A few days later Strang and Alexander were married in Chicago. Strang wanted her to quit the stage; she wanted him to give up race car driving. In 1910, during the time she was performing a temptress dance with Julian Mitchell, Mitchell's wife Bessie Clayton filed for divorce, citing Louise Alexander as corespondent. Mitchell and Clayton later reconciled. Louise Alexander divorced Strang in early 1911. On July 20, 1911, Strang died in an automobile accident. Press rumors suggested he had deliberately sought death because of his failed marriage. New York cabaret venues were then increasing in popularity, and in late 1912 gossip columns began mentioning Louise Alexander and gambler Jay O'Brien dancing together. Evelyn Nesbit recalled, Night clubs as we knew them in the prohibition epoch did not exist, the cabaret idea being still in its embryo stage. Maxim's in W. 38th St., Bustanoby's in W. 39th, and Reisenweber's at Columbus Circle about completed the list. Their novelty attracted all the Broadway celebrities—Flo Ziegfeld and his most beautiful star, Lillian Lorraine; also Bonnie Glass, Al Davis, Jay O'Brien and Louise Alexander, Ann Pennington, Vera Maxwell and Beatrice Allen. Nesbit also recalled Jay and Louise were fellow passengers on the Olympic, which sailed from New York on May 3, 1913. Jay and Louise returned on the Mauretania, arriving at New York from Liverpool on August 9, 1913. Listed on page 14 of the passenger list was Jay J. O'Brien and his "wife" Louise. On August 28, 1913, the following item appeared in Town Topics, Reports that the good-looking and popular Jay O'Brien, once a famous gentleman jockey, has been married to a certain attractive little dancer are said to be absolutely false. It is true that Louise and Jay happened to cross on the same steamer, and that, almost six months later, they quite accidentally happened to return on the same ocean. But matrimony? He's not that kind of a Jay. In September 1913 Jay and Louise entered a dance contest at Holly Arms on Long Island, and won the first prize trophy. A few months later it was reported that Mae Murray had replaced Louise Alexander as O'Brien's restaurant dance partner. O'Brien and Murray married in 1916. In 1917 Louise Alexander married restaurateur Joseph L. Pani. She filed for divorce in 1918, alleging that her private apartments at the Woodmansten Inn had been used by Pani for "orgies". The divorce was granted in 1919. In 1926 she married Park ("Pike") J. Larmon, a Dartmouth College graduate, and the couple soon moved to Bayside, Long Island, New York. He died in 1957, and Louise Alexander died the following year on October 28, 1958, at the age of 70. Legacy Louise Alexander's version of the Apache dance contributed strongly to that dance's initial theatrical success. Her other theatrical dances, including her exhibition ballroom dancing, helped spread the popularity of dances like the tango but had little enduring impact. Her 1914 employment of a black orchestral ensemble for playing her dance music, in venues where black musicians were infrequently seen, helped to advance acceptance of live black musicians into white-dominant culture. References ^ "Born". Hartford Weekly Herald. July 4, 1888. p. 3. Retrieved May 30, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. No birth certificate was issued. This press item gives the birth date as June 30, but in passport applications she gave her birth date as June 29, 1888. On her 1920 passport application was written "Impossible to secure birth certificate as no official record was kept in Hartford." ^ "Brilliant Social Event". Hartford Weekly Herald. June 29, 1887. p. 3. Retrieved May 30, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "In Society". Owensboro Inquirer. June 18, 1905. p. 3. Retrieved May 30, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "The Earl and the Girl". The Internet Broadway Database. Retrieved May 30, 2021. ^ Boston Theater program, Week of October 22, 1906, The Social Whirl at the Internet Archive. Louise Alexander is listed among the "Manicures" and "Casino Girls". ^ "Auditorium theater program, Chicago, week of March 15, 1908, Follies of 1907". Chicago Public Library: Digital Collections. Retrieved May 30, 2021. Louise Alexander is named five times in the program. ^ "Follies of 1908". The Internet Broadway Database. Retrieved May 30, 2021. Louise Alexander's presence in the show was also mentioned in various newspapers when reporting on her engagement and marriage to Lewis Strang. ^ "Concerts et spectacles divers". La Lanterne. July 11, 1908. pp. 3–4. Retrieved May 31, 2021 – via Gallica. ^ "A Travers the Town: Independence Day", The Sporting Times, London, p. 2, July 11, 1908. Available at the British Newspaper Archive. ^ "Gossip from the Green-room", The Tatler, London, p. 144, November 11, 1908. "'La Danse des Apaches' is the excitement of the moment. In Paris, where it was introduced into one of the many revues, it quickly became the rage. Its popularity has now spread to London, and in the new Empire ballet A Day in Paris it is one of the principal features." Available at the British Newspaper Archive. ^ "Musical Comedy" (PDF). New York Press. December 13, 1908. p. sec. 2 p. 4. Retrieved June 5, 2021 – via Fulton History. ^ Smith, Joseph C. (May 30, 1914). "The Story of a Harlequin". The Saturday Evening Post. 186: 28. ^ Darnton, Charles (December 8, 1908). "The Queen of the Moulin Rouge is Just Pink". New York Evening World. p. 17. Retrieved May 31, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Operetta Full of Girls". Brooklyn Times. December 8, 1908. p. 3. Retrieved June 3, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "'The Spirit of the Dance'—by the Dancers". New York Times. December 13, 1908. p. SM11. Retrieved May 31, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. The Times referred to the Alexander/Smith Apache dance as "The first appearance of the idea in this country", but while The Queen of the Moulin Rouge was still in the rehearsal stage, earlier New York stage appearances of the Apache dance had been presented, including by Alice Eis with Burt French, and by Valeska Suratt with Billy Gould. ^ "A Neck-Breaking Apache Dance", The Tatler, London, p. 359, March 31, 1909. Includes a full-page photo of Smith and Alexander performing the dance. Available at the British Newspaper Archive. ^ "New York Amusements". Plainfield Courier-News. January 15, 1909. p. 11. Retrieved May 31, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Queen of the Moulin Rouge". Variety. January 2, 1909. p. 14. Retrieved June 9, 2021 – via Internet Archive. ^ "Seen on the Stage: Gossip". Vogue. December 28, 1911. p. 1066. Available at ProQuest. ^ "Joe Smith and Louise Alexander..." Variety. March 27, 1909. p. 01. Retrieved May 31, 2021 – via Internet Archive. They were replaced in The Queen of the Moulin Rouge by Mons. Molasso and Mlle. Corio, who had been recently performing the Apache dance on vaudeville. ^ "New Acts of the Week: Smith and Alexander". Variety. April 3, 1909. p. 16. Retrieved May 31, 2021 – via Internet Archive. ^ "Dancers at Maryland". Baltimore Sun. June 8, 1909. p. 7. Retrieved May 31, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "The Flirting Princess". Chicago Inter Ocean. November 3, 1909. p. 6. Retrieved June 14, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. The vampire dance "follows the precedent of A Fool There Was faithfully." This was from a later review of the dance, when Smith was dancing with Adele Rowland. ^ "Gossip from Gotham". Evansville Press. April 3, 1909. p. 3. Retrieved June 14, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Baltimore". Variety. June 19, 1909. p. 29. Retrieved June 14, 2021 – via Internet Archive. ^ "Colonial Theater". Chicago Tribune. January 2, 1910. p. 7. Retrieved May 31, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Meanwhile, Joseph C. Smith continued performing the Apache dance, now partnered with Adele Rowland, in The Flirting Princess. ^ "Colonial theater program, Chicago, week of January 9, 1910, Miss Innocence". Chicago Public Library: Digital Collections. Retrieved June 6, 2021. ^ "Music and the Drama". Chicago Tribune. January 5, 1910. p. 3, sec 2. Retrieved May 31, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "The Drama". New York Tribune. June 21, 1910. p. 7. Retrieved May 31, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Who's Who in Music and Drama. H. P. Hanaford. 1914. p. 372. ^ "Off the Stage to Amuse". Kansas City Star. July 3, 1910. p. 4C. Retrieved May 31, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. This comparison to the Apache dance only referred to the theme of dominant control, not physical brutality. ^ Pollock, Channing (September 1910). "The Summer Girl Shows: Follies of 1910". The Green Book Album. Chicago, Illinois: The Story-Press Corp.: 504. Retrieved June 13, 2021 – via Internet Archive. ^ "The Week's Play Bills". Washington Herald. November 11, 1911. p. 2, sec. 3. Retrieved May 31, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Dietz, Dan (2021). The Complete Book of 1910s Broadway Musicals. Rowman and Littlefield. ISBN 978-1538150276. ^ Fyles, Vanderheyden (December 17, 1911). ""Peggy" is not diverting". Louisville Courier-Journal. p. 4, sec. 4. Retrieved June 7, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.. ^ "New Productions at the Theaters". Anaconda Standard. January 14, 1912. p. 10, sec. 3. Retrieved June 7, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Amusements". New York Sun. February 15, 1914. p. 10, sec. 6. Retrieved May 31, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Louise Alexander and Clive Logan". Variety. February 20, 1914. p. 19. Retrieved May 31, 2021 – via Internet Archive. ^ "About the Varieties; Lively Bill at the Palace". Chicago Tribune. April 14, 1914. p. 7. Retrieved May 31, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Maryland". Baltimore Sun. March 24, 1914. p. 6. Retrieved June 5, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Both to Appear Here". Boston Globe. May 8, 1914. p. 13. Retrieved June 5, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Brooks, John (May 13, 1914), "Dancing Carnival at Boston Theatre", Boston Traveler. The article includes a nice photo of Alexander and Jarrott dancing. Available at myheritage.com ^ "Princes' Restaurant". The Observer (London). July 21, 1914. p. 10. Retrieved June 1, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Tittle Tattle", The Sporting Times, London, p. 2, July 18, 1914. Available at the British Newspaper Archive. ^ "Dinners. Countess Lützow". The Times (London). June 23, 1914. p. 11. Retrieved June 7, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Princes' Hotel & Restaurant", Westminster Gazette, London, p. 9, July 14, 1914. Available at the British Newspaper Archive. ^ "Vance Lowry and the Classic Banjo?". classic-banjo.ning.com. January 7, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2021. The orchestra members were Louis Mitchell, Vance Lowry, Palmer Jones, Jesse Hope, and William Riley, all of whom arrived at Dover, England on board the Vaderland on June 8, 1914, per passenger list. ^ Berliner, Brett A. (Spring 2011). "Syncopated Hite: The Clef Club Negro Baseball Team in Jazz Age Paris". NINE: A Journal of Baseball History and Culture. 19 (2): 44–52. doi:10.1353/nin.2011.0009. S2CID 154156608. ^ "Louise Alexander and Jack Jarrott..." Variety. December 5, 1914. p. 7. Retrieved June 4, 2021 – via Internet Archive. ^ "Jack Jarrott and Louise Alexander..." Variety. January 16, 1915. p. 13. Retrieved June 4, 2021 – via Internet Archive. ^ Per passenger list, as Louise S. Strang. ^ "Another effort to revive..." (PDF). The New York Dramatic Mirror. March 18, 1916. p. 11. Retrieved June 1, 2021 – via Fulton History. ^ "Cabarets". Variety. December 1, 1916. p. 8. Retrieved June 1, 2021 – via Internet Archive. ^ "Restaurants" (PDF). New York Herald. January 10, 1919. p. 6, sec. 2. Retrieved June 7, 2021 – via Fulton History. ^ "Returning Buyers Describe Millinery Trends in Paris". Women's Wear. August 1, 1921. p. 2. Available at ProQuest. ^ "In Society". Owensboro Inquirer. January 9, 1906. p. 6. Retrieved June 1, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Jennie's mother had divorced William Spalding and married Edward Miller earlier that year. ^ "Kentucky Girl". Hartford Herald. September 30, 1908. p. 1. Retrieved June 1, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Louis Strang to Wed". New York Tribune. May 24, 1908. p. 10. Retrieved June 1, 2021 – via Newspapers.com."Lewis" was frequently misspelled as "Louis" in the press. ^ "His Track Record". Lancaster Teller. July 27, 1911. p. 5. Retrieved June 1, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Louis Strang, one of the most..." New York Times. July 30, 1911. p. 28. Retrieved June 4, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Tells of Grand Prix". New York Tribune. July 17, 1908. p. 8. Retrieved June 1, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Bride Proved to be Balky". Oceola Evening Star. September 30, 1908. p. 2. Retrieved June 1, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Auto Racer Figures in Hurry-Up Wedding". Oakland Tribune. October 7, 1908. p. 2. Retrieved June 1, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ For a few anecdotes of their married life see: Leerhsen, Charles (2011). Blood and Smoke: A True Tale of Mystery, Mayhem and the Birth of the Indy 500. Simon & Schuster. ^ "Comments on Live Sports Topics". Buffalo Enquirer. July 21, 1911. p. 10. Retrieved June 1, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. "...The constant fear of becoming suddenly widowed became mental torture to the wife...But the keen eyed, steel nerved Strang only laughed at her fears and delighted in drawing from her little cries of terror while they were on the road in one of his big speed cars." ^ "The Hoodoo that Overtook the 'Mile-a-Minute Man'". Butte Miner. August 14, 1910. p. 21. Retrieved June 1, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Bessie Clayton would Divorce Julien Mitchell". Elmira Star-Gazette. June 24, 1910. p. 1. Retrieved June 6, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "No Divorce, Says Bessie". San Francisco Examiner. December 24, 1911. p. 51. Retrieved June 1, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Strang is Divorced" (PDF). Amsterdam Evening Recorder. January 19, 1911. p. 1. Retrieved June 1, 2021 – via Fulton History. ^ "Goes to Death in Auto; Lewis Strang thought to be Suicide". New Orleans Times Democrat. July 21, 1911. p. 51. Retrieved June 1, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Broadway Banter", Town Topics, New York, October 10, 1912. Available at the institutional archive Everyday Life & Women in America. "Jay O'Brien...manages to keep down his weight by the use of the turkey-trotting as a daily or rather nightly exercise with the lithe and lovely Louise Alexander as a partner." ^ "Evelyn Nesbit's Untold Story". New York Daily News. July 9, 1934. p. 23. Retrieved May 31, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Evelyn Nesbit's Untold Story". New York Daily News. July 10, 1934. p. 25. Retrieved June 2, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Nesbit and the couple "had met at Ziegfeld's parties." ^ "Broadway Banter", Town Topics, New York, August 28, 1913. Available at the institutional archive Everyday Life & Women in America. ^ "Contest for Holly Arms Cup Next Wednesday Evening" (PDF). Rockaway News. September 6, 1913. p. 1. Retrieved June 2, 2021 – via Fulton History. The date of the contest is given as September 10, 1913. ^ "Holly Arms Inn, Famous old Hotel, Sells for $150,000". Brooklyn Times. March 25, 1925. p. 9. Retrieved June 2, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. "It was won by Louise Alexander, dancing with Jay O'Brien." Other clippings also confirm her victory in the contest. ^ "Broadway Banter", Town Topics, New York, February 6, 1914. Available at the institutional archive Everyday Life & Women in America. "Speaking of Louise Alexander reminds me that Jay O'Brien, who has been allowing Mae Murray to bask in the sunshine of his favor for the past few months since his breach with Louise..." ^ "Stage 'Queen' Seeks Divorce". Buffalo Times. October 29, 1918. p. 30. Retrieved June 2, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. "...since their marriage in 1917..." ^ "Says Officials Took Part in High Jinks". Brooklyn Eagle. October 31, 1918. p. 3. Retrieved June 2, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Mrs. Jos. Pani Gets Degree". Brooklyn Eagle. May 7, 1919. p. 4. Retrieved June 2, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. The final degree of divorce was issued on August 27, 1919, and noted on her 1920 passport application. ^ Fenno, Jesse K. (April 1927). "Class of 1916". The Dartmouth Alumni Magazine. XIX (6). Hanover, NH: Dartmouth Publishing Co.: 579. Retrieved June 2, 2021. The identity is confirmed by the obituary notices of Jennie Louise Spalding's mother, listing "Mrs. Park Larmon, New York City" as one of her surviving daughters, the others being accounted for. ^ "In Memorium: 1916". The Dartmouth Alumni Magazine. 50 (1). Brattleboro, VT: Dartmouth Secretaries Association: 92. October 1957. Retrieved June 3, 2021. "Park Jerrold Larmon...is survived by his widow, Louise Spalding Larmon..." ^ New York City Death Index, 1958; Probate Index Card for Louise S. Larmon, Case 6483-1958. ^ Malnig, Julie (1995). Dancing Till Dawn: A Century of Exhibition Ballroom Dance. New York University Press. ISBN 0814755283. "Smith and Alexander's performance of the Apache dance, in fact, did much to popularize the dance in this country." Theatrical popularity of the Apache dance peaked in 1910, per the number of mentions at newspapers.com each year. ^ Golden, Eve (2007). Vernon and Irene Castle's Ragtime Revolution. University Press of Kentucky. p. 73. ISBN 978-0813172699. "Who today remembers...Jack Jarrott and Louise Alexander...?" External links Louise Alexander at the Internet Broadway Database	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Apache dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_dance"},{"link_name":"vaudeville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaudeville"}],"text":"Louise Alexander (June 29/30, 1888 – October 29, 1958), born Jennie Louise Spalding, was an American theatrical and social exhibition dancer between 1905 and 1916. She began as a chorus girl, soon became a pantomime dancer (Apache dance, temptress dance), then an exhibition social dancer in restaurants and on the vaudeville stage.","title":"Louise Alexander (dancer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hartford, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Louisville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Owensboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owensboro,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Jennie Louise Spalding was born in Hartford, Kentucky on June 29 or 30, 1888.[1] Her mother was Nanna/Nannie/Nancy Alexander Spalding and her father was William L. Spalding.[2] Until the age of 18 she lived in Kentucky, primarily in either Louisville, where her father worked, or Owensboro, where her grandparents lived.[3] In late 1905 she moved to New York City and adopted the stage name Louise Alexander.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ziegfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florenz_Ziegfeld_Jr."},{"link_name":"Follies of 1907","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziegfeld_Follies"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Chorus girl","text":"Between 1905 and 1908 Louise Alexander worked as a chorus girl in musicals on Broadway and on tour. Her parts frequently included speaking roles. She appeared in The Earl and the Girl,[4] The Social Whirl,[5] Ziegfeld Follies of 1907,[6] and Follies of 1908.[7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joseph_C._Smith_and_Louise_Alexander_dancing_the_Apache_dance.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mistinguett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistinguett"},{"link_name":"Max Dearly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Dearly"},{"link_name":"Moulin Rouge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moulin_Rouge"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Joseph C. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith_(dancer)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Smith_and_Alexander_as_vaudevlle_headliners_in_1909.jpg"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Apache dancer","text":"Joseph C. Smith and Louise Alexander dancing the Apache dance in Queen of the Moulin Rouge.The French Apache dance came into theatrical prominence in July 1908 when it was danced by Mistinguett and Max Dearly in Revue de Moulin, presented at the Moulin Rouge in Paris.[8][9] In October 1908 the dance became a London hit when danced as \"Danse des Apaches\" by Beatrice Collier and Fred Farren as part of the Music Hall ballet A Day in Paris.[10] In America the first major Apache dance presentation was titled \"The Underworld Dance\", performed by Louise Alexander and Joseph C. Smith in the hit musical comedy-drama The Queen of the Moulin Rouge,[11] which opened in New York on December 7, 1908.Smith later wrote, \"When I first tried the Apache dance with Louise Alexander her hair accidentally fell down, which greatly added to the effect of the thing...So I had big bone hairpins made, with weights to them. These she wore, and they would drop out and her hair would fall down during the dance.\"[12]A New York reviewer observed that the dance was \"rather rough on a young woman who was maltreated by a sallow-faced brute until her lovely hair was hanging down her back.\"[13]Another reviewer wrote that the dance, \"...is the most sensational thing in its line that New York has seen in many a day. A street tough throws his 'bundle' through the dance. How she endures the strain is a marvel.\"[14]Discussing the brutality of the dance, Louise Alexander reportedly told the New York Times,I do not even feel the hurts of his beating and choking me, not even when, in the final battle for supremacy between the love of the girl and the brutal instincts of the thug, he throws me actually and fearfully to the floor. It is all fine. Exhilarating, but such a terrific mental, physical, and nervous strain that I am absolutely exhausted after each performance. ...My partner in the dance tried several times to go through it with less realism, and I had to beg him to use all the seeming brutality demanded by the action.[15]That New York production of The Queen of the Moulin Rouge was reported by a British publication as containing \"a neck-breaking Apache dance...that for extraordinary and exaggerated movement far outdoes anything of its kind in London or Paris.\"[16]Advertisement headlining the vaudeville act of Smith and Alexander in 1909.The emergence of the Apache dance as a sensational highlight of the show led to favorable press items stating \"Joseph C. Smith and Louise Alexander are already famous for what is termed, 'the most artistic character dance the stage has seen in years'.\"[17]Praise of the Apache dance was directed at Smith and Alexander, while criticism of the dance was directed at the producer and the theater: \"...why an 'Apache dance' anyway? Why must we have paraded before us the relations of persons so degraded that their common appellations cannot be spoken in polite conversation?\"[18] or, \"...the Apache dance...should not be permitted on any stage.\"[19]After performing the dance within Queen of the Moulin Rouge for nearly three months, Smith and Alexander left the show to dance on the vaudeville circuit.[20] After observing their new vaudeville act the Variety reviewer wrote, \"Smith and Alexander put up about the best thing that has been seen in the 'Apache' line. It is perhaps a little rough for some of the people with a nice sensitiveness, but it got over all right...\"[21]A reviewer who watched their vaudeville act in Baltimore listed the seven dances they performed in the act: a mechanical doll dance, La Kio, Temptation, Shadow, Apache dance, and French two-step.[22]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Hilliard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_C._Hilliard_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Katharine Kaelred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharine_Kaelred"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Louise_Alexander_Vamp_Photo.jpg"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Anna Held","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Held"},{"link_name":"Julian Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Mitchell_(director)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Chicago Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Channing Pollock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channing_Pollock_(writer)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"London musical of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peggy_(musical)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Florodora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florodora"},{"link_name":"Ned Wayburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ned_Wayburn"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Temptress dancer","text":"The temptation dance, or vampire dance, was primarily inspired by the conclusion of the 1909 hit Broadway play A Fool There Was starring Robert Hilliard with Katharine Kaelred as the vamp.[23] In that play's finale, Kaelred says \"Before we part, kiss me, my fool!\" Hilliard's character soon falls dead, at which point Kaelred laughs and tosses red rose petals on the corpse as the curtain falls.[24]Louise Alexander in Ziegfeld's Follies of 1910.When Smith and Alexander danced their vaudeville act in June 1909 in Baltimore, they had to eliminate the temptation dance after the first performance because the vaudeville theater owner deemed the dance \"vulgar and suggestive\".[25]In January 1910 Louise Alexander joined the cast of Ziegfeld's musical Miss Innocence starring Anna Held, then playing in Chicago. Louise Alexander's dance in that show was \"The Dance of the Flirt\", a temptation dance choreographed by Julian Mitchell.[26][27] According to the Chicago Tribune reviewer, Louise Alexander presented a \"wanton leer that is quite a work of art\" and she was \"a wonder at seductive crouches\".[28]In June 1910 she was in Ziegfeld's Follies of 1910 where she danced the temptation dance again, now retitled \"A Fool There Was\", with Julian Mitchell as her dance partner.[29][30] One reviewer considered the dance essentially a variant of the Apache dance, \"but this time a foolish man was entranced in the hypnotic waltz and a knowing woman did the enchanting.\"[31]Critic Channing Pollock wrote that the dance was \"rendered notable chiefly by Miss Alexander's costume, consisting of a pearl necklace and a becoming spotlight.\"[32]In late 1911 she appeared in Peggy, an American adaptation of the successful London musical of the same name.[33][34] It was reported that Louise Alexander had financed the production. Her supporting role prompted one reviewer to write, \"...Miss Alexander becomes more daring. She sings more and dances much.\"[35] The producer was Thomas W. Ryley, who had produced the hits Queen of the Moulin Rouge and Florodora, and the stage director was Ned Wayburn, but Peggy was not a success.[36]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Louise_Alexander_and_Jack_Jarrott.jpg"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Sun"},{"link_name":"Fanny Brice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanny_Brice"},{"link_name":"Cathrine Countiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathrine_Countiss"},{"link_name":"tango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tango"},{"link_name":"maxixe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxixe_(dance)"},{"link_name":"one-step","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-step"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Advertisement_for_the_Louise_Alexander_Dancing_Cap.jpg"},{"link_name":"Joan Sawyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Sawyer"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Count Francis Lützow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_L%C3%BCtzow"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Louis Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Baltic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Baltic_(1903)"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Rodolfo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Valentino"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joseph_C._Smith_and_Louise_Alexander_performing_the_Apache_dance.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Social exhibition dancer","text":"Louise Alexander and John Jarrott demonstrate a dance step in 1914.In early 1914 she partnered with Clive Logan for social exhibition dancing in vaudeville, accompanied by a five-piece orchestra of black musicians.[37][38] When their tour reached Chicago a reviewer wrote, \"They accomplish various swoops and whirls most gracefully...Miss Alexander and her young man are composed, almost capricious at times, and if they are not blissful they are at least contented.\"[39]A Baltimore Sun reviewer wrote,...There is only one 'star' dressing room on any stage, and electric signs are limited as to their capacity, and with such performers as Fanny Brice, Cathrine Countiss and Louise Alexander on one bill the troubles of a manager are evident. But in this case the patrons of the theatre benefit, for every one of these women, whose names are known wherever an electrical footlight glows in America, tries her best to win the greatest applause. Far be it from the writer, who is without steel armament impregnable to hatpins, to come out and boldly say that Miss So-and-So is the best on the bill...Miss Alexander is remembered for her creations of the Apache and Vampire dances, and she comes this time with dances \"of the moment,\" which mean the Argentine tango, the hesitation waltz, the maxixe and the one-step. With her dancing partner, Clive Logan, she gives the best exhibition of dances seen here this season. What adds to their fascination is the orchestra, composed of five negroes who know how to play for the new dances...[40]A dancing cap was named after Louise Alexander. Vogue, March 15, 1914.In May 1914 she partnered with John (Jack) Jarrott who had formerly been dancing with Joan Sawyer. It was announced that Alexander and Jarrott would dance in the \"Congress of the World's Greatest Dancers\" held at a theater in Boston, after which they planned travel to London and Continental cities before returning to America in the late Fall.[41] Regarding their dancing in Boston one reviewer wrote,...Louise Alexander and John Jarrott, however, were the real features of the evening. Here was dancing that had the stamp of authority. Whatever the step, whatever the time, this couple showed remarkable pedal dexterity—if such an expression may be used—and absolute sense of rhythm. Their steps may have been more unusual than those of the rest, but the ease with which they were taken made them seem simplicity itself. To them, and particularly to Miss Alexander, dancing seemed as natural and as inevitable as walking.[42]Louise Alexander, John Jarrott, and the five-piece orchestra soon sailed from New York to a London booking at the Princes' Hotel and Restaurant in Piccadilly.[43] Reportedly their dance performances at the Princes' during June and July 1914 were \"packing the place nicely, and long before the theatres are out every table is taken.\"[44] While in London, Jarrott and Alexander also gave a dance exhibition at a party hosted by the Countess Lützow, wife of Count Francis Lützow.[45]London newspaper ads for Princes' Restaurant in mid-July announced the \"Special engagement of Miss L. Alexander and Mr. J. Jarrott with their celebrated coloured Band, who will entertain during supper until further notice.\"[46] That dance orchestra ensemble, led by Louis Mitchell, was the Southern Symphony Quintette, now renamed the Beaux Arts Symphony Quintette.[47] Due to the outbreak of World War I the dance team and orchestra returned to New York.[48]In early December 1914 it was announced that Louise Alexander and John Jarrott would soon open a vaudeville tour, starting in Chicago.[49] But the act did not appear.[50] Louise Alexander sailed back to England on the Baltic, arriving at Liverpool on January 1, 1915.[51]In March 1916 it was announced that a vaudeville opening was being arranged for Louise Alexander \"with Rodolfo, late co-partner with Bonnie Glass, as her partner.\"[52]In December 1916 Louise Alexander was reported dancing professionally at the Woodmansten Inn, in Westchester, New York, owned by Joseph L. Pani.[53]Throughout January 1919, ads for the Café des Beaux Arts, in New York, stated that Louise Alexander was serving as hostess for their supper dances.[54]When she returned from a trip to Paris in 1921 she was described in the press as, \"Louise Alexander, formerly of the Follies, who recently opened a retail millinery and dressmaking shop, returning from her first buying trip.\"[55]The Theatre, January 1909.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Lewis Strang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Strang"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"1908 French Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908_French_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Bessie Clayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessie_Clayton"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Jay O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_O%27Brien_(bobsleigh)"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Evelyn Nesbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evelyn_Nesbit"},{"link_name":"Flo Ziegfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florenz_Ziegfeld_Jr."},{"link_name":"Lillian Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillian_Lorraine"},{"link_name":"Ann Pennington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Pennington_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Vera Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera_Maxwell"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Olympic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Olympic"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Mauretania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Mauretania"},{"link_name":"Town Topics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_Topics_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Mae Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mae_Murray"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Dartmouth College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_College"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Bayside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayside,_Queens"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"}],"text":"Shortly after moving to New York in late 1905 she married E. H. Lowe.[56] They divorced shortly afterward.[57]In 1908 newspapers announced Louise Alexander's engagement to race car driver Lewis Strang and photos of them together were published.[58] The record-breaking[59] daredevil driver and the Follies girl instantly became a celebrity couple. Strang, who \"always insisted on having ice cream before, during and after each big race,\"[60] was the only American driver in the 1908 French Grand Prix; when he returned to New York she was reported greeting him at the dock.[61] He planned their wedding in September 1908 at Stamford, Connecticut, but she backed out when he arrived at the New York theater to pick her up after a Follies of 1908 performance. When reporters asked if she was married, she reportedly replied, \"Married? Me? Well, not in this act.\"[62] A few days later Strang and Alexander were married in Chicago.[63][64] Strang wanted her to quit the stage; she wanted him to give up race car driving.[65] In 1910, during the time she was performing a temptress dance with Julian Mitchell, Mitchell's wife Bessie Clayton filed for divorce, citing Louise Alexander as corespondent.[66][67] Mitchell and Clayton later reconciled.[68] Louise Alexander divorced Strang in early 1911.[69] On July 20, 1911, Strang died in an automobile accident. Press rumors suggested he had deliberately sought death because of his failed marriage.[70]New York cabaret venues were then increasing in popularity, and in late 1912 gossip columns began mentioning Louise Alexander and gambler Jay O'Brien dancing together.[71] Evelyn Nesbit recalled,Night clubs as we knew them in the prohibition epoch did not exist, the cabaret idea being still in its embryo stage. Maxim's in W. 38th St., Bustanoby's in W. 39th, and Reisenweber's at Columbus Circle about completed the list. Their novelty attracted all the Broadway celebrities—Flo Ziegfeld and his most beautiful star, Lillian Lorraine; also Bonnie Glass, Al Davis, Jay O'Brien and Louise Alexander, Ann Pennington, Vera Maxwell and Beatrice Allen.[72]Nesbit also recalled Jay and Louise were fellow passengers on the Olympic, which sailed from New York on May 3, 1913.[73] Jay and Louise returned on the Mauretania, arriving at New York from Liverpool on August 9, 1913. Listed on page 14 of the passenger list was Jay J. O'Brien and his \"wife\" Louise. On August 28, 1913, the following item appeared in Town Topics,Reports that the good-looking and popular Jay O'Brien, once a famous gentleman jockey, has been married to a certain attractive little dancer are said to be absolutely false. It is true that Louise and Jay happened to cross on the same steamer, and that, almost six months later, they quite accidentally happened to return on the same ocean. But matrimony? He's not that kind of a Jay.[74]In September 1913 Jay and Louise entered a dance contest at Holly Arms on Long Island, and won the first prize trophy.[75][76] A few months later it was reported that Mae Murray had replaced Louise Alexander as O'Brien's restaurant dance partner.[77] O'Brien and Murray married in 1916.In 1917 Louise Alexander married restaurateur Joseph L. Pani.[78] She filed for divorce in 1918, alleging that her private apartments at the Woodmansten Inn had been used by Pani for \"orgies\".[79] The divorce was granted in 1919.[80]In 1926 she married Park (\"Pike\") J. Larmon, a Dartmouth College graduate,[81] and the couple soon moved to Bayside, Long Island, New York. He died in 1957,[82] and Louise Alexander died the following year on October 28, 1958, at the age of 70.[83]","title":"Private life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"}],"text":"Louise Alexander's version of the Apache dance contributed strongly to that dance's initial theatrical success.[84] Her other theatrical dances, including her exhibition ballroom dancing, helped spread the popularity of dances like the tango but had little enduring impact.[85]Her 1914 employment of a black orchestral ensemble for playing her dance music, in venues where black musicians were infrequently seen, helped to advance acceptance of live black musicians into white-dominant culture.","title":"Legacy"}]	[{"image_text":"Joseph C. Smith and Louise Alexander dancing the Apache dance in Queen of the Moulin Rouge.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Joseph_C._Smith_and_Louise_Alexander_dancing_the_Apache_dance.jpg/220px-Joseph_C._Smith_and_Louise_Alexander_dancing_the_Apache_dance.jpg"},{"image_text":"Advertisement headlining the vaudeville act of Smith and Alexander in 1909.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Smith_and_Alexander_as_vaudevlle_headliners_in_1909.jpg/220px-Smith_and_Alexander_as_vaudevlle_headliners_in_1909.jpg"},{"image_text":"Louise Alexander in Ziegfeld's Follies of 1910.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Louise_Alexander_Vamp_Photo.jpg/220px-Louise_Alexander_Vamp_Photo.jpg"},{"image_text":"A dancing cap was named after Louise Alexander. Vogue, March 15, 1914.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Advertisement_for_the_Louise_Alexander_Dancing_Cap.jpg/220px-Advertisement_for_the_Louise_Alexander_Dancing_Cap.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Born\". Hartford Weekly Herald. July 4, 1888. p. 3. Retrieved May 30, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/78634550/birth-announcement-for-jennie-louise-spa/","url_text":"\"Born\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brilliant Social Event\". Hartford Weekly Herald. June 29, 1887. p. 3. Retrieved May 30, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/78636411/marriage-of-nanna-alexander-and-william/","url_text":"\"Brilliant Social Event\""}]},{"reference":"\"In Society\". Owensboro Inquirer. June 18, 1905. p. 3. Retrieved May 30, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/78637814/jennie-louise-spalding-arrives-to-spend/","url_text":"\"In Society\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Earl and the Girl\". The Internet Broadway Database. Retrieved May 30, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/the-earl-and-the-girl-4886#OpeningNightCast","url_text":"\"The Earl and the Girl\""}]},{"reference":"\"Auditorium theater program, Chicago, week of March 15, 1908, Follies of 1907\". Chicago Public Library: Digital Collections. Retrieved May 30, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://digital.chipublib.org/digital/collection/CPB01/id/4107/","url_text":"\"Auditorium theater program, Chicago, week of March 15, 1908, Follies of 1907\""}]},{"reference":"\"Follies of 1908\". The Internet Broadway Database. Retrieved May 30, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/ziegfeld-follies-of-1908-6562#Replacements","url_text":"\"Follies of 1908\""}]},{"reference":"\"Concerts et spectacles divers\". La Lanterne. July 11, 1908. pp. 3–4. Retrieved May 31, 2021 – via Gallica.","urls":[{"url":"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k7515437v/f3.item.zoom","url_text":"\"Concerts et spectacles divers\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Travers the Town: Independence Day\", The Sporting Times, London, p. 2, July 11, 1908","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Gossip from the Green-room\", The Tatler, London, p. 144, November 11, 1908","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Musical Comedy\" (PDF). New York Press. December 13, 1908. p. sec. 2 p. 4. Retrieved June 5, 2021 – via Fulton History.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fultonhistory.com/Login_18/New%20York%20NY%20Press/New%20York%20NY%20Press%201908/New%20York%20NY%20Press%201908%20-%204703.pdf","url_text":"\"Musical Comedy\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Joseph C. (May 30, 1914). \"The Story of a Harlequin\". The Saturday Evening Post. 186: 28.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=C1oxAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PA28","url_text":"\"The Story of a Harlequin\""}]},{"reference":"Darnton, Charles (December 8, 1908). \"The Queen of the Moulin Rouge is Just Pink\". New York Evening World. p. 17. Retrieved May 31, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/78676566/review-of-the-musical-comedy-drama-the","url_text":"\"The Queen of the Moulin Rouge is Just Pink\""}]},{"reference":"\"Operetta Full of Girls\". Brooklyn Times. December 8, 1908. p. 3. Retrieved June 3, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/78907571/review-of-queen-of-the-moulin-rouge","url_text":"\"Operetta Full of Girls\""}]},{"reference":"\"'The Spirit of the Dance'—by the Dancers\". New York Times. December 13, 1908. p. SM11. Retrieved May 31, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/78679155/joseph-c-smith-and-louise-alexander-dis/","url_text":"\"'The Spirit of the Dance'—by the Dancers\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Neck-Breaking Apache Dance\", The Tatler, London, p. 359, March 31, 1909","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"New York Amusements\". Plainfield Courier-News. January 15, 1909. p. 11. Retrieved May 31, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/78680621/the-apache-dance-is-the-reigning-sensati/","url_text":"\"New York Amusements\""}]},{"reference":"\"Queen of the Moulin Rouge\". Variety. January 2, 1909. p. 14. Retrieved June 9, 2021 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/variety13-1909-01/page/n13/mode/2up?view=theater","url_text":"\"Queen of the Moulin Rouge\""}]},{"reference":"\"Joe Smith and Louise Alexander...\" Variety. March 27, 1909. p. 01. Retrieved May 31, 2021 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/variety14-1909-03/page/n123/mode/2up?view=theater/","url_text":"\"Joe Smith and Louise Alexander...\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Acts of the Week: Smith and Alexander\". Variety. April 3, 1909. p. 16. Retrieved May 31, 2021 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/variety14-1909-04/page/n15/mode/2up?view=theater/","url_text":"\"New Acts of the Week: Smith and Alexander\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dancers at Maryland\". Baltimore Sun. June 8, 1909. p. 7. Retrieved May 31, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/78684366/smith-and-alexander-appear-on-the-vaudev/","url_text":"\"Dancers at Maryland\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Flirting Princess\". Chicago Inter Ocean. November 3, 1909. p. 6. Retrieved June 14, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/61512513/review-of-the-premiere-of-the-flirting/","url_text":"\"The Flirting Princess\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gossip from Gotham\". Evansville Press. April 3, 1909. p. 3. Retrieved June 14, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79582514/review-of-the-play-a-fool-there-was/","url_text":"\"Gossip from Gotham\""}]},{"reference":"\"Baltimore\". Variety. June 19, 1909. p. 29. Retrieved June 14, 2021 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/variety15-1909-06/page/n100/mode/2up?view=theater","url_text":"\"Baltimore\""}]},{"reference":"\"Colonial Theater\". Chicago Tribune. January 2, 1910. p. 7. Retrieved May 31, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/78691386/ad-for-miss-innocence-announcing-louis/","url_text":"\"Colonial Theater\""}]},{"reference":"\"Colonial theater program, Chicago, week of January 9, 1910, Miss Innocence\". Chicago Public Library: Digital Collections. Retrieved June 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://digital.chipublib.org/digital/collection/CPB01/id/4209/","url_text":"\"Colonial theater program, Chicago, week of January 9, 1910, Miss Innocence\""}]},{"reference":"\"Music and the Drama\". Chicago Tribune. January 5, 1910. p. 3, sec 2. Retrieved May 31, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/78690679/review-of-louise-alexanders-vampire-dan/","url_text":"\"Music and the Drama\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Drama\". New York Tribune. June 21, 1910. p. 7. Retrieved May 31, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/78703527/review-of-ziegfelds-follies-of-1910/","url_text":"\"The Drama\""}]},{"reference":"Who's Who in Music and Drama. H. P. Hanaford. 1914. p. 372.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pf0PAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA372","url_text":"Who's Who in Music and Drama"}]},{"reference":"\"Off the Stage to Amuse\". Kansas City Star. July 3, 1910. p. 4C. Retrieved May 31, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/78706027/the-julian-mitchell-bessie-clayton-l/","url_text":"\"Off the Stage to Amuse\""}]},{"reference":"Pollock, Channing (September 1910). \"The Summer Girl Shows: Follies of 1910\". The Green Book Album. Chicago, Illinois: The Story-Press Corp.: 504. 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ISBN 978-1538150276.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LecZEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA125","url_text":"The Complete Book of 1910s Broadway Musicals"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1538150276","url_text":"978-1538150276"}]},{"reference":"Fyles, Vanderheyden (December 17, 1911). \"\"Peggy\" is not diverting\". Louisville Courier-Journal. p. 4, sec. 4. Retrieved June 7, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79193563/review-of-1911-musical-peggy/","url_text":"\"\"Peggy\" is not diverting\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Productions at the Theaters\". Anaconda Standard. January 14, 1912. p. 10, sec. 3. Retrieved June 7, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79212413/announcement-that-the-musical-peggy-ha/","url_text":"\"New Productions at the Theaters\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amusements\". New York Sun. February 15, 1914. p. 10, sec. 6. Retrieved May 31, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/78716508/louise-alexander-and-clive-logan-dance-t/","url_text":"\"Amusements\""}]},{"reference":"\"Louise Alexander and Clive Logan\". Variety. February 20, 1914. p. 19. Retrieved May 31, 2021 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/variety33-1914-02/page/n87/mode/2up?view=theater/","url_text":"\"Louise Alexander and Clive Logan\""}]},{"reference":"\"About the Varieties; Lively Bill at the Palace\". Chicago Tribune. April 14, 1914. p. 7. Retrieved May 31, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/78718305/review-of-a-vaudeville-dance-performance/","url_text":"\"About the Varieties; Lively Bill at the Palace\""}]},{"reference":"\"Maryland\". Baltimore Sun. March 24, 1914. p. 6. Retrieved June 5, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79025027/vaudeville-review-featuring-fanny-brice/","url_text":"\"Maryland\""}]},{"reference":"\"Both to Appear Here\". Boston Globe. May 8, 1914. p. 13. Retrieved June 5, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79092431/announcement-that-louise-alexander-and-j/","url_text":"\"Both to Appear Here\""}]},{"reference":"Brooks, John (May 13, 1914), \"Dancing Carnival at Boston Theatre\", Boston Traveler","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Princes' Restaurant\". The Observer (London). July 21, 1914. p. 10. Retrieved June 1, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/78738010/","url_text":"\"Princes' Restaurant\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tittle Tattle\", The Sporting Times, London, p. 2, July 18, 1914","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Dinners. Countess Lützow\". The Times (London). June 23, 1914. p. 11. Retrieved June 7, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79284421/dinner-and-afterparty-hosted-by-count-an/","url_text":"\"Dinners. Countess Lützow\""}]},{"reference":"\"Princes' Hotel & Restaurant\", Westminster Gazette, London, p. 9, July 14, 1914","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Vance Lowry and the Classic Banjo?\". classic-banjo.ning.com. January 7, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://classic-banjo.ning.com/forum/topics/vance-lowry-and-the-classic-banjo?commentId=2667446%3AComment%3A97087","url_text":"\"Vance Lowry and the Classic Banjo?\""}]},{"reference":"Berliner, Brett A. (Spring 2011). \"Syncopated Hite: The Clef Club Negro Baseball Team in Jazz Age Paris\". NINE: A Journal of Baseball History and Culture. 19 (2): 44–52. doi:10.1353/nin.2011.0009. S2CID 154156608.","urls":[{"url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/445827","url_text":"\"Syncopated Hite: The Clef Club Negro Baseball Team in Jazz Age Paris\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fnin.2011.0009","url_text":"10.1353/nin.2011.0009"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154156608","url_text":"154156608"}]},{"reference":"\"Louise Alexander and Jack Jarrott...\" Variety. December 5, 1914. p. 7. Retrieved June 4, 2021 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/variety33-1914-02/page/n87/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Louise Alexander and Jack Jarrott...\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jack Jarrott and Louise Alexander...\" Variety. January 16, 1915. p. 13. 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Retrieved June 7, 2021 – via Fulton History.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fultonhistory.com/Newspaper%2014/New%20York%20NY%20Herald/New%20York%20NY%20Herald%201919/New%20York%20NY%20Herald%201919%20-%200257.pdf","url_text":"\"Restaurants\""}]},{"reference":"\"In Society\". Owensboro Inquirer. January 9, 1906. p. 6. Retrieved June 1, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/78748073/marriage-of-jennie-louise-spalding-and-e/","url_text":"\"In Society\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kentucky Girl\". Hartford Herald. September 30, 1908. p. 1. Retrieved June 1, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/78749424/jennie-spalding-lowe-divorced-e-h-lowe/","url_text":"\"Kentucky Girl\""}]},{"reference":"\"Louis Strang to Wed\". New York Tribune. May 24, 1908. p. 10. Retrieved June 1, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/78750431/engagement-announcement-and-photo-of-lew/","url_text":"\"Louis Strang to Wed\""}]},{"reference":"\"His Track Record\". Lancaster Teller. July 27, 1911. p. 5. Retrieved June 1, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/78769860/listing-of-lewis-strangs-victories-and/","url_text":"\"His Track Record\""}]},{"reference":"\"Louis Strang, one of the most...\" New York Times. July 30, 1911. p. 28. Retrieved June 4, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/78928742/lewis-strang-anecdotes/","url_text":"\"Louis Strang, one of the most...\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tells of Grand Prix\". New York Tribune. July 17, 1908. p. 8. Retrieved June 1, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/78751253/lewis-strang-returns-from-the-1908-frenc/","url_text":"\"Tells of Grand Prix\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bride Proved to be Balky\". Oceola Evening Star. September 30, 1908. p. 2. Retrieved June 1, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/78751874/jennie-spalding-wants-more-time-to-decid/","url_text":"\"Bride Proved to be Balky\""}]},{"reference":"\"Auto Racer Figures in Hurry-Up Wedding\". Oakland Tribune. October 7, 1908. p. 2. Retrieved June 1, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/78752956/lewis-strang-and-jennie-louise-spalding/","url_text":"\"Auto Racer Figures in Hurry-Up Wedding\""}]},{"reference":"\"Comments on Live Sports Topics\". Buffalo Enquirer. July 21, 1911. p. 10. Retrieved June 1, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/78753787/column-on-driver-lewis-strang/","url_text":"\"Comments on Live Sports Topics\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Hoodoo that Overtook the 'Mile-a-Minute Man'\". Butte Miner. August 14, 1910. p. 21. Retrieved June 1, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/78767419/full-page-article-on-strangs-auto-and-m/","url_text":"\"The Hoodoo that Overtook the 'Mile-a-Minute Man'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bessie Clayton would Divorce Julien Mitchell\". Elmira Star-Gazette. June 24, 1910. p. 1. Retrieved June 6, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79128129/bessie-clayton-sues-julian-mitchell-for/","url_text":"\"Bessie Clayton would Divorce Julien Mitchell\""}]},{"reference":"\"No Divorce, Says Bessie\". San Francisco Examiner. December 24, 1911. p. 51. Retrieved June 1, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/78771215/bessie-clayton-reconciles-with-julian-mi/","url_text":"\"No Divorce, Says Bessie\""}]},{"reference":"\"Strang is Divorced\" (PDF). Amsterdam Evening Recorder. January 19, 1911. p. 1. Retrieved June 1, 2021 – via Fulton History.","urls":[{"url":"https://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper4%2FAmsterdam%2520NY%2520Daily%2520Democrat%2520and%2520Recorder%2FAmsterdam%2520NY%2520Daily%2520Democrat%2520and%2520Recorder%25201910%2520Oct-1911%2520Mar%2520Grayscale%2FAmsterdam%2520NY%2520Evening%2520Recorder%2520and%2520Daily%2520Democrat%25201910%2520Oct-1911%2520Mar%2520Grayscale%2520-%25200872.pdf","url_text":"\"Strang is Divorced\""}]},{"reference":"\"Goes to Death in Auto; Lewis Strang thought to be Suicide\". New Orleans Times Democrat. July 21, 1911. p. 51. Retrieved June 1, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/78791387/death-of-lewis-strang-reported-as-possib/","url_text":"\"Goes to Death in Auto; Lewis Strang thought to be Suicide\""}]},{"reference":"\"Broadway Banter\", Town Topics, New York, October 10, 1912","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Evelyn Nesbit's Untold Story\". New York Daily News. July 9, 1934. p. 23. Retrieved May 31, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/78791710/evelyn-nesbit-comments-on-cabaret-life-i/","url_text":"\"Evelyn Nesbit's Untold Story\""}]},{"reference":"\"Evelyn Nesbit's Untold Story\". New York Daily News. July 10, 1934. p. 25. Retrieved June 2, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/78819940/evelyn-nesbit-recalls-her-fellow-passeng/","url_text":"\"Evelyn Nesbit's Untold Story\""}]},{"reference":"\"Broadway Banter\", Town Topics, New York, August 28, 1913","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Contest for Holly Arms Cup Next Wednesday Evening\" (PDF). Rockaway News. September 6, 1913. p. 1. Retrieved June 2, 2021 – via Fulton History.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fultonhistory.com/Newspapers%2021/Rockaway%20NY%20News/Rockaway%20NY%20News%201913/Rockaway%20NY%20News%201913%2000456_2.pdf","url_text":"\"Contest for Holly Arms Cup Next Wednesday Evening\""}]},{"reference":"\"Holly Arms Inn, Famous old Hotel, Sells for $150,000\". Brooklyn Times. March 25, 1925. p. 9. Retrieved June 2, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/78821277/description-of-championship-dance-contes/","url_text":"\"Holly Arms Inn, Famous old Hotel, Sells for $150,000\""}]},{"reference":"\"Broadway Banter\", Town Topics, New York, February 6, 1914","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Stage 'Queen' Seeks Divorce\". Buffalo Times. October 29, 1918. p. 30. Retrieved June 2, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/78832247/louise-alexander-pani-files-for-divorce/","url_text":"\"Stage 'Queen' Seeks Divorce\""}]},{"reference":"\"Says Officials Took Part in High Jinks\". Brooklyn Eagle. October 31, 1918. p. 3. Retrieved June 2, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/78832716/louise-pani-files-for-divorce-from-josep/","url_text":"\"Says Officials Took Part in High Jinks\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mrs. Jos. Pani Gets Degree\". Brooklyn Eagle. May 7, 1919. p. 4. Retrieved June 2, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/78833217/louise-pani-obtains-divorce-from-joseph/","url_text":"\"Mrs. Jos. Pani Gets Degree\""}]},{"reference":"Fenno, Jesse K. (April 1927). \"Class of 1916\". The Dartmouth Alumni Magazine. XIX (6). Hanover, NH: Dartmouth Publishing Co.: 579. Retrieved June 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.dartmouthalumnimagazine.com/issue/19270401#!&pid=578","url_text":"\"Class of 1916\""}]},{"reference":"\"In Memorium: 1916\". The Dartmouth Alumni Magazine. 50 (1). Brattleboro, VT: Dartmouth Secretaries Association: 92. October 1957. Retrieved June 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.dartmouthalumnimagazine.com/issue/19571001#!&pid=92","url_text":"\"In Memorium: 1916\""}]},{"reference":"Malnig, Julie (1995). Dancing Till Dawn: A Century of Exhibition Ballroom Dance. New York University Press. ISBN 0814755283.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3wcUCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA95","url_text":"Dancing Till Dawn: A Century of Exhibition Ballroom Dance"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0814755283","url_text":"0814755283"}]},{"reference":"Golden, Eve (2007). Vernon and Irene Castle's Ragtime Revolution. University Press of Kentucky. p. 73. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_l%27Hers	Château de l'Hers	["1 From prehistory to late antiquity","2 The old château of Châteauneuf-du-Pape","3 Rhône tollgate and watch tower","4 The château in our days","5 Notes and references"]	Coordinates: 44°03′15″N 4°47′29″E / 44.0542°N 4.7915°E / 44.0542; 4.7915The origins of the Château de l'Hers, in Châteauneuf-du-Pape on the banks of the Rhône, go back to the beginning of the 10th century. Until the French Revolution it was an enclave of Languedoc in the Comtat Venaissin. Protected as a historic monument since 1973, it has given its name to a winery. From prehistory to late antiquity Various elements of the château de l'Hers attest to the occupation of this strategically important location as a control point for river traffic, since late Antiquity at the latest. Several tombs with saddleback roofs form a small 6th-7th necropolis not far from the first known chapel of the château, dedicated to Saints Cosmas and Damian. An excavation of this ruined church found lithic industries, and sherds from antiquity and the Iron Age, fragments of Tegula tiles and a cipolin cladding probably dating to Antiquity were re-used in the masonry. A large number of weapons, coins and medals were found in the area. The tollgate on the Rhône was put in place in 79 AD under Vespasian, according to V. Millet (1864). There must have been a Roman castrum, probably destroyed in the great invasions. This appeared under the name of castellum de Leri in a 913 charter. It was signed by Louis the Blind and ceded it to Foulques, Bishop of Avignon. The old château of Châteauneuf-du-Pape The old château of Châteauneuf-du-Pape In 1077, his successor Rostaing granted the fief to Pierre d'Albaron, who built a keep there. The first mention of a Castro Novo (new fortified village), which led to the name Châteauneuf-du-Pape, does not appear until 1094 It became the château de l'Hers after it was expanded in the 12th century and then was renovated for the first time during the 13th century. Certain historians have said that the Knights Templar used it at the end of the 12th century. This legend was disproven by the historians in the 20th century. L'Hers (or Lair, or Lers), become an enclave of Languedoc on the right bank of the Rhône, the château and its village were in ruins during the 12th century. Historical texts say that the parish had two places of worship, the parish church named Sainte-Marie and the château's chapel dedicated to Saints Cosmas and Damian Jacques d'Euze, formerly bishop of Avignon, was elected pope in 1316 and took the name John XXII. Châteauneuf fell directly under his authority. Barely pope for three months, he had construction undertaken at l'Hers. The accounts of the Apostolic Camera say that he allocated 3,000 florins to the restoration of the old 12-century château. Rhône tollgate and watch tower Le château seen from Roquemaure During the Middle Ages, the old château was a watch post and toll station on the Rhône which passed to different families allied to the Albaron family. The Albaron kept their fief until 1360, when it was transferred to the de Roquefeuil family as a dowry. Around 1400, it came back to the Albaron de Laudin des Baux family, who kept it until the 1420s. The last heiress of this family brought it as a dowry to an Allemand. That family then took the name Allemand de Laudun Albaron. During the 16th century its toll rights fell in turn to the Arpajon Cardaillac, Monteynard and Montmorency families, then to the Duke of Lévis Ventadour. Hercule de Rohan, prince of Soubise, inherited it and his family still owned it when the French Revolution broke out. The tolls were abolished with the abrogation of aristocratic privileges during the French Revolution, and the enclave of l'Hers was attached to the new department of Vaucluse. The château in our days Today the château is private property. At the winery that takes its name, Marcel Georges elaborates a red Châteauneuf-du-pape with a base of Syrah, Mourvèdre, Muscardin, Counoise, Cinsault, Grenache, Vaccarese and Terret, and a white Châteauneuf-du-pape which blends Picardan, Roussanne, Clairette, Picpoul and white Grenache. With an area of 14 hectares, it's one of the rare wineries allowed to use the name, which is an appellation d'origine controllée, to offer the full array of the thirteen Châteauneuf-du-Pape varieties. Thirteen grape varieties of Châteauneuf-du-Pape Name and origin Description Grenache Spain Grenache A vigorous plant, this variety dominates the winery with 60% of the cultivated surface. In the Vaucluse, the northern limit of its range, it reveals its full potential by producing a wine that has a light color and great aromatic strength, with notes of kirsch, prunes and cassis Mourvèdre Spain Mourvèdre A late-maturing variety sensitive to dry conditions, it brings specific aromas to the wine as it ages. Its qualitative nature also give wine a profound color and tannins apt to refine over the years. Syrah Rhône Valley Syrah Well-represented in Châteauneuf-du-pape, this variety, beyond its great aromatic richness, gives colour and melded tannins. When blended with grenache and mourvèdre, it produces wines that truffle note Cinsaut Provence Cinsaut Dual-use grape - both a wine and a table grape - it is cultivated somewhat lesshere because it doesn't have much tannin or color. It brings elegance, fruitiness and finesse to the wine. Muscardin Vaucluse Muscardin Originally from the departement of Vaucluse, when made into wine it is always blended with other varieties. It brings floral notes and freshness to the wine. Counoise Spain or Vaucluse Counoise Originally from Spain, it was offered to Pope Urbain V then pope at Avignon — by a vice-légat named Counesa. In wines it is always blended and brings finesse, suppleness et fruitiness. These wines have a deep and brilliant color and aromas of spices, prune and blackberry. Clairette Provence and Languedoc Clairette A native variety and thus particuliarly well-adapted to a location that combines heat and pebbly soil, it produces buttery wines with complex aromas which mix citrus and white flowers Bourboulenc Provence and Languedoc Bourboulenc A late variety, which thrives in hot, dry, low-altitude locations, it is therefore particularly well-adapted to Châteauneuf-du-Pape. It brings balance and produces a lively, very floral wine, full of subtle although fleeting aromas of bitter almond, vanilla and green apple. Roussanne Valley of the Rhône Roussanne A very qualitative wine, it brings Châteauneuf wines elegance and finesse. Its aromas are characterised by floral notes mixing scents of iris, violets and honeysuckle. Piquepoul Rhône valley and Languedoc Piquepoul Originally from Languedoc, its wine, aromatic with a strong bouquet, is rich, full of finesse, elegance and typicity Picardan Provence Picardan Originally from Provence, this variety is vigorous and productive. When made into wine it brings typicity, bouquet and finesse. Terret noir Valley of the Rhône and Languedoc Terret noir Often combined with grenache and syrah, whose power it attenuates, this makes a light wine with a pale color, light, but with an agreeable bouquet carried by a good acidity. Vaccarèse Camargue Vaccarèse Originally from lower Provence, it makes a light floral wine with little color, fresh and elegant. In blends, it moderates the ardor of grenache. Although the winery kept the name of the château it does not include the name in its business since the château lies outside the Appellation d'origine contrôlée terroir. Only the lower chamber of the medieval keep and the 14th-century round tower remain of the château, along with a few vestiges of the ramparts. The site was registered as a monument historique in 1973. Notes and references ^ a b Histoire de Châteauneuf-du-Pape sur le site avignon-et-provence.com ^ Jules Courtet, op. cit., p. 149. ^ a b c d Robert Bailly, op. cit., p. 154. ^ Alain Dugas, Château La Nerthe, 2009 en ligne Archived 2014-01-15 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b Le château de l'Hers sur le site patrimoine-de-france.com ^ Jules Courtet, op. cit., p. 147. ^ Robert Bailly, opere citato, p. 155. ^ a b Robert Bailly, op. cit., p. 155. ^ Jean-Pierre Saltarelli, op. cit., p. 89. ^ "Le Château de l'Hers à Châteauneuf-du-Pape : un domaine viticole". Archived from the original on 2014-01-07. Retrieved 2021-07-14. ^ "Château de l'Hers, vignobles Marcel Georges". Archived from the original on 2013-10-20. Retrieved 2016-11-06. ^ a b c Aude Lutun, op. cit., p. 38. ^ a b Aude Lutun,op. cit., p. 39. ^ Le muscardin sur le site lescepages.free ^ La counoise sur le site lescepages.free ^ Jean-Pierre Saltarelli, Les Côtes du Ventoux. ^ Aude Lutun, op. cit., p. 39. ^ Le picpoul ou piquepoul on lescepages.free ^ Le picardan sur le site lescepages.free ^ Le terret noir sur le site idealwine.com ^ Le terret noir sur le site 1001degustations.com ^ Le vaccarèse ou brun argenté sur le site lescepages.free ^ Base Mérimée: PA00082029, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French) 44°03′15″N 4°47′29″E / 44.0542°N 4.7915°E / 44.0542; 4.7915	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Châteauneuf-du-Pape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teauneuf-du-Pape"},{"link_name":"Rhône","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"enclave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enclave_and_exclave"},{"link_name":"Languedoc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languedoc"},{"link_name":"Comtat Venaissin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comtat_Venaissin"},{"link_name":"winery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winery"}],"text":"The origins of the Château de l'Hers, in Châteauneuf-du-Pape on the banks of the Rhône, go back to the beginning of the 10th century. Until the French Revolution it was an enclave of Languedoc in the Comtat Venaissin. Protected as a historic monument since 1973, it has given its name to a winery.","title":"Château de l'Hers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"saddleback roofs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddleback_roof"},{"link_name":"necropolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necropolis"},{"link_name":"Saints Cosmas and Damian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saints_Cosmas_and_Damian"},{"link_name":"lithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithic_stage"},{"link_name":"industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_(archaeology)"},{"link_name":"sherds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherd"},{"link_name":"antiquity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_antiquity"},{"link_name":"Iron Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age"},{"link_name":"Tegula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbrex_and_tegula"},{"link_name":"cipolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipolin"},{"link_name":"cladding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladding_(construction)"},{"link_name":"masonry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masonry"},{"link_name":"Vespasian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vespasian"},{"link_name":"castrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castra"},{"link_name":"great invasions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_invasions&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chateau-1"},{"link_name":"charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Louis the Blind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_the_Blind"}],"text":"Various elements of the château de l'Hers attest to the occupation of this strategically important location as a control point for river traffic, since late Antiquity at the latest. Several tombs with saddleback roofs form a small 6th-7th necropolis not far from the first known chapel of the château, dedicated to Saints Cosmas and Damian. An excavation of this ruined church found lithic industries, and sherds from antiquity and the Iron Age, fragments of Tegula tiles and a cipolin cladding probably dating to Antiquity were re-used in the masonry. A large number of weapons, coins and medals were found in the area. The tollgate on the Rhône was put in place in 79 AD under Vespasian, according to V. Millet (1864).There must have been a Roman castrum, probably destroyed in the great invasions.[1] This appeared under the name of castellum de Leri in a 913 charter.[2] It was signed by Louis the Blind and ceded it to Foulques, Bishop of Avignon.","title":"From prehistory to late antiquity"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ch%C3%A2teauneuf_du_Pape_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_l%27Hers.jpg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RB154-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-patrimoine-5"},{"link_name":"Knights Templar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Templar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chateau-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JC147-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Languedoc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languedoc"},{"link_name":"Rhône","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne"},{"link_name":"Saints Cosmas and Damian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saints_Cosmas_and_Damian"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RB155-8"},{"link_name":"John XXII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_XXII"},{"link_name":"Apostolic Camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Camera"},{"link_name":"florins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florin"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-patrimoine-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The old château of Châteauneuf-du-PapeIn 1077, his successor Rostaing granted the fief to Pierre d'Albaron, who built a keep there.[3] The first mention of a Castro Novo (new fortified village), which led to the name Châteauneuf-du-Pape, does not appear until 1094[4] It became the château de l'Hers after it was expanded in the 12th century and then was renovated for the first time during the 13th century.[5] Certain historians have said that the Knights Templar used it at the end of the 12th century.[1][6] This legend was disproven by the historians in the 20th century.[7]L'Hers (or Lair, or Lers), become an enclave of Languedoc on the right bank of the Rhône, the château and its village were in ruins during the 12th century. Historical texts say that the parish had two places of worship, the parish church named Sainte-Marie and the château's chapel dedicated to Saints Cosmas and Damian[8]Jacques d'Euze, formerly bishop of Avignon, was elected pope in 1316 and took the name John XXII. Châteauneuf fell directly under his authority. Barely pope for three months, he had construction undertaken at l'Hers. The accounts of the Apostolic Camera say that he allocated 3,000 florins to the restoration of the old 12-century château.[5][9]","title":"The old château of Châteauneuf-du-Pape"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HT_Ch%C3%A2teauneuf-du-Pape(84)_Vue_dep.la_rive_D.du_Rh%C3%B4ne_08.11.09a.jpg"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Rhône","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RB154-3"},{"link_name":"fief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fief"},{"link_name":"de Roquefeuil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=De_Roquefeuil&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famille_de_Roquefeuil"},{"link_name":"dowry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowry"},{"link_name":"Albaron de Laudin des Baux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Baux"},{"link_name":"dowry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowry"},{"link_name":"Montmorency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Montmorency"},{"link_name":"Duke of Lévis Ventadour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Ventadour"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RB154-3"},{"link_name":"Hercule de Rohan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercule_M%C3%A9riadec,_Duke_of_Rohan-Rohan"},{"link_name":"prince of Soubise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Soubise"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"abrogation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abrogation_(French_law)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrogation_en_droit_fran%C3%A7ais"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Vaucluse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaucluse"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RB155-8"}],"text":"Le château seen from RoquemaureDuring the Middle Ages, the old château was a watch post and toll station on the Rhône which passed to different families allied to the Albaron[3] family.The Albaron kept their fief until 1360, when it was transferred to the de Roquefeuil [fr] family as a dowry. Around 1400, it came back to the Albaron de Laudin des Baux family, who kept it until the 1420s. The last heiress of this family brought it as a dowry to an Allemand. That family then took the name Allemand de Laudun Albaron. During the 16th century its toll rights fell in turn to the Arpajon Cardaillac, Monteynard and Montmorency families, then to the Duke of Lévis Ventadour.[3] Hercule de Rohan, prince of Soubise, inherited it and his family still owned it when the French Revolution broke out.The tolls were abolished with the abrogation [fr] of aristocratic privileges during the French Revolution, and the enclave of l'Hers was attached to the new department of Vaucluse.[8]","title":"Rhône tollgate and watch tower"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"appellation d'origine controllée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellation_d%27origine_controll%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Appellation d'origine contrôlée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellation_d%27origine_contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"terroir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terroir"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RB154-3"},{"link_name":"monument historique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_historique"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Today the château is private property.[10] At the winery that takes its name, Marcel Georges elaborates a red Châteauneuf-du-pape with a base of Syrah, Mourvèdre, Muscardin, Counoise, Cinsault, Grenache, Vaccarese and Terret, and a white Châteauneuf-du-pape which blends Picardan, Roussanne, Clairette, Picpoul and white Grenache. With an area of 14 hectares, it's one of the rare wineries allowed to use the name, which is an appellation d'origine controllée, to offer the full array of the thirteen Châteauneuf-du-Pape varieties.[11]Although the winery kept the name of the château it does not include the name in its business since the château lies outside the Appellation d'origine contrôlée terroir. Only the lower chamber of the medieval keep and the 14th-century round tower remain of the château, along with a few vestiges of the ramparts.[3] The site was registered as a monument historique in 1973.[23]","title":"The château in our days"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-chateau_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-chateau_1-1"},{"link_name":"Histoire de Châteauneuf-du-Pape sur le site avignon-et-provence.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.avignon-et-provence.com/vins-chateauneuf-du-pape/chateau-mont-redon/histoire-chateauneuf-du-pape.htm#.UU5IbRfvjVo"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RB154_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RB154_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RB154_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RB154_3-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"en ligne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.chateaulanerthe.fr/iefr/charte2009.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140115045225/http://www.chateaulanerthe.fr/iefr/charte2009.pdf"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-patrimoine_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-patrimoine_5-1"},{"link_name":"Le château de l'Hers sur le site patrimoine-de-france.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//patrimoine-de-france.com/vaucluse/chateauneuf-du-pape/chateau-de-l-hers-ou-de-l-airs-ruines-3.php"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-JC147_6-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RB155_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RB155_8-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Le Château de l'Hers à Châteauneuf-du-Pape : un domaine viticole\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140107144400/http://traveller.provenceguide.com/FR/index.php?post%2F2012%2F07%2F13%2FLe-Ch%C3%A2teau-de-l%E2%80%99Hers-%C3%A0-Ch%C3%A2teauneuf-du-Pape-%3A-un-domaine-viticole%2C-un-h%C3%A9bergement%2C-un-espace-de-r%C3%A9ception"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//traveller.provenceguide.com/FR/index.php?post%2F2012%2F07%2F13%2FLe-Ch%C3%A2teau-de-l%E2%80%99Hers-%C3%A0-Ch%C3%A2teauneuf-du-Pape-%3A-un-domaine-viticole%2C-un-h%C3%A9bergement%2C-un-espace-de-r%C3%A9ception"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Château de l'Hers, vignobles Marcel Georges\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20131020184937/http://marcelgeorgeschateauneuf.com/chateauneuf-du-pape/le-vignoble.php"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.marcelgeorgeschateauneuf.com/chateauneuf-du-pape/le-vignoble.php"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Aude_Lutun_p._38_12-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Aude_Lutun_p._38_12-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Aude_Lutun_p._38_12-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Aude_Lutun_p._39_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Aude_Lutun_p._39_13-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"Le muscardin sur le site lescepages.free","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//lescepages.free.fr/muscardin.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"La counoise sur le site lescepages.free","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//lescepages.free.fr/counoise.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"Le picpoul ou piquepoul on lescepages.free","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//lescepages.free.fr/piquepoul.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"Le picardan sur le site lescepages.free","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//lescepages.free.fr/picardan.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"Le terret noir sur le site idealwine.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.idealwine.com/fr/decouverte/cepage_terret-noir.jsp"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"Le terret noir sur le site 1001degustations.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.1001degustations.com/cepage-110-Terret-noir.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"Le vaccarèse ou brun argenté sur le site lescepages.free","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//lescepages.free.fr/brun_argente.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"Base Mérimée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"PA00082029","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/merimee/PA00082029"},{"link_name":"44°03′15″N 4°47′29″E / 44.0542°N 4.7915°E / 44.0542; 4.7915","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ch%C3%A2teau_de_l%27Hers&params=44.0542_N_4.7915_E_source:wikidata"}],"text":"^ a b Histoire de Châteauneuf-du-Pape sur le site avignon-et-provence.com\n\n^ Jules Courtet, op. cit., p. 149.\n\n^ a b c d Robert Bailly, op. cit., p. 154.\n\n^ Alain Dugas, Château La Nerthe, 2009 en ligne Archived 2014-01-15 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ a b Le château de l'Hers sur le site patrimoine-de-france.com\n\n^ Jules Courtet, op. cit., p. 147.\n\n^ Robert Bailly, opere citato, p. 155.\n\n^ a b Robert Bailly, op. cit., p. 155.\n\n^ Jean-Pierre Saltarelli, op. cit., p. 89.\n\n^ \"Le Château de l'Hers à Châteauneuf-du-Pape : un domaine viticole\". Archived from the original on 2014-01-07. Retrieved 2021-07-14.\n\n^ \"Château de l'Hers, vignobles Marcel Georges\". Archived from the original on 2013-10-20. Retrieved 2016-11-06.\n\n^ a b c Aude Lutun, op. cit., p. 38.\n\n^ a b Aude Lutun,op. cit., p. 39.\n\n^ Le muscardin sur le site lescepages.free\n\n^ La counoise sur le site lescepages.free\n\n^ Jean-Pierre Saltarelli, Les Côtes du Ventoux. \n\n^ Aude Lutun, op. cit., p. 39.\n\n^ Le picpoul ou piquepoul on lescepages.free\n\n^ Le picardan sur le site lescepages.free\n\n^ Le terret noir sur le site idealwine.com\n\n^ Le terret noir sur le site 1001degustations.com\n\n^ Le vaccarèse ou brun argenté sur le site lescepages.free\n\n^ Base Mérimée: PA00082029, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)44°03′15″N 4°47′29″E / 44.0542°N 4.7915°E / 44.0542; 4.7915","title":"Notes and references"}]	[{"image_text":"The old château of Châteauneuf-du-Pape","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ch%C3%A2teauneuf_du_Pape_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_l%27Hers.jpg/220px-Ch%C3%A2teauneuf_du_Pape_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_l%27Hers.jpg"},{"image_text":"Le château seen from Roquemaure","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/HT_Ch%C3%A2teauneuf-du-Pape%2884%29_Vue_dep.la_rive_D.du_Rh%C3%B4ne_08.11.09a.jpg/220px-HT_Ch%C3%A2teauneuf-du-Pape%2884%29_Vue_dep.la_rive_D.du_Rh%C3%B4ne_08.11.09a.jpg"},{"image_text":"Grenache","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Grenache_N.jpg/220px-Grenache_N.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mourvèdre","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Mourv%C3%A8dre.jpg/220px-Mourv%C3%A8dre.jpg"},{"image_text":"Syrah","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Syrah.jpg/220px-Syrah.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cinsaut","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Cinsault.jpg/220px-Cinsault.jpg"},{"image_text":"Muscardin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Muscardin.jpg/220px-Muscardin.jpg"},{"image_text":"Counoise","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Counoise.jpg/220px-Counoise.jpg"},{"image_text":"Clairette","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Clairette.jpg/220px-Clairette.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bourboulenc","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bourboulenc.jpg/220px-Bourboulenc.jpg"},{"image_text":"Roussanne","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Roussanne.jpg/220px-Roussanne.jpg"},{"image_text":"Piquepoul","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Picpoul.jpg/220px-Picpoul.jpg"},{"image_text":"Picardan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Picardan.jpg/220px-Picardan.jpg"},{"image_text":"Terret noir","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Terret_noir.jpg/220px-Terret_noir.jpg"},{"image_text":"Vaccarèse","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Vaccar%C3%A8se.jpg/220px-Vaccar%C3%A8se.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Le Château de l'Hers à Châteauneuf-du-Pape : un domaine viticole\". Archived from the original on 2014-01-07. Retrieved 2021-07-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140107144400/http://traveller.provenceguide.com/FR/index.php?post%2F2012%2F07%2F13%2FLe-Ch%C3%A2teau-de-l%E2%80%99Hers-%C3%A0-Ch%C3%A2teauneuf-du-Pape-%3A-un-domaine-viticole%2C-un-h%C3%A9bergement%2C-un-espace-de-r%C3%A9ception","url_text":"\"Le Château de l'Hers à Châteauneuf-du-Pape : un domaine viticole\""},{"url":"http://traveller.provenceguide.com/FR/index.php?post%2F2012%2F07%2F13%2FLe-Ch%C3%A2teau-de-l%E2%80%99Hers-%C3%A0-Ch%C3%A2teauneuf-du-Pape-%3A-un-domaine-viticole%2C-un-h%C3%A9bergement%2C-un-espace-de-r%C3%A9ception","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Château de l'Hers, vignobles Marcel Georges\". Archived from the original on 2013-10-20. Retrieved 2016-11-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131020184937/http://marcelgeorgeschateauneuf.com/chateauneuf-du-pape/le-vignoble.php","url_text":"\"Château de l'Hers, vignobles Marcel Georges\""},{"url":"http://www.marcelgeorgeschateauneuf.com/chateauneuf-du-pape/le-vignoble.php","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ch%C3%A2teau_de_l%27Hers&params=44.0542_N_4.7915_E_source:wikidata","external_links_name":"44°03′15″N 4°47′29″E / 44.0542°N 4.7915°E / 44.0542; 4.7915"},{"Link":"http://www.avignon-et-provence.com/vins-chateauneuf-du-pape/chateau-mont-redon/histoire-chateauneuf-du-pape.htm#.UU5IbRfvjVo","external_links_name":"Histoire de Châteauneuf-du-Pape sur le site avignon-et-provence.com"},{"Link":"http://www.chateaulanerthe.fr/iefr/charte2009.pdf","external_links_name":"en ligne"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140115045225/http://www.chateaulanerthe.fr/iefr/charte2009.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://patrimoine-de-france.com/vaucluse/chateauneuf-du-pape/chateau-de-l-hers-ou-de-l-airs-ruines-3.php","external_links_name":"Le château de l'Hers sur le site patrimoine-de-france.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140107144400/http://traveller.provenceguide.com/FR/index.php?post%2F2012%2F07%2F13%2FLe-Ch%C3%A2teau-de-l%E2%80%99Hers-%C3%A0-Ch%C3%A2teauneuf-du-Pape-%3A-un-domaine-viticole%2C-un-h%C3%A9bergement%2C-un-espace-de-r%C3%A9ception","external_links_name":"\"Le Château de l'Hers à Châteauneuf-du-Pape : un domaine viticole\""},{"Link":"http://traveller.provenceguide.com/FR/index.php?post%2F2012%2F07%2F13%2FLe-Ch%C3%A2teau-de-l%E2%80%99Hers-%C3%A0-Ch%C3%A2teauneuf-du-Pape-%3A-un-domaine-viticole%2C-un-h%C3%A9bergement%2C-un-espace-de-r%C3%A9ception","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131020184937/http://marcelgeorgeschateauneuf.com/chateauneuf-du-pape/le-vignoble.php","external_links_name":"\"Château de l'Hers, vignobles Marcel Georges\""},{"Link":"http://www.marcelgeorgeschateauneuf.com/chateauneuf-du-pape/le-vignoble.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://lescepages.free.fr/muscardin.html","external_links_name":"Le muscardin sur le site lescepages.free"},{"Link":"http://lescepages.free.fr/counoise.html","external_links_name":"La counoise sur le site lescepages.free"},{"Link":"http://lescepages.free.fr/piquepoul.html","external_links_name":"Le picpoul ou piquepoul on lescepages.free"},{"Link":"http://lescepages.free.fr/picardan.html","external_links_name":"Le picardan sur le site lescepages.free"},{"Link":"http://www.idealwine.com/fr/decouverte/cepage_terret-noir.jsp","external_links_name":"Le terret noir sur le site idealwine.com"},{"Link":"http://www.1001degustations.com/cepage-110-Terret-noir.html","external_links_name":"Le terret noir sur le site 1001degustations.com"},{"Link":"http://lescepages.free.fr/brun_argente.html","external_links_name":"Le vaccarèse ou brun argenté sur le site lescepages.free"},{"Link":"https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/merimee/PA00082029","external_links_name":"PA00082029"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ch%C3%A2teau_de_l%27Hers&params=44.0542_N_4.7915_E_source:wikidata","external_links_name":"44°03′15″N 4°47′29″E / 44.0542°N 4.7915°E / 44.0542; 4.7915"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Highway_97D	Suffixed routes of British Columbia Highway 97	["1 Highway 97A","1.1 Former alignments","1.2 Major intersections","2 Highway 97B","2.1 Major intersections","3 Highway 97C","4 Highway 97D","4.1 Major intersections","5 Highway 97E","6 Highway 97W","7 References"]	Highway system in British Columbia, Canada This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Suffixed routes of British Columbia Highway 97" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Suffixed routes of Highway 97Highway system British Columbia provincial highways ← Hwy 97→ Hwy 99 There are four current and two former suffixed routes of Highway 97 in British Columbia, Canada. The majority of the routes serve the Okanagan area of the British Columbia Interior. Highway 97A Highway 97A Length:65 km (40 mi)South end: Hwy 97 near VernonMajorjunctions: Hwy 97B near GrindrodNorth end: Hwy 1 (TCH) in Sicamous Highway 97A is a 65 km (40 mi) spur route between Highway 97 near Vernon and Highway 1 in Sicamous. Other communities on Highway 97A include Spallumcheen, Armstrong, and Enderby. The highway is designated as a core route of Canada's National Highway System for its entire length. Highway 97A's current alignment is not the same as its original route. Originally, when the '97A' designation was first given to the highway in 1953, replacing the Highway 5 designation, it went from a junction with Highway 97 at Swan Lake, where it starts today, northeast to Grindrod, and then it followed the modern-day Highway 97B to Salmon Arm, then following the Trans-Canada Highway west to Monte Creek, where Highway 97 merges onto the Highway 1. Between 1957 and 1962, Highway 97A had the designation of '97E'. Finally, in 1962, Highway 97A was re-routed onto its present alignment, going north from Swan Lake to Grindrod, and then northeast to Sicamous. Former alignments There are former alignments of Highway 97A outside of the north Okanagan. Prince George Two former alignments of Highway 97A are within Prince George, connecting the main Highway 97 with the Yellowhead Highway (Highway 16). A 10 km (6 mi) segment next to the Prince George Airport, which now carries the name Old Cariboo Highway; while a 3 km (2 mi) segment was in downtown Prince George, following 1st Avenue west of Victoria Avenue to the Cameron Street Bridge, connecting with Highway 97 north of the Nechako River. Both are part of the original Highway 97 through Prince George and the designations were dropped in c. 2000. Penticton Highway 97 originally followed Skaha Lake Road, Main Street, and Westminster Avenue through downtown Penticton. In the early 1980s, a bypass was constructed along the Channel Parkway and initially designated as Highway 97A. Shortly afterwards, Highway 97 was moved to the new bypass while city/business route was removed from the provincial highway system. Major intersections Regional DistrictLocationkmmiDestinationsNotes North OkanaganSpallumcheen0.000.00 Hwy 97 – Kamloops, Vernon, KelownaSwan Lake InterchangeHwy 97A southern terminus; through traffic follows Hwy 97 south 4.873.03Larkin Cross Road, Otter Lake Cross RoadInterchange Armstrong13.258.23Smith RoadSeagull intersection Enderby26.3816.39Granville Avenue, Hubert Avenue – Mabel Lake 32.5220.21 Hwy 97B north – Salmon Arm Columbia-ShuswapSicamous65.4940.69 Hwy 1 (TCH) – Kamloops, Salmon Arm, Revelstoke, CalgaryHwy 97A northern terminus 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Highway 97B Highway 97B Length:14 km (8.7 mi)South end: Hwy 97A near GrindrodNorth end: Hwy 1 (TCH) in Salmon Arm Highway 97B is 14 km (8.7 mi) spur off Highway 97A, from Grindrod to Salmon Arm. The highway is designated as a core route of Canada's National Highway System for its entire length. Highway 97B was originally part of Highway 5 until 1953 when it was renumbered to Highway 97A. In 1957, the highway became Highway 97E, but was again renumbered in 1962 to its current designation when Highway 97E (now Highway 97A) was re-aligned to southwest of Sicamous. Major intersections Regional DistrictLocationkmmiDestinationsNotes North Okanagan0.000.00 Hwy 97A – Sicamous, Enderby, Vernon Columbia-ShuswapSalmon Arm14.438.97 Hwy 1 (TCH) – Kamloops, Revelstoke, CalgaryAt grade, traffic signals 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Highway 97C Highway 97C Length:224 km (139 mi)East end: Hwy 97 north of PeachlandMajorjunctions: Hwy 5 in MerrittNorth end: Hwy 1 (TCH) / Hwy 97 in Cache Creek Main article: British Columbia Highway 97C Highway 97C is 224 km (139 mi) highway divided into east–west and north–south segments. The east–west segment has expressway and freeway sections, forms part of an important link between the Lower Mainland and the Okanagan Valley south of Kelowna, and is known as Okanagan Connector or Coquihalla Connector. It bisects the Highway 5 (Coquihalla Highway) at Merritt. North of Merritt, it becomes a secondary, two-lane highway and terminates at the Highway 1 / Highway 97 junction in Cache Creek. Highway 97D Highway 97D Length:24 km (15 mi)West end: Hwy 97C at Logan LakeEast end: Hwy 5 (YH) near Lac le Jeune Highway 97D, previously known as Meadow Creek Road, is a 24 km (15 mi) highway linking Highway 97C in Logan Lake to the Coquihalla Highway near Lac le Jeune. Highway 97D is a new route, receiving its designation in 2005; it allows more direct access between Logan Lake and Kamloops without travelling through Merritt. Officially, Highway 97D continues east for 4 km (2 mi) from the Coquihalla Highway to Lac le Jeune Road; however, the section is unsigned. Major intersections The entire route is in Thompson-Nicola Regional District. LocationkmmiDestinationsNotes Logan Lake0.000.00 Hwy 97C / Tunkwa Lake Road – Ashcroft, Cache Creek, Merritt 24.3315.12 Hwy 5 (YH) (Coquihalla Highway) – Kamloops, Merritt, VancouverWalloper Interchange (Hwy 5 exit 336) 27.9017.34Lac Le Jeune Road (Hwy 921:0923) – Lac Le Jeune, Kamloops 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Closed/former Highway 97E Highway 97E Length132 km (82 mi)Existed1957–1962South end Hwy 97 / Hwy 97W near VernonMajorjunctions Hwy 1 (TCH) in Salmon ArmNorth end Hwy 1 (TCH) / Hwy 97 / Hwy 97W at Monte Creek Highway 97E was a 132 km (82 mi) former highway between the Vernon and Monte Creek, which along with Highway 97W, made up a split of Highway 97. Highway 97E was designated in 1957 and replaced the original Highway 97A between Vernon and Salmon Arm. It went from the Highway 97/97W junction at Swan Lake, just north of Vernon, 47 km (29 mi) north to Salmon Arm where it continued west for 85 km (53 mi) to Monte Creek, cosigned with Highway 1, where it rejoined Highway 97/97W. In 1962, Highway 97E was renumbered to its current designations of Highway 97A and Highway 97B. Highway 97W Highway 97W Length79 km (49 mi)Existed1957–1962South end Hwy 97 / Hwy 97E near VernonNorth end Hwy 1 (TCH) / Hwy 97 / Hwy 97E at Monte Creek Highway 97W was a 79 km (49 mi) former highway between the Vernon and Monte Creek, which along with Highway 97E, made up a split of Highway 97. Highway 97W was designated in 1957 when Highway 97 was renumbered between Swan Lake and Monte Creek. In 1962, Highway 97W was reverted to its current Highway 97 designation. References Canada portalRoads portal ^ a b c d "Official Numbered Routes in British Columbia - Province of British Columbia". Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure. May 25, 2017. Retrieved September 13, 2018. ^ a b Canada's National Highway System Annual Report 2016 (PDF) (Report). Council of Ministers Responsible for Transportation and Highway Safety. September 2017. ^ a b c The H.M. Gousha Company (1956). "British Columbia–Alberta" (Map). Shell Map of British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba. The Shell Oil Company. §§ E-8, E-9, F-8, F-9. ^ Tourism British Columbia (1997). British Columbia Road Map and Parks Guide (Map). Davenport Maps Ltd. Prince George inset. ^ Tourism British Columbia (2002). British Columbia Road Map and Parks Guide (Map). Davenport Maps Ltd. Prince George inset. ^ Ministry of Tourism (1983). British Columbia Road Map (Map). Province of British Columbia. Penticton inset. ^ Ministry of Tourism (1985). British Columbia Road Map (Map). Province of British Columbia. Penticton inset. ^ Landmark Kilometre Inventory (PDF). British Columbia Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure (Report). Cypher Consulting. July 2016. pp. 499–502. ^ Landmark Kilometre Inventory (PDF). British Columbia Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure (Report). Cypher Consulting. July 2016. p. 503. ^ "Highway 97D Designation Promotes Tourism" (PDF). British Columbia Ministry of Transportation. Jan 12, 2005. ^ a b Landmark Kilometre Inventory (PDF). British Columbia Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure (Report). Cypher Consulting. July 2016. pp. 513–514. vteRoads of British ColumbiaProvincial highways 12 1A 2 32 3A1 3B 4 4A 52 5A 6 71 7B1 8 9 101 112 12 13 14 151 161 172 17A2 18 192 19A 20 21 22 22A 23 24 26 27 28 29 30 31 31A 33 35 37 37A 39 41 43 49 52 62 77 912 91A2 93 95 95A 972 97A 97B 97C2 97D 992 101 113 118 395 Other provincially maintained roads Atlin Road Bridge River Road Cecil Lake Road Chilliwack Lake Road Coalmont Road Columbia Valley Highway Deltaport Way Head Bay Road Hemlock Valley Road Highway 91 Connector Horsefly Road Jesmond Road Likely Road Mission Mountain Road Nazko Road Omineca Resource Road Pavilion Mountain Road Port Mellon Highway Queen Charlotte City–Skidegate Road Strathcona Parkway Telegraph Creek Road Westside Road Former provincial highways 1A4 1B 7A 17A4 25 97E 97W 99A 99B2 4012 4992 Named highways Alaska Highway Banff–Windermere Highway Caribou Highway1 Coquihalla Highway2 Crowsnest Highway2 Don Phillips Way Heritage Highway Inland Island Highway2 International Selkirk Loop1 John Hart Highway1 Liard Highway Lougheed Highway1 Mary Hill Bypass1 Nisga'a Highway Northern Woods and Water Route Okanagan Connector2 Okanagan Highway2 Pacific Highway1 Patricia Bay Highway2 Sea to Sky Highway2 South Fraser Perimeter Road2 Southern Yellowhead Highway2 Stewart–Cassiar Highway Sunshine Coast Highway Trans-Canada Highway2 Yellowhead Highway1 Historic roads and trails Atlin Road Big Bend Highway Cariboo Road Chilkoot Trail Dewdney Trail Dewdney Trunk Road Douglas Road Hudson's Bay Brigade Trail Lillooet Cattle Trail Okanagan Trail Old Cariboo Road Old Yale Road (Grand Trunk Road) Pacific Highway River Trail Whatcom Trail 1 highways with expressway sections 2 highways with expressway and freeway sections 3 highways under construction 4 designation reassigned to new route	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Highway 97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Highway_97"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Okanagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okanagan"},{"link_name":"British Columbia Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Interior"}],"text":"There are four current and two former suffixed routes of Highway 97 in British Columbia, Canada. The majority of the routes serve the Okanagan area of the British Columbia Interior.","title":"Suffixed routes of British Columbia Highway 97"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Highway 97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Highway_97"},{"link_name":"Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Highway 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Highway_1"},{"link_name":"Sicamous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicamous,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-official-1"},{"link_name":"Spallumcheen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spallumcheen,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armstrong,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Enderby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enderby,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"National Highway System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_System_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2016_NHS_Report-2"},{"link_name":"Highway 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Highway_5"},{"link_name":"Grindrod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grindrod,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Highway 97B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Highway_97B"},{"link_name":"Salmon Arm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmon_Arm,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Trans-Canada Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Canada_Highway"},{"link_name":"Monte Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Creek,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1956_map-3"},{"link_name":"Grindrod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grindrod,_British_Columbia"}],"text":"Highway 97A is a 65 km (40 mi) spur route between Highway 97 near Vernon and Highway 1 in Sicamous.[1] Other communities on Highway 97A include Spallumcheen, Armstrong, and Enderby. The highway is designated as a core route of Canada's National Highway System for its entire length.[2]Highway 97A's current alignment is not the same as its original route. Originally, when the '97A' designation was first given to the highway in 1953, replacing the Highway 5 designation, it went from a junction with Highway 97 at Swan Lake, where it starts today, northeast to Grindrod, and then it followed the modern-day Highway 97B to Salmon Arm, then following the Trans-Canada Highway west to Monte Creek, where Highway 97 merges onto the Highway 1. Between 1957 and 1962, Highway 97A had the designation of '97E'.[3] Finally, in 1962, Highway 97A was re-routed onto its present alignment, going north from Swan Lake to Grindrod, and then northeast to Sicamous.","title":"Highway 97A"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prince George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_George,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Yellowhead Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowhead_Highway"},{"link_name":"Highway 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Highway_16"},{"link_name":"Prince George Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_George_Airport"},{"link_name":"Old Cariboo Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Cariboo_Highway"},{"link_name":"Cameron Street Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_Street_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Nechako River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nechako_River"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1997_map-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2002_map-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1983_map-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1985_map-7"}],"sub_title":"Former alignments","text":"There are former alignments of Highway 97A outside of the north Okanagan.Prince GeorgeTwo former alignments of Highway 97A are within Prince George, connecting the main Highway 97 with the Yellowhead Highway (Highway 16). A 10 km (6 mi) segment next to the Prince George Airport, which now carries the name Old Cariboo Highway; while a 3 km (2 mi) segment was in downtown Prince George, following 1st Avenue west of Victoria Avenue to the Cameron Street Bridge, connecting with Highway 97 north of the Nechako River.[4] Both are part of the original Highway 97 through Prince George and the designations were dropped in c. 2000.[5]PentictonHighway 97 originally followed Skaha Lake Road, Main Street, and Westminster Avenue through downtown Penticton.[6] In the early 1980s, a bypass was constructed along the Channel Parkway and initially designated as Highway 97A. Shortly afterwards, Highway 97 was moved to the new bypass while city/business route was removed from the provincial highway system.[7]","title":"Highway 97A"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Major intersections","title":"Highway 97A"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grindrod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grindrod,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Salmon Arm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmon_Arm,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-official-1"},{"link_name":"National Highway System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_System_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2016_NHS_Report-2"},{"link_name":"Highway 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Highway_5"},{"link_name":"Sicamous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicamous,_British_Columbia"}],"text":"Highway 97B is 14 km (8.7 mi) spur off Highway 97A, from Grindrod to Salmon Arm.[1] The highway is designated as a core route of Canada's National Highway System for its entire length.[2]Highway 97B was originally part of Highway 5 until 1953 when it was renumbered to Highway 97A. In 1957, the highway became Highway 97E, but was again renumbered in 1962 to its current designation when Highway 97E (now Highway 97A) was re-aligned to southwest of Sicamous.","title":"Highway 97B"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Major intersections","title":"Highway 97B"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lower Mainland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Mainland"},{"link_name":"Okanagan Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okanagan_Valley"},{"link_name":"Kelowna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelowna"},{"link_name":"Highway 5 (Coquihalla Highway)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Highway_5"},{"link_name":"Merritt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merritt,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Highway 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Highway_1"},{"link_name":"Highway 97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Highway_97"},{"link_name":"Cache Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_Creek,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-official-1"}],"text":"Highway 97C is 224 km (139 mi) highway divided into east–west and north–south segments. The east–west segment has expressway and freeway sections, forms part of an important link between the Lower Mainland and the Okanagan Valley south of Kelowna, and is known as Okanagan Connector or Coquihalla Connector. It bisects the Highway 5 (Coquihalla Highway) at Merritt. North of Merritt, it becomes a secondary, two-lane highway and terminates at the Highway 1 / Highway 97 junction in Cache Creek.[1]","title":"Highway 97C"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Logan Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_Lake,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Coquihalla Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coquihalla_Highway"},{"link_name":"Lac le Jeune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac_le_Jeune,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-official-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-length_97D-11"},{"link_name":"unsigned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsigned_highway"}],"text":"Highway 97D, previously known as Meadow Creek Road, is a 24 km (15 mi) highway linking Highway 97C in Logan Lake to the Coquihalla Highway near Lac le Jeune.[1] Highway 97D is a new route, receiving its designation in 2005; it allows more direct access between Logan Lake and Kamloops without travelling through Merritt.[10] Officially, Highway 97D continues east for 4 km (2 mi) from the Coquihalla Highway to Lac le Jeune Road;[11] however, the section is unsigned.","title":"Highway 97D"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thompson-Nicola Regional District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thompson-Nicola_Regional_District,_British_Columbia"}],"sub_title":"Major intersections","text":"The entire route is in Thompson-Nicola Regional District.","title":"Highway 97D"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Monte Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Creek,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1956_map-3"}],"text":"Highway 97E was a 132 km (82 mi) former highway between the Vernon and Monte Creek, which along with Highway 97W, made up a split of Highway 97. Highway 97E was designated in 1957 and replaced the original Highway 97A between Vernon and Salmon Arm. It went from the Highway 97/97W junction at Swan Lake, just north of Vernon, 47 km (29 mi) north to Salmon Arm where it continued west for 85 km (53 mi) to Monte Creek, cosigned with Highway 1, where it rejoined Highway 97/97W.[3] In 1962, Highway 97E was renumbered to its current designations of Highway 97A and Highway 97B.","title":"Highway 97E"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1956_map-3"}],"text":"Highway 97W was a 79 km (49 mi) former highway between the Vernon and Monte Creek, which along with Highway 97E, made up a split of Highway 97. Highway 97W was designated in 1957 when Highway 97 was renumbered between Swan Lake and Monte Creek.[3] In 1962, Highway 97W was reverted to its current Highway 97 designation.","title":"Highway 97W"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Official Numbered Routes in British Columbia - Province of British Columbia\". Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure. May 25, 2017. Retrieved September 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/transportation/transportation-reports-and-reference/reference-information/numbered-routes","url_text":"\"Official Numbered Routes in British Columbia - Province of British Columbia\""}]},{"reference":"Canada's National Highway System Annual Report 2016 (PDF) (Report). Council of Ministers Responsible for Transportation and Highway Safety. September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://comt.ca/english/nhs-report-2016.pdf","url_text":"Canada's National Highway System Annual Report 2016"}]},{"reference":"The H.M. Gousha Company (1956). \"British Columbia–Alberta\" (Map). Shell Map of British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba. The Shell Oil Company. §§ E-8, E-9, F-8, F-9.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/workspace/handleMediaPlayer;JSESSIONID=85eb3a9c-db16-4231-badc-40df4382c572?lunaMediaId=RUMSEY~8~1~212315~5500350","url_text":"Shell Map of British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba"}]},{"reference":"Tourism British Columbia (1997). British Columbia Road Map and Parks Guide (Map). Davenport Maps Ltd. Prince George inset.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Tourism British Columbia (2002). British Columbia Road Map and Parks Guide (Map). Davenport Maps Ltd. Prince George inset.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ministry of Tourism (1983). British Columbia Road Map (Map). Province of British Columbia. Penticton inset.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ministry of Tourism (1985). British Columbia Road Map (Map). Province of British Columbia. Penticton inset.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Landmark Kilometre Inventory (PDF). British Columbia Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure (Report). Cypher Consulting. July 2016. pp. 499–502.","urls":[{"url":"http://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/driving-and-transportation/transportation-infrastructure/engineering-standards-and-guidelines/traffic-engineering-and-safety/highway-safety/lki/lki_bc_201607.pdf","url_text":"Landmark Kilometre Inventory"}]},{"reference":"Landmark Kilometre Inventory (PDF). British Columbia Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure (Report). Cypher Consulting. July 2016. p. 503.","urls":[{"url":"http://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/driving-and-transportation/transportation-infrastructure/engineering-standards-and-guidelines/traffic-engineering-and-safety/highway-safety/lki/lki_bc_201607.pdf","url_text":"Landmark Kilometre Inventory"}]},{"reference":"\"Highway 97D Designation Promotes Tourism\" (PDF). British Columbia Ministry of Transportation. Jan 12, 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.news.gov.bc.ca/releases/archive/2001-2005/2005tran0002-000019.pdf","url_text":"\"Highway 97D Designation Promotes Tourism\""}]},{"reference":"Landmark Kilometre Inventory (PDF). British Columbia Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure (Report). Cypher Consulting. July 2016. pp. 513–514.","urls":[{"url":"http://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/driving-and-transportation/transportation-infrastructure/engineering-standards-and-guidelines/traffic-engineering-and-safety/highway-safety/lki/lki_bc_201607.pdf","url_text":"Landmark Kilometre Inventory"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Suffixed+routes+of+British+Columbia+Highway+97%22","external_links_name":"\"Suffixed routes of British Columbia Highway 97\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Suffixed+routes+of+British+Columbia+Highway+97%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Suffixed+routes+of+British+Columbia+Highway+97%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Suffixed+routes+of+British+Columbia+Highway+97%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Suffixed+routes+of+British+Columbia+Highway+97%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Suffixed+routes+of+British+Columbia+Highway+97%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/transportation/transportation-reports-and-reference/reference-information/numbered-routes","external_links_name":"\"Official Numbered Routes in British Columbia - Province of British Columbia\""},{"Link":"https://comt.ca/english/nhs-report-2016.pdf","external_links_name":"Canada's National Highway System Annual Report 2016"},{"Link":"http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/workspace/handleMediaPlayer;JSESSIONID=85eb3a9c-db16-4231-badc-40df4382c572?lunaMediaId=RUMSEY~8~1~212315~5500350","external_links_name":"Shell Map of British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba"},{"Link":"http://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/driving-and-transportation/transportation-infrastructure/engineering-standards-and-guidelines/traffic-engineering-and-safety/highway-safety/lki/lki_bc_201607.pdf","external_links_name":"Landmark Kilometre Inventory"},{"Link":"http://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/driving-and-transportation/transportation-infrastructure/engineering-standards-and-guidelines/traffic-engineering-and-safety/highway-safety/lki/lki_bc_201607.pdf","external_links_name":"Landmark Kilometre Inventory"},{"Link":"https://archive.news.gov.bc.ca/releases/archive/2001-2005/2005tran0002-000019.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Highway 97D Designation Promotes Tourism\""},{"Link":"http://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/driving-and-transportation/transportation-infrastructure/engineering-standards-and-guidelines/traffic-engineering-and-safety/highway-safety/lki/lki_bc_201607.pdf","external_links_name":"Landmark Kilometre Inventory"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomber_Girl	Bomber Girl	["1 Plot","2 Release","3 Reception","4 References","5 External links"]	This article is about the manga. For the video game, see Bombergirl. Japanese manga series Bomber GirlCover of the original Bomber GirlGenreActionComedyScience fiction MangaBomber Girl (pilot chapter)Written byMakoto NiwanoPublished byShueishaMagazineWeekly Shōnen Jump: Zōkan Spring SpecialDemographicShōnenPublished1993 MangaWritten byMakoto NiwanoPublished byShueishaEnglish publisherNA: Gutsoon! EntertainmentImprintJump ComicsMagazineWeekly Shōnen JumpEnglish magazineNA: Raijin ComicsDemographicShōnenOriginal runJanuary 31, 1994 – April 11, 1994Volumes1 Further information MangaBomber Girl Crash!Written byMakoto NiwanoPublished byShōnen GahoshaMagazineYoung ComicYoung KingDemographicSeinenPublished2000Volumes3 MangaBomber Girl CompleteWritten byMakoto NiwanoPublished byShōnen GahoshaMagazineYoung KingDemographicSeinenPublished2002 MangaBomber Girl XXXWritten byMakoto NiwanoPublished byShōnen GahoshaMagazineYoung KingDemographicSeinenPublished2004Volumes3 Bomber Girl (stylized in all caps) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Makoto Niwano. It was published in Shueisha's Weekly Shōnen Jump from January to April 1994. In North America, the series was published by Gutsoon Entertainment and serialized in its Raijin Comics manga anthology. Plot The series is about Emi Rashomon (羅生門エミー, Rashomon Emii), a bounty hunter who uses her sex appeal to defeat enemies. Guy Kurosaki (黒崎ガイ, Kurosaki Gai) is a police officer who initially opposes Emi's methods. Release Bomber Girl is written and illustrated by Makoto Niwano. It was published in Shueisha's Weekly Shōnen Jump from January 31 to April 11, 1994. The eleven individual chapters were compiled in a single tankōbon volume on August 4, 1994. In North America, the series was published by Gutsoon Entertainment and serialized in its Raijin Comics manga anthology. Reception The series received very negative critics from manga and anime reviewers. John Jakala said that the first instalment of the series was okay, but the second was even more amateur. He referred to a car panel as it looked like something an elementary school child would draw in the margins of his math notebook. He also noted that he does not want to pay for work of such unprofessional quality. He cast his vote against Bomber Girl on an online survey. John Jakala continuously made fun of the series in the later reviews. Jason Thompson described it as "amoral girl with big boobs killing and torturing people," despising the manga as he stated, " is so awful that I assume it got published because Niwano jumped into an icy river to save Hara and Hojo from drowning." Eduardo M. Chavez of Mania Entertainment pondered, "For those looking for a manga with a lot of action, a good amount of fan-service, and some crazy looking characters this might be a good call. ... For those looking for something with a decent plot, character designs that won't disturb you, and fan-service that does not involved greased up male cult members or a gang boss that has a gattling gun on ... his phallus you should pass." References ^ a b "The Month in Review - July 2002". Anime News Network. August 7, 2002. Retrieved August 9, 2019. ^ a b "Bomber Girl Vol. #1". Mania Entertainment. December 3, 2004. Archived from the original on December 5, 2014. Retrieved November 30, 2014. ^ 週刊少年ジャンプ BOMBER GIRL(にわのまこと). Media Arts Database (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Archived from the original on August 9, 2019. Retrieved August 9, 2019. ^ "BOMBER GIRL" (in Japanese). Shueisha. Archived from the original on August 16, 2003. Retrieved August 9, 2019. ^ "Bomber Girl Volume 1." Amazon.com. Accessed October 4, 2008. ^ Macdonald, Christopher (May 20, 2002). "Raijin Comics Details". Anime News Network. Retrieved August 9, 2019. ^ a b John Jakala (2003-01-07). "Raijin Comics #2 - Review - Anime News Network". Anime News Network. Retrieved 2008-10-18. ^ Thompson, Jason (2012-01-05). "Jason Thompson's House of 1000 Manga - Raijin Comics". Anime News Network. Retrieved 2014-11-30. External links Bomber Girl (manga) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia vteWeekly Shōnen Jump: 1990–19991990 Hana no Keiji New Jungle King Tar-chan Slam Dunk YuYu Hakusho 1992 JoJo's Bizarre Adventure Diamond Is Unbreakable Hareluya Kyūkyoku!! Hentai Kamen Hareluya II Boy 1993 Ninku Tottemo! Luckyman DNA² Jigoku Sensei Nūbē 1994 Bomber Girl Captain Tsubasa: World Youth Rurouni Kenshin Midori no Makibaō 1995 Karakurizōshi Ayatsuri Sakon Shadow Lady Level E Sexy Commando Gaiden JoJo's Bizarre Adventure Golden Wind 1996 Hoshin Engi Yu-Gi-Oh! 1997 Butsu Zone I"s Seikimatsu Leader den Takeshi! One Piece Cowa! 1998 Rookies Whistle! Hunter × Hunter Shaman King Kajika Rising Impact Hikaru no Go 1999 Neko Majin The Prince of Tennis Zombiepowder. Naruto JoJo's Bizarre Adventure Stone Ocean 1968–19791980–19891990–19992000–20092010–20192020–present	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bombergirl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombergirl"},{"link_name":"all caps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_caps"},{"link_name":"manga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga"},{"link_name":"Makoto Niwano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makoto_Niwano"},{"link_name":"Shueisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shueisha"},{"link_name":"Weekly Shōnen Jump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weekly_Sh%C5%8Dnen_Jump"},{"link_name":"Gutsoon Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutsoon_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Raijin Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raijin_Comics"}],"text":"This article is about the manga. For the video game, see Bombergirl.Japanese manga seriesBomber Girl (stylized in all caps) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Makoto Niwano. It was published in Shueisha's Weekly Shōnen Jump from January to April 1994.In North America, the series was published by Gutsoon Entertainment and serialized in its Raijin Comics manga anthology.","title":"Bomber Girl"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The series is about Emi Rashomon (羅生門エミー, Rashomon Emii), a bounty hunter who uses her sex appeal to defeat enemies. Guy Kurosaki (黒崎ガイ, Kurosaki Gai) is a police officer who initially opposes Emi's methods.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Makoto Niwano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makoto_Niwano"},{"link_name":"Shueisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shueisha"},{"link_name":"Weekly Shōnen Jump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weekly_Sh%C5%8Dnen_Jump"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"tankōbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank%C5%8Dbon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Gutsoon Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutsoon_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Raijin Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raijin_Comics"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Bomber Girl is written and illustrated by Makoto Niwano. It was published in Shueisha's Weekly Shōnen Jump from January 31 to April 11, 1994.[3] The eleven individual chapters were compiled in a single tankōbon volume on August 4, 1994.[4]In North America, the series was published by Gutsoon Entertainment and serialized in its Raijin Comics manga anthology.[5][6]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BomberHate-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BomberHate-7"},{"link_name":"Jason Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Thompson_(writer)"},{"link_name":"[Tetsuo] Hara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetsuo_Hara"},{"link_name":"[Tsukasa] Hojo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsukasa_Hojo"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"fan-service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan-service"},{"link_name":"sic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maniareview-2"}],"text":"The series received very negative critics from manga and anime reviewers. John Jakala said that the first instalment of the series was okay, but the second was even more amateur. He referred to a car panel as it looked like something an elementary school child would draw in the margins of his math notebook.[7] He also noted that he does not want to pay for work of such unprofessional quality. He cast his vote against Bomber Girl on an online survey.[7] John Jakala continuously made fun of the series in the later reviews.Jason Thompson described it as \"amoral girl with big boobs killing and torturing people,\" despising the manga as he stated, \"[it] is so awful that I assume it got published because [Makoto] Niwano jumped into an icy river to save [Tetsuo] Hara and [Tsukasa] Hojo from drowning.\"[8] Eduardo M. Chavez of Mania Entertainment pondered, \"For those looking for a manga with a lot of action, a good amount of fan-service, and some crazy looking characters this might be a good call. ... For those looking for something with a decent plot, character designs that won't disturb you, and fan-service that does not involved greased up male cult members or a gang boss that has a gattling gun [sic] on ... his phallus you should pass.\"[2]","title":"Reception"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"The Month in Review - July 2002\". Anime News Network. August 7, 2002. Retrieved August 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/month-in-review/2002-08-07","url_text":"\"The Month in Review - July 2002\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Bomber Girl Vol. #1\". Mania Entertainment. December 3, 2004. Archived from the original on December 5, 2014. Retrieved November 30, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141205091523/http://www.mania.com/bomber-girl-vol-1_article_81536.html","url_text":"\"Bomber Girl Vol. #1\""},{"url":"http://www.mania.com/bomber-girl-vol-1_article_81536.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"週刊少年ジャンプ BOMBER GIRL(にわのまこと). Media Arts Database (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Archived from the original on August 9, 2019. Retrieved August 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190809224055/https://mediaarts-db.bunka.go.jp/mg/magazine_works/87","url_text":"週刊少年ジャンプ BOMBER GIRL(にわのまこと)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agency_for_Cultural_Affairs","url_text":"Agency for Cultural Affairs"},{"url":"http://mediaarts-db.bunka.go.jp/mg/magazine_works/87","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"BOMBER GIRL\" (in Japanese). Shueisha. Archived from the original on August 16, 2003. Retrieved August 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030816022819/http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=4-08-871870-4&mode=1","url_text":"\"BOMBER GIRL\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shueisha","url_text":"Shueisha"},{"url":"http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=4-08-871870-4&mode=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Macdonald, Christopher (May 20, 2002). \"Raijin Comics Details\". Anime News Network. Retrieved August 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2002-05-20/raijin-comics-details","url_text":"\"Raijin Comics Details\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"John Jakala (2003-01-07). \"Raijin Comics #2 - Review - Anime News Network\". Anime News Network. Retrieved 2008-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/raijin-comics-no.2","url_text":"\"Raijin Comics #2 - Review - Anime News Network\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"Thompson, Jason (2012-01-05). \"Jason Thompson's House of 1000 Manga - Raijin Comics\". Anime News Network. Retrieved 2014-11-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/house-of-1000-manga/2012-01-05","url_text":"\"Jason Thompson's House of 1000 Manga - Raijin Comics\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/month-in-review/2002-08-07","external_links_name":"\"The Month in Review - July 2002\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141205091523/http://www.mania.com/bomber-girl-vol-1_article_81536.html","external_links_name":"\"Bomber Girl Vol. #1\""},{"Link":"http://www.mania.com/bomber-girl-vol-1_article_81536.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190809224055/https://mediaarts-db.bunka.go.jp/mg/magazine_works/87","external_links_name":"週刊少年ジャンプ BOMBER GIRL(にわのまこと)"},{"Link":"http://mediaarts-db.bunka.go.jp/mg/magazine_works/87","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030816022819/http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=4-08-871870-4&mode=1","external_links_name":"\"BOMBER GIRL\""},{"Link":"http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=4-08-871870-4&mode=1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/1932454136","external_links_name":"Bomber Girl Volume 1"},{"Link":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2002-05-20/raijin-comics-details","external_links_name":"\"Raijin Comics Details\""},{"Link":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/raijin-comics-no.2","external_links_name":"\"Raijin Comics #2 - Review - Anime News Network\""},{"Link":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/house-of-1000-manga/2012-01-05","external_links_name":"\"Jason Thompson's House of 1000 Manga - Raijin Comics\""},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/manga.php?id=1588","external_links_name":"Bomber Girl"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_800_metre_freestyle	Swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's 800 metre freestyle	["1 Records","2 Results","2.1 Heats","2.2 Final","3 References","4 External links"]	Women's 800 metre freestyleat the Games of the XXIX OlympiadVenueBeijing National Aquatics CenterDateAugust 14, 2008 (heats)August 16, 2008 (final)Competitors36 from 29 nationsWinning time8:14.10 WRMedalists Rebecca Adlington Great Britain Alessia Filippi Italy Lotte Friis Denmark← 20042012 → Swimming at the2008 Summer OlympicsQualificationFreestyle50 mmenwomen100 mmenwomen200 mmenwomen400 mmenwomen800 mwomen1500 mmenBackstroke100 mmenwomen200 mmenwomenBreaststroke100 mmenwomen200 mmenwomenButterfly100 mmenwomen200 mmenwomenIndividual medley200 mmenwomen400 mmenwomenFreestyle relay4 × 100 mmenwomen4 × 200 mmenwomenMedley relay4 × 100 mmenwomenMarathon10 kmmenwomenvte The women's 800 metre freestyle event at the 2008 Olympic Games took place on 14 and 16 August at the Beijing National Aquatics Center in Beijing, China. Great Britain's Rebecca Adlington broke one of the oldest world records in the book to claim a second Olympic gold, following her first triumph in the 400 m freestyle. She touched the wall first in 8:14.10, slashing 2.12-second deficit off Janet Evans' world record which had stood for nearly 19 years. Coming from sixth place in the 350-metre lap, Italy's Alessia Filippi registered a time of 8:20.23 for a silver medal. Lotte Friis ended Denmark's 20-year medal drought in swimming to claim a bronze in 8:23.03, edging out Romania's Camelia Potec (8:23.03) on the final lap by eight-hundredths of a second. China's Li Xuanxu finished fifth with a time of 8:26.34, and was followed in the sixth spot by Australia's Kylie Palmer in 8:26.39. Russia's Yelena Sokolova (8:29.79) and another Brit Cassandra Patten (8:32.35) rounded out the finale. Notable swimmers missed out the top 8 final featuring U.S. top favorites Katie Hoff and Kate Ziegler, both of whom placed tenth and eleventh in the prelims race. Earlier in the prelims, Adlington established a new Olympic standard in a top-seeded time of 8:18.06 to cut down Brooke Bennett's 2000 record by a 1.59-second deficit. Records Prior to this competition, the existing world and Olympic records were as follows. World record Janet Evans (USA) 8:16.22 Tokyo, Japan 20 August 1989 Olympic record Brooke Bennett (USA) 8:19.67 Sydney, Australia 22 September 2000 - The following new world and Olympic records were set during this competition. Date Event Name Nationality Time Record August 14 Heat 4 Rebecca Adlington Great Britain 8:18.06 OR August 16 Final Rebecca Adlington Great Britain 8:14.10 WR Results Heats Rank Heat Lane Name Nationality Time Notes 1 4 4 Rebecca Adlington Great Britain 8:18.06 Q, OR 2 3 5 Camelia Potec Romania 8:19.70 Q 3 4 2 Lotte Friis Denmark 8:21.74 Q 4 5 5 Alessia Filippi Italy 8:21.95 Q 5 4 3 Kylie Palmer Australia 8:22.81 Q, OC 6 5 1 Yelena Sokolova Russia 8:23.07 Q, NR 7 3 6 Li Xuanxu China 8:24.37 Q 8 5 7 Cassandra Patten Great Britain 8:25.91 Q 9 4 1 Wendy Trott South Africa 8:26.21 AF 10 5 4 Kate Ziegler United States 8:26.98 11 3 4 Katie Hoff United States 8:27.78 12 5 6 Coralie Balmy France 8:28.34 13 3 3 Flavia Rigamonti Switzerland 8:28.67 14 3 8 Andreina Pinto Venezuela 8:30.30 NR 15 4 7 You Meihong China 8:31.11 16 5 3 Erika Villaécija Spain 8:32.27 17 5 8 Melissa Gorman Australia 8:32.34 18 2 4 Susana Escobar Mexico 8:33.51 NR 19 5 2 Sophie Huber France 8:33.76 20 2 5 Kristel Köbrich Chile 8:34.25 21 3 1 Maiko Fujino Japan 8:35.60 22 2 1 Jördis Steinegger Austria 8:36.40 NR 23 3 7 Tanya Hunks Canada 8:38.05 24 2 3 Gabriella Fagundez Sweden 8:39.06 NR 25 4 6 Jaana Ehmcke Germany 8:39.51 26 2 6 Réka Nagy Hungary 8:40.38 27 4 5 Ai Shibata Japan 8:41.63 28 4 8 Eleftheria Evgenia Efstathiou Greece 8:41.65 29 1 4 Au Hoishun Stephanie Hong Kong 8:41.66 30 2 8 Lynette Lim Singapore 8:45.56 31 2 2 Cecilia Biagioli Argentina 8:50.18 32 1 5 Golda Marcus El Salvador 8:51.21 33 1 3 Eva Lehtonen Finland 8:53.50 34 2 7 Khoo Cai Lin Malaysia 9:04.86 35 1 6 Karolina Szczepaniak Poland 9:08.87 3 2 Federica Pellegrini Italy DNS Final Rank Lane Name Nationality Time Notes 4 Rebecca Adlington Great Britain 8:14.10 WR 6 Alessia Filippi Italy 8:20.23 3 Lotte Friis Denmark 8:23.03 4 5 Camelia Potec Romania 8:23.11 5 1 Li Xuanxu China 8:26.34 6 2 Kylie Palmer Australia 8:26.39 7 7 Yelena Sokolova Russia 8:29.79 8 8 Cassandra Patten Great Britain 8:32.35 References ^ "Olympic Swimming Schedule". USA Today. 9 August 2008. Retrieved 14 May 2013. ^ a b Lohn, John (15 August 2008). "We Loved You While You Lasted Janet, Rebecca Adlington Erases Longest Standing World Record With Evans' Mark in 800 Free". Swimming World Magazine. Archived from the original on 2 May 2012. Retrieved 19 May 2013. ^ "Adlington storms to second gold". BBC Sport. 16 August 2008. Retrieved 19 May 2013. ^ a b Lohn, John (14 August 2008). "Olympics, Swimming: Rebecca Adlington Sets Olympic Record in 800 Free Prelims". Swimming World Magazine. Archived from the original on 2 May 2012. Retrieved 19 May 2013. ^ Dimond, Jeff (October 1989). "Swim and Deliver" (PDF). Swimming World and Junior Swimmer. 30 (10): 41–44. Retrieved 8 June 2008. External links Official Olympic Report vteOlympic champions in women's 800 m freestyle 1968: Debbie Meyer (USA) 1972: Keena Rothhammer (USA) 1976: Petra Thümer (GDR) 1980: Michelle Ford (AUS) 1984: Tiffany Cohen (USA) 1988: Janet Evans (USA) 1992: Janet Evans (USA) 1996: Brooke Bennett (USA) 2000: Brooke Bennett (USA) 2004: Ai Shibata (JPN) 2008: Rebecca Adlington (GBR) 2012: Katie Ledecky (USA) 2016: Katie Ledecky (USA) 2020: Katie Ledecky (USA)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beijing National Aquatics Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_National_Aquatics_Center"},{"link_name":"Beijing, China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing,_China"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swimming_schedule-1"},{"link_name":"Rebecca Adlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Adlington"},{"link_name":"400 m freestyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_400_metre_freestyle"},{"link_name":"Janet Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Evans"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-800free-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Alessia Filippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessia_Filippi"},{"link_name":"Lotte Friis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotte_Friis"},{"link_name":"Camelia Potec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelia_Potec"},{"link_name":"Li Xuanxu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Xuanxu"},{"link_name":"Kylie Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kylie_Palmer"},{"link_name":"Yelena Sokolova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yelena_Sokolova_(swimmer)"},{"link_name":"Cassandra Patten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassandra_Patten"},{"link_name":"Katie Hoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katie_Hoff"},{"link_name":"Kate Ziegler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Ziegler"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-800free-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-800freeprelims-4"},{"link_name":"Brooke Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooke_Bennett"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-800freeprelims-4"}],"text":"The women's 800 metre freestyle event at the 2008 Olympic Games took place on 14 and 16 August at the Beijing National Aquatics Center in Beijing, China.[1]Great Britain's Rebecca Adlington broke one of the oldest world records in the book to claim a second Olympic gold, following her first triumph in the 400 m freestyle. She touched the wall first in 8:14.10, slashing 2.12-second deficit off Janet Evans' world record which had stood for nearly 19 years.[2][3]Coming from sixth place in the 350-metre lap, Italy's Alessia Filippi registered a time of 8:20.23 for a silver medal. Lotte Friis ended Denmark's 20-year medal drought in swimming to claim a bronze in 8:23.03, edging out Romania's Camelia Potec (8:23.03) on the final lap by eight-hundredths of a second. China's Li Xuanxu finished fifth with a time of 8:26.34, and was followed in the sixth spot by Australia's Kylie Palmer in 8:26.39. Russia's Yelena Sokolova (8:29.79) and another Brit Cassandra Patten (8:32.35) rounded out the finale. Notable swimmers missed out the top 8 final featuring U.S. top favorites Katie Hoff and Kate Ziegler, both of whom placed tenth and eleventh in the prelims race.[2][4]Earlier in the prelims, Adlington established a new Olympic standard in a top-seeded time of 8:18.06 to cut down Brooke Bennett's 2000 record by a 1.59-second deficit.[4]","title":"Swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's 800 metre freestyle"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Prior to this competition, the existing world and Olympic records were as follows.The following new world and Olympic records were set during this competition.","title":"Records"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Heats","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Final","title":"Results"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Olympic Swimming Schedule\". USA Today. 9 August 2008. Retrieved 14 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://content.usatoday.com/sports/olympics/beijing/schedule.aspx?dc=SW","url_text":"\"Olympic Swimming Schedule\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"Lohn, John (15 August 2008). \"We Loved You While You Lasted Janet, Rebecca Adlington Erases Longest Standing World Record With Evans' Mark in 800 Free\". Swimming World Magazine. Archived from the original on 2 May 2012. Retrieved 19 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120502200551/http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/18844.asp","url_text":"\"We Loved You While You Lasted Janet, Rebecca Adlington Erases Longest Standing World Record With Evans' Mark in 800 Free\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_World_Magazine","url_text":"Swimming World Magazine"},{"url":"http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/18844.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Adlington storms to second gold\". BBC Sport. 16 August 2008. Retrieved 19 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/olympics/swimming/7564653.stm","url_text":"\"Adlington storms to second gold\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"}]},{"reference":"Lohn, John (14 August 2008). \"Olympics, Swimming: Rebecca Adlington Sets Olympic Record in 800 Free Prelims\". Swimming World Magazine. Archived from the original on 2 May 2012. Retrieved 19 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120502195716/http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/18821.asp","url_text":"\"Olympics, Swimming: Rebecca Adlington Sets Olympic Record in 800 Free Prelims\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_World_Magazine","url_text":"Swimming World Magazine"},{"url":"http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/18821.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dimond, Jeff (October 1989). \"Swim and Deliver\" (PDF). Swimming World and Junior Swimmer. 30 (10): 41–44. Retrieved 8 June 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://65.110.72.225/SPIPDF/1989janetevanswr.pdf","url_text":"\"Swim and Deliver\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_World_Magazine","url_text":"Swimming World and Junior Swimmer"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://content.usatoday.com/sports/olympics/beijing/schedule.aspx?dc=SW","external_links_name":"\"Olympic Swimming Schedule\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120502200551/http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/18844.asp","external_links_name":"\"We Loved You While You Lasted Janet, Rebecca Adlington Erases Longest Standing World Record With Evans' Mark in 800 Free\""},{"Link":"http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/18844.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/olympics/swimming/7564653.stm","external_links_name":"\"Adlington storms to second gold\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120502195716/http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/18821.asp","external_links_name":"\"Olympics, Swimming: Rebecca Adlington Sets Olympic Record in 800 Free Prelims\""},{"Link":"http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/18821.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://65.110.72.225/SPIPDF/1989janetevanswr.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Swim and Deliver\""},{"Link":"http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/2008/2008Results_Book2.pdf","external_links_name":"Official Olympic Report"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrie_Murray_Nature_Center	Carrie Murray Nature Center	["1 Background","2 Programs","2.1 Outdoor Discovery","2.2 School field trips","2.3 Schoolyard visits","2.4 Weekend programs","2.5 Animal encounters","2.6 Summer nature camp","2.7 The Forest Preschool and Childcare program","2.8 Master Naturalist Program","2.9 High school volunteer opportunities","3 Partners","4 References","5 External links"]	Coordinates: 39°18′25.98″N 76°41′44.11″W / 39.3072167°N 76.6955861°W / 39.3072167; -76.6955861Nature center in Baltimore, Maryland, US Carrie Murray Nature CenterTypeNature CenterLocation1901 Ridgetop RoadBaltimore, Maryland 21207Created1985Operated byBaltimore City Recreation and ParksWebsitecarriemurraynaturecenter.org Carrie Murray Nature Center (CMNC) is operated by Baltimore City Recreation and Parks. CMNC offers environmental education programs for children, families, and adults as Baltimore City's only nature center. A native live animal collection, outdoor bird aviary, and indoor exhibits are features of the center, which is nestled in the expansive and historic Gwynns Falls/Leakin Park, the largest urban forested park east of the Mississippi River. The nature center serves an estimated 30,000 visitors annually, including individuals and families as well as groups from schools, faith-based groups, recreation centers, and camps. During the school year, the nature center offers field trips and outreach programs for students of all ages, including the Forest Preschool at Carrie Murray Nature Center, a forest immersion program for preschool-age children. The nature center also offers summer camps, public programs, special events, and volunteer opportunities. Background Baltimore City Recreation and Parks (BCRP) established the nature center after receiving a generous donation from former Baltimore Orioles baseball hall-of-famer Eddie Murray. The center was dedicated in 1985 and was named after Eddie's mother, Carrie Murray. Ms. Murray’s gentle spirit and strength of character greatly influenced her twelve children. She instilled in them the importance of family, respect for nature and a sense of responsibility, leadership, and accomplishment. The nature center hopes that the values by which Ms. Murray lived her life will inspire others to fulfill her mission to care for nature and each other. Programs Outdoor Discovery Children are guided to use their senses, hone motor skills, and notice the multi-faceted natural world around them. The afternoon sessions include hiking, inquiry, exploration, and nature-themed art and activities. In addition, children will meet the nature center's live animal ambassadors. School field trips The nature center offers a range of school field trips that promote science, natural history, environmental education, and STEAM-based approaches to curriculum. The trips encompass outdoor learning, hiking, and exploration in Gwynns Falls Leakin Park Schoolyard visits In lieu of a field trip, outreach programs offer a convenient way to meet live animals, participate in group activities, and discover nature in your schoolyard. Science inquiry includes identification of plants, invertebrates, and other wildlife during outdoor games and a scavenger hunt. Weekend programs Nature discovery and a variety of free or low cost guided programs for all ages happen every Saturday. Animal encounters Children can interact with live animals from the nature center's collection during an engaging visit with a naturalist. Participants will have hands-on experiences with artifacts and learn how scientists classify various animals based on their physical and behavioral adaptations. Summer nature camp Summer camps allow children to get outdoors and explore. They will search for native birds, insects, and animals in the forest, and discover fish and other creatures in the stream. They will enjoy the shade of the trees and discover insects in the meadow. Nature arts and crafts are part of the fun. The Forest Preschool and Childcare program The Forest Preschool was created to help young children, families, and teachers draw closer to the natural world. Children have a right to learn and play outdoors. Nature-based learning has immense benefits that are available to all children regardless of where they live. Baltimore City Recreation and Parks (BCRP) has an extensive network of parks throughout the city, just waiting to be discovered. A Forest Preschool program was launched at Carrie Murray Nature Center in 2018 and expanded to childcare in 2020. Master Naturalist Program The Certified Maryland Master Naturalist Program is offered as an Extension of the University of Maryland. The Nature Center is a host site for the program and provides sixty hours of instruction and immersive outdoor experiences. Participants will hike, observe wildlife, and learn with seasoned instructors to hone naturalist skills based in the Piedmont region of Gwynns Falls/Leakin Park. Following completion of the course, Master Naturalists are required to serve at their host site for forty hours per year. For more information about this course, visit the University of Maryland's Master Naturalist Extension page. High school volunteer opportunities Every first Saturday of the month, students are invited to earn service hours by working on projects at the nature center. The nature center offers on-going individual projects as well as larger projects for groups. Students can also create their own projects based on service learning objectives set by their school. After service hours are completed, the nature center conducts exit interviews which include individual conversations and time for reflection. Partners The nature center works closely with their partners to amplify there presence and share the wonder of the natural world with Baltimore residents and beyond. Friends of Carrie Murray Nature Center Friends of Gwynns Falls Leakin Park National Aquarium Parks & People Foundation Baltimore City Public Schools National Park Service National Park Foundation Maryland Public Television Archived 2014-07-01 at the Wayback Machine National Wildlife Federation Maryland Department of Natural Resources Boy Scouts of America University of Maryland Extension Master Naturalists ERAFANS Phoenix Wildlife Center Frisky's Wildlife Sanctuary Lights Out Baltimore Enoch Pratt Free Library References ^ The Baltimore Sun, Jan 14, 2006 External links vteNature centers in MarylandAnne Arundel County Jug Bay Wetlands Sanctuary Baltimore city Carrie Murray Cylburn Arboretum Masonville Cove Environmental Education Center Baltimore County Cromwell Valley Park Irvine Marshy Point Oregon Ridge Sparks Bank Nature Center at Gunpowder Falls State Park Calvert County Battle Creek Cypress Swamp Carroll County Bear Branch Charlotte's Quest Piney Run Cecil County Fair Hill Frederick County Fountain Rock Park Garrett County Deep Creek Lake State Park New Germany State Park Harford County Eden Mill Harford Glen Environmental Education Center Howard County Howard County Conservancy Robinson Nature Center Montgomery County Agricultural History Farm Park Black Hill Visitors Center Brookside Gardens Croydon Creek Locust Grove Maydale Meadowside Woodend Nature Sanctuary Prince George's County Clearwater Hard Bargain Farm Environmental Center Merkle Wildlife Sanctuary and Visitor's Center Mt. Rainier Patuxent Research Refuge National Wildlife Visitor Center Watkins St. Mary's County Point Lookout State Park Talbot County Phillips Wharf Environmental Center Pickering Creek Audubon Center	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baltimore City Recreation and Parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.carriemurraynaturecenter.org/"},{"link_name":"environmental education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_education"},{"link_name":"nature center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_center"},{"link_name":"aviary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviary"},{"link_name":"Gwynns Falls/Leakin Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwynns_Falls_Leakin_Park"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"}],"text":"Nature center in Baltimore, Maryland, USCarrie Murray Nature Center (CMNC) is operated by Baltimore City Recreation and Parks. CMNC offers environmental education programs for children, families, and adults as Baltimore City's only nature center. A native live animal collection, outdoor bird aviary, and indoor exhibits are features of the center, which is nestled in the expansive and historic Gwynns Falls/Leakin Park, the largest urban forested park east of the Mississippi River.The nature center serves an estimated 30,000 visitors annually, including individuals and families as well as groups from schools, faith-based groups, recreation centers, and camps. During the school year, the nature center offers field trips and outreach programs for students of all ages, including the Forest Preschool at Carrie Murray Nature Center, a forest immersion program for preschool-age children. The nature center also offers summer camps, public programs, special events, and volunteer opportunities.","title":"Carrie Murray Nature Center"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baltimore Orioles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles"},{"link_name":"hall-of-famer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum"},{"link_name":"Eddie Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Murray"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Baltimore City Recreation and Parks (BCRP) established the nature center after receiving a generous donation from former Baltimore Orioles baseball hall-of-famer Eddie Murray.[1] The center was dedicated in 1985 and was named after Eddie's mother, Carrie Murray. Ms. Murray’s gentle spirit and strength of character greatly influenced her twelve children. She instilled in them the importance of family, respect for nature and a sense of responsibility, leadership, and accomplishment.The nature center hopes that the values by which Ms. Murray lived her life will inspire others to fulfill her mission to care for nature and each other.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Programs"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Outdoor Discovery","text":"Children are guided to use their senses, hone motor skills, and notice the multi-faceted natural world around them. The afternoon sessions include hiking, inquiry, exploration, and nature-themed art and activities. In addition, children will meet the nature center's live animal ambassadors.","title":"Programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"STEAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Technology_Engineering_Art_and_Math"}],"sub_title":"School field trips","text":"The nature center offers a range of school field trips that promote science, natural history, environmental education, and STEAM-based approaches to curriculum. The trips encompass outdoor learning, hiking, and exploration in Gwynns Falls Leakin Park","title":"Programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"scavenger hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scavenger_hunt"}],"sub_title":"Schoolyard visits","text":"In lieu of a field trip, outreach programs offer a convenient way to meet live animals, participate in group activities, and discover nature in your schoolyard. Science inquiry includes identification of plants, invertebrates, and other wildlife during outdoor games and a scavenger hunt.","title":"Programs"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Weekend programs","text":"Nature discovery and a variety of free or low cost guided programs for all ages happen every Saturday.","title":"Programs"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Animal encounters","text":"Children can interact with live animals from the nature center's collection during an engaging visit with a naturalist. Participants will have hands-on experiences with artifacts and learn how scientists classify various animals based on their physical and behavioral adaptations.","title":"Programs"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Summer nature camp","text":"Summer camps allow children to get outdoors and explore. They will search for native birds, insects, and animals in the forest, and discover fish and other creatures in the stream. They will enjoy the shade of the trees and discover insects in the meadow. Nature arts and crafts are part of the fun.","title":"Programs"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"The Forest Preschool and Childcare program","text":"The Forest Preschool was created to help young children, families, and teachers draw closer to the natural world. Children have a right to learn and play outdoors. Nature-based learning has immense benefits that are available to all children regardless of where they live. Baltimore City Recreation and Parks (BCRP) has an extensive network of parks throughout the city, just waiting to be discovered. A Forest Preschool program was launched at Carrie Murray Nature Center in 2018 and expanded to childcare in 2020.","title":"Programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park"},{"link_name":"Piedmont region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont_region_of_Virginia"}],"sub_title":"Master Naturalist Program","text":"The Certified Maryland Master Naturalist Program is offered as an Extension of the University of Maryland. The Nature Center is a host site for the program and provides sixty hours of instruction and immersive outdoor experiences. Participants will hike, observe wildlife, and learn with seasoned instructors to hone naturalist skills based in the Piedmont region of Gwynns Falls/Leakin Park. Following completion of the course, Master Naturalists are required to serve at their host site for forty hours per year. For more information about this course, visit the University of Maryland's Master Naturalist Extension page.","title":"Programs"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"High school volunteer opportunities","text":"Every first Saturday of the month, students are invited to earn service hours by working on projects at the nature center. The nature center offers on-going individual projects as well as larger projects for groups. Students can also create their own projects based on service learning objectives set by their school. After service hours are completed, the nature center conducts exit interviews which include individual conversations and time for reflection.","title":"Programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Friends of Carrie Murray Nature Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.facebook.com/carriemurraynaturecenter/"},{"link_name":"Friends of Gwynns Falls Leakin Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//friendsofgwynnsfallsleakinpark.org"},{"link_name":"National Aquarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aqua.org"},{"link_name":"Parks & People Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//parksandpeople.org/"},{"link_name":"Baltimore City Public Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.baltimorecityschools.org/"},{"link_name":"National Park Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nps.gov/index.htm"},{"link_name":"National Park Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nationalparks.org/"},{"link_name":"Maryland Public Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.mpt.org/home/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140701124803/http://www.mpt.org/home/"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"National Wildlife Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nwf.org/"},{"link_name":"Maryland Department of Natural Resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//dnr.maryland.gov/Pages/default.aspx"},{"link_name":"Boy Scouts of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.scouting.org/"},{"link_name":"University of Maryland Extension Master Naturalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//extension.umd.edu/masternaturalist"},{"link_name":"ERAFANS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//erafans.org/"},{"link_name":"Phoenix Wildlife Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.phoenixwildlife.org/"},{"link_name":"Frisky's Wildlife Sanctuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.friskys.org"},{"link_name":"Lights Out Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lightsoutbaltimore.org/"},{"link_name":"Enoch Pratt Free Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.prattlibrary.org"}],"text":"The nature center works closely with their partners to amplify there presence and share the wonder of the natural world with Baltimore residents and beyond.Friends of Carrie Murray Nature Center\nFriends of Gwynns Falls Leakin Park\nNational Aquarium\nParks & People Foundation\nBaltimore City Public Schools\nNational Park Service\nNational Park Foundation\nMaryland Public Television Archived 2014-07-01 at the Wayback Machine\nNational Wildlife Federation\nMaryland Department of Natural Resources\nBoy Scouts of America\nUniversity of Maryland Extension Master Naturalists\nERAFANS\nPhoenix Wildlife Center\nFrisky's Wildlife Sanctuary\nLights Out Baltimore\nEnoch Pratt Free Library","title":"Partners"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Carrie_Murray_Nature_Center&params=39_18_25.98_N_76_41_44.11_W_region:US-MD","external_links_name":"39°18′25.98″N 76°41′44.11″W / 39.3072167°N 76.6955861°W / 39.3072167; -76.6955861"},{"Link":"http://www.carriemurraynaturecenter.org/","external_links_name":"carriemurraynaturecenter.org"},{"Link":"https://www.carriemurraynaturecenter.org/","external_links_name":"Baltimore City Recreation and Parks"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/carriemurraynaturecenter/","external_links_name":"Friends of Carrie Murray Nature Center"},{"Link":"https://friendsofgwynnsfallsleakinpark.org/","external_links_name":"Friends of Gwynns Falls Leakin Park"},{"Link":"https://aqua.org/","external_links_name":"National Aquarium"},{"Link":"https://parksandpeople.org/","external_links_name":"Parks & People Foundation"},{"Link":"https://www.baltimorecityschools.org/","external_links_name":"Baltimore City Public Schools"},{"Link":"https://www.nps.gov/index.htm","external_links_name":"National Park Service"},{"Link":"https://www.nationalparks.org/","external_links_name":"National Park Foundation"},{"Link":"http://www.mpt.org/home/","external_links_name":"Maryland Public Television"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140701124803/http://www.mpt.org/home/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nwf.org/","external_links_name":"National Wildlife Federation"},{"Link":"http://dnr.maryland.gov/Pages/default.aspx","external_links_name":"Maryland Department of Natural Resources"},{"Link":"https://www.scouting.org/","external_links_name":"Boy Scouts of America"},{"Link":"https://extension.umd.edu/masternaturalist","external_links_name":"University of Maryland Extension Master Naturalists"},{"Link":"http://erafans.org/","external_links_name":"ERAFANS"},{"Link":"https://www.phoenixwildlife.org/","external_links_name":"Phoenix Wildlife Center"},{"Link":"http://www.friskys.org/","external_links_name":"Frisky's Wildlife Sanctuary"},{"Link":"http://www.lightsoutbaltimore.org/","external_links_name":"Lights Out Baltimore"},{"Link":"https://www.prattlibrary.org/","external_links_name":"Enoch Pratt Free Library"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEDEC_Awards	CEDEC Awards	["1 Selection Process","2 Award list","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Annual awards for video games and developers This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "CEDEC Awards" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) CEDEC AwardsAwarded forOutstanding game developers and gamesPresented byCESA Developers ConferenceFirst awarded2008Websitecedec.cesa.or.jp CEDEC Awards are annually presented by Tokyo, Japan-based CEDEC (CESA Developers conference) for outstanding game developers and games. The awards started in 2008. Selection Process The CEDEC Awards began in 2008, at the "CEDEC 2008" conference, on its 10th anniversary. The main awards were based on suggestions by the public, from which nominations were chosen by the CEDEC advisory board, which were then voted on by the advisory board, and CEDEC students. Award list Year Engineering Visual Arts Game Design Sound Network Special Award Books 2008 MT Framework (Capcom) Ico Super Mario series Legend of Zelda series Not awarded Shigeru Miyamoto Not awarded 2009 Shadow of the Colossus programming team (Sony Computer Entertainment) Ōkami artist and technical artist (Capcom) Monster Hunter Portable development team (Capcom) Rhythm Tengoku Gold development team (Nintendo) Nico Nico Douga video sharing (Niwango) Yuji Horii Sho Hirayama "Technologies that before you become a game programmer"; Haruhisa Ishida "C language" 2010 mycomBASIC magazine editorial department and contributors (Denpa Newspaper Company) Infinity Ward (Activision / Infinity Ward) Demon's Souls development team (FromSoftware) KORG DS-10 series development team (AQ Interactive) Sekai Camera development team (Tonchi) Masaya Nakamura BornDigital Inc & Hiroyuki Kawanishi (Microsoft) (Microsoft) 2011 Unity Engine team (Unity Technologies) Street Fighter IV design team (Capcom) Akihiro Hino (Level-5) CRI ADX2 development team (CRI Middleware) Amazon EC2/S3 (Amazon Web Services) Satoshi Tajiri & Tsunekazu Ishihara Kengo Nakajima "The technology of Online game" 2012 Kinect (Kinect development team) Journey development team (Thatgamecompany) Puzzle & Dragons development team (GungHo Online Entertainment) The Idolmaster series music team (Bandai Namco) Enchant.js development team (Ubiquitous Entertainment) Koichi Hamamura Yosuke Katsura, Marc Salvati, Tatsuo Yotsukura "Technical Artist Start Kit" 2013 Oculus Rift Development Kit JoJo's Bizarre Adventure ("Kamikaze Video" ja:神風動画) Kenji Eno CeVIO Creative Studio dev team Nintendo DS communication technology team Ken Kutaragi Yoshiki Dojima "Technology and ideas to move games" ; Masaki Kato "How to make games Unity's play algorithm to remember" 2014 Unreal Engine 4 dev team Softimage (Autodesk) Fleet Collection (DMM.com / Kadokawa Games) Hideki Sakamoto "PS4 share button" dev team (Sony Computer Entertainment) Koichi Sugiyama DeNa "Mobageを支える技術～ソーシャルゲームの舞台裏～" 2015 Visual Studio Guilty Gear Xrd (Arc System Works) Neko Atsume (Hit-Point) Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U (Masahiro Sakurai/Sora Ltd./Nintendo) Ingress (Niantic) Toru Iwatani / Tomohiro Nishikado (Space Invaders / Pac Man) 大野功二氏 : "3Dゲームをおもしろくする技術実例から解き明かすゲームメカニクス・レベルデザイン・カメラのノウハウ" (published SB Creative) 2016 Nvidia GameWorks Splatoon dev team (Nintendo) Splatoon dev team (Nintendo) Splatoon dev team (Nintendo) - Yōichi Erikawa, founder Koei, president Koei Tecmo CGWORLD (japan) magazine, publisher "Born Digital Inc." (株式会社ボーンデジタル) 2017 PlayStation VR The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild (Nintendo) The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild (Nintendo) Nier: Automata (Square Enix/PlatinumGames) - Hironobu Sakaguchi Eske Yoshinob : "マヤ道！！THE ROAD OF MAYA" 2018 The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild (Nintendo) Nier: Automata (Square Enix/PlatinumGames) Splatoon 2 (Nintendo) Persona 5 (Atlus) - Yu Suzuki 伊藤毅志氏 "ゲーム情報学概論 -ゲームを切り拓く人工知能-" (publisher "Corona", ja:コロナ社_(出版社) 2019 Perforce (Perforce Software, Inc.) Masayoshi Sudo (Atlus) Nintendo Labo (Nintendo) Ace Combat 7: Skies Unknown (Bandai Namco Entertainment) - Masahiro Sakurai Jun Matsunaga: チェインクロニクルから学ぶスマートフォンRPGのつくり方 2020 CAPCOM Open Conference RE:2019 Management Team and "RE ENGINE" Development Team (CAPCOM Corporation) Atsume Animal Crossing Development Team (Nintendo Corporation) Ring Fit Adventure Development Team (Nintendo Corporation) Final Fantasy VII Remake Sound Development Team (Square Enix Inc.) - Hideo Kojima - 2021 Ryugaku Studio Dragon Engine Development Team (Sega Corporation) Ghost of Tsushima Development Team (Sucker Punch Productions) Eru Deru Waisu Tenho no Sakunahime (Sakuna: Of Rice and Ruin) Ghost of Tsushima Sound Development Team (Sucker Punch Productions) - Mark Cerny - 2022 Cygames Tech Conference Management Team (Cygames, Inc.) Elden Ring Development Team (FromSoftware, Inc.) Elden Ring Development Team (FromSoftware, Inc.) Uma Musume Pretty Derby Sound Development Team (Cygames, Inc.) - Hidetaka Miyazaki - 2023 Kirby and the Forgotten Land Development Team (Nintendo/HAL Laboratory) Masahiro Sakurai (Sora Ltd) Masahiro Sakurai (Sora Ltd) Hi-Fi RUSH Sound Development Team (Tango Gameworks) - The Legend of Zelda Development Team / Eiji Aonuma - See also Japan Game Awards Game Developers Choice Awards References ^ a b ゲーム技術開発賞「CEDEC AWARDS ２００８」 (PDF) (in Japanese), 10 Sep 2008 ^ Tanaka, John (2008-09-10). "Miyamoto Wins Special CEDEC Award". IGN. Retrieved 2022-08-26. ^ "CEDEC AWARDS 2013", cedec.cesa.or.jp (in Japanese) ^ "CEDEC AWARDS 2014", cgworld.jp (in Japanese) ^ "CEDEC AWARDS最優秀賞 / CEDEC 2014", cedec.cesa.or.jp (in Japanese) ^ "CEDEC AWARDS / 公式サイト / CEDEC 2015", cedec.cesa.or.jp (in Japanese) ^ "「CEDEC AWARDS 2016」最優秀賞の受賞者が発表。", www.4gamer.net (in Japanese) ^ "CEDEC AWARDS 2017の最優秀賞が決定 / 日経 xTECH（クロステック）", tech.nikkeibp.co.jp (in Japanese) ^ "CEDEC2018", cedec.cesa.or.jp (in Japanese) ^ ""CEDEC AWARDS 2019"各部門の最優秀賞が発表。ゲームデザイン部門は『Nintendo Labo』開発チームが受賞【CEDEC 2019】", Famitsu (in Japanese), September 5, 2019 ^ "CEDEC2020". cedec.cesa.or.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved 2022-08-25. ^ Stenbuck, Kite (2020-09-03). "Final Fantasy VII Remake and Hideo Kojima Win at CEDEC Awards 2020". Siliconera. Retrieved 2022-08-25. ^ "CEDEC2021". CEDEC2021 (in Japanese). Retrieved 2022-08-25. ^ Stenbuck, Kite (2021-08-25). "Ghost of Tsushima Won Twice at CEDEC Awards 2021". Siliconera. Retrieved 2022-08-25. ^ "CEDEC2022". CEDEC2022 (in Japanese). Retrieved 2023-12-06. ^ Stenbuck, Kite (2022-08-24). "Elden Ring and Uma Musume Developers Won at CEDEC Awards 2022". Siliconera. Retrieved 2023-12-06. ^ "CEDEC2023". CEDEC2023 (in Japanese). Retrieved 2023-12-06. ^ Stenbuck, Kite (2023-08-25). "Nintendo Affiliated Entities Dominated CEDEC Awards 2023". Siliconera. Retrieved 2023-12-06. External links CEDEC, official website	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tokyo, Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo,_Japan"},{"link_name":"CESA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Entertainment_Supplier%27s_Association"}],"text":"CEDEC Awards are annually presented by Tokyo, Japan-based CEDEC (CESA Developers conference) for outstanding game developers and games. The awards started in 2008.","title":"CEDEC Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cedec2008-1"}],"text":"The CEDEC Awards began in 2008, at the \"CEDEC 2008\" conference, on its 10th anniversary. The main awards were based on suggestions by the public, from which nominations were chosen by the CEDEC advisory board, which were then voted on by the advisory board, and CEDEC students.[1]","title":"Selection Process"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Award list"}]	[]	[{"title":"Japan Game Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Game_Awards"},{"title":"Game Developers Choice Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Developers_Choice_Awards"}]	[{"reference":"ゲーム技術開発賞「CEDEC AWARDS ２００８」 (PDF) (in Japanese), 10 Sep 2008","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cesa.or.jp/uploads/2008/cedec2008_080910.pdf","url_text":"ゲーム技術開発賞「CEDEC AWARDS ２００８」"}]},{"reference":"Tanaka, John (2008-09-10). \"Miyamoto Wins Special CEDEC Award\". IGN. 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Retrieved 2022-08-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://cedec.cesa.or.jp/2020/event/awards/prize.html","url_text":"\"CEDEC2020\""}]},{"reference":"Stenbuck, Kite (2020-09-03). \"Final Fantasy VII Remake and Hideo Kojima Win at CEDEC Awards 2020\". Siliconera. Retrieved 2022-08-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.siliconera.com/cedec-awards-2020-winners/","url_text":"\"Final Fantasy VII Remake and Hideo Kojima Win at CEDEC Awards 2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"CEDEC2021\". CEDEC2021 (in Japanese). Retrieved 2022-08-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://cedec.cesa.or.jp/2021/event/awards/prize.html","url_text":"\"CEDEC2021\""}]},{"reference":"Stenbuck, Kite (2021-08-25). \"Ghost of Tsushima Won Twice at CEDEC Awards 2021\". Siliconera. Retrieved 2022-08-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.siliconera.com/ghost-of-tsushima-won-twice-at-cedec-awards-2021/","url_text":"\"Ghost of Tsushima Won Twice at CEDEC Awards 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"CEDEC2022\". CEDEC2022 (in Japanese). Retrieved 2023-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://cedec.cesa.or.jp/2022/event/awards/prize","url_text":"\"CEDEC2022\""}]},{"reference":"Stenbuck, Kite (2022-08-24). \"Elden Ring and Uma Musume Developers Won at CEDEC Awards 2022\". Siliconera. Retrieved 2023-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.siliconera.com/elden-ring-and-uma-musume-developers-won-at-cedec-awards-2022/","url_text":"\"Elden Ring and Uma Musume Developers Won at CEDEC Awards 2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"CEDEC2023\". CEDEC2023 (in Japanese). Retrieved 2023-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://cedec.cesa.or.jp/2023/event/awards/prize","url_text":"\"CEDEC2023\""}]},{"reference":"Stenbuck, Kite (2023-08-25). \"Nintendo Affiliated Entities Dominated CEDEC Awards 2023\". Siliconera. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gli_invicibili_fratelli_Maciste	The Invincible Brothers Maciste	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Release","4 References","4.1 Bibliography","5 External links"]	1964 filmThe Invincible Brothers MacisteDirected byRoberto MauriScreenplay by Roberto Mauri Edoardo Mulargia Produced byDomenico SeymandiStarring Richard Lloyd Mario Novelli Claudie Lange Anthony Steffan CinematographyRomolo GarroniEdited byEnzo AlabisoProductioncompanyIFESADistributed byVariety DistributionRelease date 18 December 1964 (1964-12-18) (Italy) Running time90 minutesCountryItaly The Invincible Brothers Maciste (Italian: Gli invincibili fratelli Maciste) is a 1964 Italian peplum film written and directed by Roberto Mauri. Plot Two Herculean warrior brothers battle to save their prince from the clutches of an evil queen, in a hidden world lurking behind a giant waterfall. The depraved queen practices mind-control and must force her slave population to continually turn a waterwheel lest their world come to an end. Cast Richard Lloyd as Maciste The Old Claudie Lange as Queen Thaliade Tony Freeman as Maciste The Young Anthony Steffen as Prince Akim Ursula Davis as Jana Gia Sandri as Nice Release The Invincible Brothers Maciste was released theatrically in Italy on 18 December 1964. On its release in the United States, the film had a different running time of 92 minutes. References ^ a b c d e f g h Kinnard & Crnkovich 2017, p. 100. ^ Michele Giordano. Giganti buoni. Gremese Editore, 1998. ISBN 8877421835. ^ Roberto Poppi, Mario Pecorari. Dizionario del cinema italiano. I film. Gremese Editore, 2007. ISBN 8884405033. ^ Paolo Mereghetti. Il Mereghetti - Dizionario dei film. B.C. Dalai Editore, 2010. ISBN 8860736269. Bibliography Kinnard, Roy; Crnkovich, Tony (2017). Italian Sword and Sandal Films, 1908-1990. McFarland. ISBN 978-1476662916. External links The Invincible Brothers Maciste at IMDb The Invincible Brothers Maciste at Variety Distribution vteFilms with Maciste (Samson)Silent films Cabiria Maciste Maciste alpino Maciste sonnambulo Maciste atleta Maciste poliziotto Maciste medium Maciste innamorato Maciste contro la morte Il viaggio di Maciste Il testamento di Maciste Maciste salvato dalle acque Maciste in vacanza La rivincita di Maciste Maciste e la figlia del re dell'argento Maciste und die Japanerin Maciste contro Maciste Maciste und der Sträfling Nr. 51 Maciste e il cofano cinese Maciste e il nipote d'America Maciste imperatore Maciste all'inferno (1925) Maciste contro lo sceicco (1926) Maciste nella gabbia dei leoni Il gigante delle Dolomiti Sound films Maciste nella Valle dei Re Maciste nella terra dei ciclopi Maciste contro il vampiro Il trionfo di Maciste Maciste l'uomo più forte del mondo Maciste contro Ercole nella valle dei guai Maciste alla corte del Gran Khan Totò contro Maciste The Witch's Curse Maciste contro lo sceicco Maciste contro i mostri Maciste il gladiatore più forte del mondo Maciste contro i tagliatori di teste Maciste l'eroe più grande del mondo Zorro contro Maciste Maciste contro i mongoli Maciste alla corte dello Zar Maciste gladiatore di Sparta Maciste nell'inferno di Gengis Khan Maciste nelle miniere di re Salomone Maciste e la regina di Samar La valle dell'eco tonante Ercole, Sansone, Maciste e Ursus gli invincibili Gli invincibili fratelli Maciste Actors Mark Forest Kirk Morris Bartolomeo Pagano Gordon Scott Alan Steel This article related to an Italian film of the 1960s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about an adventure film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"peplum film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peplum_film"},{"link_name":"Roberto Mauri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Mauri"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60-69_z-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mereghetti-4"}],"text":"The Invincible Brothers Maciste (Italian: Gli invincibili fratelli Maciste) is a 1964 Italian peplum film written and directed by Roberto Mauri.[2][3][4]","title":"The Invincible Brothers Maciste"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Two Herculean warrior brothers battle to save their prince from the clutches of an evil queen, in a hidden world lurking behind a giant waterfall. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Pitau	Nicolas Pitau	["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links"]	French engraver Nicolas Pitau, or Pittou the Senior (13 May 1632 – 11 February 1671) was a Flemish-born French engraver and printmaker. Biography Born in Antwerp on 13 May 1632 Pitau began his training with his godfather Nicolaes Lauwers (1600–1652), and his brother Conrad Lauwers (1622–1675) in around 1650. In 1656 Pitau moved to Paris with Conrad, where he began producing etched plates after the work of Philippe de Champaigne. In 1666 he began to publish plates after the work of Gerard Edelinck. He married Magdalena de Vadder. On 4 June 1670 his son, Nicolas Pitau the Younger was born. A year later on 11 February 1671 Nicholas Pitau died in Paris. References ^ Conrad Lauwers in the RKD ^ Nicolaes Pitau in the RKD External links Works by Nicholas Pitau at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Germany Artists KulturNav RKD Artists ULAN People Netherlands Deutsche Biographie Other SNAC Te Papa (New Zealand) This article about a Belgian artist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article relating to an engraver of printed works (engravings, maps, stamps, banknotes) is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Nicolas Pitau, or Pittou the Senior (13 May 1632 – 11 February 1671) was a Flemish-born French engraver and printmaker.","title":"Nicolas Pitau"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nicolaes Lauwers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaes_Lauwers"},{"link_name":"Conrad Lauwers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_Lauwers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Philippe de Champaigne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_de_Champaigne"},{"link_name":"Gerard Edelinck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Edelinck"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Born in Antwerp on 13 May 1632 Pitau began his training with his godfather Nicolaes Lauwers (1600–1652), and his brother Conrad Lauwers (1622–1675)[1] in around 1650.\nIn 1656 Pitau moved to Paris with Conrad, where he began producing etched plates after the work of Philippe de Champaigne. In 1666 he began to publish plates after the work of Gerard Edelinck. He married Magdalena de Vadder.[2] On 4 June 1670 his son, Nicolas Pitau the Younger was born. A year later on 11 February 1671 Nicholas Pitau died in Paris.","title":"Biography"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/48382","external_links_name":"Conrad Lauwers"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/322795","external_links_name":"Nicolaes Pitau"},{"Link":"http://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/search.aspx?advanced=colProProductionMakers%3a%22Pitau%2c+Nicolas%22","external_links_name":"Works by Nicholas Pitau at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/69861441","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb173561592","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb173561592","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/12443245X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://kulturnav.org/f5b2ee45-f50a-4820-8cf2-d92e5f736151","external_links_name":"KulturNav"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/322795","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500060475","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/29624224","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd12443245X.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w66b9bk9","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/1823","external_links_name":"Te Papa (New Zealand)"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Pitau&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Pitau&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostjuden	Eastern European Jewry	["1 Before the 18th century","1.1 Economics and commerce","1.2 Traditional life","1.3 Social structure","2 From the late 18th century to the beginning of the 20th century","2.1 The settlement","2.2 Galicia","3 Antisemitism","4 See also","5 References","6 Sources","7 Further reading","8 External links"]	Bloc of Jewish diasporas This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Eastern European Jewry" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The density of the Jewish settlement in the Moshav in 1905 The Hebrew text: The yellow area covers the distribution of the Jews of the Polish-Lithuanian Union, their original places of residence and their immigration areas. The expression 'Eastern European Jewry' has two meanings. Its first meaning refers to the current political spheres of the Eastern European countries and its second meaning refers to the Jewish communities in Russia and Poland. The phrase 'Eastern European Jews' or 'Jews of the East' (from German: Ostjuden) was established during the 20th century in the German Empire and in the western provinces of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, aiming to distinguish the integrating Jews in Central Europe from those Jews who lived in the East. This feature deals with the second meaning of the concept of Eastern European Jewry- the Jewish groups that lived in Poland, Ukraine, Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Russia, Romania, Hungary and modern-day Moldova in collective settlement (from Hebrew: Kibbutz- קיבוץ). Many of whom spoke Yiddish. At the beginning of the 20th century, over 6 million Jews lived in Eastern Europe. They were organized into large and small communities, living in big cities such as Warsaw (with a population of about 300,000 Jews) as well as in small towns with populations of only tens or hundreds of Jews. Before the 18th century Polish Jews in typical clothing - 17th century (top), 18th century (bottom) At the beginning of the 16th century, the number of Jews who lived in Eastern Europe was estimated to be between 10,000 and 30,000. In parts of Eastern Europe, before the arrival of the Ashkenazi Jews from Central Europe, some non-Ashkenazi Jews were present who spoke Leshon Knaan and held various other non-Ashkenazi traditions and customs. As early as the beginning of the 17th century, it was known that there were Jews living in cities of Lithuania who spoke "Russiany" (from Hebrew: רוסיתא) and did not know the "Ashkenaz tongue", i.e. German-Yiddish. In 1966, the historian Cecil Roth questioned the inclusion of all Yiddish speaking Jews as Ashkenazim in descent, suggesting that upon the arrival of Ashkenazi Jews from Central Europe to Eastern Europe, from the Middle Ages to the 16th century, there were already a substantial number of Jews there who later abandoned their original culture in favor of Ashkenazi culture. However, according to more recent research, mass migrations of Yiddish-speaking Ashkenazi Jews occurred to Eastern Europe from the west who increased due to high birth rates and absorbed and/or largely replaced the preceding non-Ashkenazi Jewish groups of Eastern Europe (the latter groups' numbers are estimated by demographer Sergio DellaPergola to have been small). In the mid-18th century, the number of Jews increased to about 750,000. During this period only one-third of East European Jews lived in areas with a predominantly Polish population. The rest of the Jews lived among other peoples, mainly in the Ukrainian and Russian-Lithuanian environments. The numerical increase was due to mass migration of Yiddish-speaking Ashkenazi Jews from Central Europe to Eastern Europe beginning from the Middle Ages to the 16th century, as well as a high birth rate among these immigrants. Genetic evidence also indicates that Yiddish-speaking Eastern European Jews largely descended from Ashkenazi Jews who migrated from central Europe and subsequently experienced high birthrates and genetic isolation. In the mid-18th century, two-thirds of the Jewish population of Eastern Europe lived in cities or towns, and a third of it lived in villages - a unique phenomenon that hardly existed in Western Europe. In every village where Jews lived, there were only two Jewish families on average, and each family usually consisted of no more than ten Jews. In most of the urban localities in which they lived, the Jewish population comprised half the number of residents on average. It follows that in many towns, there was a Jewish majority. This reality has been intensified over the years, with the percentage of Jews in cities and towns increasing, and thus the "shtetl" phenomenon was created - the "Jewish town", a large part of which was Jewish, and whose Jewish cultural character was prominent. Economics and commerce The Jews engaged in trade and various crafts, such as tailoring, weaving, leather processing and even agriculture. The economic activity of Eastern European Jewry was different from that of Central and Western European Jews: in Eastern Europe, the Jews developed specializations in trade, leasing, and crafts, which were hardly found in Western Europe. The Eastern European Jewry also had a great deal of involvement in economic matters that Jews in Central and Western Europe did not deal with at all. Until the mid-17th century with the 1648 Cossack riots on Jewish population, eastern European Jews lived in a relatively comfortable environment that enabled them to thrive. The Jews, for the most part, enjoyed extensive economic, personal and religious freedom. Thus, for example, deportations, foreclosure of Jewish property, and the removal of financial debts of non-Jews to Jews, which were common in Western Europe, hardly existed in the East. Despite the privileges, there were also hatred expressions towards the Jews. This phenomenon was described by a Jewish sage named Shlomo Maimon: "It is possible that there is no country other than Poland, where freedom of religion and hatred of religion are found in equal measure. The Jews are allowed to preserve their religion with absolute freedom, and the rest of the civil rights have been assigned to them, and they have even their own courts. And in opposite to that, you find that religion hatred is so great there to the extent of that matter, the word 'Jew' is an abomination." Traditional life The amount of Torah study among Eastern European Jews at the beginning of their settlement was little. As a result, many halakhic (from Hebrew: הלכתיות) questions and problems were addressed to rabbis and Torah scholars in Germany and Bohemia which were close to them. From the 16th century, luxurious study centers were established in Eastern Europe, where the Hassidic movement also began to develop. Social structure The Jewish social structure in Eastern Europe was built of communities and from the mid-16th century to 1764, central institutions, including communal ones, of self-leadership in Eastern Europe were running. The two main institutions were the Four-State Committee and the Lithuanian State Council. The committees' role was to collect taxes from the Jewish communities and deliver them to the authorities. Later they took it upon themselves to represent the Jewish community to the foreign rulers of those countries. In addition, the committee had judicial authority over internal laws and Halachot (from Hebrew: הלכות) within the Jewish communities. The Council of Four Lands was the highest institution among the committees. The committee was composed out of seven rabbinic judges when the head of them was always a representative of the Lublin community. The other members of the committee were representatives of the cities of Poznan, Krakow and Lvov. Historical documents bearing the Committee's signature indicate that in certain periods the committee was expanded to represent all the important communities in the kingdom, and then the number of representatives was close to thirty. At first, the committee met in Lublin, giving the city the status of a top-notch Jewish center. The conference, which lasted about two weeks, was held once a year during the winter, when the city's largest trade fair was coordinated. In a later period, the conference was held twice a year: a winter gathering in Lublin and a summer conference in the city of Yaroslav in Galicia. From the late 18th century to the beginning of the 20th century In the late 18th century, the Jews of Eastern Europe were divided into two major geographic regions: a settlement controlled by the Russian Empire, and a Galicia under the control of the Austria-Hungarian Empire. The settlement The three divisions of Poland (first in 1772, then in 1793, and finally in 1795) left the Aryan part of the Polish Jewry under the authority of the Russian Empire. The Russian government turned out to be less tolerant towards Jews, and more restrictions were imposed on Jews than the rest of the Polish people. In 1791 Czarina Yekaterina the Great established the region of the Settlement (the 'Moshav') in the western fringes of the empire, where only Jews were allowed to live. The Moshav included most of the former territories of Poland and Lithuania, which were populated by concentrations of Jews. Limiting those boundaries led to the uprooting and deportation of Moscow and St. Petersburg Jews to the eastern border of the country, which was one of the main goals of the authorities. Later, the Jews of Kiev were also forbidden to live in their own city, even though Kiev itself was included in the "region of the Settlement." At the beginning of the 20th century, more than five million Jews lived in Czarist Russia, with 90% of them concentrated in the region of the Settlement and about three million Jews lived in the former borders of Poland. According to various estimates, Eastern European Jewry at the beginning of the 20th century constituted 80% of world Jewry. Galicia Further information: Galician Jews Another large Jewish community in Eastern Europe was Galicia, the territory that was given to Austria in the partition of Poland. Towards the end of the 19th century, Emperor Franz Joseph intended to "acculturate" the Jews by establishing a network of schools for general studies. Some Jews supported this goal, but most of them opposed it. Further resistance arose when an attempt was made to settle the Jews on the land. The Jews in Galicia were known for their religious piety, and they fought hard against the Enlightenment and against attempts to "assimilate" them culturally. There was also a sharp confrontation between supporters of Hasidism and those opposed to it (Misnagdim). Eventually Hasidism won and became the dominant movement among the Jews of Galicia. In 1867, the Jews of Galicia were granted full equality of rights, and thus were the first among the Jews of Eastern Europe to be emancipated. The Zionist movement flourished in Galicia. During the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, before World War I the Jewish community flourished in Galicia. A large number of books and poems were published there, many Torah sages were engaged in it and Zionism and Yiddish culture also emerged. At the beginning of the 20th century, the number of Jews in Galicia reached more than 800,000. Antisemitism Antisemitism in Switzerland in the years between the First and Second World Wars was mostly directed towards the so-called Ostjuden who were perceived as having a foreign dress and culture. In fact, Ostjuden were explicitly mentioned by Heinrich Rothmund, the head of the Swiss federal Alien Police: "...we are not such horrible monsters after all. But we do not let anyone walk all over us, especially Eastern Jews, who, as it is well known, try and try again to do just that, because they think a straight line is crooked, here our position is probably in complete agreement with our Swiss people." As antisemitism in Germany escalated after the First World War, German Jews were divided with regard to how they felt about the Yiddish-speaking Eastern European Jews. Some German Jews, who were wrestling with the notion of their own German identity, became more accepting of a shared identity with Eastern Jewry. The Austrian novelist Joseph Roth depicted the misfortunes of Eastern European Jewry in the aftermath of the First World War in his novel The Wandering Jews. After the Nuremberg Laws were passed in 1935, Roth said that the archetype of the "Wandering Jew" now extended to the identity of the German Jews, whom he described as being "more homeless than even his cousin in Łódź". See also Ashkenazi Jews History of the Jews in Poland History of the Jews in Russia History of the Jews in Ukraine Council of Four Lands Shtetl Pale of Settlement References ^ a b Israel Bartal, "The Eastern European Jews Prior to the Arrival of the Ashkenazim", The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, May 29th, 2016. ^ Cecil Roth, The World History of the Jewish People. Vol. XI (11): The Dark Ages. Jews in Christian Europe 711-1096 [Second Series: Medieval Period. Vol. Two: The Dark Ages, Rutgers University Press, 1966. Pp. 302-303. ^ Edgar C. Polomé, Werner Winter, Reconstructing Languages and Cultures, Walter de Gruyter, 2011-06-24, ISBN 978-3-11-086792-3. ^ Sergio DellaPergola, "Some Fundamentals of Jewish Demographic History", in Papers in Jewish Demography 1997, Jerusalem, The Hebrew University, 2001. ^ Gladstein AL, Hammer MF (March 2019). "Substructured population growth in the Ashkenazi Jews inferred with Approximate Bayesian Computation". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 36 (6): 1162–1171. doi:10.1093/molbev/msz047. PMID 30840069. ^ Wallace, Max (2018). In the Name of Humanity. New York: Penguin. ISBN 978-1-5107-3497-5. ^ "The End of German-Jewish Life: Ostjuden as a Metaphor for All Jews". The University of Chicago Library. Sources Jared Diamond (1993). "Who are the Jews?" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-21. Retrieved November 8, 2010. Hammer, MF; Redd, AJ; Wood, ET; et al. (June 2000). "Jewish and Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations share a common pool of Y-chromosome biallelic haplotypes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 97 (12): 6769–6774. doi:10.1073/pnas.100115997. PMC 18733. PMID 10801975. Wade, Nicholas (9 May 2000). "Y Chromosome Bears Witness to Story of the Jewish Diaspora". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 October 2012. "Germany: Virtual Jewish History Tour". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 2013-07-19. Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopaedia 2007. Europe. Archived from the original on 28 October 2009. Retrieved 27 December 2007.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) Further reading Roth, Joseph (1927). Juden Auf Wanderschaft (The Wandering Jews), translated by Michael Hofmann. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2001. Zweig, Arnold (1920). Das Ostjüdische Antlitz (The Face of East European Jewry), with drawings by Hermann Struck, translated by Noah Isenberg. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2nd ed., 2004. External links The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_showing_percentage_of_Jews_in_the_Pale_of_Settlement_and_Congress_Poland,_c._1905.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yidish-dialects-he.jpg"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belarus"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latvia"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Estonia"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Moldova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Moldova"},{"link_name":"collective settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_settlement"},{"link_name":"Yiddish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish"},{"link_name":"Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews"}],"text":"The density of the Jewish settlement in the Moshav in 1905The Hebrew text: The yellow area covers the distribution of the Jews of the Polish-Lithuanian Union, their original places of residence and their immigration areas.The expression 'Eastern European Jewry' has two meanings. Its first meaning refers to the current political spheres of the Eastern European countries and its second meaning refers to the Jewish communities in Russia and Poland. The phrase 'Eastern European Jews' or 'Jews of the East' (from German: Ostjuden) was established during the 20th century in the German Empire and in the western provinces of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, aiming to distinguish the integrating Jews in Central Europe from those Jews who lived in the East. This feature deals with the second meaning of the concept of Eastern European Jewry- the Jewish groups that lived in Poland, Ukraine, Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Russia, Romania, Hungary and modern-day Moldova in collective settlement (from Hebrew: Kibbutz- קיבוץ). Many of whom spoke Yiddish.At the beginning of the 20th century, over 6 million Jews lived in Eastern Europe. They were organized into large and small communities, living in big cities such as Warsaw (with a population of about 300,000 Jews) as well as in small towns with populations of only tens or hundreds of Jews.","title":"Eastern European Jewry"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jewish_dress_in_Poland_17th_and_18th_century.jpg"},{"link_name":"Eastern Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bartal-1"},{"link_name":"Ashkenazi Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews"},{"link_name":"Leshon Knaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leshon_Knaan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bartal-1"},{"link_name":"Cecil Roth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Roth"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Sergio DellaPergola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_DellaPergola"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceGandH-5"},{"link_name":"shtetl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shtetl"}],"text":"Polish Jews in typical clothing - 17th century (top), 18th century (bottom)At the beginning of the 16th century, the number of Jews who lived in Eastern Europe was estimated to be between 10,000 and 30,000.[1] In parts of Eastern Europe, before the arrival of the Ashkenazi Jews from Central Europe, some non-Ashkenazi Jews were present who spoke Leshon Knaan and held various other non-Ashkenazi traditions and customs.[1] As early as the beginning of the 17th century, it was known that there were Jews living in cities of Lithuania who spoke \"Russiany\" (from Hebrew: רוסיתא) and did not know the \"Ashkenaz tongue\", i.e. German-Yiddish. In 1966, the historian Cecil Roth questioned the inclusion of all Yiddish speaking Jews as Ashkenazim in descent, suggesting that upon the arrival of Ashkenazi Jews from Central Europe to Eastern Europe, from the Middle Ages to the 16th century, there were already a substantial number of Jews there who later abandoned their original culture in favor of Ashkenazi culture.[2][3] However, according to more recent research, mass migrations of Yiddish-speaking Ashkenazi Jews occurred to Eastern Europe from the west who increased due to high birth rates and absorbed and/or largely replaced the preceding non-Ashkenazi Jewish groups of Eastern Europe (the latter groups' numbers are estimated by demographer Sergio DellaPergola to have been small). In the mid-18th century, the number of Jews increased to about 750,000. During this period only one-third of East European Jews lived in areas with a predominantly Polish population. The rest of the Jews lived among other peoples, mainly in the Ukrainian and Russian-Lithuanian environments. The numerical increase was due to mass migration of Yiddish-speaking Ashkenazi Jews from Central Europe to Eastern Europe beginning from the Middle Ages to the 16th century, as well as a high birth rate among these immigrants.[4] Genetic evidence also indicates that Yiddish-speaking Eastern European Jews largely descended from Ashkenazi Jews who migrated from central Europe and subsequently experienced high birthrates and genetic isolation.[5]In the mid-18th century, two-thirds of the Jewish population of Eastern Europe lived in cities or towns, and a third of it lived in villages - a unique phenomenon that hardly existed in Western Europe. In every village where Jews lived, there were only two Jewish families on average, and each family usually consisted of no more than ten Jews. In most of the urban localities in which they lived, the Jewish population comprised half the number of residents on average. It follows that in many towns, there was a Jewish majority. This reality has been intensified over the years, with the percentage of Jews in cities and towns increasing, and thus the \"shtetl\" phenomenon was created - the \"Jewish town\", a large part of which was Jewish, and whose Jewish cultural character was prominent.","title":"Before the 18th century"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Economics and commerce","text":"The Jews engaged in trade and various crafts, such as tailoring, weaving, leather processing and even agriculture. The economic activity of Eastern European Jewry was different from that of Central and Western European Jews: in Eastern Europe, the Jews developed specializations in trade, leasing, and crafts, which were hardly found in Western Europe. The Eastern European Jewry also had a great deal of involvement in economic matters that Jews in Central and Western Europe did not deal with at all.Until the mid-17th century with the 1648 Cossack riots on Jewish population, eastern European Jews lived in a relatively comfortable environment that enabled them to thrive. The Jews, for the most part, enjoyed extensive economic, personal and religious freedom. Thus, for example, deportations, foreclosure of Jewish property, and the removal of financial debts of non-Jews to Jews, which were common in Western Europe, hardly existed in the East. Despite the privileges, there were also hatred expressions towards the Jews. This phenomenon was described by a Jewish sage named Shlomo Maimon:\"It is possible that there is no country other than Poland, where freedom of religion and hatred of religion are found in equal measure. The Jews are allowed to preserve their religion with absolute freedom, and the rest of the civil rights have been assigned to them, and they have even their own courts. And in opposite to that, you find that religion hatred is so great there to the extent of that matter, the word 'Jew' is an abomination.\"","title":"Before the 18th century"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Traditional life","text":"The amount of Torah study among Eastern European Jews at the beginning of their settlement was little. As a result, many halakhic (from Hebrew: הלכתיות) questions and problems were addressed to rabbis and Torah scholars in Germany and Bohemia which were close to them. From the 16th century, luxurious study centers were established in Eastern Europe, where the Hassidic movement also began to develop.","title":"Before the 18th century"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Social structure","text":"The Jewish social structure in Eastern Europe was built of communities and from the mid-16th century to 1764, central institutions, including communal ones, of self-leadership in Eastern Europe were running. The two main institutions were the Four-State Committee and the Lithuanian State Council. The committees' role was to collect taxes from the Jewish communities and deliver them to the authorities. Later they took it upon themselves to represent the Jewish community to the foreign rulers of those countries. In addition, the committee had judicial authority over internal laws and Halachot (from Hebrew: הלכות) within the Jewish communities.The Council of Four Lands was the highest institution among the committees. The committee was composed out of seven rabbinic judges when the head of them was always a representative of the Lublin community. The other members of the committee were representatives of the cities of Poznan, Krakow and Lvov. Historical documents bearing the Committee's signature indicate that in certain periods the committee was expanded to represent all the important communities in the kingdom, and then the number of representatives was close to thirty. At first, the committee met in Lublin, giving the city the status of a top-notch Jewish center. The conference, which lasted about two weeks, was held once a year during the winter, when the city's largest trade fair was coordinated. In a later period, the conference was held twice a year: a winter gathering in Lublin and a summer conference in the city of Yaroslav in Galicia.","title":"Before the 18th century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Galicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungarian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"}],"text":"In the late 18th century, the Jews of Eastern Europe were divided into two major geographic regions: a settlement controlled by the Russian Empire, and a Galicia under the control of the Austria-Hungarian Empire.","title":"From the late 18th century to the beginning of the 20th century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"three divisions of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Yekaterina the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yekaterina_the_Great"},{"link_name":"the Settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pale_of_Settlement"}],"sub_title":"The settlement","text":"The three divisions of Poland (first in 1772, then in 1793, and finally in 1795) left the Aryan part of the Polish Jewry under the authority of the Russian Empire. The Russian government turned out to be less tolerant towards Jews, and more restrictions were imposed on Jews than the rest of the Polish people. In 1791 Czarina Yekaterina the Great established the region of the Settlement (the 'Moshav') in the western fringes of the empire, where only Jews were allowed to live. The Moshav included most of the former territories of Poland and Lithuania, which were populated by concentrations of Jews. Limiting those boundaries led to the uprooting and deportation of Moscow and St. Petersburg Jews to the eastern border of the country, which was one of the main goals of the authorities. Later, the Jews of Kiev were also forbidden to live in their own city, even though Kiev itself was included in the \"region of the Settlement.\"At the beginning of the 20th century, more than five million Jews lived in Czarist Russia, with 90% of them concentrated in the region of the Settlement and about three million Jews lived in the former borders of Poland. According to various estimates, Eastern European Jewry at the beginning of the 20th century constituted 80% of world Jewry.","title":"From the late 18th century to the beginning of the 20th century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Galician Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galician_Jews"},{"link_name":"Galicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria"},{"link_name":"Franz Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Joseph"},{"link_name":"Hasidism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidism"},{"link_name":"Misnagdim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misnagdim"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Galicia","text":"Further information: Galician JewsAnother large Jewish community in Eastern Europe was Galicia, the territory that was given to Austria in the partition of Poland. Towards the end of the 19th century, Emperor Franz Joseph intended to \"acculturate\" the Jews by establishing a network of schools for general studies. Some Jews supported this goal, but most of them opposed it. Further resistance arose when an attempt was made to settle the Jews on the land.The Jews in Galicia were known for their religious piety, and they fought hard against the Enlightenment and against attempts to \"assimilate\" them culturally. There was also a sharp confrontation between supporters of Hasidism and those opposed to it (Misnagdim). Eventually Hasidism won and became the dominant movement among the Jews of Galicia.In 1867, the Jews of Galicia were granted full equality of rights, and thus were the first among the Jews of Eastern Europe to be emancipated. The Zionist movement flourished in Galicia. During the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, before World War I the Jewish community flourished in Galicia. A large number of books and poems were published there, many Torah sages were engaged in it and Zionism and Yiddish culture also emerged. At the beginning of the 20th century, the number of Jews in Galicia reached more than 800,000.[citation needed]","title":"From the late 18th century to the beginning of the 20th century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antisemitism in Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Rothmund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Rothmund&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alien Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alien_Police&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wallace-6"},{"link_name":"antisemitism in Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Germany"},{"link_name":"Joseph Roth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Roth"},{"link_name":"The Wandering Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wandering_Jews"},{"link_name":"Nuremberg Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws"},{"link_name":"Wandering Jew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wandering_Jew"},{"link_name":"Łódź","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Antisemitism in Switzerland in the years between the First and Second World Wars was mostly directed towards the so-called Ostjuden who were perceived as having a foreign dress and culture. In fact, Ostjuden were explicitly mentioned by Heinrich Rothmund, the head of the Swiss federal Alien Police: \"...we are not such horrible monsters after all. But we do not let anyone walk all over us, especially Eastern Jews, who, as it is well known, try and try again to do just that, because they think a straight line is crooked, here our position is probably in complete agreement with our Swiss people.\"[6]As antisemitism in Germany escalated after the First World War, German Jews were divided with regard to how they felt about the Yiddish-speaking Eastern European Jews. Some German Jews, who were wrestling with the notion of their own German identity, became more accepting of a shared identity with Eastern Jewry. The Austrian novelist Joseph Roth depicted the misfortunes of Eastern European Jewry in the aftermath of the First World War in his novel The Wandering Jews. After the Nuremberg Laws were passed in 1935, Roth said that the archetype of the \"Wandering Jew\" now extended to the identity of the German Jews, whom he described as being \"more homeless than even his cousin in Łódź\".[7]","title":"Antisemitism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jared Diamond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared_Diamond"},{"link_name":"\"Who are the Jews?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110721133548/http://ftp.beitberl.ac.il/~bbsite/misc/ezer_anglit/klali/05_123.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ftp.beitberl.ac.il/~bbsite/misc/ezer_anglit/klali/05_123.pdf"},{"link_name":"\"Jewish and Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations share a common pool of Y-chromosome biallelic haplotypes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC18733"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1073/pnas.100115997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.100115997"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"18733","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC18733"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10801975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10801975"},{"link_name":"\"Y Chromosome Bears Witness to Story of the Jewish Diaspora\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2000/05/09/science/y-chromosome-bears-witness-to-story-of-the-jewish-diaspora.html"},{"link_name":"\"Germany: Virtual Jewish History Tour\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/germany.html"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20091028013857/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570768/Europe.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//encarta.msn.com/encyclopaedia_761570768/Europe.html"},{"link_name":"cite encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list"}],"text":"Jared Diamond (1993). \"Who are the Jews?\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-21. Retrieved November 8, 2010.\nHammer, MF; Redd, AJ; Wood, ET; et al. (June 2000). \"Jewish and Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations share a common pool of Y-chromosome biallelic haplotypes\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 97 (12): 6769–6774. doi:10.1073/pnas.100115997. PMC 18733. PMID 10801975.\nWade, Nicholas (9 May 2000). \"Y Chromosome Bears Witness to Story of the Jewish Diaspora\". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 October 2012.\n\"Germany: Virtual Jewish History Tour\". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 2013-07-19.\nMicrosoft Encarta Online Encyclopaedia 2007. Europe. Archived from the original on 28 October 2009. Retrieved 27 December 2007.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roth, Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Roth"},{"link_name":"The Wandering Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wandering_Jews"},{"link_name":"Michael Hofmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Hofmann"},{"link_name":"Zweig, Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Zweig"},{"link_name":"Hermann Struck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Struck"},{"link_name":"Noah Isenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah_Isenberg"}],"text":"Roth, Joseph (1927). Juden Auf Wanderschaft (The Wandering Jews), translated by Michael Hofmann. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2001.\nZweig, Arnold (1920). Das Ostjüdische Antlitz (The Face of East European Jewry), with drawings by Hermann Struck, translated by Noah Isenberg. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2nd ed., 2004.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"The density of the Jewish settlement in the Moshav in 1905","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Map_showing_percentage_of_Jews_in_the_Pale_of_Settlement_and_Congress_Poland%2C_c._1905.png/250px-Map_showing_percentage_of_Jews_in_the_Pale_of_Settlement_and_Congress_Poland%2C_c._1905.png"},{"image_text":"The Hebrew text: The yellow area covers the distribution of the Jews of the Polish-Lithuanian Union, their original places of residence and their immigration areas.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Yidish-dialects-he.jpg/350px-Yidish-dialects-he.jpg"},{"image_text":"Polish Jews in typical clothing - 17th century (top), 18th century (bottom)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Jewish_dress_in_Poland_17th_and_18th_century.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Ashkenazi Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews"},{"title":"History of the Jews in Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland"},{"title":"History of the Jews in Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia"},{"title":"History of the Jews in Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine"},{"title":"Council of Four Lands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Four_Lands"},{"title":"Shtetl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shtetl"},{"title":"Pale of Settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pale_of_Settlement"}]	[{"reference":"Gladstein AL, Hammer MF (March 2019). \"Substructured population growth in the Ashkenazi Jews inferred with Approximate Bayesian Computation\". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 36 (6): 1162–1171. doi:10.1093/molbev/msz047. PMID 30840069.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsz047","url_text":"\"Substructured population growth in the Ashkenazi Jews inferred with Approximate Bayesian Computation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsz047","url_text":"10.1093/molbev/msz047"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30840069","url_text":"30840069"}]},{"reference":"Wallace, Max (2018). In the Name of Humanity. New York: Penguin. ISBN 978-1-5107-3497-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5107-3497-5","url_text":"978-1-5107-3497-5"}]},{"reference":"\"The End of German-Jewish Life: Ostjuden as a Metaphor for All Jews\". The University of Chicago Library.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/collex/exhibits/exeej/end-german-jewish-life-ostjuden-metaphor-all-jews/","url_text":"\"The End of German-Jewish Life: Ostjuden as a Metaphor for All Jews\""}]},{"reference":"Jared Diamond (1993). \"Who are the Jews?\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-21. Retrieved November 8, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared_Diamond","url_text":"Jared Diamond"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721133548/http://ftp.beitberl.ac.il/~bbsite/misc/ezer_anglit/klali/05_123.pdf","url_text":"\"Who are the Jews?\""},{"url":"http://ftp.beitberl.ac.il/~bbsite/misc/ezer_anglit/klali/05_123.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hammer, MF; Redd, AJ; Wood, ET; et al. (June 2000). \"Jewish and Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations share a common pool of Y-chromosome biallelic haplotypes\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 97 (12): 6769–6774. doi:10.1073/pnas.100115997. PMC 18733. PMID 10801975.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC18733","url_text":"\"Jewish and Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations share a common pool of Y-chromosome biallelic haplotypes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.100115997","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.100115997"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC18733","url_text":"18733"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10801975","url_text":"10801975"}]},{"reference":"Wade, Nicholas (9 May 2000). \"Y Chromosome Bears Witness to Story of the Jewish Diaspora\". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/09/science/y-chromosome-bears-witness-to-story-of-the-jewish-diaspora.html","url_text":"\"Y Chromosome Bears Witness to Story of the Jewish Diaspora\""}]},{"reference":"\"Germany: Virtual Jewish History Tour\". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 2013-07-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/germany.html","url_text":"\"Germany: Virtual Jewish History Tour\""}]},{"reference":"Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopaedia 2007. Europe. Archived from the original on 28 October 2009. Retrieved 27 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091028013857/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570768/Europe.html","url_text":"Europe"},{"url":"https://encarta.msn.com/encyclopaedia_761570768/Europe.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Eastern+European+Jewry%22","external_links_name":"\"Eastern European Jewry\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Eastern+European+Jewry%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Eastern+European+Jewry%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Eastern+European+Jewry%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Eastern+European+Jewry%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Eastern+European+Jewry%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9v6PIaEuyaM&feature=youtu.be&t=1943","external_links_name":"The Eastern European Jews Prior to the Arrival of the Ashkenazim\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DIj-nZWsX_0C&dq=CECIL+ROTH+DEMOGRAPHICS+EASTERN+EUROPE&pg=PA431","external_links_name":"Reconstructing Languages and Cultures"},{"Link":"https://www.bjpa.org/content/upload/bjpa/dell/DellaPergola%20Some%20Fundamentals.pdf","external_links_name":"Some Fundamentals of Jewish Demographic History"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsz047","external_links_name":"\"Substructured population growth in the Ashkenazi Jews inferred with Approximate Bayesian Computation\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsz047","external_links_name":"10.1093/molbev/msz047"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30840069","external_links_name":"30840069"},{"Link":"https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/collex/exhibits/exeej/end-german-jewish-life-ostjuden-metaphor-all-jews/","external_links_name":"\"The End of German-Jewish Life: Ostjuden as a Metaphor for All Jews\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721133548/http://ftp.beitberl.ac.il/~bbsite/misc/ezer_anglit/klali/05_123.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Who are the Jews?\""},{"Link":"http://ftp.beitberl.ac.il/~bbsite/misc/ezer_anglit/klali/05_123.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC18733","external_links_name":"\"Jewish and Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations share a common pool of Y-chromosome biallelic haplotypes\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.100115997","external_links_name":"10.1073/pnas.100115997"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC18733","external_links_name":"18733"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10801975","external_links_name":"10801975"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/09/science/y-chromosome-bears-witness-to-story-of-the-jewish-diaspora.html","external_links_name":"\"Y Chromosome Bears Witness to Story of the Jewish Diaspora\""},{"Link":"https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/germany.html","external_links_name":"\"Germany: Virtual Jewish History Tour\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091028013857/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570768/Europe.html","external_links_name":"Europe"},{"Link":"https://encarta.msn.com/encyclopaedia_761570768/Europe.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://yivoencyclopedia.org/","external_links_name":"The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleoporin_62	Nuclear pore glycoprotein p62	["1 Structure","2 Function","3 Pathology","4 Interactions","5 References","6 Further reading"]	Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens NUP62Available structuresPDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes5IJN, 5IJOIdentifiersAliasesNUP62, IBSN, SNDI, p62, nucleoporin 62kDa, nucleoporin 62External IDsOMIM: 605815; MGI: 1351500; HomoloGene: 68773; GeneCards: NUP62; OMA:NUP62 - orthologsGene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 19 (human)Band19q13.33Start49,906,825 bpEnd49,929,763 bpGene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome 7 (mouse)Band7 B3\|7 28.93 cMStart44,465,512 bpEnd44,480,236 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)Top expressed inright testisleft testisgranulocyteembryoganglionic eminencemonocyteoocyteappendixventricular zoneglutesTop expressed incondyleprimitive streakendothelial cell of lymphatic vesselfossasecondary oocytezygotehair follicleendocardial cushiontail of embryorenal corpuscleMore reference expression dataBioGPSn/aGene ontologyMolecular function Hsp90 protein binding SH2 domain binding chromatin binding thyroid hormone receptor binding PTB domain binding Hsp70 protein binding protein binding ubiquitin binding signaling receptor complex adaptor activity structural constituent of nuclear pore phospholipid binding kinesin binding Cellular component nuclear membrane Flemming body nuclear pore lamellae anulatae cytoskeleton nuclear pore central transport channel spindle pole cytoplasm centrosome mitotic spindle nuclear envelope microtubule organizing center nucleus protein-containing complex ribonucleoprotein complex host cell Biological process mRNA transport negative regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway regulation of Ras protein signal transduction cell death negative regulation of apoptotic process transcription, DNA-templated negative regulation of Ras protein signal transduction positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated cell surface receptor signaling pathway regulation of signal transduction negative regulation of MAP kinase activity spermatogenesis regulation of protein import into nucleus hormone-mediated signaling pathway positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling protein transport negative regulation of programmed cell death nuclear transport viral process positive regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway negative regulation of cell population proliferation protein import into nucleus mRNA export from nucleus mitotic metaphase plate congression mitotic centrosome separation positive regulation of mitotic nuclear division positive regulation of centriole replication regulation of mitotic spindle organization centriole assembly positive regulation of mitotic cytokinetic process positive regulation of protein localization to centrosome centrosome cycle mitotic cell cycle protein heterotrimerization regulation of glycolytic process tRNA export from nucleus protein sumoylation viral transcription regulation of gene silencing by miRNA intracellular transport of virus regulation of cellular response to heat Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez2363618226EnsemblENSG00000213024ENSMUSG00000109511UniProtP37198Q63850RefSeq (mRNA)NM_153719NM_001193357NM_012346NM_016553NM_153718NM_053074RefSeq (protein)NP_001180286NP_036478NP_057637NP_714940NP_714941NP_444304Location (UCSC)Chr 19: 49.91 – 49.93 MbChr 7: 44.47 – 44.48 MbPubMed searchWikidataView/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse Nuclear pore glycoprotein p62 is a protein complex associated with the nuclear envelope. The p62 protein remains associated with the nuclear pore complex-lamina fraction. p62 is synthesized as a soluble cytoplasmic precursor of 61 kDa followed by modification that involve addition of N-acetylglucosamine residues, followed by association with other complex proteins. In humans it is encoded by the NUP62 gene. The nuclear pore complex is a massive structure that extends across the nuclear envelope, forming a gateway that regulates the flow of macromolecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Nucleoporins are the main components of the nuclear pore complex in eukaryotic cells. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the FG repeat containing nucleoporins and is localized to the nuclear pore central plug. This protein associates with the importin alpha/beta complex which is involved in the import of proteins containing nuclear localization signals. Multiple transcript variants of this gene encode a single protein isoform. Structure P62 is a serine/threonine rich protein of ~520 amino acids, with tetrapeptide repeats on the amino terminus and a series of alpha-helical regions with hydrophobic heptad repeats forming beta-propeller domain. P62 assembles into a complex containing 3 addition proteins, p60, p54 and p45 forming the p62 complex of ~235 kDa. O-GlcNAcylation appears to be involved in the assembly and disassembly of p62 into higher order complexes, and a serine/threonine rich linker region between Ser270 to Thr294 appear to be regulatory. The p62 complex is localized to both the nucleoplasmic and cytoplasmic sides of the pore complex and the relative diameter of p62 complex relative to the nuclear pore complex suggests it interacts in pore gating. Function P62 appears to interact with mRNA during transport out of the nucleus. P62 also interacts with a nuclear transport factor (NTF2) protein that is involved in trafficking proteins between cytoplasm and nucleus. Another protein, importin (beta) binds to the helical rod section of p62, which also binds NTF2 suggesting the formation of a higher order gating complex. Karyopherin beta2 (transportin), a riboprotein transporter also interacts with p62. P62 also interacts with Nup93, and when Nup98 is depleted p62 fails to assemble with nuclear pore complexes. Mutant pores could not dock/transport proteins with nuclear localization signals or M9 import signals. Pathology Antibodies to p62 complex are involved in one or more autoimmune diseases. P62 glycosylation is increased in diabetes and may influence its association with other diseases. p62 is also more frequent in Stage IV primary biliary cirrhosis and is prognostic for severe disease. Interactions Nucleoporin 62 has been shown to interact with: HSF2, KPNB1, NUTF2, TRAF3, and XPO1, Nup93. References ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000213024 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000109511 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ Davis LI, Blobel G (1986). "Identification and characterization of a nuclear pore complex protein". Cell. 45 (5): 699–709. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(86)90784-1. PMID 3518946. S2CID 22170880. ^ Davis LI, Blobel G (1987). "Nuclear pore complex contains a family of glycoproteins that includes p62: glycosylation through a previously unidentified cellular pathway". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84 (21): 7552–6. Bibcode:1987PNAS...84.7552D. doi:10.1073/pnas.84.21.7552. PMC 299337. PMID 3313397. ^ "Entrez Gene: NUP62 nucleoporin 62kDa". ^ Starr CM, D'Onofrio M, Park MK, Hanover JA (1990). "Primary sequence and heterologous expression of nuclear pore glycoprotein p62". J. Cell Biol. 110 (6): 1861–71. doi:10.1083/jcb.110.6.1861. PMC 2116139. PMID 2190987. ^ Kita K, Omata S, Horigome T (1993). "Purification and characterization of a nuclear pore glycoprotein complex containing p62". J. Biochem. 113 (3): 377–82. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a124054. PMID 8486610. ^ Buss F, Stewart M (1995). "Macromolecular interactions in the nucleoporin p62 complex of rat nuclear pores: binding of nucleoporin p54 to the rod domain of p62". J. Cell Biol. 128 (3): 251–61. doi:10.1083/jcb.128.3.251. PMC 2120351. PMID 7531196. ^ Lubas WA, Smith M, Starr CM, Hanover JA (1995). "Analysis of nuclear pore protein p62 glycosylation". Biochemistry. 34 (5): 1686–94. doi:10.1021/bi00005a025. PMID 7849028. ^ Guan T, Müller S, Klier G, Panté N, Blevitt JM, Haner M, Paschal B, Aebi U, Gerace L (1995). "Structural analysis of the p62 complex, an assembly of O-linked glycoproteins that localizes near the central gated channel of the nuclear pore complex". Mol. Biol. Cell. 6 (11): 1591–603. doi:10.1091/mbc.6.11.1591. PMC 301313. PMID 8589458. ^ Dargemont C, Schmidt-Zachmann MS, Kühn LC (1995). "Direct interaction of nucleoporin p62 with mRNA during its export from the nucleus". J. Cell Sci. 108 (1): 257–63. doi:10.1242/jcs.108.1.257. PMID 7738103. ^ Bullock TL, Clarkson WD, Kent HM, Stewart M (1996). "The 1.6 angstroms resolution crystal structure of nuclear transport factor 2 (NTF2)". J. Mol. Biol. 260 (3): 422–31. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1996.0411. PMID 8757804. ^ a b Percipalle P, Clarkson WD, Kent HM, Rhodes D, Stewart M (1997). "Molecular interactions between the importin alpha/beta heterodimer and proteins involved in vertebrate nuclear protein import". J. Mol. Biol. 266 (4): 722–32. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1996.0801. PMID 9102465. ^ Yaseen NR, Blobel G (1997). "Cloning and characterization of human karyopherin β3". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94 (9): 4451–6. Bibcode:1997PNAS...94.4451Y. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.9.4451. PMC 20743. PMID 9114010. ^ a b Grandi P, Dang T, Pané N, Shevchenko A, Mann M, Forbes D, Hurt E (1997). "Nup93, a Vertebrate Homologue of Yeast Nic96p, Forms a Complex with a Novel 205-kDa Protein and Is Required for Correct Nuclear Pore Assembly". Mol. Biol. Cell. 8 (10): 2017–38. doi:10.1091/mbc.8.10.2017. PMC 25664. PMID 9348540. ^ Wu X, Kasper LH, Mantcheva RT, Mantchev GT, Springett MJ, van Deursen JM (2001). "Disruption of the FG nucleoporin NUP98 causes selective changes in nuclear pore complex stoichiometry and function". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98 (6): 3191–6. Bibcode:2001PNAS...98.3191W. doi:10.1073/pnas.051631598. PMC 30629. PMID 11248054. ^ Han I, Oh ES, Kudlow JE (2000). "Responsiveness of the state of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine modification of nuclear pore protein p62 to the extracellular glucose concentration". Biochem. J. 350 Pt 1 (Pt 1): 109–14. doi:10.1042/0264-6021:3500109. PMC 1221231. PMID 10926833. ^ Miyachi K, Hankins RW, Matsushima H, Kikuchi F, Inomata T, Horigome T, Shibata M, Onozuka Y, Ueno Y, Hashimoto E, Hayashi N, Shibuya A, Amaki S, Miyakawa H (2003). "Profile and clinical significance of anti-nuclear envelope antibodies found in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis: a multicenter study". J. Autoimmun. 20 (3): 247–54. doi:10.1016/S0896-8411(03)00033-7. PMID 12753810. ^ Yoshima T, Yura T, Yanagi H (Nov 1997). "The trimerization domain of human heat shock factor 2 is able to interact with nucleoporin p62". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 240 (1): 228–33. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1997.7662. PMID 9367915. ^ Ben-Efraim I, Gerace L (Jan 2001). "Gradient of increasing affinity of importin beta for nucleoporins along the pathway of nuclear import". J. Cell Biol. 152 (2): 411–7. doi:10.1083/jcb.152.2.411. PMC 2199621. PMID 11266456. ^ Hu T, Guan T, Gerace L (Aug 1996). "Molecular and functional characterization of the p62 complex, an assembly of nuclear pore complex glycoproteins". J. Cell Biol. 134 (3): 589–601. doi:10.1083/jcb.134.3.589. PMC 2120945. PMID 8707840. ^ Paschal BM, Gerace L (May 1995). "Identification of NTF2, a cytosolic factor for nuclear import that interacts with nuclear pore complex protein p62". J. Cell Biol. 129 (4): 925–37. doi:10.1083/jcb.129.4.925. PMC 2120498. PMID 7744965. ^ Gamper C, van Eyndhoven WG, Schweiger E, Mossbacher M, Koo B, Lederman S (2000). "TRAF-3 interacts with p62 nucleoporin, a component of the nuclear pore central plug that binds classical NLS-containing import complexes". Mol. Immunol. 37 (1–2): 73–84. doi:10.1016/S0161-5890(00)00015-8. PMID 10781837. ^ Kehlenbach RH, Dickmanns A, Kehlenbach A, Guan T, Gerace L (May 1999). "A role for RanBP1 in the release of CRM1 from the nuclear pore complex in a terminal step of nuclear export". J. Cell Biol. 145 (4): 645–57. doi:10.1083/jcb.145.4.645. PMC 2133185. PMID 10330396. ^ Lindsay ME, Holaska JM, Welch K, Paschal BM, Macara IG (Jun 2001). "Ran-binding protein 3 is a cofactor for Crm1-mediated nuclear protein export". J. Cell Biol. 153 (7): 1391–402. doi:10.1083/jcb.153.7.1391. PMC 2150735. PMID 11425870. Further reading Stoffler D, Fahrenkrog B, Aebi U (1999). "The nuclear pore complex: from molecular architecture to functional dynamics". Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 11 (3): 391–401. doi:10.1016/S0955-0674(99)80055-6. PMID 10395558. Geetha T, Wooten MW (2002). "Structure and functional properties of the ubiquitin binding protein p62". FEBS Lett. 512 (1–3): 19–24. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(02)02286-X. PMID 11852044. S2CID 22029085. Carmo-Fonseca M, Kern H, Hurt EC (1991). "Human nucleoporin p62 and the essential yeast nuclear pore protein NSP1 show sequence homology and a similar domain organization". Eur. J. Cell Biol. 55 (1): 17–30. PMID 1915414. Paschal BM, Gerace L (1995). "Identification of NTF2, a cytosolic factor for nuclear import that interacts with nuclear pore complex protein p62". J. Cell Biol. 129 (4): 925–37. doi:10.1083/jcb.129.4.925. PMC 2120498. PMID 7744965. Maruyama K, Sugano S (1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides". Gene. 138 (1–2): 171–4. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8. PMID 8125298. Grote M, Kubitscheck U, Reichelt R, Peters R (1996). "Mapping of nucleoporins to the center of the nuclear pore complex by post-embedding immunogold electron microscopy". J. Cell Sci. 108 (9): 2963–72. doi:10.1242/jcs.108.9.2963. PMID 8537436. Guan T, Müller S, Klier G, Panté N, Blevitt JM, Haner M, Paschal B, Aebi U, Gerace L (1996). "Structural analysis of the p62 complex, an assembly of O-linked glycoproteins that localizes near the central gated channel of the nuclear pore complex". Mol. Biol. Cell. 6 (11): 1591–603. doi:10.1091/mbc.6.11.1591. PMC 301313. PMID 8589458. Park I, Chung J, Walsh CT, Yun Y, Strominger JL, Shin J (1996). "Phosphotyrosine-independent binding of a 62-kDa protein to the src homology 2 (SH2) domain of p56lck and its regulation by phosphorylation of Ser-59 in the lck unique N-terminal region". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92 (26): 12338–42. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.26.12338. PMC 40352. PMID 8618896. Joung I, Strominger JL, Shin J (1996). "Molecular cloning of a phosphotyrosine-independent ligand of the p56lck SH2 domain". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93 (12): 5991–5. Bibcode:1996PNAS...93.5991J. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.12.5991. PMC 39176. PMID 8650207. Vadlamudi RK, Joung I, Strominger JL, Shin J (1996). "p62, a phosphotyrosine-independent ligand of the SH2 domain of p56lck, belongs to a new class of ubiquitin-binding proteins". J. Biol. Chem. 271 (34): 20235–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.34.20235. PMID 8702753. Hu T, Guan T, Gerace L (1996). "Molecular and functional characterization of the p62 complex, an assembly of nuclear pore complex glycoproteins". J. Cell Biol. 134 (3): 589–601. doi:10.1083/jcb.134.3.589. PMC 2120945. PMID 8707840. Bullock TL, Clarkson WD, Kent HM, Stewart M (1996). "The 1.6 angstroms resolution crystal structure of nuclear transport factor 2 (NTF2)". J. Mol. Biol. 260 (3): 422–31. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1996.0411. PMID 8757804. Percipalle P, Clarkson WD, Kent HM, Rhodes D, Stewart M (1997). "Molecular interactions between the importin alpha/beta heterodimer and proteins involved in vertebrate nuclear protein import". J. Mol. Biol. 266 (4): 722–32. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1996.0801. PMID 9102465. Yaseen NR, Blobel G (1997). "Cloning and characterization of human karyopherin β3". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94 (9): 4451–6. Bibcode:1997PNAS...94.4451Y. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.9.4451. PMC 20743. PMID 9114010. Yoshima T, Yura T, Yanagi H (1997). "The trimerization domain of human heat shock factor 2 is able to interact with nucleoporin p62". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 240 (1): 228–33. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1997.7662. PMID 9367915. Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, Suyama A, Sugano S (1997). "Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library". Gene. 200 (1–2): 149–56. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3. PMID 9373149. Kehlenbach RH, Dickmanns A, Kehlenbach A, Guan T, Gerace L (1999). "A Role for RanBP1 in the Release of CRM1 from the Nuclear Pore Complex in a Terminal Step of Nuclear Export". J. Cell Biol. 145 (4): 645–57. doi:10.1083/jcb.145.4.645. PMC 2133185. PMID 10330396. Sanz L, Sanchez P, Lallena MJ, Diaz-Meco MT, Moscat J (1999). "The interaction of p62 with RIP links the atypical PKCs to NF-kappaB activation". EMBO J. 18 (11): 3044–53. doi:10.1093/emboj/18.11.3044. PMC 1171386. PMID 10356400. Rachubinski RA, Marcus SL, Capone JP (1999). "The p56(lck)-interacting protein p62 stimulates transcription via the SV40 enhancer". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (26): 18278–84. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.26.18278. PMID 10373430. vteAutoantigensDehydrogenase Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase Pyruvate dehydrogenase Transglutaminase Epidermal transglutaminase Tissue transglutaminase Nucleoporins NUP35 NUP37 NUP43 NUP50 NUP54 NUP62 NUP85 NUP88 NUP93 NUP98 NUP107 NUP133 NUP153 NUP155 NUP160 NUP188 NUP210 NUP205 NUP214 Other Acetylcholine receptor Actin Apolipoprotein H Cardiolipin Centromere Filaggrin (Citrullinate) Gangliosides Sp100 nuclear antigen Thrombin Topoisomerase	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nuclear envelope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_envelope"},{"link_name":"nuclear pore complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_pore_complex"},{"link_name":"cytoplasmic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoplasmic"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid3518946-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid3313397-6"},{"link_name":"nuclear pore complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_pore_complex"},{"link_name":"Nucleoporins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleoporins"},{"link_name":"FG repeat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FG_repeat"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entrez-7"}],"text":"Nuclear pore glycoprotein p62\nis a protein complex associated with the nuclear envelope. The p62 protein remains associated with the nuclear pore complex-lamina fraction. p62 is synthesized as a soluble cytoplasmic precursor of 61 kDa[5] followed by modification that involve addition of N-acetylglucosamine residues,[6] followed by association with other complex proteins. In humans it is encoded by the NUP62 gene.The nuclear pore complex is a massive structure that extends across the nuclear envelope, forming a gateway that regulates the flow of macromolecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Nucleoporins are the main components of the nuclear pore complex in eukaryotic cells. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the FG repeat containing nucleoporins and is localized to the nuclear pore central plug. This protein associates with the importin alpha/beta complex which is involved in the import of proteins containing nuclear localization signals. Multiple transcript variants of this gene encode a single protein isoform.[7]","title":"Nuclear pore glycoprotein p62"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heptad repeats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heptad_repeat"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid2190987-8"},{"link_name":"beta-propeller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-propeller"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid8486610-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid7531196-10"},{"link_name":"O-GlcNAcylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O-GlcNAc"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid7849028-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid8589458-12"}],"text":"P62 is a serine/threonine rich protein of ~520 amino acids, with tetrapeptide repeats on the amino terminus and a series of alpha-helical regions with hydrophobic heptad repeats[8] forming beta-propeller domain. P62 assembles into a complex containing 3 addition proteins, p60, p54 and p45 [9][10] forming the p62 complex of ~235 kDa. O-GlcNAcylation appears to be involved in the assembly and disassembly of p62 into higher order complexes, and a serine/threonine rich linker region between Ser270 to Thr294 appear to be regulatory.[11] The p62 complex is localized to both the nucleoplasmic and cytoplasmic sides of the pore complex and the relative diameter of p62 complex relative to the nuclear pore complex suggests it interacts in pore gating.[12]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid7738103-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid8757804-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9102465-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9114010-16"},{"link_name":"Nup93","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NUP93"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9348540-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid11248054-18"}],"text":"P62 appears to interact with mRNA during transport out of the nucleus.[13] P62 also interacts with a nuclear transport factor (NTF2) protein that is involved in trafficking proteins between cytoplasm and nucleus.[14] Another protein, importin (beta) binds to the helical rod section of p62, which also\nbinds NTF2 suggesting the formation of a higher order gating complex.[15] Karyopherin beta2 (transportin), a riboprotein transporter also interacts with p62.[16] P62 also interacts with Nup93,[17] and when Nup98 is depleted p62 fails to assemble with nuclear pore complexes.[18] Mutant pores could not dock/transport proteins with nuclear localization signals or M9 import signals.","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antibodies to p62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-p62_antibodies"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid10926833-19"},{"link_name":"primary biliary cirrhosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_biliary_cirrhosis"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid12753810-20"}],"text":"Antibodies to p62 complex are involved in one or more autoimmune diseases. P62 glycosylation is increased in diabetes[19] and may influence its association with other diseases. p62 is also more frequent in Stage IV primary biliary cirrhosis and is prognostic for severe disease.[20]","title":"Pathology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"interact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein-protein_interaction"},{"link_name":"HSF2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSF2"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9367915-21"},{"link_name":"KPNB1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KPNB1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9102465-15"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid11266456-22"},{"link_name":"NUTF2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NUTF2"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid8707840-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid7744965-24"},{"link_name":"TRAF3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRAF3"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid10781837-25"},{"link_name":"XPO1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XPO1"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid10330396-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid11425870-27"},{"link_name":"Nup93","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NUP93"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9348540-17"}],"text":"Nucleoporin 62 has been shown to interact with:HSF2,[21]\nKPNB1,[15][22]\nNUTF2,[23][24]\nTRAF3,[25] and\nXPO1,[26][27]\nNup93.[17]","title":"Interactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/S0955-0674(99)80055-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0955-0674%2899%2980055-6"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10395558","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10395558"},{"link_name":"\"Structure and functional properties of the ubiquitin binding protein p62\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0014-5793%2802%2902286-X"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/S0014-5793(02)02286-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0014-5793%2802%2902286-X"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11852044","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11852044"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"22029085","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22029085"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1915414","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1915414"},{"link_name":"\"Identification of NTF2, a cytosolic factor for nuclear import that interacts with nuclear pore complex protein p62\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2120498"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1083/jcb.129.4.925","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1083%2Fjcb.129.4.925"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2120498","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2120498"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"7744965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7744965"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2F0378-1119%2894%2990802-8"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8125298","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8125298"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1242/jcs.108.9.2963","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1242%2Fjcs.108.9.2963"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8537436","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8537436"},{"link_name":"\"Structural 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proteins\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.271.34.20235"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1074/jbc.271.34.20235","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.271.34.20235"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8702753","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8702753"},{"link_name":"\"Molecular and functional characterization of the p62 complex, an assembly of nuclear pore complex glycoproteins\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2120945"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1083/jcb.134.3.589","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1083%2Fjcb.134.3.589"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2120945","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2120945"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8707840","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8707840"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1006/jmbi.1996.0411","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1006%2Fjmbi.1996.0411"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8757804","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8757804"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1006/jmbi.1996.0801","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1006%2Fjmbi.1996.0801"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9102465","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9102465"},{"link_name":"\"Cloning and characterization of human karyopherin β3\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC20743"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1997PNAS...94.4451Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997PNAS...94.4451Y"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1073/pnas.94.9.4451","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.94.9.4451"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"20743","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC20743"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9114010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9114010"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1006/bbrc.1997.7662","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1006%2Fbbrc.1997.7662"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9367915","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9367915"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0378-1119%2897%2900411-3"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9373149","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9373149"},{"link_name":"\"A Role for RanBP1 in the Release of CRM1 from the Nuclear Pore Complex in a Terminal Step of Nuclear Export\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2133185"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1083/jcb.145.4.645","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1083%2Fjcb.145.4.645"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2133185","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2133185"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10330396","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10330396"},{"link_name":"\"The interaction of p62 with RIP links the atypical PKCs to NF-kappaB activation\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1171386"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/emboj/18.11.3044","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Femboj%2F18.11.3044"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1171386","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1171386"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10356400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10356400"},{"link_name":"\"The p56(lck)-interacting protein p62 stimulates transcription via the SV40 enhancer\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.274.26.18278"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1074/jbc.274.26.18278","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.274.26.18278"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10373430","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10373430"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Autoantigens"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Autoantigens"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Autoantigens"},{"link_name":"Autoantigens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoantigens"},{"link_name":"Dehydrogenase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydrogenase"},{"link_name":"Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branched-chain_alpha-keto_acid_dehydrogenase_complex"},{"link_name":"Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxoglutarate_dehydrogenase"},{"link_name":"Pyruvate dehydrogenase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyruvate_dehydrogenase"},{"link_name":"Transglutaminase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transglutaminase"},{"link_name":"Epidermal transglutaminase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratinocyte_transglutaminase"},{"link_name":"Tissue transglutaminase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_transglutaminase"},{"link_name":"Nucleoporins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleoporin"},{"link_name":"NUP35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleoporin_35"},{"link_name":"NUP37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleoporin_37"},{"link_name":"NUP43","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleoporin_43"},{"link_name":"NUP50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleoporin_50"},{"link_name":"NUP54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleoporin_54"},{"link_name":"NUP62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleoporin_62"},{"link_name":"NUP85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleoporin_85"},{"link_name":"NUP88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleoporin_88"},{"link_name":"NUP93","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleoporin_93"},{"link_name":"NUP98","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NUP98"},{"link_name":"NUP107","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleoporin_107"},{"link_name":"NUP133","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleoporin_133"},{"link_name":"NUP153","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleoporin_153"},{"link_name":"NUP155","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleoporin_155"},{"link_name":"NUP160","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleoporin_160"},{"link_name":"NUP188","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleoporin_188"},{"link_name":"NUP210","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleoporin_210kDa"},{"link_name":"NUP205","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleoporin_205"},{"link_name":"NUP214","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleoporin_214"},{"link_name":"Acetylcholine receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor"},{"link_name":"Actin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actin"},{"link_name":"Apolipoprotein H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolipoprotein_H"},{"link_name":"Cardiolipin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiolipin"},{"link_name":"Centromere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centromere"},{"link_name":"Filaggrin (Citrullinate)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filaggrin"},{"link_name":"Gangliosides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangliosides"},{"link_name":"Sp100 nuclear antigen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp100_nuclear_antigen"},{"link_name":"Thrombin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombin"},{"link_name":"Topoisomerase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topoisomerase"}],"text":"Stoffler D, Fahrenkrog B, Aebi U (1999). \"The nuclear pore complex: from molecular architecture to functional dynamics\". Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 11 (3): 391–401. doi:10.1016/S0955-0674(99)80055-6. PMID 10395558.\nGeetha T, Wooten MW (2002). \"Structure and functional properties of the ubiquitin binding protein p62\". FEBS Lett. 512 (1–3): 19–24. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(02)02286-X. PMID 11852044. S2CID 22029085.\nCarmo-Fonseca M, Kern H, Hurt EC (1991). \"Human nucleoporin p62 and the essential yeast nuclear pore protein NSP1 show sequence homology and a similar domain organization\". Eur. J. Cell Biol. 55 (1): 17–30. PMID 1915414.\nPaschal BM, Gerace L (1995). \"Identification of NTF2, a cytosolic factor for nuclear import that interacts with nuclear pore complex protein p62\". J. Cell Biol. 129 (4): 925–37. doi:10.1083/jcb.129.4.925. PMC 2120498. PMID 7744965.\nMaruyama K, Sugano S (1994). \"Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides\". Gene. 138 (1–2): 171–4. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8. PMID 8125298.\nGrote M, Kubitscheck U, Reichelt R, Peters R (1996). \"Mapping of nucleoporins to the center of the nuclear pore complex by post-embedding immunogold electron microscopy\". J. Cell Sci. 108 (9): 2963–72. doi:10.1242/jcs.108.9.2963. PMID 8537436.\nGuan T, Müller S, Klier G, Panté N, Blevitt JM, Haner M, Paschal B, Aebi U, Gerace L (1996). \"Structural analysis of the p62 complex, an assembly of O-linked glycoproteins that localizes near the central gated channel of the nuclear pore complex\". Mol. Biol. Cell. 6 (11): 1591–603. doi:10.1091/mbc.6.11.1591. PMC 301313. PMID 8589458.\nPark I, Chung J, Walsh CT, Yun Y, Strominger JL, Shin J (1996). \"Phosphotyrosine-independent binding of a 62-kDa protein to the src homology 2 (SH2) domain of p56lck and its regulation by phosphorylation of Ser-59 in the lck unique N-terminal region\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92 (26): 12338–42. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.26.12338. PMC 40352. PMID 8618896.\nJoung I, Strominger JL, Shin J (1996). \"Molecular cloning of a phosphotyrosine-independent ligand of the p56lck SH2 domain\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93 (12): 5991–5. Bibcode:1996PNAS...93.5991J. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.12.5991. PMC 39176. PMID 8650207.\nVadlamudi RK, Joung I, Strominger JL, Shin J (1996). \"p62, a phosphotyrosine-independent ligand of the SH2 domain of p56lck, belongs to a new class of ubiquitin-binding proteins\". J. Biol. Chem. 271 (34): 20235–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.34.20235. PMID 8702753.\nHu T, Guan T, Gerace L (1996). \"Molecular and functional characterization of the p62 complex, an assembly of nuclear pore complex glycoproteins\". J. Cell Biol. 134 (3): 589–601. doi:10.1083/jcb.134.3.589. PMC 2120945. PMID 8707840.\nBullock TL, Clarkson WD, Kent HM, Stewart M (1996). \"The 1.6 angstroms resolution crystal structure of nuclear transport factor 2 (NTF2)\". J. Mol. Biol. 260 (3): 422–31. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1996.0411. PMID 8757804.\nPercipalle P, Clarkson WD, Kent HM, Rhodes D, Stewart M (1997). \"Molecular interactions between the importin alpha/beta heterodimer and proteins involved in vertebrate nuclear protein import\". J. Mol. Biol. 266 (4): 722–32. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1996.0801. PMID 9102465.\nYaseen NR, Blobel G (1997). \"Cloning and characterization of human karyopherin β3\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94 (9): 4451–6. Bibcode:1997PNAS...94.4451Y. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.9.4451. PMC 20743. PMID 9114010.\nYoshima T, Yura T, Yanagi H (1997). \"The trimerization domain of human heat shock factor 2 is able to interact with nucleoporin p62\". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 240 (1): 228–33. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1997.7662. PMID 9367915.\nSuzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, Suyama A, Sugano S (1997). \"Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library\". Gene. 200 (1–2): 149–56. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3. PMID 9373149.\nKehlenbach RH, Dickmanns A, Kehlenbach A, Guan T, Gerace L (1999). \"A Role for RanBP1 in the Release of CRM1 from the Nuclear Pore Complex in a Terminal Step of Nuclear Export\". J. Cell Biol. 145 (4): 645–57. doi:10.1083/jcb.145.4.645. PMC 2133185. PMID 10330396.\nSanz L, Sanchez P, Lallena MJ, Diaz-Meco MT, Moscat J (1999). \"The interaction of p62 with RIP links the atypical PKCs to NF-kappaB activation\". EMBO J. 18 (11): 3044–53. doi:10.1093/emboj/18.11.3044. PMC 1171386. PMID 10356400.\nRachubinski RA, Marcus SL, Capone JP (1999). \"The p56(lck)-interacting protein p62 stimulates transcription via the SV40 enhancer\". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (26): 18278–84. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.26.18278. PMID 10373430.vteAutoantigensDehydrogenase\nBranched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex\nOxoglutarate dehydrogenase\nPyruvate dehydrogenase\nTransglutaminase\nEpidermal transglutaminase\nTissue transglutaminase\nNucleoporins\nNUP35\nNUP37\nNUP43\nNUP50\nNUP54\nNUP62\nNUP85\nNUP88\nNUP93\nNUP98\nNUP107\nNUP133\nNUP153\nNUP155\nNUP160\nNUP188\nNUP210\nNUP205\nNUP214\nOther\nAcetylcholine receptor\nActin\nApolipoprotein H\nCardiolipin\nCentromere\nFilaggrin (Citrullinate)\nGangliosides\nSp100 nuclear antigen\nThrombin\nTopoisomerase","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=23636","url_text":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=18226","url_text":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"Davis LI, Blobel G (1986). \"Identification and characterization of a nuclear pore complex protein\". Cell. 45 (5): 699–709. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(86)90784-1. PMID 3518946. S2CID 22170880.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0092-8674%2886%2990784-1","url_text":"10.1016/0092-8674(86)90784-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3518946","url_text":"3518946"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22170880","url_text":"22170880"}]},{"reference":"Davis LI, Blobel G (1987). \"Nuclear pore complex contains a family of glycoproteins that includes p62: glycosylation through a previously unidentified cellular pathway\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84 (21): 7552–6. Bibcode:1987PNAS...84.7552D. doi:10.1073/pnas.84.21.7552. PMC 299337. PMID 3313397.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC299337","url_text":"\"Nuclear pore complex contains a family of glycoproteins that includes p62: glycosylation through a previously unidentified cellular pathway\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987PNAS...84.7552D","url_text":"1987PNAS...84.7552D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.84.21.7552","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.84.21.7552"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC299337","url_text":"299337"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3313397","url_text":"3313397"}]},{"reference":"\"Entrez Gene: NUP62 nucleoporin 62kDa\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=23636","url_text":"\"Entrez Gene: NUP62 nucleoporin 62kDa\""}]},{"reference":"Starr CM, D'Onofrio M, Park MK, Hanover JA (1990). \"Primary sequence and heterologous expression of nuclear pore glycoprotein p62\". J. Cell Biol. 110 (6): 1861–71. doi:10.1083/jcb.110.6.1861. PMC 2116139. PMID 2190987.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2116139","url_text":"\"Primary sequence and heterologous expression of nuclear pore glycoprotein p62\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1083%2Fjcb.110.6.1861","url_text":"10.1083/jcb.110.6.1861"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2116139","url_text":"2116139"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2190987","url_text":"2190987"}]},{"reference":"Kita K, Omata S, Horigome T (1993). \"Purification and characterization of a nuclear pore glycoprotein complex containing p62\". J. Biochem. 113 (3): 377–82. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a124054. 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PMID 7531196.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2120351","url_text":"\"Macromolecular interactions in the nucleoporin p62 complex of rat nuclear pores: binding of nucleoporin p54 to the rod domain of p62\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1083%2Fjcb.128.3.251","url_text":"10.1083/jcb.128.3.251"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2120351","url_text":"2120351"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7531196","url_text":"7531196"}]},{"reference":"Lubas WA, Smith M, Starr CM, Hanover JA (1995). \"Analysis of nuclear pore protein p62 glycosylation\". Biochemistry. 34 (5): 1686–94. doi:10.1021/bi00005a025. PMID 7849028.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fbi00005a025","url_text":"10.1021/bi00005a025"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7849028","url_text":"7849028"}]},{"reference":"Guan T, Müller S, Klier G, Panté N, Blevitt JM, Haner M, Paschal B, Aebi U, Gerace L (1995). \"Structural analysis of the p62 complex, an assembly of O-linked glycoproteins that localizes near the central gated channel of the nuclear pore complex\". Mol. Biol. Cell. 6 (11): 1591–603. doi:10.1091/mbc.6.11.1591. PMC 301313. PMID 8589458.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC301313","url_text":"\"Structural analysis of the p62 complex, an assembly of O-linked glycoproteins that localizes near the central gated channel of the nuclear pore complex\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1091%2Fmbc.6.11.1591","url_text":"10.1091/mbc.6.11.1591"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC301313","url_text":"301313"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8589458","url_text":"8589458"}]},{"reference":"Dargemont C, Schmidt-Zachmann MS, Kühn LC (1995). \"Direct interaction of nucleoporin p62 with mRNA during its export from the nucleus\". J. Cell Sci. 108 (1): 257–63. doi:10.1242/jcs.108.1.257. PMID 7738103.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjcs.108.1.257","url_text":"\"Direct interaction of nucleoporin p62 with mRNA during its export from the nucleus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjcs.108.1.257","url_text":"10.1242/jcs.108.1.257"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7738103","url_text":"7738103"}]},{"reference":"Bullock TL, Clarkson WD, Kent HM, Stewart M (1996). \"The 1.6 angstroms resolution crystal structure of nuclear transport factor 2 (NTF2)\". J. Mol. Biol. 260 (3): 422–31. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1996.0411. PMID 8757804.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fjmbi.1996.0411","url_text":"10.1006/jmbi.1996.0411"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8757804","url_text":"8757804"}]},{"reference":"Percipalle P, Clarkson WD, Kent HM, Rhodes D, Stewart M (1997). \"Molecular interactions between the importin alpha/beta heterodimer and proteins involved in vertebrate nuclear protein import\". J. Mol. Biol. 266 (4): 722–32. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1996.0801. PMID 9102465.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fjmbi.1996.0801","url_text":"10.1006/jmbi.1996.0801"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9102465","url_text":"9102465"}]},{"reference":"Yaseen NR, Blobel G (1997). \"Cloning and characterization of human karyopherin β3\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94 (9): 4451–6. Bibcode:1997PNAS...94.4451Y. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.9.4451. PMC 20743. PMID 9114010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC20743","url_text":"\"Cloning and characterization of human karyopherin β3\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997PNAS...94.4451Y","url_text":"1997PNAS...94.4451Y"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.94.9.4451","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.94.9.4451"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC20743","url_text":"20743"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9114010","url_text":"9114010"}]},{"reference":"Grandi P, Dang T, Pané N, Shevchenko A, Mann M, Forbes D, Hurt E (1997). \"Nup93, a Vertebrate Homologue of Yeast Nic96p, Forms a Complex with a Novel 205-kDa Protein and Is Required for Correct Nuclear Pore Assembly\". Mol. Biol. Cell. 8 (10): 2017–38. doi:10.1091/mbc.8.10.2017. PMC 25664. PMID 9348540.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC25664","url_text":"\"Nup93, a Vertebrate Homologue of Yeast Nic96p, Forms a Complex with a Novel 205-kDa Protein and Is Required for Correct Nuclear Pore Assembly\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1091%2Fmbc.8.10.2017","url_text":"10.1091/mbc.8.10.2017"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC25664","url_text":"25664"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9348540","url_text":"9348540"}]},{"reference":"Wu X, Kasper LH, Mantcheva RT, Mantchev GT, Springett MJ, van Deursen JM (2001). \"Disruption of the FG nucleoporin NUP98 causes selective changes in nuclear pore complex stoichiometry and function\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98 (6): 3191–6. Bibcode:2001PNAS...98.3191W. doi:10.1073/pnas.051631598. PMC 30629. 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Biochem. J. 350 Pt 1 (Pt 1): 109–14. doi:10.1042/0264-6021:3500109. PMC 1221231. PMID 10926833.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1221231","url_text":"\"Responsiveness of the state of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine modification of nuclear pore protein p62 to the extracellular glucose concentration\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1042%2F0264-6021%3A3500109","url_text":"10.1042/0264-6021:3500109"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1221231","url_text":"1221231"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10926833","url_text":"10926833"}]},{"reference":"Miyachi K, Hankins RW, Matsushima H, Kikuchi F, Inomata T, Horigome T, Shibata M, Onozuka Y, Ueno Y, Hashimoto E, Hayashi N, Shibuya A, Amaki S, Miyakawa H (2003). \"Profile and clinical significance of anti-nuclear envelope antibodies found in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis: a multicenter study\". J. Autoimmun. 20 (3): 247–54. doi:10.1016/S0896-8411(03)00033-7. PMID 12753810.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0896-8411%2803%2900033-7","url_text":"10.1016/S0896-8411(03)00033-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12753810","url_text":"12753810"}]},{"reference":"Yoshima T, Yura T, Yanagi H (Nov 1997). \"The trimerization domain of human heat shock factor 2 is able to interact with nucleoporin p62\". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 240 (1): 228–33. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1997.7662. PMID 9367915.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fbbrc.1997.7662","url_text":"10.1006/bbrc.1997.7662"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9367915","url_text":"9367915"}]},{"reference":"Ben-Efraim I, Gerace L (Jan 2001). \"Gradient of increasing affinity of importin beta for nucleoporins along the pathway of nuclear import\". J. Cell Biol. 152 (2): 411–7. doi:10.1083/jcb.152.2.411. PMC 2199621. 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PMID 8707840.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2120945","url_text":"\"Molecular and functional characterization of the p62 complex, an assembly of nuclear pore complex glycoproteins\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1083%2Fjcb.134.3.589","url_text":"10.1083/jcb.134.3.589"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2120945","url_text":"2120945"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8707840","url_text":"8707840"}]},{"reference":"Paschal BM, Gerace L (May 1995). \"Identification of NTF2, a cytosolic factor for nuclear import that interacts with nuclear pore complex protein p62\". J. Cell Biol. 129 (4): 925–37. doi:10.1083/jcb.129.4.925. PMC 2120498. PMID 7744965.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2120498","url_text":"\"Identification of NTF2, a cytosolic factor for nuclear import that interacts with nuclear pore complex protein p62\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1083%2Fjcb.129.4.925","url_text":"10.1083/jcb.129.4.925"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2120498","url_text":"2120498"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7744965","url_text":"7744965"}]},{"reference":"Gamper C, van Eyndhoven WG, Schweiger E, Mossbacher M, Koo B, Lederman S (2000). \"TRAF-3 interacts with p62 nucleoporin, a component of the nuclear pore central plug that binds classical NLS-containing import complexes\". Mol. Immunol. 37 (1–2): 73–84. doi:10.1016/S0161-5890(00)00015-8. PMID 10781837.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0161-5890%2800%2900015-8","url_text":"10.1016/S0161-5890(00)00015-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10781837","url_text":"10781837"}]},{"reference":"Kehlenbach RH, Dickmanns A, Kehlenbach A, Guan T, Gerace L (May 1999). \"A role for RanBP1 in the release of CRM1 from the nuclear pore complex in a terminal step of nuclear export\". J. Cell Biol. 145 (4): 645–57. doi:10.1083/jcb.145.4.645. PMC 2133185. PMID 10330396.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2133185","url_text":"\"A role for RanBP1 in the release of CRM1 from the nuclear pore complex in a terminal step of nuclear export\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1083%2Fjcb.145.4.645","url_text":"10.1083/jcb.145.4.645"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2133185","url_text":"2133185"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10330396","url_text":"10330396"}]},{"reference":"Lindsay ME, Holaska JM, Welch K, Paschal BM, Macara IG (Jun 2001). \"Ran-binding protein 3 is a cofactor for Crm1-mediated nuclear protein export\". J. Cell Biol. 153 (7): 1391–402. doi:10.1083/jcb.153.7.1391. PMC 2150735. PMID 11425870.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2150735","url_text":"\"Ran-binding protein 3 is a cofactor for Crm1-mediated nuclear protein export\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1083%2Fjcb.153.7.1391","url_text":"10.1083/jcb.153.7.1391"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2150735","url_text":"2150735"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11425870","url_text":"11425870"}]},{"reference":"Stoffler D, Fahrenkrog B, Aebi U (1999). \"The nuclear pore complex: from molecular architecture to functional dynamics\". Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 11 (3): 391–401. doi:10.1016/S0955-0674(99)80055-6. 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PMID 9373149.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0378-1119%2897%2900411-3","url_text":"10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9373149","url_text":"9373149"}]},{"reference":"Kehlenbach RH, Dickmanns A, Kehlenbach A, Guan T, Gerace L (1999). \"A Role for RanBP1 in the Release of CRM1 from the Nuclear Pore Complex in a Terminal Step of Nuclear Export\". J. Cell Biol. 145 (4): 645–57. doi:10.1083/jcb.145.4.645. PMC 2133185. PMID 10330396.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2133185","url_text":"\"A Role for RanBP1 in the Release of CRM1 from the Nuclear Pore Complex in a Terminal Step of Nuclear Export\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1083%2Fjcb.145.4.645","url_text":"10.1083/jcb.145.4.645"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2133185","url_text":"2133185"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10330396","url_text":"10330396"}]},{"reference":"Sanz L, Sanchez P, Lallena MJ, Diaz-Meco MT, Moscat J (1999). \"The interaction of p62 with RIP links the atypical PKCs to NF-kappaB activation\". EMBO J. 18 (11): 3044–53. doi:10.1093/emboj/18.11.3044. PMC 1171386. PMID 10356400.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1171386","url_text":"\"The interaction of p62 with RIP links the atypical PKCs to NF-kappaB activation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Femboj%2F18.11.3044","url_text":"10.1093/emboj/18.11.3044"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1171386","url_text":"1171386"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10356400","url_text":"10356400"}]},{"reference":"Rachubinski RA, Marcus SL, Capone JP (1999). \"The p56(lck)-interacting protein p62 stimulates transcription via the SV40 enhancer\". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (26): 18278–84. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.26.18278. PMID 10373430.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.274.26.18278","url_text":"\"The p56(lck)-interacting protein p62 stimulates transcription via the SV40 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Freele_Osborn	Laura Freele Osborn	["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Legacy","5 References"]	Laura Freele Osbornportrait of Osborn by Leon MakielskiBorn1866 (1866)Huntington, IndianaDied1955 (aged 88–89)NationalityAmericanOccupation(s)Educator, Social reformerSpouse Francis C. Osborn (m. 1891) Laura A. Freele Osborn (1866–1955) was a suffragist, campaigner for school reform, and long-serving member of the School Board for Detroit Public Schools in Detroit, Michigan during the early half of the 20th century. Early life and education She was born and raised in Huntington, Indiana. Career Laura F. Osborn was a prominent advocate of non-partisan school boards in Michigan, including contribution to legislation passed in 1913 and later lobbying then Governor Woodbridge N. Ferris to support this reform. She was first elected to the Detroit School Board in 1917, campaigning on a platform of reform. She was the first woman elected to citywide office in Detroit. She served on the school board for 38 years, until her death in 1955. During that time she was selected as board president seven times. Osborn also played a role in developing Wayne State University in the mid-1930s. She is also credited with having mobilized women into the cause of school reform and temperance, and also to have "broken the prejudice against women officeholders in Detroit". She also ran unsuccessfully for Detroit City Council two times. Personal life She taught school in Huntington until her marriage in 1891 to Francis C. Osborn, a Detroit businessman and inventor. Legacy Osborn High School in Detroit, built in the late 1950s, was named in her honor. She was inducted into the Michigan Women's Hall of Fame in 1995. References ^ Detroit Historical Society, "Person Record: Osborn, Laura Freele" (accessed 20 October 2020) ^ "Laura Freele Osborn" (PDF). Michigan Women’s Historical Center & Hall of Fame. Retrieved 19 July 2019. ^ Beckwith, Jamie, "Pewabic tile fountains display beauty, historical significance," The South End, April 21, 2005 (archived page) ^ Detroit News, Feature entitled "Michigan Women's Hall of Fame," 1928 (no relation to the current Hall of Fame) Osborn High School "The Folks Behind DPS Building Names: Laura Freele-Osborn," Transporting News (Office of Student Transportation, Detroit Public Schools) Vol. 2, No. 8, April 2007, page 3 "10 Historic Detroiters You Should Know," Daily Detroit, 15 January 2015 Michigan portalBiography portalEducation portal vteMichigan Women's Hall of Fame1980s1983 Harriette Simpson Arnow N. Lorraine Beebe Mamie Geraldine Neale Bledsoe Elizabeth Margaret Chandler Mary Stallings Coleman Wilma T. Donahue Grace Eldering Josephine Gomon Martha W. Griffiths Dorothy Haener Laura Smith Haviland Mildred Jeffrey Pearl Kendrick Helen W. Milliken Rosa Parks Anna Howard Shaw Lucinda Hinsdale Stone Sojourner Truth 1984 Virginia Allan Helen J. Claytor Caroline Bartlett Crane Marguerite de Angeli Emma Genevieve Gillette Icie Macy Hoobler Magdelaine Laframboise Martha Longstreet Elly M. Peterson Jessie Pharr Slaton Mary C. Spencer Bertha Van Hoosen 1986 Patricia Boyle Elizabeth C. Crosby Gwen Frostic Elmina R. Lucke Marjorie Swank Matthews Marjorie Peebles-Meyers Mary Chase Perry Stratton Helen Thomas 1987 Marion Isabel Barnhart Patricia Hill Burnett Ethel Calhoun Georgia Emery Betty Ford Rosa Slade Gragg Clara Raven 1988 Louise (Sally) Langdon Brown Ethelene Crockett Marcia J. Federbush Frances Alvord Harris M. Jane Kay Nugent Agnes Mary Mansour Helen M. Martin Sarah Goddard Power 1989 Clara Arthur Anna Sutherland Bissell Alexa Canady Anne R. Davidow Bernadine Newsom Denning Isabella Karle Jean Ledwith King Olga Madar Mary Anne Bryant 1990s1990 Emily Helen Butterfield Erma Henderson Dorothy Leonard Judd Elba Lila Morse Fannie M. Richards Emelia Christine Schaub Mary P. Sinclair Merze Tate Delia Villegas Vorhauer 1991 Rachel Andresen Mary Beck Jan BenDor Janet K. Good Jo Jacobs Virginia Cecile Blomer Nordby Dorothy Comstock Riley Edith Mays Swanson 1992 Cora Brown Mary Lou Butcher Sarah Emma Edmonds Violet Temple Lewis Luise Ruth Leismer Mahon Gilda Radner Martha Romayne Seger Ann M. Shafer Sylvia M. Stoesser Lucy Thurman Charleszetta Waddles 1993 Edith Vosburgh Alvord Catherine Carter Blackwell Jean W. Campbell Katherine Hill Campbell Lenna Frances Cooper Roberta A. Griffith Bina West Miller Jeanne Omelenchuk Sippie Wallace Edna Noble White Irene Clark Woodman 1994 Marie-Therese Guyon Cadillac Ruth Carlton Flossie Cohen Bertha A. Daubendiek Genora Johnson Dollinger Flora Hommel Sarah Van Hoosen Jones Aleda E. Lutz Helen Walker McAndrew 1995 Yolanda Alvarado-Ortega Irene Auberlin Hilda R. Gage Lucia Voorhees Grimes R. Louise Grooms Odessa Komer Laura Freele Osborn Jacquelin E. Washington 1996 Carrie Frazier Rogers-Brown Anna Clemenc Waunetta McClellan Dominic Margaret Muth Laurence Claudia House Morcom Betsy Graves Reyneau Shirley E. Schwartz Joan Luedders Wolfe 1997 Ellen Burstyn Marion Corwell-Shertzer Four Sisters of Charity Della McGraw Goodwin Alice Hamilton Nancy Harkness Love Maryann Mahaffey Sharon E. Sutton Matilda Dodge Wilson 1998 Connie Binsfeld Hilda Patricia Curran Marie Dye Eleanor Josaitis Dorrie Ellen Rosenblatt Ella Merriman Sharp Martha Jean Steinberg Ruth Thompson Lily Tomlin 1999 Patricia Beeman Olympia Brown Doris DeDeckere Margaret Drake Elliott Elizabeth Homer Eleonore Hutzel Ella Eaton Kellogg Emily Burton Ketcham Ardeth Platte 2000s2000 Loney Clinton Gordon Katherine G. Heideman Dauris Gwendolyn Jackson Cornelia Groefsema Kennedy Marjorie J. Lansing Chuan-Pu Lee Marilyn Fisher Lundy Katharine Dexter McCormick Kathleen N. Straus Clarissa M. Young 2001 Cora Reynolds Anderson Lucile E. Belen Theresa Maxis Duchemin Aretha Franklin Francie Kraker Goodridge Marian Bayoff Ilitch Mary Ellen Riordan Joesphine Stern Weiner 2002 Hortense Golden Canady Julia Wheelock Freeman Lillian Mellen Genser May Stocking Knaggs Naomi Long Madgett Lucille Hanna McCollough Lana Pollack Martha Louise Rayne Muriel Dorothy Ross 2003 Mary Agnes Blair Verne Burbridge Nellie Cuellar Alice Scanlan Kocel Joyce Lewis Kornbluh Eliza Seaman Leggett Ida Lippman Marion Weyant Ruth Bernice Steadman Pamela Withrow Ruth Zweifler 2004 Geraldine Bledsoe Ford Jennifer Mulhern Granholm Lystra Gretter Florine Mark Cathy McClelland Constance Mayfield Rourke 2005 Margaret Chiara Eva Lois Evans Georgia A. Lewis Johnson Lida Holmes Mattman Olivia Maynard Deborah Stabenow Caroline Thrun Margaret Sellers Walker Elizabeth Weaver 2006 Cynthia Yao Mary Esther Daddazio Margery Feliksa Nancy Hammond Viola Liuzzo Marge Piercy Dora Hall Stockman Martha Strickland Clark Helen Hornbeck Tanner 2007 Mary Brown Gertrude Buck Emma Cole Haifa Fakhouri Carolyn Geisel Jane Briggs Hart Abigail Rogers Kathleen Wilbur Woman's Hospital Association (charter members) 2008 Carol Atkins Patricia Cuza Carol King Vicki Neiberg Jane Johnston Schoolcraft Leta Snow Sister Mary Francilene Van de Vyver 2009 Carol Atkins Grace Lee Boggs Margaret Chandler Ruth Ellis Edna Ferber Glenda Lappan Kay Givens McGowan Elizabeth Phillips Jessica Rickert Betty Tableman Marlo Thomas 2010s2010 Mary Aikey Laura Carter Callow Augusta Jane Chapin Sandra Laser Draggoo Annie Etheridge Sherrill Freeborough Dorean Marguerite Hurley Koenig Terry McMillan Edith Munger Cynthia J. Pasky 2011 Lois A. Bader Jumana Judeh Marilyn Kelly Valeria Lipczynski Edelmira Lopez Kary Moss Rose Mary Robinson Tricia Saunders 2012 Gladys Beckwith Patricia Caruso Mary Jane Dockeray Judith Karandjeff Les Meres et Debutantes Club of Greater Lansing Serena Williams L. Anna Ballard Eva McCall Hamilton Mary E. McCoy 2013 Elizabeth W. Bauer Judith Levin Cantor Paula Cunningham Joan Jackson Johnson Gladys McKenney Marina von Neumann Whitman Con-Con Eleven Elizabeth Eaglesfield Harriet Quimby 2014 Elizabeth Lehman Belen MaryLee Davis Jeanne Findlater Dorothy A. Johnson Julie Krone Mary Carmelita Manning Barbara Roberts Mason Marylou Olivarez Mason Andra M. Rush Mary Ellen Sheets Lucille Farrier Stickel 2015 Jocelyn Benson Maxine Berman Sue Carter Janet C. Cooper Mabel White Holmes Candice Miller Esther K. Shapiro Maggie Walz Myra Wolfgang Linda M. Woods 2016 Elizabeth Sparks Adams Anan Ameri Daisy Elliott Faith Fowler Evelyn Golden Olivia Letts Mary Free Bed Guild Diana Ross Lou Anna Kimsey Simon Charlotte Wilson 2017 American Legion NUWARINE Post 535 Ella Mae Backus Clara Bryant Ford Lisette Denison Forth Mary Kay Henry Verna Grahek Mize Bernice Morton Rosie the Riveter Rosemary C. Sarri Elizabeth Wetzel 2018 Agatha Biddle Mona Hanna-Attisha Clara Stanton Jones Angela K. Wilson Kym L. Worthy 2019 Margaret Kirchner Stevenson Lucile A. Watts Martha Baldwin Gilda Z. Jacobs Vernice Davis Anthony Terry Blackhawk 2020s2020 Najah Bazzy Elizabeth Jackson (Michigan) Glenda Price Martha Teichner Atlas Ruth Westbrook Dorothy Zehnder 2021 Rosalind Brewer Debra White-Hunt Lila Neuenfelt Fannie B. Peck Sarah Elizabeth Ray Diana Sieger 2022 Esther Gordy Edwards Carol Hutchins Mary Kramer (Michigan) Mary Locke Petermann Danielle Camille Woods 2023 Gretchen Whitmer Denise Langford Morris Kelly Rossman McKinney Traverse City Ladies Association	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"School Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_education"},{"link_name":"Detroit Public Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Public_Schools"},{"link_name":"Detroit, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit,_Michigan"}],"text":"Laura A. Freele Osborn (1866–1955) was a suffragist, campaigner for school reform, and long-serving member of the School Board for Detroit Public Schools in Detroit, Michigan during the early half of the 20th century.","title":"Laura Freele Osborn"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Huntington, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington,_Indiana"}],"text":"She was born and raised in Huntington, Indiana.","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Woodbridge N. Ferris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodbridge_N._Ferris"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Wayne State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_State_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michigan_Women-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Detroit City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_City_Council"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Laura F. Osborn was a prominent advocate of non-partisan school boards in Michigan, including contribution to legislation passed in 1913 and later lobbying then Governor Woodbridge N. Ferris to support this reform.[1]She was first elected to the Detroit School Board in 1917, campaigning on a platform of reform. She was the first woman elected to citywide office in Detroit. She served on the school board for 38 years, until her death in 1955. During that time she was selected as board president seven times. Osborn also played a role in developing Wayne State University in the mid-1930s.[2][3]She is also credited with having mobilized women into the cause of school reform and temperance, and also to have \"broken the prejudice against women officeholders in Detroit\".[4] She also ran unsuccessfully for Detroit City Council two times.[citation needed]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Francis C. Osborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_C._Osborn,_Sr."}],"text":"She taught school in Huntington until her marriage in 1891 to Francis C. Osborn, a Detroit businessman and inventor.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Osborn High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osborn_High_School"},{"link_name":"Michigan Women's Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame"}],"text":"Osborn High School in Detroit, built in the late 1950s, was named in her honor.\nShe was inducted into the Michigan Women's Hall of Fame in 1995.","title":"Legacy"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Laura Freele Osborn\" (PDF). Michigan Women’s Historical Center & Hall of Fame. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avichi_Meiyappa_Chettiar	A. V. Meiyappan	["1 Early life","2 Early film career","3 AVM Productions","4 The 1950s","5 The 1960s","6 Films in Hindi","7 Family","8 Legacy","9 Philanthropy","10 Filmography","11 Awards","12 See also","13 References","14 Further reading","15 External links"]	Indian Tamil filmmaker A. V. MeiyappanA. V. Meiyappa ChettiarBornAvichi Meiyappa Chettiar(1907-07-28)28 July 1907Karaikudi, Madras Presidency, British IndiaDied12 August 1979(1979-08-12) (aged 72)Madras, Tamil Nadu, IndiaYears active1934–1973Spouses Alamelu Meiyappan Rajeswari Meiyappan ChildrenM. PalaniappanLakshmiValliSaraswathi ValliappanMuthuRukmaniM. MuruganM. KumaranM. SaravananM. BalasubramanianMeena Veerappan. Avichi Meiyappa Chettiar (28 July 1907 – 12 August 1979), also known as A. V. Meiyappan, A. V. Meiyappa Chettiar or AVM, was an Indian film producer, director and philanthropist who established AVM Productions in Vadapalani, Chennai. He is widely regarded as one of the pioneers of Tamil cinema, and one of three movie moguls of the South Indian film industry along with S. S. Vasan and L. V. Prasad. His production company AVM Productions is the only production company in Kollywood (Tamil film industry) to run successfully for five decades and three generations. AVM was born in Karaikudi in a well-to-do Nagarathar family. He moved to Chennai (then known as Madras) at an early age and established Saraswathi Stores which sold gramophone records. Subsequently, he entered the film industry and started directing his own films. After some initial setbacks, AVM delivered a string of hits in the early 1940s. Following the immense success of his 1947 film Nam Iruvar, AVM moved to film production and established AVM Productions in Chennai, first at Santhome and then at Kodambakkam. In 1951, AVM entered the Hindi film industry with the film Bahar starring Vyjayanthimala. By the time he died in 1979, he had produced 167 films. Notable films produced by AVM Productions are Vazhkai, Bahar, Parasakthi, Hum Panchhi Ek Daal Ke, Bhookailas, Kalathur Kannamma, Server Sundaram and Major Chandrakanth. AVM also directed a number of films in the 1930s and 1940s, the notable ones being Alli Arjuna, Bhookailas, Sabapathy, Sri Valli and Nam Iruvar. Early life AVM was born in Karaikudi on 28 July 1907 to father Avichi Chettiar and mother Lakshmi Achi. Avichi Chettiar owned a department store called AV & Sons which sold gramophone records. AVM was born in the Nagarathar community whose members had gained a fine reputation in the mercantile and money-lending business in the later half of the 19th century and early years of the 20th century. At an early age, AVM envisioned better prospects in the trade of manufacturing records than simply selling them. Hence, he moved to Madras with his friends K.S. Narayan Iyengar and Subbaiah Chettiar and established a new firm called Saraswathi Stores on 9 September 1932. This new firm also manufactured gramophone records apart from selling them. In this new venture, he got excellent support from the manager K.P. Varadachari and his lawyer friend Thoothukudi Govindachari Raghavachari. Some of AVM's early productions were dramas on mythological subjects like Ramayanam. Early film career With the dawn of the talkies, AVM established the Saraswathi Sound Productions. In 1935, AVM made his debut as a producer with the Tamil film Alli Arjuna which performed miserably at the box-office. His next venture Ratnavali was another failure. He then teamed up with Jayanthilal, a cinema house owner and promoted a new company, Pragati Pictures Ltd. In 1938, AVM bought the rights for the Tamil remake of a Marathi film on the boyhood of Lord Krishna. This film Nandakumar was an average grosser. AVM introduced a 14-year-old boy, T. R. Mahalingam, for the part of the young Lord Krishna. This young boy would later become an efficient singer turning in a number of melodious hits. Lalitha Venkataraman sang for the character Devaki making Nandakumar the first film to introduce the concept of playback singing in the Tamil film industry. Nandakumar was also one of the first Tamil movies to be shot on location as AVM leased the Club House off Mount Road in Chennai to shoot scenes without erecting sets. AVM started his own studios in 1940 and named it Pragathi Studios. In the same year, AVM produced Bhookailas which became one of the most popular film versions of the Ramayana. The film was made in Telugu, its lead actors were from Kannada cinema and it was directed by Sundar Rao Nadkarni, a Mangalorean who had received his training in Bombay. AVM's comedy flick Sabapathy(1941) starring T.R. Ramachandran, K. Sarangapani and Kali N. Ratnam was a runaway hit as also Poli Panchali, another comedy. Sabapathy eventually emerged as one of the greatest comedy films of the era. He followed this with another hit En Manaivi. In 1943, he produced the film Harischandra in Kannada based on the legend of a king who attempted to kill his own son to defend justice. The next year, the film was dubbed into Tamil making it the first Indian film to be dubbed from one language to another. During the making of Sri Valli in 1945, he employed singer Periyanayaki to sing for actress Rukmini. This was AVM's second film to make use of playback. Pragati technicians worked round the clock to synchronise voice and lip. Reels were shipped back and forth in cars and trains between Madras and Karaikkudi to ensure good quality. AVM Productions Logo of AVM Productions in its early days On 14 November 1945, riding on the phenomenal success of his first few films, AVM established his new production company, AVM Productions at Santhome, Chennai. He wanted to start his studio in Kodambakkam but was unable to, due to the acute power shortage during the Second World War. Left with no other choice, AVM established his studio at his hometown of Karaikudi. AVM's first film under the banner of AVM Productions was Vedhala Ulagam. In 1947, AVM produced the film Nam Iruvar based on S. V. Sahasranamam's play of the same name. Reflecting the intense patriotic fervour and hope which engulfed the newborn nation, the film released in January 1947 after six months of shooting and was "a thundering success". The story begins with a Subramania Bharati anniversary and ends with Gandhi's 77th birthday celebrations. The success of Naam Iruvar was followed by the success of Vedhala Ulagam in 1948 and Vazhkai in 1949. Vazhkai saw the introduction of Vyjayanthimala who would later emerge as one of the top film stars of India. The film ran for 25 weeks and was released as Jeevitham (1949) in Telugu and Bahar in Hindi. With the success of Vazhkai, AVM Productions began to produce films in Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Bengali and even Sinhalese. Following India's independence, the power shortages had been met and AVM studios shifted to the sprawling location in Kodambakkam chosen by AVM, in the year 1948. The 1950s The decade of the 1950s was a honeymoon period for AVM Productions which turned out a series of hits. The early years were marked by AVM's attempts to conquer the Hindi film industry. In 1952, AVM's Tamil film Parasakthi released in theatres all over Madras and was an instant success. With a powerful storyline and fiery dialogues by a future Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, M. Karunanidhi, the film preached social revolution and questioned the authority of Hindu temple priests. Sivaji Ganesan, then a newcomer, was cast in the lead role. By the mid-1950s, he had emerged as one of the top-stars in Kollywood. Sivaji also starred in AVM's next Tamil film Andha Naal (1954) directed by S. Balachander. The film, the first film without any songs to be released in any Indian language, was about a radio engineer who intrigues with the invading Japanese during the Second World War and is eventually killed by his wife. The style of narration had been heavily borrowed from Akira Kurosawa's Rashomon. In 1953, AVM produced the Kannada film Jatakaphala which was dubbed into Jatakam in Tamil and Jatakaphalam in Telugu. In 1958, AVM made Bhookailas in Telugu, which triggered the "golden age of Telugu cinema". It was subsequently remade as Bhakta Ravana in Tamil and Bhakti Mahima in Hindi. The 1960s In 1961, AVM produced the Telugu film Papa Pariharam which was a remake of the Tamil film Pavamanippu which released in the same year. Both were directed by eminent director A. Bhimsingh and starred Shivaji Ganesan, Gemini Ganesan, Savitri and Devika. Like most of AVM's early films, Pavamanippu too had a storyline based on the Second World War. Kalathur Kannamma in 1960 saw the introduction of another star in Tamil cinema, the thespian Kamal Haasan who played an unforgettable supporting role as a young orphan. He was barely six years old at the time. His next Tamil venture Server Sundaram (1964) featuring Nagesh, who was a budding comedian then and debutant Major Sundarrajan was a roaring success. Server Sundaram was one of Nagesh's early hits which set the pace for an illustrious career. It also launched Major Sundarrajan as a character actor in the Tamil film industry. Sundarrajan's second hit, Major Chandrakanth where his famous portrayal of title role earned him the screen name "Major" Sundarrajan was also produced by AVM. Pavithra Prema, Penchina Prema, Naadi Aada Janme, Chitti Chellelu, Letha Manasulu and Mooga Nomu were some good Telugu films which were produced by AVM during the period. However, AVM's greatest success of the 1960s was Bhakta Prahalada which was produced in Telugu and subsequently dubbed into Tamil and Hindi. The film was based on the story of Narasimha Avatar from Hindu mythology. It was directed by Chitrapu Narayana Murthy and starred S. V. Ranga Rao as Hiranyakasyapu and Baby Rojaramani as Prahlada. Narayanmurthy had earlier directed a black-and-white version of Bhakta Prahlada in 1942 which had failed at the box-office. However, the colour version which was produced a quarter of a century later under the banner of AVM Productions was a resounding success. Of the 10 different filmised versions of the Prahlada story, the 1967 colour version remains the most famous and remembered. Another successful film by AVM in the 1960s was the 1966 film Anbe Vaa featuring the legendary M. G. Ramachandran, Saroja Devi and Nagesh. The film was a major success and the song Rajavin Paarvai topped the charts for a long time. In 1970, AVM produced Enga Mama featuring Sivaji Ganesan. '"Enga Mama was a Tamil remake of the Hindi film Brahmachari produced by G. P. Sippy and performed moderately at the box-office. Films in Hindi From the initial phase of his career, AVM was associated with a number of producers and directors from North India. His 1938 film Nandakumar was the Tamil remake of a Marathi film. His 1940 film Bhookailas was directed by Sundar Rao Nadkarni who had received his training in Bombay. In 1951, AVM made his entry into the Hindi film industry with Bahar. Starring Vyjayanthimala, Karan Dewan, Pandari Bai, Pran, Om Prakash and Tabassum, it was a remake of the 1948 Tamil film Vazhkai. Apart from being AVM's first film in Hindi, it also marked the launch of Vyjayanthimala in the Hindi film industry. In 1954, he made Ladki, his second film in Hindi, with Vyjayanthimala again in the lead. Both these films were directed by M. V. Raman. After enjoying moderate successes in his first two films in Hindi which went unnoticed, AVM ascended the heights of Bollywood with the third one Hum Panchi Ek Daal Ke(1957). It was a children's film based on the theme of national integration and won him the prime minister's gold medal. After the phenomenal success of Hum Panchi Ek Dal Ke, AVM produced some good films like Bhai Bhai(1956), which was popular for the song Mera Naam Abdul Rehman sung by Kishore Kumar and Miss Mary(1957), the dubbed version of the Tamil film Missiamma. Bhabhi (1957) featured Balraj Sahni, Pandari Bai and Nanda, apart from comedian Jagdeep in his first romantic role. Jagdeep also acted in other films produced by AVM as Hum Panchi Ek Dal Ke and Barkha. The Hindi films Miss Mary, Bhakti Mahima and Bhakt Prahlad were dubbed versions of AVM's Tamil or Telugu hits. The 1961 film Chhaya won Nirupa Roy the Filmfare Award for the Best Actress in a Supporting Role. Other notable Hindi films made by AVM during the 1960s were Man Mauji, Main Chup Rahungi, Pooja Ke Phool and Mehrban. AVM's last Hindi film was Jeene Ki Arzoo directed by Rajasekhar in 1981. Family The Family Of AV. Meiyappa Chettiar is a large one. He has 5 sons and 6 daughters born to his 2 wives Mrs Alamelu Meiyappan and Mrs Rajeswari Meiyappan For Mrs Alamelu Meiyappan, who died in 1946, has 1 son and 5 daughters they are M. Palaniappan(late), Mrs Lakshmi(late), Mrs Valli (late), Mrs Saraswathi Valliappan (late), Mrs Muthu, Mrs Rukmani. For Mrs Rajeswari Meiyappan, who died on 9 November 2008, has 4 sons and 1 daughter they are M. Murugan (late), M. Kumaran, M. Saravanan, M. Balasubramanian and daughter Mrs Meena Veerappan. With dawn of the 1970s, production had slowed down considerably. This was due to the fact that AVM himself was aging. Moreover, the AVM family chose to focus their attention upon social activities other than filming. AVM Productions produced not more than four films during the decade: Bomma Borusa, Dil Ka Raja,Akka Thamudu and Jaise Ko Taisa. Bomma Borusa made in Telugu by K. Balachander was an average grosser as was the Hindi film Dil Ka Raja which released in 1972. Akka Thamudu directed by the successful partnership of Krishnan–Panju was AVM's last film in Telugu. It was also AVM's only Telugu film featuring Jayalalithaa. In 1973, AVM produced his last film Jaise Ko Taisa starring Jitendra in the lead role. AVM did not produce any movies following Jeene Ki Arzoo in 1981. He spent his time on social activities and the charitable institutions he had built as well as looking after his massive business empire. AVM died on 12 August 1979 at the age of 72. In 1980, as per AVM's last wishes, AVM Studios commenced film production under Meiyappan's sons A.V.M Kumaran and M. Saravanan, after a seven-year hiatus. Legacy A. V. Meiyappan on a 2006 stamp of India During a career spanning four decades, AVM had produced 167 movies in all. He also directed most of his early movies. He is credited with having introduced Kollywood's first playback singers, made India's first dubbed film and Kollywood's first film shot on location. He has also had the distinction of having had five chief ministers work in his films – C. N. Annadurai wrote the script for AVM's Ore Iravu, M. Karunanidhi scripted the dialogues for Parasakthi, M. G. Ramachandran played the hero in Anbe Vaa, J. Jayalalithaa was the heroine in AVM's Major Chandrakanth and Akka Thamudu and N. T. Rama Rao starred in AVM's Jeevitham, Ramu and Bhookailas. During his four decades in the Indian film industry, he also introduced actors as T. R. Mahalingam, Vyjayanthimala, Sivaji Ganesan, Kamal Haasan and Major Sundarrajan, who later became top stars in Kollywood. But his greatest achievement is undoubtedly his massive business empire which comprises a production company, a cinema, a movie studio and a string of educational institutions and charities. Of AVM's creations, AVM Productions is the most prominent. The production company is into its sixty-second year with three generations of the AVM family into the film production business. After AVM's death, the company passed into the hands of his sons M. Balasubramanian and M. Saravanan. Under the able leadership of M. Saravanan, AVM Productions has continued producing hits as Punnami Naagu (launchpad for chiranjeevi as most notable actor), Murattu Kalai (which launched Rajnikanth into superstardom), Samsaram Adhu Minsaram (1986), Minsara Kanavu (1997), Gemini (2002), and Perazhagan (2004). In 2007 (which was also AVM's birth centenary year), AVM Productions released Sivaji the Boss starring Rajnikanth and Shreya. Made at enormous cost of Rs. 60 to 960 million (15 to 20 million dollars), it is the costliest Tamil film made to date and had earned a critical reception worldwide. In recent times, AVM Productions has significant lessened film production making only one or two films a year. Instead, the production house is concentrating on making tele serials and documentaries Currently, Saravanan's son M. S. Guhan and Balasubramanian's son, B. Gurunath are also into show business forming the family's third generation in the business. In 1955, AVM won the president's gold medal for the Hindi film Hum Panchi Ek Dal Ke. In 2006, the Government of India issued a stamp commemorating the achievements of AVM. On the 24th death anniversary of Avichi Meiyappa Chettiar, in 2003, AVM Productions released a VCD on the life of its founder. Starting with his early childhood in Karaikudi, the 2-hour long documentary told the story of AVM's entry into the film industry and his rise to greatness. On 30 July 2006, in commemoration of AVM's centenary year, the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, M. Karunanidhi, unveiled a statue of A. V. Meiyappan at the campus of the South Indian Film Chamber of Commerce. Philanthropy Apart from his contributions to the growth of motion picture industry in Tamil Nadu, AVM has also donated extensively for charitable causes. The charitable activities of the AVM group were channelled through an organisation called AVM Charities established at Mylapore in Chennai. This trust has been managed by the descendants of AVM since his death in 1979. The AVM Charities had provided land for old age homes and organising social events. The AVM family also owns a marriage hall, AVM Rajeswari Kalyana Mandapam which is generally rented for Hindu marriages. This marriage hall is controlled by the AVM family through AVM Charities. Following the astounding success of the 2007 Tamil film Sivaji, AVM Productions declared publicly that it would offer 25% of the revenues from the film as charity. The AVM Group owns a string of educational institutions all over Chennai. On 10 June 1963, AVM inaugurated Avichi High School in Virugambakkam in memory of his father Avichi Chettiar. The motive behind the founding was to provide good quality education to the poorer sections of society. Later, Avichi High School was upgraded to Avichi Higher Secondary School. A number of schools have been established since the creation of Avichi School. In 1994, AVM's son Kumaran established the Avichi High School for girls. This was followed by the establishment of AVM Rajeswari Matriculation Higher Secondary School in Virugambakkam in 1995. These schools which are run by the AVM Group as a part of AVM Charities are regarded as some of the best in Chennai. Filmography Year Film Cast Director Music Language Notes 1967 Ave Kallu Krishna, Kanchana A. C. Tirulokchandar Telugu Remake of Tamil Film 'Adhey Kangal' Bhakta Prahalad S. V. Ranga Rao, Anjali Devi, Roja Ramani, M. Balamuralikrishna Chitrapu Narayana Rao Hindi Dubbed from Telugu Film 'Bhakta Prahlada' Adhey Kangal Ravichandran, Kanchana A. C. Tirulokchandar Tamil Mehrban Ashok Kumar, Sunil Dutt, Nutan A. Bhimsingh Hindi Bhakta Prahlada S. V. Ranga Rao, Anjali Devi, Roja Ramani, M. Balamuralikrishna Chitrapu Narayana Rao Tamil Dubbed from Telugu Film 'Bhakta Prahlada' Bhakta Prahlada S. V. Ranga Rao, Anjali Devi, Roja Ramani, M. Balamuralikrishna Telugu 1966 Major Chandrakanth Nagesh, Jayalalitha, Major Sundarrajan K. Balachandar Tamil Leta Manasulu Haranath, Jamuna, Kutty Padmini Krishnan–Panju Telugu Remake of Tamil Film 'Kuzhandaiyum Deivamum' Ramu Gemini Ganesan, K. R. Vijaya, Master Rajkumar A. C. Tirulokchandar Tamil Laadla Balraj Sahni, Nirupa Roy, Pandari Bai Krishnan–Panju Hindi Remake of Tamil Film 'Annai' Anbe Vaa M. G. Ramachandran, B. Saroja Devi A. C. Tirulokchandar Tamil Only Film with M. G. R. 1965 Kuzhandaiyum Deivamum Jaishankar, Jamuna, Kutty Padmini Krishnan–Panju Naadi Aada Janme N. T. Rama Rao, S. V. Ranga Rao, Savitri A. C. Tirulokchandar Telugu Remake of Tamil Film 'Naanum Oru Penn' Kakkum Karangal S. S. Rajendran, C. R. Vijayakumari, S. V. Ranga Rao, Sivakumar Tamil Debut Film for Sivakumar 1964 Server Sundaram Nagesh, R. Muthuraman, K. R. Vijaya Krishnan–Panju Main Bhi Ladki Hoon Dharmendra, Meena Kumari, Balraj Sahni, Om Prakash A. C. Tirulokchandar Hindi Remake of Tamil Film 'Naanum Oru Penn' Pooja Ke Phool Ashok Kumar, Dharmendra, Mala Sinha A. Bhimsingh Pachai Vilakku Sivaji Ganesan, S. S. Rajendran, Sowcar Janaki, C. R. Vijayakumari Tamil 1963 Penchina Prema P. Bhanumathi, S. V. Ranga Rao, Sowcar Janaki Krishnan–Panju Telugu Dubbed from Tamil Film 'Annai' Naanum Oru Penn S. S. Rajendran, S. V. Ranga Rao, C. R. Vijayakumari A. C. Tirulokchandar Tamil 1962 Annai P. Bhanumathi, S. V. Ranga Rao, Sowcar Janaki Krishnan–Panju Man Mauji Kishore Kumar, Sadhana Hindi Prajasakthi C. L. Anandan, Sachu, E. V. Saroja A. C. Tirulokchandar Telugu Dubbed from Tamil Film 'Veerathirumagan' Main Chup Rahungi Sunil Dutt, Meena Kumari A. Bhimsingh Hindi Remake of Tamil Film 'Kalathur Kannamma' Veerathirumagan C. L. Anandan, Sachu, E. V. Saroja A. C. Tirulokchandar Tamil Pavithra Prema Sivaji Ganesan, Gemini Ganesan, Savitri, B. Saroja Devi, Kamal Haasan A. Bhimsingh Telugu Dubbed from Tamil Film 'Paarthaal Pasi Theerum' Paarthaal Pasi Theerum Sivaji Ganesan, Gemini Ganesan, Savitri, B. Saroja Devi, Kamal Haasan Tamil 1961 Papa Pariharam Sivaji Ganesan, Gemini Ganesan, M. R. Radha, Savitri, Devika Telugu Dubbed from Tamil Film 'Pava Mannippu' Chhaya Sunil Dutt, Asha Parekh, Nirupa Roy Hrishikesh Mukherjee Hindi Anumanam Sivaji Ganesan, Padmini, S. S. Rajendran, M. N. Rajam Krishnan–Panju Telugu Dubbed from Tamil Film 'Deivapiravi' Pava Mannippu Sivaji Ganesan, Gemini Ganesan, M. R. Radha, Savitri, Devika A. Bhimsingh Tamil 1960 Bindya Balraj Sahni, Padmini Krishnan–Panju Hindi Remake of Malayalam Film 'Thilakam' Thilakam Prem Nazir, M. N. Rajam, Sriranjani Malayalam Mavoori Ammayi Gemini Ganesan, Savitri, Kamal Haasan A. Bhimsingh Telugu Dubbed from Tamil Film 'Kalathur Kannamma' Bhakti Mahima N. T. Rama Rao, A. Nageswara Rao, Jamuna K. Shankar Hindi Dubbed from Telugu Film 'Bhookailas' Kalathur Kannamma Gemini Ganeshan, Savitri, Kamal Haasan A. Bhimsingh Tamil Debut Film for Kamal Haasan Deivapiravi Sivaji Ganesan, Padmini, S. S. Rajendran, M. N. Rajam Krishnan–Panju Akash-Patal Arundhati Devi, Pahari Sanyal Prabhat Mukherjee Bengali First Bengali Film 1959 Sahodari K. Balaji, Rajasulochana, J. P. Chandrababu A. Bhimsingh Tamil Baap Bete Ashok Kumar, Shyama Raja Paranjape Hindi Mamiyar Mechina Marumagal S. S. Rajendran, M. N. Rajam, G. Varalakshmi Krishnan–Panju Tamil Barkha Jagdeep, Shubha Khote, Nanda Krishnan–Panju Hindi Remake of Tamil Film 'Mamiyar Mechina Marumagal' 1958 Bhaktha Ravana N. T. Rama Rao, A. Nageswara Rao, Jamuna K. Shankar Tamil Dubbed from Telugu Film 'Bhookailas' Bhookailas N. T. Rama Rao, A. Nageswara Rao, Jamuna Telugu Bhookailasa Rajkumar, Kalyan Kumar, B. Saroja Devi Kannada Rathna Deepam A. Gupta, Manju Dey, Kamal Mitra Debaki Bose Tamil Dubbed from Bengali Film 'Ratnadeep' 1957 Bhabhi Balraj Sahni, Pandari Bai, Nanda Krishnan–Panju Hindi Remake of Tamil Film 'Kula Deivam' Hum Panchhi Ek Dal Ke Jagdeep, Satish Vyas, Romi, Daisy Irani P. L. Santoshi Miss Mary Meena Kumari, Gemini Ganeshan, Kishore Kumar, Jamuna, Om Prakash L. V. Prasad Remake of Telugu Film 'Missamma' Parasakthi (Telugu) Sivaji Ganesan, S. V. Sahasranamam, Pandari Bai, S. S. Rajendran Krishnan–Panju Telugu Dubbed from Tamil Film 'Parasakthi' 1956 Chori Chori Raj Kapoor, Nargis, Pran Anant Thakur Hindi Kula Dheivam S. V. Sahasranamam, M. R. Santhanalakshmi, S. S. Rajendran, Pandari Bai Krishnan–Panju Tamil Sadarama A. Nageswara Rao, Sowcar Janaki, G. V. Iyer K. R. Seetarama Sastry Telugu Remake of Kannada Film 'Sadarame' Sadarame Kalyan Kumar, Sowcar Janaki, G. V. Iyer Kannada Produced with The Karnataka Films Ltd. Bhai-Bhai Ashok Kumar, Kishore Kumar, Nimmi, Nirupa Roy M. V. Raman Hindi Naga Devathai R. Nagendra Rao, Sowcar Janaki, Jamuna Chitrapu Narayana Rao Tamil Remake of Kannada Film 'Adarsha Sathi' Nagula Chavithi R. Nagendra Rao, Sowcar Janaki, Jamuna, Nagabhushanam Telugu Doctor Sinhala First Sinhala Film 1955 Adarsha Sathi R. Nagendra Rao, Sowcar Janaki, Jamuna Chitrapu Narayana Rao Kannada Vadina A. Nageswara Rao, Savitri, Pandari Bai M. V. Raman Telugu Remake of Tamil Film 'Chella Pillai' Chella Pillai K. R. Ramasamy, Savitri, Pandari Bai M. V. Raman R. Sudarsanam Tamil Shiv Bhakta Shahu Modak, Padmini, Mishra, Pandari Bai, Anant Kumar, Kumari Devi, Sope, Rushendramani, Ramachandra Sastry, Ragini, Deshraj, Raju H. L. N. Simha Hindi Remake of Kannada Film 'Bedara Kannappa' 1954 Sri Kalahastiswara Mahatyam Rajkumar, K. Malathi, Rajasulochana R. Sudarsanam R. Goverdhanam as Associate Telugu Jathaka Palam S. V. Ranga Rao, R. Nagendra Rao, Chalam, Suryakala, Suryakantam R. Nagendra Rao R. Sudarsanam Remake of Kannada Film 'Jathaka Phala' Sangham N. T. Rama Rao, Vyjayanthimala, S. Balachander, Anjali Devi M. V. Raman Remake of Hindi Film 'Ladki' Penn Gemini Ganesan, Vyjayanthimala, S. Balachander, Anjali Devi R. Sudarsanam Tamil Remake of Hindi Film 'Ladki' Bedara Kannappa Rajkumar, Pandari Bai, Rajasulochana H. L. N. Simha R. Sudarsanam Kannada Produced with The Karnataka Films Ltd. Debut Film for Rajkumar Andha Naal Sivaji Ganesan, Pandari Bai, Javar Seetharaman S. Balachander Tamil First Film without songs 1953 Jadhagam R. Nagendra Rao, K. Sarangapani, T. K. Balachandran, Suryakala, Kamala Bai R. Nagendra Rao Remake of Kannada Film 'Jathaka Phala' Jathaka Phala R. Nagendra Rao, K. Sarangapani, T. K. Balachandran, Suryakala, Kamala Bai Kannada Ladki Bharat Bhushan, Vyjayanthimala, Kishore Kumar, Anjali Devi M. V. Raman R. Sudarsanam Hindi Sathya Sodhanai Honnappa Bhagavathar, Pandari Bai H. L. N. Simha R. Sudarsanam Tamil Remake of Kannada Film Gunasagari Gunasagari Honnappa Bhagavathar, Pandari Bai, Gubbi Veeranna R. Sudarsanam Kannada Produced with The Karnataka Films Ltd. 1952 Parasakthi Sivaji Ganesan, S. V. Sahasranamam, Pandari Bai, S. S. Rajendran Krishnan–Panju R. Sudarsanam Tamil Debut Film for Sivaji Ganesan 1951 Bahar Karan Dewan, Vyjayanthimala, Pandari Bai, Om Prakash, Pran M. V. Raman Hindi Remake of Tamil Film 'Vazhkai' Or Iravu K. R. Ramasamy, T. S. Balaiah, A. Nageswara Rao, Lalitha P. Neelakantan R. Sudarsanam Tamil 1950 Jeevitham T. R. Ramachandran, Vyjayanthimala, S. Varalakshmi, C. S. R. Anjaneyulu, C. H. Narayana Rao A. V. Meiyappan, M. V. Raman R. Sudarsanam Telugu Remake of Tamil Film 'Vazhkai' 1949 Vazhkai T. R. Ramachandran, Vyjayanthimala, M. S. Draupadi, K. Sarangapani, S. V. Sahasranamam R. Sudarsanam Tamil Debut Film for Vyjayanthimala 1948 Rama Rajyam Prem Adib, Shobhna Samarth, Umakant Desai Vijay Bhatt Dubbed from Hindi Film 'Ram Rajya' Vedhala Ulagam T. R. Mahalingam, P. R. Mangalam, K. Sarangapani, K. R. Chellam A. V. Meiyappan, P. Neelakantan R. Sudarsanam 1947 Nam Iruvar T. R. Mahalingam, T.A. Jayalakshmi, T. R. Ramachandran A. V. Meiyappan R. Sudarsanam First Film Produced under 'AVM Studios' 1945 Sri Valli T. R. Mahalingam, Kumari Rukmini, T. R. Ramachandran, N. S. Krishnan, T. A. Madhuram A. V. Meiyappan, A. T. Krishnaswamy R. Sudarsanam Produced under 'Pragathi Studios' 1944 Harischandra Subbaiah Naidu, R. Nagendra Rao, Lakshmi Bai A. T. Krishnaswamy, R. Nagendra Rao Produced under 'Pragathi Studios', Dubbed from Kannada Film 1943 Satya Harishchandra Subbaiah Naidu, R. Nagendra Rao, Lakshmi Bai Kannada Produced under 'Pragathi Studios' 1942 En Manaivi K. Sarangapani, K. R. Chellam Sundar Rao Nadkarni Tamil 1941 Vasantasena Subbaiah Naidu, R. Nagendra Rao, Lakshmi Bai Ramayyar Shirur Kannada Produced under 'Pragathi Studios', First Kannada Film Sabapathy T. R. Ramachandran, 'Lux Soap' R. Padma A. T. Krishnaswamy Tamil Produced under 'Pragathi Studios' Thiruvalluvar Serukalathur Sama, M. Lakshmanan, 'Tirunelveli' Pappa, T. R. Ramachandran Prem Chethna 1940 Bhoo Kailas M. V. Subbaiah Naidu, R. Nagendra Rao, Lakshmi Bai Sundar Rao Nadkarni Telugu Produced under 'Pragathi Studios', First Big Hit for A. V. Meiyappan Vaayadi T. R. Ramachandran, Madhuri Devi, 'Lux Soap' R. Padma Nandalal Jaswantlal Tamil Produced under 'Pragathi Studios' Poli Panchali A. T. Krishnaswamy 1937 Nandakumar T. P. Rajalakshmi, C. V. V. Panthulu, T. R. Mahalingam Keshav Rao Dhaibhar Produced under 'Pragati Pictures Ltd' 1935 Ratnavali M. R. Krishnamoorthi, P. S. Rathna Bai, P. S. Saraswathi Bai Produced under 'Saraswathi Sound Productions' 1935 Alli Arjuna Abdul Khadar, K. S. Ananda Narayana Iyer, K. R. Kanthimathi Bai, T. S. Bhavani Bai Awards He won Filmfare Award for Best Film - Tamil - Ramu (1966) See also AVM Productions References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Rangaraj, R. (25 July 2006). "A.V. Meiyappa Chettiar Birth Centenary". Chennai Online. Archived from the original on 16 February 2008. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Guy, Randor (28 July 2006). "AVM, the adventurer". The Hindu. 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"Meet Soorma Bhopali". rediff.com. Retrieved 10 May 2008. ^ "Filmfare Award Best Supporting Actress – Complete Winners List". bollywoordsoundtracks.com. Archived from the original on 10 May 2008. Retrieved 10 May 2008. ^ "AVM Productions Began As Saraswati Sound Productions". cinegoer.com. Archived from the original on 3 March 2008. Retrieved 11 May 2008. ^ "Rajini: Lucky mascot for AVM Prod". Galatta.com. Archived from the original on 22 May 2008. Retrieved 13 May 2008. ^ a b "Sivaji in Bay area". Archived from the original on 6 July 2008. Retrieved 13 May 2008. ^ "Tributes paid to A.V. Meiyappan". The Hindu. 30 July 2006. Archived from the original on 19 November 2007. Retrieved 12 May 2008. ^ "A Heavenly abode for the Aged". Archived from the original on 21 May 2008. Retrieved 13 May 2008. ^ "Marriage Halls in Chennai". chennaiatlas.com. Archived from the original on 21 May 2008. Retrieved 13 May 2008. ^ "Humane Education". Archived from the original on 10 May 2008. Retrieved 13 May 2008. ^ "Collections". 1991. Further reading Enatu Valkkai Anuppavangal (transl. My Experiences in Life), Autobiography by A. V. Meiyappan.(in Tamil) External links Website of AVM Productions A. V. Meiyappan at IMDb Website of AVM Rajeswari School Website of Avichi Higher Secondary School for girls vteAVM ProductionsKey people A. V. Meiyappan (founder) M. Saravanan M. Balasuramanian M. S. Guhan B. S. Gurunath Aruna Guhan Aparna Guhan Films produced1930s Alli Arjuna (1935) Ratnavali (1936) Nandakumar (1937) 1940s Vaayaadi (1940) Poli Panjali (1940) Bhookailas (1940) Sabapathy (1941) En Manaivi (1942) Vasanthasena (1943) Sri Valli (1945) Naam Iruvar (1947) Vedhala Ulagam (1948) Rama Rajyam (1948) Vaazhkai (1949) 1950s Jeevitham (1950) Or Iravu (1951) Bahar (1951) Gunasagari (1953) Sathya Sodhanai (1953) Ladki (1953) Jaathaka Phala (1953) Jaathakam (1953) Andha Naal (1954) Bedara Kannappa (1954) Kalahasti Mahatyam (1954) Penn (1954) Sangham Shiv Bhakta (1955) Chella Pillai (1955) Vadina (1955) Aadharsa Sakthi (1955) Doctor (1956) Nagula Chaviti (1956) Naga Devathai (1956) Bhai-Bhai (1956) Sadharamma (1956) Kula Deivam (1956) Chori Chori (1956) Miss Mary (1957) Hum Panchhi Ek Daal Ke (1957) Bhabhi (1957) Bhookailas (1958) Baktha Raavana (1958) Rathna Deepam (1958) Barkha (1959) Mamiyar Mechina Marumagal (1959) Sagodhari (1959) Baap Bete (1959) 1960s Bharkava (1960) Aakash Bathal (1960) Deivapiravi (1960) Kalathur Kannamma (1960) Bhakthathi Magima (1960) Thilakam (1960) Bindya (1960) Paava Mannippu (1961) Anubavam (1961) Chhaya (1961) Sagaaya (1961) Parthal Pasi Theerum (1962) Veera Thirumagan (1962) Man-Mauji (1962) Annai (1962) Main Chup Rahungi (1962) Naanum Oru Penn (1963) Pachhai Vilakku (1964) Pooja Ke Phool (1964) Main Bhi Ladki Hoon (1964) Server Sundaram (1964) Naadi Aada Janme (1965) Kaakum Karangal (1965) Kuzhandaiyum Deivamum (1965) Anbe Vaa (1966) Laadla (1966) Ramu (1966) Leta Manasulu (1966) Major Chandrakanth (1966) Bhakta Prahlada (1967) Mehrban (1967) Athey Kangal (1967) Ave Kallu (1967) Do Kaliyan (1967) Ramu (1968) Uyarndha Manithan (1968) Mooga Nomu (1968) Annaiyum Pithavum (1969) 1970s Bomma Borusa (1970) Chitti Chellelu (1970) Anadhai Anandhan (1970) Main Sunder Hoon (1970) Sudarum Sooravaliyum (1970) Kasethan Kadavulada (1972) Akka Thamudu (1972) Jaise Ko Taisa (1973) Puttinillu Mettinillu (1973) Nomu (1974) Pooja (1975) Jeevan Jyoti (1976) 1980s Punnami Naagu (1980) Murattu Kaalai (1980) Sivappu Malli (1981) Jeene Ki Arzoo (1981) (Hindi) Pokkiri Raja (1982) Amma (1982) Sakalakala Vallavan (1982) Paayum Puli (1983) Mundhanai Mudichu (1983) Moodu Mullu (1983) Thoongathey Thambi Thoongathey (1983) Soorakottai Singakutti (1983) Pudhumai Penn (1984) Nallavanukku Nallavan (1984) Nalla Thambi (1985) Siksha (1985) Uyarndha Ullam (1985) Mr. Bharath (1986) Samsaram Adhu Minsaram (1986) Mella Thirandhathu Kadhavu (1986) Dharma Devathai (1986) Samsaram Oka Chadarangam (1987) (Telugu) Sankar Guru / Chinnari Devata (1987) (Tamil-Telugu bilingual) Anbulla Appa (1987) Per Sollum Pillai (1987) Manithan (1987) Paatti Sollai Thattathe (1988) Thaimel Aanai (1988) Vasanthi (1988) Sonthakkaran (1989) Bamma Maata Bangaru Baata (1989) (Telugu) Raja Chinna Roja (1989) Penn Puthi Mun Puthi (1989) 1990s Ulagam Pirandhadhu Enakkaga (1990) Thiyagu (1990) Maanagara Kaaval (1991) Paattondru Ketten (1991) Aa Okkati Adakku (1992) (Telugu) Yajaman (1993) Sethupathi IPS (1994) Sakthivel (1994) Minsara Kanavu (1997) 2000s Gemini (2002) Gemeni (2002) (Telugu) Anbe Anbe (2003) Priyamaana Thozhi (2003) Perazhagan (2004) Thirupathi (2006) Sivaji: The Boss (2007) A Aa E Ee (2009) Ayan (2009) Evaraina Epudaina (2009) (Telugu) Vettaikaaran (2009) 2010s Leader (2010) (Telugu) Mudhal Idam (2011) Idhuvum Kadandhu Pogum (2014) vteChettinadTowns Devakottai Karaikudi Villages Aranmanai Siruvayal Alavakkottai Amaravathiputhur Arimalam Ariyakkudi Athangudi Attangudi Muthupattinam Athikadu Thekkur Avinipatti Chockalingampudur Chockanathapuram Kadiapatty Kalaiyarmangalam Kallal Kalluppatti Kanadukathan Kandanur Kandaramanickam Kandavarayanpatti Kilapungudi Kilasevalpatti Konapattu Koppanapatti Kothamangalam Lakshmanipuram Kottaiyur Kulipirai Kuruvikondanpatti Madagupatti (Chockalingapuram) Mahibalanpatti Managiri Melasivapuri Mithilaipatti Mudalaipatti Nachandupatti Nachiapuram Natarajapuram Nattarasankottai Neikonam Nemathanpatti Nerkuppai O. Siruvayal Okkur P.Alagapuri P. Karungulam Paganeri Palavangudi Pallathur Panagudi Panayapatti Pattamangalam Ponnamaravathi Pudupatti Puduvayal Pulangkurichi Ramachandrapuram Rangiem Rayavaram Sakkanthi Sembanur Sevvur Shanmuganathapuram Siravayal Sirukudalpatti Solapuram Thanichavoorani Thenipatti Ulagampatti Valayapatti Vegupatti Venthanpatti Vetriyur Virachilai (V. Lakshmipuram) Viramathi Temples Ilayathakudi Iluppaikkudi Iraniyur Mathur Nemam Pillayarpatti Soorakudi Vairavan Velangudi Notable Chettiars Alagappa Chettiar A. M. M. Murugappa Chettiar Annamalai Chettiar A. V. Meiyappan Kannadasan Karumuttu Thiagarajan Chettiar A._R._Lakshmanan Lena Chettiar M. A. Muthiah Chettiar M. Ct. M. Chidambaram Chettyar P. Chidambaram Panchu Arunachalam Ramaswami Chettiar Related Chettinad cuisine Nagarathar Nagarathar Kavadi Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AVM Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVM_Productions"},{"link_name":"Vadapalani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadapalani"},{"link_name":"Chennai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai"},{"link_name":"Tamil cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_cinema"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Hindu_bio-2"},{"link_name":"moguls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_magnate"},{"link_name":"S. S. Vasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._S._Vasan"},{"link_name":"L. V. Prasad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._V._Prasad"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-legends-3"},{"link_name":"AVM Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVM_Productions"},{"link_name":"Kollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollywood"},{"link_name":"Karaikudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaikudi"},{"link_name":"Nagarathar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagarathar"},{"link_name":"Nam Iruvar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naam_Iruvar_(1947_film)"},{"link_name":"AVM Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVM_Productions"},{"link_name":"Chennai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai"},{"link_name":"Santhome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santhome"},{"link_name":"Kodambakkam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodambakkam"},{"link_name":"Bahar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahar_(1951_film)"},{"link_name":"Vyjayanthimala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyjayanthimala"},{"link_name":"Vazhkai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaazhkai_(1949_film)"},{"link_name":"Bahar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahar_(film)"},{"link_name":"Parasakthi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasakthi_(1952_film)"},{"link_name":"Hum Panchhi Ek Daal Ke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hum_Panchhi_Ek_Daal_Ke"},{"link_name":"Bhookailas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhookailas_(1940_film)"},{"link_name":"Kalathur Kannamma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalathur_Kannamma"},{"link_name":"Server Sundaram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Sundaram"},{"link_name":"Major Chandrakanth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_Chandrakanth_(1966_film)"},{"link_name":"Alli Arjuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alli_Arjuna"},{"link_name":"Bhookailas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhookailas_(1940_film)"},{"link_name":"Sabapathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabapathy_(1941_film)"},{"link_name":"Sri Valli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Valli_(1945_film)"},{"link_name":"Nam Iruvar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naam_Iruvar_(1947_film)"}],"text":"Avichi Meiyappa Chettiar (28 July 1907 – 12 August 1979), also known as A. V. Meiyappan, A. V. Meiyappa Chettiar or AVM, was an Indian film producer, director and philanthropist who established AVM Productions in Vadapalani, Chennai. He is widely regarded as one of the pioneers of Tamil cinema,[2] and one of three movie moguls of the South Indian film industry along with S. S. Vasan and L. V. Prasad.[3] His production company AVM Productions is the only production company in Kollywood (Tamil film industry) to run successfully for five decades and three generations.AVM was born in Karaikudi in a well-to-do Nagarathar family. He moved to Chennai (then known as Madras) at an early age and established Saraswathi Stores which sold gramophone records. Subsequently, he entered the film industry and started directing his own films. After some initial setbacks, AVM delivered a string of hits in the early 1940s. Following the immense success of his 1947 film Nam Iruvar, AVM moved to film production and established AVM Productions in Chennai, first at Santhome and then at Kodambakkam. In 1951, AVM entered the Hindi film industry with the film Bahar starring Vyjayanthimala. By the time he died in 1979, he had produced 167 films.Notable films produced by AVM Productions are Vazhkai, Bahar, Parasakthi, Hum Panchhi Ek Daal Ke, Bhookailas, Kalathur Kannamma, Server Sundaram and Major Chandrakanth. AVM also directed a number of films in the 1930s and 1940s, the notable ones being Alli Arjuna, Bhookailas, Sabapathy, Sri Valli and Nam Iruvar.","title":"A. V. Meiyappan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karaikudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaikudi"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-centenary_bio-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moghul-5"},{"link_name":"Nagarathar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagarathar"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Hindu_bio-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VCD-6"},{"link_name":"Narayan Iyengar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narayan_Iyengar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-centenary_bio-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Hindu_bio-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-4"},{"link_name":"Thoothukudi Govindachari Raghavachari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoothukudi_Govindachari_Raghavachari"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Hindu_bio-2"},{"link_name":"Ramayanam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-4"}],"text":"AVM was born in Karaikudi on 28 July 1907[4] to father Avichi Chettiar and mother Lakshmi Achi. Avichi Chettiar owned a department store called AV & Sons which sold gramophone records.[1][5] AVM was born in the Nagarathar community whose members had gained a fine reputation in the mercantile and money-lending business in the later half of the 19th century and early years of the 20th century.[2] At an early age, AVM envisioned better prospects in the trade of manufacturing records than simply selling them.[4][6] Hence, he moved to Madras with his friends K.S. Narayan Iyengar and Subbaiah Chettiar and established a new firm called Saraswathi Stores on 9 September 1932.[1] This new firm also manufactured gramophone records apart from selling them.[2][4] In this new venture, he got excellent support from the manager K.P. Varadachari and his lawyer friend Thoothukudi Govindachari Raghavachari.[2] Some of AVM's early productions were dramas on mythological subjects like Ramayanam.[4]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"talkies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talkies"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Hindu_bio-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Hindu_bio-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-4"},{"link_name":"Marathi film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_cinema"},{"link_name":"Lord Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Krishna"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-4"},{"link_name":"T. R. Mahalingam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._R._Mahalingam_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TR-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EarlyTamilCinemaII-8"},{"link_name":"playback singing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playback_singing"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Hindu_bio-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-centenary_bio-1"},{"link_name":"Bhookailas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhookailas_(1940_film)"},{"link_name":"Ramayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moghul-5"},{"link_name":"Telugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_language"},{"link_name":"Kannada cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_cinema"},{"link_name":"Mangalorean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Hindu_bio-2"},{"link_name":"K. Sarangapani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Sarangapani"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Hindu_bio-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EarlyTamilCinemaII-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Hindu_bio-2"},{"link_name":"Kannada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Hindu_bio-2"},{"link_name":"dubbed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubbing_(filmmaking)"},{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-centenary_bio-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EarlyTamilCinemaII-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moghul-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Hindu_bio-2"},{"link_name":"Karaikkudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaikkudi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Hindu_bio-2"}],"text":"With the dawn of the talkies, AVM established the Saraswathi Sound Productions.[2] In 1935, AVM made his debut as a producer with the Tamil film Alli Arjuna which performed miserably at the box-office. His next venture Ratnavali was another failure. He then teamed up with Jayanthilal, a cinema house owner and promoted a new company, Pragati Pictures Ltd.[2][4]In 1938, AVM bought the rights for the Tamil remake of a Marathi film on the boyhood of Lord Krishna.[4] This film Nandakumar was an average grosser. AVM introduced a 14-year-old boy, T. R. Mahalingam,[7][8] for the part of the young Lord Krishna. This young boy would later become an efficient singer turning in a number of melodious hits. Lalitha Venkataraman sang for the character Devaki making Nandakumar the first film to introduce the concept of playback singing in the Tamil film industry.[4] Nandakumar was also one of the first Tamil movies to be shot on location as AVM leased the Club House off Mount Road in Chennai to shoot scenes without erecting sets.[2]AVM started his own studios in 1940 and named it Pragathi Studios.[1] In the same year, AVM produced Bhookailas which became one of the most popular film versions of the Ramayana.[4][5] The film was made in Telugu, its lead actors were from Kannada cinema and it was directed by Sundar Rao Nadkarni, a Mangalorean who had received his training in Bombay.[2] AVM's comedy flick Sabapathy(1941) starring T.R. Ramachandran, K. Sarangapani and Kali N. Ratnam was a runaway hit[2][8] as also Poli Panchali, another comedy.[4] Sabapathy eventually emerged as one of the greatest comedy films of the era. He followed this with another hit En Manaivi.[2]In 1943, he produced the film Harischandra in Kannada based on the legend of a king who attempted to kill his own son to defend justice.[2] The next year, the film was dubbed into Tamil making it the first Indian film to be dubbed from one language to another.[1][8] During the making of Sri Valli in 1945,[4] he employed singer Periyanayaki to sing for actress Rukmini.[5] This was AVM's second film to make use of playback.[2] Pragati technicians worked round the clock to synchronise voice and lip. Reels were shipped back and forth in cars and trains between Madras and Karaikkudi to ensure good quality.[2]","title":"Early film career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Avichi_Meiyappa_Chettiar_(logo).jpg"},{"link_name":"AVM Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVM_Productions"},{"link_name":"Santhome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santhome"},{"link_name":"Chennai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-centenary_bio-1"},{"link_name":"Kodambakkam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodambakkam"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-centenary_bio-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-centenary_bio-1"},{"link_name":"Nam Iruvar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naam_Iruvar_(1947_film)"},{"link_name":"S. V. Sahasranamam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._V._Sahasranamam"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Landmarks-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blo-10"},{"link_name":"Subramania Bharati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subramania_Bharati"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-4"},{"link_name":"Vazhkai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaazhkai_(1949_film)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-centenary_bio-1"},{"link_name":"Vyjayanthimala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyjayanthimala"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vyjayanthimala-11"},{"link_name":"Jeevitham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeevitham_(1950_film)"},{"link_name":"Telugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_language"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jeevitham-12"},{"link_name":"Bahar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahar_(film)"},{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_cinema"},{"link_name":"Telugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_cinema"},{"link_name":"Kannada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_cinema"},{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Sinhalese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-centenary_bio-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-centenary_bio-1"}],"text":"Logo of AVM Productions in its early daysOn 14 November 1945, riding on the phenomenal success of his first few films, AVM established his new production company, AVM Productions at Santhome, Chennai.[1] He wanted to start his studio in Kodambakkam but was unable to, due to the acute power shortage during the Second World War.[1] Left with no other choice, AVM established his studio at his hometown of Karaikudi. AVM's first film under the banner of AVM Productions was Vedhala Ulagam.[1]In 1947, AVM produced the film Nam Iruvar based on S. V. Sahasranamam's play of the same name.[4][9] Reflecting the intense patriotic fervour and hope which engulfed the newborn nation, the film released in January 1947 after six months of shooting and was \"a thundering success\".[10] The story begins with a Subramania Bharati anniversary and ends with Gandhi's 77th birthday celebrations.[4] The success of Naam Iruvar was followed by the success of Vedhala Ulagam in 1948 and Vazhkai in 1949.[1] Vazhkai saw the introduction of Vyjayanthimala who would later emerge as one of the top film stars of India.[11] The film ran for 25 weeks and was released as Jeevitham (1949) in Telugu[12] and Bahar in Hindi. With the success of Vazhkai, AVM Productions began to produce films in Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Bengali and even Sinhalese.[1] Following India's independence, the power shortages had been met and AVM studios shifted to the sprawling location in Kodambakkam chosen by AVM, in the year 1948.[1]","title":"AVM Productions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hindi film industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood"},{"link_name":"Madras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Landmarks-9"},{"link_name":"Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"M. Karunanidhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._Karunanidhi"},{"link_name":"Sivaji Ganesan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivaji_Ganesan"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SivajiGanesan-13"},{"link_name":"Kollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollywood"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SivajiGanesan-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Andha Naal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antha_Naal"},{"link_name":"S. Balachander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._Balachander"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andha_Naal-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AndhaNaal2-18"},{"link_name":"Akira Kurosawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akira_Kurosawa"},{"link_name":"Rashomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashomon_(film)"},{"link_name":"Jatakam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatakam"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jatakaphalam-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kamala_Bai-20"},{"link_name":"Bhookailas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhookailas_(1958_Telugu_film)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bhookailas-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bhookailas-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bhakta_Ravana-22"}],"text":"The decade of the 1950s was a honeymoon period for AVM Productions which turned out a series of hits. The early years were marked by AVM's attempts to conquer the Hindi film industry.In 1952, AVM's Tamil film Parasakthi released in theatres all over Madras and was an instant success.[9] With a powerful storyline and fiery dialogues by a future Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, M. Karunanidhi, the film preached social revolution and questioned the authority of Hindu temple priests. Sivaji Ganesan, then a newcomer, was cast in the lead role.[13] By the mid-1950s, he had emerged as one of the top-stars in Kollywood.[13][14][15]Sivaji also starred in AVM's next Tamil film Andha Naal (1954) directed by S. Balachander.[16] The film, the first film without any songs to be released in any Indian language,[17] was about a radio engineer who intrigues with the invading Japanese during the Second World War and is eventually killed by his wife.[18] The style of narration had been heavily borrowed from Akira Kurosawa's Rashomon.In 1953, AVM produced the Kannada film Jatakaphala which was dubbed into Jatakam in Tamil and Jatakaphalam in Telugu.[19][20] In 1958, AVM made Bhookailas in Telugu,[21] which triggered the \"golden age of Telugu cinema\".[21] It was subsequently remade as Bhakta Ravana in Tamil and Bhakti Mahima in Hindi.[22]","title":"The 1950s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Papa Pariharam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Papa_Pariharam&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Pavamanippu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paava_Mannippu"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"A. Bhimsingh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Bhimsingh"},{"link_name":"Shivaji Ganesan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivaji_Ganesan"},{"link_name":"Gemini Ganesan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_Ganesan"},{"link_name":"Savitri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savitri_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Devika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devika"},{"link_name":"Kalathur Kannamma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalathur_Kannamma"},{"link_name":"Kamal Haasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamal_Haasan"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kamal1-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kamal2-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kamal2-26"},{"link_name":"Server Sundaram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Sundaram"},{"link_name":"Nagesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagesh"},{"link_name":"Major Sundarrajan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_Sundarrajan"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-4"},{"link_name":"Bhakta Prahalada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakta_Prahlada_(1967_film)"},{"link_name":"Narasimha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narasimha"},{"link_name":"Avatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar"},{"link_name":"Hindu mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_mythology"},{"link_name":"S. V. Ranga Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._V._Ranga_Rao"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prahlada_review-29"},{"link_name":"Bhakta Prahlada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakta_Prahlada_(1942_Telugu_film)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prahlada_review-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prahlada_review-29"},{"link_name":"Anbe Vaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anbe_Vaa_(1966_film)"},{"link_name":"M. G. Ramachandran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._G._Ramachandran"},{"link_name":"Saroja Devi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saroja_Devi"},{"link_name":"Nagesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagesh"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anbe_vaa-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anbe_vaa-30"},{"link_name":"G. P. Sippy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._P._Sippy"}],"text":"In 1961, AVM produced the Telugu film Papa Pariharam[23] which was a remake of the Tamil film Pavamanippu[24] which released in the same year. Both were directed by eminent director A. Bhimsingh and starred Shivaji Ganesan, Gemini Ganesan, Savitri and Devika. Like most of AVM's early films, Pavamanippu too had a storyline based on the Second World War.Kalathur Kannamma in 1960 saw the introduction of another star in Tamil cinema, the thespian Kamal Haasan[25][26] who played an unforgettable supporting role as a young orphan. He was barely six years old at the time.[26]His next Tamil venture Server Sundaram (1964) featuring Nagesh, who was a budding comedian then and debutant Major Sundarrajan was a roaring success. Server Sundaram was one of Nagesh's early hits which set the pace for an illustrious career.[27] It also launched Major Sundarrajan as a character actor in the Tamil film industry.[28] Sundarrajan's second hit, Major Chandrakanth where his famous portrayal of title role earned him the screen name \"Major\" Sundarrajan was also produced by AVM.[4]Pavithra Prema, Penchina Prema, Naadi Aada Janme, Chitti Chellelu, Letha Manasulu and Mooga Nomu were some good Telugu films which were produced by AVM during the period. However, AVM's greatest success of the 1960s was Bhakta Prahalada which was produced in Telugu and subsequently dubbed into Tamil and Hindi. The film was based on the story of Narasimha Avatar from Hindu mythology. It was directed by Chitrapu Narayana Murthy and starred S. V. Ranga Rao as Hiranyakasyapu and Baby Rojaramani as Prahlada.[29] Narayanmurthy had earlier directed a black-and-white version of Bhakta Prahlada in 1942 which had failed at the box-office.[29] However, the colour version which was produced a quarter of a century later under the banner of AVM Productions was a resounding success. Of the 10 different filmised versions of the Prahlada story, the 1967 colour version remains the most famous and remembered.[29]Another successful film by AVM in the 1960s was the 1966 film Anbe Vaa featuring the legendary M. G. Ramachandran, Saroja Devi and Nagesh.[30] The film was a major success and the song Rajavin Paarvai topped the charts for a long time.[30] In 1970, AVM produced Enga Mama featuring Sivaji Ganesan. '\"Enga Mama was a Tamil remake of the Hindi film Brahmachari produced by G. P. Sippy and performed moderately at the box-office.","title":"The 1960s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bhookailas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhookailas_(1940_film)"},{"link_name":"Bahar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahar_(film)"},{"link_name":"Vyjayanthimala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyjayanthimala"},{"link_name":"Pandari Bai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandari_Bai"},{"link_name":"Tabassum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabassum"},{"link_name":"Vazhkai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaazhkai_(1949_film)"},{"link_name":"Vyjayanthimala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyjayanthimala"},{"link_name":"Ladki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladki"},{"link_name":"Vyjayanthimala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyjayanthimala"},{"link_name":"M. V. Raman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._V._Raman"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-centenary_bio-1"},{"link_name":"Kishore Kumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishore_Kumar"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-music_india-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deccan_Herald-32"},{"link_name":"Bhabhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhabhi_(1957_film)"},{"link_name":"Balraj Sahni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balraj_Sahni"},{"link_name":"Pandari Bai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandari_Bai"},{"link_name":"Nanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanda_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Jagdeep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagdeep"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rediff-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rediff-33"},{"link_name":"Nirupa Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirupa_Roy"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chaya_filmfare-34"},{"link_name":"Jeene Ki Arzoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeene_Ki_Arzoo"},{"link_name":"Rajasekhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasekhar_(director)"}],"text":"From the initial phase of his career, AVM was associated with a number of producers and directors from North India. His 1938 film Nandakumar was the Tamil remake of a Marathi film. His 1940 film Bhookailas was directed by Sundar Rao Nadkarni who had received his training in Bombay.In 1951, AVM made his entry into the Hindi film industry with Bahar. Starring Vyjayanthimala, Karan Dewan, Pandari Bai, Pran, Om Prakash and Tabassum, it was a remake of the 1948 Tamil film Vazhkai. Apart from being AVM's first film in Hindi, it also marked the launch of Vyjayanthimala in the Hindi film industry. In 1954, he made Ladki, his second film in Hindi, with Vyjayanthimala again in the lead. Both these films were directed by M. V. Raman.After enjoying moderate successes in his first two films in Hindi which went unnoticed, AVM ascended the heights of Bollywood with the third one Hum Panchi Ek Daal Ke(1957). It was a children's film based on the theme of national integration and won him the prime minister's gold medal.[1]After the phenomenal success of Hum Panchi Ek Dal Ke, AVM produced some good films like Bhai Bhai(1956), which was popular for the song Mera Naam Abdul Rehman sung by Kishore Kumar[31] and Miss Mary(1957), the dubbed version of the Tamil film Missiamma.[32] Bhabhi (1957) featured Balraj Sahni, Pandari Bai and Nanda, apart from comedian Jagdeep in his first romantic role.[33] Jagdeep also acted in other films produced by AVM as Hum Panchi Ek Dal Ke and Barkha.[33]The Hindi films Miss Mary, Bhakti Mahima and Bhakt Prahlad were dubbed versions of AVM's Tamil or Telugu hits.The 1961 film Chhaya won Nirupa Roy the Filmfare Award for the Best Actress in a Supporting Role.[34] Other notable Hindi films made by AVM during the 1960s were Man Mauji, Main Chup Rahungi, Pooja Ke Phool and Mehrban.AVM's last Hindi film was Jeene Ki Arzoo directed by Rajasekhar in 1981.","title":"Films in Hindi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M. Saravanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._Saravanan_(producer)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-4"},{"link_name":"K. Balachander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Balachander"},{"link_name":"Jayalalithaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayalalithaa_Jayaram"},{"link_name":"Jaise Ko Taisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaise_Ko_Taisa"},{"link_name":"Jeene Ki Arzoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeene_Ki_Arzoo"},{"link_name":"A.V.M Kumaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A.V.M_Kumaran&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"M. Saravanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._Saravanan_(producer)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Hindu_bio-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-4"}],"text":"The Family Of AV. Meiyappa Chettiar is a large one. He has 5 sons and 6 daughters born to his 2 wives Mrs Alamelu Meiyappan and Mrs Rajeswari MeiyappanFor Mrs Alamelu Meiyappan, who died in 1946, has 1 son and 5 daughters they are M. Palaniappan(late), Mrs Lakshmi(late), Mrs Valli (late), Mrs Saraswathi Valliappan (late), Mrs Muthu, Mrs Rukmani.For Mrs Rajeswari Meiyappan, who died on 9 November 2008, has 4 sons and 1 daughter they are M. Murugan (late), M. Kumaran, M. Saravanan, M. Balasubramanian and daughter Mrs Meena Veerappan.With dawn of the 1970s, production had slowed down considerably.[4] This was due to the fact that AVM himself was aging. Moreover, the AVM family chose to focus their attention upon social activities other than filming. AVM Productions produced not more than four films during the decade: Bomma Borusa, Dil Ka Raja,Akka Thamudu and Jaise Ko Taisa. Bomma Borusa made in Telugu by K. Balachander was an average grosser as was the Hindi film Dil Ka Raja which released in 1972. Akka Thamudu directed by the successful partnership of Krishnan–Panju was AVM's last film in Telugu. It was also AVM's only Telugu film featuring Jayalalithaa. In 1973, AVM produced his last film Jaise Ko Taisa starring Jitendra in the lead role.AVM did not produce any movies following Jeene Ki Arzoo in 1981. He spent his time on social activities and the charitable institutions he had built as well as looking after his massive business empire.AVM died on 12 August 1979 at the age of 72. In 1980, as per AVM's last wishes, AVM Studios commenced film production under Meiyappan's sons A.V.M Kumaran and M. Saravanan, after a seven-year hiatus.[2][4]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AV_Meiyappan_2006_stamp_of_India.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-4"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cinegoer-35"},{"link_name":"Kollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollywood"},{"link_name":"C. N. Annadurai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._N._Annadurai"},{"link_name":"M. Karunanidhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._Karunanidhi"},{"link_name":"Parasakthi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasakthi_(1952_film)"},{"link_name":"M. G. Ramachandran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._G._Ramachandran"},{"link_name":"J. Jayalalithaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Jayalalithaa"},{"link_name":"N. T. Rama Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._T._Rama_Rao"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-centenary_bio-1"},{"link_name":"T. R. Mahalingam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._R._Mahalingam_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Vyjayanthimala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyjayanthimala"},{"link_name":"Sivaji Ganesan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivaji_Ganesan"},{"link_name":"Kamal Haasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamal_Haasan"},{"link_name":"M. Saravanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._Saravanan_(producer)"},{"link_name":"Punnami Naagu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punnami_Naagu_(1980_film)"},{"link_name":"Murattu Kalai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murattu_Kaalai_(1980_film)"},{"link_name":"Rajnikanth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajnikanth"},{"link_name":"Minsara Kanavu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsaara_Kanavu"},{"link_name":"Gemini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_(2002_Tamil_film)"},{"link_name":"Sivaji the Boss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivaji_(film)"},{"link_name":"Rajnikanth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajnikanth"},{"link_name":"Shreya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shriya_Saran"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sivaji-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sivaji_bayarea-37"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deccan_Herald-32"},{"link_name":"tele serials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tele_serials&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deccan_Herald-32"},{"link_name":"M. S. Guhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._S._Guhan"},{"link_name":"B. Gurunath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurunath_Meiyappan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-centenary_bio-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VCD-6"},{"link_name":"M. Karunanidhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._Karunanidhi"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AVM_statue-38"}],"text":"A. V. Meiyappan on a 2006 stamp of IndiaDuring a career spanning four decades, AVM had produced 167 movies in all.[4][35] He also directed most of his early movies. He is credited with having introduced Kollywood's first playback singers, made India's first dubbed film and Kollywood's first film shot on location. He has also had the distinction of having had five chief ministers work in his films – C. N. Annadurai wrote the script for AVM's Ore Iravu, M. Karunanidhi scripted the dialogues for Parasakthi, M. G. Ramachandran played the hero in Anbe Vaa, J. Jayalalithaa was the heroine in AVM's Major Chandrakanth and Akka Thamudu and N. T. Rama Rao starred in AVM's Jeevitham, Ramu and Bhookailas.[1] During his four decades in the Indian film industry, he also introduced actors as T. R. Mahalingam, Vyjayanthimala, Sivaji Ganesan, Kamal Haasan and Major Sundarrajan, who later became top stars in Kollywood. But his greatest achievement is undoubtedly his massive business empire which comprises a production company, a cinema, a movie studio and a string of educational institutions and charities.Of AVM's creations, AVM Productions is the most prominent. The production company is into its sixty-second year with three generations of the AVM family into the film production business. After AVM's death, the company passed into the hands of his sons M. Balasubramanian and M. Saravanan. Under the able leadership of M. Saravanan, AVM Productions has continued producing hits as Punnami Naagu (launchpad for chiranjeevi as most notable actor), Murattu Kalai (which launched Rajnikanth into superstardom), Samsaram Adhu Minsaram (1986), Minsara Kanavu (1997), Gemini (2002), and Perazhagan (2004). In 2007 (which was also AVM's birth centenary year), AVM Productions released Sivaji the Boss starring Rajnikanth and Shreya.[36] Made at enormous cost of Rs. 60 to 960 million (15 to 20 million dollars), it is the costliest Tamil film made to date and had earned a critical reception worldwide.[37] In recent times, AVM Productions has significant lessened film production making only one or two films a year.[32] Instead, the production house is concentrating on making tele serials and documentaries[32] Currently, Saravanan's son M. S. Guhan and Balasubramanian's son, B. Gurunath are also into show business forming the family's third generation in the business.In 1955, AVM won the president's gold medal for the Hindi film Hum Panchi Ek Dal Ke.[1] In 2006, the Government of India issued a stamp commemorating the achievements of AVM. On the 24th death anniversary of Avichi Meiyappa Chettiar, in 2003, AVM Productions released a VCD on the life of its founder.[6] Starting with his early childhood in Karaikudi, the 2-hour long documentary told the story of AVM's entry into the film industry and his rise to greatness.On 30 July 2006, in commemoration of AVM's centenary year, the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, M. Karunanidhi, unveiled a statue of A. V. Meiyappan at the campus of the South Indian Film Chamber of Commerce.[38]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mylapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mylapore"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vishranthi-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kalyana_Mandapam-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPCA-41"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sivaji_bayarea-37"},{"link_name":"Virugambakkam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virugambakkam"}],"text":"Apart from his contributions to the growth of motion picture industry in Tamil Nadu, AVM has also donated extensively for charitable causes. The charitable activities of the AVM group were channelled through an organisation called AVM Charities established at Mylapore in Chennai. This trust has been managed by the descendants of AVM since his death in 1979. The AVM Charities had provided land for old age homes[39] and organising social events. The AVM family also owns a marriage hall, AVM Rajeswari Kalyana Mandapam which is generally rented for Hindu marriages.[40] This marriage hall is controlled by the AVM family through AVM Charities.[41] Following the astounding success of the 2007 Tamil film Sivaji, AVM Productions declared publicly that it would offer 25% of the revenues from the film as charity.[37]The AVM Group owns a string of educational institutions all over Chennai. On 10 June 1963, AVM inaugurated Avichi High School in Virugambakkam in memory of his father Avichi Chettiar. The motive behind the founding was to provide good quality education to the poorer sections of society. Later, Avichi High School was upgraded to Avichi Higher Secondary School. A number of schools have been established since the creation of Avichi School. In 1994, AVM's son Kumaran established the Avichi High School for girls. This was followed by the establishment of AVM Rajeswari Matriculation Higher Secondary School in Virugambakkam in 1995. These schools which are run by the AVM Group as a part of AVM Charities are regarded as some of the best in Chennai.","title":"Philanthropy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Filmfare Award for Best Film - Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Award_for_Best_Film_-_Tamil"},{"link_name":"Ramu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramu_(1966_film)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"He won Filmfare Award for Best Film - Tamil - Ramu (1966) [42]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Enatu Valkkai Anuppavangal (transl. My Experiences in Life), Autobiography by A. V. Meiyappan.(in Tamil)","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Logo of AVM Productions in its early days","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/1d/Avichi_Meiyappa_Chettiar_%28logo%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A. V. Meiyappan on a 2006 stamp of India","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/AV_Meiyappan_2006_stamp_of_India.jpg/220px-AV_Meiyappan_2006_stamp_of_India.jpg"}]	[{"title":"AVM Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVM_Productions"}]	[{"reference":"Rangaraj, R. (25 July 2006). \"A.V. Meiyappa Chettiar Birth Centenary\". Chennai Online. Archived from the original on 16 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080216145736/http://chennaionline.com/film/News/2006/07avm.asp","url_text":"\"A.V. Meiyappa Chettiar Birth Centenary\""},{"url":"http://chennaionline.com/film/News/2006/07avm.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Guy, Randor (28 July 2006). \"AVM, the adventurer\". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 23 May 2008. Retrieved 13 April 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080523110401/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/07/28/stories/2006072802680100.htm","url_text":"\"AVM, the adventurer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"},{"url":"http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/07/28/stories/2006072802680100.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Stamp of Honour\". The Hindu: Friday Review. 10 July 2000. Archived from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 13 April 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080307050819/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2000/07/10/stories/09100224.htm","url_text":"\"The Stamp of Honour\""}]},{"reference":"\"Biography of AVM\". Archived from the original on 26 February 2008. Retrieved 13 April 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080226134140/http://www.upperstall.com/people/avmeiyappan.html","url_text":"\"Biography of AVM\""},{"url":"http://www.upperstall.com/people/avmeiyappan.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The making of a movie moghul\". The Hindu. 3 August 1996. Archived from the original on 20 December 1996. Retrieved 14 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/19961220110607/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/960803/03/2832a.html","url_text":"\"The making of a movie moghul\""},{"url":"http://www.webpage.com/hindu/960803/03/2832a.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Saga of a Legend\". The Hindu. 15 August 2003. Archived from the original on 2 May 2008. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rebelution	The Rebelution	["1 About","2 Alex and Brett Harris","3 The Modesty Survey","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Christian youth organization For the reggae band, see Rebelution (band). The RebelutionFormationAugust 2005TypeNGOPurposeYouth organizationLeaderAlex and Brett HarrisWebsiteTheRebelution.com The Rebelution is a Christian ministry/organization directed at youth, describing itself as "a teenage rebellion against low expectations." It was founded in August 2005 by twin brothers Alex and Brett Harris, younger brothers of best-selling author and former pastor, Joshua Harris. About At age 16, Alex and Brett started a blog called The Rebelution. Since then, the Rebelution movement has grown to include a website and international speaking tour. Expanding on the topic of the blog, the Harris brothers have published two books for Christian teenagers, Do Hard Things: A Teenage Rebellion Against Low Expectations (2008) and Start Here: Doing Hard Things Right Where You Are (2010) with WaterBrook Multnomah, a division of Random House. The Rebelution Tour, a series of one-day conferences for teens and parents, took place every summer from 2007 to 2011. Alex and Brett Harris Alex and Brett Harris have been featured nationally on MSNBC, CNN, NPR, and in The New York Times. They were supporters of the campaign of Mike Huckabee. Their father is Gregg Harris, a figure in the Christian homeschooling movement. Alex graduated from Harvard Law School, and served as a law clerk to Supreme Court Justice Anthony Kennedy. In 2017, Brett co-founded the Young Writers Workshop with Jaquelyn Crowe, an online membership based workshop for young Christian aspiring writers. The Modesty Survey The Modesty Survey was an anonymous survey aimed at Christian teenagers, gathering quantitative and qualitative answers of what Christian boys consider to be immodesty. Hundreds of Christian females submitted questions to the 148-question survey and over 1,500 Christian males participated. It has been endorsed by Shaunti Feldhahn, R. Albert Mohler, Jr., and C. J. Mahaney, among others. Some groups criticized the survey for treating modesty as something that pertains only to girls, or as something that men get to define. See also Do Hard Things: A Teenage Rebellion Against Low Expectations References ^ "Teens: Don't Be Lazy". National Public Radio. May 23, 2008. Retrieved January 20, 2009. ^ "Rebels With A Cause". Breakaway Magazine. September 2007. Archived from the original on November 20, 2008. Retrieved January 20, 2009. ^ "Young Evangelicals Find a Candidate in Huckabee". National Public Radio. January 18, 2008. Retrieved January 20, 2009. ^ Stirlan, Sarah Lai (January 15, 2009). "Huckabee's Secret Weapon: Evangelical Twin Teens With Internet". Wired. Retrieved January 20, 2009. ^ "Life After Law School". Veritas. Retrieved November 9, 2017. ^ The young writer. ^ "Young Writers Workshop". Retrieved December 16, 2017. ^ "The Modesty Survey". The Rebelution. Archived from the original on January 29, 2009. Retrieved January 29, 2009. ^ Bridger, Haley (January 30, 2008). "A dress for a novel occasion". Hamilton-Wenham Chronicle. Archived from the original on February 7, 2008. Retrieved January 29, 2009. ^ "Modesty Survey Endorsements". The Rebelution. Retrieved January 29, 2009. ^ "Guys on Immodesty: Lust and the Violence of Women's Bodies". Sociological Images. Retrieved July 29, 2010. External links The Rebelution – official website The Rebelution at Facebook Interview with Alex and Brett Harris at ChristianBook.com HICKS: Teens not with 'stupid' from The Washington Times	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rebelution (band)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebelution_(band)"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_ministry"},{"link_name":"organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Joshua Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Harris_(author)"}],"text":"For the reggae band, see Rebelution (band).The Rebelution is a Christian ministry/organization directed at youth,[1] describing itself as \"a teenage rebellion against low expectations.\" It was founded in August 2005 by twin brothers Alex and Brett Harris, younger brothers of best-selling author and former pastor, Joshua Harris.","title":"The Rebelution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-breakaway-2"},{"link_name":"Do Hard Things: A Teenage Rebellion Against Low Expectations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_Hard_Things:_A_Teenage_Rebellion_Against_Low_Expectations"},{"link_name":"Random House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_House"}],"text":"At age 16, Alex and Brett started a blog called The Rebelution. Since then, the Rebelution movement has grown to include a website and international speaking tour.[2]Expanding on the topic of the blog, the Harris brothers have published two books for Christian teenagers, Do Hard Things: A Teenage Rebellion Against Low Expectations (2008) and Start Here: Doing Hard Things Right Where You Are (2010) with WaterBrook Multnomah, a division of Random House. 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They were supporters of the campaign of Mike Huckabee.[3][4] Their father is Gregg Harris, a figure in the Christian homeschooling movement. Alex graduated from Harvard Law School, and served as a law clerk to Supreme Court Justice Anthony Kennedy.[5] In 2017, Brett co-founded the Young Writers Workshop[6] with Jaquelyn Crowe, an online membership based workshop for young Christian aspiring writers.[7]","title":"Alex and Brett Harris"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_survey"},{"link_name":"immodesty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modesty"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Shaunti Feldhahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaunti_Feldhahn"},{"link_name":"R. Albert Mohler, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Albert_Mohler,_Jr."},{"link_name":"C. J. Mahaney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._J._Mahaney"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The Modesty Survey was an anonymous survey aimed at Christian teenagers, gathering quantitative and qualitative answers of what Christian boys consider to be immodesty.[8] Hundreds of Christian females submitted questions to the 148-question survey and over 1,500 Christian males participated.[9] It has been endorsed by Shaunti Feldhahn, R. Albert Mohler, Jr., and C. J. Mahaney, among others.[10] Some groups criticized the survey for treating modesty as something that pertains only to girls, or as something that men get to define.[11]","title":"The Modesty Survey"}]	[]	[{"title":"Do Hard Things: A Teenage Rebellion Against Low Expectations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_Hard_Things:_A_Teenage_Rebellion_Against_Low_Expectations"}]	[{"reference":"\"Teens: Don't Be Lazy\". National Public Radio. May 23, 2008. Retrieved January 20, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=90759371","url_text":"\"Teens: Don't Be Lazy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Public_Radio","url_text":"National Public Radio"}]},{"reference":"\"Rebels With A Cause\". Breakaway Magazine. September 2007. Archived from the original on November 20, 2008. Retrieved January 20, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081120012132/http://www.breakawaymag.com/alltherest/a000000600.cfm","url_text":"\"Rebels With A Cause\""},{"url":"http://www.breakawaymag.com/alltherest/a000000600.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Young Evangelicals Find a Candidate in Huckabee\". National Public Radio. January 18, 2008. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlan_%26_Alondra	Harlan & Alondra	["1 Background","2 Singles","3 Critical reception","4 Track listing","5 References"]	2018 studio album by BuddyHarlan & AlondraStudio album by BuddyReleasedJuly 20, 2018Genre Hip hop R&B G-funk Length39:30LabelRCAProducerBrody Brown & David Waltzer (exec.)Mike & Keys & Roofeo (also exec.)Brody BrownDJ KhalilHazeBangaIsiah SalazarJahaan SweetJake OneRoofeeoScoop DeVilleScumTerrace MartinBuddy chronology Magnolia(2017) Harlan & Alondra(2018) Singles from Harlan & Alondra "Black"Released: March 7, 2018 "Trouble on Central"Released: May 10, 2018 "Hey Up There"Released: June 20, 2018 "Trippin'"Released: July 9, 2018 Harlan & Alondra is the debut studio album by American rapper Buddy. It was released on July 20, 2018, by RCA Records. Background The album was produced by Mike & Keys, Brody Brown, Roofeeo, Jake One, DJ Khalil, and Jahaan Sweet, Scoop DeVille. Guest features include ASAP Ferg, Ty Dolla Sign, Snoop Dogg, Khalid and Guapdad 4000. Singles On March 7, 2018, Buddy released the first single from titled "Black", with an accompanying music video coming out the following week. On May 10, the second single "Trouble on Central" was released, and a video after the album's release. In June and July, he put out two more songs, "Hey Up There" and "Trippin'", to further promote the project. Critical reception Professional ratingsAggregate scoresSourceRatingMetacritic83/100Review scoresSourceRatingPitchfork7.4/10 Writing for Pitchfork, Briana Younger said "Buddy emerges as one of the region’s most versatile artists. Like a bluesman who still believes things get better, he offsets their often weighty revelations masked in revelry with something that feels more soothing. Part conversation and part confessional, Harlan & Alondra is an alternative take on one of pop culture’s most fabled cities. Buddy drops the top and extends an invitation to ride with him, reminding us along the way that though it may not always be sunny by the beach, it’s always worthwhile." The album was included in Clash's Albums of the Year 2018 list, placing it at #25, as well as in Vibe's unranked 30 Best Albums of 2018 list. Track listing Credits adapted from Tidal No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."Real Life Shit"Simmie Sims IIIChristopher "Brody" BrownTerrace MartinBrody BrownMartin4:092."Shameless" (featuring Guapdad 4000)Sims IIIAkeem HayesMichael Cox, Jr.John Groover, Jr.Jacob DuttonMike & KeysJake One4:023."Black" (featuring ASAP Ferg)Sims IIIDarold Ferguson, Jr.Jahaan SweetSir Darryl FarrisSweet3:534."Hey Up There" (featuring Ty Dolla Sign)Sims IIITyrone Griffin, Jr.Khalid "Kent Jamz" MuhammadRashad MuhammadIsiah SalazarHazeBangaSalazar3:215."Legend"Sims IIICox, Jr.Groover, Jr.Japhet LandisMartinMike & KeysBrownRoofeeoMartin0:466."Trouble on Central"Sims IIIElijah MolinaLandisBrownFarrisScoop DeVilleRoofeeoBrown3:077."The Blue" (featuring Snoop Dogg)Sims IIICalvin Broadus, Jr.Cox, Jr.Groover, Jr.LandisBrownMartinMike & KeysRoofeeoBrownMartin3:258."Speechless"Sims IIICox, Jr.Groover, Jr.BrownLandisMike & KeysBrownRoofeeo3:199."Young"Sims IIICox, Jr.Groover, Jr.BrownLandisErika WrightAntwan PattonAndre BenjaminThomas CallawayJoi GilliamRuben WrightMyrna CrenshawMike & KeysBrownRoofeeo3:2410."Trippin'" (featuring Khalid)Sims IIIKhalid RobinsonCox, Jr.Groover, Jr.LandisBrownMike & KeysRoofeeoBrown3:0011."Find Me 2"Sims IIILandisBrownRoofeeoBrownScum3:2212."Shine"Sims IIICox, Jr.Groover, Jr.Khalil Abdul-RahmanDaniel TannenbaumSam BarshDavid ForemanMike & KeysDJ Khalil3:46Total length:39:30 Harlan & Alondra (Deluxe)No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length13."Cubicle" (featuring 03 Greedo)Sims IIIJason Jackson 2:5714."It's Love"Sims III 3:5915."Link Up" (featuring Kent Jamz, Bas, Guapdad 4000, JID, and Ari Lennox)Sims IIIK. MuhammadAbbas HamadHayesDestin RouteCourtney SalterThundercatFlying Lotus3:1016."Bad Attitude"Sims IIIBrownLandisBrownRoofeeo3:18 Notes ^ signifies a co-producer "Real Life Shit", "Legend", "Speechless" and "Young" features background vocals from Rose Gold "Hey Up There" features background vocals from Kent Jamz "Trouble on Central" features background vocals from Joyce Wrice "The Blue" features background vocals from Quiñ and Terrace Martin "Young" interpolates "Liberation" performed by Outkast and Cee-lo References ^ "Buddy Drops 'Harlan & Alondra' Album - XXL". XXL Mag. 20 July 2018. ^ "Buddy Drops Debut Album "Harlan & Alondra"". HipHopDX. 19 July 2018. ^ "Buddy's smooth debut album 'Harlan & Alondra' is a must-hear - EARMILK". 23 July 2018. ^ "Listen to Buddy's Powerful New Single "Black" with ASAP Ferg". ^ "Buddy Searches for Escape on New Song "Trouble on Central" - XXL". XXL Mag. 12 May 2018. ^ "Buddy Reveals 'Harlan & Alondra' Tracklist with Snoop Dogg, Khalid, Ty Dolla $ign". exclaim.ca. ^ "Reviews for Harlan & Alondra by Buddy". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on May 10, 2016. Retrieved April 19, 2016. ^ a b Younger, Briana (July 3, 2018). "Buddy - Harlan & Alondra". Pitchfork. ^ Interviews, Clash Magazine Music News, Reviews &; ClashMusic (2018-12-19). "Clash Albums Of The Year 2018: 10 - 1". Clash Magazine Music News, Reviews & Interviews. Retrieved 2023-12-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ VIBE (2018-12-18). "Debate Us: The 30 Best Albums Of 2018". VIBE.com. Retrieved 2023-12-13. ^ "Buddy Feels OutKast Helped Him Hone His Sound - XXL". 26 July 2018. Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"RCA Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Records"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Harlan & Alondra is the debut studio album by American rapper Buddy. It was released on July 20, 2018, by RCA Records.[1][2]","title":"Harlan & Alondra"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mike & Keys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_%26_Keys"},{"link_name":"Brody Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1500_or_Nothin%27"},{"link_name":"Jake One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_One"},{"link_name":"DJ Khalil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Khalil"},{"link_name":"ASAP Ferg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASAP_Ferg"},{"link_name":"Ty Dolla Sign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ty_Dolla_Sign"},{"link_name":"Snoop Dogg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snoop_Dogg"},{"link_name":"Khalid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Guapdad 4000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guapdad_4000"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The album was produced by Mike & Keys, Brody Brown, Roofeeo, Jake One, DJ Khalil, and Jahaan Sweet, Scoop DeVille. Guest features include ASAP Ferg, Ty Dolla Sign, Snoop Dogg, Khalid and Guapdad 4000.[3]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"On March 7, 2018, Buddy released the first single from titled \"Black\", with an accompanying music video coming out the following week.[4] On May 10, the second single \"Trouble on Central\" was released, and a video after the album's release.[5] In June and July, he put out two more songs, \"Hey Up There\" and \"Trippin'\", to further promote the project.[6]","title":"Singles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pitchfork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pitchfork-8"},{"link_name":"Clash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clash_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Vibe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibe_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Writing for Pitchfork, Briana Younger said \"Buddy emerges as one of the region’s most versatile artists. Like a bluesman who still believes things get better, he offsets their often weighty revelations masked in revelry with something that feels more soothing. Part conversation and part confessional, Harlan & Alondra is an alternative take on one of pop culture’s most fabled cities. Buddy drops the top and extends an invitation to ride with him, reminding us along the way that though it may not always be sunny by the beach, it’s always worthwhile.\"[8]The album was included in Clash's Albums of the Year 2018 list, placing it at #25,[9] as well as in Vibe's unranked 30 Best Albums of 2018 list.[10]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_(service)"},{"link_name":"Simmie Sims III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Christopher \"Brody\" Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1500_or_Nothin%27"},{"link_name":"Terrace Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrace_Martin"},{"link_name":"Brody Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1500_or_Nothin%27"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"Guapdad 4000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guapdad_4000"},{"link_name":"Akeem Hayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guapdad_4000"},{"link_name":"Michael Cox, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_%26_Keys"},{"link_name":"John Groover, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_%26_Keys"},{"link_name":"Jacob Dutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_One"},{"link_name":"Mike & Keys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_%26_Keys"},{"link_name":"Jake One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_One"},{"link_name":"ASAP Ferg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASAP_Ferg"},{"link_name":"Darold Ferguson, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASAP_Ferg"},{"link_name":"Sir Darryl Farris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Ty Dolla Sign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ty_Dolla_Sign"},{"link_name":"Tyrone Griffin, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ty_Dolla_Sign"},{"link_name":"Khalid \"Kent Jamz\" Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overdoz"},{"link_name":"Rashad Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HazeBanga"},{"link_name":"HazeBanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HazeBanga"},{"link_name":"Japhet Landis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roofeeo"},{"link_name":"Roofeeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roofeeo"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"Elijah Molina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoop_DeVille"},{"link_name":"Scoop DeVille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoop_DeVille"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"Snoop Dogg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snoop_Dogg"},{"link_name":"Calvin Broadus, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snoop_Dogg"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"Antwan Patton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Boi"},{"link_name":"Andre Benjamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_3000"},{"link_name":"Thomas Callaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CeeLo_Green"},{"link_name":"Joi Gilliam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joi_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Ruben Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Rube"},{"link_name":"Khalid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Khalid Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid_Robinson"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"Khalil Abdul-Rahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Khalil"},{"link_name":"Sam Barsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Barsh"},{"link_name":"DJ Khalil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Khalil"},{"link_name":"03 Greedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/03_Greedo"},{"link_name":"Jason Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/03_Greedo"},{"link_name":"Kent Jamz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overdoz"},{"link_name":"Bas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"JID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JID"},{"link_name":"Ari Lennox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ari_Lennox"},{"link_name":"Abbas Hamad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Destin Route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JID"},{"link_name":"Courtney Salter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ari_Lennox"},{"link_name":"Thundercat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thundercat_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Flying Lotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Lotus"},{"link_name":"^[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_a"},{"link_name":"Quiñ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QUIN_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Terrace Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrace_Martin"},{"link_name":"Liberation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_(Outkast_song)"},{"link_name":"Outkast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outkast"},{"link_name":"Cee-lo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CeeLo_Green"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Credits adapted from TidalNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"Real Life Shit\"Simmie Sims IIIChristopher \"Brody\" BrownTerrace MartinBrody BrownMartin[a]4:092.\"Shameless\" (featuring Guapdad 4000)Sims IIIAkeem HayesMichael Cox, Jr.John Groover, Jr.Jacob DuttonMike & KeysJake One4:023.\"Black\" (featuring ASAP Ferg)Sims IIIDarold Ferguson, Jr.Jahaan SweetSir Darryl FarrisSweet3:534.\"Hey Up There\" (featuring Ty Dolla Sign)Sims IIITyrone Griffin, Jr.Khalid \"Kent Jamz\" MuhammadRashad MuhammadIsiah SalazarHazeBangaSalazar3:215.\"Legend\"Sims IIICox, Jr.Groover, Jr.Japhet LandisMartinMike & KeysBrownRoofeeoMartin[a]0:466.\"Trouble on Central\"Sims IIIElijah MolinaLandisBrownFarrisScoop DeVilleRoofeeoBrown[a]3:077.\"The Blue\" (featuring Snoop Dogg)Sims IIICalvin Broadus, Jr.Cox, Jr.Groover, Jr.LandisBrownMartinMike & KeysRoofeeoBrownMartin[a]3:258.\"Speechless\"Sims IIICox, Jr.Groover, Jr.BrownLandisMike & KeysBrownRoofeeo3:199.\"Young\"Sims IIICox, Jr.Groover, Jr.BrownLandisErika WrightAntwan PattonAndre BenjaminThomas CallawayJoi GilliamRuben WrightMyrna CrenshawMike & KeysBrownRoofeeo3:2410.\"Trippin'\" (featuring Khalid)Sims IIIKhalid RobinsonCox, Jr.Groover, Jr.LandisBrownMike & KeysRoofeeoBrown3:0011.\"Find Me 2\"Sims IIILandisBrownRoofeeoBrownScum[a]3:2212.\"Shine\"Sims IIICox, Jr.Groover, Jr.Khalil Abdul-RahmanDaniel TannenbaumSam BarshDavid ForemanMike & KeysDJ Khalil3:46Total length:39:30Harlan & Alondra (Deluxe)No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length13.\"Cubicle\" (featuring 03 Greedo)Sims IIIJason Jackson 2:5714.\"It's Love\"Sims III 3:5915.\"Link Up\" (featuring Kent Jamz, Bas, Guapdad 4000, JID, and Ari Lennox)Sims IIIK. MuhammadAbbas HamadHayesDestin RouteCourtney SalterThundercatFlying Lotus3:1016.\"Bad Attitude\"Sims IIIBrownLandisBrownRoofeeo3:18Notes^[a] signifies a co-producer\n\"Real Life Shit\", \"Legend\", \"Speechless\" and \"Young\" features background vocals from Rose Gold\n\"Hey Up There\" features background vocals from Kent Jamz\n\"Trouble on Central\" features background vocals from Joyce Wrice\n\"The Blue\" features background vocals from Quiñ and Terrace Martin\n\"Young\" interpolates \"Liberation\" performed by Outkast and Cee-lo[11]","title":"Track listing"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Buddy Drops 'Harlan & Alondra' Album - XXL\". XXL Mag. 20 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.xxlmag.com/rap-music/new-music/2018/07/buddy-harlan-alondra-album/","url_text":"\"Buddy Drops 'Harlan & Alondra' Album - XXL\""}]},{"reference":"\"Buddy Drops Debut Album \"Harlan & Alondra\"\". 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Retrieved 2023-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.clashmusic.com/features/clash-albums-of-the-year-2018-10-1/","url_text":"\"Clash Albums Of The Year 2018: 10 - 1\""}]},{"reference":"VIBE (2018-12-18). \"Debate Us: The 30 Best Albums Of 2018\". VIBE.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrej_Kra%C4%8Dman	Andrej Kračman	["1 Tennis career","1.1 Juniors","1.2 Pro tour","2 References","3 External links"]	Slovenian tennis player Andrej KračmanCountry (sports) SloveniaBorn (1982-08-22) 22 August 1982 (age 41)Ljubljana, SloveniaHeight1.96 m (6 ft 5 in)PlaysRight-handedCoachNeco NikolicPrize money$24,209SinglesCareer record9–6 (ATP Tour level, Grand Slam level, and Davis Cup)Career titles0Highest rankingNo. 393 (9 June 2003)DoublesCareer record8–4 (ATP Tour level, Grand Slam level, and Davis Cup)Career titles0Highest rankingNo. 272 (17 March 2003) Andrej Kračman (born 22 August 1982) is a tennis player from Slovenia. Tennis career Juniors As a junior Kračman reached as high as No. 79 in the junior world singles rankings in 1998 (and No. 23 in doubles). Pro tour He has played multiple seasons of Davis Cup including the 2009 Slovenia Davis Cup team. References ^ "Semrajc namesto Gregorca v pokalu Davis!" . Tenisportal.si (in Slovenian). July 2009. ^ "Davis Cup profile". Retrieved 2012-02-09. External links Andrej Kračman at the Association of Tennis Professionals Andrej Kračman at the International Tennis Federation This biographical article relating to Slovenian tennis is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tennis player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_player"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Andrej Kračman (born 22 August 1982) is a tennis player from Slovenia.[1]","title":"Andrej Kračman"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Tennis career"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Juniors","text":"As a junior Kračman reached as high as No. 79 in the junior world singles rankings in 1998 (and No. 23 in doubles).","title":"Tennis career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Davis Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis_Cup"},{"link_name":"Slovenia Davis Cup team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia_Davis_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Pro tour","text":"He has played multiple seasons of Davis Cup including the 2009 Slovenia Davis Cup team.[2]","title":"Tennis career"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Semrajc namesto Gregorca v pokalu Davis!\" [Semrajc Instead of Gregorc in the Davis Cup]. Tenisportal.si (in Slovenian). July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tenisportal.si/semrajc-namesto-gregorca-v-pokalu-davis","url_text":"\"Semrajc namesto Gregorca v pokalu Davis!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Davis Cup profile\". Retrieved 2012-02-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.daviscup.com/en/players/player/profile.aspx?playerid=30016696","url_text":"\"Davis Cup profile\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.tenisportal.si/semrajc-namesto-gregorca-v-pokalu-davis","external_links_name":"\"Semrajc namesto Gregorca v pokalu Davis!\""},{"Link":"http://www.daviscup.com/en/players/player/profile.aspx?playerid=30016696","external_links_name":"\"Davis Cup profile\""},{"Link":"https://www.atptour.com/en/players/-/K408/overview","external_links_name":"Andrej Kračman"},{"Link":"https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/andrej-kracman/800203141/slo","external_links_name":"Andrej Kračman"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrej_Kra%C4%8Dman&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnaubeira_da_Penha	Carnaubeira da Penha	["1 History","2 Demographics","3 Geography","4 Economy","4.1 Economic Indicators","4.2 Health Indicators","5 References"]	Coordinates: 8°19′19″S 38°44′38″W / 8.32194°S 38.74389°W / -8.32194; -38.74389Carnaubeira da Penha is a city in the Brazilian state of Pernambuco, 498 km away from the state's capital, Recife. History The unclassified extinct language Aticum or Araticum was spoken near Carnaubeira. Demographics The population in 2020, according with IBGE was 13,025 inhabitants and the total area is 1004.67 km². There are Atikum and Pankará indigenous peoples living in reserves. Geography Map showing indigenous presence in Carnaubeira State - Pernambuco Region - São Francisco Pernambucano Boundaries - Salgueiro and Mirandiba (N); Belém de São Francisco (S and W); Floresta (E). Area - 1010.17 km² Elevation - 446 m Hydrography - Pajeú and Terra Nova rivers Vegetation - Caatinga hiperxerófila. Climate - Semi arid ( Sertão) hot Annual average temperature - 25.2 c Distance to Recife - 498 km Economy The main economic activities in Carnaubeira da Penha are based in agribusiness, especially creation of goats (over 80,000 heads), sheep, cattle, pigs, donkeys, chickens; and plantations of bananas, tomatoes and guava. Economic Indicators Population GDP x(1000 R$) GDP pc (R$) PE 12.451 31.055 2.657 0.05% Economy by Sector 2006 Primary sector Secondary sector Service sector 25.52% 6.58% 67.90% Health Indicators HDI (2000) Hospitals (2007) Hospitals beds (2007) Children's Mortality every 1000 (2005) 0.537 1 18 17.1 References ^ Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center. ^ "Carnaubeira da Penha". cidades.ibge.gov.br. Retrieved 2024-06-14. ^ Carnaubeira da Penha 2006 GDP IBGE page 29 Archived 2011-10-03 at the Wayback Machine ^ PE State site - City by city profile vte Municipalities of PernambucoCapital: RecifeMesoregion Agreste PernambucanoAlto Capibaribe Casinhas Frei Miguelinho Santa Cruz do Capibaribe Santa Maria do Cambucá Surubim Taquaritinga do Norte Toritama Vertente do Lério Vertentes Brejo Pernambucano Agrestina Altinho Barra de Guabiraba Bonito Camocim de São Félix Cupira Ibirajuba Lagoa dos Gatos Panelas Sairé São Joaquim do Monte Garanhuns Angelim Bom Conselho Brejão Caetés Calçado Canhotinho Correntes Garanhuns Iati Jucati Jupi Jurema Lagoa do Ouro Lajedo Palmeirina Paranatama Saloá São João Terezinha Médio Capibaribe Bom Jardim Cumaru Feira Nova João Alfredo Limoeiro Machados Orobó Passira Salgadinho São Vicente Ferrer Vale do Ipanema Águas Belas Buíque Itaíba Pedra Tupanatinga Venturosa Vale do Ipojuca Alagoinha Belo Jardim Bezerros Brejo da Madre de Deus Cachoeirinha Capoeiras Caruaru Gravatá Jataúba Pesqueira Poção Riacho das Almas Sanharó São Bento do Una São Caetano Tacaimbó Mesoregion Mata PernambucanaMata Meridional Pernambucana Água Preta Amaraji Barreiros Belém de Maria Catende Cortês Escada Gameleira Jaqueira Joaquim Nabuco Maraial Palmares Primavera Quipapá Ribeirão Rio Formoso São Benedito do Sul São José da Coroa Grande Sirinhaém Tamandaré Xexéu Mata Setentrional Pernambucana Aliança Buenos Aires Camutanga Carpina Condado Ferreiros Goiana Itambé Itaquitinga Lagoa do Carro Lagoa de Itaenga Macaparana Nazaré da Mata Paudalho Timbaúba Tracunhaém Vicência Vitoria de Santo Antão Chã de Alegria Chã Grande Glória do Goitá Pombos Vitória de Santo Antão Mesoregion Metropolitana de RecifeItamaracá Araçoiaba Igarassu Ilha de Itamaracá Itapissuma Recife Abreu e Lima Camaragibe Jaboatão dos Guararapes Moreno Olinda Paulista Recife São Lourenço da Mata Porto de Suape Cabo de Santo Agostinho Ipojuca Fernando de Noronha Fernando de Noronha Mesoregion Sao Francisco PernambucanoItaparica Belém de São Francisco Carnaubeira da Penha Floresta Itacuruba Jatobá Petrolândia Tacaratu Petrolina Afrânio Cabrobó Dormentes Lagoa Grande Orocó Petrolina Santa Maria da Boa Vista Terra Nova Mesoregion Sertão PernambucanoAraripina Araripina Bodocó Exu Granito Ipubi Moreilândia Ouricuri Santa Cruz Santa Filomena Trindade Pajeú Afogados da Ingazeira Brejinho Calumbi Carnaíba Flores Iguaraci Ingazeira Itapetim Quixaba Santa Cruz da Baixa Verde Santa Terezinha São José do Egito Serra Talhada Solidão Tabira Triunfo Tuparetama Salgueiro Cedro Mirandiba Parnamirim Salgueiro São José do Belmonte Serrita Verdejante Sertão do Moxotó Arcoverde Betânia Custódia Ibimirim Inajá Manari Sertânia 8°19′19″S 38°44′38″W / 8.32194°S 38.74389°W / -8.32194; -38.74389 This Pernambuco, Brazil location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brazilian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Pernambuco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pernambuco"},{"link_name":"Recife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recife"}],"text":"Carnaubeira da Penha is a city in the Brazilian state of Pernambuco, 498 km away from the state's capital, Recife.","title":"Carnaubeira da Penha"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Loukotka-1"}],"text":"The unclassified extinct language Aticum or Araticum was spoken near Carnaubeira.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IBGE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Institute_of_Geography_and_Statistics"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Atikum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atikum"}],"text":"The population in 2020, according with IBGE was 13,025 inhabitants and the total area is 1004.67 km².[2]There are Atikum and Pankará indigenous peoples living in reserves.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Atikum_e_Pankar%C3%A1.png"},{"link_name":"Pernambuco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pernambuco"},{"link_name":"São Francisco Pernambucano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A3o_Francisco_Pernambucano&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Salgueiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salgueiro"},{"link_name":"Mirandiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirandiba"},{"link_name":"Belém de São Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel%C3%A9m_de_S%C3%A3o_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Floresta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floresta,_Pernambuco"},{"link_name":"Caatinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caatinga"},{"link_name":"hiperxerófila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiperxer%C3%B3fila"},{"link_name":"Semi arid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi_arid"},{"link_name":"Sertão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sert%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"Recife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recife"}],"text":"Map showing indigenous presence in CarnaubeiraState - Pernambuco\nRegion - São Francisco Pernambucano\nBoundaries - Salgueiro and Mirandiba (N); Belém de São Francisco (S and W); Floresta (E).\nArea - 1010.17 km²\nElevation - 446 m\nHydrography - Pajeú and Terra Nova rivers\nVegetation - Caatinga hiperxerófila.\nClimate - Semi arid ( Sertão) hot\nAnnual average temperature - 25.2 c\nDistance to Recife - 498 km","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"agribusiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agribusiness"},{"link_name":"goats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goat"},{"link_name":"sheep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheep"},{"link_name":"cattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle"},{"link_name":"pigs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig"},{"link_name":"donkeys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkey"},{"link_name":"chickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken"},{"link_name":"bananas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana"},{"link_name":"tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato"},{"link_name":"guava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guava"}],"text":"The main economic activities in Carnaubeira da Penha are based in agribusiness, especially creation of goats (over 80,000 heads), sheep, cattle, pigs, donkeys, chickens; and plantations of bananas, tomatoes and guava.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Economic Indicators","text":"Economy by Sector\n2006","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Health Indicators","text":"[4]","title":"Economy"}]	[{"image_text":"Map showing indigenous presence in Carnaubeira","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Atikum_e_Pankar%C3%A1.png/220px-Atikum_e_Pankar%C3%A1.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). 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